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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 
LIBRARY 

Class  Book  Volume 


Je  0&-10M 


THE 


SCOTS  MAQiZINE 


OR 


GENERAL  REPOSlTOm^ 


OF 


LITERATURE,  HISTORY,  AND  POLITICS, 
FOR  THE  YEAR  M,DCCCII. 


jVf  quid  falsi  dicere  attJeat,  tie  quid  veri  non  audc'S-ii. 


VOL.  LXIV. 

Oa  VOL.  FIRST  OF  THE  THIR9  SSRIEK> 


£DINBV  RG  H: 

PRIMTEI)  BY  ALEX.  CHAPMAN  AND  CO. 
A^tJl>  SOLD  BY  ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE,    EDINBURGif  ; 

T-  N.  LONGMAN  AND  O.  REE3,  LONDON  ;  BRAS«  AND  UEIF  , 
GLASGOW;  ANGUS  AND  SON,  ABERDEEN  ;  AND 
YOUNG  AND  IMRAY,  INVERNESS. 


r 


LIST  OF  PORTRAITS  IN  TJrllS  VOLUME. 

Sir  Ralph  Abercromby                 ^  f^^^  r-S^  ^ 

George  Heriot,  founder  of  the  Hofpital  -          -          -  9i 

George  Lelley,  of  Monymufk     -          -  -             -              ^  ] 

PrWebfler            -            -          "  '          "          "  ^Ij 

Provoft  Drummond          -          "  "            "           ^ '  - 

Sir  John  Clerk,  Baron  of  Exchequer       -  -          -  \ 

Frefident  Forbes           -           -          -  "          '           "       6 li 

Alexander  Runciman,  Painter          -  -          -           -  • 

Napier,  inventor  of  the  Logarithm:.  .  -            '           '  86' 

Robert  Bruce,  cf  Kinnaird     .          -  -          -          ^  , 


REMARKABLE  OCCURRENCES, 

01  THE  YEAB.  l8o2. 


yanuary. 

A  maniic,  of  the  name  of  Patrick  Runey 
Nugent,  attempts  to  gain  admifiion  at  Buck- 
ingham Houfe. — Information  is  received  of 
the  Revolt  of  the  Blacks  in  St  Domingo;  the 
molt  dreadful  ravages  and  murders  arc  com- 
mitted by  the  infurgents— The  Naval  Court 
Martial  at  portl'mouth  commenced,  for  the 
Trial  of  feveral  Seamen  of  the  Temeraire, 
for  mutiny  In  Ban  try  Bay,  when  under  failing 
orders  with  Admiral  Campbell,  iz  were 
condemned  to  death  ^nd  executed,  one 
was  ordered  to  receive  %oo  lalhcs— Trial 
-of  five  other  Mutineers  of  the  Temer- 
aire ;  four  were  found  guilty,  and  fenten- 
ced  to  be  hanged ;  and  one  in  part  guilty, 
and  ordered  to  receive  aoo  lalhes— Six  of  the 
Mutineers  executed  at  Spithead— Jofeph 
Wall,  Efq.  formerly  of  Goree,  brought  to 
trial  at  the  Old  Bailey,  for  the  m.urder  of 
lames  Armftrong,  a  private  foldier  under 
his  command,  in  the  year  178a,  by  ordering 
him  to  be  flogged  with  fuch  fever ity  that  he 
died  ;  the  trial  lafled  from  nine  in  the  mor- 
ning till  eleven  at  night,  when  the  prifoner 
was  found  guilty,  and  fentenced  to  be  exe* 
cuted,  but  refpited  till  the  follov.dng  Monday 
—Particulars  arrive  of  the  treacherous  Mur- 
der of  a  number  of  Beys  in  Egypt,  by  order 
of  the  Porte — Governor  Wall  execiucd,  after 
ha  ving  been  twice  refpited  ;  the  crowd  gave 
three  cheers,  and  otherwife  behaved  with  a 
ferocity  unlike  Britons. 

JPebruary. 

The  Paris  papers  bring  the  information  of 
the  firft  Conful's  Elea:ion  to  the  fituation  of 
Prefident  of  the  Italian  Republic — Mr  Abbot 
ele<iled  Speaker  of  the  Houfe  of  Com- 
mons— Sir  John  Mitford  appointed  Lord 
Chancellor  of  Ireland  by  the  title  of  Baron 
Redefdale — His  Majelty  demands  the  aid  of 
Parliament  to  pay  off  the  arrears  of  the  civil 
Lift — ^I^etters  from  New- York  bring  the  firlt 
accounts  of  the  arrival  of  the  expedition 
from  France  in  the  Weil  Indies. 

March. 

His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Bedford  died—Mr 
Roblon,  a  member  of  Parliament,  charges 
the  Government  with  inability  to  pay  a  Bill 
of  16I.  los. — Orders  given  for  equipping  our 
Fleets,  and  preparing  for  War,  in  confe- 
quence  of  the  delay  in  figning  the  Definitive 
Treaty — ^Advice  is  received  that  the  Em- 
peror Alexander  had  invited  the  Courts  of 
Vienna,  BerUn,  London,  Madrid,  Naples, 
Drefden,  and  Munich,  to  join  hin  in  endeav-  . 
curing  to  obtain  a  fuitable  fettiement  for  the 
remaining  Princes  of  the  Houfe  of  Bourbon 
— Accounts  arrive  of  the  MaCfacre  of  the 
Whites  at  Guadaloupe,  and  th  j  burning  of 
Cape  Town — The  Citizens  of  London  afiem- 
bled  in  common  hall,  and  refoived  to  peti- 
tion ParUanient  for  a  Repeal  of  the  Income 
Tax — ^The  Definitive  Treaty  of  Peace  is  lign- 
cd  at  Aniiens.--<The  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 


chequer gives  notice  of  his  intention  to  re" 
peal  the  income  Tax. —  J  he  Houfe  of  Com- 
mons, in  a  committee  of  fupply,  grant  a 
fum  to  defray  the  arrears  of  the  Civil  Lift. — 
Mr  Manners  Sutton's  motion  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  fekdl  committee,  to  examine 
into  the  claims  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  re- 
fpecSling  the  reveinics  of  tlie  duchy  of  Corn- 
wall, is  negatived  by  a  majority  of  57. 
April, 

Lord  Kenyon,  Chief  Juftice  of  the  King's 
Bench,  died  at  Bath,  in  the  69th  year  of  hi  i 
age. — ^The  Secretary  at  War  brings  forward 
his  plan  for  the  future  organization  of  the 
Militia. — Sir  Edward  Law  is  created  Baron 
Ell enbc rough,  and  appointed  Chief  Juftice 
of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench.-^News  arrives 
from  St  Dorrjingo  of  Touffaint  being  aban- 
doned by  numbers  of  his  beft  troops.— Thr, 
Sheriffs  of  London  addrefs  che  Prince  (jI 
Wales  on  the  fubjeCl  of  their  abiencc  from 
the  Civic  Feftival  on  Eafter  Monday". — 'i'hd 
Ratification  of  the  Definitive  Treaty^  Ifey  the 
Courts  of  Madrid  and  tht;  Hague,  arrives  in 
London.-— The  Gazette  contains  his-  Ma-» 
jefty's  Proclamation  for  Fubiifhing  the  Peace, 
and  for  a  Day  of  Thankfgiving  to  celebrate 
the  fame.—Ceiebration  of  the  Peace  through- 
out the  metropolis.  Splendid  ilk-minddons, 
particularly  at  M.  Otto's,  the  French  A iTtbai- 
fador.  Two  perfons  are  killed  by  tne  falling 
of  an  urn  from  the  eaft  fide  of  St  Mary's 
church,  in  the  Strand. 

May. 

The  Secretary  at  War  bn'ngs  forward  a 
plan  for  the  Recludilon  of  the  Army — The 
Paris  papers  bring  the  ncv/s  of  tiie  firit  Ccn- 
ful's  ie-'^led:ion  for  ten  years — Accounts 
arrive  of  the  arreft  of  Captaiv.  Mudge  of  the 
Comtance  frigate,  and  part  of  his  crew,  at  Lil- 
bon. — M.  Otto  receives  a  Courier  trom  Paris 
with  diipatches,  contr-iniugov :  :tures  for  fettl- 
ing a  Commercial  Tv^  v::v  with  Great  Britain, 
A  Mr  Colbert  is  ?.ppoibtea  ComniL-rcial 
Commillioner. — Mr  Pitt's  Buth  da/  c  rlebra- 
ted  v/ith  great  fpiendourat  lylerchant  Tai'.crs 
Hail. 

Jwe. 

Intelligence  is  received  of  an  Infurrecftion 
at  the  Ifiand  ci"  DGniiuica. — Grt.at  piepaia- 
tions  are  made  for  the  \:rivttte  rr.eetiii^.'  of  the 
Emperor  Alexarder  and  the  Xir.g  of  Prufiia, 
at  Memei.— Genei;:^  iVndrLolii  is  acp">in».cd 
Ambttil-idor  from  the  French  P-epublic  to 
his  Brit?nnic  iviaj'-fty,  and  M.  Otto  iv'jnil- 
ter  Pienipoteatiary  to  the  United  States- 
Paris  Journals  oihcialiy  announce  the  furrcn- 
der  Touifiaint  and  Dilfalines — The  gdj.ette 
annoi'Hces  the  appointment  of  Lc-rJ  Whit- 
wcrtli  as  Ambaffador  extraordinary  and  ^  icni- 
pott^ntir.ry  to  the  French  rep'.iblic. — rlio  Ma- 
jelty. in  a  moft  gracious  fpeech  froiri  the 
Thi''.-.-e,  diifolves  the  Pirb'ament.  Mr  -var- 
neriii  ascended  hi  a  Balloon  from  Ranci..th 
la  thres  tjuartcrs  cf  an  hour  travei  fcd  a  ipace 


(  ) 


af  iixty  three  milesp-accompained  by  Captain 
Sov/dcn;  they  ulighLLd  at  a  Ihort  diitunce 
trom  Colchellcr. — The  MQazqtte  contains  an 
official  account  of  the  King  of  Sardinia's  re- 
lignation  of  the  crown  to  his  Brother,  the 
ly^kt  of  AoItJi. 

Accounts  were  re^ieived  cf  frelh  facccftes 
gained  by  Palhvan  Oglou  over  the  'i'tirkifh 
troops.—  Alio  that  the  King  of  Pi  ullia  had 
Iv-nt  a  Minilter  to  the  Batavlan  Pvcpublic : 
.Ajrtd  that  the  Priiiv;;  of  Orange  had  renounc- 
ed  all  pretentions  to  the  fame.— vA  dreadful 
accident  Jiapptncd  iit  the  docks  in  the  Ifle  of 
Dogs;  a  Dam,  cuUed  the  CJofiler-dam,  gave 
v/ay,  by  v/hich  eight  ptrfons  who  were  at 
vv'or?c  in  the  e>*cavatioD,  were  inftantiy  kill- 
r  d  by  the  water  rufUing  upon  them. — Letters 
from  Turin  Itatc,  that  the  rirft  Conful  had 
ahiiexed  Piedmont  to  France. — Received  ac- 
cotints  from  Co'iltantinopie,  of  a  war  being 
carried  on  between  Rufiia  and  Perlia. — Re- 
ceived an  account  that  the  Dey  of  Algiers 
hud  threatened  to  declare  war  againft  all 
Europe. 

i  August. 
M.  Garnerin,  Mad.  Garnerin,  and  a  Mr 
Clafsford,  afcendcd  with  a  Biilloon  from 
Vanxhall  Gardens,  in  the  prefence  of  an  im- 
jnenfe  concourfe  cf  fpc(5tators — Received  an 
account  of  the  Confervative  Senate  having 
paffed  a  Decree  for  appointing  Bonaparte 
Chief  Conful  for  Life. — A  new  Plan  was 
drawn  out  for  organifmg  the  French  Re- 
public, by  which  almclt  the  whole  power  of 
the  State  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Firfb 
Conful — ^The  French  Moniteur,  received 
this  day,  conhained  a  violent  charge  againft 
certain  Engliih  Newfpapers,  and  againft  the 
Britifn  Government. — In  confequence  of  the 
angry  note  in  the  French  official  paper, 
charging  Government  with  harbouring  and 
cUcouraging  the  enemies  of  France,  the 
Funds  fell  about  per  cent  and  a  general 
rumour  prevailed,  that  war  would  again 
break  out  between  the  two  countries:. — ^The 
P.eports  that  France  meditated  the  Parntion 
of  Turkey  were  otllcially  contradi(5^:ed. — Re- 
ceived alfo  the  account  of  a  Treat  5^  having 
been  concluded  between  Fi-ance  and  Ruffia, 
—Great  rejoicings  took  place  at  Paris  upon 
liie  Proclamation  of  the  Organic  Scnatas  Con" 
sultuvK. — Violent  Outrages  vrere  committed 
by  a  large  body  of  working  Ihipwrights  ,and 
caulkers  of  Deptford.— The  Officers  of  Po- 
lice of  Paris  entered  the  Coffee-houfes  and 
Reading-rooms,  Where  they  feized  every 
Knghlli  Newfpaper  thev  could  find,  and  gave 
directions  that  they  Should  not  receive  any 
more  of  them. — ^Accounts  v/ere  received, 
that  the  Prince  of  Orange  had  formally  re- 
nouriced  the  dignity  of  Sadtholder,  and  a- 
bandoned  all  claims  to  his  territorial  property 
in  Holland.— The  Weft  India  docks,  in  the 
Itle  of  Dogs,  were  opened,  amidft  a  vaft  af- 
femblage  of  fpedlators ;  and  a  fine  ihip,  called 
the  Henry  Addington,  decorated  with  the 
colours  of  all  the  nations  in  the  world,  was 
admitted  into  the  great  bafon, 
September. 

Received  accounts  that  the  Patriots  in  Swit- 
zerbjid  ha4  commenced  hoftilities  againft 


the  foi-difant  Helvetic  Government.— Re- 
ceived the  news  of  the  delivery  of  Martini- 
que to  the  French. — ^The  Dey  of  Algiers  re-' 
4eived  an  officer,  fent  by  Bonaparte,  to  de- 
mand fatisfacStion  for  the  infults  offered  to 
France ;  and  readily  fubmitted  jto  all  the  de- 
mands made*h^  the  Firft  Conful. — ^I'he  Ga-  . 
zette  announced  that  the  Ottoman  Porte  had 
granted  the  fame  freedom  to  Englifti  veffeli  , 
to  navigate  in  the  Black  Sea,  as  was  allowed 
to  the  moft  favoured  nations. — ^A  dreadful 
hre  happened  at  Liverpool,  which  deftroyed 
warehoufes  an^  property  to  the  amount  of 
near  half  a  milHon. — Letters  from  Vienna 
mention  the  fubmiflSon  of  PalTwan  Oglou» 
and  of  his  having  received  a  pardon  from 
the  Grand  Seignior. — A  fufpenfion  of  amrs 
took  place  between  the  fmall  cantons  and 
Helvetic  Government.— The  Emperor  Alex- 
ander ordered  the  lolTes  fuftained  by  Britilh 
fubjecSts,  through  the  embargo  laid  on  their 
fliips  by  Paul,  to  be  made  good. — An  Arettc 
of  the  French  Government  ordered  that  all 
Proprietors  of  Lands  in  St  Domingo,  wha 
were  then  in  Europe,  fliould  immediately 
return  thither,  under  pain  of  the  lands  being 
fequeltrated. — Accounts  of  frelh  difturbances 
in  Switzerland  were  received. 

October. 

tAccounts  from  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore 
ftated  the  infedlious  fever  ftill  continuing  to 
rage  there — ^The  Helvetic  troops  were  de- 
feated by  the  Patriots  under  the  walls  of  Berne, 
from  which  place  the  Government  retreated 
to  Laufannci — A  proclamation  was  publiffi- 
ed  by  Bonaparte  to  the  Swifs  Cantons,  in 
which  he  told  them  he  was  the  Mediator 
v/ho  would  fettle  all  their  differences. — Mr 
Moore,  of  the  Secretary  of  State's  Office,  left 
town  for  the  Continent  on  a  fecret  mifiion. 
— Pvcceived  accounts  of  fucceifes  gained  by 
the  Confederate  Troops  in  Switzerland. 
— ^The  Diet  of  Schwitz,  reprefenting  the  pa- 
triotic Cantons,  fent  a  manly  and  dignified 
anfwer  to  Bonaparte's  proclamation. — Wil- 
liam Codlin,  George  Eafterby,  and  William 
M'-Farlane,  were  tried  at  the  Old  Bailey, 
and  capitally  convidled  of  finking  a  velTel  at, 
fea,  of  which  the  firft  was  Captain,  and  the 
two  latter  owners,  with  a  view  to  defraud 
the  underwriters.— 'Fhe  celebrated  M.  De 
Calonne  died  at  Paris. 

N^ovember. 

P.eceived  accounts  of  the  French  troops  hav- 
ing entered  Switzerland. — General  Andreofii, 
the  new  French  Ambaffador  arrived  in  Lon- 
don.— Mr  Steele  of  Catherine-ftreet,  Strand, 
was  found  barbaroufly  murdered  on  Houn-* 
flow  Heath. — Received  account  that  the  Diet 
of  Schwitz  had  dilTolved  itfelf,  after  proteft- 
ing  againft  the  conducSl  of  France — ^The  Firft 
Conful  took  polTeffion  of  the  Duchy  of 
Parma. — ^The  New  Parliament  met,  when 
Mr  Abbot  was  again  chofen  Speaker  of  the 
Houfe  of  Ccmmons. — General  Andreoffi  was 
prefented  at  Court,  and  dehvered  his  cre- 
dentials to  the  King. — Colonel  Defpard  and 
feveral  other  perfons,  fome  of  them  Irifh  la- 
bourers, and  fome  foldiers  in  the  Guards, 
who  had  been  taken  up  on  the  15th,  at  a 
public  houfe  in  Lambeth,  were  examined 
before  the  Privy  Council  on  charges  of  High 


(    V  ) 


Trcafon.— lx)rd  Whitworth,  Ambaffador 
from  this  country  to  France,  arrived  at 
Paris. — His  Majefty  went  down  to  the 
Houfe  of  Peers,  and  made  a  moil  gracious 
fpeech  to  both  Houfes  of  Parliament.  After 
which,  fome  very  interefting  debates  took 
place,  both  in  the  Lords  and  Commons.— 
News  arrived  of  very  favourable  accounts 
being  received  at  Paris  from  St  Domingo.—- 
All  the  patriotic  leaders  in  Switzerland  were 
arrefted. — Captain  Codlin,  convi(5tcd  of  fink- 
ing the  Brig  Adventure,  off  Brighton,  was 
hung  at  Execution  Dock,  purfuant  to  his 
fentence. — Johnfon  the  noted  fmuggler,  made 
a  moft  aftoniihing  efcape  from  the  Fleet  pri- 
fon. — Colonel  Defpard,  and  feveral  of  his 
aflbciates,  were  committed  for  trial,  on  a 
charge  of  Treafon. 

December, 

I,  The  Houfe  of  Commons  in  a  Commit- 
tee of  Supply,  voted  59,000  Seamen  for  the 
enfuing  ycaf.— The  Vote  of  50,000  Seamen 
wa4  ftrongly  oppofed  in  the  Houfe  of  Com- 
mons.— ^The  Bey  of  Tunis  fent  to  congra- 
tulate Bqnaparte  on  hi*  eledlion  to  the  Con- 
fulate  for  life. — Received  ah  account  that 
Count  Stahrembreg,  the  Imperial  Minifter  to 


our  court,  was  ordered  to  quit  Paris  within 
24  hours. — Received  an  account  of  an  affray 
at  Paris,  in  which  feveral  of  the  confcripts 
were  killed  by  the  military. — ^Accounts  were 
received  of  violent  earthcjuakes  having  taken 
place  in  feveral  parts  of  Turkey  and  Ruffia. 
— ^The  Minifter  made  a  moft  iutisfa(5lory 
ftatement  of  the  finances  of  the  enfuing  year 
to  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  without  laying 
on  a  finglc  new  tax. — Received  accounts  of 
an  earthquake  having  happened  at  Algiers.— 
Accounts  from  Conftantinople  ftated,  that 
the  Mamelukes  had  defeated  the  Turkilh 
troops  in  feveral  parts  of  Egypt. — ^Accounts 
from  the  United  States  of  America  ftated 
that  all  infectious  diftempers  had  ceafed 
there.— Received  an  account  that  a  detach- 
ment of  Danifli  troops  had  taken  poffeflion  of 
a  part  of  the  territory  of  Lubeck. — Received 
an  account  of  the  French  Colonel  Sebaftiani 
having  vifited  Alexandria,  and  of  his  intend- 
ing to  infpedl  the  diffemnt  parts  along  the 
Levant.— Received  accounts  that  the  Floridas 
were  to  be  given  up  to  France  by  Spain.— 
Both  Houfes  of  Parliament  adjourned  to  the 
3d  of  February, 


ABSTRACT 

OF  THE  POFULATION  Of  SCOTLAND, 


Tilcicle  under  the  ACl  ftf  Parliament ^  inj^oi. 


Rent. 

COUNTIES. 

Square 

tion. 

Valued 

Miles. 

i8oi. 

Scots. 

Sterliit?. 

Aberdeen 

1891 

12-^,082 

£235,665 

>Vrjf;ylefliire 

2()2Z 

7i>856 

191,605 

165,800 

Ayr 

1036 

84,306 

I49»595 

H  2,75  2 

Banff 

35»8o7 

79,200 

4^,490 

Berwick 

481 

30,621 

178,365 

n8,8oo 

Bute 

224 

11,791 

15,022 

9000 

Caithnefs 

691 

22,609 

37,256 

19,960 

Clackmannan 

47 

10,858 

26,482 

14,200 

Cromarty 

25 

3>o5^ 

10,544 

475^ 

Dumbarton 

20,710 

158,627 

109,700 

Dumfries 

244 

54,597 

33,327 

34,250 

Edinburgh 

^66 

112,954 

191,054 

151,500 

EJgiii 

576 

26,705 

65,603 

4iv420 

475 

93»743 

362^584 

174,900 

I'orfar 

929 

99,127 

171,636 

122,000 

Haddington 

300 

29,986 

168,878 

132,816 

inverncis 

4301 

74,292 

73,188 

70,530 

funcardine 

26,349 

74,921 

38,500 

Kinrofs 

78 

6,725 

20,112 

12,710 

ICirdcudbright 

863 

29,211 

"4x571 

96,730 

l^anark 

871 

146,699 

162,118 

1 27  .poo 

Linlithgow- 

112 

17,844 

74,931 

44,330 

Nairn 

151 

8,257 

15,162 

8000 

Orkney  &  Shetland 

1601 

46,824 

56;55i 

18,500 

P^jebles 

^95 

8,735 
126,366 

78P5^> 

51,937 

29,820 

Pcith 

^373 

339,818 

230,900 

Pvenfrew 

246 

68,076 

63,950 

P.ofs 

2930 

52,291 

77>393 

40,960 

Roxburgh 

737 

33,682 

315,594 

102,350 

Selkirk 

5,070 

80,307 

26,320 

Stirling 

50,825 

108,518 

86,720 

Sutherland 

1K95 

23,117 

26,193 

9754 

Wigton 

468 

22,918 

67,646 

53^890 

Z,ist  of  the  Population  of  some  of  the  Principal  Toiuns^ 


Aberdeen  17,59; 
Carnpbeiton  7,093 
Rothefay  5,231 
Alloa  5,21 
Dumbartoa  2,541 
Dumfries  7;28o 
Edia-.&Leith  82,5^0 


Dunfermline  9,980 

Dundee  26^084 

iVIontrofe  7,974 

4  Dunbar  3?97i 

Invernefs  8,»732 

Lanark  4,692 

Glafgow  77,3^, 


Perth  14,872 
Greenock  17,458 
Paifley,  &c.  31,179 
Port-Glafgow  3,86^ 
Falkirk  8,838 
Stirling  5,*56 


THE 

SCOTS  M  AGAZ  I  N  E, 

For  JANUART,  1802. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Pag. 

Life  of  Sir  R.  Abercromby,  3 
The  Dreamer. — No.  I.  5 
Obfervations  on  Dramatic  Charac- 
ters, applicable  to  Scotland,  7 
Defiderata  in  Scotifli  Son^,  9 
Original  Letter  of  K.  Charles  IL      1 1 
Original  Letters  of  the  Earl  of  Lau- 
derdale, 12 
A  View  of  Geological  Theories,  13 
Account  of  Duke  Gordon,  A.  M.  in- 
cluding Anecdotes  of  the  Univer- 
fity  of  Edinburgh,  lo 
On  the  Exiftence  of  Atheiftic  Na- 
tions, ^  33 
On  the  authenticity  Qf  Oflrian*s  Poems,  39 
Account  of  the  Romance  of  the  Se- 
ven Sages,  43 
Stridlures  on  the  Life  and  Writings 

of  Haller,  45 
On  the  Compkynt  of  Scotland,  51 

LITERARY  EXTRACTS  AND 
NOTICES. 

La  Harpe  on  the  Charadler  of  the 
French  Romance  in  the  age  of 
Louis  XIV.  C3 


Pa] 

La  Harpe  on  Tales,  5 
Chen  ier's  laft  Song  of  OHlan,  5 
View  of  a  new  edition  of  Rofs*  For- 
tunate Shepherdefs,  6 
Foreign  Literary  Notices,  6 
Scott's  Minftrelfy  of  the  Scotifli  Bor- 
der, 6 
Scotifli  Literary  Notices,  7 

POETRY, 

Ode  for  the  year  1802,  by  J.  H.  Pye, 
'  Efq.  7 
The  Erl-King,  from  the  German,  7 
Elegy  on  Thonribn,  7 
Song,  7 
The  Twa  Bottles,  a  dialogue,  7 

Political  Sketch  of  the  year  1 8  o  i ,  7 

Imperial  Parliament,  8< 

MONTHLY  REGISTER. 

Gazette  Intelligence, 

Foreign  Intelligence,  84 — 90 

Britilh  Intelligence,  00—5*" 


EDINBURGH: 

Printed  by  Alex.  Chapman,  &  Co.  Forrester'* s  IVyndy 
For  the  Proprietors  : 
And  Sold  by  Archibald  Constable,  High  Street,  Edinburgh,  u 
And  William  Coke,  Ltiith. 
And  at  the  Shops  of  the  Principal  Bookfellers  in  the  United  Kingdon? 
And,  at  London^  by  Meflrs  Richardson,  Royal  Exchange  ; 
And  Murray  &  Highly,  Fleet  Street. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 


The  Editors  of  the  Scots  Magazine  requeft  tlic  continuation  of  tLe  va- 
luable correfpondenee  of  Philo-Medicus,  and  regret  that  his  communication 
on  the  Subjea:  of  Medical  Graduation  has  been  inevitably  poftponed  this 
month. 

The  poetical  communication  of  W.  G.  Is  received,  and  will  appear  In  our 
next. 

The  communication  oi  Armin  Montgomery,  on  the  Amufements  of  Fa- 
Ihionable  Life,  is  received,  and  we  will  try  to  find  room  for  it  in  our  next  ^ ' 
though  we  regret  that  his  obfervations  fometimes  extend  to  an  injudicious ' 
length, 

^  We  regret  that  Edwin,  which  pofleffes  fome  paffages  of  confiderable  me- 
rit, is,  on  the  whole,  too  incorred  for  publication.  We  hope  the  ingenious 
author  will,  on  another  perufal,  perceive  the  neceffity  of  revifion. 

Our  limits  have  obliged  us  reludantly  to  pollpone  the  beautiful  Ode  fj^n- 
cd  Y. 

The  Chemical  communication  of  R.  T.  is  too  incorreSfor  publication* 


Sill  "R  A  LVPir  .AlS^El?  CM  OMiBX    Iv .  . 


THE 


SCOTS  MAGAZINE, 


For    J  A  N  UA  R  T  1802. 


SKETCH  OF  THE  LIFE  of  SIR  RALPH  ABERCROMBY, 
[with  a  highly-finished  portrait.] 


How  fleep  the  brave  who  fink  to  reft, 

By  all  their  country's  wilhes  bkil  I 

When  fpring,  with  dewy  fingers  cold. 

Returns  to  deck  their  hallowed  mold, 

She  there  fl\all  drels  a  fweeter  Ibd, 

Than  Fancy's  feet  have  ever  trod. 

By  fairy  hands  their  knell  is  lung ; 

By  forms  unfeen  their  dirge  is  fung ; 

There  Honour  comes,  a  pilgrim  gray, 

To  bleis  the  turf  that  wraps  their  clay  j 

And  Freedom  fhall  a  while  repair, 

To  dwell  a  weeping  hermit  there.  Collins^ 


THE  name  of  Abercromby  is  now 
claffed  with  thofe  illuftrious  war- 
riors who  in  modern  times  have  arifen 
to  rival  the  fame  of  antiquity  ^  and  his 
memory  will  be  cherifhed  by  the  Scot- 
tifli  nation  like  that  of  their  moft  re- 
nowned heroes.  While  he  ftill  lives 
in  the  recolleftion  of  his  friends,  to 
w  hom  his  name  is  endeared  by  regret 
for  his  lofs,  it  is  jult  that  his  contem- 
poraries ftiould  delineate  his  life  and 
character,  that  future  generations 
may  not  in  vain  inquire,  Who  was  it 
that  revived  the  martial  fame  of  Bri- 
tain? that  conquered  the  invincible 
legions  of  France  ?  that  refigned  his 
life  for  vidory  on  the  field  of  Abou- 
Ivir  ?  The  Jjeld  of  jJhouhir  is  not  a 
phrafe  of  trivial  import  or  tranfitory 
reputation  j  it  will  always  be  men- 
tioned by  the  warrior  and  the  hero 
Vpl.  LXIV. 


with  feelings  which  the  name  of  the 
ancient  and  diffolute  Canopus  never 
excited  in  the  breaft  of  the  voluptua- 
ry \  and  our  countrymen  who  followed 
their  gallant  general  in  the  paths  of 
glory,  will,  aifter  the  lapfe  of  years, 
regard  this  battle  as  their  mofl  fplen- 
did  atchievement. 

The  hero  of  Aboukir,  Sir  Ralph 
A-bercromby,  was  the  fon  of  George 
Abercromby  of  Tullibody,  a  gentle- 
man of  ancient  and  refpedable  family 
in  Stirlingfhire,  and  of  Anne  Dun- 
das,  daughter  of  Mr  Dimdas  of 
Manor.  He  was  bom  in  the  year 
1734.  Like  his  brothers,  according 
to  the  laudable  cuflom  in  Scotland, 
he  was  early  deftined  for  an  adive  life, 
and  hefele61ed  the  army  as  the  theatre 
of  his  future  exertions.  The  firfl 
commiflion  he  bore  in  the  army,  was 
A  that 


4 


Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Sir  R.  Abercromhy.    Vol.  G<\1 


that  of  cornet  in  the  third  dragoon- 
guards,  which  he  procured  on  May 
23d  1756,  and  thus  commenced  a 
military  life,  which  was  to  be  cele- 
brated for  atchievements  in  Europe, 
Africa,  and  America.  In  this  corps, 
where  he  acquired  an  intimate  know- 
ledge of  the  duties  of  the  fubaltern, 
and  of  thofe  minute  details  which 
contribute  eminently  to  the  fuccefs  of 
the  moft  important  movements  of  war, 
herofe  to  the  degree  of  lieutenant,  and 
remained  till  April  24.  1762,  when 
he  obtained  a  troop  in  the  third  re- 
giment of  horfe.  In  this  regiment 
he  rofe,  by  fucceflive  gradation,  to 
the  rank  of  major  and  lieutenant-co- 
lonel, the  latter  of  which  he  obtain- 
ed on  the  19th  of  May  1773.  The 
difplay  of  military  talent  in  a  well- 
regulated  ftate  depends  on  numerous 
circumftances,  independent  of  the  pof- 
feflion  of  martial  genius  ;  and  a  con- 
fiderable  number  of  years  elapfed,  be- 
fore the  future  hero  of  Aboukir  ex- 
hibited any  remarkable  prefages  of 
that  predominant  reputation  which 
he  was  afterwards  to  acquire.  On 
November  3.  1781,  he  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  103d  regiment,  deno- 
minated the  King's  Irifh  Infantry, 
which  had  been  lately  raifed  ,  but, 
on  the  redu6lion  of  this  regiment,  at 
the  American  pacification  in  1783, 
with  the  other  officers  belonging  to 
it,  he  was  placed  on  half-pay.  In 
this  fituation  he  continued  till  1787, 
when  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
major-general,  after  which  he  com- 
manded fucceflively  the  69th  and  6th 
regiments  of  foot,  and  the  7th  regi- 
ment of  dragoons,  to  the  laft  of  which 
he  was  appointed  November  5.  1795* 
Soon  after  the  commencement  of  the  ' 
war  between  Britain  and  France,  Sir 
Ralph  Abercromby  was  employed  on 
the  continent  *,  and,  on  the  25th  of 
April  1793,  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-general.  During 
the  campaigns  of  1793  and  1794,  the 
firft  of  which  commenced  fo  aufpi- 
cioufly,  and  the  fecond  terminated  fo 


unfortunately  for  the  taufe  of  the  al- 
lies, his  condu6l  was  uniformly  fuch 
as  to  conciliate  the  efteem  and  con- 
fidence of  his  foldiers,  and  to  merit 
the  higheft  approbation  of  his  fupe- 
rior  officers.  Thefe  campaigns,  which 
put  to  a  fevere  tell  the  military  tac- 
tics of  the  moil  experienced  com- 
manders in  Europe,  and  of  the  warriors 
who  had  attained  the  higheft  martial 
fame,  impreffed  deeply  on  the  minds 
of  the  whole  army  the  idea  of  his 
fkill  in  the  various  operations  of  at- 
tack and  defence,  and  particularly 
of  that  cool  determined  valour, 
which,  when  united  to  prudence, 
conftitutes  the  moft  important  part 
of  a  military  chara6ler.  Of  his  com- 
mander, the  Duke  of  York,  he,  on 
all  occafions,  enjoyed  the  confidence 
and  efteem. 

The  French  generals,  in  thefe  cam- 
paigns, attempted  to  fupply  the  want 
of  difcipline  in  their  foldiers  by  ex- 
citing a  bolder  fpirit  of  enthufiafm  ; 
and  difplayed  uncommon  Ikill  in  ac- 
commodating their  military  manoeu- 
vres to  the  chara6lers  of  thofe  whom 
they  commanded,  and  thofe  with  whoixi 
they  had  to  contend.  Their  efforts, 
aided  by  the  want  of  confidence  and 
union  among  the  allies,  were  finally 
fuccefsful,  and  the  allied  army  began  to 
retreat.  In  the  a6lion  on  the  heights 
of  Cateau,  on  April  16.  1794,  Sir 
Ralph  Abercromby  commanded  the 
advanced  guard,  and  eminently  fig- 
nalifed  himfelf.  On  06lobet  27.  he 
was  wounded  at  Nimeguen.  The 
difpatches  of  the  Duke  of  York  bear 
ample  teftimony  to  his  military  ikill, 
and  cool  and  prudent  condu6l,  in  the 
moft  hazardous  exigencies  of  that 
campaign.  A  more  painful  duty  ftil! 
remained,  a  duty  from  which  it  is  in- 
cumbent on  the  brave  never  to  flirink, 
though  it  requires  a  more  painful 
exercife  of  fenfibility  than  is  compa- 
tible with  the  energy  excited  by  a 
field  of  battle.  In  the  difaftrous  re- 
treat of  the  Englifh  army  from  Hol- 
land in  the  winter  of  1794,  he  con- 

duded 


jan.  1802. 


^he  Dreamer. 


5 


dufted  the  Guards,  and  had  the  care 
of  the  fick  in  the  inarch  from  Deven- 
ter  to  Oldenfaal.  This  was  a  litua- 
tion  which  required  all  the  native 
energy  of  a  mind  fruitful  in  refources, 
to  prevent  the  deprefllon  of  the  fpi- 
rits  of  the  men,  fatigued  by  a  long 
march  through  roads  almoft  imper- 
vious, haraffed  inceffantly  by  the  at- 
tacks of  a  vi6lorious  enemy,  and  ex- 
pofed  to  all  the  inclemency  of  a  fe- 


vere  feafon,  in  a  fituatlon  where  it 
was  impradlicable  to  procure  (helter. 
In  this  unfortunate  fituation,  though 
the  talents  of  the  General  were  un- 
able to  flem  the  current  of  adverfc 
fortune,  they  were  fufficient  to  attract 
univerfal  approbation,  and  to  demon- 
ftrate  that  his  humanity  was  not  infe- 
rior to  his  courage. 

(To  be  continued ) . 


THE   DREAMER.— No.  L 


A.  You  mud  not  conclude,  that  whoever  tells  his  dream,  or  fometimes  takes  his 
direction  from  it,  is  therefore  an  idolater,  or  fuperftitious,  or  a  cheater ;  for 
God  doth  often  admonifh  men  by  dreams  of  what  they  ought  to  do  :  yet  men 
muft  be  wary  in  this  cafe,  that  they  truft  not  dreams  with  the  condu6l  of  their 
lives,  farther  than  by  the  law  of  their  country  is  allowed; — otherwife  I  fee 
no  idolatry  or  fupcrftition  in  following  a  dream. 

B.  Yes,  one*s  own  dream ;  but  when  another  man  fliall  dream,  or  fay  that  he 
has  dreamed,  and  require  me  to  follow  that,  he  muft  pardon  me,  if  I  afk  him 
by  what  authority,  elpecially  if  he  look  that  I  (hould  pay  him  for  it, 

HOBBES, 


FROM  the  title  which  I  have 
given  to  my  lucubrations,  it  is  pof- 
Sble  the  good-natured  public  may  be 
difpofed  to  give  me  more  credit  for 
fmcerity  than  for  prudence  *,  for  can- 
dour,, than  for  the  power  of  either  a- 
mufmg  or  inflrufting  them.  Perhaps 
they  may  be  partly  in  the  right ;  they 
will  not,  however,  deny,  that  fmce- 
rity and  candour  are  qualities  which 
occur  much  more  rarely  in  the  great 
world,  than  either  the  ability  to  in- 
{lru61:,  or  the  power  to  amufe  ^,  and, 
if  I  do  not  pofitively  affert  my  pre- 
tenfions  to  thefe  powers,  I  fhall  be 
cautious  in  renouncing  my  claim  to 
thofe  qualities  which  I  may  be  al- 
lowed to  pofl'efs. 

Notwithftanding  the  beautiful  com- 
politions  in  former  periodical  wri- 
ters, which  plainly  owe  their  ex- 
cellence to  the  admirable  faculty  of 
Dreaming,  none  of  thefe  v.riters  has 

Vol.  LXIV. 


had  the  fagacity  to  perceive  the  ad- 
vantage which  his  lucubrations  would 
have  derived,  from  defcribinghisfieep- 
ing,  rather  than  his  waking  thoughts. 
It  was  this  circumflance,  prefenting 
itfelf  to  my  mind,  in  one  of  my  re- 
veries, which  firft  induced  me  to 
confider  the  fubjeft  in  my  drowfy 
way. 

To  pfopofe  my  loofe  reveries,  with 
that  dogmatical  air  which,  in  this  en- 
lightened age,  palTes  fo  generally  for 
the  indication  of  truth,  were  ex- 
tremely prefumptuous  in  a  profefled 
dreamer  like  myfelf,  if  the  pradice 
were  not  fanftioned  by  cuftcm  and  au- 
thority* I  mud,  however,  be  permit- 
ted to  fav,  with  Hobbes,  that  I  fee 
neither  idolatry  nor  fupn-fthlcn  in  fol- 
lowing a  dream  and  if  my  readers 
happen  to  be  as  much  fatisfied  with 
my  dreams,  as  I  myfelf,  generally  am 
I  may  fafely  fay  that  I  iliall  continue 
B  to 


6 


i'he  Dreamfr. 


Vol.  64* 


to  cli?€am,  in  future,  Tvith  increafed 
pleafure  and  fatisfadion.  On  the 
head  of  prefumption,  I  confefs,  I  have 
very  little  anxiety )  for  if  my  readers 
conlider  for  a  moment,  they  mull 
perceive  that  the  difference  between 
ray  fpeculations  and  thofe  of  others 
is,  that  mine  are  propofed  as  dreams, 
and  therefore  can  never  deceive, 
vrhile  tloe  fpeculations  of  others  are 
generally  propofed  as  realities,  and 
v/ith  the  greater  confidence  the  lefs 
they  are  founded  on  fa6l.  The  form 
in  which  my  fpeculations  fliall  be  pre- 
fented  to  the  public,  (hail  be  exa61:Iy 
that  which  Morphcns  may  happen  to 
fugged  j  and  confequently  it  is  e- 
qually  probable  that  they  may  af- 
ifume  the  fiimfy  diifufion  of  an  effay, 
the  concentrated  teifenefs  of  an  apo- 
logue, the  vivacity  of  a  glee,  or  the 
gravity  of  a  fermon.  At  the  fame 
time  I  cannot  avoid  thinking  fuch  a 
degree  of  gravity  in  a  dream,  as  is  u- 
fual  in  a  fermon,  fomething  uncom- 
mon ;  for  drearashave  generally  more 
vivacity,  m.ore  adivity  and  buhnefs, 
than  fermons  j  and  on  that  account 
are  fometimes  preferred  to  them,  by 
men  of  a6i^ive  rambling  genius  ;  of 
which  curious  circumdance  any  per- 
fon  may  be  convinced  by  attending 
one  of  our  churches  next  Sunday. 

I  fcrefee  that  it  will  be  necef- 
fary,  in  the  courfe  .of  my  lucubra- 
tions, to  vindicate  the  laudable 
pra(5lice  of  dreaming,  from  the  im- 
putations of  futility  and  abfurdity, 
%vhich  have  been  thrown  upon  it  by 
fome  perfons  of  {o  little  fagacity,  that 
they  have  never  been  able  to  difcri- 
minate  their  waking  thoughts  from 
their  dreams.  For  my  own  part,  I 
regard  dreaming  as  a  fpecies  of  Se- 
cond Sight,  though  infinitely  more 
extenfive  in  its  influence,  and  plea- 
fant  in  its  operation,  'than  that  which 
has  long  been  celebrated  in  Scot- 
land, and  which  is  fo  energetically 
defcribed  in  the  romantic  poem  of 
Gknfinlas. 


The  laft  dread  curfe  of  angry  heaven. 
With  ghaftly  fights  ar,cl  founds  of  woe, 

To  daflieach  glimpfc  of  joy  was  given, 
The  gift,  the  future  ill  to  know. 

No  doubt  the  region  of  dreams  has 
'  Its  dark  woods,  and  its  forefts  of  en- 
chantment, as  w^ell  as  its  funny  vales 
and  green  plains  ^  but  it  is  confident- 
ly aiferted,  by  thofe  who  are  beft  ac- 
quainted with  the  fubjecl,  that  thofe 
terrors  w^hich  frequently  render  per- 
fons afraid  of  their  ovm  dreams,  ori- 
ginate from  fome  incorrigibly  bad 
habits  in  the  minds  of  the  dreamers, 
and  form  no  proper  objedion  to  that 
lyftem  of  dreaming  which  I  propofe 
to  recommend.  In  fome  diflridls'  of 
Scotland,  perfons  who  liad  been  once 
abll:ra<51:ed  by  the  fairies,  were  after- 
wards fuppole;d  to  poffefs  a  peculiar 
fpecies  of  vifion,  which,  without  im- 
pairing their  power  of  feeing  natural 
obje^ls,  in  their  ufual  proportion  and 
form,  made  them  acquainted  with 
another  clafs  of  obje61:s  too  delicate 
to  be  perceived  by  the  grofs  organs 
of  ordinary  mortals.  This  idea  coin- 
cides extremely  with  that  w^hich  I 
have  always  entertained  of  dreaming; 
and  I  have  been  accuflomed  to  refer 
this  popular  notion  to  the  fource  of 
fleeping,  rather  than  of  waking  ima- 
ginations. Perfons  endowed  with  this 
vifionary  power,  if  they  happened  to 
dine  with  half  a  dozen  of  theiffriends, 
generally  fat  down  to  table,  with 
tvvice  as  many  companions  as  any  other 
perfon  of  the  company,  and  who  were 
invilible  to  every  perfon  but  the  feer 
himfeif.  In  the  fame  manner  I  fome- 
times fup  with  a  party  of  fele6t 
friends,  and  before  morning  have  the 
honour  of  drinking  tea  or  coffee  with 
Julius  Csefar,  Plannibal,  and  fome 
of  the  crreateil  perfon  ages  of  antiqui- 
ty. The  mention  of  Hannibal  leads 
me  to  recoileft  a  late  fcene  of  this 
kind,  in  which  the  merit  of  Eo- 
naparte  was  warmly  debated  by 
that  illuilrious  general,  and  Charles. 

XII. 


Jan.  1802. 


The  Dreamer. 


7 


XII.  of  Sweden,  over  a  newfpaper 
in  the  Turf  Coffee-houfe,  when  they 
were  completely  baffled  by  the  logic 
'  of  the  late  Murad  Bey,  who,  upon 
turning  the  page,  vanifhed  in  a  flafti 
of  lightning  at  the  account  of  the 
maffacre  of  the  Beys  in  Egypt.  I 
only  mention  this  circumftance,  to  con- 
vey to  my  readers  fome  faint  idea  of 
thofe  excurfive  powers  which  are  often 
called  into  exertion  by  the  faculty  of 
dreaming  ;  powers  which  can  in  a 
moment  abolifli  all  the  diftin6lions  of 
time  and  place,  and  affemble  in  one 
fpot,  a  group  of  perfons  of  every  age 
and  country.  The  exercife  of  this 
faculty  has  likewife  been  found  fo  ex- 
tremely pleafant  in  numerous  cafes, 
that  there  are  many  perfons  ftill 
claffed  among  waking  men  who  have 


a6lually  been  in  a  dreaming  11  ate  for 
feveral  years.  In  order  to  prevent 
fuch  irregularities  for  the  future,  an 
order  is  juft  iffued  from  the  court  of 
Morpheus,  that  fuch  equivocal  cha- 
racters (hall  be  apprehended,  and  tried 
by  a  jury  of  the  /even Jlecpers  ;  and  that 
thofe  dreamers  who  {liall  be  found 
guilty  of  having  traitoroufiy  attempt- 
ed to  pafs  for  waking  men  fhall  be 
punifhed  with  a  con  Hunt  infomtiia  for 
the  period  of  their  natural  lives  j  a 
puniihment  which,  in  the  Region  of 
Dreams,  is  reckoned  equivalent  to 
perpetual  imprifonment.  Of  the  pro- 
ceedings in  confequence  of  this  edicl, 
I  hope  to  be  able  to  give  my  readers 
an  account  in  my  next  number. 

Artemidorus* 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  DI 

APPLICABLE 

;  THE  delineation  of  charafter,  in 
works  of  fancy,  is  an  elFort  fome- 
times  of  memory,  and  at  others  of 
imagination.  In  many  inftances  the 
writer  copies  the  features  of  fome  li- 
ving object  in  nature,  whofe  peculiar 
qualities  are  fuitable  to  his  purpofe  j 
in  others  he  follows  the  impuife  of 
genius,  and  forms  a  charadler  of  his 
own  creation,  but  probable  and  con- 
lift  ent.  If  we  examine  the  works  of 
the  beil  poets  and  novelliils,  we  (liall 
find  the  greater  number  of  their  cha* 
rafters  to  be  of  the  former  clafs  ;  and 
indeed,  it  is  from  this  circumftance 
that  we  derive  the  principal  pleafure 
which  they  excite.  Man  being  na- 
turally an  objecl  of  curiofity  to  man, 
we  are  delighted  with  finding  that  the 
obfervations  of  an  author  of  genius  cor- 
,jcfpond  with  thofe  of  our  own  expe- 
rience, and  that  the  general  arrange- 
ment of  human  charadler  which  every 
T.  '?.n  is  accuftomed  to  form,  has  been 

-  jmentsd  v.ith  a  new  individual.  In 


lAMATIC  CHARACTERS, 

TO  SCOTLAND, 

reviewing  the  works  of  the  Englifli 
dramatifts  fmce  the  days  of  Johnfon, 
we  find  many  charaflers  beautifully 
depi'fted  from  nature,  by  authors  who 
poffefled  neither  the  abilities  to  ima- 
gine Caliban,  nor  the  acutenefs  to  de- 
lineate Falftalf,  and  w^iich  will  pleafe 
the  mind  of  every  reader  that  is  not 
corrupted  by  critical  prejudice.  In 
fa6l,  not  even  the  genius  of  Shake- 
fpeare  can  fecure  immortality  to  his 
writings,  but  by  prefcription.  He 
drew,  with  the  pencil  of  a  maft.er, 
the  different  chara£lers  he  obferved 
in  life.  His  comic  perfonages  we're  the 
growth  of  his  age  and  acquaintance, 
but  they  fpeak  a  language  at  prefent 
almoft  obfcured  by  time  they  difplay 
the  manners  of  a  period  doubtful  e- 
ven  to  the  antiquary.  That  cowardice, 
affectation,  pride,  and  every  human 
paffion,  whether  good  orbad,areeffen- 
tially  the  fame  in  every  age,  is  not 
here  a  fubjed  of  difpute  j  but  that  they 
are  externally  different  at  different  pe- 
B  Z  liods. 


8 


Observations  on  Dramatic  Characters.      Vol.  64, 


rlods,  may  be  plainly  perceived  from 
the  flighteil  obfcrvation.  Charadlers 
accurately  delineated,  and  calculated 
to  pleafe  any  particular  people,  muft 
be  drawn  from  their  oivn  age^  and 
muft  fpeak  in  their  own  language.  If 
any  perfon  will  conteft  this  point,  it 
is  only  neceffary  to  appeal  to  a  com- 
mon audience,  whether  they  can  en- 
ter with  greater  facility  into  the  cha- 
radlers,  drawn  by  Shakefpeare,  or  by 
Sheridan.     Whatever  be  their  an- 
fwer,  it  is  obvious  that  the  numerous 
commentators  on  that  celebrated  au- 
thor have  fhewn,  by  infinite  labour, 
that  the  language  and  manners  x)f 
Timon,  Aguecheek,  Don  Andriano, 
Piftol,  and  many  other  finely-delinea- 
ted characters  of  that  age,  are  no 
longer  intelligible  to  the  vulgar.  All 
this  is,  in  no  refped,  the  fault  of  the 
author ;  but  nos  nojlraque  debcmur  morti 
is  -a  humbling  motto  to  the  pride  of 
the  greateii  abilities  that  ever  w^ere 
exerted. 

The  great  fource  of  comic  cha- 
racter, w^hich  always  approaches 
neareft  to  real  life,  is  the  manners, 
follies,  purfuits,  and  fentiments  of 
the  prefent  day.  All  characters  that 
fpeak  the  language  of  paft  ages,  that 
poffefs  manners  unknown  to  the  pre- 
fent times,  that  are  ridiculous  for  an- 
tiquated and  forgotten  follies,  lofe  in 
a  great  meafure  the  power  of  plea- 
ling,  becaufe  their  prototypes  are  not 
found  in  common  life,  and  are  intelli- 
gible only  to  the  fcliolar  and  the  anti- 
quary. We  love  the  picture  of  a 
friend,  becaufe  it  recalls  to  us  his 
well-knov/n  features  ;  wx  can  enter 
with  delight  into  fcenes  that  prefent 
anew  the  objects  that  have  amufed 
and  charmed  us  at  an  earlier  period  \ 
but,  however  ingenious  the  execu- 
tion, we  look  on  the  antiquated  paint- 
ings of  the  age  of  Elizabeth  and 
James,  as  we  fhould  certainly  do 
were  we  tranfported  by  the  ebb  of 
time  into  the  ftreets  of  this  metropo- 
lis, a  century  or  two  backwards :  we 
would  not  behold  the  face  of  a  fingle 


acquaintance,  nor  be  able  to  difcover 
the  places  of  our  moft  common  refort. 

These  obfervations  have  two  dif- 
ferent obje6ts  in  view.  The  firft  is,  to 
(hew  the  abfurdity  of  a  practice  at  pre- 
fent countenanced  by  feveral  writers  of 
great  genius,  I  mean  that  of  making 
comic  and  tragic  characters  fpeak  the 
language,  and  difplay  the  manners, 
of  the  age  of  Shakefpeare  j  a  prac- 
tice fo  unnatural,  that  they  forfeit 
the  power  of  pleafing  and  originali- 
ty, the  very  ends  which  they  labour 
to  attain.  For  a  few  of  numberlefs 
inftances  to  be  found  in  an  author  of 
great  merit  *,  take  the  following. 
A  mafker  in  the  tragedy  of  Count 
Bafil,  a6t  u.  fcene  4.  fpeaks  in  this 
manner  : 

Wilt  thou  do  nothing  for  thy  lady^$ 

fake  ? 

Yes,  lovely  Taepherdefs,  on  every  tree 
I'll  carve  her  name,  with  true-love 

garlands  bound, 
Write  madrigals  upon   her  rofeatc 

cheeks, 

Odes  to  her  eye,  '^faith  every  wart  and 

mole 

That  fpots  her  fnowy  ikin,  (hall  have 
its  fonnet^ 

I'll  make  lovc-pnfies  for  her  thimble's 
edge,  &c. 

A  duke  in  the  fame  fcene  fays  very 
ftiffly: 

This  revelry,  methinls,  goes  gayly  on. 

Mirando,  a  little  after  this,  fpeaks 
in  the  ftyle,  not  of  Cupid,  but  of  old 
Latimer  : 

No,  let  me  down,  thy  kilFes  are  fo 
rough. 

So  furious  rough — fhe  doth  not  kifs 
me  fo. 

The  falutatlons  of  the  gentlemen  are, 
'Save you, fir, — Igreet  you  nobk  count  i 
they  talk  of  fighting  to  the  death 
of  finging  foft  ditties  .*— and  fcrawl- 
inglove-fonnets : — the  ladies  fwear  by 

>faUh, 

*  Mifs  Joanna  Baillie. 


Jan.  1802.  Observations  on  Dramatic  Characters^ 


"^Jaith^  in  faith^  in  footh^  and  difplay  all 
the  quaint  manners  and  lliffnefs  of 
the  virgin  queen.  All  this  might  be 
borne  in  tragic  chara6lers,  that  often 
derive  their  features  from  the  hands 
of  fancy  :  in  comic  chara£lers  it  is 
quite  infufFerable,  as  it  looks  juft  like 
a  young  lady  at  a  ball  drefl'ed  in  a 
fuit  of  her  grandmother's.  It  fhould 
therefore  be  conlidered  by  all  authors 
of  every  defcription,  vA\o  defire  to 
pleafe,  and  excel  other  imitators, 
that  to  copy  nature  and  Shakefpeare 
is  not  the  fame  thing ;  and  that  every 
writer  who  longs  for  immortality  mull 
have  recourfe  to  the  varieties  of  cha- 
racter in  his  own  age,  and  not  to  the 
works  of  any  poet  or  writer  whatfo- 
ever.  The  language,  and  natural  col- 
loquial drefs  of  thefe  varieties  muft  be 
delineated,  and  their  diftind:ions  accu- 
rately traced.  Human  nature  is  fun- 
damentally the  fame  in  all  ages,  but 
its  leading  faculties  are,  from  age  to 
age,  differently  employed.  Vain  men 
are  vain  of  different  objefts  in  the 
courfe  of  half  a  century  ^  a  fine  fword 
pleafed  in  the  reign  of  James  the  Firft, 
a  fine  wig  in  the  days  of  his  grand- 
fons,  a  fnufF-box  in  the  days  of  the 
Spectator  ^  and  thus  the  coxcomb  is 
ever  varying  his  manners  and  appear- 
ance, though  not  his  leading  principle 
of  a6lion. 

The  obje61:  of  thefe  general  ob- 
fervations  is,  to  touch  on  a  circum- 
ftance  relating  to  the  delineation  of 
character,  in  this  country.  It  is  ob- 
vious that  the  excluiion  of  our  native 
diale6l  from  every  thing  but  farce, 
muft  entirely  prevent  the  comic  va- 
rieties of  charader  in  Scotland  from 
ever  appearing,  on  the  ftage  even  of 
Its  metropolis.  For  any  comic  writer  to 
fucceedin  Scotland  muft  be  extremely 
flifFicult,  unlefs  he  crofs  the  Tweed, 


and  import  the  language  and  cuftoms 
of  another  country,  which,  however 
proper  for  dramatic  compofition,  are 
not  the  growth  of  Scotland.  In  the 
works  of  Burns,  Ferguffon,  and  Ram- 
fay,  many  interefting  Scotiih  cha- 
rafters  are  depided  with  the  greateft 
accuracy.  At  prefent,  fmce  the  cu- 
ftom  of  writing  from  nature  has  be- 
come unfafhionable  in  the  country, 
no  comic  produdtions  have  appeared 
for  fome  time  j  the  fource  of  humour 
is  dried  up,  becaufe  no  one  cares  to 
write  any  thing  but  in  Englifh.  It 
is  not  here  meant  that  Scotfmen 
ought  to  relinquifh  Englifti  compofi- 
tion, for  the  fake  of  their  own  dialeft  j 
it  is  only  fuggefted,  that  thofe  who 
have  abilities  for  delineating  popular 
charafter  fliould  not  be  difcouraged 
from  copying  what  they  view  ^  and 
that  the  amiable  fiipplicity  of  the 
dramatis  perfona  of  the  Gentle  Shep- 
herd ought  to  pleafe  even  the  moll 
refined  Scotfman,  as  much  as  the  cha- 
rafters  in  any  comedy  whatfoever. 
Scotland  will  no  doubt  acquire,  in 
procefs  of  time,  a  fimilarity  of  man- 
ners with  England.  At  prefent  the 
bulk  of  the  people  differ  confiderably 
in  diale6l  and  charafter  \  and  fmce 
this  is  the  cafe,  it  is  furely  hard  to  be 
debarred  from  delineating  living  man- 
ners, becaufe  w^e  dare  not  trace  them 
in  their  native  hue,  without  fear  of  ne- 
gleft  or  offence.  It  is  a  facrince  rather 
of  an  exorbitant  nature,  to  fink  the  pro- 
duce of  our  own  foil  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  our  neighbour's  ;  and  all  this, 
when  it  is  generally  allovved  that  a 
Scots  landfcape  poiTefTes  as  many 
wild  beauties,  as  many  flowers  of  pa- 
triotifm,  friendihip,  love,  and  other 
fimilar  ornaments,  with  as  many  in- 
congruities, for  contraft,  as  any  to  be 
met  with  in  Europe.  M. 


LIST  OF  DESIDERATA  IN  SCOTISH  SONG. 

TKE  Editors  of  the  Scots  Maga-    fong,  by  that  eminent  and  accurate 
:  having  been  favoured  with  the    antiquarian,  J.  Ritfon,  Efq.  beg  leave 
owing  lift  of  Defidcrata  In  Scotiili    to  call  the  attention  of  their  country- 
man 


ID 


List  of  Desiderata  in  Scotish  Song.       Vol.  64. 


men  particularly  to  this  fubjedt.  They 
have  the  utmoft  reafon  to  believe  that 
many,  perhaps  the  majority,  of  the 
fongs  here  enumerated,  are  (till  pre- 
ferved  by  tradition,  and  float  in  the 
occalional  recitation  of  the  Scotifh 
Lowlanders  j  at  leaft,  it  is  abfolutely 
certain  that  many  beautiful  verfes, 
if  not  complete  fongs,  have  been  pre- 
ferved  in  this  manner.    That  thefe 
fhould  at  leaft  be  'correfted  and  ar- 
ranged, muft  be  the  ardent  wifli,  not 
only  of  every  Scotfman,  but  of  every 
perfon  who  poifeffes  a  tafte  for  nature 
and  fimplicity.    The  hiftory  of  Sco- 
tifh fong,  though  equally  interefting 
and  curious,  from  the  total  negled 
in  which  it  remained  for  a  very  long 
period,  has  become  a  fubjed  of  very 
difheult  difcuffion,  and  can  only  be  il- 
iaftrated  by  an  appeal  to  fa6ts.  As 
txie  opportunities  of  illuftration  are 
conftantly  diminifhing,  the  Editors 
of  the  Scots  Magazine  cannot  refift 
the  temptation  of  availing  themfelves 
of  this  occafion,  to  invite  the  com- 
munications of  every  perfon  who  can 
repeat  Scotifli  fongs,  or  who  may 
have  an  opportunity  of  tranfcribing 
the  'fleeting  records  of  tradition.  An 
opportunity  loft  may  never  again  oc- 
cur-, and,  within  thefe  laft  twenty 
years,  numerous  opportunities  of  re- 
covering beautiful  monuments  of  Sco- 
tiih  fong  have  certainly  been  Jbft. 
At  the  fame  time,  they  cannot  help 
fuggefting  the  propriety,  or  rather 
neceffity,  that  there  is  for  every  per- 
fon pledging  his  veracity  for  the  ac- 
curacy of  his  communications  *,  while 
they  recolleft  the  obloquy  that  the 
national  character  has  incurred,  from 
a  few  inftances  of  literary  impofltion, 
w'hich  the  authors  probably  intended 
rather  as  experiments  on  the  critical 
tafte  of  the  times,  than  experimental 
Jeceptions  of  the  underftanding. 


DESIDERATA. 

Alack  and  well-a-day. 
Allan  water  \  or  my  love  Annie's 

wond'fous  bonnie. 
An  auld  man  an'  a  hand'ul  o'  filler. 


An  (he  come  near  me. 

An  Middleton  be  walking. 

An  the  kirk  wad  let  me  be. 

An  you  meet  a  lafs  that's  gay. 

Annie  and  Colin. 

As  I  came  in  by  Falkland  fair. 

As  I  flood  on  the  pier  of  Leith. 

Auld  langfyne, 

(And  drink  a  cup  of  kindnefs, 
For  auld  langfyne). 
Be  conftant  itill. 
Becaufe  I  was  a  bonny  lad. 
Beflfie  Bell  and  Mary  Gray  (original  ) 
Boatman. 

Come  ben  and  kifs  me,  man. 
Come  kifs  with  me,  come  clap  with 
me. 

Cutty-fpoon  and  tree-laddle. 
Dear  Billy,  wilt  thou  go  to  battle  ? 
Donald,  gird  mycogie. 
Duncan's  complaint. 
For  our  'lang  biding  here. 
For  th^  love  of  Jean. 
Four-and-twenty  Highlandmen. 
Fie  upon  Carnegie  ! 
Had  I  the  wate  ?  ftie  bad  me. 
Hallow-e'en. 
Hey  Tammy  Brandy. 
Her  anfwer  it  was  mum. 
Hey-how  the  lang  faddle  ! 
Hey  the  Lockhart-lee  man  ! 
Highland  laddie  (original). 
Highland  laflTie,  lovely  thing. 
How  can  I  be  fad  on  my  wedding- 
day  ? 

I  am  afleep,  do  not  waken  me, 

I  canna  win  hame  to  Eppie,  I  trow. 

I  fix'd  my  fancy  on  her. 

I  have  loft  my  marrow. 

I  loo'd  a  bonny  lady. 

I'll  gae  nae  mair  to  your  town. 

I'll  gar  ye  be  fain  to  follow  me. 

I'll  love  no  more. 

I'll  never  leave  thee. 

I'll  never  fee  him  more. 

I'll  thro'  the  muir  for  a'  that. 

I  w^fli  my  love  were  in  a  mire. 

If  you  had  been  where  I  have  been. 

In  her  cap  ftie  wore  a  feather. 

I'fe  ne'er  rue  I  lo'ed  thee. 

It's  I  would  have  my  gown  made. 

Kate  of  Aberdeen  (original). 

Kilt  thy  coat,  Maggy 

Lochaber  no  more  (original) 


I    Jan.  1802.    List  of  Desiderata  in  Scotish  Song. 


II 


Lye  Hill,  goodman,  and  take  another 
nap. 

My  ain  kind  deary  O. 

(An'tho'  the  night  be  ne'er  fae  dark, 

And  I  be  wat  and  wearie  O, 
I'll  hap  thee  with  my  petticoat, 

My  ain  kind  deary  O). 
My  dear,  come  play  me  o'er  again. 
My  love,  alas  !  is  dead  and  gone. 
My  wife  {he  dang  me. 
O !  an  I  were  married,  " 
O !  dear  mother,  what  fhall  I  do  ? 

0  I  Bothwell  bank,  thou  blumeft  fair. 

01  Jean, J  love  thee. 
O'er  Bogie. 

O'er  the  hills  and  far  awa'  (original). 

One  evening  as  I  loft  my  way. 

Open  the  door  to  three. 

Peggy,  I  muft  love  thee  (original). 

PolwartVi  on  the  green. 

Saw  ye  my  Peggy  ? 

Sour  plums  of  Gallaihieb. 

Steer  h^r  up,  and  haud  her  gai^vn. 

Stormont's  ghoft. 

The  alewife  and  her  barrel. 

The  auld  gaud  aver. 

The  auld  maid  of  Fife. 

The  barber  and  his  bafon. 

The  bonny  lafs  of  Aberdeen. 

The  bonnyefl:  lafs  in  a'  the  v/arld. 

The  bonnyeft  lafs  in  cur  town. 

The  burlting  figh. 

The  corbey  and  the  pyett. 

The  Earl  of  Murray's  bonny  thing. 

The  gallant  fhoemaker. 

The  gleed  Earl  of  Kelly. 

The  Gordons  has  the  guiding  on't. 

The  king  of  France  he  run  a  race. 

The  lady  of  the  flowery  fitld. 


The  man  has  got  liis  mare  again. 
The  milking  pail. 

The  minifter's  wife  has  learnt  a  fang. 

The  auld  Stewarts  back  again. 

The  auld  witch  of  Ochiltree. 

The  voice  of  my  love. 

The  vows  of  endlefs  love. 

The  widows  (hall  have  fpoufes. 

The  winding  of  the  ftream. 

The  winter  it  is  paft. 

The  [old]  wauking  of  the  fauld. 

There  are  few  good  fellows  vv^hcn  Ja- 
mie's away. 

There's  three  good  fellows  down  ii: 
yon  glen. 

This  Logan  water  is  fo  deep. 

Thro'  the  wood,  laddie,  (original). 

Under  the  green-wood  tree. 

Up  in  the  morning  e-arly. 

Up  the  reel  of  Bogie. 

Was  ye  at  the  bridal  ? 

\Vate  you  how  the  play  began  ? 

We'll  a'i:o  Kelfo  go. 

We're  a'  Mars  men, 

Well-a-day. 

What  have  I  done  for  w^ant  o'witt 

What  the  devil  ails  you  ? 

When  the  king  came  o'er  the  water.. 

Where  fhall  our  goodman  lye  ? 

Widow,  are  ye  wawking  ? 

Will  ye  go  to  SherilTmuir  ? 

Will  ye  lend  me  your  loom,  lafs  ? 

Willy's  the  lad  for  me. 

Woe  is  'me !  what  maun  I  do  ? 

Woe's  my  heart  that  we  fliould  fon- 
der (original). 

Ye'li  ay  be  welcome  back  again. 

Ye  took  your  packs  upon  your  backs. 
Ye  Vv'cidna  ilay,  yc  ran  away.    \  ^ 


ORIGINAL  LETTER  i 
From  the  Wodrow  MSS. 

St  Germatns^  -^^^g-  3^^« 
1652. 

I  AM  promifed  this  letter  iliall  come 
fafe  to  your  hands,  and  therefore  I  am 
willing  that  you  fhould  know  from  my- 
feif  that  I  am  ftill  alive,  and  the  fame 
man  1  was  when  I  was  amongft  you. 
I  am  very  much  troubled  for  what 


)F  KING  CHARLES  IL 
k'ol.  xlix.  fol. — Adv.  Libr. 

you  fuffer,  and  am  ufing  all  the  en- 
deavours I  can  to  free  you  j  and  be- 
fore many  months  I  hope  you  will 
fee  I  am  not  idle.  In  the  mean  time, 
I  cannot  but  let  you  know,  that  I  am 
in  greater  ftraights  and  necefutys 
then  you  can  eaUly  apprehend,  and 

am 


53 


Original  Letters. 


Vol.  64. 


am  thereby  compelled  to  leave  many 
things  undone  which  would  be  of  ad- 
vantage to  me  and  you.  I  could 
heartily  wiih,  therefore,  that  by  your 
intreft  and  negotiation  with  thofe 
you  dare  truft,  and  who  you  know 
vdfti  me  well,  fome  way  might  be 
thought  of  to  aftift  me  with  money, 
which  would  be  a  very  feafonable 
obligation,  and  could  never  be  for- 
gotten by  ine.    I  need  fay  no  more 


to  you,  but  that  I  fhall  be  glad  to 
receive  any  advice  or  advertifment 
from  you  that  you  think  neceffary  for 
me  3  and  lhall  always  remain. 

Your  very  loving  friend, 

Charles  R. 

To  Mr  John  Knox,  afterwards  mi- 
nifter  of  the  Gofpel  at  North  Leith. 
It  btkrs  to  have  been  collated  with  the 
original  in  the  king's  own  hand,  by 
R.  Wodrow. 


Original  LETTERS  from  the  EARL  of  LAUDERt)ALE  to 
Mr  ROEE.RT  BAILLY. 


Reverend  and  worthie  Freind, 

The  fufferings  which  it  hath  plea- 
fed  God  to  call  me  to  this  long  time 
paft,  having  difabled  me  from  doing 
iiny  fervice  to  my  friends,  I  have 
forborne  to  give  them  the  unnecef- 
farie  trouble  of  letters.  Yet  fee- 
ing I  am  informed  you  do  often  re- 
member me,  I  could  not  but  returne 
you  niy  acknowledgments  for  the 
continuation  of  your  kindenes,  and  to 
intreat  the  help  of  your  prayers,  that 
the  Lord  wold  fanftifie  more  and 
more  this  condition  unto  me,  and  af- 
ford me  more  and  more  teftimonies, 
how  good  it  is  for  me  that  I  have  been 
afHided.  All  I  lhall  tell  you  is,  that 
I  have  a  greater  meafure  of  health 
than  I  could  have  expelled  in  this 
cours,  fo  different  from  the  life  I  for- 
merly led.  Althcgh  in  that  I  find 
great  prejudice  by  my  long  reftraint, 
yet  it  pleafes  God  to  give  me  fome 
meafure  of  patience  and  of  contented- 
nes  under  tlie  rod,  more  than  you 
wold  have  looked  for,  who  knew  my 
former  temper.  I'ivill  not  fay  any 
thing  of  publick  concern,  which  I  doe 
not  at  all  medle  with  5  all  Ifhalldeiire 
of  you  is,  that  you  wold  remember 
me  to  all  thofe  you  know  «to  be  my 
freinds,  and  to  my  fome  time  fellovv- 
prifoners  of  your  own  coate,  when  you 
fee  any  of  them.  Be  pleafed  to  con- 
tinue your  kindnefs  to,  and  your 
prayers  for. 

You.  moft  affe<^ionat  freind, 

L.  AUDERD  AILL  , 

To^er^  the  iT^ff  Vecmi^r,  i^53- 


To  my  reverend  and  worthie  Freind,, 
Mr  Robert  Bailly,  Profeffor  of 
Divinity  at  Glafgow. 

Letter  II, 

Reverend  and  worthie  Freind, 

To  convince  you  once  more  that 
you  was  too  credulous  in  beleeving 
that  I  was  dealing  for  Mr  Gilefpie, 
receave  the  enclofed  paper,  which  in- 
deed is  all  that  I  have  done  in  favors 
of  Mr  Patrick.  But  fuch  reports  are 
now  no  ft  rangers  to  me.  Every  week 
I  find  by  letters  from  Edr.  that  I 
am  reported  there  to  be  the  great  a- 
gent  of  my  Lo.  Argyll,  a  calumnie 
as  fals  as  the  former  3  but  I  am  fo 
hardehd  with  twentie  forts  of  lyes 
which  I  he  are  are  vented  of  me  there, 
that  they  make  little  impreffion  on 
me.  By  God's  grace  I  ftiall  ftudy  to 
ferv  my  gratious  mafter  and  my 
countrey  faithfidly,let  idle  men  talke, 
and  others  beleev  what  they  pleafe, 
it  fhall  little  trouble  me.  This  pa- 
per fliould  have  comd  long  agoe  if  I 
had  fooner  gotten  a  copie  of  a  prefen- 
tation.  His  Majtic  gratioufly  pro- 
mifed  it  at  his  firft  coming,  and  rea- 
dily figned  it  the  other  day.  So  to 
him  you  owe  all  the  thankes.  I  can 
01  rly  fay  for  myfelf,  that  I  fliall  eVer 
be  ready  to  witnes  to  you  that  I  for- 
get not  old  freindfhip,  and  that  I  am, 

in  the  old  manner,  Sir, 

Your  moft  affe6tionate  freind  to  ferv 

you,  Lauderdaill  , 

'jVIAtehall, 

jfctn,  l66i^  -  —'-^-^^^ 


For  the  Scots  Magazine » 


13 


A  VIEW  OF  GEOLOGICAL  THEORIES. 


IF  a  perfon,  who  had  neither  ob- 
ervcd  the  furface  of  our  globe  him- 
ielf,  nor  attended  to  the  obfcrva- 
'  nions  of  others,  Ihould  attempt,  from 

■  5;ren^ral  principles,  founded  on  ab- 
'  rafl  reafoning,  to  defcribe  and  de- 
Iwineate  the  feas,  continents,  iflarids, 

romontories,  rivers,  cities, 

aiountains,  &c.  of  the  whole  earth  ; 
.  ilich  a  fyftem  of  geography  would 
'  aot  only  be  altogether  erroneous, 

■  but  even  ridiculoufly  abfurd.  N'o 
,  lefs  erroneous  and  abfurd  are  moil 

of  the  geological   theories  which 
'  have  been  prefented  to  the  world ; 
and  their  abfurdity  proceeds  from 
the  very  fame  caufe.  The  framers  of 
them,  inflead  of  coUeding  and  af- 
certaining  fadts,  and  from  thefe  de- 
ducing- only  fuch  conclufions  as  the 
t  \dis  warranted,  have  in  general  be- 
gun with  arbitrarily  aliuming  ge- 
neral principles,   and   from  thefe 
lave,  as  arbitrarily,  explained  the 
Dhenomena.    Thus,  one  geologift 
\  ays  it  down,  as  the  fundamental 
^  vn-inciple  of  his  theory,  "  that  all 
'  cerrene  fubftances  are  difpofed  in 
beds  or  Jirata  of  various  natures,  ly- 
ing horizontally    over    each  other, 
fomewhat  like  the  coats  of  an  onion  ; 
and,  that  thefe  ftrata  lie  under  each 
other  in  the  order  of  their  fpecific 
gravity."  If  the  author  had  been  an 
i  '  nhabitant  ofthemoon,hd  would  have 
oeen  barely  pardonable  for  advan- 
cing fuch  a  prcpofition.    It  is  abfo- 
lutely  aflonilhing,   that  any  man 
lliould  have  attempted  a  theory  of 
the  earth,  who  was  ignorant  that 
ijnmenfe  maffes  of  it  are  not  ftrati- 
fied  at  all ;  that  of  the  ftrata  a  very 
\  ^tt2i\.  number  are  not  horizontal 
'  out' nearly  vertical ;  and  that  layers 
)f  ftone  are  frequently  found  over 
he  lighteft  foils,   and  the  fofteft 
earth   under   the   hardcft  bodies. 
Vol,  LXIV, 


Somewlrat  fimilar  to  this  theory  of 
Dr  Woodward,  are  thofe  of  Barnet 
and  W  hi  lion.     Whifton  fappofes 
the  earth  to  have  been  originally 
a  comet;  and  that  when  the  Creator 
placed  it  as  a  planet  in  the  folar 
iyftem,  it  confifted  of  a  folid  burn- 
ing globe  of  more  than  2000  leagues 
diameter  furrounded  by  a  chaos  fi- 
milar to  that  defcribed  by  the  poets. 
According  to   Burnet   again,  the 
chaotic  was  the  original  ftate  of  our 
globe.  As  to  the  nature  of  this  chaos, 
they  both  fappofe  it  to  have  been  a 
rucks  ind'toejlaque  rno/es^  compofed  of 
various  fubftances,  differing  both  la 
den  fit  y  and  figure.     Of  thefe,  ac- 
cording to  thofe  authors,  the  heavi- 
eil  funk  to  the  bottom,  and  after  ^ 
them,  the  other  fubftances  in  the  order 
of  their  fpccific  gravity.  Thus  they 
hold  the  earth  to  be  compofed  of 
concentric  ftrata,  each  of  which  is 
fpecifically  heavier  than  that  imme- 
diately above  it.     In  the  prefent 
ftate  of  mineralogical  knowledge,  it 
feems  quite  unneceifary  to  give  a 
more  particular  account  of  the  fan- 
ciful and  crude  conceptions  of  thefe 
theorifts,''Or  to  enter  into  a  particu- 
lar examination  of  their  tenets.  Th;^ 
exiftence  of  a  chaos  never  can  bs 
proved :  we  have  precifely  the  fame 
evidence  of  it,  that  we  have  of  the 
generation  of  the  gods  ;  of  their  • 
battles  in  the  Trojan  war  ;  or  of  Ju- 
piter's brain  being  delivered  of  ^li- 
nerva  by  a  biov/  of  Vulcan's  axe. 
Thofe  pcrfcns  deferv^  the  fevereft: 
reprehenfion  who  have  wrefted  th;^ 
facred  account  of  afubhme  myftery 
of  our  religion  into  a  conformity 
with  an  abfurd  fable  of  the  heathen 
poets.  Befides,  every  perfon  who  is 
in  the  leaft  acquainted  with  the 
ftru<5iure  and  polition  of  the  ftrati- 
fied  and  unftratiEed  matters  of  ou.r  ■ 
C        '  glob^ 


i4 


P'ieiu  of  Geological  Theories. 


Vol.  6^4 


globe,  mnft  be  fenfible  that  the  hy- 
pothefis  of  a  chaos  is  in  almoft  every 
particular  repugnant  to  the  pheno- 
-mena  ;  the  explanation  it  affords  of 
them  is  quite  analogous  to  the  ex- 
13lanations  which  the  ancient  phyfi- 
cians  gave  of  difeafes,  and  the  old 
chcmifts  of  the  elements  of  bodies ; 
explanations  which  are  now  men- 
tioned only  to  be  laughed  at. 

The  theory  of  Buffon  is  extremely 
ingenious,  and  in  many  points  juft : 
he  proves  incontrovertibly,  that  the 
prefent  land  is  no  more  than  the 
ruins  of  a  land,  and  that  the  dry 
land  which  we  now  inliabit,  was  at 
Ibme  former  period  covered  for  a 
fucceffion  of  ages  by  the  waters  of 
the  fea.  It  is  well  known  that  fliells, 
Jlceletons  of  fifhes,  marine  plants,&c. 
are  often  found  at  immenfc  depths 
in  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  and  in- 
clofed  in  the  heart  of  rocks,  upon 
the  tops  of  the  higheft  mountains, 
even  at  the  greatell  dilhmces  from 
the  fea.  In  thefe  fituations,  they  are' 
not  only  inclofed  in  rocks  of  marble 
and  limeftone,  as  well  as  in  earths 
•and  clays  ;  but  are  actually  incor- 
porated, intimately  and  completely 
filled  with  the  very  fubftances  in 
which  they  are  inclofed.  It  is  im- 
poflible,  as  Buffon  very  juftly 
obferves,  that  thefe  eifedls  could  be 
owing  to  the  univerfal  deluge  :  for 
lince  the  relics  of  marine  produc- 
tions are  found  in  marbles,  lime- 
ftones,  chalks,  marles,  clays,  fand  ; 
in  fhort,  in  almoil:  all  Itrata,  and  in 
ail  fituations,  even  in  the  heart  of 
monntains ;  we  muft  fuppofe  thefe 
mountains  and  mar]}les  to  have 
been  all  form.ed  at  the  very  inlbint 
when  tlie  deluge  took  place  ;  and 
confequently,  that  before  this  grand 
revolution,  there  v\^as  neither  moun- 
tains of  ftratified  matter,  nor 
marbles,  nor  clays  ;  and  that  during 
the  few  days  the  deluge  lafted,  the 
waters  had  overturned  and  difTol- 
ved  almoil  the  whole  furface  of  the 
earth  to  the  greateft  depths ;  fuppo- 
fitions  which  are  altogether  inad- 


mifTible.  There  cannot  be  a  doubt 
that  the  horizontal  (trata  of  fand 
and  gravel,  which  are  every  where 
met  with,  were  gradually  formed 
by  depofition  from  the  waters  of 
the  fea,  in  which  they  had  previouf- 
ly  been  for  a  confiderable  time  agi- 
tated :  for,  befidcs  containing  the 
exuvias  *of  marine  produdions,  they 
are  altogether  limilar  to  thofe  beds 
of  fand  and  gravel  which  we  fee 
the  fea  every  day  forming  ;  and  fand 
and  gravel  are  evidently  formed 
by  attrition  in  water.  The  ftrata  of 
coal,  teflaceous  limeftone,  and  marie 
do  alfo  unequivocally  proclaim  their 
origin.  That  thefe  ftrata  were  formed 
gradually,  and  were  not  the  effedt  of 
any  fudden  revolution,  is  evident 
from  this,  that  we  frequently  find 
flrata  compofed  of  heavy  materials 
placed  above  light  ones,  which 
could  not  have  happened,  if  accord- 
ing to  fome  authors,  the  whole  had 
been  blended  and  difiblved  by  the 
deluge,  and  afterwards  precipitated. 
Buffon  maintains,  that  all  ftrata 
whatfoever  are  horizontal  or  nearly 
fo  ;  and  that  they  have  all  been  de- 
pofited  by  the  fea,  in  the  fame  po- 
fition  in  w^hich  they  at  prefent  exift  : 
but  we  know  now,  that  many  ftrata  v 
have  a  vertical  or  nearly  vertical 
pofition,  and  how  thefe  ftrata  could 
be  depofited  by  water  in  that  fitua- 
tion  it  is  altogether  impoflible  to  con- 
ceive. 

Buffon  next  attempts  to  fhew 
how  mountains  may  be  form- 
ed at  the  bottom  of  the  fea  by  the 
tides,  winds,  and  other  caufes  of 
motion  in  the  waters  :  but  in  this 
he  fails  completely ;  for,  from  his 
own  mode  of  reafoning,  it  is  perfed- 
ly  clear,  that  not  even  mountains  of 
fand  and  gravel  could  be  formed  in 
the  midft  of  the  fea,  but  that  fuch 
mountains,  if  they  did  there  exift, 
would  be  gradually  demolifhed  by 
the  agitation  of  the  water :  and  if  ^ 
mountains  of  fand  and  giavel  could 
not  be  fo  formed,  much  lefs  could 
thofe  mountains  in  which  the  ftra^ 

are 


Tan.  i8o2. 


View  of  Geological  Theories. 


are  penetrated  in  all  dire6lions,  and 
lurrounded  on  all  fides  by  immenfe 
folid  maffes  of  granite  or  whin- 
ftone. 

Having  proved  that  tlie  land 
I  which  we  now  inhabit  was  former- 
ly the  bottom  of  an  ocean,  Buffon 
j  proceeds  to  anfwer  the  important 
quetlion,  How  has  it  happened,  that 
this  land  is  now  exalted  to  I'uch  a 
height  above  the  waters,  and  com- 
pletely feparated  from  them  ?  This 
effedl  he  afcribes  partly  to  the  con- 
IVant  and  uniform  motion  of  the 
ocean  from  eaft  to  weft,  whereby 
he  fuppofes,  that  while  it  is  con- 
ftantly  wearing  away  the  land  on 
the  weft,  it  is  as  conftantly  retreat- 
ing and  leaving  dry  land  on  the 
eaft.     The  other  caufe  to  which 

1  he  attributes  the  retreat  of  the  fea 
'   from  the  land,  is  the  fudden  failure 

or  finking  of  certain  lubterraneous 
caverns,  into  which,  therefore,  the 
fea  would  rufli  from  all  quarters, 
leaving  dry  what  had  been  before 
the  moft  lhallow  parts  of  it.  The 
waters  of  the  polar  regions,  he  fays, 
had  befides  thefe  a  peculiar  caufe 
for  retiring  in  part  from  the  land 
there,  which  was  covered  by  them 
in  the  original  ftate  of  the  earth, 
when  according  to  him  it  was  of  a 
fpherical  tigure ;  the  centrifugal 
force  of  the  earth  revolving  round 
its  ai^is,  and  the  attradion  of  the 
fun  and  moon,  operating  moft 
llrongly  at  the  equator,  caufed  the 
^  waters  to  leave  the  polar,  and  accu- 
"1  mulate  in  the  equatorial  regions. 

2  This  explanation  of  Buffon,  ingeixi- 
ous  though  it  be,  cannot  be  admit- 
ted ;  for,  in  the  firft  place,  the  mo- 
tion of  the  ocean  from  eaft  to  weft, 
if  not  abfolutely  falfe,  is  at  leali  ex- 
tremely doubtful ;  the  finking  of 

i,   fubterraneous  caverns,  though  not 
^   improbable  in  itfelf,  is  quite  hypo- 
thetical, nor  can  any  fubterraneous 
Mverns  be  fuppofed  capable  of  con- 
iiiiiig  all  the  water  which  accord- 
to  Buffon's  principles  muft  have 


flowed  into  them ;  and  we  have  as 
little  reafon  to  prefume,  that  the 
earth  was  originally  fpherical,  as 
that  it  originally  defcribed  round 
the  fun  an  orbit  different  from  that 
which  it  defcribes  at  piefei^t. 

Thus  far  our  author's  theory  pol- 
feffes  fome  degree  of  plaufibility; 
but  when  he  intends  to  explain  the 
original  formation  of  the  earth, 
when  he  tells  us  that  it,  as  well  as 
the  other  planets,  were  ftruck  off 
froKq  the  body  of  the  fun  by  a  migh- 
ty blow  of  a  comet,  his  fpeculations 
ceafe  to  merit  our  attention,  and 
are  unworthy  not  only  of  belief,  but 
even  of  a  ferious  examination.  It 
is  a  principle,  which  is,  or  at  leaft 
ought  to  be  univerfally  admitted, 
that  no  theory  deferves  fo  much  as 
to  be  examined,  unlefs  the  principles 
upon  which  it  is  founded  can  be  af- 
certained  as  fa<5i:s  ;  now  we  have  no 
data  to  prove  that  the  earth  ever 
formed  a  part  of  the  fun,  or  wa.^ 
detached  from  it  by  the  ftroke  of  a 
comet.  It  is  vv'orthy  of  obferva- 
tion,  however,  that  according  tQ 
Buffon,  ftones  owe  their  chryftalline 
texture  not  to  aqueous  folution,  but 
to  igneous  fufton  ;  in  which  opinion 
he  coincides  with  the  Volcanifts  or 
Plutonifts. 

We  111  all  next  confider  the  theory 
of  the  Neptunifts.  The  fundamen- 
tal principle  of  this  theory  is,  that 
all  the  folid  matters  of  our  globe 
were  originally  in  a  ftate  of  chemi- 
cal folution  in  water,  from  which 
folution  they  have  been  fmce  preci- 
pitated. It  might  be  expected  that 
I  ihould  now  ftate  and  examine  the 
arguments  and  facts  by  v\'hich  the 
Neptunifts  have  attempted  to  prove 
the  aqueous  folution  of  all  fbiid  bo- 
dies, in  order  to  determine  v/hether 
it  can  be  afcertained  as  a  fad,  and 
that  I  flrould  then  defcribe  particu- 
larly the  circumftances  under  whicli 
they  fuppofe  the  precipitation  to 
have  taken  place,  that  we  may  de- 
termine whether  thefe  circumftan- 
C  2  ces 


i6 


View  of  Geological  Theories. 


Vol.  64. 


ces  of  the  fuppofed  precipitation  af- 
ford a  full  and  fatisfa(51:ory  explana- 
tion of  the  phenomena.  Unfortu- 
nately for  the  Neptunifts,  however, 
they  can  bring  no  dircd  proof  that  the 
land  ever  was  difTolved  in  the  wa- 
ter. Nor  can  they  lliew  that  earth 
precipitated  from  water  would  form 
land  at  all  fimilar  in  ftrucfture  and 
arrangement  to  that  wliich  we  fee 
exifts.  It  is  in  the  highcil  degree 
improbable,  that  all  the  land  fhould 
at  one  time  have  been  diffolved  in. 
the  ocean,  which  we  know  can 
fcarcely  at  prefent  dilfolve  a  fmgle 
particle  of  that  matter,  of  which 
the  greateft  part  of  the  land  is  com- 
pofcd.  IJut  it  is  needlefs  to  adduce 
arguments  ^gainft  a  theory,  which, 
(according  to  Lord  Bacon's  great 
rule,  of  which  no  found  philofo- 
pher  has  ever  yet  difputed  the  juft- 
nefs,)  is  unworthy  of  a  ferious  ex- 
amination. Whoever  wilhcs  to  fee 
ftronger  evidence  of  its  abfurdity, 
has  only  to  confider  the  account  of 
it  v/hich  has  lately  been  publiihed 
by  its  great  champion  Dr  Kiiwan. 

The  only  theory  of  the  earth 
conftruded  upon  the  true  principles 
of  philofophical  invefligation  is  that 
ofDr  Hutton  ;  though  it  mud  be 
confefTed,  that  even  he  has  not  al- 
ways ilridly  adhered  to  them.  He 
was  indefatigable  in  collecling  fads, 
and  has  made  great  additions  to  the 
ftock  of  true  geological  knowleJge, 
but:  he  has  fometimes  drawn  from 
thefe  fads  ccnclufions  which  they 
did  not  abfolutely  warrant.  He  ac- 
quiefced  in  the  conclufion  which 
Buffon  had  in  a  manner  demonftra- 
ted;  that  the  prefent  land  is  compo- 
fed  of  the  debris  cf  a  former  land ; 
and  that  at  feme  former  period  it 
■  had  all  been  depofited  by  water  at 
the  bottom  of  the  ocean.  When  firll 
depofited,  it  v/ould  evidently  be,  as 
Hu:ton  fuppofes,  in  the  form  of 
loofe  fand  and  gravel,  lying  in  ho- 
rizontal beds,  and  inter'perled  m^ore 
or  lefs  with  the  ddris   of  animal 


and  vegetable  fubftanccs,  of  metal- 
lic matters,  and  of  the  other  fub- 
ftanccs of  which  the  former  land 
was  formed.  Here,  all  thefe  materi- 
als were  expofed  to  fire,  ading  at 
great  depths  below  the  bottom  of 
the  fea,  and  with  various  degrees  of 
intenfity.  Thofe  parts  which  were 
leaft  aded  upon  by  heat,  retained 
their  form  :  hence  thofe  loofe  hori- 
zontal ftrata  of  fand  and  gravel 
which  are  every  where  to  be  met 
with,  and  which  are  evidently  quite 
fmiilar  to  thofe  ftrata  v/hich  we  fee 
the  fea  every  day  forming.  Ctiier 
parts  being  more  expofed  to  the 
heat,  were  partially  fufed  ;  or,  to 
fpeak  more  precifely,  had  their  fur- 
faces  foftened  and  agglutinated. 
Hence  the  ftrata  of  different  degrees 
of  induration  and  compadnefs.  * 
All  ftrata  may  properly  be  arran- 
ged under  two  heads;  thofe  that  arc 
nearly  horizontal,  and  thofe  that 
are  either  nearly  vertical,  or  bent 
with  abrupt  convolutions.  To  the 
firft  clafs  belong  fandftone,  coal, 
teftaceous  limeftone,  and  ftone  marie. 
Thefe  according  to  Hutton,  have 
been  fimply  indurated,  without  be- 
ing far  removed  from  their  place. 
The  vertical  ftrata  are  more  clofeiy 
compaded  than  the  former;  and,  ac- 
cording^ to  Ii.utton,  have  firft  undtT- 

o  ^ 

gone  the  adion  of  greaterfubterrane- 
ous  heat,  and  then  have  been  raifed 
into  their  prefent  pofition  by  the  ef- 
forts of  unftratified  matters  in  fu- 
fion,  rifing  from  below  againft  them 
with  great  force.  The  convolutions 
of  the  vertical  ftrata,  have  been 
formed  by  a  force  ading  laterally 
on  the  ftrata,  when  in  a  foft  and 


*  All  ftrata  are  compofed  of  heterogene- 
ous fi. foments,  bound  together  fometimes 
by  a  cement,  fometimes  withouc  any.  All 
unQratified  lubftances,  on  the  contrary,  are 
ho.Tiootneou'-.,  and  coiifift  either  entirely  ot" 
chrj  Hals,  or  of  a  homogeneous  nicifs,  through 
which  chryftals  flioot  with  more  (^r  iefs  re- 
gularity. 

dudile 


Jan.  i8o2- 


View  of  Geological  Theories. 


17 


du(5i:ile  ftate.  Thofe  parts  to  which 
a  ftill  more  violent  heat  was  ap- 
plied, were  completely  melted  ;  and 
in  this  ftate,  by  the  efforts  of  the 
fabterraneous  fire  were  forced  thro' 
the  faper incumbent  ftrata,  which 
penetrated  in  all  directions,  forming 
veins  and  dykes  ;  and  at  laft  either 
reached  the  furface  and  fo  formed 
lava,  or,  cooling  flowly  before 
reaching  it,  and  under  the  preffiire 
oF.  the  incumbent  ftrata,  formed 
granite,  porphyry,  or  whinftone, 
according  as  the  velocity  of  cool- 
ing was  greater  or  lefs.  The  flower 
the  cooling,  the  larger  and  more 
regular  are  the  cryftals  of  which 
thefe  fubftancesarecompofed.  Thus, 
the  different  fubftances  of  which  the 
land  is  formed,  having  received  the 
arrangement,  and  aliumed  the  ap- 
pearance and  ftrudure  which  they 
at  prefent  polfefs  at  the  bottom  of 
the  fea,  were  elevated  by  the  efforts 
of  the  fame  fub terraneous  fire,  to  a 
greater  height  than  part  of  the  then 
land  ;  in  confequence  of  which,  the 
fea  left  them,  and  overflowed  part 
of  the  ancient  land.  Thus,  the  pre- 
fent iflands  and  continents  were 
formed,  probably  at  different  times. 
They  in  their  turn  are  gradually 
wearing  away,  and  at  this  moment 
the  rudiments  of  a  new  land  are  de- 
pofited,  from  their  ruins,  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  ocean.  Thefe  rudiments 
being  conlblidated  by  iubterraneous 
hre,  will,  at  fome  future  period,  be 
raifed  up  by  the  fame  caufe  ;  and, 
the  prefent  land,  having  againftthat 
time,  fuftiered  much  by  attrition, 
Vv  ill  again  be  covered  by  the  waters. 
Thus  old  lands  are  confequently, 
tliough  infenfibly,  wearing  away, 
and  new  lands  conftantly  lorming  ; 
and,  it  is  impofTible  to  lay,  how  of- 
ten this  procefs  has  been,  or  will  be, 
repeated  ;  lo  that,  fays  our  author, 
there  is  no  trace  of  a  beginning, 
and  no  profpe(5l  of  an  end. 


Though  fome  of  thefe  laft-men- 
tioned  conclufions  are  not  warrant- 
ed by  the  facts,  and  have  brought 
much  obloquy  upon  the  whole  the- 
ory ;  yet  the  fundamental  principles 
of  It  are  probably  not  far  from  the 
truth.  That  fubterraneous  fire  ex- 
ifts,  and  is  capable  of  producing 
the  effects  afcribcd  to  it,  volcanoes 
and  earthquakes  fhow  ;  and  the  ef- 
fcds  to  be  expected  from  that  caule, 
tally  very  exadly  with  the  pheno- 
mena. The  account  which  he  gives 
of  the  formation  of  the  different 
kinds  of  ftrata  is  very  plaufible,  and 
that  the  imftratified  matters  have, 
for  the  moit  part,  come  to  their  pre- 
fent pofition,  in  a  fluid  ftate,  and  af- 
ter the  adjoining  ftrata  were  formed 
andconfoiidated,  is  anideafupported 
by  very  ftrong  fads.  The  fluidity 
of  thefe  fubftances  can  be  afcribcd 
to  no  caufe,  with  the  lhadow  of 
plauftbility,  but  to  the  force  of  fire. 
That  the  prefent  land,  therefore, 
is  formed  of  the  debi^is  of  a  former 
land,  carried  into  the  ocean  and  de- 
pofited  in  the  form  of  beds  of  land 
and  gravel,  intermixed  with  the  o- 
ther  fpoils  of  that  former  land  ;  that 
thefe  beds  have  been  corifoiidated, 
in  part  indeed  by  wa':er,  but  chief- 
ly by  heat ;  that  the  vertical  ftrata, 
in  particular,  have  been  brought  in- 
to their  prefent  pofition  by  the  ac- 
tion of  fire  from  below  ;  and  that 
moft,  if  not  all,  of  the  unftratified 
matters  have  beeilfufed  by  fire,  and 
brought  inio  their  prefent  pofition, 
after  the  depofition  and  confoiida- 
tion  of  the  neighbouring  ftrata ; 
feem  not  deftitute  of  the  evidence  of 
fads.  To  all  which  it  may  be  ad* 
ded,  (though  that  point  has  always 
appeared  to  me  miore  problemati- 
cal,) that  the  land,  thus  formed, 
has  been  elevated  en  majf"  by  the  ef- 
forts of  the  fame  powerful  caufe. 

Aratus. 

Fcr 


iS 


For  the  Scots  Magazine, 


Vol.  64. 


ACCOUNT  of  the  late  DUKE  GORDON,  M.  A. 


INCLUDING 


ANECDOTES  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  EDINBURGH. 


Duke  Gordon,  M.  A.  the  late 
well  known  fiib -librarian  of  the  U- 
niverfity  of  Edinburgh,  was  a  man 
of  a  fingular  charaSer.  The  ob- 
fcurity  of  his  parentage,  as  that 
of  many  others  who  have  diftin- 
guifhed  themfelvcs  in  life,  far  from 
cafting  any  reproach  on  him,  fer- 
ved,  on  the  contrary,  to  enhance  the 
merit  of  his  own  exertions.  He 
was  the  fon  of  William  Gordon, 
weaver  in  Potterrow  of  Edinburgh, 
and  born  there  on  the  20th  of  May 
1739.  There  is  a  tradition  that 
William  e^ave  his  fon  the  chriftian 
name  of  Duke,  in  commemoration 
of  fome  attention  which  his  own  fa- 
ther, while  in  the  King's  fervice, 
and  at  a  period  when  clanfhip  w^as 
ftill  in  high  repute,  had  once  met 
with  from  the  Duke  of  Gordon  ;  a 
whimfical  and  ill  judged  diftindion, 
for  which  his  fon,  when  he  grew  up, 
never  fecmed  to  be  grateful  ;  and 
accordingly  in  writing  this  part  of 
his  name,  he  ufually  fet  dow^i  no 
more  of  it  than  the  initial. 

An  ambition  of  a  different  fort, 
with  which  the  father  was  a<5tuated, 
defer ves  greater  praife.  He  felt  a 
defire  to  be  Row  upon  his  fon  a  learn- 
ed education  ;  andby  great  induftry 
and  economy,  he  was  enabled  to  ac- 
complifli  this  objed.  Having  got 
him  inltrudedin  thereading  of  Eng- 
lilh  and  in  writing,  he  w^as  advifed 
to  remove  him  to  a  private  Latin 
fchool,  kept  in  the  Cowgate  by  Mr 
Andrew  Waddel,  then  a  teacher  of 
conliderable  reputation,  but  now 
known  only  as  the  tranflator  of 
Buchanan's  paraphrafe  of  the  Pfalms. 
Here  our  young  fcholar  applied  with 
fuch  diligence  and  fuccefs,  that  he 
was  generally  found  at  the  head  of 
his  clafs  :  and,  at  the  annual  exa- 
mination of  the  fchool,  he  had  the 


good  fortune  to  be  approved  of  by 
the  celebrated  Mr  Thomas  Ruddi- 
man,  who  honoured  Waddel  with 
his  countenance  and  prefence  on 
thofe  occafions.  At  this  fchool 
young  Gordon  profited  fo  much, 
that  in  a  few  years  he  was  deemed 
qualified  for  entering  the  univerfi- 
ty,  where  we  find  him  matriculated 
as  a  fludent  of  Greek,  under  Pro- 
fe/Ibr  Robert  Hunter,  the  13th  of 
March  1753. 

In  the  Scotifli  Univerfities,  all 
that  is  deemed  neceffary  as  a  pre- 
paration for  academical  inftrudion, 
is  a  previous  courfe  of  Latin  for 
four,  five,  or,  at  moft,  fix  years,  ei- 
ther at  a  grammar  fchool,  or  under 
a  fufhcient  private  teacher  ;  during 
which  time,  if  a  young  man  has  ei- 
ther in  reality  made  remarkable  pro- 
ficiency, or  is  fuppofed  to  have  done 
fo,  he  is  fometimes  advifed,  on  en- 
tering to  tlie  Univerlity,  to  pafs  o- 
ver  the  Latin,  or,  as  it  is  common- 
ly called,  the  Humanity  clafs,  and 
to  proceed  immediately  to  the 
Greek.  But  this  is  chiefly  the  cafe 
with  thofe  whofe  circumftances  are 
fo  narrow  as  to  render  it  an  object 
for  them  to  fave  as  much  time  and 
expence  as  pofhble.  Unlefs  from  a 
neceflity  of  this  kind,  the  adv^ant- 
aees  to  be  derived  from  attendini^ 
a  Profeflbr  of  Humanity  ought  ne- 
ver to  be  negledled  ;  as  it  is  to  be 
fuppofed,  that  the  inilruiflions  of 
fuch  a  teacher,  will  not  only  greatly 
promote  any  previous  knowledge 
of  the  Latin  tongue,  which  a  young- 
man  may  have  received  at  a  gram- 
mar fchool  or  elfewhere,  but  will 
give  him  a  more  profound  and  ac- 
curate knowledge  of  grammar,  Ro- 
man antiquities,  and  Roman  learn- 
ing ;  and  initiate  him,  at  an  early 
period,  into  the  ;[rinciples  of  tafte 

and 


Jan.  1802.        Account  of  D. 

and  of  polite  literature  in  general. 
Even  the  reading  of  the  Latin 
poets  with  emphaiis,  propriety  and 
gracefulnefs,  from  an  academical 
chair,  and  commenting  upon  them 
with  feeling  and  with  tafte,  never  fail 
to  captivate  the  ingenuous  youth,  and 
tomakefuchanimpreflion  upon  their 
minds,  as,  at  no  period  of  their  fu- 
ture life,  is  ever  in  any  of  them  com- 
pletely eflPaced  ;  but  which  to  many 
proves, 'ever  after,  a  fource  of  ex- 
quifite  enjoyment. 

Be  s  I DE  s  the  public  Humanity  clafs, 
which  ufed  to  meet  feveral  hours  in 
the  day,  the  Profeifor  had  another, 
which  was  called  his  private  clafs, 
and,  which  affembling  only  one 
hour  daily,  was  calculated  for  thofe 
who  might  wifh  ftill  to  profecute 
the  Latin  along  with  their  other 
ftudies  ;  it  was  particularly  calcu- 
lated for  the  ftudents  of  Greek,  who 
had  attended  the  public  Humanity 
clafs  the  preceding  year,  or  for  thofe 
whofe  circumftances  had  obliged 
thern  to  commence  their  academi- 
cal courfe  in  the  public  Greek  clafs. 
Of  this  laft  defcription  was  young 
Gordon  ;  and  w^hile  he  learned  the 
elements  of  Greek  under  Profeflbr 
Hunter,  he  was  improving  himfelf 
in  Latin,  and  in  the  knowledge  of 
Roman  antiquities,  in  the  private 
clafs  of  Profelfor  George  Stuart. 

The  Greek  profefTor,  too,  ufed  to 
fpend  about  fix  weeks  at  the  com- 
mencement of  his  public  courfe  in 
reading  Latin  with  his  (Indents,  pre- 
vious to  their  entering  upon  the  e- 
lements  of  the  Greek.  The  books 
which  Profeffor  Hunter  generally 
chofe,  for  this  purpofe,  were  L  ivy's 
Roman  Plillory,  and  Lucan'^  Phar- 
falia  :  and  thus  Mr  Gordon  had  the 
benefit  of  obferving  this  learned 
inftrui^lor's  method  of  teachin<y  La- 

o 

tin  as  well  as  Greek. 

In  the  public  Greek  clafs,  the 
^  plan  of  education  in  Scotland,  obli- 
I  gcs  the  Profelfor  to  teach  the  mere 
I    elements  of  the  language  ;  as  very 


Gordon,  M.  A.  19 

few  have  any  knowledge  of  Greek 
previous  to  their  entering  the  Uni- 
verfity.  But  Mr  Hunter  alfo  had 
a  private  clafs  for  thofe  who  wifhed 
to  profecute  that  knowledge  during 
the  time  of  their  philofophical  ftu- 
dies ;  and  which  enabled  them,  in 
addition  to  what  they  had  learned 
of  the  Teftament,  of  iEfop's  Fables, 
of  Lucian's  Dialogues,  and  of 
Homer's  Iliad,  in  the  public  courfe, 
to  obtain  fome  acquaintance  alfo 
with  the  Odylfey,  with  one  or  two 
of  the  Greek  Tragedies,  and  with 
fome  parages  from  Xenophon  or 
Herodian.  Of  thefe  two  contem- 
porary ProfefTors,  it  was  remarked, 
that  the  Latinilt  had  a  more  bold, 
vigorous,  and  ftriking  w^ay  of  com- 
munication ;  but  that  the  Greek 
Profeffor,  with  a  familiar  and  Icfs 
dignified  manner,  difcovered  a  much 
more  accurate  and  profound  ikill, 
even  of  Latin  grammar,  and  of  all 
the  niceties  of  that  language.  The 
former  might  have  been  chara<5ler- 
ifed  in  the  words  which  Scaliger  ap- 
plied to  Juvenal,  Ardet,  instate  jugu- 
/at ;  the  manner  of  the  latter  ra- 
ther refembled  that  of  Neftor, 

x.cil  ciTTo  yA<5y(7ff-)5?  fiiXno^  y?ivx,iicj  p'tti 

But  though  the  gentle  and  fami- 
liar manner  of  the  latter  rendered 
him  a  great  favourite  with  the  ftu- 
dents, it  mnil  be  owned,  that  the 
bold  and  commanding  tone  of  the 
former,  made  a  more  lading  im- 
preffion  on  his  hearers.  Many  of 
thefe,  v/ho  furvive,  will  ftill  remem- 
ber with  what  congenial  enthufiafm 
they  hav^e  heard  him  pronounce  the 
verfes  of  Horace,  of  Virgil,  and 
of  Juvenal ;  and  with  what  power- 
ful efFecl:  he  conveyed  to  tliem  a 
knowledge  of  Roman  antiquities, 
in  commenting  upon  Livy  or  Sueto- 
nius. 

Such  were  the  ProfefTors  under 
whom  Duke  Gordon  ftudied  the 
Latin  and  Greek  languages.  At 

the 


20  Account  of  D,  Gordon,  M.  A.  Vol.  64. 


the  Greek  clafs  he  particularly  dif- 
tinguiihed  himfelf ;  for  as  he  was 
poUeiTed  of  great  induftry,  and  of  a 
tenacious  memory,  he  acquired  and 
retained  the  principles  of  the  Greek 
more  fuccef^fully  than  moll  of  his 
fellow  ftudents  ;  and  as  he  had  been 
well  grounded  in  the  Latin  profo- 
dy,  and  the  knowledge  of  the  quan- 
tity of  fyllables,  by  Mr  Waddel,  he 
was  a  great  admirer  of  Profeilbr 
Hunter's  attention  to  thofe  particu- 
lars, and  indeed  of  his  great  accur- 
acy as  a  teacher  in  every  refpe(5l. 

Men  of  letters,  in  Scotland,  have 
of  late  been  reproached  with  want 
of  attention  to  the  proper  quantity 
in  Latin  and  Greek  words  ;  and,  it 
muft  be  owned,  not  without  reafon ; 
although  the  reproach  is  often  ex- 
prefTed  too  indilcriminately ;  and  by 
none  more  than  by  fome  of  their 
own  countrymen,  who  being  them- 
fel ves  void  of  this  abfolutely  necelfary 
ingredient  in  the  compofition  of  an 
accomplifhed  clatTical  Icholar,  would 
wifn  to  have  it  believed  that  others 
are  as  ignorant  as  themfelves.  It 
is  well  known,  that  there  was  a 
time  when  Latin  poetry  flourilhed, 
and  was  underftood  in  Scotland  to 
as  great  an  extent,  as  in  any  other 
European  nation.  What  fcholar  has 
not  heard  of  George  Buchanan, 
Andrew  Melvin,  Robert  Boyd,  An- 
drew Ramfay,  and  of  the  Dehtiae 
poetarum  Scotorum  ?  of  which  Dr 
Johnfon  has  been  liberal  enough  to 
coi\fefs,  that  the  Latin  poetry  there 
contained  would  have  done  honour 
to  any  nation ;  and  Dr  Parr,  with 
ftill  greater  liberality,  and  w^hat 
many  may  think  partiality  to  the 
Scots,  at  leaft  in  as  far  as  the  Greek 
is  concerned,  afcribes  to  them,  at 
one  period,  fuperior  excellence  in 
claflic  learning  in  general.  It  is 
certain,  that  from  the  time  of  Bu- 
chanan, who  died  in  1582,  till  the 
latter  period  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  both  Latin  profe  and 
poetry  were  cultivated  in  Scotland 


with  the  greateft  fuccefs.  Almoft 
all  the  profefTors  in  the  univerfities, 
and  many  other  fcholars,  not  only 
fpoke  Latin  fluently,  but  wrote  ver- 
fes  in  Latin,  and  fometimcs  in 
Greek :  nor  do  thofe  contained  in 
The  Mtjfe  s  nvdcomt  to  kitig  James,  in 
1617,  and  thofe  in  EIXOAIA  Mufa- 
rum  Edinenftum  in  Caroli  re^is  ingrejjii 
in  Scotiiimy  in  1 663,  yield  in  any  rc- 
fped  to  fimilar  produdions  in  any 
other  country.  From  that  time  po- 
lite literature  in  Scotland,  and  pa.- 
licularly  the  making  of  Latin  vcr- 
fes,  very  rapidly  declined.  This  was 
owing  entirely  to  the  agitated  ftate 
of  the  nation  ;  and  not  to  any  aver- 
fion  which  either  party  had  to  the 
cultivation  of  learning  ;  for,  both  af- 
ter the  Reftoration  and  after  the  Re- 
volution, while  the  nation  enjoyed 
any  repofe,  the  former  elegant  ftu- 
dies  were  refumed  ;  even  Latin  ver- 
fes  were  written,  thouf^h  not  in  fo 
great  numbers.  The  Union,  and 
after  that  the  rebellion  in  1715, 
produced  new  fubjeds  of  difcullion, 
which  engaged  the  attention  of  men. 
After  the  fecond  rebellion  in  1745, 
while  a  tafte  for  philofophy  and 
Englifh  compofition  began  to  pre- 
vail, clkffical  learning  was  not  ne- 
gleded  ;  and  many  Icholars,  though 
they  did  not  pradife  the  writing  of 
Latin  verfes,  paid  due  attention  to 
the  quantity  of  fyllables,  and  to  the 
correct  reading  of  Latin  poetry. 
This  is  flill  the  cafe  ;  though,  per- 
haps,  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the 
WTiting  of  Latin  verfes  is  now  fo 
little  attended  to  ;  for  moft  certain- 
ly that  exercife,  pradifed  to  a  cer- 
tain ex  tent,  at  an  early  period  of  life, 
inures  the  mind  to  habits  both  of  e- 
legance  and  accuracy. 

Though  Mr  Gordon  never  at- 
tempted the  compofition  of  Latin 
veife,  he  had  a  very  accurate  know- 
ledge of  the  quantity  oflyllables, 
and  could  never  hear,  without  great 
indignation  and  contempt,  fuch  blun- 
ders as 


Jan.  1802'.       Account  of  D.  Gordon,  M.  A. 


it 


*  Eupoli.s  atque  Cratiiius,  Ariftopha- 

nes  que»  poe.ae,' — 
,  Scriberis  Vaiio  fortis  ct  hoftium.^ — 

*  Quoulque  tandtrii  abutere,  Cati- 
lina,  patientiii  noltra  ?* — 

And  when  he  was  afterwards  on  du- 
ty in  the  library,  as  deputy  keeper, 
wliitn  any  lludent,  and  far  more 
when  any  perfon  who  had  preten- 
fions  to  the  appellation  of  learned, 
required  him  to  produce  the  '  En- 
cyclopedia Britannica/  the  *  Ico- 
nes  virorum  illuftrium,'  &c.  or 
when  any  one  fpoke  of  the  ^  No- 
focomium  Regium  Edinenfe,'  if 
he  did  not  directly  reprove  them, 
he  was  fure  to  take  an  opportunity, 
in  their  hearing,  to  repeat  the  words, 
accompanied  with  a  keen  and  fig- 
jiificant  look,  and  to  let  them  un- 
derhand, that  he  had  a  way  of  ut- 
tering them  different  from  thcia^s. 

When"  yet  very  young,  he  was 
employed  to  officiate  in  teaching  the 
fchool  of  Tranent,  inflead  of  the  ma- 
fter,  who  happened  to  be  indifpo- 
fed.  This  was  perhaps  immediately 
after  he  had  finiihed  the  firft  term 
or  feflion  at  the  univerfity,  and  alfo 
during  the  time  of  the  enfuing  fef- 
fion ;  for  his  name  does  not  again 
appear  in  the  Album  of  the  Univerfi- 
ty, till  the  4th  of  March  1755,  when 
he  was  attending  the  Logic  clafs  un- 
der Profeifor  John  Stevenfon.  What 
figure  he  made  as  the  teacher  of  a 
country  fchool  is  not  known.  His 
great  youth  mull  have  rendered  it 
difficult  for  him  to  maintain  any 
degree  of  authority,  where  probab- 
ly fome  of  his  pupils  were  older 
than  himfelf.  Nothing  however  can 
contribute  more  to  the  formation 
of  an  accurate  fcholar  than  to  be 
employed,  when  very  young,  in  the 
pra6tice  of  teaching  others  ;  and  it 
is  not  unlikely,  that  in  this  view, 
Mr  Gordon  had  been  occupied  very 
advantageoufly  for  himfelf  when,  at 
the  age  of  1 6,  he  was  teaching  the 
fchool  of  Tranent.  On  returning 
to  college,  he  ftudied  uadcr  Mr 

Vol..  LXIV, 


Stevenfon,  not  only  the  elements  of 
philofophy,  but  had  an  opportunity 
of  profecuting  the  knowledge  of 
Greek,  while  that  moft  laborious 
and  ufeful  profeffor  gave  ledures 
on  Ariltotle's  Poetics,  and  Longi- 
nus'  Treatife  on  the  Sublime  :  for 
Mr  Stevenfon  did  not  content  him- 
felf with  giving  ledures  on  Logic 
and  Mctaphyfics  on  the  plan  of  the 
celebrated  Lord  Bacon,  fn^^m  the 
text  book  of  Heineccius,  and  the  a- 
bridgment  of  Locke's  Effay  on  the 
human  underil anding  ;  he  gave  a. 
fhort  idea  alfo  of  the  old  logic  of 
the  fchoolsj  and  a  brief  hiftory  of 
philofophy,  taken  chiefly  from  Dio- 
genes Laertius,  and  from  Stanley, 
and  arranged  according  to  the  text 
book  of  Heineccius ;  and  in  order 
to  form  the  taile  of  his  ftudents,  he 
caufed  them  to  read  and  tranflate. 
in  his  hearing,  the  Greek  text  of 
Ariftotle's  Poetics  and  of  Longi- 
nus'  Eifay,  and  commented  criti- 
cally on  what  they  read,  fo  copiouf- 
ly,  from  the  critical  works  then 
known,  fuch  as  the  profe  difcourfea 
and  prefaces  of  Dry  den,  Addifon's 
papers  in  the  Spectator,  BofTu,  Da- 
cier,  and  Pope's  notes  on  Homer,  as 
greatly  to  delight  and  infT:ru6t  his 
hearers,  whom  he  thus  initiated  in- 
to thofe  pleafmg  fludies,  which,  at 
that  period  of  life,  were  quite  new 
to  them.  He  did  not  indeed  attempt 
to  give  new  fyftems  of  his  own  in- 
vention ;  but  it  was  remarked,  that 
he  colle<5led,  with  the  greateff  dili- 
gence, whatever  he  could  find  va- 
luable in  the  writings  of  other  men  ; 
andj  under  a  new  arrangement, 
made  ufe  of  it  for  the  inib  udion  of 
his  pupils.  His  dihgence  hi  this  re- 
fpedt  continued  to  the  lateft  period 
of  his  ufeful  life  ;  and  when  any 
new  work  appeared  which  was  con- 
neded  with  his  fubjed,  he  never 
failed  to  give  his  hearers  a  diftin(5t 
account  of  it.  Though  he  was  up- 
wards of  70  years  of  age  when  Dr 
Reid*s  Enquiry  into  the  human  mind 
'  D  was 


•22 


Account  of  D.  Gordon,  M.  A, 


Vol.  64, 


was  publi fried,  yet  he  took  an  early 
opportunity  of  delivering  to  'his  ftu- 
dents  an  analyfis  of  that  work  :  he 
did  not  live  long  enough  to  perufe 
the  Effays  on  the  intelledual  and  ac- 
tive pov/ers  of  man,  publilhed  by  the 
lame  eminent  writer. 

Mr  Stevcnfon  was   among  the 
firft  public  teachers  in  this  country, 
who  afcribed  its  due  importance, 
and  its  due  praife,  to  the  philofonhy 
of  Locke  and  Lord  Bacon,  without 
entirely  exploding  the  fyflem  which 
had  fo  long  maintained  its  power  in 
the  fchools  :  for  he  employed  fome 
part  of  his  courfe  in  teaching  his 
lludents  the  fyllogiftic  method  of 
impugning   and  defending  thefes, 
and  caufed  them  adlually  to  engage 
In  this  fort  of  exercife  in  his  pre- 
fence,  and  before  the  public  clafs. 
He  ufed  to  meet  with  his  clafs  two 
hours  one  day,  and  three  another, 
alternately ;  and  at  the  fame  time 
with   the   public   Humanity  and 
Greek  clafTes.    It  was  acknowledg- 
ed by  thofe  who  had  ftudied  under 
him,  that  they  derived  the  greateft 
advantage    from   his  inftructions. 
Many  of  thofe  v>^ho  have  lately  dif- 
tinguiihed  themfelves  as  fird  rate 
writers,  have  been  forward  in  own- 
ing their  obligations  to  Mr  Steven- 
fon ;    and  none  more   than  the 
late  Dr  Robertfon.  This  illuftrious 
hiftorian,  v.  lien,  in  the  exercife  of 
his  academical  duty,  he  \  ifited  the 
Logic  clafs,  for  the  firft  time,  to 
hear  the  ftudents  deliver  certain  ex- 
ercifes  which  had  been  prefcribed 
to  them,  and  that  in  the  very  fame 
place  where  he  himfelf  had  former- 
ly been  employed  in  a  hmilar  man- 
ner and  under  the  fame  inftruclor, 
laid  hold  of  fuch  an  intereftmg  oc- 
cafion  to  acknowledge  his  obligati- 
ons to  his  venerable  mafter.   In  ad- 
drefling  the  ftudents  as  Principal, 
lie  expreifed  himfelf  in  the  following 
terms  : — "  Multa  a  prseceptore  vef- 
tro,  adolefcentes  generofi,  audivif- 
tis,  quce  fcientin?  amorem  in  animis 


ingenuis  accendere  po/Tunt ;  ct  ex- 
emplo  fuo,  hand  minus  quam  prac- 
ceptis,  viam  vobis  monftravit,  et  ra- 
tiocinandi  re(flc,  et  judicandi  rite. 
Expertus  loquor.  Nam,  eodem, 
quem  vos  nunc  fcquimini,  profcf- 
fore  pr«eunte,  hie  philofophice  fon- 
tes  primum  accelli  ;  hie  multar^im 
rerum  notitiam  haufi,  quae  manent 
adhuc  alta  mente  repollse,  quae  {x,- 
pe  revoco  fumma  cum  voluptate, 
nec  minore  fru(5tu ;  et  fi  vos  vobif- 
metipfis  non  defueritis,  multa  nunc 
etiam  difcere  polfitis,  quas  olim  me- 
miniffe  juvabit.  Non  enim  ab  illo 
imbuti  eftis  fcientiae  cujufdam  futi- 
lis  et  contentiofae  rudimentis,  fed 
inftitutis  fanx  illius  philofophias, 
qux  eft  vitje  dux,  virtutis  indaga- 
trix,  expultrixque  vitiorum,  in  cu- 
jus  praeceptis  unus  dies  bene  a6tus 
peccanti  immortalitati  eft  antepo- 
nendus."  —  Immediately  after  the 
difmilfion  of  the  clafs,  the  aged  pro- 
feffor,  unable  any  longer  to  fupprefs 
his  emotion,  diffolved  in  tears  of 
grateful  affecfiion,  and  fell  on  the 
neck  of  his  favotirite  fcholar,  now 
his  Principal. 

Though  Mr  Stevenfon  publiflied 
no  work  of  his  own,  it  cannot  be 
doubted,  that  his  inftru(frions  pro- 
moted the  fuccefs  of  many  of  thofe 
who  have  fmce  fo  highly  exalted 
the  celebrity  of  Scotilh  literature. 
His  critical  ledures,  it  muft  be  own- 
ed, contributed  a  large  fliare  to* 
wards  the  produ<51ion  of  the  more 
poliftied  and  reiined,  but  not  more 
ufeful,  academical  difcourfcs.of  the 
late  Dr  .  Blair  :  and  it  was  not  with- 
out reafon,  that  the  inftitution  of  a 
feparate  chair  for  a  Profeffor  of  Rhe- 
toric and  Belles  Lettres  was  com- 
plained of,  by  the  refpedable  vete- 
ran, as  an  encroachment  upon  hLi 
province. 

It  is  ufual  for  young  men  of  nar- 
row circumftances,  at  the  Scotifh 
Univerfities,  to  embrace  the  earlieft 
opportunity  of  being  employed,  ei- 
ther as  private  tutors  in  families,  or 


fan.  1802. 


Account  of  D.  Gordon,  M.  A. 


j    III  giving  private  afliftancc  to  other 
I    rtudents,  younger  than  themfelves  : 
uTid  the  profelTors  have  great  plea- 
lure  in  recommending,  to  i uch  fitua- 
tions,  young  men  of  that  defcrip- 
tion,  v^^ho  have  dlRinguilhed  them- 
ielves  in  the  clafles.  Accordingly 
we  find,  that  Mr  Gordon  hved  for 
fome  time,  as  a  private  tutor,  fuc- 
ceffively  in  fevcral  families,  parti- 
cularly thofe  of  Captain  Dalrympie, 
after-ivards  Earl  of  Stair,  and  of  the 
late  Lord  Auchinleck,  father  of  the 
well-known  Mr  James  |3ofwelL  H  ow 
long  he  remained  in  thefe,  or  in 
what  years  he  firft  attended  the  lec  • 
tures  on  Natural  and  Moral  Philo- 
fophy,  it  is  not  afcertained.  But, 
having  found  an  introdudlion  to  Dr 
James  Robertfon,  Profeffor  of  Ori- 
ental Languages,  diftinguiihed  for 
his  learning  and  benevolent  difpofi- 
tion,  and  for  his  kind  attention  to 
indigent  young  men  of  letters,  in 
him  he  found  a  fteady  and  zealous 
patron.    By  his  intereft,  chiefly,  he 
had  obtained  the  fituations  already 
mentioned  ;  and  when  Profeffor  Ro- 
bertfon  was  appointed  librarian  to 
the  Univerfity,  in  the  year  1763, 
fuch  was  the  ftivourable  opinion  he 
entertained  of  Mr  Gordon,  that  he 
immediately  pitched  upon  him  as 
his  alliilant  in  that  office  ;  and  he 
could  not  have  been  more  fortunate 
in  his  choice. 

The  library  of  the  Univerfity  of 
Edinburgh,  from  a  fmall  beginning, 
has  gradually  increafed  into  a  very 
valuable  colledlion.  In  the  year 
1580,  Mr  Clement  Little,  Advo- 
cate, and  one  of  the  Commiliaries  of 
.Edinburgh,  bequeathed  his  books, 
ronfiiling  of  about  300  volumes,  ro 
^.he  citizens  and  miniliers  of  Edin 
burgh.  They  were  committed  to 
the  care  of  Mr  James  Lawfon,  firll 
minifter  of  the  city,  and  depouted 
in  a  gallery  belonging  to  the  lodg- 
ings appropriated  to  the  miniibrs 
of  Edinburgh,  which  were  fituated 
on  the  ground  now  occupied  by  the 
Parliiiment  Houfe.    The  Univcrfi-- 


ty  being  afterwards  inllitutcd,  in 
the  year  1582,  it  was  agreed,  about 
two  years  after,  by  the  Town  Coun- 
cil and  the  Miniikrs,  that  thofe  books 
lliould  be  removed  to  an'^.ipartment 
in  the  College,  and  deli  veered  to  the 
care  of  Mr  Robert  RoUock,  who 
was  the  fir  ft  Profeffor,  and  after- 
Wards  the  firll  Principal  of  that  So- 
ciety. 

Such  was  the  conlmencement  of 
the  College  library,  v/hich  continu- 
ed to  increafe  rapidly,  not  only  by 
donations  from  thofe  who  annually 
matriculated,  and  thofe  who  recei- 
ved the  degree  of  M.  A,  but  by  the 
munificence  of  many  well-difpofed 
citizens  and  others,  who  contribu- 
ted fums  of  money,  or  valuable 
books,  for  that  purpofe. 

This  library  remained  for  many 
years  in  the  particular  cuftody  of 
the  Principals  of  the  College,  till  at 
length  it  was  thought,  that  the  books 
would  be  of  more  general  benefit, 
if,  inftead  of  the  Principal,  a  libra- 
rian were  appointed,  Vv'ho  might  at- 
tend regularly^  at  certain  ftated 
hours,  for  the  accommodation  of 
fuch  as  Ihouid  be  admitted  to  the 
ufe  of  them,  agreeably  to  certain 
lav/s  and  regulations.  According- 
ly Mr  Kenneth  Logic,  fon  to  Mr 
James.  Logic,  Advocate,  was  cho- 
fen  keeper  of  the  library,  with  a 
fmall  annuiil  lalary,  and  the  addi- 
tion of  fome  incidental  perquifites. 
He  was  recommended  to  this  em- 
ployment, from  the  airdtance  he 
had  given  to  Principal  John  Adam- 
fon,  in  arranging  the  books,  and  in 
making  a  catalogue  of  them.  As 
no  book  was,  at  that  time,  and  for 
many  years  after,  lent  out  of  the 
hbrary  to  any  of  the  ftudents,  the 
regulations  then  framed,  refpecfted 
cliieriy  the  condud:  of  thofe  who 
had  the  privilege  of  reading  in  it, 
upon  paying  a  fmall  fum,  and  fub- 
fcribing  their  names  to  the  regula- 
tions. For  which  purpofe  it  was 
kept  open  fix  hours  in  the  day,  in 
D  I  fummer^ 


Account  of  D.  Gordon,  M.  A. 


Vol.  64. 


fummcr>  Jind  four  in  winter;  during 
which  time  the  librarian  gave  re- 
gular attendance,  produced  the 
books  v^hich  were  called  for,  and 
took  care  that  the  proper  ufe  fhpuld 
be  made  of  them,  according  to  the 
regulations.  Mr  Logic  continued 
librarian  till  the  year  1641,  when  he 
accepted  of  a  call  to  be  minifter  of 
Skirling,  in  the  preihytery  of  Big- 
gar.  The  office  after  this  time  paf- 
jed  rapidly  through  a  great  num- 
ber of  hands  ;  for,  as  the  falary  and 
the  annexed  emoluments  were  ve- 
ry fmall,  and  by  no  jneans  a  pro- 
per provifion  for  life  to  any  man  of 
talents  and  learning,  the  polFeiFors 
immediately  refigncd,  whenever  a 
jnore  lucrative  lituation  prefented 
itfelf.  This  proved  a  great  fource 
of  perplexity  to  the  Town  Council, 
patrons  and  guardians  of  the  Uni- 
verfity  ;  for  the  receiving  of  the 
books  fo  often  from  one  librarian, 
and  delivering  them  to  the  charge 
of  a  fucce/For,  was  attended  with 
much  troub'e. 

Such  was  the  ftate  of  this  lib- 
rary till  the  year  1667,  when  Mr 
William  Henderfon  was  chofen 
.keeper,  who  difcharged  the  office 
"UMth  diligence  and  fidelity.  He 
was  at  great  pains  in  arranging  the 
books,  and  in  making  catalogues  of 
them  ;  and,  in  particular,  he  kept 
an  exad:  account  of  the  books  and 
other  donations  prefented  to  the 
College,  with  the  namics  of  the  do- 
nors, during  the  time  of  his  holding 
the  office.  This  regifter,  which  is 
IHll  preferved,  is  preceded  by  a  ve- 
ry diftind:  catalogue  of  the  bene- 
fa^ors  of  the  College,  from  its 
foundation  till  the  year  1679. 

.Mr  William  Henderfon  continu- 
ed to  difcharge  the  duties  of  libra- 
rian till  the  year  1685,  when  he  re- 
figned  in  favour  of  his  fon  Robert, 
who  had  received  an  academical  e- 
ducation,  and  taken  the  degree  of 
M.  A.  1  hat  this  young  man 
might  be  the  better  qualified  for  the 


office,  he  was  permitted  to  travel 
into  different  countries,  with  a  vie\y 
to  learn  the  bed  method  of  arran- 
ging and  keeping  great  libraries  ; 
and,  during  his  abfence,  liis  father 
continued  to  officiate  in  his  flead. 
On  his  return  he  fet  himfelf,  with 
great  affiduity,  to  improve  tlie  plan 
of  keeping  the  books  ;  and  his  firll 
objedt  was  to  arrange  them  in  the 
preffes,  according  to  the  fcienccs,and 
to  make  a  catalogue  of  them  in  that 
order.  This  he  accordingly  effect- 
ed ;  and  the  catalogue  ftill  remains, 
very  diftincftly  executed,  in  his  own 
hand-writing,  with  a  Latin,  dedica- 
tion to  the  Lord  Provoft,  Magi- 
ftrates,  and  Council,  and  to  l)r 
Gilbert  Rule,  Principal  of  the  Col- 
lege. His  next  attempt  was  to 
frame  a  complete  alphabetical  cata- 
logue, which  was  abfolutely  necef- 
fary  to  facilitate  the  finding  of  the 
particular  books.  But  although  he 
remained  in  office  till  the  year  1 747, 
a  period  of  fixty-two  years,  much 
longer  than  any  of  his  predeceffors, 
or  than  any  Profeffor  had  ever  con- 
tinued in  the  college  of  Edinburgh, 
he  did  not  live  to  accomplilh  this 
favourite  object.  At  one  period  he 
fuffered  ambition  to  interfere  ;  and 
in  the  year  1690,  when  Mr  John 
Drummond,  Profeffor  of  Humani- 
ty, was  deprived  of  that  ofiice  by 
the  Parliamentary  vifitors,  Mr  Hen- 
derfon appeared  as  one  of  the  can- 
didates to  fucceed  him.,  at  the  com- 
parative trial  held  the  fame  year. 
But  there  were  four  other  candi- 
dates, one  of  whom,  Mr  Laurencq 
Dandas,  afterwards  fo  much  cele- 
brated, proved  iuccelsful.  After 
that  time,  Mr  Robert  Henderfon 
feems  to  have  contented  himfelf 
with  his  librarianiliip,  and  remain- 
ed in  that  office  till  the  infirmities 
of  extreme  old  age  obhged  him  to, 
refign.  He  was  a  man  of  very  mo- 
derate ability,  with  a  confiderable 
degree  of  felf-conceit.  His  emaci- 
ated and  grotefque  figure  is  itill  re- 
membered 


Jan.  i8c2.  J^count  of  D.  Gordon,  M.  A.  25 


membered  by  perfons  yet  farvlving, 
and  who  were  at  college  in  his  lat- 
ter days.  He  was  fond  of  fhow- 
ing  his  talent  for  fpeaking  Latin  ; 
j  and  ufed  to  avow  his  fear  of  ap- 
proaching a  certain  ruinous  part  of 
rlie  old  college  wall,  of  which  it  had 
been  predicted,  that  it  was  to  fall 
on  the  moll:  learned  man  in  the  U- 
jiiverfity. 

On  the  refignation  of  Mr  Robert 
Henderfon,  who  was  permitted  to 
j  retain  the  falary,  ProfefTor  George 
!  Stuart  was  ele6led  librarian  in  1 747. 
{  He,  with  the  affillance  of  his  bro- 
ther, Mr  Alexander  Stuart,  after- 
wards minifler  of  the  Weft  Church, 
at  firft  took  fome  pains  in  infpe6ling 
I  and  arranging  the  books,  and  in 
i  making  a   new   prefs  catalogue, 
I  which  he  had  engaged  to  produce 
I  to  the  Town  Council  in  15  months 
j  after  his  accepting  of  the  office  ; 
I  but  this  flipulation  he  was  not  able 
I  to  fulfil;  and  it  was  not  till  the 
year  1750,  in  confequence  of  an 
,  injundion  from  the  patrons,  that  he 
i  at  laft  prefented  it  to  them.  His 
performance,  however,  was  not  a 
complete  catalogue,  but  rather  an 
abbreviation  of  a  catalogue  ;  for  it 
did  not  exhibit  a  full  detail  of  the 
titles  of  the  books.    Indeed,  it  was 
obferved  that  the  library  was  kept 
in  a  very  flovenly  manner  during 
the  incumbency  of  Profeifor  Stuart, 
who  was  eminent  as  a  Profeifor  of 
Humanity,  but,  as  a  librarian,  ob- 
tained no  praife.    It  is  worthy  of 
remark,  that  during  the  latter  years 
in  which  he  held  the  office,  his  fon, 
the  late  celebrated  Dr  Gilbert  Stuart, 
had  fome  fliare  in  the  difcharge  of 
its  duties;  and  that  the  acquaintance 
with  books,  which  he  then  obtain- 
ed at  a  very  early  period  of  his 
life,  paved  the  way  for  the  reputa- 
tion which  he  afterwards  acquired. 

An  event  at  laft  happened,  which 
rendered  the  former  labours  of  Pro- 
feffor  Stuart  and  his  affiftants,  and 
thofe  of  his  predeceflbrs,  as  keepers 


of  the  library,  of  very  little  value. 
The  room  which  had  been  built  for 
the  library  (now  the  Mufasum  for 
Natural  Hiftory),  was,  in  the  year 
1753,  found  too  fmall  for  the  pro- 
per accommodation  of  the  ])Ooks.  It 
was  therefore  propofcd,  that  the  great 
room  over  the commonhall,  upwards 
of  100  feet  in  length,  but  low  in  the 
roof,  and  where  the  profeffors  ufed 
to  hold  their  meetings  on  many 
public  occafions,  fhould  be  laifed 
by  the  addition  of  an  attic  ftory  for 
a  gallery,  and  accommodated  with 
a  new  roof,  new  windows,  and  a 
new  floor  ;  and  converted  into  a  re- 
pofitory  for  the  books.  This  im- 
portant work  was  accompliffied  a- 
bout  the  year  1762,  at  which  time 
the  books  were  removed  into  it. 

Fortunately,  that  very  year, 
Dr  William  Robertfon  was  eledted 
Principal  of  the  College,  wlio,  with 
his  i!lfual  fagacity,  immediately  fore- 
faw  of  what  immenfe  ufe  this  valu- 
able colledtion  might  be  made,  un- 
der proper  regulations,  both  to  pro- 
feffors and  ftudents ;  efpecially  if 
any  method  could  be  devifed  of  in- 
creafiug  its  funds,  and  rendering  it 
more  generally  acceffible.  But  as 
it  could  be  of  little  ufe  without  a 
fet  of  proper  catalogues ;  and  as, 
for  want  of  thefe,  the  books,  flnce 
their  removal,  had  got  into  great 
diforder,  Profeifor  Stuart  the  libra- 
rian was  required  by  the  patrons  to 
fet  about  this  work  without  delay. 
But  whether  he  found  that  his  ge- 
nius revolted  from  ^his  Herculean 
tafk,  and  forefaw  that  much  addi- 
tional trouble  would  afterwards  be 
required,  or  from  whatever  motive, 
he  thought  proper  to  refign  the  of- 
fice into  the  hands  of  the  patrons  on 
the  1 2  th  of  January  1763  ;  and,  on 
the  fame  day,  they  eh*5ted  in  his 
ftead,  Dr  James  Robertfon,  profef- 
for  of  Oriental  languages  ;  who  be- 
ing yet  in  the  prime  of  life,  and  of 
great  induftry,  had  no  objedtions  to 
undergo  the  neceflary labour.  But  as 


Account  of  D.  Gordon^  M.  A.  Vol.  64. 


it  was  thought  proper  that  he  fhould 
have  aftated  afliftant  intheexercifeof 
the  various  duties  that  would  now  be 
incident  to  the  office,  he  immediate- 
ly pitched  upon  Mr  Duke  Gordon 
for  that  puipole,  who  engaged  to 
ferve  him  on  very  moderate  terms. 
The  propriety  of  this  choice  foon  ap- 
peared in  the  efFeclual  aid  which  Mr 
Gordon  contributed,  in  drawing  up 
a  new  prefs   catalogue,  the  firil 
work  w^hich  exercifed  the  diligence 
of  the  new  librarians,  and  v/hich 
was  fuperintended  alfo  by  the  Prin- 
cipal, who  took  a  very  adive  part 
in  all  the  bufniefs  concerning  the  li- 
brary. In  order  to  increafe  its  funds, 
he  had  prevailed  on  the  profeffors 
to  contribute  each  an  handfome  do- 
nation, himfelf  fetting  the  example  ; 
iind  whereas,  it  had  been  the  prac- 
tice,  during  many  years,  for  the 
ihidents  only  of  literature  and  phi- 
lofophy  to  enter  their  names  in  the 
College  regifter,  and  to  pay,  on  that 
occalion,  a  fmail  fum  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  library,  Dr  Robertfon  pre- 
vailed with  the  lav/  and  the  medi- 
cal profellbrs  to  caufe  their  lludents 
alfo  to  matriculate  annually,  and 
to  furnilh  their  contribution ;  in 
which  fchcme,  he  was  warmly  fup- 
ported  by  the  hrft^Dr  Monro.  To 
induce  the  ftudcnts  to  accede  readi- 
ly to  this  propofal,  it  was  agreed, 
that  all  the  contributors  fiiould  not 
only  be  allowed  to  frequent  the  li- 
brary, on  certain  days  of  the  week, 
and  there  to  call  for  whatever  books 
tliey  pleafed,  and  read  or  confult 
them  on  the  fpot,  but  that  they 
fliould  be  allowed  to  borrow  them, 
upon  giving  a  receipt,  and  depofit- 
ing  the  value,  with  the  exception  of 
rare  and  fplendid  books,  which  were 
not  to  be  carried  out  of  the  library, 
but  by  a  particular  order  of  the  cu- 
lators,  who  confided  of  the  Princi- 
pal himfelf,  with  five  or  fix  of  the 
Profellbrs  in  rotation.    Certain  re- 
gulations to  this  purpofe  having 
been  agreed  upon,  and  having  pai- 


fed  the  Senatus  Academicus  on  the  i  oth 
of  March  1763  ;  and  certain  days 
having  been  appointed  for  matricu- 
lation, the  (Indents  of  all  defciip- 
tions,  (thofe  of  divinity  being  ex- 
empted as  having  a  feparate  library 
of  their  own)  came  forward,  in  pre- 
fence  of  the  Principal  and  their  rel'- 
pe<5live  Profeffors,  attended  by  the 
librarians,    and    fubfcribed  their 
names,  and  contributed  with  the 
greateft  alacrity,  according  to  their 
feveral  circumftances.   Thefe  meet- 
ings were  opened  with  prayer  by  the 
Principal,  who,  in  a  fliort  fpeech,  ex- 
plained xhe  purpofe  of  them ;  (la- 
ting  that  the  Univerfity  had  two  ob- 
jeds  in  view  in  thus  calling  the  ftu- 
dents  together ;  one  of  which  was 
to  give  them  accefs  to  a  valuable 
collcdion  of  books,  and  the  other 
to  enable  them,  at  any  future  period 
of  their  lives,  to  afcertain,  by  a  cer- 
tificate under  the  hand  of  the  libra- 
rian, that  they  had  obtained  an  aca- 
demical education.    The  Spfmslo 
cadnnica  was  then  read  to  them, 
which  they  fubfcribed,  as  their  names 
were  called  over  from  lifts  previouf- 
ly  made  up  by  the  hbrarians  ;  and 
as  each  fubfcribed,  he  received  a 
ticket  entitling  him  to  the  privilege 
of  the  library  for  one  year.    A  fe- 
parate  book,    containing   all  the 
names  with  the  fums  contributed 
annexed  to  each,  was  alfo  kept  ;  and 
the  money  colleded  was  delivered 
to  the  Principal  who  acled  as  cafti- 
ier,  fuperintended  the  purchafe  of 
books,  difburfed  the  money,  and 
fubmitted  his  accounts  to  be  audited 
by  the  curators,  previous  to  their 
being  reported  to  the  Senatus  Acade- 
micus, 

This  plan,  which  has  now  been 
adhered  to  for  near  forty  years,  has 
been  attended  with  the  utmoft  ad- 
vantage  to  the  Univerfity.  During 
that  time  more  than  L.  6000  worth 
of  books  have  been  added  to  the  li- 
brary, befides  thofe  received  by  adt 
of    Parliament   from  Stationer's 

Hall, 


Jan.  1802.       Account  of  D.  Gordon,  M.  A. 


17 


Hall,  and  occafional  donations  from 
authors  and  others  ;  and  it  is  fup- 
pofed  that  the  library  of  no  Univcr- 
fity  has  ever  been  rendered  fo  eafdy 
acceffible  to  ftudents,  or  has  contri- 
buted fo  much  to  their  improve- 
menX  in  knowledge,  as  that  of  the 
Univerfity  of  Edinburgh.  As  it  was 
found  deficient  in  medical  books 
when  the  new  regulations  were 
made,  it  was  agreed  that  all  the 
jnonty  contributed  by  medical  ftu- 
dents fhould  be  expended  on  books 
m  that  department;  by  which  means 
the  medical  collection  is  now  confi- 
dered  as  one  of  the  moft  complete 
which  is  any  where  to  be  found  ; 
a  circumftance  which  has  been  of 
tlie  utmoft  ufe  to  the  medical  ftu- 
dents, many  of  whom  come  from  a 
great  diftance,  and  cannot  be  fup- 
pofed  to  be  well  furniflied  with 
books.  The  certificates  too,  which 
many  of  thofe  ftudents  obtain  from 
the  Album,  or  Regifter,  on  their 
leaving  the  univerfity,  by  afcertain- 
ing  their  having  received  a  regular 
medical  education,  are  found  great- 
ly to  promote  their  fuccefs  in  life. 
So  that  this  library  may  be  confi- 
dered  as  having  contributed  a  large 
fhare  to  the  celebrity  of  the  Medi- 
cal College  in  the  Univerfity  of  E- 
dinburgh. 

Before  the  end  of  the  year  1764, 
the  librarian  and  his  "deputy,  with 
the  affiftance  of  feveral  ftudents, 
employed  alfo  by  Profelfor  Robert- 
fon,  had  completed  two  copies  of  a 
prcfs  catalogue  ;  but  the  alphabeti- 
cal'one,  a  more  difficult  work,  ftill 
remained  to  be  conftrudled,  vjvhich 
the  librarians  immediately  under- 
took with  equal  alacrity,  aiUfted  in 
the  fame  manner.  After  more  than 
three  years  ftrenuous  labour,  thistafk 
was  at  laft  accompliftied.  Nor  were 
the  patrons  of  the  Univerfity  \vant- 
ing  in  a  laudable  zeal  for  the  fuc- 
cels  of  this  work.  On  the  firft  of 
Auguft  1764,  the  Town  Council 
had  voted  L.  60  extraordinary  to 


Profe/Tor  Robertfon  "  for  his  great 
and  indefatigable  trouble  in  putting 
the  library  in  order;"  and,  on  the 
completing  of  the  alphabetical  ca- 
talogue, they  not  only,  on  the  20th 
of  July  1768,  ordered  an  account 
of  expences  incurred  by  him,  a- 
mounting  to  upwards  of  L.  85,  to 
be  paid  ;  but  authorifed  the  Lord 
Provoft  to  thank  him  in  their  name, 
and  to  prefent  him  with  70  guineas 
for  his  own  particular  trouble ; 
w^hich,  however  inadequate  it  might 
be  fuppofed,  was  certainly,  confi- 
dering  the  fcanty  revenue  of  the  U- 
niverlity,  very  liberal  on  the  part 
of  the  patrons. 

Besides  the  prefs  and  alphabeti- 
cal catalogues,  into  which  the  books 
annually  acquired  for  the  library 
are  regularly  entered,  it  was  thought 
proper  to  keep  feparate  lifts  of  the 
books  purchafed  for  the  general  and 
for  the  medical  branches  ;  alfo  of 
thofe  received  from  Stationer's  Plall, 
and  of  thofe  acquired  by  donation. 
This  accordingly  has  been  regular- 
ly done  ;  all  which  catalogues  lie 
ready  for  the  infpedlion  of  the  cu- 
rators, and  of  the  patrons  of  the 
Univerfity ;  fo  that  the  ftate  of  the 
library  may  now  be  feen  and  under- 
ftood  with  the  greateft  eafe. 

But  it  is  evident  that  the  carry- 
mg  on  all  this  complicated  work 
properly,  muft  produce  great  and 
inceilant  trouble  to  the  librarians  ; 
one  of  the  moft  laborious  parts  of 
which,  the  lending  and  receiving  of 
the  books,  devolved  on  Mr  Gordon 
the  affiftant ;  who  foon  ftiowed  him- 
felf  in  every  refped  admirably  cal- 
culated for  this  department  of  the 
duty.  Refpeifrful  and  obliging  be- 
haviour to  the  profelfors  ;  conduct 
to  the  ftudents  not  too  familiar  but 
ftridly  impartial ;  firmnefs  border- 
mg  on  aufterity  when  petulance  was 
to  be  reprelfed;  diftance  and  referve 
when  ignorance  and  conceit  provok- 
ed contempt ;  readinefs  to  ailift 
where  modefty  feemed  to  require 

alllft. 


28 


Account  of  jD.  Gordon,  M.  A.  Vol.  64. 


affiftance  ;  were  qualities  which  he 
poffefled  in  a  high  degree.  Thele 
were  attended  with  fuch  diligence^ 
precifion,  accuracy,  fidehty,  punc- 
tuality, as  could  not  be  exceeded. 
Br  Principal  Robertfon,  who  had 
frequent  occafion  to  obferve  liim 
particularly,  he  was  confidered  as  a 
perfon  of  the  utmoft  utiHty,  and 
frequently  mentioned  by  him  as  the 
perfed  model  of  a  deputy  librarian. 
To  ProfelFor  Robertfon,  the  head 
librarian,  his  value  was  ineftimable  ; 
who  foon  difccrned  that  he  not  on- 
ly might  fafely  entruft  to  him  the 
whole  charge  of  lending  and  receiv- 
ing the  books ;  but  committed  to 
him  like  wife  the  greate/l  lhare  of 
the  trouble  of  entering  the  newly 
acquired  books  into  the  different 
catalogues.  The  occafional  gene- 
ral infpection  of  die  library  ;  the  gi- 
ving of  certiiicates  to  the  ftudents  ; 
the  management  of  the  diplomas, 
when  degrees  were  conferred  ;  the 
preparing  the  lifts  of  the  ftudents  for 
the  matriculations ;  and  the  keeping 
of  a  written  record  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Univerlity,  were  other 
parts  of  the  duty  which  could  not 
fo  well  be  difcharged  by  a  de- 
puty ;  and  therefore  ProfefTor  Ro- 
bertfon l  eferved  the  greateft  part 
of  this  fort  of  labour  to  him.felf ; 
ftill  Mr  Gordon  was  ever  ready  to 
affift  at  the  matriculations,  and  con- 
ftantly  contributed,  to  the  utmoft 
of  his  power,  to  the  relief  of  his 
worthy  patron  and  benefadlor. 

Professer  Robertfon  having  held 
the  office  ofchieflibrarianfor2o  years, 
began  at  length,  notwithftanding  the 
exertions  of  his  excellent  alfiftant, 
to  feel  the  charge  very  burdenfome ; 
and,  wifhing  to  refign,  he  exprefted 
a  defire  to  Mr  Dalzel,  profef- 
for  of  Greek,  that  he  fhould  be  his 
fucceffor,  providing  that  fuch  an  ar- 
rangement fhould  prove  agreeable 
to  the  patrons  of  the  Univerlity. 
Principal  Robertfon,  having  highly 
approved  of  the  propofal,  recom- 


mended the  adopting  of  it  to  Sir 
James  Hunter  Blair,  then  Lord  Pro- 
voft  ;  and  he  and  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  Town  Council  finding  it 
agreeable  to  the  Univerfity,  they,  in 
October  1785,  upon  the  rclignation 
of  Profelfor  Robertfon,  elected  him, 
with  Profelfor  Dal/cl,  joint  Libra- 
rians ;  the  fole  office  to  be  poiTelfed 
by  the  furvivor,  the  former,  in  the 
mean  time,  being  permitted  to  re- 
tain the  falary,  and  to  have  a  great 
fhare  alfo  of  the  incidental  emolu- 
ments ;  after  deducing  an  allowance, 
for  the  affiftant. 

This  change  feemed  at  firft  to 
difconcert  Mr  Gordon,  >vho  was 
probably  afraid  that  the  mode  to 
which  he  had  been  fo  long  accuf- 
tomed  might  be  fomehow  altered 
or  embarraifed  :  but  foon  finding 
himfclf  treated  by  Mr  Dalzel  with 
great  delicacy  and  attention,  his  al- 
lowance fomewhat  increafcd,  and  at 
the  fame  time,  every  means  ufed 
for  his  agreeable  accommodation, he 
foon  came  to  a  proper  underftand- 
ing  with  the  new  Librarian  ;  who, 
while  he  was  fenfible  of  Mr  Gor- 
don's ineftimable  value,  compre- 
hended perfe<5lly  the  particular  hu- 
mour of  his  charadler.  For  a  con- 
fiderable  number  of  years  they  adt- 
ed  together  with  the  greateft  cordi- 
ality, each  endeavouring  to  accom- 
modate himfelf  to  the  convenience 
of  the  other.  By  their  united  exer- 
tions, order  has  been  reftored  to 
fome  parts  of  the  Library,  which 
had  gone  into  confufion  ;  a  great 
number  of  new  books  which  had 
been  fuffered  to  lie  on  the  floor  for 
feveral  years,  have  been  placed  in 
new  ihelves ;  and  the  catalogues, 
which  had  been  made  in  too  great 
a  hurry,  have  been  corrected  in  ma- 
ny particulars.  Further  amendment 
ftill  is  requilite,  and  a  new  catalogue, 
with  the  titles  of  the  books,  arrange 
ed  under  certain  heads,  according 
to  the  fciences,  would  be  an  im- 
provement of  great  importance. 


Jan.  1802.  Account  of  D.  Gordon,  M.J. 


But  as  hopes  have  long  been  enter- 
tained, that  the  new  buildings  for 
the  college,  fo  aufpicioufly  begun 
more  than  ten  years  ago,  may  be 
acconiplillied  at  no  very  diftant  pe- 
riod ;  and  as  accommodation  of  the 
amplell  kind  will  then  be  provided 
for  the  books,  and  a  new  arrange- 
ment of  them  mafl  take  place,  any 
further  material  improvement  upon 
the  library  is  naturally  poftponed  till 
that  much  wilhed  for  time  lhall  ar- 
!  rive. 

That  a  work  of  fuch  evident  uti- 
lity, as  the  re-building  of  the  College 
of  Edinburgh,  and  fo  intimately  con- 
nedted  with  the  character  of  the  na- 
tion, lliould  have  beenfo  long  retard- 
ed, has  furnifhed  a  fubjed:  of  general 
regret.    There  is  not,  however,  the 
fmallefl:  reafon  to  doubt  thnt  when 
the  minifter  for  Scotilh  affairs  pa- 
tronifed  that  mod  important  un- 
dertaking, he  was  extremely  anxi- 
ous to  have  it  accomplifhed  :  but 
the  immenfe  load  of  bufmefs,  oc- 
cafioned    by    the    French  revolu- 
tion, obliged  minifters  to  fufpend 
their  attention  to  the  interefts  of 
learning,   which  they   may  have 
m&.nt  to  refume  at  a  lefs  buftling, 
and  more  favourable  period.  In  the 
mean  t4me,  a  fum  of  money  lately 
beftow^ed  by  Royal  Munificence,  for 
the  purpofe  of  preferving  the  un- 
finifhed  part  of  the  building  from 
going  to  ruin,  and  the  appearance 
of  the  workmen  again  on  the  walls, 
are  ftill  flattering  proofs  to  the  citi- 
zens of  Edinburgh,  and  to  flrangers 
who  refort  to  that  antient  capital, 
that  the  caufe  of  learning  is  not  yet 
abandoned  ;  and  renew  the  pleafing 
jn'ofpedl  that  the  youth,  attraded 
thither  from  fo  many  quarters  of 
the  world,  will  at  laft  receive  the 
expeded  inftrudion,  in  apartments 
properly  adapted  for  the  purpofe. 
Then  a  commodious  receptacle  will 
alfo  be  provided  for  the  books,  and 
a  new  arrangement  of  them  be  de- 
vifed,  which  may  render  them  cf 
Vol.  LXIV. 


ftill  greater  utility  than  they  are  at 
prefent ;  and  ftill  better  calculated 
to  promote  the  renown  of  the  Uni- 
verfity,  of  which  they  form  fo  im- 
portant a  part. 

Mr  Gordon  continued  to  perform 
his  duty  in  the  Library  faithfully 
and  pundually,  till  within  thefe  few^ 
years,  when  his  health  began  to  de- 
cline ;  which  obliged  him    to  be 
fometimes  a])fent  on  the  public  days. 
On  thofe  occafions  Mr  Dalzel  fup- 
plied  his  place,  and  endeavoured  to 
alleviate  his  fituation  as  much  aS 
poftible  in  every  refped.    But  he 
could  not  fuffer  to  fee  a  Profeffor 
whom  he  fo  much  refpected,  in  ad- 
dition to  his  own  duty,  fubmitting  to 
do  alfo  every  part  of  the  drudgery  in- 
cident to  the  keeping  of  the  Libra* 
ry ;  and  he  was.  evidently  dejected 
and  unhappy.    They  therefore  a- 
greed  to  unite  their  endeavour^  in 
training   a    young   affiftant,  who 
might  in  a  great  meafure  relieve 
them  both.    'But  the  circulation  of 
books  had    of  late    increafed  fa 
much,  that   th^y   were  convinced 
that  two  adlive  perfons  of  that  de- 
fcription,  inftead  of  one,  would  foon 
become    necelfary  for  performing* 
the  duty  well.    In  the  mean  time^ 
when  they  had  fucceeded  in  the  ini- 
tiation of  one  deferving  young  man 
into  the  bufinefs,  who  was  foon  able 
to  perform  a  confiderable  part  of  the 
duty,  Mr  Gordon,  feeling  his  health 
ftill  on  the  decline,  confined  him- 
felf  for  fome  months  to  his  chamber, 
and  too  much  indulged  a  difpofiticn 
for  folitude    refufing  the  advice  of 
a  phyfici.m,  though  all  the  medical 
Profelfors  in  the  Univeriity  w^ould, 
upon  an  hint  given,  have  attended 
him  with  the  greateft  readinefs  :  but 
on  this  fubjeft  he  was  obftinatc  ta 
the  laft,  and  infifted  that  no  phyfi- 
chn  could  be  of  the  fmalleft  bene- 
fit to  him.    The  regimen  he  obfer- 
ved,  and  the  habit  of  retirement  he 
continued  tp  indulge,  were  not  cal- 
culated to  promote  the  reftoraticn  of 
E  his 


30  Account  of  1).  Gordon,  M.  A.  Vol.  64 » 


hts  health.  He  died  on  the  laft  day 
but  one  of  the  year  i8co,  in  the 
62d  year  of  his  age. 

He  was  a  man  of  the  ftri^left 
probity ;  and  pradlifcd  frugality  as 
the  only  mode  of  arriving  at  a  litu- 
ation  of  independence,  by  which  he 
might  be  enabled  to  live  in  his  own 
way,  and  according  to  his  own  pe- 
culiar humour.  After  his  deceafe, 
his  private  affairs  were  found  to  be 
arranged  with  the  fame  accuracy 
and  dillindtnefs,  which  had  marked 
his  tranfadions  in  the  library.  The 
emolument  which  could^e  afforded 
for  all  the  toil  he  underwent  there 
was  fo  extremely  fmall,  that  unlcfs 
]ie  had  taken  pleafure  in  the  exerciib 
of  the  duty,  it  could  not  be  fuppo- 
fed  that  he  would  hnve  continued 
long  to  perform  it.  But  he  evi- 
dently took  delight  in  that,  which, 
to  moft  other  men,  would  have  been 
intolerable  drudgery ;  he  fcemed 
!ond  of  fpending  much  of  his  time 
among  books,  and  of  poffefling  the 
power  of  obliging  men  of  letters,  as 
well  as  Ihidents,  in  *the  profecution 
of  their  feveral  ftudies  ;  and,  being 
entirely  free  from  ambition,  he 
would  -have  v.illingly  contented 
himfelf  v/ith  the  humble  but  ufeful 
ifation  of  AfiiPLant  Librarian,  as  a 
ible  and  ultimate  objed.  But  as 
Avhat  he  earned  in  this  way  was 
quite  inadequate  to  his  decent  main- 
tenance, he  found  it  neceilary  to 
ft^ek  for  an  addition  to  his  income, 
by  teaching,  privately,  the  Latinand 
Greek  languages. 

For  fome  \ears  after  he  under- 
rock  his  charge  in  the  Library,  he 
1  efided  in  the  family  of  the  late 
worthy  Mr  Alexander  Tait,  Clerk 
of  Seffion,  as  private  tutor  to  his 
fons  ;  and  had  a  chief  hand  in  the 
education  of  the  late  Mr  V/illiam 
Tait,  advocate,  and  member  of  par- 
liament. Mr  Tait  the  father,  al- 
v;ays  treated  him  vnth  great  libera- 
lity and  kindnefs  ;  and  Mr  Gordou 
ia  his  lurii,  was  much  attached  to 


the  fiimily,  and  took  agieat  interefl 
in  Mr  William  Tait's  fuccefs  in  life. 
This  young  gentleman  polfcffcd  ex- 
cellent abilities  for  the  bar,  and  be- 
came a  very  fluent  and  eloquent 
pleader  ;  and  Mr  Gordon  was,  foi 
fome  time,  much  gratified  in  ob- 
ferving  his  pupil's  fuccefs.  On  one 
occafion,  he  even  contributed  con- 
fidcrable  afliilaficc  in  enabling  him 
to  make  a  moil:  brilliant  appearance 
at  the  bar,  in  a  caufe  refpc(fting  li- 
terary property,  in  which  the  plead- 
er furprifed  the  Court,  by  a  great 
difplay  of  etymological  erudition. 
At  lail  a  fufpicion  of  a  want  of  at- 
tt^ntion  on  the  part  of  Mr  Tait,  and 
afterwards  his  premature  death, 
proved  a  great  fource  of  afBidion 
to  Mr  Gordon.  So  fevere  a  trial, 
fecmed^t  times  to  afFed  his  inteb 
le<5lual  faculties ;  and,  it  was  obferv- 
ed,  that  his  conftitution  never  com- 
pletely recovered  from  the  fhock. 

After  he  quitted  the  family  of 
Mr  Tait's  father,  he  had  devoted 
many  of  his  Ipare  hours  to  the  pri- 
vate inftrudion  of  young  gentlemen 
attending  the  high  fchool,  or  the 
Univerfity  ;  and  he  found  much  em- 
ployment in  bringing  forward  ftu- 
dents  of  phyfic,  whofe  previous  edu- 
cation had  been  negle(fted,  in  a 
knowledge  of  Latin  and  Greek, 
with  a  view  to  their  taking  the  doc- 
tor's degree.  vSome  of  thefe  he 
ufed  to  affifl:  in  compdfing  their  La- 
tin inaugural  difiertations  ;  though 
he  did  not  fet  up  for  a  profelfed  a- 
dcpt  in  this  line,  a  charadler  well 
known  among  the  medic^il  ft  in- 
dents, by  the  cant  appellation  of 
Grin,ier\ 

He  had  a  familiar  acquaintance 
Vv^ith  the  Latin  claffics  ;  and,  in  par- 
ticular, he  had  ftudied  with  great 
care  the  writings  of  Celfus,  which 
enabled  him  to  be  of  fmgular  ufc 
to  his  medical  fcholars.  To  many 
ftudents  he  taught  alfo  the  prin- 
ciples of  Greek,  and  afllfted  them 
privately  in  preparing  their  taiks 


Jan.  1802. 


Account  of  D.  Gordon^  M.  A. 


for  the  Greek  cla/Tes  In  the  Univer- 
lity.  As  a  private  teacher,  he 
Ihewed  the  fame  diligence,  accura- 
cy and  fidelity,  which  diftinguifhed 
him  as  keeper  of  the  Library. 

Augmented  thus,  as  his  income 
was,  from  the  rewards  of  private 
teaching,  Hill  it  could  not  be  great; 
but  having  no  family,  and  choofmg 
to  remain  a  bachelor,  his  houfehold 
expence  muft  have  been  extremely 
fmalL  His  emoluments  as  Affif- 
tant  Librarian  never  exceeded  L.35 
per  annum ;  for  near  20  years  they 
were  not  more  than  L.  15.  The. 
Senatus  Academicus,  fenfible  of  his 
great  merit,  allowed  him  L.  10,  in 
addition  ;  and  on  Profeffor  Dalzei's 
becoming  Librarian,  he  began  to 
receive  in  all  L.  35  annually.  it 
was  chiefly  then  from  his  earnings 
as  a  teacher,  that  he  raifed  himfelf 
to  a  flate  of  independance,  and  in- 
deed opulence,  to  a  man  who  had  fo 
few  w^ants  as  Mr  Gordon.  Having 
once  lecured  a  competency,  and  to 
fpare,  his  habits  of  frugality  did 
not  reftrain  him  from  the  exercife 
of  generofity  ;  and  he  has  been  fre- 
quently known  to  relieve,  w^ith  the 
utmoil  readinefs,  the  wants  of  the 
indigent. 

A  tafte  for  books  was  his  chief 
indulgence ;  and  of  thofe  he  had  gra- 
dually provided  a  feled  colle6tion, 
chiefly  clalllcal.  His  reading  was 
very  extentive,  and  he  even  fug- 
gelled  to  Principal  Robertfon,  hints 
for  his  refearches,  which  that  dif- 
tinguiflied  author,  and  prudent  man, 
did  not  think  himfelf  too  wafe  to  de- 
fpife  or  rejed  ;  but  he  has  left  no  fpc- 
cimens  of  original  compofition,  an 
exercife  at  wditch  he  feldom  feems 
to  haVe  aimed.  What  he  wrote 
down,'  confifted  of  llriking  palTages, 
leleded  frorxi  various  authors,  which 
he  trahfciibed  into  volumes,  with- 
out any  attention  to  arrangement  ; 
and  therefore  the  tide  he  gave  them 
was  Chaos,  The  blank  leaves  of 
moft  of  his  books,  he  filled  wiib 


fuch  anecdotes  concerning  rheir  au- 
thors, fome  of  them  extremely  cuii- 
ous,  as  he  had  gleaned  in  the  courfc 
of  his  reading.  In  the  Glafgovv 
Horace,  commonly  ftilcd  Immar.uLil'^ 
he  detedcd  three  errors  ;  a  difco- 
very  by  which  he  was  much  amu- 
fed,  and  which  furnifhed  him  with 
one  topic  for  a  vein  of  farcaftic  hu- 
mour, which,  in  the  hours  of  fefli- 
vity,  he  fometimes  ufed  to  indulge. 
But  his  Gesner*s  The<nurus  remains 
the  moft  confpicuous  proof  of  hi-? 
induftry,  its  blank  leaves  being  com- 
pletely covered  with  an  account  of 
the  tenfcs  of  the  Latin  verb  from 
Schelleriis  ;  and  the  margins  of  al- 
moit  every  page  of  the  book  crow^d- 
ed  with  additional  examples  and  il- 
luftrations. 

To  three  of  his  particular  friends, 
Profeuor  Dalzel,  for  whom  he  en- 
tertained  a  great  refped  and  efteem; 
the  Reverend  Andrew  Johnfton, 
Minifter  of  Salton,  in  w^hcfe  educa- 
tion, and  fortune  in  nfe,  he  had  ta- 
ken  an  early  intereft  ;  and  Mr  Wil- 
liam Vvhyte,  writer  in  Edinburgh, 
to  whom  he  confidered  himfelf  as 
under  great  obligations  ;  he  difpc- 
ned  or  conveyed,  by  his  Will,  all 
the  eifeds  which  he  polfeiled  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  burdened  witli  a 
life  annuity  to  his  only  filter,  Ait- 
ken,  and  her  hufoand  Nicol  Monro, 
a  reputable  Ihoernaker  ;  together 
w^ith  feveral  other  private  legacies, 
of  which  the  detail  cannot  excite 
any  intereft.  His  public  bequefts 
were  L,  500  to  the  Royal  Infirm- 
ary of  Edinburgh;  the  rcverfion  of  a 
tenement  of  houfes  of  nearly  the 
f  ime  value,  to  the  poor  of  the  pa- 
1  iih  of  St  Cuthbert's  ;  and  fuch  of 
l;is  h^oks,  to  the  Library  of  the  Uni- 
verfity  of  Edinburgh,  as  the  Libra- 
1  ran  iliould  think  proper  to  be  added 
to  tliat  collection. 

The  minutenefs  of  this  narrative 
may,  to  fome,  require  an  apology. 
No  more  was  at  firft  intended,  than 
H  very  brief  memorial  cf  a  man, 
E  2  whofe 


'32 


Account  of  D.  Gordon,  M.  A. 


Vol.  C4. 


vhofe  fmgular  merit,  in  a  moft  ufe- 
ful  though  humble  fphere,  entitled 
him  to  an  honourable  remembrance. 
But  as  his  character  could  not  be 
well  defcribed,  detached  from  a 
particular  account  of  that  fort  of 
duty  which  he  had  to  perform,  it 
was  found  neceffary  to  introduce  a 
variety  of  literary  detail,  not  unin- 
terefling,  it  is  hoped,  to  thofe  who 
have  received  their  education  in  the 


Univerfity  of  Edinburgh  ;  and  wlio 
will  be  foothed  with  the  recollec- 
tion of  thofe  happy  days,  wlien  they 
ufcd  to  be  furnifhed  with  the  inftru- 
ments  of  knowledge  by  the  hands  of 
Mr  Duke  Gordon. 

The  following  is  an  infcription, 
written  by  Mr  Dalzel,  for  a  monu- 
ment to  be  erefted  to  his  memory, 
in  the  church-yard  of  St  Cuthbcrt's. 


Hie  jacet  Duke  Gordon,  A.  M. 
Qui  pro-prasfeduram  Bibliothecns  Academise  Edinburgenae, 
Per  annos  fere  quadraginta,  feliciter  geflit : 
Vir  in  fuo  generc  plane  eximius  : 
Eruditus,  indefelfus,  fidelis, 
Accuratus,  ofSciofus, — interdum  aufterus ; 
Sed,  in  munere  difficiUimo  fungendo, 
Aufteritatem  comitate  tarn  prudenter  temperans, 
Ut  omnium  AcJ\demicorum  laudem  et  gratiam  adipifceretur. 
Ca:lebs,  ambitionis  expers,  contentus  parvo, 
Ex  horis  fubfecivis,  quas  ingenuae  juventuti  privatim  erudiendse  facravit, 
Modicam  rem  prsecipue  quaerebat  ; 
Unde,  fumma  adhibita  frugalitate^ 
Extra  nutum  alienum  pofitus, 
Vivendi  rationem  fuo  arbitrio'fibi  inftituendam  decrevit ; 
Atque,  vita  parum  fplendida,  at  utiliffima  tamen, 
Ad  finem  vergente, 
De  facultatibus,  quas  honcfto  labore  acquifitas*perpercerat, 
Partem  aliquam  teftamento  legavit  • 

Unicae  fuae  forori  ejufque  marito, 
Aliam  Nofocomio  Regio  Edinenfi, 
Aliam  Sandli  Cuthberti  pauperibus  ; 
Earumque  refiduum 
(Almas  fuss  Matris  Academiae  non  immemor) 
Tribus  ex  Amicis  fuis,  quos  prae  casteris  dilexit, 
Quique  hoc  marmor,  memorias  ejus  facrum,  ponendum  curarunt- 
Natus  eft  xiii.  Kab  Jun.  A.  D.  M.DCC.XXXIX, 
Obiit  ipfo  die  penult,  feculi  xviii. 


For 


Jan.  1802. 


33 


For  the  Scots  Mc/^azlnr. 
ON  THE  EXISTENCE  OF  ATHEISTIC  NATIONS. 


Whem  we  begin  to  invcfligate 
the  origin  of  the  idea  of  God,  in  the 
rude  and  uninformed  mind,  a  fadl 
of  confiderable  importance  immedi- 
ately prefents  itfelf.  An  inductive 
inve (ligation  of  the  hiftory  of  opi- 
nions, among  other  articles  of  na- 
tural religion,  eftabliflies,  almoll  be- 
yond contradidion,  the  univerfal  be- 
lief of  that  fundamental  dodrine, 
the  exiftence  of  the  Deity.  To  the 
univcrfality  of  this  belief,  however, 
fome  obje(5lions  have  been  made, 
from  fuppofed  exceptions.  Inde- 
pendently of  its  theological  import- 
ance, the  fad  refpeding  the  exift- 
ence of  an  Atheiftic  nation,  or  tribe, 
claims  an  accurate  confideration, 
from  its  connedion  with  the  hif- 
tory  of  fociety,  as  well  as  with  the 
origin  and  progrefs  of  opinions  of 
the  moft  extenfive  influence.  If 
any  nation,  or  tribe,  has  been  dif- 
covered,  entirely  devoid  of  religion 
and  religious  ideas,  we  attain  the 
knowledge  of  an  uncommon  fad  in 
the  hiflory  of  the  progrefs  of  the 
human  mind.  The  inveftigation, 
therefore,  of  the  caufes,  conco- 
mitant circumftances  and  confe- 
quences,  of  fuch  a  phenomenon, 
cannot  fail  to  elucidate  tlie  origin 
of  human  ideas,  opinions,  and  cuf- 
toms.  The  exilfence  of  fuch  a  fad, 
could  demonllrate  only,  that  the 
intelled:  of  the  rude  man,  may  be 
deprelfed  as  far  as  the  underiiand- 
ing  of  the  civilized  man  may  be 
perverted  ;~'it  could  furnilh  no  va- 
lid argument  againft  the  truth  of 
the  opinion  which  ic  has  been 
brought  to  difprove  ;  yet  it  has  been 
hailed  with  exultation,  by  that  clafs 
of  soi-disant  philofophers,  who, 
hough  the  moft  obftinate  oppo- 


nents of  one  fpecies  of  remarkable 
phaenomena,  with  a  fagacious  per- 
verfity  of  judgment  peculiar  to 
themfelves,  are  the  ardent  advocates 
of  miracles,  in  every  other  'depart- 
ment of  nature  and  hiftory.  As 
the  indudive  evidence  for  the  uni- 
verfal belief  of  the  exiftence  of 
Deity,  may  be  confidercd  as  almoft 
complete,  !t  may  be  curious,  as  well 
as  ufeful,  to  inveftigate  the  fuppo- 
fed exceptions. 


I.  0/*  the  Hottentots. 
T HI- Hottentots,  Cairres,and  tlieir 
kindred  tribes,  the  Gheyfliqua?,  Na- 
maquas,  Koraquas,  Kabobiquas,and 
Houzouanas,  compofe  a  variety  of 
paftoral  hordes,  that  fubfift  in  a  ftate 
of  liftlefs  inadivity,  while  their  na- 
tural wants  are  readily  fupplied  by 
their  flocks  and  herds  ;  and  their  fa- 
culties are  lulled  into  an  indolent 
tranquinity,bythe  uniformity  of  their 
occupations,  and  the  famenefs  of  the 
fcenes  prefented  by  the  wilds  of  Af- 
rica. Their  ideas  are  too  conHned, 
and  their  povv^ers  too  languid,  to  be 
ftimulated  beyond  ftupid  wonder,  by 
the  greate ft  novelty  ;  and  they  think 
that  they  have  exhaufted  knowledge, 
becaufe  they  are  unacquainted  with 
the  extent  of  their  own  ignorance. 
To  a  people,  in  this  fituation,  the 
reftlefs  and  unquiet  fuggeftions  of 
curiofity,  are  evidently  more  to  be 
dreaded  than  defired.  Whatever, 
therefore,  happens  to  attrad  their 
attention  for  a  moment,  is  foon  re- 
figned,  as  either  below  their  notice, 
or  beyond  their  ability  ;  and  every 
inveftigation  is  fufpended,  before  an 
accurate  idea  of  its  dii^culty  is 
formed.  The  contraded  fphere  of 
ibciety,  to  which  tliey  are  confine  i, 

is 


34 


On  the  Existence  of  Atheistic  Nations.      Vol.  64. 


isfufficient  to  afford  fcope  for  the  moft 
obvious  focial  feelings;  but  exten/ive 
benevolence  requires  too  much  reflec- 
tion for  the  favage  This  charader, 
which,  in  fome  meafuie,  is  common 
to  the  rudcd  tribes  of  fa v ages,  is 
heightened,  in  its  principal  features, 
by  the  peculiarity,  of  the  fituation  of 
the  Hottentots:  on  which  account  the 
charge  of  atheiihi  is  propofed  with 
the  greater  probability.  The  fupine- 
nefsof  the  Hottentots,  in  their  general 
manner  of  life,  and  their  particular 
a^rerfion  to  thought,  reHedion,  and 
ftudy,  is  confirmed  by  the  unani- 
mous tellimony  of  travellers  of  eve- 
ry defcription,  who  have^^ilited  the 
regions  in  which  they  refide. 
Groundlefs  opinions  are  affumed 
from  tradition,  without  examination, 
and  abftrufe  or  obfcure  truths,  never 
attract  attention.  But  the  reception 
of  error,  and  the  ignorance  of  truth, 
alter  not  the  refpedive  natures  of  ei- 
ther truth  or  error;  —  they  only  point 
out  the  comparative  difficulty  with 
which  diiferent  kinds  of  truth  are 
attained.  The  profound  reafoning 
which  is  founded  upon  the  relations 
of  number,  quantity,  or  caufation, 
is  no  further  known  among  thefe 
rude  Africans,  than  is  abfolutely 
neceffary  for  their  fubfiftence.  Men 
never  attend  to  objects  which  are 
unconnected  with  their  neceflities 
or  pleafures.  When  the  mind  is 
employed  about  thefe,  it  is  too  much 
engrolfed  to  be  able  to  attend  to  any 
other  objed: ;  and  except  it  be  flimu- 
ated  by  thefe,  it  will  not  fubmit  to  the 
toil  of  invefligation,  unlefs  attracted 
by  the  graces  of  novelty.  Our  enjoy- 
ments can  proceed  only  from  the 
gratiiication  of  our  defues,  and  the 
fupply  of  our  wants.  Our  artifici- 
al wants  are  infinite  in  their  objedl, 
and  can  never  be  fupplied,  and 
therefore  afford  a  continual  ftimu- 
lus  to  exertion.  But  the  fupply  of 
our  natural  wants,  difpofes  us  to  reft, 
itiadivity  and  fleep;  and,  forthe  moft 
part,  the  very  ad  induces  a  degree  of 


fatigue  upon  the  corporeal  fyftcm. 
But  the  natural  wants  of  the  Hot- 
tentots arc  almoft  the  only  ones 
with  which  they  are  acquainted,  as 
the  whites,  in  their  commerce  with 
them,  have  never  attempted  to  ex- 
cite artificial  wants,  except  thofe  of 
baubles,  tobacco,  and  brandy.  Such 
habits  of  life  may  almoft  be  expeded 
to  render  the  acquifilion  of  accurate 
ideas  concerning  a  Deity,  and  a  fu- 
ture ftate,  impoflible.  If  their  notions 
of  objeds,  with  which  they  are  ac- 
quainted, are  encumbered  with  nu- 
merous inconfiftencies,  how  can 
we  exped,  that  thofe  opinions  fliould 
be  clear,  which  are  primarily 
fuggefted  by  refiedion,  but  after- 
wards confu fed  by  obfcure  tradi- 
tions, and  the  ftupid  impoftures  of 
dotage,  when  the  leniors  of  a  hord, 
afraid  of  being  deferted  in  a  ftate  of 
imbccillity,  attempt  to  procure  a  my- 
fterious  credit,  by  pretending  to  an 
intercourfe  with  fupernatural  beings  ? 
How  can  we  exped,  that  thefe  opini- 
ons, which  the  human  mind  can  ne- 
ver fully  comprehend,  the  contempla- 
tion of  which  fill  it  with  aftoniftiment 
and  awe,  in  the  fage,  can  be  free 
from  confufion,  in  the  favage.  It 
would  be  ridiculous  to  fuppoie,  that 
perfons  who  had  never  thought,  or 
refleded,  Ihould  be  acquainted  with 
the  idea  of  God.  If  a  nation  of 
men  exifted,  the  adivity  of  whofe 
minds  never  exceeded  that  of  a  per- 
fon  aileep,  we  would  not  expert 
them  to  have  attained  the  idea  of 
the  Deity.  W e  do  not  look  for  it  in 
children^  till  their  knowledge  of  ob- 
jeds has  attained  a  certain  degree 
of  accuracy  ;  and,  among  the  vul- 
gar of  every  country,  we  find  that 
their  ideas  on  this  fubjed  are  obfcure, 
confufed,  and  even  contradidory. 
How  is  it,  therefore,  wonderful,  that 
fome  inaccuracy  fhould  occur  in  the 
opinions  of  very  rude  nations,  equal- 
ly unpradifed  in  thinking,  and  un- 
qualified for  refledion  ? 

The  Hottentots,  who  in  fome  old 

maps 


Jan.  1802.     On  the  Existence  of  Atheistic  Nations. 


35 


maps  of  M.  de  L^Ifle,  are  termed 
Choccoquas,   probably  from  their 
clucking  pronounciation,  have  been 
defcribed  by  various  travellers,  who 
ia  their  obfervations,  have  had  diffe- 
rent objects  in  view.   The  earlieft  of 
thefe  which  I  have  perufed  is  Kolben, 
who  vifited  the  Cape  in  1 704.  His 
relation  is  charged  by  Vaillant  with 
inaccuracy,  not  from  falfehood,  but 
from  the  exaggeration  of  known 
and   allowed  fads.     He  is  faid, 
by  that  lively  Frenchman,  to  have 
wanted  fufficient  opportunities  of 
information,  as  he  was  never  beyond 
the  Cape.    But  it  muft  be  recollec- 
ted  that  at  that  period,  the  fettle- 
ments  of  the  planters  did  not  extend 
fo  far  into  the  interior  part  of  the 
country  as  at  prefent,  and  that  in- 
tercourfe  with  the  various  Hotten- 
tot tribes,  was  then  more  frequent 
than  at  prefent      the  Cape.  Be- 
fore Kolben,  fome  travellers  had  re- 
prefentedthe  Hottentots  as  devoid  of 
religion,  becaufe  they  had  obferved 
;among  them,  no  temples,  altars,  or 
leligious  ceremonies.     The  vague 
term  which  was  at  firfl:  ufed,  was. 
That  the  Hottentots  were  without 
reiigion  ;  a  phrafe  which  may  be  ap- 
plied with  equal  propriety,  to  fig- 
iiify  iviihout  true  rt/i^iori,  ivhhout  ejla- 
U't/hjd  religion y  without  that  condud  in 
iije  nvhich  is  agreeable  to  religion^  and 
without  religious  ideas.    Thus  Haitho 
the  ArmeHian,who  lived  in  the  13th 
century,  in  his  Oriental  Hiflory,  re- 
lates, that  the  Moguls  lived  at  firft 
beyond  the  mountains  Belgian  or 
Belchan  without  religwn^  and  witli- 
out  the  ufe  of  letters  ;  though  he 
immediately  fubjoins,  that  the  chiefs 
of  thefe  tribes,  moved  by  a  vifion, 
or  command  of  God,  chofe  Changie 
or  Zingis,  for  their  fovercign  and 
ruler.     In  the  New  i'eftameat,  the 
Ionian  Greeks  are  declared  to  have 
been  without  God  in  the  world,  be- 
fore their  converfion  to  Chridianitv, 
notwithitanding  their  fiery  zeal  for 
theworfhipofDianaoftheEphefians. 
But  Kolben,  during  his  refidence  at 


the  Cape,  procured  very  particular 
information,  concerning  the  religi- 
ous, or  rather,  fuperftitious  belief  of 
the  Hottentots  ;  information,  which 
though  it  may  poffibly  be  exagge- 
rated in  fome  points,  is,  for  the  moll 
part,  exa(5lly  conhrmed  by  the  ob- 
fervations of  the  accurate  Thunberg 
who  vifited  the  Cape  in  1772.  The 
chief  objects  of  this  traveller's  atten- 
tion, were  Natural  HiRory,  Medi- 
cine, Agriculture,  Rural  and  Do- 
meftic  oeconomy,  and  Manners.  His 
accuracy  in  diitinguifhing  between 
what  he  iaw,  what  he  conjectured,  and 
what  he  was  informed  of,  to  which 
laft  fource  of  information,  he  gives 
little  attention,  and  his  brief  bufi- 
nefs-like  IHle,  devoid  of  ornament, 
and  unincumbered  by  reflections, 
produce  the  utrnoft  conndence  ia 
his  veiacity. 

Kolben  gives  the  following  rela- 
tion of  the  religion  of  the  Hotten- 
tots. As  the  chief  of  a  Hotten- 
tot nation  prefidcs  over  the  captains 
of  the  Kraals,  fo  the  Hottentots 
call  the  Supreme  Being,  the  Great 
or  Supreme  CM-'tain,  whom  they  be- 
lieve to  be  the  Creator  of  all  thmgs, 
and  the  governor  of  the  vrorld,  en- 
dovved  with  unfearchable  perfec- 
tions. They  commonly  call  him 
Gounja  Gounja,  or  Gounja  Tiquoa; 
and  fay,  that  he  is  a  good  man  that 
does  nobody  any  hurt,  and  that  he 
dwells  far  above  the  moon.  But  it 
does  not  appear  that  they  addrefs 
any  adt  of  devotion  immediately  to 
the  Supreme  Being.  Their  adora- 
tions are  paid  to  what  they  call  in- 
ferior deities,  dependent  on  him  ; 
for  the  moil  fenfible  of  them,  when 
they  are  in  the  humour  to  anfwer 
the  queftions  alked  them  on  this 
fubjeil,  iay,  that  their  ance{l:ors  fo 
grievoufly  offended  the  God  of  gods, 
that  he  curfed  them  witli  hardncfs  of 
heart,  therefore  they  know  little  of 
him.,  and  have  (HU  lefs  inclination  to 
ferve  him  than  knowledi^e  of  his  na- 
tare."  Kolben  thenprocecds  to  men- 
tion their  wcrfliip  of  the  m.oon,  and 

thereof 


On  the  Existence  of  Atheistic  Nations.       Vol.  64. 


lh;itof  an  infecflof  the  Genus,  Mantis^ 
\vilh  various  other  fupeiRitious  ufa- 
ges.  Thunberg  confirms  the  account 
o!  certain  ceremonies  being  pra<5lifecl, 
both  with  rcfped  to  the  moon,  and 
tlie  infeift,  but  is  not  certain  that  they 
ai  e  religions  in  their  nature.    "  At 
Zwellendam,  fays  he,  one  may  fee 
the  Hottentots,  the  relids  of  former 
hordes,  run  about  on  the  firft  niglit 
of  the  new  moon,  pull  off  their  caps, 
curtfey,  <Scc.    A  fmall  grey  Ijpccies 
of  gralhopper  is  (Jailed  the  Hot- 
tentot's god,  and  ^  fuppofed  to  be 
worfiiipped  by  them.   I  could  not 
perceive  any  reafon  for  this  fuppoli- 
tion,  but  it  was  certainly  held  in 
fome  degree  of  elteem  by  them  ;  fo 
that  tliey  did  not  willingly  hurt  it, 
and  deemed  that  perfon  or  creature 
fortunate  upon  whom  it  fettled." — 
TJiat  Thunbcrj^  obfervcd  no  marks 
of  adoration  among  the  Hottentots, 
is  notremarkable ;  formanyinftances 
are  noticed  by  travellersj  of  theircon- 
cealing  this  veneration  in  the  prefence 
of  whites,  till  the  infedt  has  been  in 
affinal  danger.     Kolben  farther  re- 
lates, tliat  the  Hottentots  woHliip 
an  evil  being,  whom  they  confider 
iis  the  father  of  mifchief,  and  the 
caufe  of  all  their  misfortunes.  This 
being  they  denominate  Touquoa, 
and  fay,  "  he  is  a  little  crabbed  in- 
ferior captain,  whofe  malice  will  ne- 
ver let  him  reft,  and,  therefore,  they 
worlliip  him  to  avert  it,  and  wheedle 
him  by  tlie  offering  oF  an  ox  or  a 
iheep."  Agreeable  to  this  relation,  is 
that  of  Thunberg,  who  fay  s,  "  In  con- 
fequence  of  tlicii  extreme  fupinenefs, 
they  have  "little  or  no  religion.  It 
ihouldll-epi,  indeed,  that  they  ai'e  not 
entirely  ignorant  of  the  exiftence  of 
of  a  pcAverful  Supreme  Being,  and 
they  appear  alfo   to  acknowledge 
the  immortality  of  the  foul,  after  its 
ieparation  from  the  body  ;  but  they 
have  no  temples,  pay  no  kind  of 
woilliip  to  any  divinity,  and  give 
t.hemfelves  no  thour-ht   about  re- 

o 

■^vards  or  puniO] inert.?:,  after  death. 


They  have  much  clearer  notions  of 
an  evil  fpirit  whom  they  fear,  be- 
lieving him  to  be  the  caufe  of  lick- 
nefs,  death,  thunder,  and  every  ca- 
lamity that  befalls  them.  They  are 
very  fupcrltitious,  and  put  great 
faith  in  witchcrafl.'*  This  relatioi> 
bears  intrinlic  marks  of  fidelity  and 
accuracy,  as  it  coincides  with  every 
authentic  account  of  the  cteeds  of 
barbarous  nations.  Bancroft  in  his 
hillory  of  Guiana,  ftates,  that  all  tht 
Indians  of  that  country  believe  in 
one  fupreme  God,  to  whom  they 
attribute  all  the  good,  and  none  of 
the  evils  of  life.  They  alfo  believe, 
in  a  lubordinate  order  of  malevo- 
lent bemgs,  who  delight  in  mifchief, 
and  are  permitted  to  infli^ft  evil  on 
mankind.  They  feem  to  have  fome 
idea  of  a  future  Hate  ;  but  are  not 
very  folicitous  to  inveftigate  the  fub- 
jed.  An  indolent  tranquillity,  and 
an  inattention  to  futurity,  predomi- 
nate in  their  minds,  and  their  care, 
fo  far  from  extending  to  another 
llate  of  exillence,  Ibldom  reach  be- 
yond the  prefent  hour. 

8parr.man^, whofe  attention,  in  his 
different  journeys  through  the  coun- 
try of  the  Hottentots,was  chiefly  di- 
re(5led  to  Geography,  Botany,  and 
Mineralogy,  afhrms,  that  not  only 
the  tribes  of  the  Hottentots,  but  the 
Bosjesmen,  a  race  of  dcfperate  out- 
lavv's,  believe  in  magic,  attribute 
rain,  cold,  and  thunder,  to  fome  mif- 
chievous  being ;  accoft  their  dead 
friends  with  reproaches  for  leaving 
them  fo  foon,  admonilh  them  to  be- 
have properly  in  their  new^  fituation, 
by  neither  returning  to  haunt  them, 
nor  becoming  fubfervient  to  the  ma- 
licious defigns  of  the  w^zzards.  He 
neverthelefs  adds,  that  when  he 
queilioned  both  Hottentots  and  Bos- 
jesmen, concerning  the  exiftence  of 
a  fupreme  God,  they  anfwered, 
we  are  poor  ftupid  creatures,  and 
have  never  heard  ;  neither  are  we 
able  to  underftand  any  thing  of  the 
matter."  As  a  confirmation  of  this 
llatcment^ 


Jan.  1802.      On  the  Existence  of  Atheistic  Nations.  37 


ftatement,  we  are  informed  by  Vail- 
lant,  in  his  account  of  the  Nama- 
quas ;    that  religion,  divine  wor- 
fhip,  priefts,  temples,  and  the  idea 
ofan  immortal  foul,  are  to  them  non- 
entities ;  and  that  of  thefe  fubjeds, 
like  the  reft  of  the  neighbouring  fa- 
vages,  they  have  not  the  flighteft 
idea.    The  fame  author,  in  his  ac- 
count of  the  Kabobiquas,  while  he 
admits  that  they  believe  in  the  exift- 
ence  of  a  Supreme  Being,  the  former 
and  ruler  of  the  world,  who  refides 
beyond  the  ftars,  afferts  pofitively, 
that  they  are  the  only  Hottentot 
nation  among'  whom  he  found  this 
belief.    To  reconcile  thofc  contra- 
dictory aifertions,  it  is  neceifary  to 
advert   to    another  circumftance, 
mentioned  by  Kolben,  who  fays, 
"  That  the  referve  of  the  Hottentots 
is  extreme,  eipecially  upon  fubjedts 
that  relate  to  religion.''    He  alferts 
that  it  was  with  great  difficulty, 
after  a  long  time,  and  many  at- 
tempts, that  he  at  laft  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  the  Hottentot  opi- 
nions.   When  dete(5led  in  the  rela- 
tion of  contradi(5tions,  they  were 
wont  to  allege,  that  the  Europeans 
were  crafty  and  defigning  people; 
who  did  not  afk  queilions  merely 
for  the  fake  of  the  anfwer,  but  to 
ferve  their  own  purpofes,  which  were 
generally  hoftile  to  the  lives  and 
happinefs  of  the  Hottentots.  This 
general  fadl:  is  demonftrated  by  the 
teftimony  of  every  traveller.  Sparr- 
xnan  remarks,  that  the  Hottentot 
nation  have  a  peculiar  kind  of  re- 
ferve. "When,  for  inftance,"  fays  he, 
any  thing  remarkable  happens,  a 
Hottentot,  if  he  can,  endeavours  to 
avoid  mentioning  it  for  fome  days  ; 
and  when  at  laft  he  does  fpeak  of 
it,  it  is  with  a  kind  of  circumlocu- 
tion, or,  according  to  the  term  of 
the  colonifts,  with  a  dray^  that  is, 
a  twift  or  winding.    Indeed  for  the 
moft  part,  the  Hottentot  comes  out 
with  his  intelligence  fo  late,  that  in- 
ftead  of  being  of  any  ufe,  it  only 
i     Vol.  LXIV^ 


fervcs  to  vex  one."^ — "  One  muft  ne- 
ver,'^ fays  Thunberg,  "  attack  the 
Hottentots  with  dire6t  queftions,  it* 
one  wilhes  to  know  the  truth  of  any 
thing,  but  it  muft  be  fifticd  out  of 
them  by  degrees,  and  as  ifc  were> 
difcourfmg  upon  other  fubjeifls.'* 
It  is  eafy  to  judge  what  notable  in- 
terpreters, perfons  of  tliis  perverfe 
genius  muft  have  formed,  more  eipe-i 
cially,  when  three  or  four  were  em- 
ployed to  convey  a  fmgle  piece  of 
information,  through  the  medium 
of  as  many  diftindt  languages.  Yet 
fuch  was  frequently  the  fituation  of 
Vaillant.  Neither  was  it  a  circum- 
ftance  favourable  to  the  fuccefs  of 
his  inquiries,  that  thefe  muft  have 
appeared  extremely  impertinent  to 
his  interpreters,  who  were  only 
anxious  to  return  to  their  families, 
from  the  unknown  and  favage  re- 
gions into  which  he  had  condudied 
them.  Barbarous  nations  gefierally 
place  the  habitations  of  fpirits  be- 
yond the  moft  diftant  mountains 
with  which  they  are  acquainted.  If. 
we  could  fuppofe  Vaillant's  guides 
to  have  entertained  fuch  an  opinion, 
it  is  impoffible  to  fay  what  furmifes 
the  adventurous  fpirit  of  the  travel- 
ler might  excite  in  their  minds.  Re- 
coUedling  the  vaft  extent  of  country 
through  which  he  liad  condudled 
them  in  fearch  of  a  n'traff'-^  might 
they  not  dread,  that  in  fearch  of 
God^  he  might  lead  them  to  the  end 
of  the  world.  But  the  vague  and 
general  alFertion  of  Vaillant  will  for- 
feit all  claim  to  credit,  if  it  be  con- 
fidered,  thr.t  the  theiftical  Kabobi- 
quas, and  Cape  Hottentots,  have 
confiderable  intercourfe  with  all  the 
furrounding  tribes,  and  that  thefe 
tribes  are  not  accufed  of  the  di (be- 
lief, but  of  the  ignorance  of  Ca^  :  x- 
iftence  of  God,  and  the  want  of  the 
perception  of  religious  ideas.  But 
in  thefe  circumftances,  fuch  an  ig-. 
norance  is  not  only  unpreccdeiiLcd, 
but  entirely  impoffible.  Vaillant 
himfelf  admits  that  the  belief  of 
F  witch' 


38 


On  the  Exist 'nee  of  Atheistical  Nations.    Vol.  64* 


witclicraft  or  forcery,  exifts  a- 
mong  tribes  which '  he  affcrts  have 
•no  religion.  He  mentions,  in  parti- 
cular, a  reputed  witch  named  Ka- 
koas,  who  was  highly  venerated  by 
theNamaquas,  and  fo  much  dreaded 
by  the  Bosjefmen,  that  they  never 
ventured  to  plunder  the  diftri(5ts 
where  fhe  took  up  her  abode  ;  and 
he  adds,  that,  by  threatening  them 
with  her  vengeance,  fhe  often  com- 
pelled them  to  reftore  the  goods 
they  had  ftolen.  Thefe  circumftan- 
ces  appear  to  me  of  fufficient  im- 
portance, to  invalidate,  either  the 
truth  of  Vaillant*s  narrative,  or  the 
accuracy  of  his  obfervation.  In- 
deed it  is  not  with  the  moft  iw- 
vourable  ideas  of  his  accuracy,  that 
we  are  imprelled  by  the  perufal  of 
his  travels.  Even  in  his  fiivourite 
icience,  Zoology,  we  find  that  he 
difclaims  minutenefs  of  ftudy,  and 
he  frequently  expatiates  npon  the 
difcoveries  \^/hich  he  might  have 
accompliflied,  had  he  been  a  more 
ikilful  Botanift,  or  a  more  expert 
Chymlft^,  and  this  at  the, very  time, 
when  he  is  inveighing  againd  the 
authors  of  fyfLems,  with  that  flip- 
pant affedation  of  wifdom  which 
characterizes  the  writings  of  the  mo- 
dern iut'disant  philofophers.  Indeed 
it  is  utterly  impoflible  to  admire, 
cither  the  wifdom  or  the  philofophy 
of  a  traveller,  who  fo  palpably  mif- 
takes  the  luR  of  novelty  for  the 
defire  of  ftudying  nature  ;  who, 
while  he  idly  ftraggles  am.ong  tlie 
rocks  of  Caftraria,  exults  over  the 
fimple  natives,  becaufe,  forfooth, 
they  are  neidier  acquainted  with 
the  fize,  figure,  or  motion  of  tlie 
earth  on  which  they  walk,  nor  with 
thofe  of  the  fun  and  heavenly  bodies, 
Vv^hich  roll  over  their  ftupid  heads. 

But  it  is  probable,  that  before 
Vaillant  vifited  the  Hottentots,  the 
rude  mockery  of  the  Dutch  colonifts 
had  induced  thefe  barbarous  hordes 
to  conceal  their  religious  opinions 
and  ceremonies  more  carefully  than 


in  the  days  of  Kolben  and  the  ear- 
ly voyagers.  The  fa<5l  is  pofitivcly 
afcertained  with  regard  to  their  an- 
cient veneration  for  the  infecfl,  the 
Monfs.  In  the  hillories  of  barbar- 
ous tribes,  and  colonial  fettlements, 
numerous  indances  of  infolent 
mockery  of  favage  religion  oc- 
cur* Ciarver  relates,  that  the  drea J 
of  ndicule  has  induced  the  Nan- 
do weflie  Indians,  to  dilFemble  both 
their  religious  opinions  and  ceremo- 
nies, and  conceal  them  from  the  A- 
merican  colonifts.  Thus  far  the 
maxim,  fo  triumphantly  repeated, 
completely  fails,  "  Thai  the  fini- 
pier  the  creed  of  any  nation  is,  it 
is  the  eafier  to  get  acquainted  with 
it."  In  many  inftances,  accidental 
queftions  have  elucidated  the  reli- 
gion of  barbarous  tribes,  when  di- 
red  inquiries  have  entirely  failed. 
Such  is  the  circumftance  related  by 
Meares,  in  his  voyage  to  Nootka 
Sound.  "  We  had,  for  fome  time, 
no  reafon  for  fuppoling,  that  the 
Indians  had  an  idea  of  a  Deity,  till 
we  explained  to  them,  the  caufe  of 
our  fufpenfion  from  labour  on  Sun- 
day ;  and,  we  would  have  departed 
in  total  ignorance,  as  to  any  princi- 
ciple  of  their  faith,  if  a  boy  had  not 
told  us  a  ftory,  when  enquiring  con- 
cerning the  difcovery  of  copper,  and 
the  admiration  in  which  it  was  held 
by  them."  The  legend  which 
Meares  relates  is  indeed  only  fit  for 
a  boy  to  tell,  and  feems  neither  to 
have  been  underftood  by  the  audi- 
tors, nor  to  have  much  connection 
with  the  fubje(5l  which  it  was  intro- 
duced to  illuftrate.  It  relates  to  an 
old  man  who  entered  the  Sound  in 
the  days  of  their  anceftors  in  a  ca- 
noe entirely  formed  of  copper,  whro 
told  them,  that  he  came  from  the 
fky  ;  that  their  country  fhould  one 
day  be  deftroyed,  when  they  would 
all  be  killed,  and  rife  again  to  live  in 
the  place  whence  he  came.  This  old 
man  was  killed  by  the  Indians,  who 
feized  his  ance    of  copper,  and 


Jan.  1802.     On  the  Existence  of  Atheistical  Nations.  39 


derived  their  fondnefs  for  that  me- 
tal from  this  fource.  It  is  proba- 
ble, that  the  creed  of  thefe  Indians 
may  be  very  obfcureand  inda1:in(5l  ; 
but  tJiat  they  have  fome  religion, 
however  feduloufly  they  conceal  it, 
is  apparent  from  another  fa^:. 
Captain  Dixon,  in  his  voyage  to  the 
R  W.  coaft  of  Ameiica,  relate^  that 
one  of  the  Indian  Chiefs,  from  the 
mention  of  tlie  fun  in  converfation, 
took  occafion  to  inform  him,  that 
both  Indians  and  Whites  derived 
their  origin  from  that  luminary,  and 
returned  thitlier  after  death.  I  lhall 
only  feledt  another  inftance  of  the 
difficulty  of  obtaining  acquaintance 
with  the  religious  belief  of  favage 
tribes.  The  crcv<r  of  the  Antelope, 
who  were  wrecked  on  the  Pe- 
lew  Iflands,  could  not  difcover  that 
the  natives  had  any  idea  of  religion, 
as  they  never  obferved  any  place 
appropriated   to    religious  obfer- 


vances,  nor  faw  any  ceremony  per- 
formed  which  had  the  appearance 
of  public  worlh?p  ;  though  they  i- 
magined  they  recognized  the  vcf- 
tigcs  of  divination,  and  perceived 
the  traces  of  a  belief  in  a  Being 
which  caufed  misfortunes.  But  that 
tliefe  rude  tribes  had  tolerably  c(^r- 
rea  ideas  of  religion,  appears  from 
a  converfationbetween  Captain  Wil- 
ibn  and  Lee  Boo,  v/hen  the  latter 
had  been  fome  time  in  England. 
When  Captain  Wilfon  told  this  child 
of  nature,  that/ prayers  were  faid  at 
church  to  make  men  good,  fo  that 
when  they  died  and  were  buried, 
they  might-live  again  above  the  fky. 
Lee  Bop  with  great  earneftnefs  re- 
plied, "  all  -  fame  -^Pelew  bad 
men  ftay  on  earth — good  men  go 
into  fky-  -become  very  beautiful." 
And  accompanied  thefe  \vords  with 
a  fluttering  m.otion  of  his  fingers. 

^  '/'o  be  continued ^ )'  N 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


Sir, 

Since  the  publication  of  Mr 
Lahrg's  ingenious  Effay  on  the  au- 
thenticity of  OtTran,  the  attention 
of  the  public  has  been  a  good  deal 
di reded  to  the  inveftigation  of  that 
Intererting  and  curious  fubjedt.  By 
literary  men,  unacquainted  with 
Gaelic,  the  fubjed  is  generally  con- 
fidered  as  decided  in  the  negative. 
To  this  decifion,  however,  few  pcr- 
fons  who  underlland  the  original 
language  in  which  thefe  poems  were 
compofed,  and  who,  at  the  fame 
time,  are  intimately  acquainted 
with  the  hiftory,  the  manners,  and 
the  habits  of  the  Scotilh  Highland- 
ers; are  difpofed  to  fubmit.  Since ^ 
the  invelligation  of  this  fubjea:, 
however,  has  been  undertaken  by 


the  Highland  Society,  confiderable 
li^ht  niay  be  eKpeded  to  be  thrown 
upon  the  queftion,  which  however 
worthy  of  difcuirion,mxull:  be  allowed 
to  be  involved  in  much  obfcurity, 
from  the  deficiency  of  precife  and  cir- 
cumftantial  evidence.  Having  made 
various  inquiries  concerning  this 
fubje(51:,  in  the  courfe  of  a  ihort  tour 
through  the  Weil  Highlands,  in  the 
fummer  of  1800,  among  others,  I 
received  the  following  letter,  which, 
from  fome  minute  information 
which  it  contains,  may  perhaps  be 
agreeable  to  fome  of  your  readers. 
The  queries  which  were  tranfmit- 
ted  to  the  ingenious  and  candid 
writer,  were  chiefly  of  the  following 
kind.  "  Is  not  the  beauty  of  ftile, 
which  the  Gaelic  poems  aje  gene- 
F  2  rally 


40 


On  the  Authenticity  of  Ossiaris  Poems.      Vol.  64. 

the  Irifli,  or  the  modern  Gaelic,  ap- 
proach nearett  the  language  of  Of- 
flan  \  Do  the  name  of  Swaran  and 
Loda  occur  in  any  Gaelic  poem  ? 
Are  perfonifications  of  the  fun, 
moon,  and  other  objedls  of  nature 
common  in  Gaelic  poetry  ?  Is  any 
fragment  of  Gaelic  poetry  pre- 
fer ved  which  equals  in  beauty  the 
addrefs  to  the  fun,  the  fall  of  Bal- 
clutha,  &c.  in  MacPherfon's  tranlla- 
tion  If  any  of  your  corrcfpon- 
dents,  who  may  underfland  Gaelic, 
can  give  any  additional  elucida- 
tions of  thefe  queries,  it  will  highly 
oblige 

An  Occasional  Reader^ 
Jan.  17.  1802, 


rally  fald  to  poffefs,  more  imagi- 
nary than  real  ?  and  may  not  the 
opinion  be  afcribed  to  the  influ- 
ence of  early  affocations  impercep- 
tibly afiedting  the  tafte  ?  a  circum- 
fl:ance  fometimes  obfervable  in  the 
moil  ardent  admirers  of  tradition- 
ary poetry  in  th^^  Borders  of  Scot- 
land. Though  the  fentiments  of 
Gaelic  poems  be  delicate,  is  not  the 
ftile  rude,  like  that  of  Scotiih  fongs? 
Are  the  heroic  and  traditionary 
ballads,  in  the  Irifli  dialect,  diftin- 
guilhable  by  their  ftile,  from  the 
poems  afcribed  to  Offlan  ?  Are  the 
traditionary  poems  of  Strathglafs, 
Irifh,  or  Gaelic  ?  Do  the  Highland- 
ers  repeat  the  Irifli  poems  without 
confounding  the  two  dialedts  ?  Does 


Samalaman,  Nov»  24.  1800. 
Sir, 

I  was  favoured  WMth  yours  lafl: 
week,  and  foon  afterward  faw 
Mr  M.  of  D.  whofe  recommenda- 
tion indeed,  was  quite  unnecefTary 
to  me  ;  after  perufal  of  your  letter, 
which  contained  more  than  a  fuffi- 
cient  apology,  for  addrefllng  a  per- 
fon  unknown  to  you.  I  am  forry 
at  the  fame  time,  to  inform  yoiv, 
that  I  am  not  the  proper  porfon  for 
conveying  information  and  convic- 
tion, relative  to  Oflian^s  authenti- 
city, into  the  minds  of  thofe,  who 
have  no  knowledge  of  the  language 
of  our  ancedors.  J  left  the  country 
very  young  ;  when  I  returned  home, 
I  could  not  fpeak  one  regular  fen- 
tence  of  the  language  I  had  firfl: 
learned;  and  before  I  returned,  what 
remained  of  the  Gaelic  manufcripts, 
and  had  efcaped  the  ravage  of 
time,  had  been  moftly  collected  by 
MacPherfon  and  others :  fo  that  J  had 
accefs  to  fee  none  that  could  be  called 
with  propriety,  ancient  poems,  but  iii 
print  alone.  Notwichftanding  thefe 
difadvantages,  and  niany  others,  I 
fliall  flate,  in  anfwer  to  your  queries, 
what  occurs   to   me  at  the  mo- 


ment ;  as  1  have  few  leifure  hours 
to  make  the  fubjedl  of  your  in- 
quiry the  object  of  my  atten-g 
tion. 

Your  idea  of  tjie  imperceptible 
influence  of  imagination  over  me 
mory,  illuftrated  by  your  own  ex- 
perience,  and  knowledge  of  the 
ibngs  of  the  warlike  Borderers, 
which  you  admired  in  your  young, 
er  days,  but  condemned  in  a  mor^ 
mature  age,  is  of  credit  to  you,  ai 
it  does  not  imply  a  national  impo: 
ture,  though  it  qannot  affed  a  High; 
lander,  who  knows  the  Gaelic 
when  he  can  oppofe  it  by  a  mattei 
of  fad.  But  how  is  it  pofllble  tc 
drive  an  Englifh  or  a  Scotiih  fcep 
tic,  who  is  ignorant  of  the  Gaelic 
from  his  entrenchments  againfl:  con 
vi(5lion  ?  One  would  imagine,  th 
Dr  Blair's  Difiertation  on  the  Po 
ems  of  Oflian,  and  his  appendi 
nlight  have  had  fome  weight  with 
them  ;  but  as  it  has  not,  the  argu- 
ments on  which  they  ground  their 
incredulity  fliould  be  refuted.  Your 
negative  argtmlent  may  be  weaken- 
ed thus  by  another  negative  one  : 
How  can  you  draw  an  exadl  compa- 
rifon  betv/ecu  the  Borderers^  flnce 

the 


Jan.  1802.     On  the  Authenticity  ofOssiaris  Poems.  41 


the  Anglo-Saxon  invafion  and  the 
Highlanders  ?  the  former  were  in 
a  continual  ftate  of  war,  while  the 
latter  enjoyed  fome  peace  among 
themfelves,  and  liftened  with  eafe, 
and  pleafure,  to  the  charming  fongs 
of  their  bards.     On  what  grounds 
can   it   be  affirmed,    that  chher 
the   Borderers   and  Highlanders, 
who  exifted  for  fome  hundred  years 
backward,  were  comparable  to  the 
heroes  of  Fingal's  age  ?  And  here 
is  fomething  pofitive  againll  your 
^  Hypothecs.    Read  the  fpeech  of  a 
Caledonian  General,  traufmitted  to 
us  by  a  Roman  hiftorian :  Is  it  to- 
tally barbarous  ?  But  it  is,  you  will 
^ay,  polilhed  by  Roman  eloquence  ; 
though  this  were  true,  ftill  it  fhews 
you,  what  idea  the  Romans  had  of 
the  Caledonians  ;  what  does  Caefar 
fay  in  his  account  of  the  Druids  of 
Gaul.  "  Difciplina  in  Britannia  re- 
perta,  atque  inde  in  Galliam  tranf- 
lata  exiftimatur,  et  nunc  qui  diligen- 
tius  eam  rem  cognofcere  volunt, 
plerumque  illo  difcendi  caufa,  pro- 
ficifcuntur."    Does  it  not  follow, 
that  the  fource  of  education  was 
then  reckoned  better  in  this  ifland, 
than  in  Gaul  ?  and  from  what  we 
know,  does  it  not  follow,  that  a  de- 
generacy has  taken  place  fmce  that 
period  ?    Of  this  degeneracy  Offian 
complains  in  his  own  time,  when  he 
was  obliged  to  dwell  among  men 
of  "  little  fouls,'';  which  might  be 
owing  to  the  deftrudion  of  the  or- 
der of  the  Druids,  an  event  that  hap- 
pened in  Trathal's  time,  who  was 
grandfather  to  Fingal.  At  the  fame 
time,  1  am  not  of  the  opinion,  that 
Caefar  hints,  That  theDruidical  iniH- 
tution  went  from  Britain  to  Gaul. 
I  rather  think,  that  the  Celtic  na- 
tions, once  according   to  Plinius, 
mafters  of  Europe,  from  the  river 
Oby  in  Ruflia,  to  Cape  Finifterre  of 
Gallicia  in  Spain,  were  in  Gaul,  as 
in  other   parts   of  the  contin  nt, 
more  fubje^l  to  commotions  and  re- 
volutions, and  lefs  able  to  prcferve 


the  primary  inftitution  of  the  Dru- 
idical  order,  than  the  Britifh,  who, 
from  their  fituation,  were  lefs  liable 
to  viciffitudes  of  human  affairs,  and 
more  able,  of  courfe,  to  preferve 
among  themfelves  their  firft  tradi- 
tions ;  as  being  then  unmixed  with 
foreigners,   and  lefs  didurbed  by 
pov/erful  neighbours ;    which  was 
not  the  cafe  in  after  times.    I  be- 
lieve the  Diuidical  order  to  have 
been  the  firft  that  ever  exifted  for  in- 
fpiring  real  cool  courage,  contempt 
of  death,  and  all  the  pagan  virtues 
that  nature,  cultivated  by  art,  could 
fuggeft,  without  the  ainftance  of 
revelation.  The  Pagan  and  Chriftian 
Caledonians  loft,  in  their  refpedlivc 
times,  two  great  fources  of  educa- 
tion ;  the  former,  the  Druidical  or- 
der, of  which  the  batds  only  re- 
mained, and  the  latter,  the  efta- 
bliftiment  af  lona,    from  which 
came  the  moft  learned  men  of  Scot- 
land, till  it  was  deftroyed  by  the 
reformation.       I  have    not  feen 
Mr  Laing's  DifTertation  againft  the 
authenticity  of  Offian's  poems  ;  but 
by  fuch  as  have  feen  it,  I  am  told 
it  is  not  unanfwerable.    I  cannot 
conceive  how  it  could  be  otherwife; 
but  I  eafily  conceive  that  a  very 
able  genius  may  lofe  himfelf,  when 
he  ventures  to  treat  a  fubjecfl  to 
which  he  is  partly  a  ftranger,  while 
he  may  very  eafily  dazzle  others 
like  himfelf,  whofe  knowledge  is  ina- 
dequate to  the  fubjedt,  and  cannot 
embrace  every  fide  of  the  queftion. 
It  is  a  caufe  of  very  great  regret, 
that  error,  at  times,  finds  as  able 
advocates  as  truth.    You  wifli  the 
report,  that  I  can  repeat  fome  of  the 
original  of  Oillan's  poems,  to  be 
confirmed  by  my  own  affirmation. 
The  report  is  true  ;  but  more  than 
I  can  repeat,  has  been  already  pub- 
liftied  by  MacPherfon,  in  his  firft  edi- 
of  the  feventh  book  of  Temora  ; 
and  by  Smith,  whofe  coUedion  con- 
tains Gaelic  poems,  of  which  a  mo- 
dern Highlander,  could  no  more  be 

the 


42 


On  the  Authenticity  of  OssiarHs  Poems.     Vol.  64. 


the  author,  then  a  modern  Greek 
could  compofe  the  llliad.     As  to 
your  other  queries^  the  poems  I 
have  heard  repeated  in  Strathglafs, 
were  a  mixture  of  what  you  mention ; 
a  little  of  OfTian,  but  more  of  lat- 
ter Irifli  compofitions,  which  were 
more  eafily  underftood  by  the  vul- 
gar,   than  the  fublime  poetry  of 
OfTian.    The  diale^l  was  generally 
pretty  corre(5l,  as  far  as  I  was  a 
judge  of  the  Irifli,  but  very  inferior 
to  Ofllan's  Gaelic,  and  even  inferior 
to  our  own,  which  comes  much 
nigher  Offian's,  than  the  Irilh. — 
Swaran's  name  was  unknown  to 
me,  till  I  faw  it  in  MacPherfon's 
tranflation  ;  but  the  name  of  Garve, 
fon  to  Starno,    (jarhh  Mac  Staim  ; 
was  very  familiar  to  me,  but  I  know 
that  MacPherfon,  in  his  tranflation, 
was  not  very  fcrupulous  iclative  to 
the  change    of  names,   when  he 
thought  the  changed  name  would 
anfwer  better  in  the  Ewglifh  tranf- 
lation; he  calls  the  king  of  the  ifland 
of  rocks,  the  king  of  the  ifland  of 
Craca,  from  crag  in  the  Gaelic, 
wh^ch  fignifies  rock.    I  have  not 
feen  any  manufcripts  of  great  anti- 
quity, but  1  hare  been  taught  by 
one,  who  told  he  had  feen  ancient 
manufcripts ;   and  who  could  re- 
peat Ofllan's  poems  very  well,  and 
ufed  to  be  laughed  at  by  gentlemen 
of  the  Low  country,  for  comparing 
Offian  to  Homer  and  Virgil ;  till 
M'Pherfon's  tranflation  of  Offian's 
poems  appeared,  when  they  changed 
their  opinion  relative  to  what  the 
old  gentleman   ufed    to  advance. 
Relative  to  this  laft  aifertion,  you 
may  confult  my  friend  Mr  Charles 
Maxwell,  Blackfriar's  Wynd,  Edin- 
burgh, who,  if  his  memory  do  not 
fail,  may  confirm  what  I  have  faid 
concerning  this  perfon,  who  was  the 
old  and  venerable  Mr  John  Farquhar- 
fon,  fon  to  Mr  Farquharfon  of  In- 
verie.    It  is  my  opinion,  that  the 
Irifli   chara<5ler   was   not  current 
among  the  common  Highlanders; 


and  that  very  few  of  them  could 
either  read  or  write  it,  though  I  am 
inclined  to  think,  that  it  was  made 
ufe  of  by  the  Irilh  themfelves,  foon 
after  the  introdu<5tion  ofChriflianity, 
as  well  as  byfome  few  of  their  corref- 
pondents  in  Scotland.  The  tradition- 
ary poems  have  becnpreferved  by  the 
bards,  and  fuch  as  have  been  taught 
]:»y  them,  which  can  be  no  myllery 
to  a  Highlander  that  knows  any 
thing  of  the  cufl:oms  of  his  native 
country,  before  the  year  17 15.  The 
addreffes  to  the  fun,  moon,  wind, 
&c.  are  found  in  poems,  that  are 
not  afcribed  to  Olfian,  and  in  which 
no  veftige  of  Chriftianity  is  to  be 
feen ;  but  equal  in  beauty  to  his 
addreffes    to   the  fun   and  moon 
I  have  not  feen.   The  delicate  fenti- 
ments  and  images,     avec  les  idccs 
trcs  recherchces"  of  MacPherfon's 
Ofllan,  are  found  in  fome  other  tra- 
ditionary poems,  but  whether  they 
be  of  equal  merit  with  thofe  point- 
ed out  by  you,  is  more  than  I  would 
venture  to  decide ;   though  fome 
fentences  and  palfages  of  them  are 
moll  beautiful,  yet  there  are  in  the 
parts  of  Oflian's  works  you  men- 
tion, fomething  that  furpalfes,  in  my 
conception,  any  thing  that  I  ever 
read  in  a  Pagan  author.   The  name 
of  Loda  was  not  unknown  in  the 
Highlands,  as  a  foreign  deity,  but 
little  known  now :  the  adorers  of 
Loda  were  called  the  fons  of  Loda. 
It  is  likewife  known  by  another 
name  lefs  ancient,   Judw,  which 
comes  very  nigh  Odin.     It  is  my 
real  opinion,  that  the  Celtic  nation 
had  no  gods  at  all,  but  what  they 
received  in  courfe  of  time  from  their 
neighbours  ;  if  you  except  the  fpi- 
rits  of  the  wind,  which  they  did. not 
adore  as  fupreme  bemgs.    Oflian  in 
the  poem  of  Conn^  makes  Fingal  fu- 
perior  to  the  fpirit  of  Loda,  of 
which  he  gives  a  moft  awful  dif- 
cription.      Cath-Lnda^  I  have  only 
feen  inMacPherfon's  tranflation,  but 
I  do  not  fee  why  the  authenticity  of 


Jan.  1 802.     On  the  Authenticity  of  OssiarHs  Poemt. 


43 


it  fliould  be  called  in  queftion,  as  it 
might  be  a  natural  confequence  of 
the  moving  (lory  of  Cathuhiy  the  ori- 
ginal of  which,  I  have  feen.  Whe- 
ther MacPhcrfon  has  made  any 
changes  in,  or  additions  to  any  part 
of  Offian's  poems,  cannot  be  eafily 
decided,  till  the  whole  original  be 
publifhed,  which  I  am  told  is  foon 
to  take  place:  but  that  he  is  not. 
the  author  of  what  I  have  feen  of 
the  original,  I  infer  from  the  appa- 
rent impofTibility  of  his  having  from 
himfelf,  the  expreffions  and  ideas  of 
the  original ;  from  the  vaft  inferio- 
rity of  the  tranflation  to  the  origi- 
nal, from  his  want  of  comprehenfion 
of  the  fenfe  of  the  original,  at  times. 
Take  an  inftance  of  the  two  lafl  af- 
fertions :  Fingal,  B.  III.  "  Be  thou 
a  ftream  of  many  tides  againft  the 
foes  of  thy  people,  but  like  the  gale 
that  moves  the  grafs  to  thofe  who 
afk  thine  aid."  The  more  literal 
tranflation  of  this  pafTage  is,"Be  thou 
like  the  furge  of  a  winter  fpring-tide 
current,  impelling  its  collec^ted 
ftreams  againtl  the  foes  of  ihy 
people,  but  like  a  feeble,  tepid,  mild 
fummer  blaft  to  thofe  who  alk  thine 
aid  Here,  in  MacPherfon's  tranf- 
lation, the  idea  of  the  ftrength  of  a 
fpring-tide  over  a  neap-tide,  that  of 
a  winter  fpring-tide  over  a  fummer 
fpring-tide,  and  the  oppofition  be- 


tween fummer  and  winter  is  totally 
loft,  with  a  clufter  of  moft  beautiful 
epithets  in  the  Gaelic,  whofe  very 
found  in  the  original  is  expreffive  of 
their  meaning,  in  the  beginnii^g  of 
the  feventh  book  of  Temora,  the 
tranflation  is,  the  fun's  eagle  eye; 
whereas,  in  the  original  it  is,  rullaa 
Jhull ghreine  na  fpear\  that  is,  the  low 
eye  of  the  fun,  traveller  of  the  ex- 
panfe.  MacPherfon tookuil/an low, to 
be  ui/lar  eagle,  probably  from  his 
ignorance  of  the  former  word,  fimi- 
lar  in  orthography  to  the  latter, 
though  different  in  the  fenfe.  But 
I  have,  I  fear,  exhaufted  your  pa- 
tience. I  am  forry,  I  v/as  abfent 
when  you  was  in  this  country,  and 
meant  to  call  on  me ;  for  in  a  convex - 
fation,  thefe  matters  might  be  much 
better  explained  with  lefs  trouble 
to  us  both,  and  more  fatisfaction. — 
I  am, 

Sir, 

Your  moft  obedient  humble  Servt. 

John  Chisholm. 

N.  B.  I  repeated  your  exprcflion, 
"  les  idces  tres  recherchces,"  taking 
it  for  granted,  that  your  meaning 
was,  that  they  might  appear  fo  to 
us  ;  but  I  am  convinced,  they  were 
quite  natural,  and  far  from  being 
"  rechcrchfes"  to  the  author. 

j.c. 


For  the  Scots  Ma^a%ine» 
ACCOUNT  of  the  ROMANCE  of  the  SEVEN  SAGES. 


THE  marvellous  tales  of  tradi- 
tion, are  not  yet  fo  much  neglected 
in  Scotland,  that  the  ft'ory  of  the  Se- 
ven Sages  has  loft  its  popularity. 
Every  boy  and  every  girl  ha^  heard 
of  the  Seven  Sleepers^  and  of  the  6"^- 
^en  Wise  Men,  almoft  as  frequently 

of  the  feveu  planets,  the  fevcn 


notes  of  the  mufical  gamut,  or  the 
feven  days  of  the  week.  But,  per- 
haps, it  is  not  known  to  all  my 
-readers,  that  thefe  ftories  which  have 
amufed  their  infmcy,  and  per- 
haps called  into  action  the  firft  ru- 
diments of  thinking  and  reflec- 
tion, formed  the  claiJics  of  a  lefs  re- 
fined 


44     Account  of  the  Romance  of  the  Seven  Sages.    Vol.  64. 


fined  period,  and  were  fung  to  the 
harp  of  ancient  bards,  before  the 
knights  and  the  dames  of  Chivalry. 
In  the  Cesta  Rnmannruniy  a  colle(5tion 
of  (lories  of  every  age,  written  in 
a  barbarous  I^atin  ftile,  and  accom- 
modated to  the  manners  of  Chival- 
ry, the  hillory  of  the  Seven  Sages 
holds  a  confpicuous  place.  In  the 
Auchinleck  MS.  an  invaluable  col- 
lection of  die  romances  of  Chivalry, 
a  copy  of  the  Seven  Sages  is  pre- 
ferved,  which,  though  imperfedboth 
at  beginning  and  end,  confifts  of 
above  2600  verfcs.  The  popularity 
of  this  ancient  Romance,  in  Scot- 
land, is  evinced  by  its  tranflation, 
*'  out  of  profe  into  Scots  metter 
by  John  Roland  of  Dalkeith,"  print- 
ed at  Edinburgh  by  the  heirs  of 
Andro  Hart  in  163 1.  In  the  pro- 
logue to  this  curious  work,  Roland, 
who  feems  to  have  been  as  much  e- 
levated  with  vanity  and  conceit,  as 
he  was  utterly  devoid  of  poetical 
powers,  relates,  that  he  tranflated 
it  at  the  requeft  of  "  one  of  his 
j4nts  *,  a  proper  wench,  whofe  pyot 
tongue,  I  Ihould  fay  poet  tongue, 
might  well  fuffice  to  preach  in  barne 
or  byre.*'  He  feems  to  have  been 
quite  unacquainted  with  the  ancient 
poetical  Romance,  mentioning  the 
ftory  as  a  "  Role,'* 

Made  an  compilde  by  the  wife  Sages 
feven, 

Who  were,  that  time,  mod  fapient  un- 
der heaven. 

For  natutall  wit,  they  are  all  holden 
in  piaine, 

The  fpringing  well,  and  onelie  frefli 

fountaine, 
The  perfect  ground,  and  roote  originall. 
Of  this  ftorie  now^  following  but  laine  : 
Therefore,  myielf,  as  now  I  am  con- 

ftraine. 


*  Shakefpeare  ufes  this  word  in  the 
feme  fenfe  in  the  Winter's  Tale,  AOl 
IV.  Scene  11. 

**•  Arc  fummcr  fongs  for  me  and  my 
aunts." 


It  to  tranflat  in  our  tonc^ue  natural], 
Where  I  it  fand  into  plaine  prole  at  all, 
Without  colour  or  teete;  now  I  againe. 
In  rur^ll  ryme,  to  let  it  foorth  I  lhall. 

This  pa/Tage,  which  will  be  confi- 
dercd  as  extremely  unpropjtious  to 
the  author's  poeti-cal  reputation, 
may  neverthelefs  be  regarded  as  a 
fair  fpecimen  of  the  work ;  and  the 
author,  to  ufe  his  own  allufion,  has 
been  very  careful  not  to  throw  pearls 
before  fwine.  The  mofl  curious 
paffage  in  the  work,  is  perhaps,  the 
following  ftanza,  which  contains 
fome  additionary  names  to  the  lift 
of  Scotilh  literary  men  : 

In  court  that  time  was  good  Sir  Da^vid 
Lyndesay, 

In  vulgar  tongue  he  bure  the  bell  that 
day, 

To  make  meeter,  right  cunning  and 

and  expert ; 
And  maifter  John  Ballentwe^  footh  to 

lay, 

Make  him  marrow  to  David  well  we 
may  ; 

And  for  the  third,  mafter  William  Stenv- 
at  f. 

To  make  in  Scots,  hee  knew  right  well 
the  airt. 

Bijhop  Durie^  fometime  of  Galloway, 
For  his  pieafure,  fomeiime,  would  take 
their  part. 

Among  other  reafons  of  his  ne- 
gled  of  poetical  di<5tion,  Roland 
alleges  the  diflike  of  his  readers 
for  "  high  and  curious  terms  ;"  but 
another  reafon  which  he  hints  at,  is 
much  more  fatisfadory, 

Another  caufe  I  wot  right  well  yee 
ken. 

For  to  bring  but,   it's  ill,  that's  not 

there  ben  ; 
Nor  is  there  none  I  know  in  all  this 

towne, 

Except  he  haue  it,  that  can  put  on  a 

gowne  : 

Of  a  toome  tunne,  none  can  draw  out 
licour. 

Nor  of  a  foole  to  make  a  wile  dodlour. 

The  beginning  of  the  ancient  Ro 
mance  is  wanting  in  the  MS.,  but 

Roland 


Jan.  1802.    j4ccount  of  the  Romance  of  the  Seven  Sages.  45 


Roland  eommences  his  Seven  Sa- 
ges with  fome  reflexions  on  the  an- 
cient fame  of  Rome,  and  its  declen- 
fion  under  the  etfclefuiftical  govern- 
ment. He  declaims  againft  "  the 
pupiftes  and  their  foule  marchan- 
dice,"  who,  he  fays, 

 will  caufe  a  pounde  of  molten 

leade. 

Bring  them  againe  the  weight  of  gold 
fo  red  ; 

And  caufe  the  hippes  of  a  dead  yow  or 
fkinne, 

Abfolue  you  all  of  your  moft  deadlie 
iinne  ; 

Incontinent  in  heauen  up  to  be  brought, 
Contrare  God'swill,  whetberhe  would, 
or  nought. 

Such  a  feries  of  refledlions,  though 
very  natural  after  the  Reformation, 
could  not  have  eafily  occurred  in  a 
popular  poem  of  the  age  of  the  Ro- 
mance, which  probably  afcends 
nearly  to  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
Roland  then  proceeds  to  relate,  how 
Pontianus,  the  Emperor  of  Rome, 
had  an  Emprefs  named  Clara,  who 
bore  him  "  a  knave  child,^*  named 
Dioclefiane.  In  the  manufcript  Ro- 
mance, however,  the  name  of  the 
Emperor  is  Diocletian.  At  the  pe- 
riod when  the  young  man  attained 
I  the  age  of  feven  years,  his  mother 
fell  fick,  and  "  her  natural  debt 
compleeted  of  dead,"  in  fpite  of  all 
the  "  dogne  do<5tours,  phyficians  and 
philofophers,  cunning  men  and  me- 
diciners,  chirurgians,  and  potingars 
and  pradlicians  futtle  an  flie. 

That  daylie  dealcs  with  phlebotomie." 

I  This  event  banifhes  all  merrinefs 
and  minftrel  mirth  from  the  court, 
which  wears  dule  weede''  for  a 
year  and  day.  But,  the  queen  be- 
ing endowed  with  a  prefcient  mind, 
and  perceiving  that  the  alterna- 
tives of  death  or  dumbnefs  were 
fated  to  her  fon,  exa(fls  from  the 
king  a  promife,  that  he  Ihould  ne- 
ver be  fubjefted  to  the  coatroul  of 
Vol.  LXIV. 


a  mother-in-law,  but  fhould  be  edu- 
cated at  a  diftance  from  court,  un- 
der the  diredion  of  fages  fcleclcd 
for  the  purpofe.  The  empe.  .1  im- 
mediately fends  for  the  feven  ^A'ifeft 
men  in  Chriftendom  to  Rome.  The 
names  of  the  firlt  fix  wife  men  are, 
Pantillas,  Lentulus,  Craton,  iVlal- 
quidrack,  Jofephus,  and  Cleopas  ; 
but  the  name  of  the  feventh  is  not 
m^^ntioncd. 

They  harangue  the  Emperor  in 
their  turns  ;  and  with  the  conclu- 
fion  of  the  oration  of  the  feventh 
fage,  the  manufcript  romance  com- 
mences. 

For  the  made  of  mi  feruife, 
Tac  me  thi  foane  to  loke  and  lore, 
Of  mi  ieruife  kep  i  namoie  ; 
And  i  the  wille  thonke  vnne  ; 
And  al  the  clergie  vndt  rftonne, 
Ich  wille  into  his  bodi  dizt, 
Bothe  bi  dai,  and  bi  nizt. 

Dioclician  the  maiftres  herde, 
He  ftrokhis  herd,  and  fchok  his  zerde^ 
And  on  hem  made  milde  chere, — 

and,  after  divers  other  tokens  of  fa- 
tisfadlion,  commits  his  fon  to  their 
charge.  The  fages  condud:  the 
young  Prince  to  the  Cmsistory^ 
which,  our  author  affures  us^  was  a 
*  ftede'  in  Rome,  and  after  confult- 
ing  concerning  the  condudt  proper 
to  be  adopted  in  his  tuition,  they 
refolve 

That  he  fcholde  nowt  in  Rome  be  laue^ 
For  burge  s,  maiden,  other  knaue, 
Mizt  him  t:  fom  riot  fette 
That  alle  his  lore  he  fcholde  lette. 

This  danger,  even  in  modem  times, 
incident  to  the  education  of  Princes, 
they  refolve  to  avoid,  by  bringing^ 
up  the  Prince  in  a  fplendid  caiUe, 
fituated  on  the  banks  of  the  Tiber, 
in  a  grove  of  all  kinds  of  trees,  at 
fome  diilance  from  the  city.  The 
caiUe  was  accommodated  witli  feven 
chambers  for  tlie  leilures  of  the  dif 
ferent  fages,  and  a  magnificent  hall 
G  in 


■0 


Account  of  the  Romance  (f  the  Seven  Sages.  Vol.  64. 


in  the  centre,  adorned  with  curious 
paintings  and  fculptures, 

Thei  inne  was  paii>t  of  Bonet  thr6  pars, 
And  eke  alii  the  feuen  ars: 
The.  firite  ib  was  Gramarie, 
Mufikc,  and  Altrcnonne, 
Geometrc^  ^nd  a  is  Milijke, 
Rettorike,  and  tke  f  ilike.  ^ 

Attracled,  no  doubt,  by  thefc  and 
iimihtr  delectable  devices,  the  young 
Prince  applies  to  his  ftudies,  with 
fuch  uncommon  avidity,  that  before 
the  end  of  the  fixth  year  he  is  able 
to  contend  with  his  matters.  At 
this  period,  his  learning  and  genius 
are  fubjected  to  a  fniguLir  trial,  the 
propriety  of  which  it  is  extremely 
difhcult  to  difcover. 

Leues  thai  tok  fextene, 
Of  juy  that  were  ;i:cne  ; 
Vnder  ech  itaptl  c»t  his  bed, 
That  he  iiilte,  four  thai  hid.  • 

The  young  Prince,  whofe  intelled 
atid  power  of  obfervation  had,  no 
doubt,  been  ailonifhingly  Iharpcned 
by  the  procefs  to  which  they  had 
been  fubjedted,  begins,  in  the  morn- 
ing, to  Rare  around  him  with  ailo- 
iiilhment,  protelling — 

Other  Ich  am  of  w  ine  drr  wnke, 
Other  the  firmament  is  ifonke. 
Other  vveren  is  the  grounde, 
The  thiknes  of  four  ieucs  loundc. 


Were  fuch  an  unaccountable  acci- 
dent to  befal  any  of  our  learned  or 
wife  men,  in  theie  degenerate  days, 
t'  c  malicious  world  would  unque- 
IHonably  impute  it  to  tlie  firft  of 
thefc  caufes.  In  Roland,  by  whom 
the  outline  of  the  llory  is  very  ac- 
curately  followed,  the  experiment  is 
made  with  an  olive  leaf  inferted  un- 
der each  corner  of  the  bed,  and  the 
Prince  declares,  that  he  had  ima- 
gined in  his  fleep, 

That  the  roofe  tree  of  all  this  whole 
mailoun, 

Unto  the  earth   was   quite  declined 
downe ; 

And  then  again,  in  twinkling  of  our 
eyes, 

It  was  uplifted  an  hundred  thoufand 
grecs. 

A  circumftance  which  would  rather 
have  indicated  a  morbid  and  erro- 
neous fenfibility,  than  that  natural 
acutenefs  which  it  was  the  object  of 
the  Sages  to  difcover.  After  this 
trial,  which  feems  intended  to  in- 
dicate the  accuracy  neceffary  irt 
Allrological  fcience,  the  chief  ob- 
jed  of  purfuit  in  the  middle  a- 
gcs,  the  Sages  conclude,  that  the 
Prince  is  mailer  of  the  fcven  fciences; 
and  he  is  conduded  to  the  court  of 
the  Emperor  his  father. 

PI. 

(  To  be  ccniinued  in  our  next. ) 


For  the  Sects  Magazine. 

STRICTURES  on  the  LIFE  and  WRITINGS  of  the  Celebrated 
BARON  HALLER. 


*To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine, 

Sir,  for  knowledge  in  conterminous  fields 

IN  ftudying  the  phenomena  of  of  obfervation,  without  incurring  the 
difeafes,  the  phyfician  may  now  feek    danger  of  being  betrayed  into  thofe 

errors. 


Jan.  1S02. 


Stri&ures  on  Halkr. 


47 


errors,  which  in  former  times,  dis- 
figured and  difgraced  the  fcience  of 
medicine.  The  ftudent  of  this  moft 
interefling  and  important  fcience, 
a  fcience  which  has  for  its  obje<5l  fo 
grand  an  eflential  to  the  happinefs 
of  the  human  race,  as  the  health  of 
the  human  fyllem,  may,  in  our  day, 
■  be  much  at  his  cafe  as  to  the  appre- 
henhon,  that  thefe  abfurd  and  vi- 
fionary  theories  may  again  be- 
come  current,  which  accounted  for 
the  vital  energy,  for  the  caufes  of 
difeafes,  and  for  the  operation  of 
remedies  by  one  fiditious  liypothe- 
fis,  and  explained  all  the  phenome- 
na of  the  animal  economy,  on  the 
gratuitous  fuppofition,  that  within 
the  frame  of  man,  there  are  going 
on  procelTes  of  digeftion,  of  fermen- 
tation, and  of  effervefcence,  fimil^jr 
to  thofe  produced  by  the  chemift, 
w^hile  operating  on  inanimate  mat- 
ter in  his  laboratory. 

The  period  at  length  has  arrived, 
when  medical  men,  no  longer  enliil- 
ing  themfelves  under  the  banner  of 
any  one  fed:  ;  no  longer,  from  a 
falfe  veneration  to  a  great  name,  at- 
taching themfelves  exclufively  and 
obftinately  to  his  tenets,  have  felt  the 
necellity  of  thinking  for  themfelves, 
.  of  examining  and  comparing  all  the 
theories,  which  have  been  hitherto 
advanced  on  the  fubjed  ;  of  illumi- 
nating their  own  particular  depart- 
ment, by  light  borrowed  from  all 
the  other  fciences  ;  and,  more  efpe- 
cially,'  of  cultivating  with  affiduity 
every  branch  of  literature  from 
which  medicine  can  derive  any  col- 
lateral aid,  or  its  phenomena  re- 
ceive a  rational  explanation. 

Among  thofe  where  labours  and 
example  gave  this  fortunate  direc- 
tion to  medical  inquirers,  and  efta- 
blilhed  the  fcience  itfelf  on  fo  ref- 
pedable  and  fo  rational  a  founda- 
tion, ftands  pre-eminent  the  name 
of  the  illuitrious  Baron  Haller, 
a  man  whofe  gigantic  geniiis  and 
indefatigable  induftry  could  only  be 


equalled  by  his  fublime  piety,  and 
by  his  fmgular  modefty.  He  is  un- 
doubtedly the  father  of  the  dodrine 
of  Excitability  ;  which,  although  by 
no  means  as  yet  extended  and  con- 
folidated  into  a  complete  fyftem  ; 
yet,  with  all  its  imperfedions,  and 
however  much  it  lias  been  decried 
by  people  ignorant  of  .its  nature, 
or  attentive  only  to  its  a])ufe,  cer- 
tainly leads  to  more  philofophical 
conclufions  relative  to  the  laws  of 
the  animal  economy,  both  in  its 
found  and  difeafed.  ftate,  than  any 
other  theory  w^hich  has  hitherto  been 
offered  to  the  medical  world. 

I  AM  informed  you  intend  to  de- 
vote  a  department  of  your  Mifcel- 
lany  to  articles  of  interefling  bfo- 
gTaphy.  The  following  biographical 
Iketch  is  therefore  fent  for  infertion  ; 
and  the  celebrity  of  its  fubjed  will, 
no  doubt,  fecure  it  a  place  in  the 
Scots  Magazine.  A  biographical 
i\otice  of  JDr  Haller  will,  I  am  per- 
fuaded,  be  regarded  as  an  accepta- 
ble prelent  by  the  public  in  general ; 
becaufe,  a  retrolpedive  view  of  his 
immenfe  acquirements  cannot  but 
fuggeft  a  refledion  on  what  the  hu- 
man mind  can  accomplifh  by  due 
cultivation,  and  by  perfevering  dili- 
gence. 

But,  in  furni filing  this  article  for 
your  Magazine,  I  addrefs  myfelf 
more  efpecially  to  a  particular  . 
clafs  of  your  readers.  Partly  from 
defign,  and  partly  from  the  accident 
of  local  fituation,  I  have  been  led 
to  cultivate  ibme  acquaintance  with 
medical  men  and  medical  books. 
Infpeding  the  treatifes  on  anatomy, 
which  are,  from  time  to  time,  of- 
fered to  the  public,  with  all  the 
pomp  of  originality,  I  find  reafcn 
to  accede  to  the  wife  man's  apho- 
riirn,  "  That  there's  nothing  new 
under  the  Sun  and  indeed,  1  am 
fometimes  tempted  to  join  in  the 
indignant  exclamation  of  the  poet, 
0  imiidfat  es*  sei  Tum pe^us  !  Thefe  com- 
pilers liberally  draw  from  the  exu- 
G  2  berant 


48 


Stri£lures  on  Holler. 


Vol.  64. 


berant  ftore-houfe  of  Haller's  ge- 
nius, without  acknowledging  the 
fource  whence  they  derive  the  ma- 
terials of  their  volumes.  Haller's 
works  are  tranflated  ;  his  arrange- 
ments are  adopted;  and  his  defcrip- 
tions  minutely  copied.  Now,  Sir,  a 
fuccind  account  of  this  great  man, 
and  of  the  more  prominent  features 
of  his  life,  may  prc>hably  induce 
gentlemen,  who  arc  in  the  courfe  of 
anatomical  or  medical  inquiricsj  to 
repair  to  the  excellent  original  himfclf 
for  inftrudion,  inftead  of  rcllingcon- 
tented  with  gleaning  information 
from  his  fervilc  and  ungrateful  imi- 
tators. And  it  mud  be  confelfed,  that 
among  the  young  gentlemen  eu^j^ag- 
ed  in  the  ftudy  of  medicine  in  this 
place>  difTe  are  many  who  are  not 
duJ)''  acuuainted  with  tliephyfiologi 
ca.'.  an  J  anatomical  labours  of  the  in- 
comparable Haller ;  perhaps,  there- 
fore, the  perufal  of  this  iiipcrficial 
fketch  of  his  life,  accompanied  as 
*we  go  along,  with  fprtie  curfory  re- 
marks on  his  writings,  may  difpofe 
fuch  to  enlarge  their  intimacy  with 
an  author  whole  immortal  works 
furnilh  an  inexhauitiblc  fund  of  fo- 
lid  plcafure  and  of  valuable  improve- 
ment, 

Albert  H.m>ler  was  born  on 
the  1 8th  of  May  1708,  in  the  city 
of  Berne,  one  of  the  rl-cien^aat  Swifs 
Cantons,  his  father,  Emanuel  Hal- 
le-r,  ftudied  the  law,  and  for  feme 
time  pra<ftifed  as  a  biirrifter  with 
confide rable  reputation  in  his  native 
city.  Not  many  years  after  our 
author's  birth,  he  removed  from 
Berne,  and  obtained  an  official  fi- 
tuation  in  Baden,  another  city  of 
the  fame  Canton. 

We  have  heard  much  of  furpri- 
fnig  proofs  of  early  genius,  difplay- 
cd  b\  perfons,  who,  m  more  advan- 
ced periods  of  their  lives,  became 
confpicuous  for  their  literary  attain- 
ments. Of  ihefe  details,  fome  mult, 
no  doubt,  be  received  cum  p-ano  fo- 
il's ;  bu$;,  certain  it  is,  that  Haller, 


while  yet  an  infant,  aftoniflicd  his 
friends  by  his  precocious  genius, 
and  intenfe  application.  Scarcely 
had  he  reached  his  fifth  year,  when 
he  began  to  commit  to  writing,  eve- 
ry word  which  the  intercourfe  oi 
the  day  had  impreffed  upon  his  me- 
mory ;  his  proficiency  in  the  learn- 
ed languages  was  fo  very  remark- 
able, that,  in  his  eleventh  year,  he 
tranflated  excerpts  from  Greek  au- 
thors, in  hillory,  poetry,  and  gene- 
ral literature  ;  and,  at  this  early  pe- 
riod  composed,  for  his  own  ufe,  a 
Chaldaic  grammar,  and  a  Greek 
and  Hebrew  lexicon.  Much  about: 
this  period,  he  exhibited  a  fignal 
proof  of  his  attachment  to  literary 
purfuirs;  he  extraded  from  Bayle 
and  Moreri,  an  hiftorical  dictionary 
comprifing  biographical  notices  of 
more  than  two  thpiifand  remarkable 
perfonages  ;  and  he  wrote  a  fatire  in 
Latin  verfe,  in  which  he  expofed 
the  full  en  difpofitjon  and  the  capri- 
cious humour  of  his  precej^tor,  Ab- 
raham Baillodz. 

Acquisitions  fo  extenfive,  and 
a  diligence  fo  refolute,  in  a  boy  of 
fuch  tender  years,  might  well  have 
challenged  the  fond  approbation 
and  the  patronage  of  his  family ; 
we  find,  however,  that  this  growing 
talte  for  police  literature,  particu- 
larly his  incliAation  to  poetry,  the 
fafcinating  charms  of  which,  he 
was  apprehenfive,  would  allure  hiin 
from  feverer  ftudies,  excited  the  dif- 
pleafure  of  his  father,  who  had  def- 
tined  him  for  his  own  profeffion, 
and  who  regarded  his  multifarious 
purfiiits  as  too  defultory  and  fu^jer- 
ficial,  and  too  little  a-kin  to  thofe 
profound  inveftigations,  and  minute 
details  with,  which  the  ftudent  of 
law  mull  be  familiar,  if  he  would 
wifh  to  attain  to  fcientific  eminence 
in  his  profeffion.  But  neither  the 
repeated  remonfirances  of  his  fa- 
ther, nor  the  arbitrary  admonitions 
of  his  mailer*  were  effe6i:ual  in  con- 
fining his  literary  puriuits  within 


Jan.  1802. 


Stridures  on  Haller. 


49 


the  limits  of  legal  inquiry,  or  in 
fuppreffing  his  ardent  defire  for  ge- 
neral information. 

Such  was  the  plan  on  which 
young  Haller's  education  was  con- 
duded  until  his  thirteenth  year ; 
when,  on  his  father's  death,  he  was 
removed  to  the  public  fchool  at 
Berne.  The  clafs  to  which  he  was 
attached,  required  a  ftage  of  pro- 
grefs  far  fuperior  to  what  might  be 
expected  from  his  boyiih  years.  But 
his  talents  proved  adequate,  nay,  e- 
yen  fuperior  to  the  taik  requir.cd  of 
him ;  for  he  performed,  in  Greek, 
the  exercifes,  which  his  mafter  ex- 
ai^ed  from  him^  and  which  his  clafsr 
fellows  brought  forward  in  the  La-  ^ 
tin  tongue. 

In  the  year  1723,  his  relations  per- 
mitted him  to  accompany  a  young 
friend  to  Bienne,  with  the  view  of 
being  initiated  in  philofophy  by  his 
companion's  father,  who  was  a  cele- 
brated phyfician  of  that  place.  But 
his  new  mailer  being  a  bigotted  ad- 
herent to  Defcartes'  airy  ipecula- 
tions,  young  Haller  focn  relinquifli- 
ed  that  logic  and  philofophy,  which 
fettered  his  genius,  without  enlarg- 
ing his  knowledge  ;  and  turning  a- 
fide  from  the  rugged  path  which 
his  preceptor  pointed  out  to  him, 
expatiated  at  large  in  the  pkafant 
fields  of  hiilory,  of  poetry,  and  of 
general  literature. 

During  his  refidence  at  Bienne, 
Haller  was  in  the  habit  of  com- 
menting on  the  books  which  he 
perufed,  and  of  tranfcribing,  fuch 
pafTages  as,  for  novelty  of  matter 
or  method,  attratfled  his  attention  ; 
1  pradice  which  he  continued  du- 
ring' the  future  period  of  his  life  ; 
md  to  which,  as  we  lhall  find  in  the 
feq'j.el  of  his  hiilory,  the  world  is  in- 
ieb t-^d  for  much  interefting  infor- 
T  i<jn,  on  various  fubjeds.  At 
.  .^riod  alio,  hi.-,  genias  awaken- 
-u  poetic  enti^aliafni  by  the  ro- 
fua  inc  fcenery  around  him.  poured 
tfelf  forth  in    various  efliiiiions, 


epic,  lyric,  and  drammatic :  So 
much  indeed  had  this  favourite  ftu- 
dy  engrofTcd  his  attention,  that  on  a 
fire  breaking  out  in  the  houfe  where 
he  refided,  he  rufhed  into  his  apart- 
ment, and,  at  the  hazard  of  his  life, 
refcued  his  poetry  from  the  flames, 
leaving  his  other  manufcripts  to 
their  fate,  without  a  murmur  at  the 
lofs  fuftained  by  their  deflrudion. 
At  a  more  advanced  period  of  his 
life  when  maturer  age  had  refined 
his  judgment,  he  was  frequently 
heard  to  fay,  that  he  had  hazarded 
his  life  fpr  the  prefervation  of  thofe 
compofitions,  which  he  then  thought 
the  fineif  productions  of  human  ge- 
nius ;  but  which,  at  a  future  peri- 
od, he  configned  to  merited  deftruc- 
tion,  as  unworthy  of  his  pen. 

It  was  to  the  period  of  his  life 
under  review,  that  Haller  alluded, 
when  he  compared  himfelf  to  a 
wild  plant,  which  is  left  to  grow 
without  pruning  ;  and  to  this  very 
circumilance  may  his  future  pre- 
eminence, in  a  great  meafure,  be 
afcribed,  as  it  conilituted  that  broad 
bafis  upon  which  the  ftructure  of 
his  univerfal  knowledge  was  after- 
wards reared. 

We  ha.ve  already  noticed,  that 
his  father  deflincd  him  for  the  ftu- 
dy  of  law ;  but  his  ardent  and 
active  fpirit  was  ill  calculated  for 
progrefs  in  aprofeffion,  which  would 
have  circumfcribed  the  freedom 
of  his  in  juiries  within  limits  fo  nar- 
row, which  entirely  refted  on  fta- 
tute,  and  precedent,  and  authori- 
ty ;  and  which,  to  ufe  his  own  ap. 
ponte  allufion,  from  his  favourite 
Horace,  in  a  letter  to  his  friend 
M.  Bonnet  of  Geneva,  compelled 
him  jurare  in  verba  ma^i^lri. 

An  ,  regarding  the  admonitions 
of  his  new  mailer,  although  he  had 
not  liitened  to  them  with  a  defcr- 
rence  fo  lubmiiiive,  as  to  fuiter  his 
genius  to  be  fettered  by  that  nar- 
row, illiberal  philofophy,  which  the 
phyfician  of  15ienne  fo  eagerly  re- 

com- 


StrlSures  on  Haller. 


Vol.  64 


commended,  and  fo  ftongly  enfor- 
ced ;  yet  does  it  appear,  that  in 
embracing  the  profe{])on  of  medi- 
cine, he  was  in  a  great  meafure  de 
tcrmined  by  his  advice  ;  although 
lie  was  no  doubt  reconciled  to  his 
new  purfuit,  from  the  confideration 
of  that  variety  of  literary  inquiries 
t\'hich  it  embraces,and  whicli  w^oukl 
fjve  fcope  to  the  zeal  and  adHvity 
of  his  capacious  mind. 

No  fooner  had  Haller  dedicated 
himfelf  to  phyfic,  than  he  adopted  a 
more  legular  and  fyitematic  plan 
of  ftudy'than  he  had  hitherto  pur- 
fued.  For  this  pur^  ofe  he  repaired, 
in  1723,  to  the  Univerfity  of  Tu- 
bingen, where  he  profecuced  his  me- 
dical invciligations,  with  that  inde- 
fatigable diligence  which  he  perpe- 
tually exerted  under  the  Profel^brs 
Elias,  Camerariiis,^  and  Duverney. 
The  former  initiated  him  in  thofe 
found  principles  of  natural  phllofo- 
phy,  whofe  charaderillic  tenet  is  firil 
to  doubt  and  then  to  believe  ;  and 
which  are  equally  remote  from  cre- 
dulity, on  the  one  hand,  and  from 
fcepticifm  on  the  other.  From  the 
preledions  of  Duverney,  he  acqui- 
red the  rudiments  of  botany  ;  a 
fcience  the  boundaries  of  which  he 
raterwards  fo  greatly  enlarged ;  and, 
under  the  fame  teacher,  his  pro- 
grefs  in  anatomy  was  fo  rapid  and 
lo  confpicuous,  that  Duverney,  from 
the  perufal  of  various  diiiertations 
from  his  pen,  predi^ed  liis  future 
pre-eminence  in  this  fundamental 
branch  of  true  medical  knowledge. 
How  fully  thefe  predidtions  were  ve- 
rified, will  appear  in  the  fequel  of 
this  narrative. 

It  is  a  curious  fa6l,  that,  not- 
wathftanding  his  ftrong  attachment 
to  thefe  fciences,  which  continued 
Heady  and  invariable  through  life, 
he  acknowledges,  that,  at  this  pe- 
riod, his  profecution  of  them  was 
hr^^fd  Mwerra,  He  reprefents  him- 
felf as  ftudying  anatomy,  although 
he  could  not  endure  the  cadaverous 


fmell  w^hich  aflails  the  diffe(51or'f  ol 
fadory  organs ;  and  botany,  al 
though  he  was  extremely  Ihort 
lighted.  During  his  refidence 
Tubingen,  he  exhibited  a  proof  a 
his  knowledge  in  Mineralogy,  by  re^ 
futing  an  error  of  Tournefort,  who 
had  afcribed  to  folFils  a  regetativc 
power. 

One  incident  of  his  life  falls  here 
to  be  mentioned,  as  it  exhibits  the 
inilrudive  lelibn  of  a  young  man  in 
the  vigor  of  health,  and  with  a  high 
flow  of  animal  fpirits,  reducing  his 
paflions  into  a  fubfcrvicncy  to  hi$ 
reafon,  and  to  his  principles.  His 
focial  difpofition,  and  tlie  ex-ampU 
of  fome  of  his  companions,  had  be- 
trayed him  while  fludying  at  Tubin^ 
gen,  into  a  fingle  adl  of  intemper. 
ance.  This  folitary  deviation  into 
excels  made  fo  deep  an  imprefTior 
upon  a  mind,  equally  enamouied 
of  virtue,  and  fufccptible  of  ingenue 
ous  lliame,  that  he  formed  a  refo; 
lution  to  abflain  from  wine,  and  tc 
adopt,  for  tlie  future,  the  moll:  ri 
eid  abflemioufnefs  and  ilridnefs  01 
momh. 

In  the  year  1725,  Haller  repair 
edtoLeyden  attra(5i-cd  hither  by  th( 
deferved  celebrity  of  the  immorta 
Boerhaave.  A  wider  field  of  ob; 
fei  vation  now  opened  to  his  view; 
'^nd  furnii'hedhim  with  more  amph 
opportunities  for  difplaying  th( 
mental  acquifitions  w^hich  he  ha< 
already  made,  and  for  the  furthei 
cultivation  of  his  inteiledual powers 
his  abihties  and  diligence  loon  at^ 
traded  the  attention  of  Boerhaave 
who  honoured  him  by  a  parricula 
fhare  of  his  countenance;  and,  bj 
his  example,  and  encouragement 
foilered  his  growing  predlledion  fb] 
botany.  He  took  down  his  mafter^ 
ledures,  and  his  notes  of  the  pre 
ledions  on  the  inftitutions  of  medi 
cine  were  fo  ample  and  fo  accurate 
that  they  afterwards  furniihed  ma? 
terials  for  one  of  his  moll  ufeful 
publications.      He  continued  his 

ana- 


Jan.  1802.              Complaynt  of  Scotland.  51 

anatomical  ftudies  under  Albinus,  he  received  his  phyfician's  diploma  ; 

jufl  then  rifing  into  fame,  and  un-  and,  on  that  occafion,  publilhed  his 

der  the  venerable  Rufych,  who  had  Inaugural  differtation  D^:  Dudu  Sa^ 

carried  the  art  of  injedting  anato-  Iivali  Gosche-vi^iano.  F. 

nncal  preparations  to  fuch  unrival-  (  To  be  continued  m  our  next.) 
led  perfcdion.    In  the  year  1726, 


To  the  Editor  oft 

Sir, 

Having  perufed,  with  confider- 
able  attention,  the  new  Edition  of 
that  curious  work,  "TheComplaynt 
of  Scotland;"  I  beg  leave  to  trouble 
you  with  fome  obfervations  which 
occurred  to  me  at  the  moment. 

The  indudive  evidence  by  which 
the  Editor  attempts  to  fupport  his  o- 
pinion,  that  this  work  was  compofed 
by  Sir  David  Lindfay  of  the  Mount, 
does  not  appear  to  me  quite  fatisfac- 
tory.  Perhaps  I  have  received  an  ori- 
ginal bias  in  favour  of  the  firft  opini- 
on, whfch  attributes  that  work  to  Sir 
James  inglis;  but  that  opinion  feems 
to  be  encumbered  with  feweft  diffi- 
culties. It  is  true,  that  Pinkerton, 
in  his  Hiftory'of  Scotland,  has  men. 
tioned  James  Inglis,  who  was  de- 
nominated Sir,  from  being  a  digni- 
fied prielf,  who  was  fec'retary  to 
Queen  Margaret,  afterwards  Abbot 
of  Culrofs,  and  was  murdered  by 
the  i^aron  of  Tulliallan  in  153 1 ;  but 
this  does  not  prove  decifively,  that 
no  other  Sir  James  Inglis  exilled  at 
thiit  period. 

The  defign  and  doctrine  of  the 
Complaynt  of  Scotland  does  not 
feem  to  be  in  favour  of  the  Refor- 
mation, and  an  alteration  of  the  na- 
tional religion ;  but  is  rather  writ- 
fen  in  fupport  of  the  French  interefl: 
111  Scotland  ; — for  rejeding  the 
propofed  i|JHance  and  marriage  be- 
tween Mary  and  Edward  ; — and 
maintaining  the  war  with  England. 

Mackenzie,  V.  iii.  p.  4c.  fays, 


be  Scots  Magazine. 

that  Sir  James  Inglis,  "  upon  the 
death  of  James  V.  joined  with  the 
French  fadion,  in  oppofition  to  the 
pretended  marriage  betwixt  the  In- 
fant-Queen of  Scotland,  and  the 
Prince  of  Wales — So  that  his  re- 
ligious fentiments  were  tliofe  of  the 
author  of  the  Complaynt. 

Sir  David  Li  ds'y's  writings 
were  in  fivour  of  the  Reformation, 
as  appears  from  all  his  works.  And 
Pinkerton  aiferts  that  he  "was  more 
the  reformer  of  Scotland  than  John 
Knox ;  for  he  prepared  the  ground, 
and  John  only  fowed  the  feed." 
Lift  of  Poets,  ap.  Pinkerton's  Mait- 

land  Poems. 

After  the  publication  of  Sir 
David's  various  treatifes,  dedicated 
to  the  king,  and  others,  how  could 
he  have  called  this  trc^dcit  (the  Com- 
playnt) "  the  hrft  laubirs  of  his 
pen  and  addreifed  it,  as  fuch,  to 
the  Queen-Regent,  vnth  whom  he 
was  not  in  fivour. 

In  p.  131  of  the  Preface  to  the  Com-^ 
playni^  the  Elegy  on  the  Piper  of  Kil- 
barchan  is  afcribed  to  Hamilton, 
but  in  the  llatiftical  account  of  Kil- 
barchan.  Vol.  xvi.  p.  491,  it  is  af- 
cribed to  Semple  ;  as  alfo  in  Cravr- 
ford's  hiilory  of  Renfrewlhire,  pub- 
lifhcd  by  William  Semple  in  1782. 
p.  162.  If  you  think  thefe  obferv- 
ations of  fufficient  importance  to 
infert  them  in  your  mifcellany,  tliey 
may  be  followed  by  others. 

D,  H. 


52 


Vol.  64. 


LITERARY  EXTRACTS 

AND 

NOTICES. 


CHARACTER  OF  THE  FRENCH  ROMANCE, 

IN   THE  AGE  OF   LOUIS  XIV. 

From  La  Harpe's  Lycce. 


THEhiftory  of  the  human  heart  is 
exhibited  in  able  Romances,  but  not 
in  the  earlielt  romances  of  our  lan- 
guage. While  our  language  was  in  a 
crude  ftate,  and  reckoned  unworthy  of 
bemg  ufed  in  important  works  ;  the 
Romance  of  the  Rofe^  and  others  of  that 
Ipecies,  might  have  their  utility  ;  but 
1  muft  confeis,  I  could  never  bring 
inyfelf  to  read  them,  nor  even  to  pe- 
ruie  the  more  modern  AJlreuy  which 
had  fuch  a  prodigious  reputation  at 
the  beginning  of  the  feventeenth  cen- 
tury. Some  traits  of  exprelhve  fim- 
plicity,  Ibme  pattoral  images,  which 
might  pleafe  in  the  abfence  of  better 
models  of  compofition  ;  offer  no  com- 
penfation  for  its  tedious  infipidity, 
except  to  the  philologilf,  the  antiqua- 
ry, and  the  etymologilf ,  who  love  to 
dwell  on  the  obfcure  antiquities  of  our 
language,  to  inveftigate  our  an- 
cient dialedl,  and  who  think  their  pa- 
tience richly  rewarded,  when  they 
can  cite  a  happy  expreifion,  or  trace 
the  etymology  of  a  word.  Every  one 
ispleafed  withhisownpurfuits ;  fomuch 
fothat  fomeofthefe  antiquaries  attempt- 
ed to  revive  this  obfolete  ftile  in  mo- 
dern productions,  to  write  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  in  the  dialedt  of  the 
twelfth,  and  to  employ  in  romances 
of  the  prefent  day,  the  ftile  of  Tbc 
^air  Maguelone  and  Feter  of  Provence, 
There  are  even  fome  perfons  who  pro- 
fefs  to  difcover  vaft  genius  in  this  kind 
of  cento  ;  but  I,  who  do  not  under- 
ft and  fuch  refinement,  perceive  in  it, 
only,  an  eafy  method  of  introducing  a 
faffe  tafte  both  in  ftile  and  fentiment. 
I  have  not  read,  at  leaft,  to  a  conclu- 


fion,  either  Clelia  or  Cyrus^  which  wa 
fo  well  ridiculed  by  Boileau  ;  nor  y 
have  I  read  the  Ariane  of  Defmarets 
which  is  even  infciior  in  merit,  though 
it  has  not  been  inferior  in  reputation. 
The  tedious  romances  of  Scudery,  pro- 
cured her  great  fame  ;  at  leaft  till 
Boileau  reduced  them  to  their  real 
ftandard  of  merit.  Portraits  of  living 
chara6lers  were  then  the  rage  ;  this 
lady  has  drawn  all  the  celebrated  cha- 
racters of  her  time,  under  ancient 
names  ;  and  people  were  flattered  to 
fee  themfelves  enlhrined  in  this  gallery 
of  portraits.  M.  Rambouillct  appears 
under  the  name  of  Artenice,  an  appel- 
lation fhe  always  retained,  even  in  her 
funeral  oration  ;  and  the  folitaries  of 
Port-Royal  could  not  rcfift  the  petty 
vanity  of  feeing  themfelves  reprefented 
in  favourable  colours  in  thelc  fallaci- 
ous productions,  which  at  the  fame 
time  offended  their  tafte,  and  blamed 
their  rigorous  Janfenifm.  They  in- 
dulged themfelves  with  occafional  per- 
ufals  of  thefe  works,  which  they  re- 
garded 3S  poifon  ;  though  their  tediouf- 
nefs  was  the  only  poifon  they  contain- 
ed, and  it  is  even  probable  that  fclf-love 
would  mingle  a  little  honey  with  this 
poifon.  The  mojl  excellent  of  this 
fpecies  of  romance,  if  the  word  can  be 
applied  to  a  fpecies  of  compofition, 
which  violates  good  tafte,  is  undoubt 
edly  the  Cleopatra  ;  in  fpite  of  its  enor- 
mous  length,  its  everlafting  converfa^j 
tions,  its  defcriptions  that  one  fk" 
over,  its  complication  of  twenty  un- 
connected intrigues  which  no  memory 
can  retain,  its  dreadful  battles  which 
excite  tio  terror,  and  which  Madame 

Stvigne 


bt-i 


Jan.  1802,      Charader  of  the  French  Romance. 


Sevigne  did  not  dillike,  its  laughable 
le-appearaiices  of  characters,  and  its 
princefles  which  excite  no  companion. 
With  all  thefe  faults,  which  occur  ui 
an  equal  degree  in  the  Caflandra  and 
Pharamond,  Calprenede  has  fancy, 
his  heroes  have  an  air  of  courage,  he 
prcfcnts  charaders  fketched  with  bold- 
nefs,  and  that  of  ^rtaban  rnuft  have 
been  popular,  for  it  has  palFed  into  a 
proverb.  It  is  true,  that  this  very- 
proverb  fliows  the  ridicule  of  exagger- 
ation ;  but  the  writings  uf  this  author 
breathe  a  degree  of  heroiim,  though 
moft  frequently  blended  with  extrava- 
gance, and  a  perulal  of  them  n^y  be 
uleful  for  tragic  authors,  provided  they 
guard  againll  the  excels  into  which 
Crebillon  fell,  who  was  paflionaiely 
fond  of  thefe  romances,  and  has  trani- 
ferred  a  degree  of  their  extravagance 
into  his  own  compofitions. 

It  is  long  fince  the  heroines  of  all 
thefe  romances,  to  whom  the  molt  re- 
fpedful  declaration  of  love  was  an  af- 
front, that  could  be  pardoned  only  af- 
ter  years  of  expiation,  have  been  ob- 
jeds  of  ridicule.  But,  nothing  can 
compare  with  the  Folexander  of  Gomber- 
'villey  in  five  moi!itrous  volumes  of 
Icoo  or  1200  pages  each  ;  tke  excels 
of  folly  exhibited  in  which,  is  fo  lin- 
gular, as  to  have  induced  me  to  give 
it  a  flight  perufal.  Alcidiane  the  hero- 
ine of  this  iramenlc  work,  is  one  of 
the  moft  extraordinary  beings  ever 
conceived  by  the  imagination  of  a  wri- 
ter. She  is  adored  by  all  the  moaarchs 
in  the  world,  and  ;  from  every  corner 
of  the  earth,  ambalTadors  flock  to  alk 
her  in  marriage.  Heroes  who  cannot 
afpire  to  this  honour,  are  contented 
with  declaring  themfelves  her  knights 
at  the  diitance  of  five  or  fix  hundred 
leagues,  breaking  their  lances  in  ho- 
nour of  her,  and  paying  no  attention 
to  any  other  damfel,  after  having  once 
looked  on  the  portrait  of  Alcidiane. 
One  would  have  fuppofed,  that  this 
Ipecies  of  homage  was  very  inofFenflve, 
and  that  a  lady  mult  have  been  of  a 
peculiar  humour,  to  have  taken  um- 
brage at  it.  The  princels,  however,  is 
highly  offended:  the  thinks  it  an  Infuit, 
that  the  Cham  of  Tartary,  the  King  of 
Callmiire,  and  the  Sultans  of  India, 
Ijiould  prefume  to  admire  her,  thoui;h 
at  io  great  a  diftance.  In  Ihort,  \q 
aJmire  Alcidiane,  even  at  the  diitance 
cf  one  or  two  thoufand  leaeues,  be- 
Vol.  LXiV. 


53 

comes  a  capital  crime,  except  for  Po- 
lexander  the  hero  of  the  romance,  to 
whom  alone  llie  grants  permiiflon  to 
adore   her  j  for,  after  all,   the  lady 
muft  have  an  adorer.    In  the  quality 
oi  her  knight,  ihe  difpatches  him  to 
all  the  courts  around,  to  chaltife  the 
miolent  wretches  who  had  dared  to 
breathe  their  tender  lighs  without  her 
permiflion  ;  and  thus  Poiexander  per- 
lorms  the  tour  of  the  whole  world,  de- 
tying  to  combat  every  perfon  he  meets, 
ana  attei  wounding  one,  killing  ano- 
ther, dethroning   a  third,    taking  a 
fourth   priloner,    and    exacting  Uie 
promile  of  all,  that  they  inould  not  hava 
the  impertinence  to  deciare  themfelves 
enamouied  of  this  haughty  beauty,  ne 
returns  to  Alcidiane,  who  condefcends 
to  honour  him  with  a  lingie  giance,^ 
'  but  cannot, for  a  loi.g  periou,  accaitora 
herielf  to  the  idea  01  marrymg  a  man, 
after  having  been  the  death  of  fo  ma- 
ny.   The  poor  hero  is  as  much  at  a 
lois  as  herielf,  and  when  he  is  married 
at  lad,  nas  all  the  diiFiculty-  in  the 
world  to  periuade  himfelf,  that  a  mor- 
tal  might  be  the  hufband  of  Alcidiane, 
and  that  this  hufljand  is  his  own  pro- 
per peiion.     But,  wnen  he  aicends 
to    the    apartment  of  his  wife,  his 
head  is  perfectly  turned,  ana  he  re- 
quires two  eiquires  to  fupport  him  up 
it  airs,  his  limbs  fail  him  at  every  itep, 
and  the  rom.ance  terminates,  when  it 
is  very  uncertain  whether  he  be  dead  oc 
alive. 

We  have  been  imitators  in  every 
thing  ^  in  our  faults  as  well  as  m  our 
beauties.  It  is  to  the  ardent  and  inegu- 
lar  imaginatious  of  the  nations  of  the 
eait  and  fouth,  who  enjoyed  the  ufe 
of  letters  before  us,  that  we  owe  that 
charader  of  extravagance  which  pre- 
vails  in  our  early  romances.  We  imi- 
tated the  Spaniards,  who  copied  the 
Aiabs.-  It  is  in  the  writings  of  the  A- 
rabs  that  we  difcover  the  originals  of 
thefe  princes,  at  one  end  of  the  '.vorld, 
enamoured  of  a  picture,  the  origmal 
of  which  is  at  the  other,  snd  vWiich 
fometimes  does  not  exift  at  all.  Thus, 
in  the  Arabian  Talcs,  a  i'rince  learches 
the  whole  world  for  the  objed  of  a  pai- 
lion,  infpired  by  a  picture,  which  after 
a  great  many  years,  he  diicovers  to  bs 
the  portrait  of  the  Miflrcis  of  Solomon, 
The  extravagant  gallantly  -of  the  Cai- 
tilians  and  Arabs,  thefe  fublime  .pal- 
lions,  thefe  invincible  Paladins,  who 
G  dii. 


Cbara5lers  of  the  French  Romance. 


Vol.  64. 


Uifpolc  of  the  fate  of  kings  and  empires, 
all  tlieie  ideas,  devoid  of  nature  and  pro- 
bability, prevailed  with  abfolate  fway, 
iii  our  literature,  while  the  Spanilli 
court  gave  the  ton  to  Europe,  and  we 
adopted   its  fafliions,   its  entertain- 
ments, and  its  tourneys  ;  for  it  is  thus 
-that  the  hiltory  of  taite  is  connedted 
with  that  of  manners.     Thefe  extra- 
vagancies, however,  like  all  other  er- 
rors, were  originally  founded  on  fomc 
degree  of  truth.    'I'he  paiTiou  of  love, 
among  the  Aliatic  and  JSoulhern  na- 
tions, was  accompanied  with  a  degree 
,of  enthufiafm,  which  the  chivalry  of  the 
weft  imitated,  but  did  not  equal  j  and 
which  the  ambitious  imagination  of  our 
authors  of  romance,  braved  the  charge 
of  extravagance  in  order  to  furpafs.  As 
to  heroes,  the  fplendid  actions  of  Du- 
Guefclin  in  Spain,  and  of  Warwick  in 
3-'.ngland,  who  elevated  and  overturn- 
ed the  thrones  of  kings,  at  a  period, 
when  princes,  devoid  of  ftanding  ar- 
lYiies,  and  trains  of  artillery,  depended 
more  on  perfonal  chara(5ler  and  the  fate 
of  war,  gave  an  appearance  of  truth 
to  the  fuppolition  of  thcfe  adventurers, 
whom  our  romances  rrprefent  as  rail- 
ing and  dethroning  kings,  but  under 
circuraftances  divelted  of  all  probabi- 
lity.  The  temper  of  the  court  of  Lewi» 
XIV,  during  the  youth  of  that  prince, 
who  was  a  little  romantic  in  his  difpo- 
iition,  favoured  at  firfl  this  talte  for  ex- 
travagant fidllon:  while  the  part  which 
"lhad  frequently  been  performed  by  wo- 
inen,  during  the  civil  wars,  and  the 
all  powerful   influence  they  had  ob- 
tained, accuftomed  the  writers  of  ro- 
ipance  to  eitimate  lb  highly,  the  em- 
pire of  a  lex  that  always  commands, 
where  it  is  not  enuaved.    They  ex- 
ceeded the  bounds  of  propriety,  indeed, 
£5  is  always  the  cafe  in  the  infancy  of 
writing;   but  ridicule  foon  expelled 
thefe  heroic  fopperies  with  which  we 
were  inundated.  \7e  had  long  imitated 
the  SpaniOi  writers  :  tl  ey  had  become 
our  mafters,  as  ihe  Italians  were  before 
them,  when  we  borrowed  from  their 
lomances,  theiubjedts  of  our  ftories; 
I'Vid  our  love  poems,  with  the  cxcep- 
Ti',;n  of  fome  fragments,  breathed  the 
affedation  of  PetWch  without  his  har- 
mony and  elegance.    At  latt,  Boileau 
and  Racine  taught  us  to  imiitate  only 
nature'  and  the  ancients ;  and  proved, 
that  love  was  better  dejgided  in  twen- 


ty verfes  of  the  ^neid  of  Virgil,  than 
in  all  the  romances  of  modern  Europe, 
The  firft  of  thcfe  romances  whichi 
relates  probable  events  in  an  elegant 
and  interefting  manner,  is  Zaide  ;  and 
it  is  the  compolition  of  a  lady.  It 
was  natural  that  the  native  difcrimi- 
nating  tafte,  which  is  charadleriitic  of 
women,  whofe  minds  have  been  cul- 
tivated, (hould  exhibit  the  firR  model 
of  propriety.    Nothing  can  be  more 
original  or  interefting,  than  the  fitua- 
tion  of  Gonfalvo  and  Zaide,  enamour- 
ed of  each  other  in  a  defart,  ignorant 
of  the  language  of  each  other,  and 
each  afraid  lead  the  heart  of  the  other 
Ihould  be  occupied  by  a  prior  palfion. 
The  incidents  which  this  (ituation  fug- 
gefts,  prefent  a  vivid  and  natural  pic- 
ture  of    the    workings    of  paflion. 
Though  the  reft:  of  the  work  is  not 
quite  io  interefting  as  this  commence- 
ment, though  the  character  of  Alphon- 
fo,  ready  to  quarrel  with  his  miftrefs, 
and  jealous  of  a  lover   deceafed,  is 
perhaps  a  little  extravagant ;  yet,  the 
fpirit  of  the  romance  is  prelerved,  and 
it  is  always  perufed  with  pleafure. 
The  Frincefs  of  Clcves^  another  produc- 
tion of  Madame  de  la  Fayette  is  ftill 
more  plealing  and  affedling.  Never 
was  the  conteft  between  love  and  du- 
ty depidted  with  greater  delicacy  of 
colouring.    It  was  referved  for  ano- 
ther lady,  a  century  after  her,  to  de- 
fcribe  with  equal  felicity,  the  conteft 
between  love  and  virtue.  Madame 
de  Tencin's  Count  of  Comminge^^  may 
be  regarded  as  the  fequel  of  the  Vrin-^ 
eefs  oj  Clcies.  From  Madame  de  la  Fay- 
ette, to  proceed  to  Scarron,  from  Zaide 
to  the  Comic  Rsmance^   is  to  refign  the 
elegance   of  a  fele-£t  party,  for  the 
coarfe  hum^ours  of  a  tavern.    But,  hu- 
mour though  coarfe,  always  finds  vo- 
taries; and,  iathis  work,  there  is  fome 
of  an  excellent  quality.    The  charac- 
ter of  Pvancune  is  farcaltic,  natural,  and 
well  delineated;  and  many  chapters,, 
particularly  that  of  the  Boats^  difplay 
much  pleafantry*     The  ftile,  though 
fingular,is  natural, and  much  purer  than 
tL»it  of  the  other  writings  of  this  au-' 
thor.    His  novels,  whether  tranflatcd 
from   the  Spanifh,  or   imitations  "of 
their  peculiar  manner,  contain  only 
inhpid   and   wearifome   intrigues,   a  Jj 
thoufand  times    inferior  to  Ragotin»B 
Ragotin  is  farcical,  but  he  excites^l 

laughs  I 


Jan.  1802. 


On  Tales. 


laughter.  His  Virgil  Travejlie  is  a  fpe- 
cies  of  buffoonery,  which  becomes  in- 
fiipportable,  after  the  peraial  of  a  few 
pages,  lodelct  and  D.  Japhety  are  two 
difgufting  pieces,  unworthy  of  the 
French  Itsge.  The  C^mic  Romance^  to 
fpeak:  with  propriety,  is  all  that  re- 
mains of  Scarron  ;  and  thefe  roman- 
ces, which  I  have  mentioned,  are  all 
tjg^4t  icnr^am  of  the  former  century,  for 


Gil  Bias  belongs  to  our  own,  and  Ma- 
dame de  la  Force,  author  of  the  Secret 
Hi/lory  of  Burgundy,  and  Madame  d* 
Aulnoy,  author  of  Hippolitus  Count  of 
pouglasy  a  romanciy  which,  however, 
displays  feme  fancy,  are  only  imitators 
of  Madame  de  la  Fayette,  and  very  in- 
ferior to  their  model  in  the  powers  of 
fancy,  and  in  the  graces  of  ftile* 


ON  TALES. 
From  the  Lycee  of  LaHarpc, 


THE  wonders  of  Fairy,  the  Perfian 
Perisy  the  Arabian  Gins,  the  power  of 
genii  and  talifmaus,  all  thefe  fictions 
of  oriental  theology,,  founded  upon 
the  belief  of  intermediate  berngs  be^ 
tween  God  and  Man,  which,  with  fome 
modihcations,  has  been  common  to  all 
nations ;  form  the  ground^  work  of 
thefe  oriental  tales,  the  tranllations, 
bf  which  were  the  confeqaence  of  the 
encouragement  given  to  the  ftudy  of 
the  oriental  languages  by  Lewis  XIV, 
who  encouraged  every  fpeciesof  itudy . 
This  fpecies  of  compofition  may  be 
claflfed  with  romances ;  for  though 
it  exhibits  the  abufe  of  fancy,  yet 
the  ingenuity  it  difplays,  makes  us 
pardon  its  extravagance  and  abiurdi- 
ty.  The  Laft  is  the  native  r;,gion  of 
fable,  and  the  fource  of  thofe  fi6titious 
ftones,  which  have  fpr^ad  over  the 
world.  SoRened.  by  the  climate,  and 
intimidated  by  defpotifm,  the  eaftern 
nations  have  never  been  able  to  elevate 
their  charadfer  to  true  philofophy,  and 
have  only  fivimmed  the  furface  of  the 
fciences.  But,  they  have  exiiibited 
morality  in  the  form  of  apologues, 
»nd  have  invented  ingenious  lables, 
which  other  nations  have  eagerly  a- 
dopted.  What  amazing  fertility  of  ge- 
nius, what  variety  of  incident,  and 
what  powerful  methods  of  interetting 
the  mind,  do  they  not  difplay  in  this 
iUle  of  compofition  1  It  is  only  the 
Arabian  mythology  which  d;fulaysthe 
genius,  fancy,  and  tafte  of  that  of  the 
^  Greeks,  while  it  launches  into  a  ftiil 
wider  field  of  extravagance.  The 


Grecian  fables  fecm  made  for  men, 
and  confine  themielves  to  fome  traces 
of  probability  :  the  fables  of  the  Arabs 
defpife  the  reftriction  of  rules,  and 
feem  to  be  compoled  for  children. 
But,  are  not  we  all  children  with  re- 
fpecl  to  tales?  Is  there  any  relation, 
more  delightful  than  that  of  Abaicafero, 
or  more  affedting  than  that  of  Ganem. 
But,  amufement  alone  is  not  the  only 
merit  of  thefe  tales  ;  they  convey  an 
accurate  idea  of  the  character  and 
manners  of  eauern  nations,  and  efpe- 
cially  of  the  Arabs  by  whom  they  were 
compofed.  They  exhibit  remarkable 
traits  of  that  generofity,  which  was 
always  the  favourite  virtue  of  the  A- 
rabs,  and  on  ^hich  the  poets  have  dif- 
played  all  their  genius,  and  their  fa- 
buiifts  their  extravagance.  The  fined 
inliances  of  this  virtue  are  borrowed 
from,  the  Arabs,  and  it  is  remarkable, 
that  this  is  the  only  nation  of  which 
defpotifm  has  neither  debaied  the 
mind,  nor  enfeebled  the  genius.  Ne- 
ver was  defpot  more  abfolute  or  m^ore 
terrible  than  this  Haroun,  whole  name 
is  celebrated  in  all  their  tales,  and 
whole  reign, was  the  moft  brilliant  cera 
of  .Arabian  glory.  It  is  impoiTiblc  not 
to  be  .^fh^nitiied  at  thefe  lingular  man- 
ners and  opinions,  which  produce  the 
liabit  of  llaveiy  in  an  ingenious  and 
magnanimous  nation,  and  the  difpofi- 
tion  in  the  prince  to  abufe  the  pow*er 
with  which  he  is  cntmlted  ;  that  in- 
clination in  the  molt  enlightened  to 
dilicgard  entirely  the  lives  of  men, 
and  thai  faciliry,  in  the  iubj^d,  of  valu- 


56 


On  Tales. 


Vol.  64. 


ing  his  life  only  as  it  is  eftimated,  and 
converting  political  fervitude  into  a 
duty  of  religion.  Thefe  are  the  fenti- 
ments  with  which  their  books  are  fill- 
ed, and  it  is  polhble  that'this  contempt 
of  tiiemfelves,  which  is  fo  apparent, 
may  have  originated  in  the  do<i:l:rine  of 
fatality,  fo  deeply  rootrd  among  eaft- 
ern  nations.  Tins  dortrine  recurs  con- 
tinually in  all  their  fables,  the  general 
condudl  of  which,  exhibits  a  rapid 
tranfition  fiom  the  extremity  of  mil- 
fortune,  to  the  fummit  of  profpcrity  ; 
from  the  lowelt  dcjcttion  to  the  highefl 
elevation;  from  the  intoxication  of  joy 
to  the  depth  of  misfortune.  The  au- 
thors fcem  to  have  hnd  no  other  objett, 
but  to  (liow  us  how  far  we  are  fubjeft 
to  that  unchangeable  delliny,  written 
upon  the  T'thict  of  light.  Defpotic 
ftates,  like  all  the  oriental  governments 
exhibit  the  moll  changeable  theatre  of 
the  caprices  of  fortune,  and  alterna- 
tions of  the  moft  extreme  kind  have 
always  been  more  common  in  thefe 
countiies  than  among  us,  for  the  will 
of  a  fingle  man,  may,  in  a  hngle  mo- 
ment, confound  and  overturn  every 
arrangement  of  fociety,  and  this  man 
himlelf  may  in  a  moment  be  precipitat- 
ed from  the  height  of  grandeur  to  de- 
flru6tion,  with  the  fame  facility  as  the 
vidlims  of  his  own  power. 

The  Arabian  tales  are  a  kind  of  dra- 
matic painting  of  that  nation,  which  at- 
.  tained  the  fuperiority  of  the  ealt.  The 
audacity  and  the  artifices  of  their  fe- 
males, always  the  more  carelefs  of  dan- 
ger, the  more  clofely  they  are  confined 
and  hardily  treated  ;  the  hypocriiy  of 
their  dervifes,  the  conuption  of  their 
judges,  and  the  deceitful  tricks  of  the 
flaves,  are  all  reprelented  in  the  moft 
faithful  manner,  and  much  m.ore  accu- 
rately than  they  are  pourtrayed  by  any 
traveller.  Ancient  traditions  are  like- 
wife  related  in  their  peculiar  manner. 
The  hiftory  of  /'hcedra,  and  that  of 
Circe,  may  be  eafiiv  recognized.  Ma- 
ny incidents  feem  likewiitr  to  be  bor- 
rowed from  the  hiiiorical  moniim-ents 
of  the  Jews,  The  M  if  cry  of  Jofeph, 
perhaps  the  mcft  afie6ling  that  antiqui- 
ty has  tranfmitied  to  our  timec,  which 
exhibits  fo  vivid  a  picture  of  the  envy, 
which  excites  brother  againit  brother, 
is  likewiie  related  in  the  Arabian  tales, 
but  in  a  manner  very  inferior  to  that 
of  the  ancient  Hebrew  author.  The 


ground  work  plan,  or  connecting  prin- 
ciple, of  thefe  tales  deferves  no  appro- 
bation. It  is  well'  known,  that  the 
adventure  of  loconde  is  the  foundation 
of  The  thoiifaiid  and  one  nights  ;  and  that 
the  Sultan  Shah-Riar  provoked  at  the 
infidelity  of  his  queen,  determines  eve- 
ry morning,  to  Arangle  the  fpoufe  of 
the  preceding  evening,  in  order  to  a- 
void  the  dangers  of  the  following  day. 
If  this  method  was  certain,  it  was  ex- 
tremely Violent.  At  laft  the  daughter 
of  his  Vizir  terminates  thefe  fatal  nup- 
tials, and  pteferves  her  own  life,  by 
amusing  the  Sultan  with  her  Ifories  ; 
io  that  the  prince  feems  to  have  been 
fonder  of  tkles  than  of  fine  v/omen, 
and  fully  as  unreafonable  in  his  clemen- 
cy as  in  his  cruelty.  It  muft,  however, 
be  admitted,  that  the  tales  of  the  firlh 
volume  are  arranged  in  fuch  a  manner, 
as  to  excite  curioh|:y  fo  powerfully, 
that  after  hearing  the  beginning,  it  is 
difficult  to  relitt  the  defire  of  knowing 
the  reli,  efpecially  when  one  can  fay 
with  the  Sultan,  "  I  can  at  any  rate 
put  her  to  death  to-morrov/.'* 

The  Perfian  Tales,  which  are  de- 
nominated *'  The  Thdvjmid  and  one 
Bays,'^  are  arranged  on  a  better  plan. 
The  defign  of  them  is  to  perluade  a 
young  princefs,  prejudiced  againft 
men,  that  they  may  often  be  faithful 
in  love  ;  and  accordingly  the  greater 
part  of  thefe  tales,  are  examples  of  fi- 
delity. Many  of  them  are  extremely  ! 
interefting,  but  in  general  they  do  not 
exhibit  that  richnefs  of  fancy  and  vari- 
ety, confpicuous  in  *^  TJje  Thoiifand 
and  one  Nights,'*  From  the  number  of 
traditions  drawn  fropi  the  Mahometan 
theology,  and  the  fanatical  hatred  ^♦hich^ 
they  breathe  againft  the  religion  of  the 
Magi,  deitroyed  by  the  fuccefTors  o^ 
Mahomet ;  it  is  eafy  to  perceive,  that; 
they  are  the  compofitions  of  a  perfoa 
of  t^e  facerdotal  order. 

To  Galiand,  and  Petit  de  la  Croix, 
we  ovv-e  the  obligation,  and  it  is  a  rea,! 
one,  of  making  us  acquainted  with  the 
Arabian  and  Perfi^n  tales.    The  firfl 
wrote  with   negligence,   the  fecond 
with  more  corredtnefs,  but  both  Vv^ith 
fimplicity.     There  are  few  perfons 
who  have  not  heard  what  happened  tof  I 
the  firit,  foon  after  the  publication  of 
his  firft  volume  of  Arabian  Tales,  iti -i 
v/hich  he  repeats  fo  frequently,  **  mjjl 
dear  li^er,  if  you  do  not  lleep,  tell 


Jan.  1802. 


On  Tales. 


57 


one  of  your  tales."  Some  young  men 
who  had  been  dilguiied  at  this  re  pel  i 
tion,  and  tiicy  were  not  the  oniy  per- 
fons  who  diiliked  it,  determined  one 
winter  night  to  go  and  waken  the  poor 
Galland,  halloomg  loudly  under  his 
window,  M.  Galland  1  M.  Galland  I 
-He  opened  the  window,  and  alked 
what  they  wanted.  M.  Galland,  are 
not  you  the  tm?i/l:Uor  of  thefe  beautiful 
Arabian  Tales  ?  I  am  the  'very  per/on'' 
Ah  1  well !  M.  Galland,  if  you  do  not 
lleep,  tell  us  one  ofyour  tales." 

From  the  Arabian  itories  it  were 
needleCs  to  pals  to  the  conlideration  of 
thofe  which  are  properly  denominated 
Fairy  Tales,  were  it  not  to  remark  the 
folly  of  putting  them  into  th«  hands  of 
children,  under  the  pretext  of  uniting 
•  amuiement    with   moral  inftru6lion. 
This  intiru6tion,  which  may  be  much 
better  conveyed  in  a  different  manner, 
does  not  compeniate  the  inapropriety 
of  imprefiing  their  weak  underftandings 
with  the  fabulous    ftories  of  ogres, 
were  wolfs,   ibtcerers,    and,  in  Ihort, 
whatever  increases  fear  and  credulity  ; 
two  dangerous  weaknefies,  which  of- 
ten, from  the  force  of  firit  impreffionSy 
pais  from  the  imagination  to  the  cha- 
racter, efpecially  in  weak  munds,  or 
when  local  circumft'ances  prevent  the 
acquilltion    of    correal  information. 
It  is  always  bad  to  deceive  infancy  ; 
on  the  contrary,  that  is  the  veiy  age, 
when  th::.mo{L   aiTiduous  attention 
ought  to  be  paid  to  the  formation  of 
firlt  ideas  ;   from   the   facility  with 
which  they  ft  amp  a  lafting  iinpreffion. 
One  can  hardly  imagine  how  frequently 
erioneous   ideris  imprelT  d  in  tender 
'  infancy,  have  had  the  inoii  pernicious 
effc(!:ls.    Reafon,  v/hich  is  late  in  ac- 
quiring energy,  never  ladicaliy  de- 
it  roys  the  illulions  of  the  nurfe  and  the 
governefs.    It  is  ftrange  that  the  mind 
of  a  child  Ihould  ever  have  been  deem- 
ed a  fitter  receptacle  for  error  than  for 
truth  :  It  is  as  open  to  the  one  as  to 
the  other,  and  truth  only  ihould  be  pre- 
fented  to  it.    it  is  a  good  m'-.xira,  that 
whatever  can  form  the  judgment,  or 
confirm  the  courage,  cannot  be  too  ibon 
introduced  into  the  tender  minds  of 
iiiianis ;   to  deceive  and  to  frighten 
them  is  always  peinicious.    The  ima- 
gination,  which    Montague  with  lb 
ri^uch  propriety  denominates  the  fool  of 
the  fomiiy^  has  too  many  opportunities 


of  becoming  the  mafter ;  and  indead 
of  opening  the  gates  of  the  manfion  for 
his  reception,  it  is  impolTible  too  fooQ 
to  itation  reaion  as  centinel  for  his  total 
exclufion.  Many  collections,  lately 
publdhed,  fliew  how  fruitful  the  age 
has  been  in  thefe  triiies,  and  that  per- 
fons  of  wit  and  gcniu^  have  not  dif- 
dained  to  pra6tife  this  fpecies  of  com- 
pphtion^  Tafte  and  fancy  may  be  dif- 
played  in  themolt  puerile  triiies.  Ma- 
dame d*Aalnoy  feems  tohave  fucceeded 
belt  in  rhls  clals,  and  has  given  them  all 
theinterelt  of  whichthey  are  fufceptible, 
and  which  depends,  as  in  every  ipecles 
of  fiction,  on  a  degree  of  probability 
and  confiftency  preferved  in  the  mar- 
vellous, and  in  a  fimpHcity  of  (tile 
which  correfponds  to  the  trivial  nature 
of  the  fubject. 

From  the  group  of  thefe  writers, 
however,  we  except  Hamilton,  an  o- 
riginal  genius,  who,  when  urged  bv 
the  ladies  of  court  to  compofe  t^les  in 
the  ftile  of  The  thoufand  and  o?ie  ?iights^ 
which  were  then  in  vogue,  wrote  ito- 
ries for  the  purpole  of  ridiculing  them, 
as  Cervantes compofed  abookof  chival- 
ry. He  affeCted  to  mcreafe  the  extrava- 
gance of  the  Arabian  fictions,  and  to 
purine  it  into  abfurdity  ;  but  this 
abfurdity  is  fo  diverting,  fatyrical,  and 
fo  much  feafoned  with  pleafantry,  and 
with  the  molt  happy  and  unexpected  tal- 
lies of  wit,  that  we  always  perceive  the 
man  of  tjenius  fuperior  to  the  trifles  with 
which  he  amufes  himl'clf.  In  his  ^leur 
d'Epine  he  proceeds  Itill  farther  ;  dif- 
playing  the  molt  charming  traits  of  na- 
ture, and  the  molt  intereding  charac- 
ters and  fituaiibns.  .The  object  of  this 
compofition  is  moral,  and  the  execution 
is  enchanting.  His  objeCt  is  to  lliew, 
that  with  genius,  courage,  and  atlec- 
tion,  a  man  polVeiTed  of  neither  ibrcune 
nor  the  graces  of  form,  may  overcome 
the  greatelt  obflacles  j  and  that  in  the 
female  lex,  the  beautiful  yields  to  the 
graceful.  Hamilton  might,  with  juf- 
tice,  boalt  of  grace  ;  his  llile  is  impreg- 
nated with  it.  It  is  fufiicient  to  men- 
tion the  exquihte  picture  of  Tarare 
conveying  away,  on  the  fteed  Sonnante, 
the  young  Fieur  d'Epine,  whom  he  has 
carried  off  fiom  the  fairy  Dentue,  and 
who  is  only  acquainted  with  him  as 
her  deliverer,  but  who,  from  this  verv 
circumtrance,  already  begms  to  feel 
an  inclination  for  him.    We  find  not 

here 


58 


On  Tales. 


yol.  64. 


here  the  common-place  converfation  of 
romance  a  thouiand  times  repeated  in 
fimilar  fituations.  Hamilton,  in  a  quite 
different  manner,  inf(  rms  us  0'.  what 
paOTed  in  the  brealt  of  Fleur  d'Epine, 
On  the  journey  Tarare  informs  her 
how  he  had  been  leledled  to  paint  the 
lair  Luifante,  whole  "  eyes  killed  every 
perfon  Ihe  looked  on."    You  have  leen 
her  frequently,  then?  faid  Fleiir  d'Epine, 
Yes,  laid  he,  as  often  as  I  chole,  and 
without  any  danger,  as  I  am  going  to 
tell  you.    Did  you  lind  herfo  wonder- 
fully beautiful  as  they  faid?  A  thouiand 
times  fairer,  laid  he. — It  is  needlefs 
alking  you,  added  ilie,  if  you  did  not 
immediately  become  pailionately  ena-* 
moured  of  her  ;  but  tell  me  truly. — 
Tarare   concealed  nothing  that  had 
paired  between  the  princels  and  him, 
not  even  the  promife  Ihe  Tiad  given 
him  of  marriage,  if  he  fucceeded  in  his 
enterprize.    Vleur  d'Epine  had  no  foon- 
er  heard  this,  than  removing  his  hands 
which  encircled  her,  ihe  placed  herfeif 
upright,  inftead  of  leaning  upon  him, 
as  flie  had  done  before.  Tarare  thought 
he  underltood  the  meaning  of  this,  and 
continued  his   difcourle  without  ap- 
pearing to  notice  it — I  do  not  know, 
laid  he,  what  lucky  iniiuence  had'dii- 
poled  the  firlt  inclination  of  the  prin- 
cefs  in  my  favour,  but  I  ibon  perceived 
that  I  did  not  merit  it  trom  the  charms 
of  my  perfon,  and  deferved  it  lUll  lefs 
fiom  the  fentimenrs  of  my  heart  ;  for 
it  was  only  too  focn  that  I  perceived 
that  the  alfcdfion  which  I  thought  I 
had  for  her,  at  the  molt,  amounted  on- 
ly to  admiration.    Every  moment  that 
leparatedme  fiomherjinienfibly  effaced 
her  idea  from  my  memory,  and  from 
the  firft  miOment  that  i  faw  you  I  have 
quite  cealed  to  remember  her.  He 
was  lilent,  and  the  fair  Fleur  d'Epine^ 
inftead  of  fpeaking,  gently  inclined  to- 
wards him  as  before,  and  reficd  her 
hands  upon  his,  which  he  agam  drew 
round  her  to  fupport  her, 

Am.ong  the  pidures  which  love  has 
prefcnted,  and  will  always  continue  to 
prefent,  I  do  not  think  that  there  is  one 
more  natural,  more  pleafmg,  or  more 
graceful  than  this.  It  inlpires  the  idea 
of  one  of  theie  delicious  mioments  of 
pure  affedlion,  which  are  the  more 
charming  and  valuable, becaufe  the  pro- 
mifes  of  love  are  fuperior  to  the  plea- 
fares  which  it  bedows. 


Who  has  not  read  over  and  over 

agam  the  Memoin  ifGiammonty  the  molt 
agreeable  and  iiigv'.ni^us  of  all  frivolous 
compofitions  ;  the  produdion  of  a  live- 
ly and  fine  genius,  accuftomed,  in  the 
corruption  of  courts,  to  recognize  no 
other  vice  but  the  ridiculous;  to  conceal 
immmorality  under  the  varnifh  of  ele- 
gance, and  to  extrad  gaiety  and  plea- 
fure  from  every  ti:iug.     It  exhibiti 
fomelhing  of  the  manner  of  Voiture, 
but  infinitely  more  refined.  It  is  a  perfect 
model  of  the  art  of  relating  trivial  in- 
cidents fo  as  to  give  them  an  adventi- 
tious  intereft.   The  hiftory  of  the  drefs 
ftolen  by  Termes,  is  an  unique  fpeci- 
men  in  this  ftile.    That  fpecies  of  wit 
termed  perfjlage,  which  Voiture  had 
ibmeiimes  difplayed  before  it  received 
this  appellation,  and  which  confiits  in 
relating  icrious  matters  in  a  humorous 
way,  and  frivolous  matters  in  a  ferious 
way,  was  firlt  exhibited  to  a  confidcr- 
able  extent  in  this  book.    When  C. 
Grammont,  fpeaking  of  his  valet  Tei-- 
mes,  lays,  "  I  would  undoubtedly  have 
put  him  to  death,  iflhad  rvot  been  afraid 
of  detaining  Mifs  Hamilton,"  the  fe- 
rious  air  with  which  he  fays  a  filly 
thing  makes  it  appear  lively.  But 
this  kind  of  wit  requires  to  be  exquifite, 
and  to  bekept  within  due  bounds  ;  it  has 
nothing  in  common  v/ith  that  vamped, 
new-coined,  unmeaning,  and  ludicrous 
language,  which  is  now  dignified  with 
the  name  ;  which  is  equally  devoid  of 
tafte  and  fcnfe,  and  a  fpecies  of  foppery 
the  more  remote  from  elegance,  the 
greater  are  its  pieteiifions  to  it. 

Another,  and  an  uncommon  merit, 
which  Hamilton  may  claim,  is  that  of 
narrating  a  ftory  pleafantly  in  verfe,  in 
thi  ofe  pa  rtsofhistales  which  are  vtrfihed, 
Voltaire  cites  the  commiencement  of  his 
Belier^  as  a  charming  morfel  of  its  kind. 

That  of  the  four  Facardins  is  no  lefs 
pieafing,  bat  more  negligent.  His 
charming  letter  of  mingled  profe  and 
verfe,  which  begins 

'  Honneur  des  rives  eloignees,  5cc.' 
is  known  to  every  perfon  of  taite  :  but 
this  enumeration  has  exhaufted  his  me- 
rit ;  for,  in  his  other  poetical  pieces,  he 
he  is  not  fuperior  to  Voiture.  Th^* 
charadlei  of  Chapelle  is  iimilar  in  this 
refpedrt.  The  Journey^  compofed  in 
common  with  Bachamount,  fo  th^t, 
what  is  due  to  each  is  unknown,  is  a 
malterpiece  of  its  kind.    It  is  one  of 

thelc 


Jan.  1802. 


ne  Last  Song  of  Ossian. 


59 


hefe  fragments  which  fliews  that  the 
laft  age  ha^  even,  ift  their  fmaller  com- 
pofitions,  a  peculiar  originality  and 
richnefs  of  fancy,  for  though  we  have 
various  journeys  compofed  too  by  au- 
thors of  merit,  as  Defmahys,  Lefranc, 
and  M.  De  Parny,  who  have  attempt- 
ed to  rival  that  of  Chapelle,  none  of 
them  can  be  compared  with  it.  But  it  is 
his  only  good  compofition  ;  his  poems 


are  even  inferior  to  thofc  of  Chevalier 
D'Aceilly,  with  which  they  are  joined, 
though  thefe  are  exceedingly  feeble. 
In  the  impromptu^  however,  that  amuf- 
ing  trifle,  which,  for  the  moft  part, 
can  only  deferve  to  be  committed  to 
tradition,  Chapelle  leems  to  have  ac- 
quitted himfelf  with  fpirit  and  vivaci* 


THE  LAST  SONG  OF  OSSIAN. 

BY  ChENIER. 
from  the  Mctnoirs  of  the  National  Intsitute. 


THE  extcnfive  and  deferve d  repu- 
tation which  the  poems  of  Oflian  have 
acquired  on  the  continent,  has  attract- 
ed the  attention  of  ail  literary  men  to 
the  inveftigation  of  the  manners,  cuf- 
toms,  and  literature  of  that  Celtic  race, 
who  have  ftill  preferved  their  ancient 
language  and  charader  among  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland.  The  Editors 
of  the  Scots  Magazine,  therefore,  ap- 
prehend that  they  can  hardly  gratify 
their  countrymen,  in  a  higher  degree, 
than  by  prefenting  to  them,  the  follow- 
ing elegant  Frei\ch  verfion  of  The 
Dirge  of  Offian ;  which  was  read 
before  a  meeting  of  the  National  Ii> 
ftitute,  by  the  author,  Marie  Jofeph 
Chenier,  member  of  the  National  In- 
ftitutc,  of  the  clafs  of  literature  and 
the  fine  arts.  The  Editors  of  the  Scots 
Magazine  wifh  to  call  the  attention  of 
fheir  countrymen  to  the  tranllations  of 
Scotilh  works  into  the  dilTerent  lan- 
guages of  Europe.  The  poems  of  Of- 
fian  have  been  elegantly  tranflated  into 
Italian  and  German  as  well  as  French, 
and  we  hope,  on  fome  future  occafioa 
to  be  able  to  give  our  countrymen  a 
comparative  view  of  the  merit  of  thefe 
tranllations.  The  fubjed,  indeed,  is 
worthy  the  attention  of  the  elegant 
and  learned  author  of  the  EJfay  on 
Tranildtion.  Many  of  the  popular 
fongs  of  the  Scotilh  Lowlands  have 
likr.wife  been  tranflated  into  German, 
^vIth  equal  elegance  and  fpirit,  by 
Htider.  We  know  not. if  they  have 
is  yet  attradled  the  attention  of  the 
French  literati.    Perhaps  this  negleci 


may  have  proceeded  from  the  obfcurity* 
of  the  diale6t  in  which  they  are  compoi- 
cd,  but  certain  we  are,  that  they  will  al- 
ways find  admirtrs  in  the  lovers  of  fim- 
plicity,  of  every  age  and  country. 
The  popular  fongs  of  Scotland  exhibit 
a  confiderable  rei'emblance  to  fome  of 
the  mofl  ancient  compofitions  of  the 
French  Trouveurs.  The  fame  inte- 
reuing  fimplicity  and  ane6ling  pathos 
in  their  tender  compofitions  ;  the  fime 
raillery  and  unrefined  wit  in  their 
humourous  pieces,  charaderize  the 
fongs  of  the  Scotifli  minftrels,  and  of 
the  authors  of  the  Fabliaux.  The  fame 
fpecies  of  poetry  is  found  among  the 
Highlanders,  but  they  feem  to  have 
been  fonder  of  the  ferious  and  fablime 
compofitions  of  their  bards. 


LE  DERNIER 

H  Y  M  N  E    D'  O  S  S  I  A  N. 

RouLE  tes  flmsd\TZur  en  ces  rians  bocages, 
Torrent  ;  vicns  de  Lutha  vifiter  les  vallons; 

Penchez-V'/us,  6  fot  ets  des  mon:s; 
Du  fejour  de  Tofcar  ombragez  les  riva^e?, 
Qnand  le  midi  brulant  y  dardc  fes  rayons. 

En  inclinant  fan  front, la  fleur  a  peine  eclofc^ 
Dit :     Soujtfle  du  printemps,  permets  que  )z 
repofe  ; 

**  Ce  matin  belle  encor,  le  foir  va  me  Setrir. 
"  Ma  t^te,  qui  dcja  se  penche  lan^uiflante, 
"  A  befoin  de  fe  rafraichir 
"  Dans  la  rofee  humide  et  carefl"jDte 
"  Dont  la  r.uit  vicnt  de  me  couvrir. 
"  Le  chalTdur.  q-:i  ma  vuc  ca  ma  i)eauic 
"  iiaiflantc. 


6o 


The  Last  Song  of  OsSian.  Vol.  64. 


"  Le  chaffeur  revlcndra  demain : 
"  Sc!s  yeux  me  chercheront  au  iein  dc  la 
prairie, 

**  Par  mon  eclat  fragile  un  moment  embcllie; 

"  Sesyeux  ni'y  chercheront  en  vain.'* 
AiNSi  les  voyageurs,  quand  Taiirore  vcr- 
meille 

B'une  Incur  timide  aura  feme  Ics  cieux, 
Vres  du  toit  d'Ollian  viendront  preter  To- 
rcille 

A  fes  accens  harmonicux  : 
Ofllan  dormira  ;  leur  oreiile  attentive 
Nc  retrouvcra  plus  ni  fa  harpe  plaintive, 
Ni  fa  voix  des  heros  celebrant  Ics  malhears. 

Ciu^cft  dcven*u  ceiui  qui  chantoit  la  vie- 

"  toire, 

<*  Le  fils  du  grand  Fingal,  Thcritier  de  fa 
•*  gl(»irt*  ?" 

Diroat-ils  en  verfant  des  pleurs. 

ViEKS  doiic  6  Malvina;  que  ma  tombe 
ilolee 

Sous  tC6  mains  a  I.utha  s'eieve  qutlque  jour; 
Viens  conuuire  Taveugle  en  la  douce  valiee 
Ou  ton  pcre  Tofcar  a  fixe  fon  fejour. 
Malvina,  Ics  accens  de  tn  voix  noble  e- 
lendre 

A  tiion  oreiile  encor  ne  font  point  parvenus; 
Tes  pa»  harmonicux  nc  fe  font  plus  enten- 
dre- 

Duiis  Selma  deformais  ferout-iU  inconnus  ? 

LE   FILS  D'ALPIN. 

OssiAN,  j'ai  vu  les  collines, 
De  Toicar  j'ai  vu  le  palaib ; 
La  ebaffe  avoit  ctfie  dans  les  forers  voifines, 
Les  teux  n'echauffuient  plus  la  faile  des 
banquets : 

Un  liience  immobile  habitoit  les  montagnes; 
J'ai  cne  Malvina  dans  Tepaifleur  du  bois ; 
J'ai  vu,  Tare  a  la  main,  fes  amiabies  com- 
pa^nes 

Revcnir  roell  baifle,fans  repondrc  a  ma  voix. 

Une  morne  deuleur  voiloit  leur  front  timide: 
Ainfi  des  aftres  de  la  nuic 
Dans  ks  fiancs  d'un  broiiillard  hu- 
mide 

L'cciat  ieger  s'evanouit. 

OSSIAN. 

SuR  les  monts,  ctoile  charmante. 
Tes  fcux,n'ontpas  brille  iong-temps; 
Souvcnt  dans  I'onde  carrcffante 
La  lune  pale  ct  decroiffante 
Reflechit  fes  rayons  tremblans, 

Jeune  etoiJe,  ainfi  ta  lumicre 
■S'etcignit  avec  majijlle  ; 
Mais,  en  achevant  ta  carricre, 
Tu  laifles  la  cyiline  entiere  ■ 
Daus  le  dcuii  et  i'obfcuritc. 


A  travers  la  nuit  clTrayantc, 
Les  meteorcs  mena^ans 
Font  jailhr  leur  clartc  fanglantc. 
Snr  les  monts,  etoile  charmantt, 
Tes  feux  n'ont  pas  brille  iong-tc  nips. 
AppROCfiE,  fiU  d'Alpin;  les  aquilons  mu- 
giffent ; 

La  tempete  s'eicve  aux  accens  de  ma  voix ; 

Les  fombres  flots  du  lac  fremiffcac  ; 
Condais  le  viciilarii  dans  Icb  bois. 
Ton  ceil  ne  voit-ii  pas  un  chene  lans  feuillage 
Courbcr  fes  longs  rameaux  pi;nches  fur  les 
vailons  ? 

Son  tronc  noueux,  robuftc,  et  vainqueur  de 

Forage, 

Couronne  la  cime  des  monts. 
Conduis-moi  prcs  de  lui  :  muette  et  deten- 

duc, 

A  fes  rameaux  fdches  ma  harpe  eft  fufpen- 
due. 

G'eft  ici,  je  I'entends.  Mais  fes  conlcs  tn 
deuil 

Ne  rendent  qu'urfbruit  fourd  ct  les  fons  du 
cercueil. 

Eft-ce  le  vent,  ma  harpe,  cft-cc  une  ombre 
leg  ere 

Qui  forme  en  te  touchant  ces  lugubres  ac- 
cords ? 

Oui,  de  mon  fils,  d'Ofcar,  c  eft  I'ombre  foli- 
taire  : 

L'amant  de  Malvina  vientvifiter  ces  bords. 
Le  bef(»in  de  chanter  m'enflumnae  : 

Apporte-moi  ma  harpe,  apporte,  his  d'Al- 
pin ;       ^  - 

Des  chants  fignalerontle  barde  a  fondeclin; 

lis  accoir.pagnei  ont  le  depart  de  mon  ame. 

Mes  aieux  voat  m'enteudre  en  Icurs  palais 
d'uzur  ; 

La  joie  tclatera  sur  leur  vifage  obfcur  : 
Je  reconnois  leur  voix  qui  deja  m'encour- 
age; 

Au  fommct  du  Mora  je  les  vois  tous  afiis  ; 
lis  m'ecoutent,  punches  fur  le  bord  du 
nuagt, 

£t  tendent  les  bras  a  leur  fils. 

Un  pin  convert  de  mouffe,  et  courbe  fur 
les  ondes, 

Y  baigne  fes  rameaux  tremblans  ; 
La  fougere,  eidncdnt  fes  feuilles  vagabondes, 
Se  mc.e  a  mes  longs  cheveux  blancs. 
Renais,  force  de  mon  genie; 
Tel  qu'un  rayon  du  jour,  que  la  douce  har- 
monic 

Diflipe  et  la  tempere  et  I'humide  brouiliard: 
Oliian  va  chanter;  vens,  deploy ez  vosailes; 
Portez  juiqu'a  Fingal,  aux  voutes  eternelles, 

Les  derniers  accens  du  vieillard. 
Le  Nord  ouvre  a  mes  yeux  le  ciel  qui  t*en- 
vironne  : 

Des  guerriers,  6  Fingal,  tu  n'cs  plus  la  ter- 
reur  J 

Une 


Jarii  1 802.  The  Last  Song  of  Ossian. 


61 


Une  vapeur  forme  ton  troiie  ; 

Fing-al  nieme  eft  une  vapeur, 

Les  yeux  humidcs  des  etoilcs 
Percent  ton  boucUcr  feme  de  foiMcs  voiles, 

¥a  ton  <rlaivc  a  demi  bruli'.nt. 
Conimeiit  a-t-il  perdu  fa  force  et  fa  lunii, 
ere, 

Celui  qui,  durant  fa  carrlere, 
Au  milieu  des  iieros  marchoit  er.incelant  ? 

QuELquEFOis,  mena9dnt  nos  teres, 
Promenaiic  ta  fureur  sur  le  vent  des  deferts, 

I'u  tieiis  en  ta  main  les  temp6tes ; 
I.t  foleii  deVanr  toi  palit  aii  seiii  des  airs. 

Dans  les  nuages  qui  s'aflembierit 

Tu  caches  cec  aftre  immortel ; 

I.es  defcendans  des  laches  tremblent, 
Et  la  pluie  en  torrens  fond  des  fommets  du 
ciel. 

AIais  loffque,  t*avan9ant  fur  la  voute  ethe- 
ree, 

De  ton  paifible  afpe(5l  tu  rcjouis  les  cleux 
Le  zephyr  du  matin  fuit  tes  pas  radieux, 
Le  foleil  te  fourit  dans  fa  plalne  azuree  ; 

Le  chevreuii  bondit ;  les  ruilTeaux 
SerpeRtent  plus  brillan.-?  dans  la verte  prairie ; 
Leur  onde  rafraichit  les  jeunes  arbriffeaux 
Qui  balanccnt  leur  t^:e  odorante  et  fleurie. 

Qu'entends-je  ?  quel  bruit  fourd  fortidu 

fond  des  bois 

S'eieve,  groflit  et  s'avance  ? 
Sur  le  mont  rayonnant  c'eft  Fingal  qui 

s'elance ; 

Ceft  lui,  j'emrcnd  gronder  les  foudre  de  fa 
voix. 

"  ViENs,  Offian,  rejoins  tes  peres: 
"  Les  exploits  de  Fingai  font  affez  eclatans: 
"  Tels  que  des  flammes  paffageres, 
Nous  avons  lui  quelques  inftans. 
**  Dans  la  j  laine  ou  nos  mains  ont  feme 
I'epouvante 

Regnent  le  filence  et  le  deull; 
"  Mais  notre  gloire  encor  vivante 
Efl  debout  fur  notre  cercueil. 
"  Ta  barpe  a  de  Schna  fait  retentir  la  voute 
*'  OiTian  s'eft  charge  de  notre  fouvenir; 
"  iSeb  chants  on  penetre  dans  immenfe  avenir, 

*^  Et  nous  en  ont  fraye  la  route." 
Attends,  roi  des  heros  ;  je  fuisprcc,  je  le 
fens  : 

Qui,  je  vais  te  rejoindre  ;  oul,  je  vais  dif- 
paroitre  : 

Selma  dans  quelques  jour«  ne  va  plus  recon- 
noitre 

Ni  ma  trace,  ni  mes  acccns. 
J'2pper9ois  le  nuage  oi^  doit  planer  mon 
ombre  ; 

Je  vois  i'epais  brouiliard  de  neige  et  de 

■jjL        Qui  doit  former  ma  robe  fombre 
^^B.        Quand  j'apparoiirai  fur  le«  monts. 


Nos  defcendans,  caches  dans  la  caverne  ob- 
fcurc, 

Viendront  des  heros  leurs  aieux 
Admirer  les  grands  corps  et  riinmenfe  fla- 
ture  ; 

lis  paliront  de  crainte  en  regardant  k$ 
iiuages  ; 

Dan  I'abioie  des  airs  abaiffcs  devant  moi, 
lis  entendront  avec  <^ffroi 
Rouler  a  mes  pieds  les  orages. 

Lk  fommeil  vient  fL-rmcr  mes  yeux  appe- 
fantis ; 

Pres  du  roc  de  Mora  je  repofe  ma  tete  : 
Je  ne  crairu  plus  que  la  rempece 
Sifile  le  long  des  bois  daus  mes  cheveux 
blanchis. 

Vents,  dont  le  foulHe  humide  au  fein  des 

nuits  nreveille, 
Vous  fuirez  mon  tombeau  paifible  et  re- 

fpedte  ; 

Vous  ne  troublerez  plus  le  barde  qui  fom- 
meilie 

Dans  la  nuit  de  I'cternite. 

Mais,  6  fils  de  Fingal,  pcurquoi  done  cc 
nuage 

Qui  couvre  ton  ame  de  deuil  ? 
Tout  naif,  croic,  et  fmit;  la  terre  eft  un 
pafTage  : 

Des  antiques  heros  la  gloire  eft  au  ccrcueiL 
La  mort  parccmrt  le  mondc  en  dcployane" 
ffs  ailes  : 

lis  paffrront  auffi,  les  fils  de  I'aventir  ; 
Rem  places  par  leuri  liis,  a  des  races  dou*- 
veilcs 

lis  legueront  a  peine  un  Jeger  fouvenir. 

Les  generations  fecondes 

Sc  fuccederont  a  jamais, 

Comme  les  flots  des  mer^  profondes, 

Ou  les  feuilles  de  nos  forcfs* 
Ryno,  j  ai  vu  palir  ta  beaute  male  et  fiere  ; 
Le  temps,  mon  cher  Ofcar,  a  fait  plover  ton 
bras  ; 

J'ai  vu  du  grand  Fingal  s'ecHpferla  lumiere, 
Son  palais  a  perdu  rempreinte  de  fes  pas: 
Et  toi,  chef  dc^  guerriers,  toi,  chantre  de  la 
guerre, 

M^lant  a  tes  accord?  de  flcriles  fanglots, 
Vieux  barde,  tu  viviois  ouhlie  fur  la  terre 

Aujourd'hni  veuve  dcs  heros! 

Non  :  cedant  au  ccmmun  naufragc, 
Offian  doit  pafler  ;  fa  gloire  reftera  : 

Du  peuple  en  peuple,  d'age  en  agi^j 

Le  nom  d'Offian  grandira. 
Sur  les  bois  de  Morven  ainfi  levant  la  tece, 
Contemporain  du  monde,  un  chene  ambi- 
tieux 

Oppofe"  fon   front  large  aux  coups  b 
temp^te, 

Et  fit  des  venrs  fediiieux. 


H 


For 


62 


Vol.  64. 


For  the  Scots  Magat,ini» 
VIEW  OF  A  NEW  EDITION 

OF 

ROSS'S  FORTUNATE  SH£PiiLRDLSS. 


THE  ch  it  of  the  ci/htccnth  centu- 
ry, frf)m  llic  fpjtited  atten;pt8  of  a  few 
rndividualp,  wiP,  [Hrh^ps  he  regarded 
in  future,  as  not  entirely  inaufpidous 
to  ScotiHi  literature.  Several  potts  <;f 
j^reat  meiit  have  ftil!  continued  tu  roufc 
the  p;ifrjons,  and  dtlineatt'  the  living 
tnannerft  as  they  rife,  in  the  native  dia- 
lect of  their  count? y.  Some  c^f  the 
rnofl  ancient  ScotiOi  writings  have  been 
re-printed,  with  obrcrvaliong  on  their 
langua^'e,  hifloiy,  and  value;  and, 
more  may  be  naturally  expc(Jted,  in 
proportion  as  the  c  uriohty  of  the  in- 
telligent part  of  the 'nation  for  the 
mouldering  remains  of  former  ages 
Ihall  he  awakeried. 

Though  the  T»atnral  veneration  of 
Ihib  coufitry  ibr  the  monuments  of  htr 
Jeparate  independence  wtre  totally  ex- 
tir  f^uiilicd,  an  event  not  v<  ry  probal)ie  in 
t!ic  cafe  of  Scolilhmtr,  the  writings  of 
Ramfay,  Burns,  and  aftw  othen,  ha«dly 
lefs  popular,  were  fulficient  of  them- 
ftlvcs  to  reward  ibmc  inquiry  into  the 
fiialedl  in  which  thty  have  pkafed,  and 
fomc  pains  to  preferve  thtir  beJJUtic  s  to 
poOcnty.  This  ii  quiry  is  the  moie 
tiectfTary,  as  the  dialect  of  this  coun- 
try hao  never  been  grammatically  tx;j- 
mincd  ;  ar.d  is  ptrifhing  very  f^ift,  even 
from  the  mouths  of  the  vulgar.  It  i^ 
<mly  a  complete  colltdion  (.f  the  S.  oi- 
iOi  words,  exhibiting  their  various  mean- 
ings and  general  mode  of  pVonouncia- 
tion,  the  feveral  phiaftcin  which  ihcy 
;ne  ufcd  5  and  tlie  Uaiu  of  con^j  i.c- 
tion  eAabhlht  d  by  ufage,  that  will  en- 
able the  reader  to  perufe,  %vilh  advan- 
tage, the  vernacular  poet?. 

As,  however,  coniidcrablc  difTi- 
culties  arife,  both  in  lefpcdt  of  tne 
abilities  requifite  for  I'uch  a  tafk, 
and  the  encouragement  given  by 
the  public  to  fuch  labours,  fome- 
ihing  of  eafier  execution  may  be  done 
in  the  mean  time,  to  promote  the 
comiOQii  puipofc,  until  ciicumftancea 


occur  favourable  to  a  greater  under- 
taking. 

The  Scotifli  authors  may  be  divided 
into  two  chfTty ;  thofc  w  ho  flourifhed 
b<  fore  the  Union,  and  thofe  who  have 
written  fmcc  that  period. 

The  fli<5lion  of  the  firft,  though  in 
many  refpecl:^  antiquated  and  obfcure, 
loan  ordinary  reader,  is  in  fa(^,  the 
true  Oandard  of  the  dialedt  of  the  pro- 
vinceb  that  appears  in  the  laft.  Ano- 
malous as  the  vulgar  Scotifh  dialeifts 
may  feem,  it  is  eafy  to  difcover  the 
foundation  of  all  their  peculiarity  in 
the  language  preceding  the  Union  ;  and 
a  perl()ii  well  acquainted  with  the  an- 
citnt  diale<ft,  might  eafily  arrange  the 
modern  irregularities. 

The  gloffaries  added  to  particular 
book.v,  would  have  very  much  facili- 
tated the  progrefs  of  Scotifh  lexico- 
gr^iphy,  bad  they  been  compiled  either 
with  knowledge  or  attention.  Unfor- 
tunately, till  of  late,  moft  of  them  are 
miferably  deftdivc  in  point  of  vocables, 
and  phrafeology  has  been  entirely  o- 
mitted.  Even  thofe  which  accompany 
the  works  of  Ramfay  and  Burns,  are 
of  very  little  uf- ;  the  fjgnification  of 
the  words  being  often  iir.perf(  <Jlly  con- 
veyed; the 'orthography  unfixed  and 
^irbitrary;  and  the  pronunciation  ut- 
terly negleOcd. 

The  end  of  thefe  remarks  is  to  n-:^ 
ronnce  the  re-publication  of  a  Scotiib 
paftoral  poem,  written  in  a  particular 
count  ry  dialed,  which  has,  of  I  ite,  ex- 
cited conf.derable  attention.  The  For- 
tunate Shepherdefs  of  Alexander  Rofs, 
a  poet  of  the  Grampian  bills,  pofltfTca 
very  conlicierable  merit,  as  a  faithful 
reprefentation  of  rural  manners  among 
the  Scolilli  Ihepherds  of  thefe  folitary 
mountaiuR.  It  is  written  in  their  ver- 
nacular dialedt  ;  alludes  to  cuitoms 
once  common  over  the  whole  kingdom  ; 
and  affords  fcope  for  illuftrating  many 
citrious  points  of  popular  antiquity. 


Jan.  i^dt.         Ross's  Fortunate  Shepherdess. 


The  manner  in  which  it  is  propofed  to 
be  publifhcd,  is  the  following  : 

First,  to  give  fome  account  of  the 
author,  who,  though  he  died  later  than 
the  year  1784,  was  almofl  co-tempo- 
rary with  Atlan  Ramfay. 

Next,  to  appreciite  the  merit  of 
the  poem,  by  a  criticifm  on  the  whole 
snd  on  particular  p;<fl'^ges,  andertimate 
il5  rank  in  the  clafs  of  paHoral  poetry. 

The  text  of  the  poem  will  be  given 
from  the  mod  authentic  editions,  with 
ihe  orthography  of  the  author  fettled 
by  the  MSS.  of  the  unprinted  writings 
of  Rofb,  at  prefent  in  the  hands  of  the 
editor. 

An  explanation  of  the  yarious  cuf- 
tomsand  popular  manners  alluded  to 
in  the  Fortunate  Shepherdefs  will  then 
follow,  many  of  which  are  now  obio- 
Icte,  or  known  only  among  the  clais 
of  men  from  which  the  poet  drew  his 
charadlcrs. 

The  edition  will  be  concluded  with 
a  diflertation  on  the  Bachanfhire  dia- 
led, the  language  of  the  poem  ;  its  hif- 
tory  will  be  traced  as  far  as  information 
will  allow  ;  the  v;?riou5  opinions  of  an- 
tiquaries with  regard  to  its  origin  will 
be  confidered  in  the  courfe  of  the  in- 
quiry. 

A    GENTLEMAN    tO    whom  Scotidl 

literature  lies  under  many  obligations, 
has  affirmed  that  this  dialed  is  the  rc- 
maindc:r  of  the  Pidifh  language,  once 
fpoken  by  a  people  that  inhabited  the 
moft  fertile  provinces  oif  Scotland,  but 
are  now  only  heard  of  in  the  page  of 
the  antiquary,  and  the  voice  of  tradi- 
tions. Olhers  have,  with  greater  pro- 
bability, referred  it  to  a  later  origuu 


It  is,  however,  ftrongly  diftinguifhed 
from  all  the  other  dialeds  of  the  king- 
dom in  vocables  and  pronounciation, 
and  perhaps  contains  more  of  the  Teu- 
tonic than  all  of  them  together.  It 
involves  the  curious  queilion,  how  the 
Englifh  or  Saxon  language  made  f(j  ra- 
pid a  progrefsMu  the  northern  parts  of 
the  ifiand,  as  to  extirpate  the  Gaelic 
from  the  court  of  Scotland,  and  even 
from  the  eaitern  fliores  of  the  whole 
country. 

A  COPIOUS  gloffary  of  the  words 
will  be  given,  executed  on  a  very  con- 
cife  plan,  in  which  the  fignification, 
etymology,  and  pronounciation,  will 
all  be  comprehended,  fo  as  to  render  it: 
a  ufeful  work  to  antiquaries,  and  par- 
ticularly to  thcf;i  who  are  ftudying  the 
dialeda  of  the  iOand  for  information  or 
aniuiement. 

The  Fortunate  Shepherdef?,  as  a 
poem  d.-fcriptive  of  Scotifh  manners, 
on  its  publication,  aitracT:ed  the  ap- 
probation of  Dr  Beattie,  one  of  the 
fweetelt  poets  and  acuteft  philofophtrs 
of  whom  Scotland  can  boalt.  Many 
of  ito  fcenes  arc  not  inferior  to  thofc  of 
the  Gentle  Shepherd  of  Ramfay.  Its 
poetical  merit,  its  carious  dialet^t,  and 
the  fubjedi  which  it  fuggefts  for  inqui- 
ries into  national  manners,  hiftory,  and 
antiquities,  ori-inally  recommended  it 
tothe  Editor  as  deferving  re-publication 
in  a  more  accurate  form  than  any  in 
w  hich  it  has  yet  appeared  ;  and,  if  he 
fails  in  attra»!:ring  the  public  attention, 
he  will  regret  that  it  is  more  from  the 
want  of  ability  than  inclination. 
Edhiburghi  Jan^  1^,  iBoa.  A.  M. 


FOREIGN  LITERARY  NOTICES. 


V^\N  HF:XJSDE,  a  fcKoiai  of  Wyt- 
tcnbach,  of  the  univcrfity  of  Leyden, 
has  undertaken  to  pubiiih  the  ^vlS.wotk 
of  the  late  learned  Ruhnkenius,  on  the 
Scholia  of  Plato  :  and  for  this  purpnie, 
has  obtained  the  permiffi'm  of  tiie  cura- 
tors of  the  Libiary  ;  who  have  liberally 
extended  it  to  the  publication  of  any 
of  their  unedited  MSS-,  which  he  mav 
feled. 


Loosjcs  of  Harlem  is  employed  in 
publiihmg  an  unedited  "AiS.  of  the  illuf- 
trioub  Grotms,  which  contains  a  corapa- 
rifon  of  the  manners  and  charaders  of 
the  Athenians,  Romans  and  Dutch  :  a 
wt)rk  which-  may  be  expeded  to  at- 
tract the  public  attention  whether  we 
regard,  the  ability  of  the  author  or  the 
fingularity  of  the  fubject. 

in  one  of  the  French  periodical  pub- 
H  i  licaticns, 


64 


Foreign  Literary  Notices. 


Vol.  64. 


llcatibns,  v/e"  are  informed  of  a  fingular 
fa6l  concernins;  the  taftc  for  German 
literature,  which  uur  Scotilh  ladies  are 
luppJiCd  to  have  imbibed.  Ladies  of 
the  ftiil  rank  in  Scotland  are  fuppofed, 
by  the  Parili'jns,  to  Umiy  the  German 
lanfi^uage  witlitne  atmoli  aviaity,  in  or- 
der to  perufe  Klopilock  and  W  eland  in 
the  original.  We  have  the  iitmoii  reafon 
tobclievf,  that  the  fact  is  at  lead  con- 
fiderablv  exaggerated,  and  that  nei- 
ther of  the  authors  piarticularized,  are 
fo  popular  in  Scotland,  as  they  are  re- 
prelented.  Excepting  perhaps,  "  The 
Robbers"  of  Schiller,  which  was  origi- 
nally tranflated  by  a  JScotiGi  gentleman 
of  equal  taile  and  learning  ;  the  compo- 
fitions  of  the  Germans  have  attained  a 
very  tranfient  popularity  in  Scotland. 
The  iiucly  of  the  German  language  has 
been  for  iorriC  tinne  on  the  decline  here; 
and  ceitainlv  pi  efents  more  attractions 
to  men  of  fcience,  than  of  •  literature. 
The  abilityof  the Chymilis,  Natural ifts, 
Anatomifts,  and  ClafTical  i'cholars,  pre- 
fents  confiderable  attratlions  to  the 
iiudy  of  the  language  ;  but  it  is  neither 
their  poets,  their  dramatics,  nor 
their  noveliifts,  that  will  be  aiimired 
here,  till  they  exhibit  as  much  corredt- 
nefs,  as  they  often  poflefs  genius. 

At  Berne  in  Switzerland,  the  Corie- 
fpondence  between  Solomon  Gefiher, 
the  author  of  the  death  of  ALci 
Jind  other  com  po  fit  ions,  and  his  Ibn 
Conrad  GelTner  the  painter,  are  to 
be  ].ubliliied  immediately. 

I'he  Hieroglyphics  of  Egypt,  have 
long  attracted  the  attention  of  literary 
rnen.  As  many  diflcrtations  on  that 
lubjecl  may  be  loon  expecled  from  the 
learned  Englifli  and  French,  who  have 
Jarely  vilited  Egypt,  it  would  be  a  de- 
lireable  objecl,  that  thtie  figures  ihonld 
be  compared  with  the  Mexican  paint- 
ings, m  iny  of  which  f;;iii  exift.  The 
liodleian  library  contains  five  volumes- 
of  thefe  iVlexican  Hieru^^-  ivplucs  ;  a  coi- 
leClion  of  theiri  is  aifo  prc.v;rved  in  the 
Imperial  library  at  V  ~  Cardinal 
Eorgia  poficilcs  a  cj  •  collec- 

tion.of  them  ;  and  11:-,.  .  .  ;  e  p.  v.ere 
in  the  pofTeHion  of  j'eitiii.  Ciavi-jeio 
has  made  great  uic  of  thefe  paintings 
in  his  hiftory  of  Mexico. 

The  Royal  Academy  cf  Stockholm 
propofed  laft  year,  for  the  fubjed  of 
their  hiftorical  prizf.  chay.  A  Kilfori- 
Vai  and  Critical  Effay  on'the  books  or 
V/iitings,  publifhed   or  unpubliflied, 


v^hich  have  been  corapofed  by  the 
Royal  family  of  Sweden.  The  Princes 
of  Sweden  in  modern  times,  have  been 
more  illuilrious  warriors  than  authors, 
and  the  lubje6l  was  not  found  very  in- 
tcrefting  to  the  Sweddh  literati  ;  for 
no  papers  were  preiented  to  the  Aca- 
demy on  the  i'ubjecK  It  is  long  lince  any 
of  the  Princes  of  the  North  have  been 
able  to  imitate  the  fame  of  Rcgner 
Lodbrog.  The  iubje(Sl  has  been  repeat- 
ed for  next  year.  Prize,  a  gold  medal, 
worth  26  ducats.  The  fjl lowing 
fubiec'ts  have  I  ike  wife  been  ptopoied. 
The  comparifon  of  the  advantages 
and  dilad  vantages  of  the  17th  and  ibih 
centuries,  f)r  promotmg  the  general 
inttretf  s  of  the  humtm  charatlcr.  Prize, 
a  gold  medal  worth  26  ducats.  P.fiay 
on  the  election  and  coronation  of  the 
kings  of  Sweden,  before  the  accepon 
of  Gultavus  I, 

It  is  a  lingular  circumflance  in  the 
hlftory  of  the  Small  Pox,  that  the  fame 
animal  which  introduced  the  dillcm- 
per,  feems  to  furnilh  the  be(t  preferva- 
tive  againft  it.  Mariusthe  firft  Bilhop 
of  Lauianne,  in  the  hiltoiy  of  his  own 
time,  mentions  the  imall  pox,  and 
adds,  that  the  diflemper  only  attacked 
cattle,  "  An.  570,  Hoc  anno,  morbus 
valid  us,  cum  profiuvio  ventns  et  'variola, 
Italiam'  Gad;amque  valde  afflixit ;  et 
animalia  bubula,  per  ea  loca,  maxime 
intciierunt."  In  the  following  year 
however,  the  ravages  of  the  diftemper 
extended  to  men.  "  An.  571,  Hoc  anno 
jnfanja  infirrr/itas  et  glandula,  cujus 
nomen  ell  pull u! a,  in  fuprafcnptis  re- 
gionibus,  innumerabilem  popul;irn  de- 
vadavit."  Miiller,  in  his  Hittory  of 
Switzerland,  has  adduced  two  other 
panages  of  ancient  authors,  which  leem 
to  allude  plainly  to  the  imall  pox  ;  one 
of  them  is  from  Paul  VVarnefrid,  who 
i'peaks  of  glandules  m-tlrc  form.ot  a  nut, 
w  hich  were  followed  by  a  violent  fever. 

Glandulse  in  modum  nucis  quas  fe- 
quebatur  febrium  seiius.  Anaitafius 
Biblioth.  mentions  the  plague  of  boils, 
fo  that  PO  perion  could  diltinguifh  the 
dead  body  of  his  relation,  "  Percuflio 
Scabierum,  ut  nemo  pofTet  mortuum  * 
fuunn  internoiceie. 

jlie  arieniate  cf  copper,  a  mineral 
froiTi  Cornwall,  has  lately  been  defcrib- 
ed  by  Leiievre,  and  analyfed.  by  Vau- 
quelin.  '  ft  chryftallizes  in  brilliant 
hexagonal  plates,  tranfiucid,  of  an  o- 
liye  green  colour  j  it  decrepitates  in 


Jan.  i8o3.  Foreign  Lite) 

the  fiame  of  a  candle,  colours  the  flame 
green,  melts  with  ditLculty  by  the 
blowpipe,  emits  the  odour  of  garlic, 
tinges  the  glai's  of  borax  green  with 
reddilh  circles,  and  diilblves,  without 
effervefcetice,  in  nitric  acid,  which  it 
colours  fiighlly  green.  loo  parts  of 
this  mineral,  contain  39  of  the  oxyd  of 
copper,  43  of  the  arienic  acid,  and  17 
of  water  ;  lohng  one  part  in  the  anaiy- 
fis. 

Dolomieu  fhortly  before  his  death, 
read  a  memoir  on  an  important  point, 
in  the  hiftory  of  Volcanoes,  The  degree 
of  heat  nsceilary  to  giv^e  iluidity  to  la- 
va. The  examination  of  the  effc)<5:i:s  of 
the  lava  on  the  fubjedis  enveloped  in 
it,  at  the  laft  eruption,  afforded  a  me- 
thod of  determining  this  fubject.  lie 
found,  that  the  heat  did  not  exceed 
that  of  tufed  iilver,  and  was  inferior  to 
that  of  fufed  copper.  The  metals  fuf- 
ceptible  of  oxydation,  \veie  oxydated 
even  in  the  middle  of  the  maills,  in 
which  they  were  enveloped  ;  lead  was 
converted  into  telTelar  gaiena,  in  large 
icales  ;  and  glais  was  converted  into 
porcelain. 

The  experiment  of  caftration  has 
been  tried  at  fans,  on  one  of  the 
young  iions  lately  produced  in  the  IVie- 
riagcry,  belonging  to  the  School  of 
Natural  Hiftory.  It  is  the  aril:  ti  :ie 
thac  this  operation,  the  eff;(::ts  of  whicli, 
in  tempermg  the  terociry  oi  domcitic 
anirnuis  is  well  known,  has  been  &p- 
p'icd  vO  the  fpecies  of  the  lion.  The 
snmiai  ow  which  -Iv^  opfrarion  was 
pCi  formed,  has  only  bcc/ine  more  fe- 
rocious. 

The  lioyal  Acadeir.y  of  Berlin,  have 
propof..d  the  followii:g  prize  Qiieition 
for  the  year  iSjz. 

For  the  Muthemafical  Class, 
As  after  all  the  labours  of  the  mod 
alile  aftronomers,  many  points  relating 
to  the  varialion  of  the  obliquity  of  the 
Kcliptic,  tiill  require  illuUration,  the 
Academy  invite  the  learned  to  a  new 
'^  xamuiation  of  this  fubjed  ;  and  pro- 
e  a  prize  for  tha^  memoir,  which 
lains  the  moil  infereiiing  and  faiis- 
4     jry  reiearcties. 

i:  IS  a  curious  fact,  and  applicable 
:he  treatment  of  iipidemics,  that 
peiiilential  disorder  which  ravaged 
-  .  - '  ialaha,  has  been  topped  in  its  pro- 
;.  -is,  chiefly  by  fumigation  with  muri- 
;uic  acid.  This  method  of  purifying 
tiie  air,  and  preventing  contagion,  was 


ary  Notices.  65 

fdggefted  by  Guyton,  wliofe  ufefulre- 
learches  have  thus  been  crowned,  by 
the  molt  pleahng  recompfnco  a  philan- 
thropic mind  can  receive. 

In  a  memoir  read  by  Langles, 
before  the  National  Inftjtute,  that 
ingenious  Oiientalift  has  ihown,  that 
the  cololTal  liatue  of  the  Sphinx  by 3 
long  been  worfhi})ped  on  the  baiiks  oir 
the  Nile.  The  H';;yptian  peafants,  who 
regarded  it  as  a  Talifman  for  prtvent- 
ii?g  the  encroachments  of  the  moN  ing 
lands  of  the  dciart,  oft'er  to  it  facri- 
fices  and  burn  incenle.  'Langles  lup- 
poies,  that  one  of  the  fubterraneous 
cannls  of  tiie  great  pyramid,  terminat- 
ed immediately  under  the  Sphinx.  Tha 
n:!Uiiiarion  of  this  ftatue  was  cauled  in 
the  14th  century,  by  the  zeal  of  a  fa- 
natic 'Vluflulman,  who  diidaincd,  that 
the  faithfu!  lliould  be  protecl:ed  by  an 
idol.  The  Sphinx  was  accompanied 
by  a  ftatue  of  His,  with  the  cornuco- 
pia, holding  the  young  Orus  in  her 
arms.  The  Egyptians  who  termed 
the  firft  Fharoan,  denominated  this  his 
concubine,  and  reckoned  it  a  Talifmin 
for  preventing  the  Nile  fron:>  changing 
its  courle. 

A  work  of  fingnlar  refearch  and 
learning  is  announced  at  Rome,  by 
G.  Zvjega,  Danidi  coniul  in  that  ciiy. 
it  is  entitled,  De  origine  et  ul'u  Ob:- 
lifcorum,  in  Fal.  700  p.  and  relate-:  to 
the  mo  ft  obfcure  fiibjcils  of  Egyp:  ian 
anliq  lity.  Z Mcga,  who  has  reiided  for 
a  couifuicrable  period  at  Rorne,  had 
compofed  a  work  on  the  medals  of 
Alexandria,  which  are  contained  m  the 
Borgian  Mufeurn  at  Velletri.  By  this 
means,  he  was  introduced  to  pope  Pi  as 
Vi.  by  whom  he  uas  engaged  in  the 
ptefent  v^^ork,  and  encouraged  to  di- 
retl  hisftudies  to  F.gyptian  antiquities. 
This  work  is  divided  into  live  i'ecti jns. 

The  firit  records  the  teftimonies 
of  the  ancie-iis,  concerning  the 
Egyptian  obelifcs  and  pillars.  It  prc- 
Icnts  the  padtiges  of  ancient  author--, 
who  have  mentioned  obeliics,  with 
notes,  and  variis Jetiiojies,  In  particu- 
lar, the  celebrated  padage  of  Biiny  is 
collared  with  30  MSS.  I'he  deicrip- 
tions  of  obeliics  ftill  exiting,  whirb 
ancient  authors  have  left,  are  recorded; 
alio  the  ancient  inlcriptijns  iiiil  exilt- 
ing  on  ihefe  monuments  ;  and  the  ob- 
jects relating  to  the  arts,  which  are 
Icuipturtd  on  them.  The  iecond  lec- 
tion contains  a  defcription  of  the  cbe- 

hics 


66 


Foreign  Literary  Notices.  Vol.  64. 


lifcs  which  ftill  exift,  whether  pcrfe^, 
or  mutilated,  at  Rome,  in  Italy,  Sicily, 
France,  England,  and  at  Conftanti- 
nople  ;  with  the  accounts  of  the  dif- 
ferent authors,  who  have  del'cribed 
thofe  which  Hill  exift  in  Egypt  and 
Ethiopia. 

The  third  fe6tion,  on  the  ufe  of  obe- 
lifcs  in  Egypt,  treats  of  the  names 
given  to  obclifcs,  uf  their  figure,  con- 
Itrudion,  grandeur,  pofition,  deftina- 
tion,  and  the  figniiication  of  thcTculp- 
tures  engraved'on  them  ;  of  the  opi- 
nions of  modern  authors  concerning 
them.  Under  this  head,  Zoega  com- 
bats the  opinion  of  Mcrcati  and  Kir> 
cher,  who  always  look  for  the  marvel- 
lous in  hieroglyphics.  He  praifes  the 
moderty  of  Bandini ;  and  iuggefts, 
that  the  infcriptions  on  thefe  monu- 
ments probably  are  hymns  to  the 
divinities  to  which  they  were  conic- 
crated. 

In  the  fourth  fecl:ion,he  difcufles  the 
origin  ofobelilcs,  the  different  kinds 
of  commemorative  monuments;  Ter- 
mini, Lapides  Saturni,  Betyl'ce,  Agia?, 
Phalui,  Hermi^i,  Janus,  Stc.  To  thefe, 
be  adds  various  cbfervations  on  the 
worO^ip  of  Mercury,  Bacchus,  Vcfta, 
on  confeciatcd  trees,  fetiches,  amulets, 
erymes,  and  palladia.  He  then  exa- 
mines the  hiilory  uf  the  different  kinds 
of  fepulchral  monuments,  mounds,  py- 
ramids, columns,  and  facella,  cata- 
combs, fculptured  rocks,  mummies, 
and  their  cafes.  He  inveitigates  the 
opinions  of  the  Egyptians,  concerning 
the  Metempfycholis,  concerning  the 
wotlhip  of  the  infernal  gods,  the  wor- 
Ihip  of  Ofiris,  and  the  ideas  of  the 
Egyptians,  concerning  Elyfium.  In 
the  fecond  chapter  of  this  feclion,  he 
itiveftigates  the  origin  and  ufe  of  let- 
ters among  the  Egyptians,  and  com- 
pares the  opinion  of  ancient  authors, 
concerning  them.  He  examines  the 
origin  and  nature  of  hieroglyphics, 
which  he  reckons  equally  diilind  from 
the  Mexican  paintings,  the  Chinefe 
charaders,  and  even  the  lymbolic  cha- 
raders  of  the  Egyptir.ns.  He  examines 
their  number,  their  fignification,  and 
its  modes  ;  the  founds  by  which  they 
were  expreiled  ;  their  duration  and  the 
changes  to  which  they  were  lubjeCled; 
by  which  mear.s,  he  reduces  them  to 
fix  epochas.  He  interprets  the  differ- 
ent Egyptian  fymbols,  explains  various 
-articles  in  Hoiappollo,  and  even  a  num- 


ber  of  hieroglyphics.  He  difcuffes  the 
origin  and  ufe  of  the  two  kinds  of  al- 
phabetic writing,  ufed  by  the  Egypti- 
ans, the  facrcd  and  the  vulgar  ;  def- 
cribes  the  Egyptian  monuments  in- 
fcribed  with  alphabetical  chaiaders, 
which  have  defcended  to  our  time.  He 
treats  <i)f  the  (acred  or  Hermetic  books 
of  the  Egyptians;  their  hiftorical,  altro- 
logical,  medical,  and  chymical  books.; 
their  writers,  as  Hermes,  Petofiris, 
and  others  ;  the  different  claffes  and 
functions  of  the  priclts  ;  and  the  age  ^-f 
the  modern  Coptic  charader,  which 
he  affigns  to  the  third  century.  Befidet 
thefe  topics,  he  inveitigates  the  oiigin 
of  writing  ;  the  different  kinds  of  writ- 
ing among  different  nations,  and  par- 
ticularly, the  origin  of  alphabetical 
charaders,  which  he  derives  from  the 
Fkonetic  Hieroglyphic,  or  that  which 
was  ufed  to  indicate  a  particular  found. 
In  the  third  chapter,  he  tietits  of  the 
Egyptian  ftellcti  or  pillars,  and  of  the 
obelilks  derived  from  them;  the  pillars 
of  Hermes,  SefoUris,  and  Ofiris,  (which 
comprehends  the  molt  ancient  hiitory 
of  Egypt,)  lettered  pillars  among  the 
Greeks  ;  the  gradation  from  fmall  pil- 
lars to  large  obelifcs.  This  fedion 
terminates  with  the  explanation  of  the 
fymbolical  figures,  fculptuied  on  the 
fummit  and  bafe  of  the  Roman  obelifcs, 
and  an  illultration  of  the  interpreta- 
tion of  the  Flaminian  obelifc  by  Her- 
mapion. 

The  fifth  fedion  contains  the  hiftory 
of  obelifcs,  divided  into  three  periods. 
The  firlt  period  comprehends  the  m.oit 
ancient  obelifcs,  or  thofe  which  were 
ereded  before  the  conqeff  of  Rome,  by 
the  Perfians  :  to  this  period,  he  affigns 
the  obelifc  on  Mount  Citorio;  thatof  the 
Flaminian  gaie  ;  and  that  of  Saint  John 
de  Latran.  The  obelifcs  of  Beividere 
and  N  avonne,he  fuppofes  to  be  pofterior 
to  the  time  of  Pfammetichus.  The  fe- 
cond period  comprehends  the  time  be- 
tween Cambyfes  and  Auguftus,  and  the 
reign  of  the  Ptolemies,  to  whom  he  af- 
hgns  the  pillar  of  Pompey.  Here  the 
author  feecns  to  %ree  with  Dr  White, 
who  has  fupported  this  opinion  in  his 
Egyptiaca,  or  Fragments  of  Egyptian 
hiftory.  The  third  period  extends 
from  the  reign  of  Auguftus,  to  the 
pontificate  of  Sextus  V.  and  treats  of 
the  Roman  works  formed  upon  the 
Egyptian  model,  as  the  obelifics  of 
the' Monte  Pincio  and  Minerva.  The 

work 


Jan.  1802.    ^       Foreign  Literary  Notices. 


M^ork  clofes  with  the  chronology  of 
obclifcs,  according  to  the  I'yftems  of 
Mercati  and  Kircher,  as  well  as  that 
which  he  hirafelf  has  adopted.  From 
this  fketch  of  the  contents  of  Zoega's 
^  performance^  we  may  predict,  that  it 
will  prove  exceedingly  intereftingj 
efpecially,  to  the  inquireis  into  re- 
mote and  recondite  antiquity.  The 
fyftems  of  Kircher  and  Mercati,  after  a 
long  repofe  on  the  (helves  of  our  libra- 
ries, have  begun  to  attradt  attention, 
from  the  numerous  coincidencies,which 
had  been  obferved  between  the  Egyp- 
tian and  Hindu  theology  and  manners. 
The  learned  Maurice,  in  his  Indian  an- 
tiquities and  hiftory,  has  frequently 
employed  their  ideas  j  but  this  learned 
Dane  may  probably  render  it  necef-^ 
fary,  to  alter  or  modify  many  parts  of 
his  hypothetical  fyftem. 

Camus  read  to  the  literary  clafs  of  the 
Nationallnititute,  the  plan  ofaDidion- 
aryof  the  French  language,  which  feems 
a  model  of  its  kind.  The  plan  of  it  was 
formed  by  M.  Curne  De  Saint  f  alaye, 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Infcriptions 
and  Belles  Lettres.  He  employed  in  the 
execution  of  it,  many  young  perfons, 
who  were  engaged  in  ftudying  the  hif- 
tory  of  France.  His  defign  was  to 
give  the  complete  hiftory  of  the  vo- 
cable, by  fhewing  its  original  form,  in 
the  earlieft  works  which  exifl  in  the 
language  ;  the  variations  it  fuffercd  in 
the  procefs  of  time  ;  the  original  figni- 
fication  of  the  word  ;  the  variations  of 
this  primitive  meaning  by  extenlion  or 
reilri(5lion  ^  the  period  in  which  it 
ceafed  to  be  ufed,  if  it  has  become  ob- 
folete  ;  or  its  modern  figniftcatian,  if  it 
t)e  retained  in  the  language.  The  co- 
adjutors of  St  Palayc,  perufed  the  an- 
cient chronicles  and  hiltories,  the  an- 
cient tales  and  romances  edited  or  un- 
edited ;  they  remarked  the  period  in 
which  every  word  appears  in  the  lan- 
guage ;  the  orthography,  or  manner  m 
which  it  is  written,  and  the  ienfe  in 
which  It  was  employed  ;  they  traced  it 
through  the  different  periods  in  which  it 
was  ufcd,  and  marked  when  it  became 
cbfoiete,  or  whether  it  Itill  continues  to 
be  ufed  ;  in  the  latter  caie,  marking 
the  modern  oithography  and  accepta- 
tion. 

The  extra6ls  necefTary  for  the  exe-' 
cution  of  this  great  work  are  com- 
^  |)lctcd  and  depofited  in  the  National 


Library.  The  printing  of  the  firft  vo- 
lume, which  is  to  contain  the  letter  A, 
was  begun  before  the  revolution,  and 
above  600  pages  have  been  finifhcd^ 
a  didlionary  executed  on  this  plan, 
though  not  only  a  difficult,  but  a  ftu- 
pendous  undertaking,  muft  be  a  prodi- 
gious acceffion  to  philological  litera-> 
ture  J  the  plan  itfelf  is  worthy  of  the 
attention  ot  our  own  lexicographers  ; 
of  Sir  Herbert  Croft,  who  has  long  beer^ 
engaged  in  the  compofition  of  a  com- 
plete Engliflr  di6lionary^  and  of  Bou- 
cher, v/ho  is  unUerftood  to  be  engaged 
in  the  formation  of  a  di6fionary  ot  Pro- 
vincial language  ;  an  arduous  talk, 
which  every  friend  of  literature  in  this 
country  mull  be  deiirous  of  feeingcora- 
pleted,  and  which  is  hardly  inferior, 
either  in  point  of  difficulty  or  utility, 
to  a  didlionary  of  the  pure  language. 

Langles  has  publiihed,  frorn  MSS., 
an  hiftorical  defcription  of  the  canal  of 
Egypt,  by  Macrizi  and  other  Arabian 
authors. 

The  Sixth  volume  of  the  Extrads  of 
MSS.  in  the  National  Library,  is  pub- 
iifhed  at  Paris.  It  contains  many  cu- 
rious notices  concerning  the  Oriental 
tranflations  of  claffical  authors,  by  Ca- 
mus. Extra £ls  of  the  letters  and 
works  of  Theodoras  Hyrtacenenfis  of 
the  12th,  and  Theodoras  Prodiomus  of 
the  13th,  century  ;  authors  who  lup- 
ported  the  decline  of  Greek  literature 
under  the  Conftantinopolitan  Dynaf- 
ties.  One  of  the  letters  of  Theodorus 
Prodromus,  illulfrates  the  hiftory  of 
the  fmall  pox.  It  like  wife  contains  an 
account  of  an  unedited  Greek  Ro- 
mance, com.pofed  of  Iambic  verfe,  by 
Nicetas  Eugenianus,  and  intituled  the 
Amours  of  Drolillus  and  Charicles. 
Ameilhon  has  continued  his  account  of 
the  ancient  Greek  Chymifts,  nnd  of  the 
fi£fions  which  dillurbed  the  reign  of 
Charles  VL 

Pri%e  Essays  of  the  Natiomil  Institute, 

The  Muthejnaiical  Clafs  propofe  the 
following  queition.  To  difcover  the 
method  of  diminiihing,  as  much  aspof- 
fible,  the  defleClion  of  a  veficl  of  war,  iii 
an  oblique  courfe,  by  combining,  in 
the  moil  favourable  manner,  the  form 
of  the  keel,  the  draught  of  water,  the 
pofition  of  the  main  couple,  with  ftabili- 
ty.  Though  the  Inftitute  do^not  wiih 
to  exclude  the  application  ofgeomstry. 


68 


Torcigfi  Literary  'Notice:'^  Vol- 


\et  they  prefer  the  illuOration  of  tliis 
I'u^jett  by  actual  oblervation.  The 
prize  i&  a  gold  medal,  value  one  k-ilo- 
gram. 

Tl»e  Physical  CJass,  propofe  *'  To  e- 
ftablilh  the  general  relations  which  ex- 
ift.  ht:twe£:n  the  internal  and  external 
organization  of  vegetables,  par  cicularly 
iu  th^*  gre:U  familii;.s  of  plants  admiltcd 
by  all  bi>lanil1s."  Authoisaie  icquedcd 
toiubjoin  to  their  eirays,  figures  of  the 
organs  which  they  Jcfciibe.  The  prize 
is  a  gold  medal,  value  five  he^itograms. 
1  he  fcience  of  organizud  bodies,  con- 
fifts  in  the  knowledge  of  their  organi- 
zation, internal  and  external.  •  Exter- 
nal Hgns,  named  CharaHen^  the  firft 
^  circuniflance  in  their  nature  with 
whiqh  V.  e  becoiiie  acquainted,  are  ufe- 
ful.  for  indicating  the  interiiai  organi- 
zatien  from  which  they  proceed.  Thcfe 
two  branches  of  fcience,  therelore, 
mutually  illultrate  one  another.  Thus 
zoology  derives  from  anatomy  the  baiis 
of  its  great  divihons ;  the  method  of 
clafling,  with  preciiion,  the  dilferent 
orders  and  fcnv.ilies  ot  animals,  and  ti.e 
iiluUration  of  their  different  habitudes 
and  meih'.^ds  of  procuring  iht^ir  fufte- 
Ticince.  The  ])liyfiology  of  plants 
fl-iould  illuftrate  botany,  or  the 
fcience  of  their  rlafiifK  ation,  in  the 
fame  manner.  The  obfervalions  of 
Grew,  Malpighi,  Leuwenhoeck,  Du- 
liamek  Bonnet,  Senebier,  and  others, 
have  ah  cad  V  enriched  the  philofophy 
of  plants,  'svith  a  namber  of  iiblated 
fads,  Vv'hich  may  direct  to  (till  more 
interefting  refearclies.  Desfontaines 
lias  inveitigated  the  differences  fubliit- 


ing  among  monocotyUdonous  plants,  'v\ 
the  ligneous  fibre  and  the  vafcular  fyf- 
tem.  This  was  an  impoitent  dil'cove- 
ry  :  and  the  inquiry  ought  to  be  ex- 
tended to  the  fubdivifions  of  the  two 
great  claffes  ;  and  to  the  acotyledonous  or 
cry  ptogamous  plants.  The  exam  in  a'  ion 
of  the  internal  organization  may  inf)im 
us  whether  thefc  ought  to  form  a  third 
divifion,  or  to  be  included  in  the  former 
claiTes.  In  examining  the  Internal  ftruc- 
ture  of  vegetables,  com]}oljng  the  gieat 
dalles  admitted  by  all  botanilts,  it 
ought  to  be  noticed,  whether  each  of 
them  has  a  particular  internal  organi- 
zation, common  to  all  the  j)lants  of  its 
order,  and  different  from  that  of  other 
families.  It  ought  to  be  remarked, 
^whether  the  notion  of  their  affinity , 
founded  upon  exteiior  charatiers,  be 
confirmed  in  the  lame  degree  by  the 
infpedion  of  their  internal  organs. 
Ttiefe  circumftances  may  affift  us  to 
determine  the  caufeof  the  union  or  fe- 
paration  of  the  i'eX(^s,  of  the  exigence 
or  ablence  of  the  corolla,  of  the  unity 
or  ])luraiity  of  its  petals,  of  the  num- 
ber and  htuation  of  the  fexual  organs; 
in  a  word,  the  chara6ters  deduced  from 
the  fexual  organs,  and  invariable  in  all 
known  families. 

The  Geogi  aphical  Class  propofe  ;  To 
compare  tiie  gcr^graphical  knovvledge 
of  Ptolemy,  concerning  the  interior  of 
Africa,  exceptin^j  l-gypt  and  Barbary, 
from  Tunis  to  Alorocco,  with  the  in- 
formation tranfmitted  to  us  by  later 
geographers  and  hiltorians.  Prize,  a 
gold  aiedal  of  five  hedtograms. 


SCOTT'S  MINSTRELSY  OF  THE  SCOTISH  BORDER, 


THE  Kelfo  prefs,  which;  if  vpc  re- 
gard the  execution  of  an  early  fpeci- 
n.en,  pvomifcs  to  vie  with  the  fine  ft 
txliibitions  of  typography,  in  (.ther 
conntrics,  has  jUit  produced  a  work, 
which  we  helitate  not  to  affirrn, 
attract  the  attention  of  men  of  litera- 
ture, not  only  in  Scotland,  but  in  every 
country  v\hich  has  prertrrcd  a  taflefor 


poetical  antiquities,  and  popujar  poe- 
try. When  the  Ce  ltic  mine  of  poetry 
was  firft  difcovcred,  the  admiration, 
and  the  incredulity  of  the  learned  were 
excited  in  alaiolt  an  eq  i  d  degree-  The 
mine  of  poetry^  difplayed  ip  the  Min- 
ftrelfy  of  the  Scotidi  Border,  though 
inferior  in  qnality,  to  the  fragments  of 
Offian,  has  fufiSicient  claims  to  the  pub- 


Jan.  1802.     Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border.  69 

lie  attention,  both  in  refped^  of  merit  nicd  with  curious  notes  and  difTerta- 
and  novelty.    But  the  merit  of  the  po-  tions,  which  at  once  fcrve  to  conned 
etry 'S  not  Ihe  Ible  atrradion  of  the  them  with  hiftory, and  to  mark  thegeni« 
woik;  the  numerous  ikitchts  of  Bor-  U3  of  the  periods  in  which  they  were 
der  Hiftory,  ai;d  accouiits  of  popular  compofcd.    After  prefi:nting  cmr  rea- 
fupcrditions  and  loc  d  traditions,  have  ders  with  tiiis  brief  plan  of  the  work, 
a  diflin  'I  va'ue  of  their  own.    From  we  fhail  briefly  mention  the  fources 
the  intsodudtion,  which  contains  an  e-  from  which  the  materials  h  ire  been  de- 
kga  ;t  fummary  t>f  the  So.otifli  Border  rived.  In  this  age  of  literary  fccpticifm, 
Hifiory,  we  fh^^l  endeavom  to  prcfent  this  appears  to  or  or  the  mofl  material 
our  readers  with  a  ccncifc  view  of  the  importance.    Had  the  authenticity  of 
niHtcrialg,  which  compofc  the  work,  the  Poem?  of  Oilian  been  properly  in- 
Thc  Minfireify  of  the  ScoUifh  Bonjer,  vt:{iig;^t<  d  at  rh?  moment  of  publica- 
contain£>  three  claifes  of  p(?ems,  Hitlo-  tion,  m'^ch  light  mi  rhc  certainly  have 
rical  Ballads,  Ronuantic  BtUad^,  and  been  thrown  upon  the  fubjed,  which 
Modern  Imitations.     The   Hiftorical  the  hpfe  of  time  has  now  rendered  dif- 
Baliad  relates  events  which  are  either  ficult,  or  impoiTiblc,  lo  be  procured, 
kneiwn  adually  to  have  taktn  place,  We  may  likewife  add,  that  conceiving 
or  which,  making  due  allov/ance  for  the  diLulfion  to  be  of  literary  impor- 
the  exaggerations  of  poetical  tradition,  tance,  our  work  fliail  al way*  be  open 
we  may  readily  conceive  to  have  had  to  candid   and  liberal  inveCtigation  ; 
fomc  foundation  in  hiftory.    From  the  though  we  are  of  opinion,  that  no 
ftate  of  fociety,  thefe  Border  Ballads  doubts  will  ever  be  entertaiiud  by  any 
cannot  be  expeded  to  exhibit  rt  lined  perfon  acquainted  v^ith  the  perfonal 
fentiment,  far  lefs,  elegant  exprtiTion,  charader  of  the  ingenious  Editor,  and 
though  the  ftile  of  compofition,  has,  his  peculiar  advantages,  in  forming  a 
in  modern  hands,  been  found  highly  coilcvfiioii,  that  may  be  expeded  to 
fufceptibleof  both.  But,  pafl^^ges  might,  rank  with  that  interelting  and  karned 
be  pointed  out,  in  which  the  rude  min  work,  the  Rkliques  of  Ancient 
ftrel  ha;,  melted  into  natural  p.uhos,  or  English  PoiiTRy. 
rifeii  into  rude  energy.     Evtn  where  '*  The  pipers,"  fiys  Mr  Walter  Scott, 
thefe  graces  are  totally  wanting,  the  in-  of  whom  there  was  one,  till  a  late  pe- 
tered of  the  ftorics  themfclve;>,  and  the  riod,  attached  to  each  border  town  of 
curious  pidure  of  manners  which  they  note,  and  whcjfe  office  was  often  here- 
prefent,  authorifc  them  to  claim  fome  ditary,  were  the  great  depofitaries  of 
refped  from  the  public.     The  fecond  oral,  and  particularly  of  poetical,  tra- 
clafi  of  Romantic  Ballads,   compre-  dition.    By  means  of  thefe  men,  mmch 
hend  fuch  popular  legends,  concerning  trauiiional  poetry    as  prefei  ved,  which 
fiditious  and  marvellous  adventures,  as  muii:  otherwife  have  perilhed.  Other 
are  current  on  the  Border.     Carrying  itinerants,    not   proftlfed  muficians, 
with  them  a  general,  and  not  merely  a  found  their  welcome  inUired,  wherever 
lucal  intereft,  they  are  much  more  ge-  they  travelled,  by  their  knowledge  in 
r.erally  knou  n  among  the  peafantry  of  legendary   lore.    Johm    Grakme  of 
Scotland,  than   the   Hiltorical  Songs  Sow-port  in  Cumberland,  commoriiy 
termed  Raid  Ballads y  from  their  cele-  called /y6^  Z^jwjj- ^^^/^^r,  a  perfon  of  this 
brating   predatory    inroads,    on   the  latter  defcriptioi*,  is  liill  alive  ;  and,  fe- 
marchesofthe  two  kingdoms,  and  which  veral  ot  the  foiigs  now  publiihed,  have 
\^  ere  generally  confined  to  the  moun-  l  een  taken  down  from  his  recitation, 
tons  where  they  were  originally  com-  This  peilbnis,  perhaps,  the  laft  of  our 
poftd.  'i  he  third  claims,  which  conhils  profc  fled  ballad  reciters,  aiid  is  now 
of  modern  imitations,  are  foumlcd  on  upwards  of  80  y  ars  of  age.    He  w^as, 
fuch  traditions,  as,  in  the  elder  times,  by  profeliion,  an  itinerant  cleaner  of 
may  be  iuppofed  to  have  employed  the  clocks  and  watclies  ;  but,  a  ftentorian 
hjrps  of  the  minftrels.    In  this  depart-  voice,  and  a  moil  tenacious  memory, 
ment,   the  ingenious  Editor  regrets,  qualified  him  eminently  for  remember- 
that  he  has  not  been  able  to  avail  him-  ing  accurately,  and  reciting  with  cner- 
felf,  fully  of  the  extenfive  aflillance  gy,  the  Border  Gathering  Songs  and 
which  he  has  received,  ai.d  which  he  tales  of  war.    The  ihepherds  aUb,  and 
poll  pones  to  an  intended  third  volume,  aged  perfon.«,  in  the  recelfcs  of  the  Bor- 
The  fongs  of  every  clafs  are  accompa-  der  mountains,  frequently  remember 
Vol.  LXIV.  I  and 


Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border.        Vol.  64. 


and  repeat  the  warlike  fongs  of  their 
fathers.  This  is  more  particularly  the 
cafe  in  what  are  called  the  South  High- 
landsi  where,  in  many  inftances,  the 
fame  families  have  occupitd  the  fame 
pofltflions  for  centuries.  It  is  chiefly 
from  this  latter  fourct,  that  the  Editor 
has  drawn  hi^  materials,  moft  of  which 
were  colledted  many  years  ago,  during 
his  early  youth.  But  he  has  been  ena- 
bled, in  many  inPaf^ccs,  to  fupply  and 
correct  the  de6ciencies  of  his  own  co- 
pies, from  a  collection  of  Border  Songs, 
compiled  from  various  fources  by  the 
late  Mr  Riddell  of  Glcnriddcl,  a  fcdu- 
Jous  Border  antiquary.  In  the  d^'part- 
jnent  of  romantic  ballads,  the  Editor 
has  been  indebted  to  the  MSS.  of  Mr 
Herd  of  Edinburgh,  the  editor  of  the 
firfl  claHical  colle^^Hon  of  Scotifh  fungs 
and  ballads  in  1774.  Two  valuable  MS. 
collediions  have  likewife  been  commu- 
jiicated  by  my  learned  and  rcfpedcd 
friend,  Alexander  Frafer  Tytler,  Efq; 
of  Woodhoufelee,  for  which  he  was 
indebted  to  the  taftc  and  memory 
pf  Mrs  Brown  of  Falkland,  who  learn- 
ed the  greater  part  of  them  from  her 
aunt  Mrs  Farquhar,  a  lady  who  refuied 
in  Braemar,  near  the  fources  of  the 
Dee."  Such  are  the  fources  from  which 
Mr  Scott  has  formed  hisinterefting  col- 
le^^lion  ;  and,  from  this  account  \^hich 
we  have  extracted  from  his  prelimi- 
nary difltrtation,  it  is  obvious,  that 
he  hasrefcued  from  oblivion,  thcfe  cu- 
rious monuments  of  the  "  older  time," 
as  they  were  on  the  very  eve  of  perifh- 
ing.  We  beg  leave  to  fuggtft  to  this 
induftrious  colIe(5^or,  that  it  is  probable 
the  extremities  of  the  weft  and  north, 
or  Galloway  and  Caithnefs,  in  the  dif- 
tri(5ls  which  ufe  the  Englilli  langu^ige, 
may  ftill  preferve  fomc  valuable  frag- 
ments  of  poetry,  as  well  as  the  fouth- 
crn  borders,  and  the  ealiern  coafts  of 
Scotland;  and  that  we  (hall  always  be 
happy  to  facilitate  his  inquiries. 

We  have  the  fatisfa(5^ion  to  inform 
our  readers,  that  the  ancient  Romance 
of  Sir  Triftrem,  alcribed  to  the  cele- 
brated Thomas  the  Rhymer,  or  rather, 
Thomas  Rymour  of  Ercildoune,  will 
Ihortly  appear,  in  an  elegant  form, 
from  the  Kelfo  prefs.  It  will  be  pub- 
hfhed  from  the  Auchinleck  MS.  (an  in- 
valuable collecftion  of  ancient  roman- 
ces, depofited  in  the  library  of  the  Fa- 
culty of  Advocates,  Edinburgh)  with  a 
preliminary  diiTertation  and  gloflary,  by 


Walter  Scott,  Efq;  Advocate,  the  editor 
of  the  Minftrelfy  ofthe  Scottifh  Border. 

A  History  of  the  Scotifh  Rebellion 
in  I745>  John  Home,  Efq;  author 
of  Douglan  and  other  ingenious  wotks, 
is  now  in  the  prefs.  The  author  had 
the  advantage  of  being  prefent  in  fomc 
of  the  fcents  which  he  dcfcribes.  A# 
it  has  long  been  his  favourite  com- 
pofition,  great  expectations  are  en- 
tertained of  it  ;  and,  from  his  oppor- 
tunities of  acquiring  information,  it 
can  hardly  fail  to  illuflrate,  in  a  fuperior 
manner,  that  very  interefting  period  of 
Scotiih  Hiftory. 

A  Dissertation  on  the  Reign  of 
Queen  Mary,  by  Malcolm  Laing,  Efq; 
Advocate,  the  ingenious  author  of  the 
Hiftory  of  Scotland,  from  the  Union  of 
the  CroWns  to  the  Union  of  the  King- 
doms, is  in  the  prefs.  The  refearches 
of  Mr  Laing,  and  the  ftudy  of  original 
documents,  are  underftood  to  have 
placed  the  charadler  of  that  beautiful 
and  unfortunate  princefs,  in  a  very  un- 
favourable point  of  view  ;  and,  the 
known  accuracy  of  his  inveftigation?, 
cannot  fail  to  render  him  a  very  formi- 
dable foe  to  her  fame. 

Thb  Original  Chronicles  of  the  Pi<5ls, 
Welch,  Strathclyde-Briton,  and  Dal- 
riadic  Princes,  edited  in  Latin  and  Eng- 
lilh,  by  J.  Ritfon,  Efq;  will  Ihortly  ifiue 
from  theEdinburgh  prefs-  Fromthewell- 
known  accuracy  and  refcarch  of  (his 
learned  antiquary,  much  light  cannotfail 
to  be  thrown  on  that  very  dark  period  of 
Scotilh  and  Bntifti  hiftory,  and  the  hy- 
pothetical opinion  of  the  Gothic  ori- 
gin of  the  Pids,  at  prefent  fo  generally 
adopted,  will  meet  a  more  formidable 
opponent,  than  it  has  hitherto  encoun- 
tered. 

The  Rev.  Mr  Findlater  is  engaged  in 
an  Agricultural  Survey  of  Tweedale, 
which  will  fhortly  be  publifhed. 

A  History  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Africa,  by  the  editor  of  the  Complaynt 
of  Scotland,  is  now  in  the  prtfs  at  E- 
dinburgh,  and  will  fpeedily  be  publifli* 
ed,  in  two  large  volumes,  8vo.  It  is 
to  include  the  moft  modern  difcoveries, 
and  will  exhibit  a  comparative  view  of 
the  ancient  and  modern  ftate  of  that  in- 
terefting  country. 

A  Second  Vorufne  of  the  work  of 
O.J.BlU  on  theLawofBaukiuptcy,  and 
containing  the  pradlical  part  of  the  fub- 
jed,  is  in  great  forwardnefs. 

Our  readers  will  be  delighted  to 

learn  i 


Jan.  1802. 


POETRY. 


71 


learn,  that  an  elegant  edition  of  that 
beautiful  poem,  the  Plcafures  of  Hope, 
is  propofcd,  with  original  poems  by 
the  ingenious  author.  Many  of  the  ad- 
ditional pieces  arc  underftood  to  be 
even  fuperior  to  the  former  produdtions 
of  Mr  Campbell. 

An  elegant  edition  of  Beattie's  Minf- 
trel  will  Ihortly  ilfue  from  the  Kelfo 
prefs. 

A  TOUR  in  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land, illuftratcd  by  numerous  elegant 
plates,  by  Mr  Alexander  Campbell^ 
author  of  the  Introduction  to  the  Hif- 
tory  of  Scotifh  Poetry,  is  in  the  prefs, 
and  fhortly  will  be  publiihed. 

Mr  a.  Lawrie,  bookfeller,  Edin- 
burgh, announces  a  Hiftory  of  Mafon- 
jy,  in  which  the  real  hiftory  of  the  or- 


der is  to  be  inveftigated,  its  importance 
as  a  civil  inftitution  eftimated,  and  the 
various  forms  pointed  out  which  it  has 
prefcnted  in  different  countries. 

A  new  edition  of  Murtadis'  Egyptian 
Hiftory,  with  notes  und  illuftration,  is 
preparing  at  Edinburgh,  and  will  ihort- 
ly be  publiihed.  This  author,  whofe 
original  Arabic  text,  we  regret,  has  ne- 
ver been  publiihed,  is  mentioned  with 
approbation,  by  the  learned  Gibbon. 

A  new  edition  of  Grainger's  Poems, 
in  2  vols  8vo,  edited  by  the  learned  Dr 
Robert  Anderfon,  author  of  the  Livea 
of  the  Britiih  Poets,  will  fhortly  be 
publilbed  at  Edinburgh.  The  fecond 
volume  confifts  of  unpublifhed  pocma 
from  the  original  MSS.  of  the  author* 


V     O     E     T     R  Y. 


ODE 

FOR  THE  YEAR  M,DCCCIL 

BY  HENRT  JAMES  PYE,  ES(^. 

LO  !  from  Bellona'scrimfon  car, 

At  length  the  panting  Steeds  unbound  | 
At  length  the  thunder  of  the  War 

In  feftive  Ihouts  of  Peace  is  drovvn'd: 
Yet,  as  around  her  Monarch's  brow, 
Britannia  twines  the  Olive  bough, 
Bold  as  her  Eagle.eye  is  caft 
On  hours  of  recent  Tcmpeft  paft, 
Thro'  the  rude  Wave  and  advcrfc  Gale 
When  free  Ihe  fpread  her  daring  Sail, 
Immortal  Glory's  radiant  form, 
Her  guiding  Load-ftar  thro*  the  ftorm, 
Diredled  by  whofe  golden  ray. 
Thro'  Rocks  and  Shoals  fhe  kept  her  fteady 
way — 

*•  My  fons,'*  flie  cries,  "  can  Honour's 

Guerdon  claim ; 
^'  Unfoird  my  Parent  Worth,  unftain'd 

their  Sovereign's  Fame  !" 

Albion!  tho'  oft  by  dread  alarms, 
Thy  native  valour  has  been  tried^ 

Kc'er  did  the  luflre  of  thy  Arms 

Shine  forth  with  more  refulgent  pride. 

Than  when,  while.  Europe's  Sons  dif- 
may'd. 

Shrunk  recreant  from  thy  mighty  aid; 
Alone  unfriended,  firm  you  ftood, 
A  barrier  'gainft  the  foaming  flood,— 


When  mild  and  foft  the  filkeft  breezg 
Blows  gently  o'er  the  ripling  fcaa, 
The  Pinnace  then  may  lightly  fwecp 
With  painted  oar  the  halcyon  deep  : 
But  when  the  howling  Whirlwinds  rife. 
When  mountain  Billows  threat  the  Skietj 
With  ribs  of  Oak  the  Bark  muft  brave 
The  inroad  of  the  furious  wave ; 
The  hardy  Crew  muft  to  the  raging  Wind 
Oppofe  the  finewy  Arm,  the  unconquerable 
Mind. 

In  every  Clime  where  Ocean  roars, 

High,  tho'  thy  Naval  Banners  flew. 
From  where  by  Hyperborean  fhorcs. 

The  frozen  Gale  ungcnial  blew, 
To  fultry  Lands  that  Indian  furges  lave, 
Atlantic  Ifles,  and  fam'd  Canopus'  wave; 
Tho'  from  infalted  Egypt's  Coaft 
Thy  Armiefc  fwept  the  Vidor  Hoft, 
From  veteran  bands  where  Britifti  Va- 
lour won 

The  lofty  walls  of  Amnion's  god-likc 
Son  ; 

Ufelefs  the  danger  and  the  toil. 
To  free  each  felf- devoted  foil, 
Auxiliar  Legions  from  thy  fide 
Recede,  to  fwell  the  Gallic  Conqueror's 
pride : 

While  on  Marengo's  fatal  Plain, 
Faithful  to  Honour's   tie,  brave  Auflria 
bkeds  in  vaift 

1  a  Not 


POETRY. 


Vol.  64. 


Not  fired  by  fierce  Ambition's  flame, 
Did  Albion's  Monarch  urge  his  Car, 
laipetiious  thro*  the  bleeding  Ranks 
cf  War  ;— 
To  fuccour  and  prote<ft  his  noMer  Aim. 
His  guardian  Arm,  while  each  Hefperian 
Vale, 

While  Lufitania's  vine-clad  Mountains  hail, 
Their  ancient  Rii^hts  and  laws  rcftor'd, 
The  Royal  Patriot  llieachii  the  avenging 
Sword ; 

By  Heaven  born  Concord  led,  while  Plen- 
ty fmlles. 

And  fheds  hei  iiouniies  wide  to  blcfs  the 
Sifter  Iflts. 


For  the  Scots  Afci^azltfe. 

THE  ERL-KING/ 

From  tit  Gcrwian. 

O  !  who  ridts  by  night  thro'  the  woodlands 
fo  wild  ? 

It  is  the  fond  fond  father  embracing  his 
child, 

And  clofc  the  boy  neflles  within  his  loved 
arm 

From  the  blaft  of  the  tempei),  to  keep  him- 
fclf  warm. 

"  O  Father!  fee  yonder!"  fee  yonder!  he 
fays. — 

*'  My  boy,  upon  what  dofl  thou  fearfully 
gaze  ? — 

"  O  !  ti^  the  Erl-King,  with  his  ftaff  and 

his  fliroud  !" — 
"  No,  my  love  !  it  is  but  a  dark  wreath  of 

the  cloud. — 

ne  Phantom  fpeahs. 

O !  wilt  thou  go  with  mc,  thou  lovelieft 
child! 

**  By  many  a  gay  fport  (ball  thy  hours  be 
beguil'd  ; 

*  After  the  numerous  tranflations  from 
?hc  German  which  have  appeared  in  this 
country,  we  conceive  it  to  be  needlcfs  to  il- 
luftratc  the  popular  mythology  of  the  Erl- 
King,  or  fpirit  of  the  woods,  according  to 
the  Germans.  The  beautiful  German  fong^ 
of  the  ErlkofJng,  has  been  tranllated  by 
Mr  Lewis,  the  ingenious  author  of  the 
ATonk,  and  other  performances,  and  by 
Mr  Taylor  of  Norwich,  the  original  iranf- 
lator  of  the  cekbratcd  Lentre.  For  the  fol- 
lowing verficn,  which,  was  executed  before 
the  publication  of  any  of  thofe  we  have 
mentioned,  we  are  indebted  to  a  Scotifti  li- 
terary gentleman,  whom  we  do  not  hefitateto 
place  at  the  head  of  thofe  who  have  cultivat- 
ed thiifpccics  of  poetry  in  this  country. 


"  My  mother  keeps  for  thee  full  many  a 
fair  toy, 

"  And  many  a  fine  flower  fhall  fhc  pluck 
for  my  boy.** — 

"  O  Father  f  my  Father  I  and  did  you  not 
hear 

"  The  Erl-King  whifpcr  fo  clofc  in  my 
car  ?'* — 

"  Be  It)!?  my  loved  darling,  iny  child  be  at 
e^fc  ! 

•*  It  wa:,  but  thr  wild  blafl  as  it  howrd 
thro*  the  trees." — 

Tht  Phantom. 

"  O  wilt  thou  g;)  w'th  mr,  thou  lovcHcft 

b-y  ! 

"  M?  la  ughter  fltall  tend  thee  with  care 

and  with  joy  ; 
**  She  ihall  bear  thcc  fo  lightly  thro'  wet 

and  trio*  wild, 
"  And  hug  thee,  and  kifs  thee,  and  fmg  to 

niy  child.'* — 

"  O  Father !  my  Father !  and  faw  you  not 
plain. 

The  Erl-King*$  pale  daughter  glide  paft 

thro'  the  rain  } — 
O  no ;  my  heart's  treafure  \  I  knew  it 

full  foon. 

It  was  the  grey  willow,  that  danc'd  to  the 
moon." — 

Tb§  Phantom. 

"  Come  with  mc,  come  with  me,  no  longer 
delay, 

«  Or  elfe,  filly  child,  I  will  drag  thee  a- 
way. — 

«*  O  Father!  O  Father!  now, now, keep  your 
hold  !  ^  ^ 

«  The  Erl-King  has  feizcd  me— his  grafp  is 
fo  cold." — 

Sore  trembles  the  Father;  he  fpurs  thro* 
the  wild, 

Clafping  clofc  to  his  bofom  his  fliuddering 
child ; 

He  reaches  his  dwelling  in  doubt  and  in 
dread  ; 

But,  clafped  to  his  bofom,  the  infant  was 
dead  ! 

E.  F. 


ELEGY 

On  the  Pact  Thorn j  on. 

GENFLE  Poet,  farewell!  ah!  when  fliall 

thy  bofom. 
Again,  or  with  fancy,  or  nature  be  bleft; 
Sweet  bard  of  the  Spring,  canft  thou  mark 

the  young  bloiro.Ti, 
That  fprouts  from  the  green  turf  that  lies 
on  thy  brcaft. 


^111.  i8o2.  P  O  E 

No  more  while  the  Summer  unfoldf  her 
wild-rofes, 

The  dew  fprinkled  meads  bj  thy  feet  lhail 
be  preft  ; 

Unconfcious,  the  bard  in  his  lone  cell  rc- 
pofcs, 

While  flowers  paint  the  green  turf  that  lies 

on  his  breall:. 
In  the  pale  morn  of  Autumn,  the  horn  of 

the  reaper, 

Shall  roufc  thee  no  more  from  the  direami 
of  thy  reft. 

Whtt  found  from  the  grave  (hall  awaken 

the  flccpcr, 
Tho'  the  woodlark  fings  fweet  o*er  the  turf 

on  thy  bread  ? 
Nor  more  ftalt  thou  trace  or  the  tcmpeft*i 

wild  motion. 
Or  the  ghofts  gliding  flow  on  the  wings  of 

their  miU  ? 
Far  from  Winter  removed,  and  from  life's 

ftormy  ocean, 
Tho*  fnows  hide  the  green  turf  that  lies  on 

thy  breaft. 

While  Eden,  fad  flows,  thro'  his  green  whif- 

pering  fedges, 
While  Tweed's  tufted  banks  arc  with  prim- 

rofes  drcft. 

So  long  ftialt  thou  live  in  the  bofom  of  ages, 
And  hallowed  the  turf  be  that  lies  on  thy 
breaft. 

The  damfcls  of  Ednam^  while  Autumn  is 
fading, 

Their  long  hair  with  chaplets  of  willow 
incasM, 

In  the  moon-beams  ihall  fing,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Eden, 
Ah  !  light  be  the  green  turf  that  lies  on 
thy  breaft." 

Say,  haft  thou,  fweet  Poet,  our  woodlands 
forfaken  ! 

To  tune  thy  foft  harp  to  the  choir  of  the 
bleft  ? 

Even  angels  (hall  lift  while  its  numbers 
awaken, 

And  blcfs  lhall  the  green  turf  that  lies  on 
thy  breaft, 
V  W.  G. 

L^anks  of  the  Ktn,  Bee,  30.  l8oi. 


SONG. 

AH  !  weep  not  my  true  love  tho'  now  we 

nuift  fever. 
Can  lovers  fo  faithful  be  doom'd  long  to 

part? 

But  thou,  from  my  bofom,  evanifti  ftialt 
never, — 

While  loft  to  my  eyes,  ftialt  thou  live  in 
my  heart* 


TRY.  73 

The  dreams  of  fond  love  round  my  fancy 

ftiall  hover, 
And  hope  ftill  lhall  cheer  me  while  plea- 

fures  defert  ; 
Tho'  wide  roll  the  green  waves  'twixt  thee 

and  thy  lover, 
Tho'  loft  to  my  eyes,  thou  ftialt  live  in  my 

heart. 

'Twerc  treafon,  myfweet-heart!  e'er  falfc  to 

believe  thee, 
So  tender,  fo  arrlefs,  (o  mild  as  thou  art ; 
And  thinkTt  thou  that  then,  I  could  ever 

deceive  thee  ? — 
While  loft  to  my  eyes,  thou  ftialt  live  in  my 

heart. 

Thou  fweet  child  of  feeling,  thou  beauty'* 

young  bloflViin, 
HI  formM  to  endure  of  misfurtune  the  fmart. 
Oh  !  may  no  rude  ftorm  break  the  peace  of 

thy  bofom, — 
While  ioft  to  my  eyes,  thou  (halt  live  in 

my  heart. 

A  long  laft  farewjll!  faireft  offspring  of 
nature, 

Moft  fweet  in  thofe  tears  that  forbid  us  to 
part ; 

In  the  mirror  of  fancy' fhall  live  every  fea- 
ture. 

That  fades  from  my  eyes,  but  to  live  in  my 
heart. 

W.  G. 

Banks  of  the  Kent  Dec.  30.  1 80 1. 


THE  TWA  BOTTLES.  * 
A  Dialogue  on  a  late  Parlumentary  Jecijt»n» 
Strong  Ale, 

HEH!  neighbour,  but  you're  wond'rous 
croufc ! 

Ye're  gaen,  I  fee,  to  yon  change-houfe  : 

Wliat's  a'  the  news  that's  fteering  ? 
Has  ony  thing  come  late  frae  France, 
That  maks  ye  ftend  fae,  loup  and  dance  ? 

Excufe  me,  fir,  for  fpeering. 

mi/iy. 

France/  de'il  than  France  was  in  a  low  ! 
There's  little  wit  in  thac  fool  pow. 

That  wadna  try  to  trick  her; 
Her  blafted,  taftelefs,  cauldrife  wine  ! 
Has  owre  lang  join'd  wi  browfts  o'  thine. 
To  ftap  our  good  S>:Qtt  liquor. 


*  We  are  indebted  to  a  Literary  friend 
for  this  communication  ;  which  we  have 
reafon  to  believe,  comes  from  the  pen  of 
HeAor  M'Neill,  Efq;  the  ingenious  author 
cjf  Will  and  Jean. 


f4 


POETRY. 


Vol.  64. 


Strong  Ale, 
Aye  man  !  It  fcts  you  weel,  T  trow  ! 
To  crook  your  ill  fcrap*d,  ill  far'd  mou, 

And  gab  fae  to  your  betters. 
I  fain  wad  ken  what  turn  o'  lace 
Has  fet  a-field  this  blether-lkate, 

I  thought  faft  bound  in  fetters  ? 

Aflt  my  dumb  doup  !  if  lugs  ye*vc  nanc, 
Gae  ready  the  news  will  gar  ye  grane ! 

They've  plaid  a  bonny  plifky! 
Our  Parliment  (God  blcfs  them  a* !) 
Has  gi'en,  at  laft,  proud  chiels  a  fa', 

And  hoiz*d  up  honeft  whifky  ! 

Strong  Ale, 
I'm  forty  for*t  wi*  a'  my  heart  I 
Mo  on  my  ain,  but  country^  part. 

And  good  folk's  confolation  ! 
Gin  a'  be  true,  that  now  ye  tell, 
Poortith  and  vice  may  ftrike  the  knell 

0'  death  and  conjiernationt 

IVhifhy, 

Ha  !  ha  !  I  kcnt  *twad  mak*  ye  wac  ! 
But  birkie  !  tend  to  what  I  fay; 

Ye'd  better  leave  off  preocblng, 
Heam  that  are  happy  ken  few  fears, 
Dc'il  haet,  yt'll  get  but  taunts  and  jeers, 

For  a'  your  thanklefs  teaching- 
s/row^ Ale. 
Alas  !  for  ancc  yc've  fpoke  owre  true  ! 
Whan  madncfs  reigns,  calm  thought  adieu  ! 

Yet  hark  ye  friend  ere  parting ; 
Though  for  a  day  fools  mouot  in  air, 
Whan  mirk  night  comes,  in  dumb  defpair, 

Sa't  tears  will  then  be  ftarting. 

IVhiJky. 
TVarj/  tears  for  what  ? 

Strong  Ale — For  follies  pajl ; 
For  ruin  hurVd  in  ihriftUJs  ivajle  ; 

For  uproar  and  confufion. 
Par  friends  and  kindred  fcattered  xvide  ; 
For  bairns^  pale  ftiivering  a.t  their  fide. 

To  prove  the  mad  delufion. 

Wbijiy. 

The  pl(5lure's  waefu',  we  confefs ; 

But  for  the  caufe^  the  learn'd  may  guefs. 

We  poor  folk  canna  fpeil  it  : 

Strong  Ale, 
Weel,  weel  ye  ken  !  tho'  laith  to  fpeak, 
If  a'  fhame  hadna  fled  your  cheek. 

Your  blufliing  fac€  wad  tell  It. 

Weel,  weel  ye  ken  !  five  years  and  mair 
Can  hardjy  yet  the  {kaith  repair 

ji'  your  midnight  keeping. 


The  wounds  that  bled  are  fcarcc  fkinnM  o'er. 
The  wretch  that  mourn'd  frae  door  to  door, 
h  hardly  yet  jione  weeping. 

IVbiJhy, 

Pugh  !  what  the  forrow  was't  I  did  ? 
f  took  the  folk  aft  by  the  head  ; 

Did  ye  ne'er  do  the  fame  now  \ 
Drunky  ay  is  drunks  what  maks  the  fm? 
Is't  whilky  think  ye,  ale  or  gin, 

That  brings  the  fkaith  or  fhame  now. 

Strong  Ale. 

Whan  drunk  wi*  ale^  fools  dofe  to  rejl\ 
Painfu'  nieft  morn  wi'  unrack'd  bread 

They  tafte  b§aW)s  recreation  ; 
But  drunk  wi*_yo»/,  ilk  brain,  red  wood, 
Scatters  wi*  rage  and  boiling  blood; 

DeftruAion  round  the  nation. 

Madd'ning  wi'  you,  the  fage  turns  fool ; 
Mild  woman  finks  frae  'virtue's  fchool. 

And  laughs  at  a'  decorum  ; 
AffliiSlion  flees  the  parent's  heart ! 
And  mifery  fees  th*  double  dart 

O'  flight  and  want  afore  him  \ 

Poifon*d  by  thee  wi'  knawing  pain. 
The Jiomacb  tries  its  powers  in  vain. 

To  favc  the  ftem  that's  dowin  ; 
Faft !  faft  the  blooming  blofl'oms  fly  ! 
While  dritiiy  drinky  drinty  is  a'  the  cry. 

To  quench  the  flame  that's  lowin  \ 

Tutor'd  by  thee,  infernal  guide  ! 
Vice  fpreads  his  crimc-ftain'«l  banners  wide 
To  mar  ilk  fwcet  affc<5tion  ! 
Dark  rapine  prowls  in  midnight  deeds  ; 
And  urged  by  want,  the  murderer  bleeds 

By  juftice'  ftem  corredion. 

Tbefe  are  thy  blefllngs  !  reptile  vile  ! 
Wha'  dares  wi*  taunt,  and  jeer,  and  fmile. 

To  vent  your  fenfelefs  gabble  ! 
Upftarted  now  forfooth  and  croufe! 
Fit  comrade  for  yon  black  change-houfe. 

And  a'  its  drukin'  rabble  ! 

Tberey  blackguard!  there,  ye'll  had  your, 
reign, 

Feeding  wi'  flame,  the  fev'ring  brain 

O'  thieves,  and  hell-fir'd  fallows; 
Till  round  and  round  the  furies  reel. 
And  rinning  hcad-lang  to  the  de'il. 

Ye  ftring  a'  on  ae  gallows." — 

Scar'd  at  the  fpeech,  aff*  in  a  fright 
Swith !  xvbfky  fled  wi*  a'  his  might. 

While  ilka  virtue  hifs*d  him  ; 
Trembling,  vile  wretch  !  he  reach'd  the  door 
Whar  loud  in  riot's  dru*kin'  roar 

yin^Grss  and  dtjlillers  kifs'd  him* 


Jan.  1802.  75 


HISTORICAL  CHRONICLE. 


IT  was  the  intention  of  the  Editors 
of  the  Scots  Magazine  to  have  pre- 
lented  their  readers  with  a  rapid  fketch 
of  the  political  afpecls  exhibited  in  the 
year  1801,  the  firlt  year  of  the  »ine- 
tcenth  century,  which  might  have 
claimed  the  merit  of  originality,  while 
it  difplayed  thole  liberal  and  moderate 
principles  to  which  they  have  con- 
Itantly  adhered.  They  are,  however, 
of  opinion,  that  it  is  impoirible  to  dil- 
chargc  their  duty  to  their  readers, 
with  greater  propriety  than  by  adopt- 
ing the  following  political  fketch  which 
lately  appeared  in  a  Scotiih  provincial 
newipaper.  It  is  the  compofition  of  Mr 
James  Ballantyne,  Editor  of  the  Kellb 
Mail ;  and  we  flatter  ourfelves  that  our 
readers  will  agree  with  us,  that  whether 
we  regard  the  elegance  of  the  ftile,  or 
the  accuracy  of  the  political  views, 
which  it  contains,  it  deferves  a  repu- 
tation Vv^hich  far  tranfcends  the  celebri- 
ty to  be  derived  from  any  newfpaper, 

POLITICAL  SKETCH 

OF  THE  YEAR  iSoi, 

The  lapfe  of  another  year  calls  upon 
us  to  oft'er  our  renewed  tribute  of  gra- 
titude and  refpe61:  to  the  public;  and 
we  welcome  the  invitation  with  a  de- 
gree of  pleafure,  to  which  we  have  long 
been  ftrangers.  After  having  been,  du- 
ring almolt  the  whole  of  our  public 
life,  the  recorders  of  war,  fcarcity,  and 
tumult,  it  is  gratifying  in  no  common 
degree  to  be  at  length  enabled  to  pre- 
fient  our  annual  congratulations,  unal- 
loyed by  any  feeling  of  apprehenlion 
for  Public  Security,  or  of  fympatby  for 
National  Diftrefs;  to  be  enabled  to 
hail  the  return  of  plenty  to  a  content- 
ed country,  and  of  Peace  to  a  haralTed 
World. 

Blessings  like  thefe,  of  no  partial 
nature  ;  unmingled  with  any  felfilh  al- 
loy, and  embracing  the  caufe  of  huraa- 
iiity  itfelf  j  bleflings  like  thefe  claim 
the  undivided  gratitude  of  our  fouls, 
and  we  pay  it  with  the  reverence  which 
1$  due. 


That  out  readers  may  be  enabled 
duly  to  eftimate  our  prefent  advanta- 
ges, it  may  not  be  unprofitable  to  lay 
before  them,  a  conne6led  and  impartial 
detail  of  the  great  events  by  Vv'hich  the 
pad  year  has  been  charadlerized  ;  that 
thus,  by  recalling  the  fituation  of  alarm 
in  which  we  Itood  at  its  commence- 
ment, they  mayedimate  aright  the  hap- 
py change  which  has  diitinguilhed  its 
clofe.  Such  an  appreciatic^n  will  tend 
to  excite  in  every  reflecting  mind,  re- 
verence for  thofe  high  decrees  which 
controul  the  affairs  of  men  ;  and  will 
dire6l  the  gratitude  of  every  Britifh 
heart  to  thofe  wife  and  falatary  coun- 
cils, by  which  their  country  repofes, 
after  its  hard  toils,  vigorous  in  indepen- 
dence, and  ftrengthened  in  every  ho- 
nourable principle. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  paft 
year,  we  found  ouifelves  involved  in 
difficulties  more  intricate,  and  in  dan- 
gers more  alarming,  than  at  any  for- 
mer perfod  of  the  war.  At  home,  we 
beheld  the  nation  groaning  under  pri- 
vations, which  a  fecond  feafon  of  fcar- 
city had  impoled  ;  while  the  diltrelTes 
arifing  fiom  this  heavy  calamity,  was 
aggravated  by  the  progreirive  accumu- 
lation of  the  national  debt,  and  the  en- 
creafmg  taxation  by  which  fuel  was  to 
be  fuppiied  foi  the  f»aines  of  war,  burn- 
ing forth  with  new  fury,  af:er  the  fail- 
ure of  a  third  attempt  to  negociate. 

The  fituation  of  our  filter  kingdom 
prefented  a  fpedlacle  yet  more  diitrefs- 
ing  and  critical.  Suffc-ring  equally  with 
us  the  phyfical  prelTure  of  wanr,  the 
cruel  cunning  of  the  difafFeded  con- 
verted a  difpenfation  of  Providence  in- 
to a  ftimulus  to  outrage  and  tumult  ; 
while  the  renewed  threat  of  invalioii 
emboldened  the  hopes  of  the  feditious, 
and  excited  the  utmoft  anxiety  on  the 
part  of  Government. 

Abroad,  our  profpefls  wer«  not 
more  flattering.  At  that  eventful  cri- 
fis,  Great  Britain  was  feen  ftanding  al- 
moft  alone  in  a  conteft,  which  France, 
by  the  extent  of  her  revolutionary  re- 
fources,  had  fuccefsfuUy  carried  on  up- 
on the  continent  for  upwards  of  eight 

year*, 


76 


Folitical  Sketch. 


Vol  64. 


years,  agaiuft  her  and  her  allies.  But 
Great  hi'tain  was  more  than  deferted. 
Tbc  energy  of  fome  of  her  former 
fiiends  was  direaed  againft  her;  and 
and  a  coalition,  formidable  even  in  the 
eyes  of  Krgliihmen,  had  newly  been 
foimcd  againft  the  very  heart  of  her 
ftiength,  by  the  three  great  Northern 
Powers,  with  Ruflia  at  their  head. 

France,  at  this  period,  bcfides 
having  extended  her  Continental  ter- 
ritory,  and  her  Continental  alliances, 
Itill  retainf-d  the  pofielTion  of  l^gypt, 
and  feemed  thence  to  menace  our  Halt- 
ern  eltabliilmitnts. 

Such  were  the  circumftances  of  our 
fitua;ion  at  the  commencement  of  the 
vear  1801  But  now  was  evinced  the 
tfficacy  of  that  fyftem  of  Laws,  Man- 
ners, and  Morals,  which,  after  every 
deduct  ion  to  be  made  for  human  frailty 
and  folly,  ciiltinguilhes  and  elevates, 
bevoad  every  other,  this  pre- eminent- 
ly "happy  Land.  The  fpirit  of  its 
Teople,  and  of  its  Government,  re- 
mained firm  and  unftiaken.  'I'hc  hor- 
rors of  want  re  fultained  with  the 
chara6teriiiic  patience  of  a  hardy  race; 
the  dangers  winch  menaced  from 
abroad  were  contemplated  with  the 
calm  fortitude  of  Fieenicn  ;  and  it  may 
with  Uuth  be  aihimed,  that  there  ne- 
ver was  a  per  ud  ot  the  war  at  which 
a  greater  union  of  fenliment  prevailed, 
or  at  which,  liad  in vahon  been  attempt- 
ed, a  more  deterriiined  enlhuiialm 
would  have  been  oppofed  to  the  loe. 

It  .was  in  this  htuaticD  of  our  alTairs, 
at  home  ard  abro^^d,  that  a  divifion 
having  ariiVn  in  the  Britilh  Cabinet, 
reipeding,  as  it  was  laid,  the  propriety 
of  complying  with  certain  religious 
immunities,  and  pohtical  privileges, 
claimea  by  the  Iriih  Catholjcs,  in  con- 
iequence  of  the  union  of  the  two  (Coun- 
tries, the  Right  Hono'jrable  William 
I'iTT,  and  feverai  of  his  colleagues,  re- 
ligncd  their  offices  as  Members  of  Ad- 
miniftration.  Mr  Addi>7gton,  the 
call  of  his  Sovereign,  relinquilhed  the 
molt  dignified  itation  which  the  Re- 
prefenta rives  of  a  free  people  could 
elevate  him.,  and  in  which  he  had  fe- 
cured  the  approbation  of  every  riian  of 
every  parcy,  to  affumc  the  perilous 
gnd  complicated  duties  of  Prime  Mi- 
nifter  of  Great  Efitain.  rcrlbnal  am- 
bition h(i  iiiorgly,  and  we  believe 
jultlv;,  difa vowed.   He  well  knew  that 


it  would  not  be  eafy,  that  it  v/as  tiard- 
ly  poflible,  for  him  to  retain,  far  iefs 
to  increafe,  the  high  charaeier  and 
cordial  attdchment,which  had  preceded 
and  accompanied  his  elevation.  Love 
for  hi^  country  appears  to  have  been 
the  noble  principle  by  which  he  was 
influenced  ;  and  the  fyftcm  which  he 
wifely  adopted  for  the  promotion  of  her 
welfare,  combined  jultice  with  Nation- 
al Spirit,  and  aflbciated  moderation  with 
decilion. 

TiiE  firfl  great  objc6l  of  the  New 
Adminiltration  was,  by  candid  and 
liberal  propohtions,  by  open  and  ho- 
nourable explanation,  to  conciliate  the 
Powers  compohng  the  New  Coalition. 
That  tafk,  however,  fairly  and  conlci- 
entioufly  as  it  was  undertaken,  tney 
well  knew  to  be  of  at  lead  dubious  fuc- 
cefs  ;  becaufe  they  knew,  (what  is 
fincc  proven  beyond  difpute)  that  he 
queftion  refpcding  neutral  velTcls  was 
a  mere  pretext  for  hoftilities ;  and  that 
the  true  ipirit  which  influenced  the 
Councils  of  the  Northern  Powers,  was 
a  jealouly  of  our  Naval  pre-emmence, 
fomented  by  the  policy  of  I'lance, 
which  could  only  be  removed  by  the 
utter  deftiudiion  of  the  objedl  which 
gave  it  birth.  While,  therefore,  the 
the  Negociation  was  yet  depending, 
Minifteis  were  making  prcpararions 
to  atl:,  Hmuld  it  be  necefTary,  a  more 
commanding  part ;  and,  as  loon  as  its 
failure  was  aiceriained,  a  powerful 
fleet  was  diipatched  from  En^iland, 
which,  having  palled  the  icund  with- 
out molellation,  approached  the  har- 
bour of  the  Daniih  Capital.  Finding 
ail  attempts  to  conciliate  ftiil  inetfec- 
tual,  a  detachment  of  the  Grand  Fleet, 
under  the  command  of  the  Hero  of 
the  Nile,  on  the  morning  of  the  2d  of 
Apr.l,  attacked  the;  Daniih  Line, 
tlrongly  moored  in  the  Roads  of  Co- 
penhagen, and  powerfully  fupported 
by  the  batteries  w^hich  lined  the 
iliore. 

The  plan  of  attack  v/as  worthy  the 
foul  of  a  Nelfon  ;  the  conflict  was  long 
and  terrible;  but  the  vidlory  was  com- 
plete. Britilh  valour  was  again  ailerted 
in  its  native  energy,  and  the  efforts  of 
a  gallant  foe  funk  nervelefs  before  it. 
But  the  praiie  due-  to  the  Britllh  Com- 
mander was  not  limited  to  the  acquifi- 
tion  of  a  vidlory  ;  for  no  fooner  was 
the  fire  of  the  enemy's  batteries  filen- 

ced, 


Jaft.  1802. 


Political  Sketch. 


17 


ccd,  and  the  unlimited  power  of  de- 
flrudlion  committed-  to  his  humanity- 
alone,  than  the  Admiral  went  himfelf 
on  fliore,  and  recommended  to  the 
Prince  Royal  of  Denmark  to  proppfe 
4  truce  ;.  declaring,  "  that  the  objedt  of 
his  miflion  was,  not  the  deitruclion  of 
a  brave  people,  but  to  aflert  and  to  fe- 
cure  the  lawful  rights  of  his  King  and 
Country."  The  heroic  recommenda- 
tion was  gratefully  acceded  to  j  and 
the  gallant  Englifhman  retired  from 
the  contelt,  mingling  with  the  bloody 
laurels  of  vidlory,  the  iofter  fhade  of 
the  peaceful  olive. 

At  this  period,  the  death  of  the 
weak-minded  and  capricious  Paul,  dif- 
folved  into  its  elements,  the  ungener- 
oui  and  impolitic  Coalition  ;  and  the 
further  progrefs  of  our  triumphant 
fleets  towards  the  North  was  rendered 
UDueceflaiy.  A  new  treaty  with  the 
Northern  Powers,  modeiate  in  its 
terms,  and  comprehenlive  in  its  na- 
ture, reftored  us,  to  our  'former  inter- 
courfe  with  them,  and  fecured  and  fi- 
nally fettled,  every  thing  eliential  to 
our  maritime  and  commercial  rights. 
Our  fleet  returned  to  receive  the  exul- 
ting gratulations  of  its  cou^itry,  to  co- 
ver and  defend  bur  fliores,  and  to  me- 
nace or  blockade  the  harbours  of  our 
lemaining  foe. 

.Public  folicitude,  now  no  longer  di- 
;i;fded  to  the  North,  became  concen- 
trated in  the  fate  of  the  fquadron, 
which,  in  the  preceding  year,  had  fail- 
ed towards  the  South,  with  a  large  and 
well  appointed  army  on  board,  under 
the  command  of  the  gallant  Sir  Ralph 
Abercromby  ;  and  had  accomplilhed  a 
landing  on  the  fliores  of  Egypt. 

Thk  heroifm  with  which  the  Britlfli 
troops  approached  the  fliore,  jn  open 
boats,  oppofed  by  a  formidable  divi- 
lion  of  the  French  army,  ftrongly  and 
Ikilfully  difpofed  both  for  attack  and 
defence  ;  the  regularity  with  which 
they  landed,  amidft  a  fliovver  of  deftruc- 
tion  j  the  fteadinefs  and  celerity  with 
which  they  formed;  the  gallantry 
with  which  they  attacked  and  defeat- 
ed the  oppoiing  foe,  and  forced  their 
way  up  the  lleep  eminence  on  which 
the  main  body  of  the  French  army  was 
Itationed — thefe  brilliant  particulars, 
though  we  have  been  unable  to  refill 
the  pleafure  of  thus  fliortly  alluding  to 
them,  we  know  to  be  frcfli  in  the  mc- 
oL.  LXIV. 


mory  of  every  Briton.  Equally  pre- 
lent  to  our  minds,  but  remembered 
with  far  different  ienfations,  is  the  fatal 
event,  which  overca{l:,the  glories  of  the 
campaign,  and  covered  with  the  fa- 
cred  drops  of  fympathy,  the  toil-worn 
cheek  of  the  foldier.  On  the  21 11  of 
March  the  gallant  Abercromby  fell. 
Like  the  illuftrious  Theban  chief,  who 
expired  on  the  field  of  Mantinea,  or 
the  Britifli  hero  who  bled  on  the 
plains  of  Quebec,  he  faw,  prior  to  his 
diflblution,  that  vi6tory  was  about  to 
crown  the  ftandard  of  his  country,  and 
he  breathed  forth  his  gallant  fpirit,  in 
accents  of  thankfulnefs  and  exultation. 

The  command  of  the  army,  after  the 
death  of  the  illuftrious  Abercromby, 
devolved  upon  General  Hutchinfon, 
an  officer  every  way  qualified  to  ma- 
ture and  to  execute  the  plans  Vv/hich 
his  predeceilbr  had  formed.  The  great 
battle  of  the  2 ill  of  March  was  fol- 
lowed by  /a  feries  of  attacks,  con- 
ducted with  equal  ikill  and  courage, 
and  all  of  them  crowned  with  fuccefs. 
The  co-operation  of  our  Indian  troops, 
and  of  the  Turkiih  army,  ably  fecond- 
ed  by  our  naval  commanders  in  that 
quarter,  tended  to  accelerate  the  iuc- 
cefsful  conclufion  of  the  campaign. 
In  the  fhort  fpace  of  five  months  from 
the  landing  of  the  BritiQi,was  a  French 
army  of  thirty  thoufand  men,  ftrongly 
defended,  inured  to  the  climate,  and  in 
quiet  poffeirion  of  the  country,  com- 
pletely beaten  and  fubdued ;  thofc 
Frenchmen  who  had  efcaped  captivity 
c'.nd  the  Uvoid,  were  compelled  to  fliut 
themfelves  up  within  the  walls  of 
Cairo  and  Alexandria  ;  and  thofe 
places,  after  ftanding  a  fliott  liege,  fur- 
rendered  on  terms  of  capitulation  to 
the  victorious  Englilh. 

'i  iiE.  Britiih  Empire  owed  more  to 
this  memorable  expedition  than  the 
expuHion  of  the  French  from  Egypt,  or 
the  iecurity  of  its  ealtera  pofielllons. 
It  owed,  to  the  valour,  hardihood,  and 
difcipline  there  difplayed,  the  exten- 
lion  of  its  warlike  character,  and  the 
conhimation  of  its  old  renown.  Eng- 
liflimen  and  Frenchmen,  were  here 
fairly  oppofed  to  each  other ;  regi- 
ment meafuied  its  ftrength  with  regi- 
ment, and  man  contended  iingly  with 
man.  The  refult  was  uniformly  in 
favour  of  the  Britifli,  The  heroes  of 
Jemappe,  and  cf  the  Pyramivis  j  of  the 
K  i-oth 


7S 


Political  Sketch. 


Vol.  64. 


loth  of  Auoull,  and  of  the  Bridge  of 
Lodi — in  Ihoit,  every  ric  knamed  hero 
of  every  bloody  day  ot  their  calendar, 
felt  the  fubduing  force  of  native  cour- 
age, and  religntd  the  palm  of  militaiy 
piowel's  to  unpretending  Britilh  foldi- 
ers.  This  important  IclTon  was  thence 
fur  ever  imprefled  upon  the  people  of 
both  countries,  and  upon  Europe  at 
large: — that  the  fphcre  of  Britiih  va- 
lour is  not  limited  to  one  element,  but 
embraces  equally  the  Land  and  the 
Sea;  and  tlx  foe  has  bten  taught  to 
anticipate,  by  this  dlfplay  of  courage 
and  difcipline  on  a  foreign  lliore,  what 
would  be  his  reception  Ihoiild  he  dare 
to  attack  Engliihmen  on  a  dearci  loil. 

Whilst  exploits  of  fuch  magnitude 
tjs  thele  were  atchieving  in  the  Baltic 
and  in  l^gypt,  a  negociation  was  open- 
ed between  the  new  adminillration 
and  the  French  Government.  'J  he 
public,  recollecting  how  inelTe(itLial 
had  been  every  former  attempt,  look- 
ed forvvard  to  the  iiliie  of  this  with 
inuch  folicitude,  but  with  little  hope. 
This  painful  recolle(5:lion  was  aggrava- 
ted by  the  confideration,  that  at  the 
clof?i  of  every  former  effort  to  negoci- 
atc,  national  dillike  and  the  rancour  of 
party,  fcemed  to  be  reciprocally  aug. 
inented.  The  forebodings  which  were 
thus  raifed,  were  confirmed  by  the 
increafing  piepatations,  which,  during 
the  period  of  the  negociation,  were  mu- 
tually making  for  more  determined  at  - 
tack and  defence;  and  by  the  dcfper- 
?.le  afTaults  made  by  a  Britiih  fquadron 
upon  one  of  the  firongeft  harbours  of 
the  oppofite  fhore.  The  important  ne- 
gociation meanwhile,  though  hourly 
expe6lcd  to  clofe,  w  ent  on  without  in- 
terruption ;  and,  at  the  moment  when 
public  expectation  was  entirely  de- 
ft roved,  the  Preliminaiy  Treaty  of 
Peace  was  announced  I  The  joy  of  the 
nation  w'as  not  inferior  to  its  aftofrillr- 
ment  ;  and,  although  its  Ipirit  continu- 
ed unbroken,  and  its  refources  unex- 
haufted,  it  was  obvious,  from  the  ac- 
clamations which  ilTued  from  every 
quarter  of  the  kingdom,  that  this  im- 
portant ftep  received  the  decided  fanc- 
rion  of  the  people  at  large. 

We  now  approach  to  the  clofe  of 
cur  promifed  review.  The  ratification 
of.  the  Preliminary  Treaty  fpeedily  fol- 
lowed the  annunciation  of  its  ligna- 
ture  ;  and  a  Nobleman,  wile,  moderate, 


and  firm,  who  had  filled  with  honour 
the  highelt  flations  which  his  Sove- 
reign could  bellow,  was  feleded  as  the 
BritiOi  negociator  at  Amiens,  His  re- 
ce;;tion  in  France  has  been  worthy  the 
dignity  of  his  pcrfonal  charadler,  and 
of  his  exalted  office  ;  and  the  news  ot 
the  com]>letion  of  the  Definitive  Trea- 
ty, which  is  daily  expeCifed,  may  ar- 
rive before  this  faint  Iketch  of  nation- 
al profpcrity  is  diimiffed  from  the 
hand  of  tlic  writer. 

While  Peace  is  thus  confidently  an- 
ticipated, Plenty,  thank  Heaven,  is  fe- 
cured.  An  abundant  harveft  has 
crowned  the  labours  of  the  hufband- 
man.  In  this  country,  the  voice  of 
want,  and  of  fuffering,  is  no  longer 
heard;  and,  in  our  filter  kingdom,  the 
efforts  of  the  difaflfedf  ed  being  deprived 
of  every  ground  of  fupport,  permanent 
tranquillity  appears  to  be  on  the  eve 
of  being  eltablilhed. 

We  have  now  completed  our  rapid 
fkctch  of  the  events  of  the  year  iSci  ; 
and, if  we  have  at  all  iucceeded  in  deve- 
loping the  plan  upon  which  we  let  out, 
the  attention  of  our  readers  has  beendi- 
re61ed,i"ucceflively,  to  thofe  great  jeras 
in  thcpolitical  hiflory  of  the  country,  for 
thit  period,  by  which  its  Internal  Se- 
curity has  been  afcertained,  its  IMari- 
time  Rights  vindicated,  or  its  Com- 
mercial Prol^perity  advanced.  Befor'*^ 
concluding,  we  beg  leave  to  dwell  ad 
fome  length  upon  the  probable  effects 
of  the  Peace;  in  particular,  with  re- 
ference to  thofe  wild  theories  and  dc- 
ftru61ive  principles  to  which  fome  have 
not  hefitated  to  alcribe  the  origin  of 
the  War. 

We  know  that  there  are  individuals 
in  the  country,  who,  as  we  apprehend, 
comparing  our  prefent  fituation,  rathej- 
with  the  abftracl  anticipations  of  theo- 
ry, than  the  fober  dedudions  of  ration- 
al expectation,  would  have  preferred  a 
continuance  of  the  War,  to  Peace,  e« 
itabliPued  on  the  terms  of  the  Prelimi- 
nary Freaty.  To  fuch  perfons  we 
would  recommend,  in  addition  to  the 
hiftorical  fa6ts  which  we  have  above 
enumerated,  a  profpe6tive  view  of  the 
confequcnces  that  w-ould  be  likely  to 
attend  a  prolongation  of  the  conteit 
with  France,  Such  a  view  vvoukl  ex- 
hibit two  powerful  nations,  directing 
againft  each  other  their  undivided  en- 
ergy, and  this  no  longer ^  as  before^  ex- 
tended 


Jan.  1802. 


Political  Sketch. 


19 


tended  to  foreign  poireiTions,  but  liope- 
Jeisly  concentrated  towards  each  o- 
thers  vitals.  That  from  liich  a  fyttem, 
much  external  devaftation,  and  much 
internal  dilafFedtion  and  alarm,  muft 
have  refulted,  cannot  for  a  moment  be 
doubted.  What  happy  efredls  might 
have  arifen,  to  counterbalance  thei'e 
dreadful  ones,  we  really  cannot  pre- 
tend to  guefs. 

Of  the  articles  which  compofe  the 
Preliminary  Treaty  we  conlidtr  it  un- 
liecefTary,  if  not  indccorou',  to  fpeak ; 
bccaufe  we  are  ignorant  of  the  modifi- 
cations which  they  may  undergo  be- 
fore they  are  definitively  arranged. 
But  this  we  may  be  permitted  to  fay, 
that  in  the  acknowledged  patriotifm, 
and  perfoncd  charadler^  of  thofe  who 
condudl  the  negociation  on  the  part  of 
Great  Britain,  we  have  thefurcft  pledge 
that  neither  her  intertRs,  nor  her  ho- 
nour, will  be  bartered  or  compromif- 
<rd.  It  will  not  furely  be  denied,  that 
independently  of  the  iflands  of  Ceylon 
and  Trinidad,  which  we  have  acquired 
by  the  war,  our  extended  and  fiourifli- 
ing  dominions  in  the  eaft,  added  to  our 
colonies  in  the  weft,  are  amply  fuffi- 
cient  for  every  purpofe  af  Commercial 
-Superiority,  or  National  Wealth.  If 
we  leave  to  France  a  gigantic  empire, 
let  it  be  confidered,  what  are  the  means 
by  which  that  empire  has  been  acqui- 
red, and  how  far  it  is  likely  that  its 
parts  will  long  .cohere  ;  whether,  in 
•fine,  fo  unwieldy  and  heterogeneous  a 
mafs,  as  that  of  which  this  Lmpire  is 
^compofed,  is  not  more  likely  to  prove 
deOrudtive  of  her  own  tranquillity,  and 
fatal  to  her  own  (lability,  than  in  any 
degree  to  endanger  ours^ 

If  there  is  any  of  the  Preliminary 
Articles  on  which  we  feel  difpoftd  to 
remark,  it  is  that,  by  which,  notwith- 
flanding  the  great  and  arduous  atchieve- 
ments  of  our  arms,  Egypt  is  reftored 
to  the  entire  and  undivided  fway  o 
the  Turks.  We  willingly  give  our  tri- 
bute of  approbation  to  that  fcrupulows 
adherence  to  good  f^iith,  which  upon 
this,  and  upon  every  other  occafion, 
has  diftinguiOied  Great  Britain  ;  but 
we  feci  it  impofiible  to  contemplate, 
-without  emotion,  this  Land,  the  cradle 
of  bumifi  genius,  the  fountain  of  ci- 
vihzation  and  fcience ;  diftinguifhed, 
even  after  the  lapfe  of  many  ages  of 
darknefs  and  defpotifm,  by  artonifhing 
monuments  of  ancient  art,  and  the  tra- 


ces of  a  glory  now  no  more:  we  can* 
not,  without  powerful  emotion,  con- 
template a  Land  like  this,  intcrciting  a- 
likc  to  the  Phihjfophtr,  the  Man  of 
Science,  and  the  HiUorian,  once  more, 
and  for  ever,  configned  to  oblrvion  and 
chains. 

From  this  involuntary  digrcfTion, 
into  which  we  have  been  hurried  by 
feelings  which  we  could  not  refift,  w^ 
haften  to  the  conclufion  of  this  Addrefs. 

Those  Jacobinical  principles,  which 
were  f  )rmerly  fo  much  and  lo  juftly  the 
fubjed  of  abhorrence  and  dread,  ap- 
pear now  to  be  divelled  of  their  power 
to  injure.  The  experience  of  the  lafl 
few  years  has  opened  the  eyes  of  the 
deluded,  while  the  energy  of  Govern- 
ment, feconded  by  the  courage  and  na- 
tive good  fenfe  of  the  country,  has  un- 
nerved the  arm  of  tile  dilloyal.  Be  fides, 
in  that  country  in  which  thefe  prepof- 
terous  principles  were  originally  fct 
afioat,  and  in  which  their  elTe<5ts  have 
proved  fo  deleterious,  they  are  now 
heard  of  no  more.  The  Bati{h  natiofi 
now -more  than  ever,  know  how  to  el- 
timate  a  Conftitution,  dear  to  them 
from  habit,  and  venerated  from  rtfiec- 
tion  ;  and  which,  at  this  day,  contains 
more  of  theoretical  excellence,  and  fe- 
cures  more  of  pradical  freedom,  than 
arjy  other  nation  has  ever  enjoyed. 
Prom  the  fcepticifm  and  manners  of  a 
licentious  people,  brought  into  renew- 
ed intercourfe  with  us,  m.uch  danger 
may  juftly  be  dreaded  ;  and,  as  nation- 
al corruption  is  generally  accompanied 
with  tiie  decline  of  genuine  Ircedom, 
every  precaution  that  can  be  dcvifcd 
to  enable  us  to  efcape  the  contagion, 
is  reafonable  and  necefrary.  But,  at 
prefent,  we  hefitate  not  to  afllrt,  that 
the  French  Government  has  more  caufe 
to  be  alarmed  by  the  propagation  of 
Englifh  principles,  th.^n  that  of  Eng- 
land has  to  apprehend  from  the  opera- 
tion of  French  ones. 

Upon  the  whole,  we  would  remark, 
that  a  ftate  of  peace  may  be  a  ftate  of 
danger ;  but  that  a  ftate  of  w^ar  muji  be 
fo.  Worfe  than  cold-heaitcd  is  that 
politician,  by  whom  the  horrors  of  war 
are  regarded  with  complacency,  and 
peace  alone  with  difmay.  Shall  wxfcek 
to  be  involved  in  new  and  untried  ca- 
lamities, becaule  every  vifionary  wifh 
cannot  be  gnitified  :  Becaufe  obje<^ts 
are  not  accomplithed,  which  the  fobcr 
fenfe  of  all  m-mkind  has  dedared  to 
K  si  ^  be 


8o 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


be  unattainable  ?  Or,  fliall  we  fuffer  it 
to  be  faid,  that,  lafc  amid  her  furround- 
ing  waves,  and  covered  by  her  trium- 
phant Navy,  Biitain  can  fmile  at  the 
carnap:e  which  fhe  feels  not  ?  Aw;iy 
\\^th  fuch  felfifli,  fuch  deteftable  prin- 
ciples I  Alike  unworthy  the  generofity 
ard  public  virtue  of  Britons,  Let  us 
truft  to  a  prudent  and  vigorous  admi- 
niltration  for  the  adoption  of  fuch  pre- 


cautions a3  the  renewal  of  our  Conti- 
nental intercourfe  may  render  necef- 
fary  ;  and,  let  ua  never  doubt-,  that,  by 
the  bk'fFirig  of  Heaven,  we  Oiall  retain 
the  pofftfliof)  of  that  ftliclty,  for  which 
we  have  long  been  diftinjj;u;fiicd,  and 
lhall  tranfmit  our  privileges,  in  undi- 
miniflied  lullre  to  the  Ages  of  Futu- 
rity. 


IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT. 


THE  Parliament  of  the  three  united 
kingdoms,  on  Monday,  28th  Decem- 
ber, was  adjourned  on  the  motion  of 
^^Ir  Addington,  only  to  Monday  the  4th 
of  January  1802.  Various  caufes  of 
this  fliort  recefs.*vere  conjectured  in 
the  different  public  circles,  as  the  Minif- 
ter  had  declined  to  offer  an  explanation 
of  his  motives,  from  profefled  grounds 
of  prudential  conlideration.  After  the 
motion  was  put,  Mr  Thomas  Gren- 
ville  claimed  the  attention  of  the  Houfe 
to  feveral  obfervations  relative  to  the 
Preliminaries  of  Peace  between  this 
country  and  France.  He  affirmed,  that 
the  terms  of  thefe  appeared  to  him  in- 
fufficient  for  the  fecuiity  and  honour 
of  the  nation,  which  was  the  more  con- 
firmed by  a  report,  that  theBreft  fleet, 
conlifting  of  16  fciil  of  the  line,  with 
io,cco  troops  on  board  had  failed  for 
the  \Vel>  Indies.  He  called  upon  the 
Houfe  to  confider  the  danger  which 
might  accrue  from  this  circumiiance  to 
cur  Weft  India  poflefiions,  ard  on  Mi- 
ritlers  to  coniirm  or  difprove  the  truth 
of  the  report.  The  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer  in  reply,  affured  the  Houfe, 
that  no  doubt  could  be  entertained  of 
the  failing  of  the  fleet,  though  not 
confirmed  by  official  information  ;  but, 
that,  vi'hether  thib  event  was  to  be  con- 
Ikiercd  as  a  ground  of  alarm,  and  what 
meafuresof  precaution  had  been  taken 
10  prevent  what  might  happen,  were 
matters  on  which  the  Houfe  would  not 
f  xpedl  any  prefent  information.  After 
fome  other  bufmefs,  both  Houfcs  were 
adjourned  to  that  day  fc'ennight. 

The  Parliament,  according  to  order, 
met  again  on  the  4th.   In  the  Hoiffe  of 


LorrlsjMv  Woodcock's  bill,  praying  to 
be  divorced  from  his  wife,  Ann  Crofbie, 
on  account  of  criminal  intercourfe,  be- 
tween her  and  General  Hntchinfon,  at 
the  prefert  time  employed  in  Egypt, 
was  prefented  and  read  for  the  firlt  time. 
Mr  Woodcock  had,  on  account  of  fome 
difagreement,  feparated  from  his  wife 
in  1794,  and  articles  had  been  mutual- 
ly made  of  this  feparation.  The  bill 
was  grounded  on  criminal  intercourfe  " 
in  1799.  On  tht  fe  particulars,  it  was 
remarked,  that  tho'  Dot  abfolutely  ne- 
cefT oy,  it  was  at  leafl  cuilomary  with 
the  Houfe  to  require  the  petitioner,  in 
a  bill  of  this  nature,  to  bring  proof  to 
the  bar,  that  he  had  firft  iutd  for  da- 
mages at  Ir  aft  in  Wcffminiiter  hall ; 
that  Mr  W.  having  rirnounced  the  in- 
timate fociety  of  the  matrimonial  uni- 
on, had  no  title  to  recover  the  com?- 
penfalion  at  law,  for  what  he  had  clear- 
ly abandoned.  It  was  moved  that  the 
fecond  reading  of  the  bill  Ihould  be  de- 
layed till  the  firft  of  February.  Both 
Houfes  were  again,  on  the  motion  of 
the  Minifter,  further  adjourned,  to 
Tburfday,  the  14th  of  the  current 
month. 

Is  the  Hcife  cf  Commons^  on  the 
m>eeting  cf  the  4th,  an  account  was 
prefented  by  MrCorry,  of  the  produce 
of  the  6  per  cent  duties,  paid  by  the 
retail  importers  of  Briiiih  goods  in  Ire- 
land, for  nine  years  paft.  He  figni- 
fied  his  intention  of  calling  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Houfe  to  that  account,  after 
the  bufinefs  of  the  Seffion  lliould  be  re- 
fumed.  The  Chancellor  of  the  Exche- 
quer, on  making  the  motion  for  further 

ad- 


Jan.  1802. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


8r 


adjournment,  obfervetl,  that  on  the  two 
former  occafions,  he  had  been  influenc- 
ed by  fome  confiderations,  which,  to 
a  certain  degree,  were  ftill  in  force. 
The  force  of  thefe  confiderations,  how- 
ever,  he  was  happy  to  inform  the  Houfe, 
wasconfiderablydiminidied.  He  would 
!  therefore  move,  that  the  Houfe  at  its 
i  rifing,  fliould  adjourn   till  Thurfday 
[|  fe'ennight,   and  that   afterwards  he 
I  wpuld  move,  that  it  fhould  adjourn  to 
I  the  period  to  which  it  w^as  orginally 
intended  the  recefs  ftiould  go.  The 
other  orders  of  the  day  were  then  read, 
and  the  Committees  of  Supply,  and 
Ways  and  Means,  deferred  until  Fri- 
j  day  fe'enight. 

!  The  failing  of  the  Breft  fleet  was 
now  generally  known  to  be  with  the 
I  approbation  of  government ;  and  the 
[  caufe  of  the  fliort  adjournments  allud- 
t  cd  to  by  the  Minifter,  the  mutiny  ex- 
[  ilting  in  the  fleet  in  Bantry  Bay,  the 
?  particulars  of  which  will  be  given  in 
j  another  place. 

The  Houfe  of  Lords  met  on  Thurfday 
I  y4th,  at  half  pail  three,  and  after  feme 
I  private  bufinefs,  adjourned  till  Tuef- 
I  day  next. 

I'he  Hoift:  of  Commons  being  afTcm- 
,  bled  in  the  ordinary  manner.  The  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer  rofe,  and  fpoke 
'   to  the  following  effect: — "  Sir,  I  am 
pcrfuaded  that  the  Houfe  will  do  me 
the  juftice  to  admit,  that  it  has  been 
with  conliderabie  anxiety  and  concern 
I  have  moved  feveral  adjournments, 
piodu(5tive  of  great  inconvenience  to 
its  members.    I  am  alfo  perfuaded, 
that  the  Houfe  will  allow  I  mull  have 
felt  extreme  difficulty  and  concern  in 
withholding  from  it  the  motives  of 
i   thefe  Ihort  adjournments.    Upon  the 
feveral  occafions  on  which  I  propofed 
them,  I  Hated,  that  there  appeared  to 
me  to  be  fufficient  grounds  to  warrant 
fuch  proceeding;  but  I  hoped  I  fhould 
not  be  called  on  to  detail  them.  The 
!  Houfe  did  not  call  upon  me  for  any 
explanation,  and  I  am  thankful  to  it 
,   for  this  mark  of  confidence,  and  for 
giving  me  credit  for  the  motives.  The 
Houfe,  1  think,  has  exercifed  its  accuf- 
tomed  wifdom  and  difcretion  in  not 
prefling  for  a  difclofure  of  them.  Un- 
der the  circumftances  which  operated 
,  upon  my  mind  at  the  time,  I  propofed 
I  thefe  adjournments,  there  appeared  to 
I  me  to  be  no  alternative,  as  I  faw  no- 


thing to  juftify  an  oppofitc  conducfl. 
Thefe  circumftances  are  fincc  fo  chang- 
ed, that  I  have  a  doubt  up^n  my  mind 
how  far  they  fliould  now  produce  fimi- 
lar  effedts;  but  in  my  opin[(;n  to  doubt 
is  to  decide-  I  fliall  be  always  anxious 
to  have  the  advantage  and  affiftance  of 
the  wifdom  and  deliberations  of  this 
Houfe;  but  I  am  convinced  that  fuch 
a  reference  will  not  be  neceflary  upon 
the  fubjedt  of  thefe  fiiort  adjournments. 
The  bare  poflibility,  however,  of  fuch 
an  event  is,  in  my  mind,  fufficient  to 
induce  me  to  make  the  motion  which 
I  have  prepared.  It  is,  that  this  Houfe 
do,  at  its  rifing  adjourn  toTuefday  next. 
If,  by  that  time,  as  -l  hope,  my  expec- 
tations fliall  be  realifed,  1  mean  on 
that  day  to  move,  according  to  my 
original  intention,  an  adjournment  to 
Thurfday  the*  28th  initant.  I  now 
move  you,  Sir,  that  this  Houfe,  at  its 
rifing,  fliall  adjourn  toTutfday  next." 

Mr  T.  Jones  (Denbigh)—"  Sir,  I  am 
fure  no  man  who  hears  me  can  be  more 
inclined  to  give  confidence  to  the  Right 
Hon.  Gt;ntleman  than  myfelf;  bur  f 
cannot  implicitely  confide  in  him,  be-" 
caufe  I  think  it  is  the  duty  of  a  Mem- 
ber of  Parliament  to  allc  fomething 
more  than  mere  general  aflcrtion,  and 
to  inquire  into  the  caufes  of  thefe  fre- 
quent adjournments.  This,  I  con- 
ceive, would  have  been  my  duty  at 
any  time  ;  but  I  think  it  particularly  to 
under  the  circumftaiic^s  of  the  prefcnt 
motion,  as  the  Houfe  was  given  to  un- 
deritand  when  it  met  lad  that  there 
would  be  no  further  caufe  for  another 
fliort  adjournment.  lunderftand,  the 
frtquent  repetitions  of  this  proceeding 
have  excited  great  uneafinefs  in  the 
country.  Be  the  motives  therefore 
what  they  may,  I  think  that  a  commu- 
cation  fhould  be  made  to  the  Repre- 
fentative  Body  upon  the  fubjecft.  If 
an  unfortunate  event  had  not  been  ov- 
er ;  but,  thank  God,  it  is  over;  I  fhould 
not,  perhaps,  have  felt  it  fo  neceflary 
to  alk  for  information ;  becaufe,  in 
common  w^ith  many  others,  I  thought 
that  event  was  the  caufe.  There  is 
alfo  another  circumftance  which  I  mnft 
beg  leave  to  notice — by  the  la(t  Paris 
papers,  I  find  fimilar  adjournments 
have  taken  place  in  the  Legifl  itive  Bo- 
dy of  France — {mun?2:irj) — I  allow 
thefe  adjournments  in  France  are  ftat- 
cd  to  be  in  confequence  of  the  want  of 

calm- 


S3 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


calmnefs  and  unity.  That  reafon,  no 
doubt,  cannot  operate  in  this  Houfc,  as 
here  we  have  calmnefs  and  unity.  But 
whatever  may  he  the  force  of  thefe  ob- 
fcrvations,  I  do  thicik  that  the  country 
would  be  more  fati.^fied  if  the  caufe  of 
thefe  fliort  adjournments  were  known; 
and  that  by  withholding  fuch  informa- 
tion the  reafon  may  be  iuppofed  more 
alarming  than  it  really  is.  I  may  he 
wrong  in  my  opinion ;  but  I  think  1 
have  only  done  my  duty,  as  a  Member 
of  ParliamTit,  in  Rating  it  to  the  liouftN 
It  was  or?y  in  obedience  to  this  fe-nfe 
of  /'uty  I  have  rifen ;  I  had  no  other 
motive." 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer's 
motion  w.is  then  put  and  agreed  to, 
without  any  further  obfcrvatioH. 

On  the  motion  of  the  Chancellor  of 
the  Excl  tquer,  the  orders  for  the  Com- 
mittees of  Supply  and  Ways  and  Means, 
which  Aood  for  to-morrow,  were  dif- 
charged,  and  new  orders  moved  and 
fixed  Ibr  Wednefday  next^  merely  ^ro 
forma* 

In  the  Eovfi  of  Lords,  on  Tuefday 
January  19th,  after  the  Earl  of  Portl- 
mouth  had  taken  the  oaths  and  his  feat 
as  a  Peer  ;  and  fome  bulintfs  of  rou- 
tine had  been  difpatched,  Lord  Pel- 
ham  rofe,  and  moved,  that  their  Lord- 
fhips  fliould  adjourn  till  Wednefday 
the  3d  of  February. 

In  the  Houi€  cf  Commons  on  the  fame 
day,  the  Secretary  at  War  brought  up 
the  eftimates  of  the  militia,  which 
were  laid  on  the  table.  Then  Mr  Ad- 
■dington  rofe  and  made  an  addrefs  to  this 
purpofe.  When  the  Houfc  laft  mtt, 
he  exprtfTed  a  douhr,  whether  or  not 
it  vi^as  then  proper  that  it  fliould  ad- 
journ for  the  recefs  to  the  period  ori- 
ginally intended.  The  reafons  which 
upon  the  laft  aHembly  had  induced  him 
to  move  that  the  Houfe  Ihould  only  ad- 
journ to  this  day,  might  upon  that  oc- 
cafion  have  been  confidered  as  no 
longer  \\\  exKlence^  and  h^  was  happy 
to  ftate  that  they  were  entirely  done 
away.  He  had  heard,  with  furprize, 
that  in  fome  quarters  it  was  expected 
that  a  communication  would  be  made 
by  him  to  the  Houfe  this  day,  of  the  na- 
ture of  tiiofe  adjournments.  Nothing 


that  he  had  ever  ftated  at  all  warrant- 
ed or  juftified  fuch  an  expe(5tation. 
What  he  had  Hated  had  no  reference 
to  what  he  undcrftood  the  nature  of 
the  communication  expeded  from  him 
to  have  been.  Silence  upon  great  na- 
tional concerns  was  far  from  implying 
an  unwillingnefs  to  give  information, 
if  fuch  was  proper.  There  might  be 
circumftances,  which  although  known 
to  every  one,  could  not  with  propriety 
become  the  fnbjcrt  of  public  hatement 
or  difcuHion  m  that  Houfc  At  pre- 
fent  it  would  be  improper  for  him  I.0 
make  fuch  a  communication,  unlefs  an 
over-ruling  fenfe  of  duty  impofed  the 
necclllty  upon  him.  He  had  thui 
briefly  Hated  the  motives  for  his  con- 
du<51,  in  a  way  which  he  hoped  wasi 
generally  underftood.  It  did  not  ap- 
pear to  him,  that  there  was  any  grounvi 
for  parliamentary  interference,  and  al- 
though he  wifhed  the  adjournment  to 
extend  for  a  few  days  longer  than  he 
had  propofed  upon  the  laft  occahon, 
when  he  had  the  honour  of  addrefiing 
the  Houfe,  he  trufted,  that  no  inconve- 
nience would  be  experienced.  He  con- 
cluded by  moving,  **  That  the  Houfc, 
at  itf  riling,  flumld  adjourn  to  Tuef- 
day the  2d  of  February  next." 

Mr  Elliot  infilted  on  knowing  the 
caufes  of  the  adjournments.  Lord 
Hawktfbury  replied,  Dr  Lawrence 
joined  Mr  Elliot  in  his  queries  relative 
to  the  caufes,  and  moved  that  the 
Houfe  fliould  adjourn  only  till  Tuef- 
day.   Attorney  General  replied. 

Kir  Addington  then  moved,  that 
there  ftiould  be  laid  before  the  Houfe 
the  following  accounts  ;— An  account 
fliowing  how  the  money  for  the  fer- 
vice  of  i8oi  had  been  difpofed  of:  — 
An  account  of  the  dijtribution  of  hve 
millions  five  hundred  thoufand  pounds 
granted  for  the  army  extraordinarieaof 
laft  year.  An  account  of  the  diHribu- 
tion  of  money  granted  by  an  adt  of  laft 
feflion  for  raihng  two  niii lions.  An  ef- 
timate  of  the  debt  of  the  navy  up  to 
the  31ft  of  December  iSoi ;  and  an 
account  of  the  bounties  paid  on  corn, 
meal,  flour,  and  rice,  imported  to  the 
5th  January  1802. 

Adjourned  to  the  ad  February. 


MONTHLY 


Jan.  1802. 


83 


MONTHLY  REGISTER. 


GAZETTE  INTELLIGENCE. 
Downing-Ji recti  Jan»  a.  180Z. 

'  A  diTpatch  from  the  Refident  of  the 
Honourable  Eaft  India  Connpany  at 
Amboyna,  dated  6th  July  1801,  of, 
1^'hich  the  following  is  an  extradt, 
.  has  been  received  by  the  Court  of 
Diredors  of  the  Eaft  India  Company, 
and  communicated  to  the  Right 
Hon.  Lord  Hobart,  one  of  his  Ma- 
jefty^s  principal  Secretaries  of  State. 

I  do  myfelf  the  honour  to  congratu- 
late your  Lordiliip,  in  council,  on  the 
important  event  of  the  furrender  of 
I'ernate  to  the  Britifh  arms,  which 
was  delivered  over,  by  capitulation,  to 
Colonel  Burr  on  the  21ft  ultimo. 

The  Dutch  Governor  made  a  mod 
refolute  refiftance,  having  defended  the 
place  with  uncommon  firmnefs  for  fif- 
ty-two days,  though,  I  am  forry  to 
add,  at  the  expence  of  the  poor  inha- 
bitants, who  perilhsd,  by  famine,  from 
ten  to  twenty  a  day,  from  our  ftrong 
blockade  by  fea  and  land. 

During  this  excellent  difpofition  of 
our  military  and  marine  forces,  the 
latter  under  the  command  of  that  gal- 
lant officer  Captain  Hages,  the  annual 
fupplies  for  the  enemy  were  intercepted 
through  his  vigilance,  which  certainly 
contributed,  in  a  high  degree,  to  the 
ultimate  fuccefs  of  the  enterprife.  The 
value  of  the  captured  property  taken 
by  the  fquadron  amounts  to  a  lack  and 
fifty  thouland  dollars. 

The  difficulties  the  Honourable 
Company^s  forces  by  fea  and  land  had 
to  encounter  on  this  arduous  fervice> 
and  the  intrepidity  and  fpirit  which 
they  manifefted  during  a  fiege  of  near- 
ly two  months,  do  them  infinite  credit, 
and  have  feldom  or  ever  been  exceeded 
in  this  part  of  the  globe.  The  ac- 
counts we  have  received  of  the  ftrength 
of  Fort  Orange,  and  its  Humerous  de- 
tached batteries,  proved  exceedingly 
erroneous,  in  fo  much,  that  Colontl 
Burr  declares  the  place  to  be  extreme- 
ly flrong  by  nature,  and  mod  excel- 
J^ly  improved  by  art^,  with  a  power- 


ful garrifon,  and  fo  well  provided  with 
arms  and  ammunition,  as  throw  dif- 
ficulties in  the  way  of  our  force,  whicli 
were  as  diftreffing  as  unexpeded;  they, 
however,  perfcvered  and  kept  their 
ground  with  fo  much  bravery  and  re* 
folution  as  to  compj^l  the  enemy  ta 
furrender  their  diir*trent:  ftrong  holds, 
one  after  the  other,  ujitil  the  principal 
fort  and  town  were  fo  completely 
blockaded  both  by  fea  and  land,  and 
fo  reduced  by  famine,  as  to  make  them 
fue  for  coTiditions,  which,  I  underftaiid, 
are  very  fatisfad'ory. 

I  am  happy  to  inform  your  Lord- 
ffiip,  in  council,  that,  arduous  as  this 
fcTvice  was,  and  much  as  our  forces 
were  expofed  to  the  repeated  attacks 
of  the  enemy,  the  lofs  of  killed  and 
wounded  of  the  troops  does  not  a- 
mount  to  above  nine  or  ten ;  that  of 
the  marine  docs  not  exceed  tv/elve  fea* 
men. 

Jdmir alty 'Office y  Jan^  23. 
Copy  of  a  letter  from  Rear-Admiral 
Montagu,  commanding  officer  of  his 
Majefty's  (hips  and  veflels  at  Jamai- 
ca, to  Evan  Nepean,  Efq.  dated  Port 
Royal  Harbour,  the  19th  of  Novem- 
ber iSoi. 
Sir, 

Inclofcd  I  have  the  honour  to  tranf- 
mit  two  letters  from  Francis  J.  Nott, 
Efq;  commander  of  the  Curacoa,  giv- 
ing an  acount  of  an  adion  between  his 
MajeRy's  armed  tender  Pickle  and  a 
Spanifli  fchooner.  I  have  the  honour 
to  be,  &c. 

Robert  Montagu* 

His  Majefty'p  floop  Curacoa,  Curacoa 
harbour,  Oil.  zi.  i8or. 
Sir, 

I  have  the  honour  to  Inclofe  a  copy 
of  a  letter  received  from  Mr  Robert 
Haver,  Mafter's  M  ite  of  his  Majcfty*^s 
floop  Curacoa,  under  my  command, 
and  ferving  on  board  his  Majerty'* 
armed  tender  Pickle,  attached  to  that 
Ihip. 

I  beg  leave  to  inform  yon  that  the- 
Pickle  has  been  refitted  and  failed 

u;cH 


84 


Gazette  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


upon  a  cruize  I  have  the  honour  to 
be,  &c. 

Francis  John  Nott. 
Rear- Mmiral  Montagu. 

His  Mrtjefty's  armed  tender  Pickle, 
Curacoa  harbour,  0<ft.  13.  1801. 

Sir, 

I  beg  leave  to  inform  yon,  that  on 
the  25th  ultimo,  eleven  A.  M.  Ille  of 
Afh  (St  Domingo)  bearing  N.  W.  dif- 
tance  tive  or  fix  miles,  being  on  the 
(larboard  tack,  a  (Grange  fail  was  dif- 
covered  under  the  land  bearing  down 
upon  us  with  an  Engliih  enfign  Dying. 

When  within  piftol-fliot  of  the 
Pickle,  the  enemy  hoifted  Spanifh  co- 
lours, and  commenced  an  adion  which 
continued  with  a  brifk  fire  from  both 
iides  for  an  hour  and  a  quarter,  when 
they  attempted  to  board,  hut  without 
cfFed  ;  finding  themfelves  foiled  in  this, 
they  hauled  their  wind,  and  made  fail 
from  us :  We  wore  and  flood  after 
•.them,  but,  to  my  great  mortification, 
they  were  fo  much  our  fuperior  in  fail- 
ing, that,  after  a  chace  of  one  hour  and 
a  half,  I  found  it  fruitkfs  to  continue 
it. 

It  is  with  extreme  regret  that  I  am 
to  inform  you  Lieutenant  Greenfhields 
was  killed  forty  minutes  after  the  com- 
luencement  of  the  a(5lion,  having  re- 
ceived a  mufket  ball  through  his  body. 

Our  fails  and  rigging  have  fuffered 
a  good  deal ;  and  I  am  forry  to  add, 
that  Mr  Pearce,  midfhipm:in,  with  fe- 
ven  men  and  myfcli  were  wounded. 

From  the  great  fuperiority  of  the  e- 
ncray's  force  to  ours,  the  Pickle  only 
having  thirty- five  men  (including  ofli- 
cers  and  boys,  and  of  thefe  three  were 
Tendered  unferviceable  through  fick- 
ntfs),  I  hope  the  exertions  ufed  during 
the  adion,  as  well  as  thofc  made  to 
corne  up  with  the  enemy,  will  meet 
your  approbation. 

Tlie  erieiny  was  a  large  fchooner- 
j  igged  vefTel,  mounting  two  twelve  and 
two  nine-pounders,  and  manned  with 
about  feventy  men  ;  and  I  imagine  mult 
have  been  a  French  or  Spanifh  privateer. 
1  have  the  honour  to  be,  dec, 

Robert  Hayer. 

Francis  John      Nott,  Esq. 
Commander  of  his  Miy-'s^ 


FOREIGN  INTELLIGENCE. 


The  difterent  nations  of  Europe, 
after  a  long  and  deftrudive  war,  mu- 
tually exhaufted  of  their  animofitie.s, 
have  now  funk  into  peace.  The  final 
ratification  of  the  treaty  has  been  look- 
ed for  during  this  whole  month  with 
daily  expedation.  France  and  Bri- 
tain, fince  the  celTation  of  holUlities, 
prcfent  few  events  worthy  of  being  de- 
tailed. The  filent  arts  of  peace  leave 
few  memorials  for  the  pen  of  the  hif- 
torian.  The  movements  of  Princes, 
within  the  circles  of  their  own  Courts, 
aie  fcarcely  worthy  of  notice,  as  they 
generally  indicate  little  more  than  thei  r 
perfonal  exiftence,  unconnedled  with 
any  material  change  in  the  affairs  of 
their  refpedlive  kingdoms. 

The  fettlement  of  the  articles  of  the 
treaty,  according  to  the  belt  informa- 
tion, has  undoubtedly  been  delayed  by 
the  cold  intereft  that  mod  of  the  allied 
nations,  on  the  fide  of  the  foremention- 
ed  countiics,  feel  in  the  arrangement. 
The  German  Empire,  bleeding  from 
the  fate  of  war,  and  diftra6fed  by  the 
different  views  of  its  members,  is  likely 
to  fubmit,  rather  than  cordially  accede, 
to  the  decifion  of  the  ruling  plenipo- 
tentiaries. Her  dominions  in  Italy  are 
inetrievably  lolt ;  many  of  her  domef- 
tic  territories  alienated  by  conqueft, 
and  laid  at  the  difpofal  of  the  French  , 
and  fome  of  her  component  circles 
completely  annihilated.  Spain,  en- 
tirely under  the  direction  of  her  North- 
ern ally,  will  relu6tantly  acknowledge, 
in  the  crown  of  Porfenna,  and  the  ele- 
vation of  a  Prince  of  the  Blood  to  the 
throne  of  Tuicany,  an  equivalent  for 
the  imprefs  of  her  navy,  the  deltruc- 
tion  of  her  commerce,  the  infringe- 
ment of  her  independence  by  the  fatal 
afcendancy  of  French  councils  and 
principles.  Holland,  devoted  to  the 
management  of  the  Chief  Conful,  un- 
doubtedly views  with  1  egret  the  ex- 
tindtion  of  her  fleets,  her  colonies,  and 
trade.  The  fettlement  at  the  Cape 
and  the  Ifland  of  Ceylon,  no  longer 
Bata-vian,  are  weig>ity  poifes  in  the 
Icales  of  negociation. 

The  great  Empire  of  RiilT^a,  and  the 
independent  States  ot  -the  Norths  apT- 
pcar  to  produce  nothing  at  this  mo- 
ment 


Jan.  1802.  Foreign  Intelligence. 


85 


ment  worthy  of  remark.  The  Empe- 
ror Alexander  mounted  the  bloody- 
throne  of  the  Czars  on  the  15th  day  of 
Septeiiiber  1801.  The  coronation  ad- 
drels  of  the  Metropolitan  l^laton,  i^ri- 
mate  of  all  Rafiia,  has  been  tranflated 
into  our  language,  and  though  too 
long  to  be  inferled  iiere,  contciins  fe- 
veral  curious  features  of  a  jit  ople  re- 
ceiving, with  humility,  an  abfolute  mo- 
narch. "  Molt  beloved  Sovereign  I 
this  crov/n  on  thy  head  is  to  us  gicry, 
but  to  thee  labour  :  this  fceptre  is  to 
us  reft,  but  to  thee  watchfuhiefs  ;  this 
fphere,  the  enlign  of  dominion,  is  to 
us  fafety,  but  to  thee  care  ;  thi.;  pur- 
ple is  to  us  ihe  reward  of  victory,  hue 
to  thee  the  toil  of  the  battle  ;  all  rhefe 
enfigns  of  royalty  bring  to  us  co'pforr, 
but  to  thee  a  burden  ;  a  burden  in 
truth  and  a  toil."  It  explui'-:s  the  du- 
ty of  a  Ibvercign  to  his  people,  in  the 
trembling  language  of  a  liave  to  his 
maitcr.  The  new  emperoi  i  ns  reftor- 
ed  the  arrarigements  of  his  gri^ndmo- 
ther's  goveiitrntnt,  and  promifes  to 
be  worthy  of  the  elteem  and  obedience 
of  his  fubjecls. 

Turkey  alone  is  the  only  inferior 
Europec'n  power  that  has  reafon  to  re- 
joice in  her  fortune  of  the  war.  De- 
fended and  faved  by  the  braved  of  the 
Britifh  armies,  the  undiiciplined  troops 
of  the  Ottonaans  have  again  got  pof- 
feifion  of  Egypt,  which  they  have  not 
abilities  to  retain-  Their  mode  of  at- 
tack is  ludicroufly  defcribed  in  a  letter 
from  a  Scott ifli  ouicer,  of  the  30th  re- 
giment, to  his  friend  in  Aberdeen. 

Mxtraci  of  a  letter  frojfi  an  Officer  of  the 
2,0th  regiment^  in  Egypt ^  to  his  friend 
in  Aberdeen. 

**  In  my  lad  I  informed  you  of  my 
being  ordered  to  march  with  about 
5000  men,  and  join  the  Turkiili  army. 
We  had  nothing  to  do  in  the  fighting 
way.  The  French  had  been  10  lick- 
cned  with  the  dofe  they  received  on 
the  2 1  ft,  that  afterwards  they  Ihe  wed 
no  diipolition  to  try  another.  Indeed, 
at  the  place  called  Rachmania,  where 
they  had  upwards  of  3000  men,  and 
conliderable  fortifications,  they  made 
a  Ihew  of  ftanding  ;  but  tlicy  after- 
wards thought  better  of  it,  and  march- 
ed off  in  the  night.  We  had  about 
10,000  of  the  Turkifti  army  with  us, 
under  the  command  of  the  Captain  Pa- 

VoL.  LXIV. 


cha.    The  Turks  having  claimed  the 
honoui  of  attack,  1  had  an  oppnrtuni- 
of  feeing  the  rurkiflimoJe  of  fighting. 
Little,  indeed,  had  the  ^;reat  conquer- 
or of  Italy,  and  his  invifuillc  army,  to 
boaft  of  having  beaten  fuch  poltroons. 
Such  confiifion  as  was  exhibited  that 
day  never  appeared  at  Droghcda  fair. 
Some  ad  vancing  here,  crowds  retreat- 
ing there.    In  one  place  you  fee  a 
multitude  with  Ihovels  and  pick-axes, 
throvvMig  up  a  pitiful  breaft-work,  a- 
bout  one  or  two  feet  high,  behind 
which  they  fquat  down.    To  the  left 
you  fee  thouiands  of  frnall  white  and 
coloured  ftandards,  around  wiiich  you 
oblc  vC  muliitudes  of  men,  appdrently 
•poftelfcd  by  the  devil,  f  uearning  and 
halloing,  aac'  runni."»g  towards  the  eae- 
/HY,  till  tne  wiJitle  of  a  ball  Ic-em^, 
like  magic,  >o  bring  tliem.  to  their  rc» 
ccllc'tion  \    the  next  difcharge  is  a 
ccuain  order  for  a  retreat.    In  a  word, 
it  is  impoiTible  for  nie,  or  any  one,  to 
give  you  an  actquate  idea  of  a  Tarkifh 
battle.    Only  let  me  aiention  that  e- 
very  man  goes  into  action  when  he 
pleafes.  ftays  as  long  as  he  pleafes,  and 
advances  as  far  as  he  pleafes.  Depend 
upon  it,  the  above  del'cription  is  ex* 
adly  wliat  feli  under  my  o\vn  obferva- 
tion,  and  is  fo  far  from  beins:  exagge- 
rated, that  I  really  feei  it  impoih'jle  to 
do  juftice  to  their  characfer.  The 
French  marched  off  in  the  night  foi* 
Cairo.   We  followed  them. — Cairo  fur- 
rendered.     We  returned  to  Alexan- 
dria ;  the  French  having  rendered  their 
pofition  on  our  fide  impracticable  by 
itorm,  General  Coote  with  about  5000 
men  went  to  the  other  fide.    Our  ope- 
rations, rill  the  furicnder,  you  wiil  be 
informed  of  by  the  public  difpatches. 
Our  regiment  were  fortunate  enough, 
by  their  condu6t  on  the  17th  Auguft, 
to  acquire,  in  an  affair  in  which  they 
alone  were  engaged,  the  higheft  credit. 
Two  hours  before  day-break,  the  50th, 
and  our  regiment,  fupported  by  the 
pzd,   advanced  tuxvards   the  French 
lines  to  itorm  two  redoubts,  which, 
from  their  advanced  pofition,  retarded 
our  operations.     The  French,  after 
firing  a  few  fliots,  retreated,  and  we 
got  poffcflion  of  the  works  without 
lofirg  a  man.    The  company  to  which 
i  was  attached,  with  two  other  com- 
panies, amounting  in  all  to  about  i5d 
men^  were  detached  to  take  poffclTioii 
JL  of 


S6 


Foreign  Intelli<^ence . 


Vol.  64. 


f^f  a  fmall  eminence  in  iiont  of  tlie  re- 
doubts we  lK;d  taken.  About  11  o'- 
clock the  enemy  lent  down  a  body  of 
6co  men  to  drive  us  from  this  pofition, 
and  retnke  the  redoubt.  Our  three 
companies,  for  about  jo  minutes  or 
a  quarter  of  an  hour,  kept  up  an  cx- 
tremttly  hot  fire  of  muicjuetry.  The 
officer  who  commanded,  Colonel  Spen- 
cer of  the  ^oth  regiment,  ordered  us 
to  advance; — we  charged.  The  French 
immediately  gave  way.  We  took  a 
good  iiiany  prifoneij>,  and  killcd'a  great 
number.  It  was  allowed  by  the  army 
that  a  more  dalhing  thing  has  not  been 
done  for  a  long  time.  Confidering  the 
few  minutes  the  rauiquetry  laited,  v.'e 
loft  a  great  number  of  mien.  We  had 
an  ofticer  wounded,  and  2S  rank  and 
file  killed  and  wounded.  From  our 
engaging  fo  very  dole  (between  20 
and  30  psces),  our  wounded  were  more 
feverely  hurt  than  uilial,  and  we  are 
afraid  we  fliall  receive  but  a  bad  ac- 
count of  our  poor  fellows." 

To  fmifh  this  lively  picture  of  cow- 
ardice, with  iis  relation  tieachery  : 
The  Britiih  army  had  not  entirely  e- 
vacuated  this  devoted  country,  when 
in  fpite  of  oaths  and  promiies  to  the 
contrary,  the  Turkilh  charadler  deve- 
loped its  unqualiikd  balenefs.  In  the 
following  manner  the  Ottom.an  fubdues 
kingdoms. 

Ever  lince  the  commencement  of 
the  war,  the  Porte  had  fecreily  relblv* 
ed  to  change  the  government  of  the 
Beys  in  Egypt,  and  in  order  the  more 
perfe(!:Uy  to  conceal  this  project,  all 
the  demonftrations  of  the  Grand  Vizir 
and  the  Captain  Pacha  tended  only  to 
perfuade  them  that  they  were  to  be 
Ipeedily  le-eitabliihed. 

Upon  the  evacuation  of  F^ypt,  feven 
of  thefe  Eeys  were  invited  to  repair 
to  Alexandria,  to  concert  meafures  for 
their  approaching  re-eftabliOmient. 
They  hafiened  to  obey  this  invitation. 
They  were  received  with  marks  of  the 
higheii  diiliiiclion  ;  but  tlie  Captain 
Pacha  foon  intimated  to  thtm.,  that  it 
was  ti  e  wiih  of  the  Porte  that  they 
iliould  for  ever  renounce  all  claims  to 
the  government  of  Egypt.  He  declared 
to  them  at  the  f::me  time,  that  they 
were  to  be  removed  to  Conflaritinoplej 
giving  them  the  ihongeft  aiTurances, 
X\itX  not  only  their  lives  ihould  be  re- 
fpe6led,  but  alio  that  their  condition 
iliould  be  equally  fplendid  ,  the  inten- 


tion of  the  Porte  being  either  to  con- 
tinue them  in  the  pofllifion  of  their 
properties,  or  give  them  e(juivalents^ 
and  even  to  advance  them  to  honoura- 
ble oilices. 

The  Captain  Pacha  had  caufed  af- 
iurances  to  the  lame  elVet^t  to  be  givc>i 
to  the  General  in  Chief  Hutcijmlo.  . 

The  Grand  Vizir  being  inforr.;(  , 
bs*  an  exprei's  fi om  the  Ottoman  Ad- 
miral, that  he  had  made  hmifelf  mafler 
of  the  perfons  ot  i'even  of  thei'e  Beys, 
on  his  part,  arrelted  luch  of  ihcm 
as  were  wirtjin  his  reach  ;  and  his  mea- 
fures were  fo  well  concerted,  I  hat,  in 
lei's  than  one  hour,  thei'e  ancient  rulers 
of  Egypt  were  in  his  power.  Two  of 
the  number,  Mehdmet  Elfy  Bey,  and 
Aboudiub  Bey,  effcdled  their  ef- 
cape.  The  former  was  abfent  in  Up- 
per Egypt,  whither  he  had  been  lent 
to  rane  contributions.  His  recal  under 
ibme  pretext  excited  his  fufpicions, 
and,  far  from  approacliing  Cairo,  he 
gained  the  interior  of  the  country. 
Aboudiub,  encamped  at  a  village  near 
Dzize,  being  inform.cd  of  the  dil'grace 
of  his  colleagues,  found  iafety  in  flight; 
but  it  was  not  known  whither  he  had 
directed  his  iteps.  A  number  of  other 
Beys  attempted  to  make  off,  but  corps 
of  troops,  pofted  at  different  diitances, 
ieized  them.  Other  detachments 
went  in  purfuit  of  the  Mamelukes 
of  the  fugitive  Ecys,  and  not  a  day 
pafl'ed,but  lome  of  them  were  brought 
in.    Many  perilhed  in  refiiting. 

The  Grand  Vizir  held  out  the  fame 
exprtrlTions  to  the  Beys  as  the  Captaia 
Pacha. 

Thiscondu6l  excited  the  llrongeft 
rem.oiift  ranees  on  the  part  of  the  Gene- 
ral in  Chief  Hutchinl'cn  ;  and  a  new 
circumftance  engaged  him  to  take  up 
the  cauie  of  the  Bevs  ilill  more  v>'arm- 

'y- 

1  he  Captain  Pacha  had  fucceeded 
in  er.gaging  thofe  whom  he  had  in  his 
power  to  go  on  board  one  of  his  fri- 
gates. Different  boats  were  convey-, 
in^  them.,  when,  on  the  paiTage,  the 
Beys  began  to  repent  of  their  extreme 
conlidence,  and  to  dread  foine  vioience 
as  foon  as  they  fhould  be  on  board  the 
frigate,  and  they  vv'iihed  to  pcrfuade 
the  officers  that  were  conducting  them, 
to  bring  them  back  to  the  land.  The 
Oiiicers,  pleading  the  orders  of  the 
Admiral,  refufed  to  yield  to  their  de- 
firc.    Upon  this,  the  Beys  took  up 

arms 


Jan.  i8c2. 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


87 


arms,  in  order  to  compel  them  ;  a 
flruggle  eniued,  in  which  four  of  the 
Beys  were  killed,  and  thvee  wounded. 
A  number  of  the  men  belonging  to 
the  boats,  lhared  the  fame  fate. 

Immediately  on  receiving  informa- 
tion  of  this  cataftrophe,  the  General 
in  Chief  Hutchinfon  ordered  the  troops 
tinder  arms  ;  and  addi effing  the  Grand 
Vizir,  and  the  Captain  Pacha  in  terms 
of  the  moft  fevere  reproach,  demand- 
ed of  the  latter,  with  threats,  the  per- 
fons  of  the  three  w^ounded  Beys,  rhe 
Ottoman  Admiral,  attributing  the  mif- 
fortune  that  had  befallen  the  Beys 
Iblely  to  their  own  fault,  and  to  their 
groundlefsfufpicions,] unified  the  mea- 
lur'is  taken  to  fecure  their  perfons,  re- 
lying on  the  orders  which  the  Porte 
had  addrefftd  to  him,  as  well  as  to  the 
Grand  Vizir,  after  having  obtained  a 
certainty  that  the  Court  of  London  did 
not  wilh  to  interfere  in  change.;  of  this 
kind  ;  and  that  its  intention  in  fend- 
ing troops  to  Egypt  was  only  to  affift 
in  retaking  this  province,  leaving  the 
Porte  perfedly  at  liberty  to  eftablifli 
there  whatever  Government  it  may 
think  fit. 

f  Subfequent  to  all  thefe  tjanfadions, 
f  information  has  been  received,  that 
the  Grand  Vizir,  having  aflembled  at 
'  his  houfe  all  the  Beys  within  his  pow- 
er, and  having  even  iuccecded  in  de- 
termining Mehemet  Elfy  Bey  to  re- 
turn to  Cairo,  was  able' to  convince 
them  of  the  neceflity  of  fubmiiting  to 
the  will  of  the  Porte.  He  renewed  to 
them  the  fame  proraifes,  and  the  lame 
affiirances  for  the  fafety  of  their  lires 
and  properties,  and  for  preferving  to 
them  a  brilliant  rank  in  the  Ottoman 
Empire  ;  and  even  (in  order  to  give 
his  word  a  more  lacred  and  impofmg 
charadler)  fwore  on  the  Koran,  which 
he  caufed  to  be  brought  before  him, 
that  he  would  faithfully  obferve  it, 
;  and  went  through  this  ceremony  with  ^ 
'  the  greateft  folemnitv.  Thefe  proceed- 
ings of  the  Grand  Vizir  produced  the 
happiefl  etfecl.  The  Beys  confented 
to  renounce  Egypt,  and  to  repair 
to  Conilantmople.  They  even  fanc- 
tioned  their  fubmiffion  by  an  addrefs 
to  the  Grand  Signior,  w^hich  they  ha^e 
figned,  and  difpatchcd  to  Conltanti- 
nople  by  one  of  their  otHcers. 

While  fuch  are  the  hell-hounds  that 
'    y  in  the  ancient  nurfery  of  the  arts 
1  fciences ;  Pafwan  Oglou  has  eiia- 
.    lied  himfelf  in  the  North,  and  holds 


the  court  and  armies  of  Conftantinoyjle 
at  defiance.  Of  late  he  has  coined 
Turkifli  money  at  VViddin,  and  endea- 
voured to  penetrate  into  Wallacbia. 

The  kingdom  of  France  at  prefent, 
affords  a  curious  vie  .v  of  the  uncon- 
If  ant  tide  of  human  affairs.  Bonaparte 
eleded  by  the  pas  de  chargf^,\  after 
driving  the  reprefcntativts  of  the  na- 
tion from  their  feats,  has  eftablifhed 
himfelf  with  all  the  abfolute  powers 
of  a  fovereign.  His  councils  conlift  of 
men  chofen  by  himfelf,  under  the  ti- 
tle of  Committees  of  the  Lcgillative 
Body.  He  difgraces  and  promoter 
the  officers  of  every  department  of  the 
ftate  at  his  pleafure.  Plis  condu6l  is 
dark,  fufpicious  and  arbitrary;  his 
levee  approaches  the  magnificence  of 
royalty  ;  many  of  the  ancient  culioras 
of  the  court  have  been  imperceptibly- 
revived  fmce^  his  acceffion  to  the  con- 
falate  ;  the  fury  of  former  opinions  is 
quite  fubfided;  and  the  government  it- 
ielf  will  probably  foon  lofe  the  name, 
as  it  has  already  loft  the  nature  of  a  re- 
public. The  accounts  of  this  month 
are  full  of  the  Parifian  manners,  which 
the  peace  now  allo  ws  us  to  compare  with 
thole  of  the  nations  around.  The  fame 
levity,  the  fame  laxity  of  chara(51:»r 
flill  continue.  The  chaos  of  fuperfii-' 
tion  and  infidelity,  brightly  illuminated 
with  the  national  vivacity,  prefents  a 
very  difagreeable  view  to  the  eye  of 
an  intelligent  fpectator.  Scarcely  cau 
the  dult  have  yet  covered  the  blood, 
which  flowed  in  torrents  from  the  in- 
diicriminate  maffiicre  of  all  that  was 
excellent  in  the  French  nation.  The 
high  minded  founders  of  the  Republic, 
The  Rolands,  the  Mirabeaus,  the  Biii- 
fots,  the  Lavoifiers,  have  been  all 
fmothered  in  their  duiky  graves  to 
make  way  for  Bonaparte  I 

The  Conful  it  appears,  finds  con- 
fiderable  difficulty  to  manage,  with  fuc- 
cefs,  the  generals  of  the  armies.  Mo- 
reau,  Berthier,  MaiTena,  Bernadotts 
and  Macdonald,  have  triumphed  in 
many  fields,  and  are  entitled  to  a  ihare 
in  the  government,  from  a  right  limi- 
lar  to  his  own.  His  policy  is  founded 
on  retaining  confidents  attached  to 
different  parties,  by  v/hich  he  is  ena- 
bled to  dete6l  any  germ  of  confpiracy. 

The  fmall  remains  of  the  Legtllative 
Bodies,  that  even  after  the  ieiecfions 
of  the  Conful,  retain  the  fpirit  of.  in- 

f  Charging  ftep  of  the  grenadiers. 

L  2  dc- 


88 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64, 


dependence,  were  lately  employed  on 
a  code  of  civil  law.  I  ke  debates  «;i 
the  different  articles  became  warm  and 
violent.  Bonaparte,  by  a  fhort  and 
.jliarp  m^fiage,  put  an  end  to  them  im- 
mediately, by  withdrawing  the  Cv^de. 

It  is  with  pain  (laid  he)  that  the 
government  finds  itlelf  obliged  to  de- 
fer to  another  period,  laws  '=',xpe6ted 
by  the  nation  with  lb  much  intereft  ; 
but  it  is  convinced,  that  the  time  is 
not  yet  arrived,  when  that  calinneTs 
and  unity  of  intention  that  are  lb  necef- 
fary,  will  be  introduced  into  thele 
great  diicuflions. 

Bonaparte  let  out  for  Lyons  (lately 
the  fccne  of  revolutionary  anarchy) 
about  the  7th  of  the  month.  The  pre- 
parations for  his  'lrri^^aL  the  continual 
balls  and  fetes  during  his  flay,  were 
inferior  to  none  under  the  old  ^overn- 
inent.  Theiervile  tlattery  and  enrols 
adulation,  with  which  he  ws  received 
in  every  place,  were  unequalled  uy 
thofe  oiTered  to  the  vain  Louis  XIV, 
in  the  plenitude  of  his  power  and  fuc- 
cefles.  The  time  of  hii»  reUirn  to  the 
capital,  has  not  been  aicertdined. 

Amidit  the  prettnlions  of  the  differ- 
ent powers  to  indemnification  at  A- 
miens,  no  mention  has  been  made  of 
the  King  of  Sardinia,  who  probably 
has  not  abilities  to  enfure  the  validity 
of  his  claims. 

Melancholy  accounts  have  been  re- 
ceived of  the  ilate  of  the  French  Weft 
India  iflands.  The  principles  of  free- 
dom were  induftrioufly  difieminated 
among  the  negroes  by  Vidor  Hughes 
and  Santhonax.  The  coniequences 
have  been,  that  the  blacks  have  m.ade 
a  general  infurre6li(;n  ;  Toufiaint  L'- . 
Ouverture  a  black  chief,  has  otganized 
an  independant  republic,  the  leading 
feature  of  which  is  to  exterminate  ail 
the  whites.  This  man,  who  di (covers 
great  abilities,  has  been  oppofcd  by  a 
party  under  one  Farril,  which  he  has 
detected  and  annihilated.  A  mafTacre 
cf  the  whites  was  begun  in  St  Domin- 
go, the  feat  of  the  Negro  Republic, 
but  was  fortunately  prevented  from 
becoming  univerfaL  The  molt  horrid 
ciuelties  are  perpetrated  by  thefe 
children  of  misfortune,  from  whofc 
minds  miiery  and  flavery  have  exter- 
minated every  feeling  of  mercy  and 
humanity.  Bonaparte,  whofe  rage  for 
eftablifhing  new  republics  has  gradu* 
ally  cooled,  gave  orders  for  an  ex- 


pedition to  recover  thefe  ifla^ds  to  the 
mother  country.  A  fleet  therefore 
faile-i  from  Breft,  and  other  port-i  of 
the  kingdom,  loon  after  the  fighing  of 
the  preliminaries  of  the  peace.  This 
WIS  done  with  the  permitTjon  of  the 
B  itifli  miri.ftery;  bu%  as  that  circum- 
ftanccwasnot  known  to  the  nation, 
nor  even  to  feveral  members  of  the 
Commons,  it  became  a  caul'e  of  alarm 
and  difcuOion  in  parliament. 

In  India,  the  dominions  of  the  Com- 
pany have  been  difturbed  by  a  rebellion 
in  the  Carnatic,  the  particulars  of 
which  TTiay  be  learned  from  an  ex- 
tra<5t  of  a  letter  written  by  an  officer 
of  tl'o  73a  regiment : 

Camp  in  the  ceded  diftrids,  about 
30  niiles  N.  E.  of  Gurrumcondah, . 
May  27.  i8oi» 

"  We  have  been  employed  thefe  fix 
months  pafl  in  taking  podeffioii  of  the 
very  extenfive  country  cedca  to  the 
Company  by  his  Highnefs  the  Nizam, 
and  when  we  thought  everything  was 
done,  and  that  we  were  to  go  into 
quarters,  and  reft  from  our  labours,  a 
number  of  refra(5:fory  Polygars  ftarted 
up,  and  for  three  months  part  wc  have 
not  known  more  than  one  day's  cefla- 
tion  from  marching  at  a  time.  It  is 
now  fiid  we  have  done,  but  the  p^^ople 
in  this  country,  callc  1  Polygars,  are  fo 
deceitful  and  treacherous,  that  there 
cannot  be  any  certain  conclu/'ion  drawn 
from  appearances.  In  facf  I  have  fee  a 
fo  much  of  it,  that  I  lhall  exped  little 
or  no  reft  till  we  get  out  of  the  coun- 
try al  ogether. 

In  the  courfe  of  our  late  excur- 
fions,  the  detachment  of  cavalry,  per- 
formed one  of  ti.e  longeft  marches  ever 
known  to  have  been  done  in  India  by 
Eiir(>peans:  We  made  a  march  of 
miles  on  the  morning  of  the  9th  ultimo 
over  the  fandy  bed  of  a  river,  being  the 
only  road  ;  the  afternoon  of  the  fame 
day,  we  marched  again  and  continued 
marching  the  whole  of  that  night,  and 
till  about  two  o'clock  the  following 
morning,  when  we  arrived  at  our  ob- 
jed,  being  diftant  62  miles  from  the 
fir  ft  ground  we  moved  from,  and  60 
from  the  laft,  which  was  performed  in 
29  hours  altogether.  The  time,  you 
will  fay,  was  fuftlcient,  but  you  muft 
know  that  we  had  to  move  with  heavy 
fcaling  ladders,  carried  on  Lafcars* 
Ihoulders,  and  guns,  over  a  road,  the 

greater 


Jcfn.  1802. 


Foreign  Intelligence^ 


greater  part  of  which  wheeled  car- 
riages had  never  befo-e  gone.  The 
di(trt(s  in  the  courfe  of  the  night  1 
cannot  defcribe  to  you.  The  want  of 
water  was  one  of  the  greateft,  which 
the  darkiief^  of  the  night,  and  the  na- 
tural fcpTcity  in  thai  part  of  the  coun- 
try, prtvei.'ti.d  our  finding.  The  Laf- 
cars  dropping  dead  from  unde"  the 
ladders,  the  Europeans  and  Sepoys 
fainting,  and  left  apparently  dead  on 
the  road,  were  fights  that  made  me 
fhudder,  although  pretty  well  accuf- 
tomed  to  fcencs  of  the  kind  within 
thtfe  laft  two  or  three  years.  Much 
to  our  fatisfaetion,  the  whole  of  the 
Europeans  recovered  and  joined  U8 
foon  after  we  got  to  the  place ;  and 
the  only  lofs  in  deaths  was  among  rhe 
Lafcars  and  Sepoys.  The  great  obje(5t 
was  ctFtt^iied,  which  was  the  furpriling 
and  taking  prifoner  a  MulTtlman,  by 
name  Mahomet  Cawn,  who  had  joined 
with  others  in  lliaking  off  their  allegi- 
ance to  the  Company.  On  the  appear- 
ance of  the  cavalry,  he  made  fome 
Ihew  of  refiftance,  but  underftanding 
the  infantry  were  clofe  behind,  he  fur- 
rendered. 

Another  night  march  we  had  of 
twenty  miles,  in  which  our  fucccfs  was 
equal  to  the  other,  but  the  people  de- 
fending themfelves,  caufed  great  (laugh- 
er among  them,  with  the  lofs  on  our 
fide  of  a  few  natives  and  horfes. 

An  unfortunate,  and  I  may  fay, 
melancholy  occurrence,  has  h  pened 
to  the  fouthward,  near  P  ^^lamcottah, 
at  a  place  called  Pandalamcourchy, 
and  as  I  am  certain  you  v^ill  not  hear  of 
it  from  any  public  communication,  I 
will  detail  the  heads  of  it. 

*'  About  fix  months  ago  a  Polygar 
Rajah,  confined  in  the  fort  of  Paliam- 
cattah,  contrived  to  make  his  efcape, 
and  the  country  people,  according  to  a 
preconcerted  plan,  took  up  arms  in 
his  defence. 

"  A  Major  M'Cauly,  of  the  compa- 
ny's fervice,  who  commanded  in  that 
fiation,  marched  again  ft  them  witii 
what  any  perfon  would  have  thought  a 
fufficieut  force  to  quell,  or  oblige 
them  to  take  to  the  jungle  ;  much, 
however,  to  the  aftonilhmeiU  of  es^ery 
one,  they  not  only  ftood  their  ground, 
but  compelled  the  Major  to  retreat, 
After  lofing  fome  hundreds  of  Sepoys 
killed  and  wounded.  On  this  intelli- 
gence reaching  Government,  they  or- 


dered the  light  company  and  one  bat- 
calion  company  of  the  74th,  to  rein- 
force the  Major,  who  was  now  fur- 
rounded  In  his  fort.  ThiB  handful  of 
EuT  opeans  ftruck  fuch  a  panic  into  the 
dflud.d  native.^  that  they  immediate- 
ly fled  to  the  fort  of  Pandalarricourchy, 
which  !iad  cofl  the  lives  of  a  number 
of  ofticers  in  taking,  not  twelve  months 
before,  and,  ftrange  to  tell,  it  had  not 
been  properly  difmantled  fince.  The 
Major  being  reinforce(i  by  the  Euro- 
peans, immediately  advanced  to  the 
place,  and  after  a  ftw  hours  employed 
to  make  a  breach,  the  florm  commenc- 
ed, led  by  Captain  Campbell,  of  the 
74th.  The  enemy  defended  themfelvcs 
defperatcly,  the  breach  was  found  im- 
pradica'ple,  and  after  a  hard  Itruggle, 
our  troops  were  obligCfe!  to  rctir;:  with, 
great  lofs,  4  ofBcers  and  50  E-j-.  opeans 
killed,  15  officers,  and  nearly  Xhi  re- 
mainder of  tb  E'.iropean*  wounded, 
befidesScLoy  ,  k  -ad  woand.'d  in 
great  nnmbei:  -  dpL  Campbell  »7as 
wounded,  and  had  the  misfoitunt  to 
fee  his  brother  (a  fine  youu;^  man,  and 
Lieutenant  in  his  brothev';-,  company) 
kiilej  by  his  fidcj  and  he  is  fince  dead 
of  his  wounds.  I  forgot  to  mention, 
that  preTious  to  the  attack  of  the  fort, 
a  large  body  of  the  enemy,  who  had  re- 
mained on  the  outhd  ,  aad  attempted 
to  ftop  the  progrt  le  Si  jur  troops,  were 
charged  by  the  body  guard  of  cavalry, 
led  on  by  a  Lieut.  Grant,  who  com.- 
manded  them  ;  they  fiood  very  Ready, 
and  killed  and  wounded  a  number  of 
the  troopers  before  they  were  routed, 
v/hich  they  were  at  h'ft,  and  a  number 
of  thcni  cut  up  in  conLquence. 

Lieut.  Grant  was  fpeared  through 
the  lungs,  and  a  lubi^i.u-  of  cavalry,  who 
faved  Lord  Cornwaliis'  life  bef  )re  Sc- 
ringapatarn,  was  killed.  Our  la  If  ac- 
counts mention  the  arrival  of  the  fjlh 
regiment  to  the  detachment,  and  Co!. 
Agnew,  the  Coujpaiiy's  Adjutant- Ge- 
neral on  this  coaft:,  is  on  his  way  to 
take  the  com ai and*  of  the  troops., 
when,  I  make  no  doubt,  the  too  much 
elated  natives  will  fufier  for  their  pre- 
fumption.  There  cerrainly  muft  have 
been  fome  great  mifmaiiagement  in 
the  above  bufintfs,  and  ovic  thii^g  is 
certain,  that  on  tiie  troops  reaching  the 
breach,  and  finding  it  was  too  high  to 
get  up  to  without  ladders,  tiiere  was 
none  to  be  found,  and  the  gallant  fel- 
lows attempted  to  enter  it  on  each  o- 

oiherf' 


90 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


Vol.  (f4. 


thcrs*  fliouldcrs,  till  the  whole  were 
citlicrlilled  or  wounded." 

Further  Particulars, 

yiiiie  22. 

In  my  laft  letter  T  detailed  the  parti- 
culars of  the  dtfeat  of  our  troops  at 
Pandalamcourchy,  and  as  ith^s  proved 
ene  of  the  inoft  gallant,  though  fata!, 
(in  the  lofs  of  cflicers  and  men),  I  fliall 
commence  vvith  an  account  of  what  has 
happened  fince  at  that  place.  I  be- 
lit-ve  1  told  you  that  Lieut.  Col.  Agntw, 
Adjutant  General  on  the  coaft,  was 
ordi  red  to  proceed  and  take  command 
of  the  troops  on  thatfervice,  which  he 
accordingly  did,  and  being  reinforced 
by  his  Majefty's  77th  regiment,  two 
companies  of  artillery,  fome  hittalions 
of  Sipoys,  6cc.  he  proceeded  to  attack 
the  place  a  fecond  time.  Having  ered- 
ed  his  batteries,  which  mounted  two 
eighteen,  two  twelv'r,  and  four  howit- 
zers, he  battered  in  breach  for  a  whole 
day,  and  determined  not  to  fail  from 
the  fame  caufe  as  had  occalioned  the 
failure  before  (the  impra(5tic:ibility  of  a 
breach);  he  waited  fur  the  next  day  to 
attack,  when  he  again  opened  his  guns 
on  the  breach  till  tw^tlve  o'clock;  he 
then  afuuilted  the  place  in  the  follow- 
ing ord.  r:  The  two  flank  companies 
of  the  77th  kd,  then  the  remains  of  the 
two  unfortunate  companies  of  the  74th, 
and  the  three  battalion  companies  of 
the  77th,  followed  by  all  the  flank  com- 
panies of  the  Sepoy  corps  then  prefent. 
They  advanced  to  the  breach  in  ordi- 
nary time,  under  a  very  heavy  lire  on 
both  their  flanks.  On  reaching  the 
breach,  the  enemy  were  fo  numerou:-, 
and  firmed  w  ith  fpears  20  feet  and  up- 
wards in  length,  that  they  found  it  ne- 
ceiTary  to  draw  up  in  line  and  com- 
mence a  regular  fire  of  muflcetry,  which 
was  kept  up  fo  well  for  15  rainutee, 
that  the  enemy  at  laft  broke,  and  the 
party  entered,  after  lofmg  three  Lieu- 
tenants killed,  feveral  officers  wound- 
ed, and  the  number  of  men  killed  and 
woun^^ed  about  180.  A  great  flaugh- 
ter  enfued  ;  but  a  large  body  of  the  e- 
nemy  efcapcd  out  on  the  oppofite  fide 
of  the  fort,  only  to  be  cut  up  by  the 
cavalry,  which  were  Rationed  round 
for  that  purpofe.  I  am  forry  to  Inform 
you  that  one  of  the  Lieutenants  who 
feil  on  this  occafion  was  nephew  to  Ge- 
neral Harris, -his  name  Gilchrift,  a  very 
fine  young  man,  and  was  the  only  ofii- 


cer  who  efcaped  being  killed  or  wound* 
ed  on  the  former  bulinefs.  The  trou- 
bles have  not  ended  vvith  that. 

A  povt'erful  Polygar,  taking  courage 
from  the  temporary  defeat  we  fir  ft  fuf- 
tainfd,  has  taken  up  arms.  Colonel 
Agncw  is  now  empUiyed  agaiiJi  him  ; 
and  we  hear,  that  in  one  fmart  fkirmiih 
he  has  lofl  a  Major  (irey  and  fome  o- 
ther  officers  of  the  Company's  ftrvice. 
Further  iiiformatioti  fays,  that  he  finds 
the  enemy  fo  numerous  as  to  demand 
a  reinforcement,  and  that  the  commu- 
nication between  that  detachment  and 
Midras  is  cut  off. 

You  mull  undtrHand  that  the  Poly- 
gars  are  a  race  of  people  .  who  inhabit 
the  jungles  and  hill  p;nt8  of  India  ; 
they  are  braver  than  the  generality  of 
Indians,  and  cannot  be  faid  ever  to 
have  been  conquered. 


LONDON. 

All  the  weftern  kingdoms  of  Europe 
have  fuffered  extremely  from  the  high 
wind?,  ftorms,  and  inundations,  duritig 
this  lalt  month.  At  Paris,  the  inunda- 
tions rofe  in  an  alarming  degree  above 
the  Seine  ;  in  Holland,  infinite  damage 
has  enfued,  and  much  of  the  country 
laid  under  water;  at  Liverpool  in  par- 
ticular, and  to  a  certain  extent  over  the 
whole  ifland,  the  houfcs  were  fhaken 
by  the  viclence  of  the  Horrn,  and  the 
fliores  ^  jre  covered  with  wrecks. 

On  the  i8th  January,  the  day  in 
which  her  Majel^y  entered  her  55th 
year,  the  ufual  fplendcur  and  demon- 
Itrations  of  joy  were  obferved.  The 
different  branches  of  the  Royal  Fami- 
ly waited  on  the  Qu^^'^  to  pay  their 
rcfpeds.  The  ball  jn  the  evening  was 
attended  by  the  foreign  ambafTadors 
and  many  of  the  nubility  of  both  fexes; 
but  it  broke  up  very  early,  and  there 
was  only  one  country  dance. 

About  the  beginning  of  the  month, 
a  detachr^ient  of  Admiral  Mitchell's 
fleet,  then  lying  in  Bantry  Bay,  was 
ordered  to  fail  Vv^ith  Admiral  Campbell 
imdci  fealed  orders.  A  ferious  mutiny 
took  place  on  board  the  Temeraire,  the 
Majeltic  and  Formidable,  fome  of  the 
crews  of  thefe  fliips  having  luppofed 
that  they  were  ordered  to  the  Weft  In- 
dies. A  Court  Martial  was  held  on 
board  the  Gladiator,  lying  at  Portf- 
moutb,  in  which  John  Mayfleld,  James 

Cheftcr- 


l802 


British  Intelligence. 


9i 


-  f^ci  man,  John  Ward,  William  Hil- 
• ,  Jaine;X()]liiis,  and  JohnFitzgtrald, 
\.ivcd  fcntciice  of  death,  and  were 
cuted  on  board  their  re fpedive  lliips 
the  15th  January. 

The  Court  Martial  re-alTembltd  on 
.  14th,  ;iiui  John  Allen,  Edward  Tay- 
Jv.r,  Ucorge  Coiiiaync,  George  Dixon, 
James  Riley,  and  1  honiay  Simmond^ , 
were  Coiidemntd  for  charges  iiuiilar  to 
thofe  of  their  fl^iip-matee. 

The  juflice  of  the  Britifli  empire  was 
not  formed  to  triumph  only  over  the 
humble-    Jofeph  V/ail,  a  gentleman  of 
Irifh  extraction,  allied  by  marriage  to 
fome  of  the  firft  nobility  of  the  king- 
dom, was  governor  of  Goree  in  the 
year  1782.    A  party  of  foldiers  having 
come  to  the  governor's  houfe,  without 
arms  or  any  fymptoms  of  real  mutiny, 
to  complain  of  thtir  fcanty  allowance 
of  provifions,   Governor  Wall  difmif- 
led  them  with  threatening  language, 
and  in  the  evening ;  having  called  the 
roll  before  the  ufual  time,  he  fingled 
out  a  Sergeant  Armftrong,  bound  him 
to  the  carriage  of  a  gun,  and  infliSed 
a  punilhment  of  800  lalhes.    This  was 
not  pcrfornied  with  the  ufual  inftru- 
ment,  but  with  a  cord  .of  a  particular 
quality  different  from    the  common 
kind.    The  punifhment  was  inflicted 
by  negroes,  fubjeds  of  the  native  prin- 
ces, and  the  language  of  their  orders 
was  molt  brutal  and  inhuman.  The 
man  died  in  a  few  days  after,  his  body 
being  quite  torn  with  the  fcourge.  Wall 
was  recalled  from   his  office;  and, 
confcious  of  his  guilt,  fled  from  the 
hands  of  jultice.    After  an  interval  of 
20  years,  imagining  that  all  the  evi- 
dence of  his  crime  was  dead,  and  anxi- 
ous to  enjoy  fome  of  the  rights  of  a 
Bricifh  fuhjcd,  he  ventured  to  expofe 
hi!:ilv.if  to  a  trial.    He  was  arraigned 
in  the  ufual  form  at  the  Old  .  Bailey, 
before  the  Lord  Chief  Baron  and  the 
other  juJges  of  that  court.  Evidence 
was  produced  by  the  Crown  of  the  in- 
formality  of  the  ftntence,  of  iisinjuf- 
tiee  both  in  nature  and  execution,  'i  ne 
prifoner  failed  in  his  proofs  that  a  mu- 
tiny exifted,  and  that  a  court  martial  had 
been  held.  The  vvitnelTes  produced  ly 
•  )  gave  a  difcordant  kind  of  evi'- 
e,  placed  in  no  advantageous  view 
iie  clear  evidence  for  the  profecu- 
He  was  found  guilty  by  the  jury, 
cccived  fentence  accordingly.  The 
appeared  to  have  been  re-examined 
-lie  Lords  of  the  Privy  Couucil, 


who,  fenfible  of  the  juflice  of  the  ver- 
did,  would  not  join  in  petitioning  the 
Sovereign  for  mercy. 

A  few  days  of  refpite  were  fuccef- 
lively  granted.  Wall  was  executed  at 
the  uluai  place  on  the  38th  of  Janu^iy* 
111  piivate  life,  he  was  mild  and  agree- 
able ;  in  pu'olic,  arrogant,  harfh,  and 
cruel,  even  to  his  officers.  The  popu- 
lace  attended  tins  unfortunate  fulferer 
at  the  lait  with  ungenerous  fhouti  of 
exultation  ;  a  proof  of  the  odium  ia 
which  they  ft  ili  held  his  condud,  at  the 
clofe  of  a  fccne  where  piiy  generally 
triumphs  over  refentment. 

On  Friday  zzd,  a  court  martial  was 
held  on  board  the  Gladiator  at  Portf- 
mouth,  for  the  trial  of  Captain  Sir  Ed- 
ward Hamilton  of  the  Trent  frigate, 
on  charges  of  tyranny  and  oppreflion. 

The  facets  proven  were,  that  he  had 
ordered  the  fhip's  gunner,  an  elderly 
man  with  a  family,  to  be  jei^ed  up  for 
an  hour  and  a  half,  in  the  late  extreme 
froft;  that  the  gunner  appeared  to 
have  done  his  duty  completely,  but 
was  neverthelcfs  puniflied  in  this  man- 
ner fo  long  that  he  fainted.  Sir  Ed- 
ward pleaded  his  former  fervices  in  ex- 
tenuation, and  obft'rved,  itis  faid,that  in 
coniequence  of  a  wound  in  his  head,  re- 
cc?ived  when  cutting  the  Hermiorie  cut 
of  a  Spaniih  port,  he  was  at  periods 
nearly  in  a  (late  of  mental  derange- 
ment. This  brave  naval  officer  being 
found  guilty,  was  ientenced  to  be  dif- 
mi/red  the  fervice.  He  had  been  in  the 
navy  hnce  feven  years  of  age. 


SCOTLAND. 

Since  the  celebration  of  her  IMaj ci- 
ty's birth  day  the  Tiieatre  •  has  ueen 
pretty  well  attended  on  the  Saturday*, 
which  feems  now  to  be  the  anly  faihion- 
abie  night  in  the  week  ;  but  great  com- 
plaints of  the  company  are  aimoft  daii/ 
made  in  very  angry  tones,  apparently 
net  without  cauie.  The  West  Indian, 
at  defire  of  fomeWeit  India  Gentlemen, 
was  lately  brought  forward  to  the  molt 
crowded  houfe  we  have  had  this  feafon. 
The  old  expedient  of  making  intereft 
iox  Ufpeaks,  has  b.^en  refotled  to,  her 
Grace  of  Buccleugh  having  had  a  play 
performed  (as  the  bills  of  the  day  bore) 
by  her  defue,  on  Monday  laft  ;  and,  no 
doubt,  the  example  will  be  followed. 
If  we  miftake  not,  a  good  compa^iy  would 
befpeak  a  itill  more  advantageous  in- 


92 


British  Inielligence. 


Vol.  64. 


tereft,  that  of  the  town  at  lar^rc  ;  but 
our  treatment  this  feafon  has  by  no 
incaTis  been  a  ?>iareh?l  return  for  our 
er  vices  di  ring  the  loft, 

hiDerntfs,  Jaru  12* 
Yc'^c relay  M.ijoj  Macdoiiaid,  wit  h  the 
]afi;  divifion  of  Lord  Mc^cdonald's  rtgi- 
intnt  of  the  Ifics,  uncicr  the  cuixim.ind 
of  Lieut-ColoiKl  Pvl.  MacaliOcr,  arriv- 
ed at  Foil  Crt'orge,  alter  pcrfoiming  a 
mar<  h  oi  upvv.irds  of  500  miles  from 
Iviverpooi,  during  v\  h)c  h  time  tl.e  in- 
clemency  of  the  weather  uas  fuch  as 
wou.d  have  iiripcded  ^lImo^l  any  otiicr 
coips,  exeept  Highlaiiders.    For  three 
fuccc/live  marched,  from  Montr ofe  to 
Aberdeen,  th<  y  had  to  cul  ihdv  v/ay 
through  Aolt  and  frK  w,  which  they 
performed  with  the  greareft  ahu-rity, 
working  with  their  fpades  and  <hovtl>, 
to  th.e  tune  of  their  Gaelic  fongs,  and 
not  a  hngle  man  of  thoft  that  marched 
from   Liverpool   v  as   left   bthiiid. — 
From  Aberdeen  to  Banff,  the  drift  and 
fnow  was  often  fuch  as  to  prevcfit  their 
feeing  one  another,  ai)a  obhged  them, 
foi  fecurity's  fake,  10  link  fccvch  other 
l;y  iht  arm,  from  front  to  rear.  Not- 
%\'ithilanding  all  this,  the  whole,  upon 
their  arrival^appeared  neat  and  clean, 
in  good  health  and  Ipirits,  and  feem- 
ingly  not  in  the  leait  fatigued.  Al- 
though their  route  froin  CarhHe  was 
difcretionary,  yet  they  idU  continued 
their  march  (the  luual  halt,      days  ex- 
cept, d),  until  their  arrival  at  the  Fort. 
— It  may  not  peihaps  be  unuc.rthy  of 
remriik,  that  Fort  Gecjige  fliouU.l  now 
be  garrifoned  by  the  very  people,  to 
over-iwe  whom  it  was  originally  built, 
a  ciicumOance  fomewhat  curious  to 
think,  that,  in  the  fpace  of  about  forty- 
nve  years,  fuch  a  change  in  humar:  af- 
fairs ihould  have  :ake;i  phace,  an  eve«t, 
however,  tqually  hon  >urabb  t(.  that 
GovtrnmfMit  vvho  aifecled  it,  and  to 
the  Iiiglj)andr  »  :>  then. ft.lve?,  for  their 
prefent  loyriity  and  attachmtnt  to  the 
bed  of  King'^.  ' 

St  A7idrc<rjjs,  Jajj,  21. 
Mr  Jchr  Honey.  t:(t  i\kbrated  hero 
of  tht  fjion,  gavr  tin.  Cr;y  another  af- 
ftztVvi^^  dW>!:^>y  of  his  intrepidity  in.  fav- 
ing  the  ii\<  :  of  his  fellow  creatures. 

/il  '.r  ii..^  ooat  from  the  Tay,  with 
four  ii  .i;ue,  was  forced  by  (trefa  of 
ivtather  tj  repair  to  this  harbour  for 
fhelter,  but  before  reaching  n,  from 
lofs  ofoai;  aiid  ihe  fui7  of  tb^  (tonn, 
ihe  was  driven  afiicre  the  be.  ch,  at 
a  fmalldifia.ice  fron;  tht  ijarbour.  As 
fhe  approached  the  land?  the  force  of 


the  fea  threw  one  of  the  crew  over- 
board, who,  being  ^  bad  fwimmer,  and 
the  br*.'akers  being  violent,  was  again 
overvvhelmrd,  a'^d  jaft  pcrifliing.  At 
this  momt  iit  Mr  lioney,  and  his  gal- 
lant coadjutor,  J  'hn  Wen\yfs  ,  mate  or 
the  frnack  Peggy,  of  Anllruiher,  mu- 
tually fupporting  each  other  agaiud 
the  force  oi  thjr  wave?,  ruQied  into  the 
fea,  though  vifirg  at  times  to  their  own 
height,  and  with  conliJvrahlir  diffi- 
culty, under  Providence,  rcfcued  the 
poo«  fifherrnan  from  deftruCtion.  ^fter 
bringing  him  afhore,  Mr  Honey  carried 
him  altnoft  lifelefs  on  his  back,  to  a 
ncighbv  uring  houf  ,  where,  by  proper 
care,  he  foon  recovered. 

High  Court  of  Justiciary. 
Monday y  Junuary  4, 

James  Bcgg  trr  lliopliftmg,  convicl- 
ed  by  the  Jury,  and  featenced  to  an 
aibiutt.y  punilhment  ;  fortnight's  im- 
pi  iionmehi-. 

Henry  Bowerman  for  challenging  the 
Eail  of  Lauderdale.  As  the  prifoner, 
who  was  then  in  England,  feni  an  af- 
fidavit of  his  ill  health,  the  trial  was 
deferred  till  February. 

Gtorge  Pj^^r,  fer van t  to  Robert  Moir 
inn-keeper  m  Aiuffcl burgh,  for  ftrik- 
ing  on  the  head  David  White  chaife- 
driver,  with  a  pair  of  tongs,  in  confe- 
quence  of  which  blow  he  died  in  the 
Ipace  of  12  .  ..ys.  Found  gudty  of 
culpable  homicide,  but  recommended 
to  mercy.    Thiee  year's  banifliment. 

Tbonuis  Da'vieXf  late  of  theglafs-huufe, 
Leiih,  for  Itealliig  rings,  fume  plate, 
and  other  valuabic-s,  from  the  houfe  of 
J.  Bjyd  :  libel  reftn6led  to  an  arbitra- 
ry punifhment.  Guilty,  Fourteen  year's 
tranfportdtion. 

Andrenv  Lawn'e,  letter-carrier,  for 
abltrading  money  from  letters  fent  by. 
pofc.  Condemned  to  be  executed  oa 
loth  February. 

Haddington,  Jan.  2p. 
Bed  Wheat,  38s.  Barky,  26s.  Oats,  15s. 
pd.   Peafe,  17s.    Btans,  i8s.  6d.  per  boll. 

Edinburgh,  Jan.  26.  Oat-mcal,  is.  ad' 
Bear-meal,  is.     Peafe-meal,  icd. 

The  Editors  of  the  Scots  Magazine 
regret,  that  from  the  extent  and  number 
of  tiicir  Literary  Articles,  they  have  been 
ijccc ITuated  to  j.oftpone  till  next  number, 
a  variety  of  lifts  and  new  pubhcations, 
deaths,  marriages,  Stc.  as  well  as  various 
articles  cf  inferior  importance. 


THE 

SCOTS    M  A  G  A  Z  I 

For    FEBRLfART  1802- 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Page 

Sketch  of  the  Life   of  George 

Heriot,  • 
On  Ruftic  HappineG,  &c  Indepen- 
dence, 100 
On  Medical  Graduation,  103 
On  the  Existence  of  Atheiftic  Na- 
tions, C  on  chide  -  105 
On  the  Ancient  Language  of  the 

Romans,  109 
Infirudians  given  in  to  the  No- 
blemen, Barons,  Burrows,  and 
.  Commiirioners  of  the  Shires  and 
liurrowes  of  the  Covenant  of 
^  Scotland,  upon  the  Articles,  112 
Stfidures  of  the  Life  and  Writ- 
ings of  Baron  Halle r,  Continued^  115 
Hiflorical  Sketch  of  the  Zabii,  120 
Sketches  of  Ancient  Cofmogony,  125 
General  Remarks  on  the  Life  and 

Charader  of  Burns,  131 
The  Pedagogue,  No  I.  134 
i'pitaph  in  Gray  Friar's  Church 
Yard,  136 

LITERARY  EXTRACTS  AND 
NOTICES. 
Account  of  Arabian  MSS.  con- 
•  cerning  the  Crufades,  by  Ber- 
,  thereau,  a  Benedidtine  Monk,  137 
Of  the  Ruffian  Annals,  by  Auguf- 

tus  Lewis  Schioetzerj  143 
Literary  Notices  for  Scotland  356 

POETRY. 

Oithons,  a  Gaelic  Story,  160 


Page 


i6r 
162 

163 


My  Native  Vale, 
Hung.'irian  War  Song,- 
The  Blue  Eyes, 
List  of  Boofis  publiflicJ, 

IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT. 
Proceedings  in  Houfe  of  Lords,  i6'4 
Proceedings  in  Uoufcof  Commons,  166^ 

MON  PHLY  P.EGISTER. 
Foreign  iNTELLiGEr-rcs. 
Scene    of   the   Negociation  for 

Peace,  17 ^ 

France,  17^ 
Germany,  Holland,  &c.  177- 
India  and  China,  i73 

England* 
ChifTone  French  frigate  taken,  173 
Sufferings  of  hx  deferters,         ^  173 
Meeting  of  Highland  Society  in 
London,  i74 
Sco  tla: '17. 
Caufes  determined  by  Court 
Seilion^ 

Fiiil  Regiment  R.  E.  V.  offji 

continae  their  iervices,  175 

Royalty  of  the  city  to.be  extend- 
ed, •      '  175 

Anniverfary  meeting  o-f  the  tiigh- 
land  Sociv-ty,  170 

Premiums  offered  by  the  Societv,  i  7 

Parficular  account  of  the  late  me- 
lancholy accident  ^t  Kihiiarnock,i7  S 

LISTS— Mariiages,  &cc.        iSo— S4 


of 


to 


174 


E  11  I  N  BURG  H  r 
Printed  by  Alex.  Chapman,  &  Co.  T^nester^s  IVjnd^ 
For  the  Proprietors  : 
And  Sold  by  Archibald  Constable,  High  Street,  Edinburgh, 
\nd  to  be  had  of  the  Principal  Bookfelkrs  in  the  United  Kingdom. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 


We  have  to  return  our  moft  unqualified  thanks,  for  the  liberal  en- 
couragement, with  which  Correipondents  have  favoured  our  Work. 
Nothing  within  our  power  fhall  be  neglecled,  towards  rendering  the  con- 
fidence and  fatisfa^^lion  of  thofe  who  may  pleafe  to  honour  us  with  their 
affiftancc  and  patronage  complete.  We  requefl  the  continuance  of  for- 
mer favours  ;  and  hope  that  we  fliall  be  able  to  make  our  future 
Numbers,  flill  more  deferving  of  National  and  Public  approbation. 

W.  G.'s  beautiful  Verfes  to  a  Tear,  are  received,  and  will  be  inferted 
in  our  next. 

A  FEW  of  the  valuable  and  well  written  Effays  on  moral  fubjecls,  com- 
municated in  fucceffion  by  our  literary  friends,  indulge  in  a  diifufcnefs  of 
illuftration,  which  is  rather  injurious  to  the  merits  of  the  papers.  We  arc 
averfe  from  omitting  or  changing  any  thing  in  fuch  cafes,  as  the  fault 
could  eafily  be  remedied  by  the  authors. 

The  Second  Number  of  the  Pedagogue  is  requeued  from  our  friendly 
Correfpondent.  By  a  miilake,  the  Firft,  has  been  mifplaped  in  the  pre- 
fent  Number  of  our  W ork,  which  will  be  correded  in  future. 

Several  Poetical  Pieces  have  been  received,  and  are  under  confidcra- 
tion.  We  regret  that  fome  of  them  are  too  incorredt  to  appear,  with 
any  advantage,  as  they  (land,  in  oui*  Mifcellany  ;  and,  the  liberty  of 
changing  particular  pa^fages,  which  we  intend  to  exercife  very  fparingly, 
would  be  inadequate  to  the  talk  of  preparing  them. 

More  particular  notices  of  Communications  received  will  be  given  in 
cur  next- 


THE 


[8  COTS  MAGAZINE, 

For  FEBRUART  1 802. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH  07  the  LIFL 
OF  GEORGE  HERIOT. 

[with  a  POUTRAiLj 


OF  the  private  life  of  the  founder 
of  Heriot's  Hofpital  few  parti- 
culars are  known.  The  year  of  his 
birth,  we  have  not  been  able  to  dif- 
cover  ;  but  rf  we  allow  him  to  have 
been  20  years  of  age  at  the  time  of 
his  firft  marriage,  anno  1586,  he 
may  poflibly  have  been  born  about 
1566.  His  father  was  a  goldfmith 
in  jEdinburgh,  whofe  name  he  bore, 
and  to  whofe  profeffion  he  was  edu- 
cated. The  occupation  of  a  goldfmith 
appears,  about  the  year  1^83,  claf- 
fed  with  that  of  the  hammermen,  or 
common  fmiths.  In  the  charter  of 
that  corporation,  granted  2d  May  in 
that  year,  the  goldfmiths  are  includ- 
ed, and  the  whole  receive  certain  re- 
gulations and  immunities,  by  which 
they  were  enabled  to  appear  as  a 
public  company.  At  what  time 
the  goldfmiths  were  leparated  from 
fthe  hammermen,  is  uncertain.  Their 
firfl  charter  of  indepcndance,  is 
probably  that  granted  by  the  town- 
council,  Augufl  20.  158 1,  in  which 
they  receive  many  valuable  privi- 
leges, amounting,  in  the  fullefh 
[manner,  to  a  monopoly  of  their 
;  trade.  This  gaudy  art,  fo  efTcntial 
to  the  vanity  of  a  court,  was  con- 
^ied  in  its  rights^  by  a  charter 
11  James  VI.^1586,  the  year  in 
VoL„  LXIV. 


which  our  youh^^  ^.iizen  commen- 
ced bufmefs.  From  Jamxes  VII., 
anno  1687,  ^^^^  goldfmiths  obtain- 
ed the  enormous  privilege  of  fearch- 
ing,  infpeding,  and  trying  all  jewels 
fet  in  gold,  in  every  part  of  the  king- 
dom ;  a  licence  to  deftroy  all  falfe  or 
counterfeit  work ;  to  punifhthe  tranf- 
greflbrs,  by  imprifonment  or  fines  ; 
and  fei  ze  the  v/orking  tools  of  all  un- 
free  goldfmiths  within  the  city. 

Scotland,  at  that  time  an  inde- 
pendant  kingdom,  with  a  court  in 
the  metropolis,  though  poor  in  ge- 
neral, was  probably  then  in  a  flate 
not  lefs  favourable  to  the  fuccefs  of 
Her'ot's  occupation,  than  at  pre* 
fent.  A  rude  magnificence,  pecu- 
liar to  the  age,  atoned  foi  want 
of  elegance,  by  the  m.aify  fplendour 
of  its  ornaments.  The  nobles 
were  proud,  and  extravagant  when 
their  fortunes  would  permit ;  and 
Anne  of  Denmark,  the  reigning 
queen,  wa5  fond  of  fliow  and  gal- 
lantry. 

George  Heriot,  having  been 
bred  to  his  father's  bufmefs,  was 
introduced  into  the  world,  by  his 
allowing  him  to  enter  into  a  con- 
trad  of  marriage,  14th  January 
1586,  with  Chriftian  Marjoiibanks, 
daughter  of  Simon  Marjoribanks, 
N  merchant 


Sketch  cf  the  Life  of  George  Heriot.         Vol.  64 


jiKixiiant  in  Edinburgh.  Tlie  fa- 
ther, on  this  occafion,  agreed  to 
give  his  fon  the  fum  of  1000  merks, 
with  500  more  to  fit  out  his  Ihop, 
and  purchafe  ifnplements  a  ad 
cloaths.  With  his  wife,  he  received 
the  fum  of  1075  merks,  which  lay 
on  a  mortgage  at  10  per  cent,  the 
legal  intereif  of  tlie  times  ;  and 
brought  in,  annually,  107  merks 
iix  fhilllng.r  and  eightpehce,  Scot- 
tifli  money.  The  united  fortune  of 
the  parties  amounted  to  about 
,L.  214  :  II  :  8  Sterling,  a  confider- 
able  fum  in  thofe  days  ;  but  ren- 
dered much  more  ufeful  by  the 
profpedl  of  his  father's  bufmefs, 
which  would  naturally  be  transfer- 
red to  the  younger  and  more  a<5live 
man.  By  this  wife,  he  had  no 
children  which  furvived  him,  and 
indeed,  it  is  not  certainly  known  if 
ihe  bore  any.  The  hlilory  of  their 
domeftic  connexion  is  likewife  en- 
tirely forgotten ;  and  the  precife 
time  of  her  death  cannot  be  afcer- 
rained  without  more  labour  than  the 
difcovery  of  it  would  reward.  He 
appears  to  have  been  em.ployed  by 
the  Scottifh  court,  during  this  pe- 
riod of  his  life,  where  he  laid  the 
foundation  of  fuch  a  fortune  as- 
few  Scotfmen  attained  in  that  age. 
In  1 5:97,  he  was  appointed,  by 
James  VI.,  under  a  writ  of  the  pj  i- 
vy  feal,  dated  at  Dunfermline,  July 
17,  goldfmith  to  his  Queen,  Anne 
of  Denmark.  Soon  after,  he  was 
conlHtuted  jeweller  and  goldfmith 
to  tiie  King,  with  a  right  to  all  the 
profits  and  emoluments  of  that  lu- 
crative office. 

Am  :DSTthispromotion  he  had  loPc 
bis  wife.  Being  now  in  pofleffion  of 
opulence,  the  certain  load  to  ho- 
nour, he  formed  an  alliance  with 
nobility,  by  marrying  Alifon  Prim- 
rofe,  eldeft  daughter  of  Jam.es  Prim- 
rofe,  clerk  to  the  Privy  Council. 
He  received,  with  this  lady,  50CO 
merks  Scots ;  in  confideration  of 
which,  he  bbund  himfelf,  by  a  con- 


tra6t,  dated  Edinburgh,  September 
26,  1608,  to  lay  out  2500  merks  of 
the  like  money,  in  a  purchafe,  to 
jointure  his  wife. 

Soon  after  the  acceffion  of  King 
James  to  the  Englifh  throne,  Heriot 
followed  the  court  to  London.  By 
affiduous  application  to  bufmefs,  he 
was  now  become  eminent  and  rich  ; 
and,  while  he  refided  in  that  city, 
he  made  feveral  valuable  purchafes, 
afterwards  tranfmitted  by  will  to 
his  children. 

His  fecond  wife  died  during  this 
period,  but  in  what  year  is  equally 
uncertain  with  that  of  the  deceafe  of 
the  firft.  He  was  advanced  in  years: 
and  fortune,  without  any  family  to 
fupport  or  fettle  in  life  ;  but^  it  is 
much  to  be  regretted,  that  no  ac- 
counts of  his  domeftic  habits  re- 
main, a  circumftance  which  always 
leaves  us  ftrangers  to  the  real  cha- 
radler  of  a  man.  He  appears  to 
have  been  very  attenti^^e  to  his  nu- 
merous relations,  from  the  confider- 
able  fums  which  he  bellowed  on  them 
in  his  life-time,  and  the  liberal  prc- 
vifion  made  for  them  in  his  laft  will. 
From  the  circumftance  of  his  leav- 
ing two.  natural  daughters,  it  may 
be  conjedhired,  that  he  was  addict- 
ed to  illicit  am.Qurs,  but  whether  du- 
ring the  period  of  his  marriage,  <)T 
in  his  widowhood,  it  is  impoffible  to 
determine. 

George  PIeriot  died  at  Lon- 
don, February  12th  1624.  Admit- 
ting him  to  have  been  born  about 
the  forementloned  year,  he  proba^ 
bly  had  not  attained  the  age  of  fix- 
ty.  It  would  feem  that  he  was  the 
eldeft  fon  of  his  father,  v/ho  was 
twice  married,  and  left  a  family  by 
both  wives.  Chriftian  Blaw,  the  fe- 
cond wife  of  George  Heriot,  w^as 
alive  at  the  death  of  her  ftep-fon, 
being  attentively  remembered  in  his  . 
will.  Patrick  Heriot,  brother  to  . 
the  founder,  had  fettled  in  Genoa, ; 
and^  was  dead  before  1623.  His 
filler,  Margaret,  was  firft  married' 

to 


Feb.  1802.    Sketch  of  the  Life  of  George  Heriot. 


97 


to  a  Mr  Scot,  by  whom  fiie  had  two 
fons  and  two  daugiiters  ;  and  ihea 
to  Robert  Kincaid,  merchant  in  E- 
dinbargh,  by  whom  fhe  had  a 
daughter.  By  Chriftian  Blaw, 
George  Heriot  fenior,  left  three 
fons,  David,  James,  arid  Thomas  ; 
and  four  daughters,  Chriftian,  Sy- 
bilhi,  Janet,  and  Marion. 

With  moil  of  thefe  family  rela- 
tions, Heiiot  appears  to  have  lived 
on  good  terms,  and  occafionally  to 
have  alfifted  them  with  monay.  His 
immenfe  foi  tune,  probably  amount- 
ing to  50,000!,  he  difpofed  of  by  a 
will  made  1623,  in,  which  he  re- 
n^embered  all  his  relations,  with 
many  friends  and  fervants^.  both  in 
Scotland  and  England.  That  our 
readers  may  judge  of  the  chara(5ter 
6f  George  Heriot,  who,  contrary 
!  to  the  practice  of  moil  founders  of 
I  hofpitais,  did  not  negledl  his  fami 
ly  for  the  vanity  of  oftentatious 
charity,  the  following  lift  of  be- 
quelis  is  extrac^^ed  from  that  docu- 
ment. 

.  To  Franchifchetta  Heriot,  his 
brother's  daughter,'  or  in  cafe  of  her 
being  dead,  to  her  children  -  500 
marks  Englifh  ;  to  tile  poor  of  St 
Martin's  parilh  lol,  and  to  thofe  of 
the  French  church  there  20I.  Sterling. 
Hislliler,  Margaretand  her  five  chil- 
dren, he  mentions  as  having-  provid- 
ed  for  feverally  and  refpeclively  by 
certain  annuities,  gifts  and  fums  of 
money.  To  his  half-brother,-  James 
Heriot,  he  bequeaths  the  fum  of 
2000I.  to  be  paid  506I.  in  money 
in  a  month-  after  his  deceafe,  and 
,  500I.  in  jewels,  fu-ch  as  he  traded 
in,  to  be  delivered  in  three  months 
after,  at  a  lawful  and  reafon^ible  ef- 
timate  of  value.^  To  his  half-bro- 
ther Thomas,  locol.  Sterling,  to 
go,  in  cafe  of  his  dying  without  if- 
llie,  to  James  Heriot  ;  and,  in  cafe 
of  his  death  in  fimilar  circumftan- 
ces,  to  the  funds  of  the  hofpital. 
To  James,  he  alfo  left  loool.  India 
(lock,  with  the  rights  and  intereft. 
. .  Vol.  LXIV, 


To  his  mother-in-law,  Heriot  be- 
queathed the  annual  intereffc  of  500 
marks  Engliih  ;  of  which  fum,  Ihe 
was  at  liberty  to  bequeath  100,  at 
her  death,  to  any  perfon  fhe  pleafed ; 
the  400  remaining,  to  be  divided  at 
her  dearh  between  her  two  daugh- 
ters, Chriilian  and  Sybilla, 

To  the  children  of  Chriftian,  he 
left  500  marks,  to  be  paid  after  the 
death  of  their  parents  ;  to  Sybilla, 
the  fame  ;  to  the  children  of  Janet 
and  Marion,  500  marks  to  each  fa- 
mily, on  he  fame  condition  with  that 
of  Chrillian.  The  intermediate  le- 
gacies between  thefe  and  his  daugh- 
ters,  are  30I.  to  Gilbert  Primrofe, 
a  preach'cr  in  the  French  church, 
London;  40L  to  Margaret  Robifon, 
one  of  his  kinfwomen  ;  arid  20I.  a- 
piece  to  the  two  daughters  of  ano- 
ther. After  this,  a  few  rem'iffions 
of  debt,  and  bequefts  to  friends  or 
old  fervants  follow.  His  eldeft  na- 
tCiral  daiigjiter,  then  about  ten 
years  of  age,  and  refiding  at  Wind- 
for,  he  next  provides  for,  by  allot- 
ting her  all  his  copy-hold  melfuages, 
lands,  tenements,  and  hereditaments 
in  Rohampton  in  the  county  of  Sur- 
rey ;  and  for  Margaret  Scot,  his  fe- 
cond  daughter,  kept  at  one  Rig- 
den's, 'a  waterman  in;  the  pai  ilh  of 
Fuiham,  Middlefex,  by  leaving  her 
his  tenements  in  St  Martin's  in  the 
Fields.  The  intereft  of  feveral  fums 
is  alfo  bequeathed  in  their  favour,  and 
he  fubjeifts  them  to  the  care  of  his 
executors.  Thefe  he  appoints  in  the 
following  order  :'  Robert  Johnllon 
of  London,  gent.  ;•  WiHiam  Terry 
of  London^  goldfmith ;  Gideoii 
Delaune  of  London,  apothecary, 
executors  of  his  laft  will,  with  100 
marks  Sterling  a-piece.  James  Max- 
well of  his  Majelty's-  bed-chamber, 
Mr  Walter  Balcanquel  D.  D.,  and 
Mr  Weaker  Alexander,  gentleman 
ufher  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  he 
nominates  as  overfeers  and  fupervi- 
fors,  with  appropriate  bequefts. 
The  capital  article  of  the  will 
O  which 


98 


Sketch  of  the  Liftf  of  George  Her  tot ^       \o\,  64. 


bequeaths  all  the  furplu?!  of  Heriot's 
eftate,  after  the  full  execution  of  the 
reft,  to  the  ordinary  Town  Council 
of  Edinburgh,  follows  the  nomina- 
tion of  executors.  It  is  left  "  unto 
the  provofl:,  baililFs,  minifters,  and 
ordinary  council  for  the  time  be- 
ing, of  the  faid  town  of  Edinburgh j 
for  and  towards  the  founding  and 
erc<5ting  of  a  hofpital  witliin  the 
faid  town  of  Edinburgh,  in  perpe- 
tuity ;  and  for  and  towards  piir- 
chafmg  of  certain  lands  in  perpetu- 
ity, to  belong  unto  the  faid  hof- 
pital,  to  be  employed  for  the  inain- 
tenancc,  relief,  bringing  up,  and 
education  of  fo  many  poor  father- 
lefs  boys,  freemen's  fons  of  the  town 
of  Edinburgh,  as  the  means  which 
1  give,  and  the  yearly  Value  of  the 
lands  purchafed  by  the  provoft, 
bailiffs^  mini  Hers,  and  council  of 
the  faid  town,  lhall  amount  or  come 
to." 

He  then  delivers  the  right  of  all 
his  Edinburgh  real  property  to  the 
niagiftrates,  Sic,  with  the  fame  dc- 
fign;  this  provifo  being  made,  Avhich 
ihows  his  attention  to  his  family, 

that  my  mother-in-law  fhall  hold 
and  polfefs,  during  her  life,  the  be- 
nefit and  rent  of  the  houfe  wherein 
fhe  dwelleth,  and  of  the  two  (hops 
adjoining  near  thereto,  or  that  flie 
have  fatisfadion  and  content  other- 
wife  in  that  behalf/*  The  hofpital 
he  Willis  to  be  governed  by  a  fet  of 
ordinances,  either  made  in  his  own 
life-time,  or  forme^i  and  hgned  af- 
ter his  death  by  his  executor  Dr  Bal* 
canquel.  The  council  are  appoint- 
ed perpetual  governors ;  the  ac- 
counts of  the  remaining  funds  are 
appointed  to  be  given  into  their 
hands,  fix  months  after  his  deceafe, 
by  his  executors.  In  cafe  of  the 
mal-adminiftration  or  non-perform- 
ance in  the  magi  Urates,  the  Chan- 
cellor of  Scotland,  the  tAvo  Arch- 
biihops,  the  Prefident  of  the  College 
of  Juftice,  with  the  Lord  Advo- 
cate, are  further  ijppointed  to  e^ca-. 


mine  the  matter,  all,  or  any  thred 
of  them  ;  and,  upon  proof  of  fuch 
charges,  the  whole  of  the  funds  ta 
go  to  the  Univerfity  of  St  Andrew's, 
for  the  maintenance  cf  as  many 
poor  fcholars,  as  the  Redor  and 
Profeifors  of  that  Seminary  fliall 
nonnnatei  In  the  codicil,  which 
contains  a  variety  of  fmall  legations 
through  chanty,  friendlLip,  or  other 
conn£(ftions  Dr  Balcanquel  is  order- 
ed to  go  to  Edmburgh  and  confult 
with  the*  council  about  the  full  exe- 
cution cf  the  will,  in  the  particular 
of  the  hoipitah 

Hkriot  dyin^  on  the  12th  Fe- 
bruary 1624,  as  before  mentioned, 
his  executors  became  immediately 
poffeffed  of  all  his  fortune,  except 
1 1 33I.  1 3s.  4d.  due  to  him  on  mort- 
gages by  ftveral  of  the  Scotch  no- 
bility, which  he  had  alfo  left  to  the 
hofpital  by  a  deed  of  gift,  executed 
September  3d  1623.  The  legatees 
employed  Sir  John  Hay  of  Baro, 
afterwards  clerk  regifter,  to  fettle 
with  the  executors  in  England.  On 
fettling  accounts  with  this  gentle- 
man 1 2th  May  1627,  the  fum  re- 
ceived by  the  g6vernor3,  after  de- 
ducting legacies,  bad  debts,  and 
compofitions  for  debts  relling  by 
the  Crown,  amounted  precifeiy  to 
235625h  103.  3  'd.  Sterling. 

The.  magnificent  Gothic  fabric 
of  the  hofpital  began  to  be  built  in 
July  1628,  according  to  a  plan,  as 
is  reported,  of  Inigo  Jones-,  and  a- 
dopted  by  Balcanquel,  the  principal 
executor.'     It  was  interrupted  by  ' 
the  civil  wars  which  arofe  in  1639  ;  - 
the  w^ork  was,  however,  renewed' 
A.  D.  1642,  and  finilhed  in  165c,  at 
the  expence  of  upwards  of  30,000!*  ' 
Sterling  money  ;  then  bearing  ic^' 
per  cent,  intereit.    Cromwell,  after 
che  battle  of  Dunbar,  having  ta-- 
ken  poileiiion  of  Edinburgh,  quar- 
tered his  lick  and  wounded  in  the 
hofp>ital,  w^hich  continued  in  this  fi-- 
tuation  till  1658,  when  the  magil^ 
trates  applying  to  General  Monk, 

got 


Feb.  i8oz.       Sketch  of  the  Life  of  George  Heriot.  59 


got  the  foldicrs  removed  to  ano- 
ther place  which  they  had> prepared 
for  them. 

Thirty  boys  were  firfl:  admitted 
April  nth  1659;  in  Auguil  next 
they  were  increafed  to  forty  ;  and, 
in  i66[,  to  52.  In  1753,  the  num- 
ber was  raired  to  130  ;  in  1763,  to 
^  40,  about  which  number  they  pro- 
bably continue. 

As  the  whole  fum  left,  amounted 
only  to  L.  2 -,,,625  :  10:3',  and  the 
building  cod  L.  30,000,  the  gover- 
noi  s  have  by  no  means  defer\^ed  the 
fharges  of  mismanagement  often 
imputed  to  them  by  party  m.alice, 
and  milfakcn  opinion^  about  tneir 
original  receipt.  In  1779,  the 
holpital  poifeifed  a  real  eitate  of 
•  .L.  i8co  per  annum  ;  and  as  its  re- 
venues are  paid  in  grain,  they  muft, 
of  late,  have  become  very  good. 
We  have  no  certain  information  of 
their  prefent  (late,  only  the  admi- 
niilration  is  as  vigorous  as  former- 
ly. In  1775,  the  prenticc-iee  ,  were 
increafed  to  L.  30,  fo  that  nearly 
L.  400  is  annually  expended  on 
t:hat  article,  bcfules  the  fum  of 
.L,  10  paid  for  four  years,  to  fuel! 
las  choofe  an  univerfity  education, 
and  not,  like  the  rell,  fome  particu- 
lar trade  or  employment. 

The  boys  are  inib-adled  in  read- 
ing, writing,  arithmetic,  and  the 
Latin  tongue.  Their  appearance 
IS  decent,  and  manners  generally 
irreproachable.  A  fet  of  ilatutes, 
confifting  of  fixteen  articles,  were 
compiled  by  Dr  Balcanc^uel,  by 
which  the  government  of  the  hol- 
pital is  managed.  To  thefe  lia- 
tutes,  which  are  ridiculoufly  mi- 
nute, defceuding  even  to  the  boys' 
hatsi  and  the  placing  of  the  eating 
tables,  the  governors  are  obliged  to 
fwear.  The  members  of  the  infti- 
tntion  are,  a  treafurcr,  phyfician, 


furg^on,  clerk,  fteward,  fchcolmaf- 
ter,  two  affiftants,  a  writingmafler, 
cook,  taylor,  and  porter  ;  a  nurfe, 
and  feven  women  fervants.  Heriot, 
by  his  will,  left  alio  money  for  en- 
dowing ten  Burfaries,or  exhibitions, 
for  poor  ftudcuts,  in  the  Univerfity 
of  Edinburgh. 

J'rom  what  appears  of  the  con- 
dwS.  of  George  Heriot  in  this  tranf- 
action,  we  are  warranted  to  con- 
clude, that  his  purpofes  were  patri- 
otic and  charitable.  He  left  valu- 
able legacies  to  all  his  relations, 
even  thdi'e  in  a  remote  decree.  He 
adted  irom  no  motives  of  difguft  at 
his  filler,  or  inother-in  law,  or  any 
of  his  family.  He  provided  for  his 
natural  cliiidren,  if  not  to  the  full 
extent  of  his  fortune,  at  eaft  liber- 
ally. As  he  had  no  legitimate  licirs, 
his  immenfe  wealth,  could  not 
have  been  better  employed.  Vani- 
ty was  certainly  not  his  leading 
motive  5  he  had  ymaffed  riches  by 
induilry,  which  he  applied  only  ia 
part  to  the  benefit  of  his  native  city. 

Th  -  fame  apology  cannot  be 
made  for  many  founders  of  hofpi- 
tals,  who,  after  colledling  money  by 
narrow  parfimony,  neglecl:  their 
poor  relations  for  the  title  of  Found- 
ers of  charities,  a  title  to  be  er^-oU- 
ed  among  their  vices,  rather  than 
their  virtues. 

The  eldell:  daughter  of  Heriot 
married  in  Enghmd  ;  but  being  re- 
duced to  great  diiliculties,  Ihe  came 
(^own  to  Edinburgh,  where  the  Ma- 
giilrates  allowed  her  1000  merks 
i)cots  annually,  till  children  were 
admitted  into  the  hofpital.  After 
this,  all  penfions  being  llruck  oif, 
fhe  obtained  L.  20  to  fupporc  her 
journey  to  London,  upon  granting 
a  difcharge  of  claims  in  future. 
She  received,  befides,  a  prefent  of 
1000  mQrks  from  the  council. 


ON 


Vol.  6J^, 


QN  RUSTIC  HAPPINESS  AND  INDEPENDENCE, 


THE  following  letter,  we  believe,  is  communicated  from  the  country. 
It  fecms  to  have  in  view  the  happinefs  of  a  dafs  cf  men,  who  it  h 
obvious,  want'  nothing  but  riches  to  equal  their  fupeiiors  in  the 
world.  Among  thtle,  there  is  the  lame  difference  perceptible,  with  re- 
gard to  moral  and  intelledlual  qualities,  as  among  the  peafantry  j 
there  is  a  populace  of  both  ranks  ;  but  there  are  many  in  both,  who  do 
honour  to  human  nature.  A  man  of  genius,  in  afRuent  circumllances, 
is  under  no  inconvenience  ;  the  fame  charadlcr,  in  humble  liTe,  mm\  fee 
himfelf  defpifed  by  thofe  who  can  controul  his  external  happinefs,  while  he 
is  deprived  of  the  means  of  enjoyment,  by  havinghis  time  limited,  his  body 
exhaufied  with  fatigue,  and  his  mind  denied  the  opportunities  of  cultivation. 
The  Stoical  precepts  in  this  letter,  are  probably  intended  to  rplievc  that 
fituation,  by  phicing  fuch  a  man  on  his  own  bafis,  and  teaching  him  to  con- 
fult  himfelf.  External  dependance  has  been  his  fate  ;  but  independance  of 
foul  he  can  command  ;  it  is  abfolutely  ncceffary  to  private  liappinefs,  and 
the  exertion  of  genius, 'that  the  human  mind  dread  no  mailer  ;  for  all  that 
is  great  in  character,  and  illullribus  in  adion,  proceeds  only  from  thofe 
Snen  who  fcorn  every  controul,  but  that  of  rcafon  and  feeling. 


To  the  Editors  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


Gentlemen, 
TfiE  pleafures  of  tade  are  fo 
common  a  theme  of  panegyric 
among  all  civilized  nations,  that  any. 
remarks  ot\  the  fubjed,  will  perhaps 
feem  idle  and  fuperfluous.  Mean 
while,  although  every  perfon  of 
liberal  education  can  mufter 
^s  much  c'riticifm  as  '  will  ferve 
the  purpofes  of  the  tea-table  or 
drawing-room,  few  are  to  be  found, 
who  can  reap,  from  the  page  of  the 
poet,  any  thing  approaching  to  real 
enjoyment.  This  obfervation  is 
true,  not  only  with  regard  to  mat- 
ters of  tafte,  but  even  with  regard 
to  love  and  fricndlhip,  and  feveral 
6f  the  fineft  feelings  of  the  human 
heart.  Many  people  are  acquainted 
with  what  m^ay  be  called  the  ex- 
ternals of  affedlion ;  but  the  real 
glow  of  pa{35on  they  never  feel,  and 


are  incapable  of  feeling.  They  ari^ 
conflitutionally  fo  framed,  that  i 
they  are  born  in  a  fuperior  rank  o 
life,  they  muft  often  affed  to  be 
what  they  are  not ;  if  fortune  allots 
them,  like  me,  the  poverty  of  the 
cottage,  they  flalk  about  in  name- 
lefs  inflgniiicance,  nearly  as  devoid 
of  the  nobler  qualities  of  man,  as 
the  grpund  on  which  they  tread.  • 

This  divifion  cf  the  fpecies  may 
perhaps   be  confidered   as  found 
ed   on  the  trite  exilggerations  o 
thofe  who  claim  to  themfelves  a  fu- 
perior portion  of  every  thing  that 
men  have  agreed  to  confider  excel 
lent  in  character.    Such,  however 
is  by  no  means  the  fad.  Number- 
lefs  inftances  occur  to  every  perfon, 
who  has  a  turn  for  obferving  the 
manners  of  his  own  perfonal  ac- 
quaintancco 


feb.  1 802.    On  Rustic  Happiness  and  Independence.         10 1 


qiiaintance.  Of  tbefc  he  may  dif- 
cover  fome  generous  and  faithful, 
who  love  and  hate  with  equal  ar- 
dour; others  rcferved,  cunning,  felf- 
intercfted,  or  what  occurs  much  of- 
tencr  in  fociety,  infipid  and  cold 
hearted.  There  is  a  real  difference 
•  amongll  individuals,  which  thepolilh 
1  of  common  education  generally  con- 
tributes to  obfcure  and  conceal;  and 
fo  in  the  prefent  llate  of  fociety,  moii 
people  of  rank  appear  v/ell-bred  and 
benevolent,  though  few  be  poireifed 
of  the  real  principles  of  thofe  qua- 
lities :  many  people  can  read,  cri- 
ticife,  and  make  verfes,  though  the 
r.umber  of  thofe  who  enjoy  the 
fpirit  of  poetry  be  very  limited.  The 
boundiefs  imagination,  the  glow  in 
the  breaft,  arifnig  from  a  keen  per- 
ception of  all  that  digniiics  human 
nature,  the  impulfe  of  palfion,  at 
whofe  call  tlie  fancy  fpeaks  the. 
language  of  truth,  and  poetry  is 
a  chronicle  of  the  heart,  are  quali- 
ties little  known  to  the  compara- 
,  lively  countlefs  multitude  that 
inerely  read  and  write. 

p£R.HAPs,  the  filliefl  thing  that 
ever  was  honoured  with  tlie  name 
of  compliment,  is  to  fay  of  a  man, 
that  he  writes  very  pretty  verfes. 
It  is- nearly  of  the  fame  nature  as 
to  fay,  fuch  a  one  is  a  decent  lo- 
ver, a  tolerable  friend,  that  is,  has 
learned  the  art  of  courtlhip,  or  got 
by  rote,  the  fcience  of  friendihip, 
both  of  which  proclaim  him  to  be  a 
mechanical  charader,  affefling  what 
he  feels  not  in  reality.  It  is  (Irange, 
that  an  expreifion  which  levels  a 
man  to  the  incapacity  of  a  child, 
and  reprefents  him  as  a  hunter  of 
rhymes,  a  meafurer  of  words,  a 
0unter  of  fyllables,  can  be  mifta- 
ken  fnr  a  piece  of  civility. 

No,  ye  Ihades  of  Burns,  of  Milton, 
and  of  Shakefpere ;  ye  hallowed 
names,  fynonymous  with  infpira- 
tion !  the  proud  dignity  of  man 
defpifes  the  indnuation  which 
your  fongs^  the  emanations  of  the 


heart,  have  proved  to  be  a  falfe- 
hood. 

All  poetry  ought  to  be  an  elFu- 
fion  of  the  heart ;  but  to  apply  this 
to  every  {^qc\c9,  of  compofition  which 
goes  under  that  title,  vrould  perhaps, 
be  too  fevere.  Many  kinds  of  del- 
cription  mull:  be  excepted  from  a 
rule,  which  includes  fentimcnt  only. 
At  the  fame  time,  it  may  jullly^bc 
obferved,  that  fentiment  is  nearly 
the  whole  of  what  ought  to  be  de- 
nominated poetry ;  at  leaft,  fuch 
was,  the  opinion  of  the  moil  refpec- 
table  fagcs  of  antiquity. 

The  opportunities  of  a  man,  with 
regard  to  commanding  all  thi; 
pleafurcs  of  which  his  nature  \s 
capaloie,  are  very  much  circum- 
fcribed  by  his  fituation  in  life.  If 
fortune  has  placed  him  in  my 
humble  fprhere,  with  fome  capacities, 
and  fev/  means  of  enjoyment,  hu 
mind  will  naturally  be  in  danger  of 
fuffering  from  the  prefTure  of  neccf- 
fity  with  which  he  is  doom.ed  to 
ftruggle.  He  cannot  enter  th.* 
courts  of  th-e  great,  a  circumftance, 
which  may  hurt  his  ambition  more 
than  his  happinels  ;  he  cannot  ap- 
proach the  learned  and  the  wife, 
for  his  unequal  habits  of  life  are  ape 
.  to  create  an  infuperable  obflacle  to 
that  fpecies  of  intercourfe.  Obliged 
to  dedicate  much  of  his  time  to 
cheeriefs  labour,  he  is  deprived  of 
half  his  liberty.  By  what  means 
fhall  fuch  a  character  mitigate  the 
fentence  of  fate  whichjias  prifoned, 
in  obfcurity,  a  mind  not  often  found 
at  the  levees  of  princes. 

The  que  if  ion  is  fome  what  dira- 
cult  to  rcfolve.  Thefe  who  are 
perhaps  incapable  of  underilanding 
the  meaning  of  the  terms,  will 
laugh  at  the  fubje<fl:,  as  fome  people, 
not  very  rare  in  fociety,  do  at  the 
relation  of  a  melancholy  ilory,  or  the 
performance  of  a  pathetic  mournful 
air. 

Let  him  wrap  h'mfelf  up  in  his 
own  virtue,  fcorn  to  do  any  thing 
produaive 


J  02  On  Rustic  Happiness  and  Independence.     Vol.  64, 


produ<51ive  of  fiiame  ;  and  inwardly 
defpile  the  man,  who  cannot  dhlin- 
guilh  between  him  and  his  humble 
litiiation.  Let  him  penetrate  with 
keened  glance^  the  characHiers  of 
nthcr  men  ;  eflimate  the  particular 
value  of  his  own,  both  moral  ^nd 
intelledual.  Where  he  finds  a  bo- 
fom  fufccptible  of  love,  friend lliip, 
ai^d  truth,  let  him  venerate  the 
ilirine  of  the  nobleft  virtues,  tliough 
he  himfelf  be  even  excluded  from  a 
place  in  it.  When  he  Hnds  a  bread 
truly  congenial  to  his  own,  let  him 
repofe  there  from  the  toils  of  ibr- 
tmie ;  it  is  in  thel'e  connexions 
alone,  that  life  a/Tumes  the  appear- 
ance of  a  better  v/orld.  Ardent 
paffior.s  have  been  often  expelled 
irom  ideal  theories  of  happinefs ; 
i)Ut,  in  truth,  it  only  introduces  a 
ipiritlefs  apathy,  the  real  chara(^l-er- 
litic  of  inability  and  weaknefs.  To 
people  of  that  dcfciiption,  no  pre- 
cepts are  necelfary  ;  for  to  them, 
every  precept  will  be  ineffcdual. 

Let  him  cultivate  hir,  mind  by 
reading.  A  m.an  of  common  fenfe 
will  always  raife  himfelf  lupcrior  to 
fate,  by  a  flight  degree  of  this  prac- 
tice, h  v/eak,  a  feeble  character  ne- 
ver will,  he  mud  remain  througli 
life  a  peafant.  The  commanding 
power  of  natural  fenfe  is  the  rod  that 
turns  the  droi's  of  books  into  gold  : 
the  want  of  it  exhibits  the  fmiihed 
pedant,  a  dull  obelifc  of  knowledge 
and  dupidity. 

It  is  impodible  to  exprefs  the 
fairy  Vv^orid,  that  the  humble  man 
of  genius  may  raife  around  him- 
felf. Vifions  of  happinefs,  ye  are 
fweet  as  the  hopes  of  a  fairer 
world ;  bright  as  that  Being  of 
whom  ye  are  an  emanation !  By 
reading,  the  mind  converfes  with 
the  nobled  characters  that  ever 
lived,  without  the  lead  remem- 
brance of  inferiority  in  rank  and 
circumdances.  It  aflbciates  v/ith 
Aridides,  firm,  jud,  and  honour- 
able ;  with  Scipio  brave,  wife,  af- 
fable, and  generous  j  it  mounts  the 


rodra  with  Cicero  ;  it  kindles,  witl^ 
Demodhenes,  for  the  liberties  of  his 
country  ;  it  marches  through  bloo4 
with  Wallace,  and  conquers  with 
Bruce.  To  all  of  thefe  illudrious 
examples,  accefs  may  be  now  pro- 
cured, without  any  requifites  of 
dudy  or  learning. 

This  intercourfe  is  more  than 
fanciful  ;  it  communicates  a  firm 
tone  to  the  moral  powers,  and  by 
pointing  out  what  is  truly  valuable- 
in  cliarader,  leads  us  to  a  depen- 
dance  on  thofe  qualities  which  for- 
tune can  neither  bedow  nor  take 
away.  It  is  particularly  ufeful  in 
reconciling  us  to  a  lot  of  Iblitude, 
poverty,  and  contempt  ;  for  it  fup- 
plies  much  of  the  pleafure  that  at- 
tends the  highed  dations,  without 
the  hazard  of  corruption  or  envy. 

But  there  are  other  pleafures  of 
a  dill  more  enchanting  kind,  that  the 
humble  fbn  of  genius  and  niisfortune 
may  really  command.  Thefe  are 
the  pleafures  of  fong,  properly  de- 
fined. The  paultry  art  of  making 
verfes,  fmooth  lines,  and  dull  pro- 
faic  couplets,  has  no  pretenfit.ns  to 
this  appellation.  It  is  the  talent  of 
clothing  the  loves,  the  friendtKips, 
the  forrows,  the  extacies,  the  dear 
recolledions  of  the  bread,  in  their 
native  language,  that  alone  deferves 
the  name.  Poetry  of  this  defcVip- 
tion  Avill  ever  charm,  as  the  fource 
from  which  it  flows,  will  ever  be  the 
Elyfian  fountain  of  life.  Mulic, 
for  which  fome,  for  w^ant  of  early 
cultivation,  more  through  want  of 
true  feeling,  have  neither  tafte  nor 
genius,  is  a  charming  acceiiory  to 
this  oracle  of  the  foul.  Such  plea- 
fure is  not  imaginary  ;  it  reds  on 
foundations  of  truth.  It  is  the  ta 
of  fancy  to  form  brighter  landllzape 
than  ever  bloomed  ;  and  purer  hap 
pinefs  than  the  world  can  afford 
but  the  loves  and  frienddiips  o 
Robert  Burns,  were  as  real  as  h 
defcriptions  are  glowing  ;  the  Mule 
found  him  in  the  vale  of  life,  an 
charmed  the.  toils  to  which  an  in 

dcpcii 


?eb.  1802. 


On  Medical  Graduation^ 


2Cj 


lependant  fplrit,  a  fuperior  under- 
landing,  and  a  tender  heart,  were 
rondcmned  from  the  cradle. 

I  am  fully  aware,  that  the  plan 
aid  down  in  thefe  pages,  may  be 
-eckoned  chimerical.  It  is  now 
alhionable,  I  am  told,  when  any 
:hing  appears  to  be  written  from 
;he  heart,  to  give  it  the  fneering 
itle  of  enihufiafm  ;  or  what  is  more 
nortifying,  a  parcel  of  line  writers, 
rfho  have  polilhcd  their  fentiments 


into  what  is  termed  elegance,  cori-» 
demn  the  vigorous  rtyle  of  feelin^j 
and  fenfe  as  bomball.  For  thefe 
critics,  I  am  nothing  alarmed.  My 
conRant  prayer  has  ever  been,  "  G\c 
me  a  Ipark  01  nature's  fire  and, 
though  willing  to  lilten  to  all  rules 
founded  on  common  fenfe,  the  effe- 
minate delicacy  of  city  tafte,  whicli 
prefers  pale  debility  to  rofy  ftrcngtli, 
lhall  never  be  the  taite  of 


ON   MEDICAL  GRADUATION, 


To  the  Editors  of  Scots  Magazine. 


Gentlemen, 

IN  a  former  number  of  your  va- 
luable publication,  I  offered  a  few 
remarks  on  the  importance  of  pub- 
ifhing  an  annual  liil  of  all  the  medical 
pradlicioners  in  Scotland.  My  de- 
lign  has  been  happily  accompliihed. 
The  editors  of  the  Britiih  Alma- 
nack have  been  at  confiderable 
pains  in  colleding  and  arranging 
:his  lift.  But,  owing  to  a  defed  in 
Jieir  advertifements,  and  the  late 
period  at  which  they  were  publifh- 
:d,  a  very  great  number  of  names 
muil  arrive  too  late  for  inferxion. 
The  lift  will  be  more  complete  in 
:he  future  editions. 

In  this  affair,  however,  there  is 
HI  an  abufe.  Some  of  the  univev- 
itics,  which  have  obtained  charters 
from  government,  for  the  purpofe 
(jf  granting  medical  degrees,  have 
.ong  been  in  the  cuftom  of  confcr- 
|:ing  them  upon  any  perfon  who  can 
pay  them  the  common  fees.  A 
man  with  fourteen  or  lifteen  pounds 

his  pocket,  and  a  certificate  trom 
:wo  phyficians,  however  contcmpt- 
blc  in  their  charadler,  is  reckoned  a 
candidate  fufiiciently  quali£ed  to 
)btaia  a  degree ! 


In  the  Univerfities  of  Edinburo-h 
and  Glafgow,  a  ftudent  cannot  be 
admitted  even  to  the  common  exa- 
minations, without  having  attended 
the  whole  of  the  medical  clalfes  for 
a  certain  number  of  years.  After 
giving  fatisfadtion  on  diis  head,  he 
muft  next  undergo  a  variety  of  exa- 
minations. Belides  this,  he  muit 
publilh  a  diiTertation  on  fome  medi- 
cal fubjedl,  and  defend  the  dac^ 
trines  he  advances,  before  the  whole 
faculty. 

But,  at  the  other  Scotifh  Univer- 
fities, this  IS  not  reckoned  neccifary, 
I  have  known  the  degree  of  Dodor 
ot  Medicine  conferred  on  a  maa 
who  had  only  ftudied  one  ilicrt  fea- 
fon  at  college.  I  have  known  men, 
who  bore  the  honourable  tide  of 
Phyfician,  proftitutc  their  names,  ia 
procuring  fuch  degrees  for  a  fmaii 
pecuniary  reward!  This  was  particu- 
larly the  cafe  with  two  reduced  phyfi- 
cians in  the  weft,  who  ufed  to  funiiih 
certificates  at  half  a  guinea  a  piece  ; 
and  though  thefe  are  now  no  more, 
I  have  no  doubt  but  they  have  ftill 
fucceifors  in  pfiice. 

I  J'  no  radical  cu:-e  can  be  obtain- 
ed 


On  Medical  Graduation: 


Vol.  64. 


cd  for  thefe  abufcs,  might  it  not  be 
proper  to  add  a  diftinguifhing  mark 
to  fuch  phyficians  ?  Let  them  have 
a  mark,  as  God  placed  upon  Cain, 
that  every  man  may  know  them  at 
firil  figlit.  Let  them  be  pointed 
out  as  impoflors  of  the  deepell  dye. 
An  impoftor  who  claims  a  title  at 
his  own  hand,  may  perhaps  be  ex- 
cufed.  But  men  who  falfely  obtain, 
and  tliofe  who  faifely  confer,  the 
fanf^ions  of  an  univeriity,  arc  cer- 
tainly equally  blameabie  in  a  moral 
point  of  viev/.  The  degree  of  an 
univerHty  fliould  be  facre<^  to  me- 
rit. When  a  man  alfumes  the  title 
of  Phyfician,  the  public  naturally 
confide  in  his  knowledge.  But 
when  to  this  he  publifnes  the  fanc- 
tion  of  an  univeriity,  their  faith  be- 
comes ftronger-  What  mud  be  the 
refjlt  of  this  confidence  in  the  cafe 
(if  a  man  deftitute  of  knowledge  ? 
It  is  like  committing  the  charge  of 
a  Ihip,  in  the  mod  perilous  fitua- 
tion,  to  a  man  who  has  never  hand- 
led a  rudder,  nor  feen  a  compafs. 

Whe^j  Dr  Johnfon  was  at  a  Scot- 
ifh  univerfity,  in  his  tour  to  the 
north  of  Scotland,  he  frequently 
alluded  to  the  original  fplendour  of 
that  once  magnificent  place.  The 
people  about  the  Univerfity  allured 
him,  that  the  prefent  decline  was 
not  owing  to  any  defedt  on  their 
part^  hut  they  nvere  extremelv  poor, 
"  Never  mind  that,''  fays  the  doc- 
tor, "  You  will  get  rich  by  de- 
grees." This  is  now  literally  the 
cafe  ;  and  men  who  could  not  be 
admitted  to  public  examination  as 
Surgeons,  are  now  dafiiing  away 
with  their  degrees  as  Phyficians  V 

All  however,  who  have  degrees 
from  thefe  univerfities,  are  not  li- 
able to  thefe  cenfures.  Some  very 
refpe6lable  gentlemen,  who  have  le- 
gally pradlifed,  during  the  earlier 
part  of  their  lives,  as  furgeons,  and 
wlio  were  not  entitled  to  degrees  as 
phyficians,  from  their  not  having 
attended   the  claffes  a  fufiici^nt 


length  of  time,  have  hid  recourfe 
to  this  method.  And  to  fuch,  af- 
ter  proper  perfonal  examination,  I 
kt  little  harm  in  granting  degrees. 
But,  in  this  prefent  mode  of  proce- 
dure, they  are  certainly  to  blame ; 
for  although  they  may  bcfufficicnt- 
ly  qualified  themfclves,  it  is  leaving 
an  open  door,  through  which  per- 
fons  of  a  very  different  defcriptiori 
may  pafs.  But  if,  in  cafc-s  of  this 
kind,  individuals  ar^  to  blame  in 
procuring  fuch  degrees,  what  cul- 
pability are  we  to  attach  to  a  body 
of  men,  who  thus  proRitute  the  ho- 
nours of  an  univqriity  to  fuch  loofe 
piirpofes  ?  Are  they,  on  account  of 
their  poverty,  to  grant  licenfes  to 
murdereis?  Are  they  to  fell  the 
lives  of  thoufands  of  their  fellow 
creatures,  merely  to  gratify  their 
own  avarice  ?  Such  dodtrines  may- 
have  pafied  under  the  delufions  of 
p6pery,  but  they  are  too  grofs  for 
the  prefent  age  of  refinement. 

By  thefe  reflections,  I  am  certain 
to  gain  a  confiderable  degree  of 
ill  will.  But  as  I  am  now  fet  out 
in  the  caufe  of  the  public,  I  am  de- 
termined to  go  on ;  and  if  any  of 
thefe  Physuia  is  ecnfider  themfelves 
as  injured,  by  the  likeneif^s  I  have 
drawn  of  them,  I  lhall  be  happy  to 
hear  tl:eir  defence,  and  give  them 
everyfatisfactioninmypower.  If  this 
Ihould  happen,  it  will  be  no  fmall 
proof  in  favour  of  the  likenefs  ;  for 
men  do  not  readily  acknowledge 
the  likenefs  in  their  portraits,  unlefs 
they  are  fornething  better  than  the 
originals.  You  may  expedl  to  hear 
further  from  me  on  this  fubjecl-;  in 
the  mean  time,  believe  me  t©  be. 
Gentlemen, 

Your  moil  obedient  fervant, 

Scotland^  6th  Dec,  7  t»         t\  /t 

'  V  PhiloMedicus. 

l302.  J 

p.  6*.  In  my  next,  I  fnall  prefent 
you  with  a  few  portraits  of  fome  of 
our  pfeudo  Phyficians.  The  ground 
is  laid j and  ihe  colaurs  are  prepared. 


Feb.  -1802. 


ON  THi;  EXISTENCE  OF  ATHEISTIC  NATION^, 

Continued  from  page  39. 


IT.  Of  the  Northern  Indians, 
Thl  Northern  Indians  inhabit 
that  barren  diltri6l  of  Labrador, 
whicJiliesbetwecn  tlie  59th  and  68th 
degrees  of  N.  lat.  and  is  above  500 
miles  wide  from  E.  to  W.    The  loil 
is  almoit  one  folid  mafs  of  rocks  and 
ftones,  for  the  moil  part  extremely 
hilly.    The  furface  is  generally  q- 
vcripread  with  a  thin  covering  of 
mofs,  intermixed  with  the  roots  of 
cranberries,  and  other  inligniticant 
plants  and  ihrubs,  bnt  there  is,  for 
the  mofl:  part,   a  total   want  of 
mould  below.  The  country  abounds 
in  lakes  and  rivers,  in.which  various 
kinds  of  fifh  are  numerous.  In  fome 
of  the  marfhes,  various  kinds  of 
grafs  are  produced,  the  vegetation 
of  which  is  as  rapid,  as  the  quantity 
is  fcanty.    The  quality  and  pro- 
dudions  of  the  foil,  and  the  diipor 
iitions,  manners,  and  cudoms  of  the 
inhabitants,  are  defcribed  with  fim- 
plicity  andminutenefs  by  Mr  Hearne, 
who,  in  1769,    1770,   1771,  and 
1772,  traverfed  this  region  in  dif- 
ferent diredions,  in  order  to  difco- 
ver  the  copper  mines  of  the  Indians, 
and  determine  the  que il ion  fo  often 
agitated,  congcrning  the  exigence 
cf  a  N.  W.  pallage.    He  relates, 
that  the  Northern  Indians  are  ge- 
nerally above  the  middle  fize,  well 
proporticned,  Rrong  and  robuit,  bu*^. 
not   corpulent ;   neither  polleding 
that   a<itivity   of  body,  nor  that 
Jivelincfs  of  difpofitic.n,  which  cha- 
raderizes  the  odiei  Indian  tribes  on 
the  W.  coait  of  Hudfon's  Bay. 
Their  features  are  peculiar,  and  dif- 
fer  from  thofe  cf  the  adjacent  tribes  ; 
they  have  low  fore-heads,  Imall  eyes, 
high  cheek-bones,  full  cheeks,  Ro- 
man nofes,  and  generally  long  broad 
chins.  Their  diipofitions  are  moroic 
Vol.  LXIV.  " 


and  coyetous ;  a«  for  gatitude,  thej 
feem  to  be  unacquainted  v/ith  it,  A 
cola  unfccimg  iclnlhnefs,  that  chilis 
every  generous,  nay,  every  ardent 
attention,  u  the  only  feature  which 
predominates  in  Uieir  character. 
Their  locial  intercourfe  conluts  in 
rnnuual  attempts  to  pheat  and  dc» 
ceive.  Unmoved  by  fympathy,  they 
fee  their  friends  and  relations  hnk 
under  accumulated  hardlhips  and 
the  pains  of  dileafe ;  with  cold  a- 
pathy,  they  endure  the  coarfeft  in- 
fults,  and  tamely  fubmit  to  dilfaon- 
our  and  diigrace  ;  and,  if  murder 
be  unfrequent  among  them,  it  is 
bccaufe  they  are  incapable  of  feel 
ing  an  injury.  "  Religion,"  fays 
Hearne,  "  has  not  yet  begun  ta 
dawn  among  the  Northern  Indians, 
for  though  their  conjurors  do,  in- 
deed, fing  fongs,  and  make  long 
fpeeches  to  fome  beails  and  birds  of 
prey,  as  alfo  to  imaginary  beings, 
which,  they  fay,  ailiit  them  in  per- 
forming cures  on  the  Hck,  yet  tnev, 
as  well  as  their  credulous  neigii- 
hours,  are  utterly  deiiitute  of  every 
idea  of  pradical  religion.  It  is  true, 
fome  of  them  will  reprimand  their 
youth  for  talking  diireipediuUy  ox 
particular  beatls  and  birds.  Mato- 
nabbee,  (Mr  H earners  guide,;  with- 
out  one  exception,  was  a  man  ot  as 
clear  ideas,  in  other  mutters,  as  any 
tlAit  I  ever  law ;  he  was  not  only  a 
perfed  mailer  of  the  Southern  In- 
dians' language,  and  of  their  be- 
lief, but  could  tell  a  better  itory  of 
our  ibaviour's  birth  and  life,  tliau 
one  half  of  thole  who  call  them- 
feivcs  Chriitians  ;  yet  he  always  de^ 
Glared  to  me,  that  neither  he,  nor 
any  of  his  countrymen,  had  an 
idea  cf  a  future  itate.  Devoid  of 
ail  religious  reitraint,  theie  people, 
P  to 


io6 


On  the  Existence  of  Atheistic  Nations.    Vol.  64. 


to  ufe  Matonabbee's  own  words', 
have  nothing  to  do,  but  confult 
their  own  intereft,  inclinations,  and 
paflions  ;  and  to  pafs  through  this 
world,  with  as  much  eafe  and  con- 
tentment as  pofTible,  without  any 
hope  of  reward,  or  painful  fear  of 
punifliment  in  the  next.''  Thefe 
Indians  believe,  that  the  corufca- 
tions  of  the  Aurora  Borealis,  are 
produced  by  the  rapid  glancing  mo- 
tion of  aerial  deer^  along  the  fky  ; 
while  the  Southern  Indians  attri- 
bute this  meteor  to  the  dancing  and 
conviviality  of  their  deceafed  friends. 
The  Northern  Indians  maintain  va- 
rious fuperftitious  opinions  concern- 
Jng  the  exigence  and  nature  of  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  Fairies,  or  fpirits  cf 
the  earth,  air,  and  fca.  To  thefe 
they  attribute  every  event  which 
occurs,  whether  of  an  agreeable  or 
difagreeable  nature.  They  believe, 
that  they  occafionally  appear  to 
mortals,  in  the  lliape  of  clouds,  and 
beafts  of  prey,  whence  perhaps,  may 
be  derived  their  refped  for  various 
Ipecies  of  animals.  Mr  Heame  al* 
fo  mentions,  that  before  an  engage- 
ment with  a  party  of  Efkimaux, 
thefe  Indians  painted,  each  on  his 
refpedive  fliield,  the  form  of  that 
being,  on  which  he  relied  for  fuc- 
cefs,  or  the  figure  of  its  appropriate 
animal.  As  the  fun,  moon,  and 
ftars  appeared  on  feme  of  thefe 
ftiekls,  their  owners  may  'be 
fuppofed  to  have  worfliipped  the 
heavenly  bodies.  By  thefe  Iplrits 
or  Fairies,  the  Indian  conjurors, 
like  the  forcerers  of  Lapland,  are 
fuppofed  to  have  the  power  of 
killing  men  at  a  great  diilance. 

The  relation  of  Mr  Hearne,  which 
unfortunately ,  in  this  inftance,  cannot 
be  ccmpared  with,  and  corrected 
by,  that  of  any  other  traveller,  ad- 
mits the  exigence  of  conjurers 
among  the  nortliern  Indians,  and 
their  general  belief  in  fuperior  fpi- 
rits, who  polfefs  the  power  of  inter- 
fering in  human  affairs.  The  be- 
lief in  the  exiftencc  of  a  future  ftate 


is  denied,  and  the  opinion  concern- 
ing a  Supreme  Being  is  not  men- 
tioned.   This  national  difbclief  of, 
a  future  ftate,  among  the  Northern 
Indians,  therefore,  refts  folely  upon 
the  affcrtion  of  Mr  Hearne,  or  ra- 
ther upon  the  authority  of  his  In- 
dian guide,  Matpnabbee,  who,  like 
many   of    our  modern  Sceptics, 
might  only  intend  to  difplay  his  own 
penetration  and  acutenefs,  by  ex- 
prelllng  his  difbclief  of  the  received 
opinions  of  his  countrymen.  Nei- 
ther does  Mr  Hearne,  in  his  rela- 
tion, diftinguifh  between  abfolutc 
difbelief,and  the  mere  abfence  of  be- 
lief ;  though,  in  their  intrinfic  na- 
ture, they  are  as  different  as  igno- 
rance and  error.    Perhaps,  too,  he 
reafoned  like  Mi/Ton,  in  his  account 
of  the  religion  of  the  inhabitants  cf . 
Madagafcar  and  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  \vhofe  fcntiments  are  quoted, 
with  approbation,  by  Barbot,  in  his 
defcription  of  Guinea  ;  "  In  a  word, 
they  are  true  Deills.    1  cannot,  by 
the  by,  forbear  declaring,  contrary 
to  the  received  opinion,  that  no 
real  diftindion  can  be  made  be- 
twixt fuch  people  and  thofe  that  are 
generally  called  Atheifts  ;  the  ufe- 
lefs  god  of  the  Deifts,  bting  no  god  : 
and  in  this  they  are  lefs  orthodox 
than  the  devils  themfelves,  Vv^ho  have 
a  more  juft  idea  of  the  Deity.  Be- 
fides,  to  fay  that  one  adores  God 
without   loving    or  fearing  him, 
without  afl^ing  or   expedting  any 
thing  from  him,  or  havipg  ai^y  re- 
gard for  hirn,  is  moft  properly  to 
be  without  a  God  ;  and  to  be  with- 
out a  God,  is  to  be  an  Atheift." 
This  ridiculous  method  of  reafon- 
ing,  feems  frequently  to  have  in- 
fluenced the  narratives  of  travellers 
among  rude  nations.  Are  w^e,  then, 
to  admit  of  this  imperfeiTc  negative 
evidence,  as  fufficient  to  eftablilh 
fuch  an  anoipalous  fa6l.    The  evi- 
dence of  Mr  Hearne,  refolves  mere- 
ly into  an  opinion  ;  now,  a  much 
more  phi.lofophical  opinion,  is  that 
of  Profeilbr  Heeren  of  Gottingen, 

who 


I'eb.  1802.    On  the  Exntence  of  Atheistic  Nations.  loj 


who  fuppofes,  that,  in  proportion  as 
a  country  is  wild  and  inhofpi table, 
its  inhabitants  entertain  a  more 
lively,  and  a  more  fublime  idea  of 
a  future  ftate  5  while  nations,  litua- 
ted  in  a  temperate  climate  and  fer- 
tile foil,  in  proportion  as  they  are 
attached  to  life,  form  melancholy 
prefages  concerning  their  future  ex- 
iftence,  and  deem  death  an  evil. 
This  idea,  the  learned  Profeffor  il- 
luftrates  in  his  hiftory  of  the  Sibe- 
Han  tribes,  who  believe,  that  their 
privations  in  this  world,  will  be: 
compenfated  by  the  fuperior  num- 
ber of  rein-deer  which  they  will 
hunt  beyond  the  grave.  This  opi- 
nion, which  places  the  pleafures  of 
a  future  ftate  in  hunting  deer, 
feems  partly  to  coincide  with  the 
ideas  of  the  Northern  Indians,  when 
they  attempt  to  account  for  the 
Aurora  Borealis ;  and  is  almoll  as 
philofophical  as  the  theory  of  eclip- 
fes  propofed  by  the  Greenlanders> 
who  fuppofe  that  a  great  dragon 
fwallows  the  fun  $  but  being,  imme- 
diately feized  with  the  heart-burn, 
is  forced  to  vomit  it  up  again 

With  refpedl  to  the  opinions  of 
the  Northern  Indians,  concerning 
a  Supreme  Being,  we  labour  under 
the  fame  defed  of  evidence.  Hearne, 
the  only  author  who  mentions  this 
tribe,  is  filent  on  this  topic.  Cart- 
wright,  in  his  enormous  Journal,  in 
3  vols  4to,  which  only  records  dates, 
foundings,  fowling  expeditions  on 
fnow  flioes,  captures  of  wolves,  wol- 
vereens,  and  bears,  in  his  traps;  and 
how  he  officiated  as  midwife  on  cer- 
tain occafions,  where  he  had  al- 
ready aded  a  more  mafcjiline  part, 
fcarcely  mentions  religion  ;  and  on- 
ly in  his  account  of  Attuioek,  an 


*  This  opinion  of  Heeren  has  lately 
been  coniirmed  by  Mr  Mackenzie,  w  ho 
tiaveifed  part  of  the  country  of  the 
Northern  Indians,  whom  he  terras  Chc- 
pewyans,  and  gives  an  account  cf  their 
religious  belief.-^EDiTOR. 


Efkimaux  chief,  whom  he  had  the 
honour  to  condud  to  England,  and 
who,  after  his  arrival  at  London,  fat 
down  with  hishead  between hishands, 
and  his  hands  upon  his  knees,  con- 
founded with  the  multiplicity  of  the 
objeds  which  he  faw,  and  exclaimed, 
"  Oh !  I  am  tired :  here  are  too  many 
houfes  ^  too  much  fmoke  ;  too  ma- 
ny people  ;  Labrador  is  very  good ; 
feals  are  plentiful  there  ;  I  wifh  I 
was  back  again.'*  Cartwright  only 
mentions,  that  this  favage,  who  was 
St  prieft,  endeavoured  to  cure  dif- 
eafes  by  fuperftitious  ceremonies. 
Indeed,  little  obfervation  can  be  ex- 
ped^ied  from  a  perfon  who  relates, 
that  the  only  motive  by  which  he 
was  induced  to  vifit  Labrador,  was 
the  report  which  he  had  heard,  that 
it  was  a  fine  place  for  bears  and 
deer,  and  who  honeftly  confeffes, 
that  the  natural  thicknefs  of  hisf 
fcuU,  faved  it  from  many  a  fradlure 
in  his  falls  on  the  ice. 

In  the  mind  of  a  favage,  the  idea 
of  a  Supreme  Being  muft  be  always 
vague  and  imperfecl,  being  derived 
partly  from  uncertain  tradition,  and 
partly  from  the  di<rtates  of  natural 
reafon ;  which  fources  of  evidence  do 
not  always  coincide  in  the  mofi:  exa(5t 
manner.  When  perplexed  by  this  in- 
congruity, he  will  always  mention 
the  fubjed  with  doubt  and  hefitation, 
jf  not  contradi(5licn.  Even  when  the 
belief  preponderates  in  h»s  mind,  he 
will  cautioufly  declare  his  igno- 
rance. The  chain  of  reasoning, 
upon  which  the  idea  of  a  Supreme 
intelligence  depends,  is  fufficientl/ 
obvious  to  occur  to  the  rudeit 
minds.  This  is  v\'ell  illuftrated,  by 
the  declaration  of  a  rude  Green- 
lander  to  a  Moravian  millionary, 
preferved  by  Crantz.  "  It  is  true, 
we  were  ignorant  heathens,  and 
knew  nothing  of  God,  or  a  Saviour; 
and  indeed,  who  lliould  tell  us  of 
him^  till  you  came.  But  you  mult 
not  imagine  that  no  Greenlander 
thinks  about  thcfe  things  ;  I  myfelf 
have  often  thought,  that  a  kajak, 
P  2  wita 


On  the  Existence  of  Atheistic  Nations.       Vol.  64. 


%vith  all  Its  tackle  and  inflrumcnts, 
^oes  not  grow  into  exiftcnce  of  it- 
felf,  but  muft  be  made  by  the  la- 
bour and  ingenuity  of  men  ;  and 
one  that  does  not  underftand  it> 
would  directly  fpoil  it.    Now  the 
meanell:  bird  has  far  more  fl:ill  dif- 
played  in  its  ftru6ure,  than  the  bcfl 
kajak,  and'  no  man  can  make  a  bird ; 
but  there  is  dill  a  far  greater  de- 
gree of  ikill  lliewn  in  the  formation 
of  a  man,  than  in  that  of  ary  other 
creature.    Who  was  it  that  made 
him  ?  I  bethought  me,  that  he  pro- 
ceeded from  his  parents,  and  they, 
from  their  parents ;  but  fome  mud 
Lave  been  the  firft  parents  ;  whence 
did  they  come  ?  common  report  in- 
forms me,  that  they  grew  out  of 
the  earth  •  but  if  fo,  why  does  it 
ttot  ftill  happen,  that  ■.lien  grow  out 
<Df  the  earth  ;  —  and  from  whence  did 
this  fame  earth  itfelf,  the  fea,  the  fun, 
tlie  moon,  and  ihirs,  arife  into  exift- 
cnce :  certainly  there  muft  be  fome 
being,  who  made  ail  thefe  things  ; 
a  Being,  v/ho  alv/ays  was,  and  can 
\iever  ceafe  to  be.    He  muft  be  in- 
espreffibly  more  mighty,  knowing 
and  wife,  than  the  mightieft  man. 
lie  muft  be  very  good,  becaufe 
every  thing  that  he  has  made  is 
good,  ufeful,  and  nccelfary  for  us. 
Ah!  did  I  but  know  him,  how 
^ould  I  love  and  honour  him  !  But 
who  has  feen  him  ?  None  of  us  poor 
men.    Yet  there  may  be  men  too, 
who  know  fomething  of  him.    Oh  ! 
that  I  could  but  fpeak  with  fuch  : 
therefore,  as  foon  as  I  heard  you 
fpeak  of  this  Great  Being,  I  believed 
it  immediately  with  all  my  heart, 
becaufe  I  had  long  defired  to  hear 
iit."    This  palTagc  feg'ms  to  exhibit 
a  fair  fpecim^en  of  that  unfophiftica- 
ted  reafoning,  which  paffes  through 
the  mind  of  a  thinking  and  refled:- 
ing  favage,  in  a  fimilar  ftate  of  fo- 
ciety  to  that  of  the  Northern  In- 
dians.   If  the  latter  race  were  in- 
capable of  refiedion,  their  minds 
Would  no  doubt,  be  unfufceptible 
of  fimilar  ideas ;  but  as  this  is  not 


alleged,  we  may  prcfume,  that  they 
think  in  a  fimilar  manner;  as  may 
indeed  be  inferred  from  the  follow- 
ing mythological  relation,  which 
Mr  Hearne  exhibits  as  their  ac- 
count of  the  origin  of  men. 

"  Th  Y  have  a  tradition,  (fays 
he,)  that  the  firft  perfon  upon  earth 
was  a  Woman,  who  after  having 
been  fome  time  alone,  in  her  refear- 
ches  for  berries,  whi4:h  were  then 
her  only  food,  found  ai^animal  like 
a  dog,  which  followed  her  to  the 
cave  where  fbe  lived,  and  foon  grew 
fond  and  domeftic.    This  dog  had 
the  art  of  transforming  itfelf  into 
an  handfome  young  man,  which 
it  frequently  did  at  night,  but  as  the 
day  approached,  always  refumed  its 
former  lhape  ;  fo  that  the  woman 
looked  on  all  that  paifed  on  thefe 
occafions,  as  dreams  and  delufions. 
Thel'e  transformations  v/ere  fooii 
productive    of  the  confequences» 
that,  at  prefent,  generally  follow 
fuch  intimate  conned ion'^  between 
the  fexes,  and  the  mother  of  the 
world  began   to   advance  in  her 
pregnancy.      Not  long  after  this 
happened,  a  man  of  fuch  furprifmg 
height,  that  his  head  reached  up 
to  the  clouds,  came  to  level  the 
land,  v/hich  at  that  period,  was 
a  very  rude  mafs,  and  after  he  had 
done  this  by  the  help  of  his  walking 
ftick,  he  marked  out  all  the  lakes, 
ponds,  and  rivers ;  and  immediate- 
ly caufed  them  to  be  filled  with  m^u- 
ter.     He  then  took  the  dog,  and 
tore  it  to  pieces ;  the  guts  he  threw 
into  the  lakes  and  rivers,  command* 
ing  them  to  becom.e  the  different 
forts  of  fiOi ;  the  flclh  he  difperfed. 
over  the  iand,  commanding  it  to 
becomiC  different  kinds  of  beafts  and 
land  animals  ;  the  ikin  he  alfo  tore 
into  fmall  pieces,  and  threw  it  into 
the  air,  commanding  it  to  become 
all  kinds  of  birds  ;  after  which,  he 
gave  the  woman  and  her  offspring 
power  to  kill,  eat,  and  never  fpare; 
for  that  he  had  commanded  them 
to  lAtiitiply  for  her  ufe,  in  abun- 
dance^ 


Feb.  r8o2.   On  the  Existence  of  Atheistic  Nations. 


log 


dance.  After  this  injunftlon,  he  re- 
turned to  the  place  whence  he  came, 
and  has  not  been  heard  of  fmce/' 

This  gigantic  perfonage  is  re- 
prefented  in  the  fame  manner,  as 
the  Supreme  Being,  by  thofe  Nor- 
thern tribes,  who  more  unequivo- 
cably  declare  their  belief  in  a  God. 
Charlevoix,  in  his  hiftory  of  the  Ca- 
nadian Indians,  Algonquins,  Hu- 
rons,  Abenaquis,  &c.  declares,  that 
nothing  is  more  certain,  than  that 
they  have  an  idea  of  a  God,  though 
nothing  can  be  more  obfcure  tha  i 
that  dea.  They  all  agree,  in  re- 
garding him,  aslhe  firil  Spirit,  the 
Governor  and  Creator  of  the  uni- 
verfe ;  but  when  you  prefs  them, 
(fays  he,)  a  little  clofe  on  this  article, 


you  find  no  more  than  a  tiffue  of 
abfurdities,  of  fables  ill  contrived^ 
of  fy ftems  fo  ill  digefted,  and  fo 
wild,  that  it  is  impoffible  to  give 
any  regular  or  juft  account  of  them. 
This  inconfillency  oi  which  the  Je- 
fuit  complains,  is  a  common  defe<5t 
in  every  traditionary  mythology, 
but  not  equivalent  to  unbelief ;  for 
equal  abfurdity,  and  equal  incon- 
fillency occur  in  every  fyftem  of 
fpeculativc  opinions,  committed  ta 
the  oral  detail  of  either  the  vulgar, 
or  the  learned,  fmce  the  firft  can 
never  comprehend  them  fufficiently, 
and  the  lail  can  never  agree,  where 
diverilty  is  poffible. 

N.N. 

Udmhurgh ^January  S.  i8oa. 


ON  THE  ANCIENT  LANGUAGE  OF  THE  ROMANS. 


THE  fragments  of  the  ancient  Ro^ 
man  laws,  colleded  by  Lipiius,  pre- 
fent  a  curious  ft  ate  of  the  Latin  lan- 
guage during  the  early  ages  of  the 
tepublic.  The  nation  whofe  peculiar 
ittctto  was,  To  ConqutT  the  Proucly 
hut  Sparc  the  ConquereJ,  was  long 
rude  in  fpeech,  and  ignorant  of  let- 
ters. The  foundations  of  future  em- 
pire were,  however,  laid  by  a  fyftem 
of  policy  not  inferior  to  the  fpirit 
vvhich  afterv/ards  maintained  them. 
The  wifdom  of  the  fenate  appears  to 
have  arrived  at  the  hlgheft  perfeiSiion 
without  the  aid  of  learning  ^  and,  dif- 
ferent from  the  chara6ler  of  moft  bar- 
barous nations,  the  Romans  united,  in 
the  fame  period,  the  ferocity  of  the  fa- 
vage  with  the  policy  of  the  ftatefman. 

Some  of  the  fragments  colle^led  by 
Lipfius  are  referred  to  the  age  of 
the  monarchy  ^  others  are  from  the 
celebrated  table?,  which  fome  writers 
relate  to  have  been  borrowed  from 
the  Greeks,  but  which  certainly  have 
few  marks  of  Grecian  art  oi  elo- 


quence. All  of  them  are  evidently 
the  production  of  a  very  remote  pe- 
riod, but  whether  of  that  antiquitj 
to  which  they  a,re  commonly  afcribed, 
is  very  uncertain. 

The  account  given  by  lAvj  of  the 
four  fir  ft  centuries  of  the  Roman  city, 
is  very  rcgulaf  and  circumftantial.  It 
refembles  more  the  work  of  an  inge- 
nious writer  framing  a  romance  from 
a  few  traditional  fadts,  than  the  real 
hiftory  of  a  rude  nation,  which  pro- 
bably, like  thofe  of  more  modem 
kingdom?,  only  began  to  be  re- 
corded when  it  was  nearly  forgot- 
ten. At  any  rate,  the  foundation 
of  the  city  was  certainly  an  event  not 
of  the  higheft  antiquity  *,  and  few  of 
her  celebrated  inftitutions,  either  in 
peace  or  in  war,  are  referred  to  ori- 
ginals extremely  abft  rd  or  improba- 
ble, as  generally  happens  in  tradi- 
tionary hiilcry.  Rome  appears  to 
have  rifen  on  the  wrecks  of  nations 
confiderably  civilized  j  and,  as  Salluft 
reports  on  good  authority,  fecms  to 


no         On  the  Ancient  Langitage  of  the  Romans.    Vol.  64, 


have  borrowed,  rather  than  invented, 
moft  of  her  inflitutions. 

From  thefe  fragments  we  learn 
feveral  particulars  concerning  the  de- 
rivation and  ancient  form  of  Latin 
words.  Thefe  may  deferve  great- 
er attention,  as  it  does  not  appear 
that  the  Latin  language  has  ever 
been  fully  examined  upon  liberal 
principles,  or  by  the  rules  of  general 
grammar,  at  kail  by  ^vny  well-known 
writer.  There  are  many  points  in 
our  common  grammars,  particularly 
in  the  article  Syntax,  very  obfcure 
and  perplexed  and  even  if  this  in- 
veftigation  of  the  hiftory  of  the  Ian* 
guage  were  too  abftrufe  for  ordinary 
fcholars,  a  comparative  examination 
of  its  ftru6lure  with  the  Greek,  would 
be  ufeful  to  the  philofopher. 

It  is  commonly  afferted,  upon  the 
authority  of  the  old  Latin  Gramma- 
rians, not  the  moil  acute  of  mankind, 
that  the  Latin  has  an  ablative  cafe, 
which  is  wanting  in  the  Greek.  This, 
I  believe,  is  almoil  without  any  thing 
more  than  a  fliadow  of  foundation. 
As  an  article  of  grammatical  ar- 
rangement, it  may  have  its  ufe,  but 
in  the  ancient,  and,  for  the  moil  part, 
in  the  modern  ftate  of  the  language, 
it  is  pic  i illy  the  dative.  In  the  five 
declenfions,  as  they  occur  in  cur  ru- 
diments, the  datives  and  ablatives  of 
the  claffes  penna,  fermo,  fru6lus,  and 
res,  prefent  the  only  variation,  and 
thefe  may  be  proved  to  have  been 
anciently  the  fame.  This  difference 
occurs  only  in  the  fmgular  number  \ 
in  the  plurals  they  are  all  alike,  and 
fimilarity  of  termir^ation  is  in  moll 
grammatical  cafes  a  fign  of  identity. 
The  dative  of  penna  w^as  originally 
pennai,  no  doubt  in  conformity  to 
the  common  Greek  dative  ;  the  ab- 
lative ends  in  a  long,  which  is  eafi- 
ly  recognifed  to  be  the  Eolic  me- 
thod of  pronouncing  the  Greek  da- 
tive, for  ai  is  properly  written  for 
the  improper  dipthong  ;  and  Eta  a- 
mong  the  Eolians,  was  pronounced 
Alpha,  the  fubfcribed  vowel  being 


loft.  With  regard  to  the  dative 
Sermoni,  and  the  ablative  Sermone, 
the  letters  E  and  I  are  known  to  be 
often  exchanged  in  the  ablative  of 
the  fame  word.  The  interchange 
of  thefe  letters  is  in  this  cafe  very 
common ;  indeed  moll  neuters  have 
the  dative  and  ablative  always  ia 
I.  The  dative  fmgular  of  w6rds 
anciently  terminated  in  c,  as  Dr 
Adam  proves  by  feveral  examples  ia 
his  Grammar.  The  fame  gentleman 
has  plainly  fhown  the  ancient  form 
of  the  clafs  of  words,  under  fruc- 
tusj  which  were  formerly  all  nouns 
of  the  third  declenfion,  until  fruc- 
tuis  was  contracted  into  fru6lus  ; 
fruclui  the  dative  was  retained,  but 
fiu(5tue  the  ablative,  was  contracl:- 
ed  into  frudu.  Rei  and  Re  had 
the  fame  fate  with  fermoni  and  fer- 
mone. 

Necessity  and  nature,  the  framers 
of  thefe  terminations,  never  deviate 
from  their  frugal  plan  in  other  mat- 
ters. The  genitive  was  formed  to 
intimate  a  relation  between  two  ob- 
je6ls,  in  which  the  firft  was  fuppof- 
ed  to  belong  or  depend,  either  in 
place,  time,  or  fome  other  accident, 
on  the  lafl.  It  v/as  called  the  geni- 
tive cafe,  becaufe  it  expreffed  the 
relation  of  the  child,  towards  the 
parent,  as  Tullia  Ciceronis,  or  Mar- 
cia  Catonis.  An  ablative  cafe, 
which  in  fa(fl  coincides  v/ith  the 
genitive,  vv^as  therefore  unnece/Tary, 
and  accordingly  it  never  exilled. 
The  dative,  which  was  formed  to 
mark  the  relation  of  adding  one  ob- 
ject to  another,  came  to  fupply  the 
place  of  the  genitive,  from  other  cir- 
cumftances,  which  could  eafily  be 
explained,  but  are  here  too  tedious 
to  mention.  If  this  account  of  the 
ablative  be  contefted,  I  believe  it 
may  be  proved  at  greater  length, 
by  found  philofophical  indudion. 
Authors  who  have  compiled  gram- 
mars of  other  languages,  have  in- 
troduced this  cafe,  into  the  French, 
Italian,  and  Gaelic ;  Hickes  alfo 
brought 


Feb.  1802.   On  the  Ancient  Languf.(ge  of  the  Romans.  \\i 


brought  it  into  the  Gothic  and  An- 
glo  -Saxon,  in  all  of  which  it  had  no 
manner  of  bufniefs  whatfoever. 

The  next  article  worthy  of  remark, 
is  the  lift  of  gerunds  and  fupines, 
difplayed  in  our  grammars,  and 
ranked  by  themfelves  as  feparate 
parts  of  a  verb.  Thefe  are  merely 
the  neuters  of  the  future  and  pre- 
terite participles  paffive,  conftrued 
in  a  particular  manner,  and  made 
to  fupply  the  place  of  the  i^finiLive. 
Amandum,  for  inftance,  is  in  all 
cafes,  conftrued  Hke  any  other  par- 
ticiple, retaining  its  verbal  fenfe  ;  at 
times,  it  is  coniidered  as  the  neuter 
of  an  adjedive,  ufed  fubftantively, 
at  others  as  a  mere  adjedive.  The 
fame  may  befaid  of  amatum,  which 
has  the  0  in  its  dative,  changed  in- 
to \u    No  other  language,  ancient 

^  or  modern,  has  been  troubled  with 
thefe  diftinclions. 

It  were  a  curious  enquiry  to  af- 
certain  the  progrefs  of  the  Latin 
verb,  in  the  deviation  of  its  parts 

^  from  the  Greek  one,  The  frag- 
ments of  the  old  laws,  prefent  the 
future  in  a  ftate  of  much  greater 
conformity  to  the  Greek,  than  the 
language  of  the  days  of  Auguftus. 

'  Some  extradls  \yill  Ihow  this  parti- 
cular. 

Ex-  hegihus  Nutnae  Pompiliu 

Sei  quis  hominem  leberom  fciens 
dolo,  m.  mortci  ducit  paricida  ef- 
tod.  Sei  im  imprudens  fe  dolo  ma- 
lo  occifit,  pro  kapite  occifei,  et  na- 
teis  ejus  en  do  conlione  arictem  fo- 
bicito.  ' 

S:!!  hominem  folminis  occifit,  im 
fopera  genua  nei  tolito.  Sei  folmi- 
ne  occcifos  efcit  ei  joufta  nulla  fieri 
oporuCto. 

P£L:.x  afam  Junonis  nei  tagito. 
Sei  tagit  Junoni  crinebos  demifeis 
.acnom  feminam  caedito. 

Sarpta  vinia  nei  fiet  ex  ead  vi- 
^nom  dis  leibarier  nefas  eftod. 

Vino  rocom  nei  refperclto. 


Ex  Legibus  XII.  Tabular um^  de  Jure 
private, 

Aeris  confefei  rebofque  joure  jou- 
dicateis,  xxx.  dies  jouftei  funto.  Pof- 
tidea  en  do  manos  jactio  eftod  :  in- 
du  jous  edoucito.  Nei  judicatom 
facit  aut  quips  en  do  eo  im  joure 
vindicit  fecom  doucito,  vincito  aut 
nefuo  aut  compedebos.  xv.  pondo 
nei  maiofe ;  aut  fei  volet  mlnofe  vin- 
cito.  Sei  volet  fouo  vivito.  Nei 
fouo  viveit  quei  in  viuvfiom  habebit 
libras  faris  endo  dies  dato.  Sei  vo- 
let pluus  dato.  Endoteratim  pacio 
eftod.  Nei  cum  eo  paci  lx.  dies 
vindom  habetod.  En  ieis  diebos 
tertieis  nondineis  continoeis  indu 
comitiom  endo  joure  im  procitaco  ; 
quanteique  ftiis  aeftumata  liet  prae- 
dicato,  poftidea  de  kapite  addictei 
poenas  fumitod,  aut  fei  volat  trans 
Tiberim  peregre  venom  datod. 

This  cruel  law,  by  which  debtors 
were  given  up  to  the  mercy  of  their 
creditors  ;  and  v/hich  gave  rife  to 
innumeiable  difturbances  in  the  re- 
public,  prefents  us  with  an  intereft^ 
ing  view  of  great  flavery,  within 
what  was  termed  a  free  ftate  ;  and 
of  the  fituation  of  the  lower  orders, 
during  the  five  firft  ages  of  the  Ro- 
man nation.  In  thefe  fragments, 
acrom  is  frequently  written  for  a- 
grum;  adecitofor  addicito;  aliquips 
for  aliquis;  arcuefit  for  arguerit;  afa 
for  ara  ;  calim  for  clam ;  cenas 
for  genas  ;  centileom  for  gentili- 
um  ;  coniciunto  for  conjkiunto  ; 
dingua  for  lingua ;  endo  or  en  do 
for  in  ;  endciteratim  for  interim  ; 
municipiom  for  municipium  ;  fou- 
fiofos  for  furiofus  ;  frucem  for  fru- 
gem  ;  quips  for  quis  ;  rupfit  for 
ruperit  ;  lecetem  for  fegetem ;  ib- 
fracia  for  IhfFragio  :  quom  for  cum ; 
oloe  for  illi ;  oetier  for  utier  or  uti; 
pacit  for  pagit,  and  the  like. 

The  general  orthography,  is  o 
inftead  of  u  and  / ;  ou  and  ei  for  u 
and  /  long  ;  c  for      s  inftead  of  r. 


iia        On  the  Ancient  Language  of  the  Romans.    Vol.  64, 


and  e  mftead  of  i  fhort.  From  a 
general  indudlon,  there  is  reafon 
to  conclude,  that  the  old  future,  in 
soy  which  commonly  is  put  for  the 
preterite  and  future  fubjundlive,  was 
in  ^ad  the  common  future  of  the 
Oreek  verb  ;  and,  that  the  termina- 
tions which  include  the  letter  r,  were 
the  grov^th  of  a  later  period,  when 
the  s  was  difplaced  by-it. 

The  common  pronounciation  of 
€  and  g  before  certain  vowels,  or 
whac  is  called  the  foft  lound  of  thefe 
letters,  feems  to  have  been  unknown 
to  the  ancient  Romans  ;  for  all  their 
derivations  and  etymologies  proceed 
on  the  plan  of  c  and  being  found- 
ed hard.  The  modern  pronuncia- 
tion is  a  corruption  of  the  lower 
empire,  confounds  every  purpofe  of 
fpctch,  and  appears  not  to  have  been 
rjative  to  the  language,  from  the 
number  of  equivocal  w^ords  that  it 


produces.  There  are  many  remark- 
able peculiarities  in  Latin  grammar 
which  might  be  illullrated  by  a 
careful  comparifon  of  tlie  different 
ftates  of  the  language.  The  an* 
cient  orthography  was  vifible  even 
in  the  days  of  Virgil.  Several  of 
the  olde(t  MSS,  of  that  author  exhi- 
bit  it  in  much  greater  perfection 
than  the  printed  copies,  ^alluit  af- 
feded  the  ftyle  and  orthography 
of  the  ancients,  but  all  the  copies 
have  been  confiderably  modernized 
in  their  del'cent  to  us.  Terence  ap- 
pears  to  be  one  of  the  llandard  au- 
thors for  orthography,  though  he 
Jived  nearly  a  century  before  the 
age  of  Augullus.  In  Plautus,  thq 
vulgar  colloquial  language  of  the 
Romans  may  be  found  m  greater 
prefervation  than  in  any  writer  that 
has  descended  to  poiterity. 
£din.  Jan.  27.  1802.  A.  M. 


INSTRUCTIONS 

Given  in  to  the  Noblemen,  Earons,  Burrows,  and  Commiflioners  of 
Shyres  and  Burrowes  of  the  Covenant  of  Scotland,  upon  tJie  Articles, 
by  DuLM.  RoGRir,  Ccmmifricner  for  the  Fourth  Eltate* 


[This  curious  Article,  which  feems  to  have  been  compofed  in  ridicule  of  the 
the  Regulations  of  the  bcotUh  Parliament  in  1639,  foi  urganjzing  the  mlurrec- 
tion  rA  Scotland;  is  tranlcnued  lium  a  Volume  of  the  VVourow  Mbb.,  i^iatmg 
to  the  tranfadtions  of  that  period.] 


I.  /lil  fer  decent  habit  of  Churchmen, 

Imprimis,  bccaufe  the  decency 
and  gravity  in  appareil  is,  com- 
mendable in  all  men,  but  eipccially 
in  ipirituall  perlons  ;  iheretor,  let 
it  be  enadcd  in  this  prefent  Parlia- 
ment, that  no  mini  iter,  nor  profcf- 
for  of  divinity,  actuaJi  or  pretendand, 
take  upon  hand,  to  v^^ear  any  co- 
loured deaths,  or  lace  'on  his 
cloatlis,  or  bobs  of  ribands,  or 
needlels  rofes  in  his  Ihoes,  or  any 
bobs  of  uieleis  points  about  his 
■w  afte,  under  the  pain  to  be  miltaken 
for  one  of  tlie  flieep,  inftead  of  the 
paftor. 


2.  for  mah'ing  of  good  tu'wrr, 
Itlm,  in  regard  of  the  great  fu- 
perabundance  of  women,  there  be- 
ing at  leaif,  two  women  for  every 
man  ;  let  it  be  marked,  that  every 
m^an,  having  a  competency  of 
means  pi  oportionablt,  fhail  entertain 
two  v/ives  or  m.ore,  J>ro  re  nati  ^  ac- 
according  to  the  laudable  cuilome  of 
antiquity,  and  the  prefent  pradice 
ot  iUndry  cthtr  famous  nations,  and 
the  privilege  oi  this  ad  to  be  ex- 
tended, as  well  au  pmjentta  nMinmO' 
nia^  as  au  piti.ruy  always  Jui'vo  jure^ 
cvjudihety  of  whatfcmever  wife  that 
can  bring  a  fcveral  teitificate  every 

fabatV>- 


Feb.  i8c2.    Satire  on  the  Scotish  Parliament  1639. 


£ibath-day,  ta  the  perfpn  of  the 
pariih,  under  her  hufband's  hand 
indfeale,  of  her  good  behaviour  and 
fubmiffive  carriage,  towardi  her 
hulband,  for  that  laft  week, 

5-  j48  f&r  reytrainhg  the  vaigtng  and 
harlotry  of  serving  men. 

Im  regard  of  diverfe  fcandals  and 
complaints,  daily  coming  in  bcfor 
the  kirk-feffions  and  prefbitries, 
upon  ferving  men,  who,  becaufe 
they  arc  not  able  to  intertain  wives 
of  themfelves,  runs  up  and  down, 
both  in  brugh  and  land,  committing 
fornications  with  other  men  - s  women- 
fervants,  yea,  fomtimes  deflouring 
their  daughters,  and  (as  yet  maybe,) 
offeringviolence  to  other  honeit  men's 
wives,  both  to  the  great  fcandall  of 
religion,  and  good  manners,  and  to 
the  negledi:  of  their  matter's  fervice, 
by  their  often  vaiging  and  gadding 
abroad  ;  therefor,  to  be  Ilatute  and 
ordained,  that  where  the  landlord 
or  hufband  keeps  in  his  houfe,  two, 
three,  or  more  men-fervants,  the 
landlady  or  wife  of  that  huiband, 
fhall  be  obleidged  to  keep  a  lufty  wo- 
men in  her  houfe,  for  whofe  ability 
flie  will  anfwere  ;  that  fo  the  men- 
fervants  of  the  houfe  may  be  fcayed 
from  their  runraiking,  and  wait  on 
their  fervice  at  home  :  and  if  the 
lady  or  miftrefs  of  the  noufe  be  ne- 
gligent in  due  performance  hereof^ 
Ihe  fhall  be  obleidged,  ( if  fhe  have 
no  daughters,)  to  fupply  the  place 
herfelf. 

i^.  jl8  for  ercSlng  Inns  df  Court  in 
■  Ed?nhrugh^ 

Poa  the  better  breeding  of  noble- 
men's fonns  in  the  liberall  arts  and 
fcicnces,  and  to  prevent  barbarity 
and  rudncfs,  which  is  too  frequent 
by  reafon  of  academies  and  nurferies, 
and  that  there  hath  never  been  yet 
any  inns  of  Court,  founded  in  Edinr, 
as  in  the  capitall  cities  of  other  king- 
domes  ;  and  feeing  the  feat  of  that 
houte  called  Heriot's  work  was  ve- 
ry fitt  and  comraoxiious  for  that 
.  LXIV,  , 


purpofe ;  therefor,  to  be  inaftcd, 
that  the  faid  houfe,  and  ground 
thereabout,  be  converted  to  the  ufe, 
as  aforefaid  ;  and  for  the  fulfilling 
the  will  of  the  Tef^ator  and  his  pious 
intention,  that  upon  the  annual  rent 
of  the  Hock  left  by  him,  another 
houfe  to  be  erected  of  a  meaner  fa* 
brick  and  orr^iment,  not  fo  gloripur., 
but  more  futeable  to  the  coat  of  the 
beggars  that  are  to  live  there. 

5.  j43  antiit  the  insolemy  cf  luomen  of 
greai  tochir.^. 

Because  fundry  good  gentlemen 
are  daily  brought  to  contempt,  and 
fuffers  many  grievous  affrontSj 
through  the  vain  pride,  and  difdainc 
of  women  of  great  tocherji  and  por- 
tions ;  therefor,  that  every  woman 
having  above  the  fumme  often  thou- 
fand  pounds  money,  of  tocher 
good,  fhall,  within  an  half  year  af- 
ter Ihe  is  provided  to  it,  (being 
marriageable,)  either  betake  her- 
feife  to  an  hufband,  or  then  to  be 
aftrided  to  entertain  at  bed  and 
board,  ten  fufncient  good  fellows, 
ay,  and  while  flie  find  one  to  give 
her  content. 

6.  Ail  against  prodtgalhy*, 

Item,  that  it  be  inaded  in  this 
prefent  parliament,  that  no  perfon 
or  perfonsj,  of  whatfomever  rank  or 
degree,  be  prodigall  above  which 
they  are  known  to  have  ;  therefor, 
that  all  marchands,  in  the  fale  of 
their  wares,  be  \eiy  fparing  of  the 
word  of  my  coiucience^  and  that  no 
horfe-cowper  take  upon  hand  to  la- 
vifh  out  his  faith,  or  his  part  of  pa- 
radife. 

7,  A 8  against  Baniirs  and  Userersy 
an  J  all  Hoarders  of  gooJs,  Benejites^ 
and  for  the  Supply  of  necessitous 
So'holirs^ 

Item,  Becaufe  the  fcarfity  of  ino- 
ny  in  this  kingdome  is  like  to  tumc 
to  an  expedient  difeafe,  wherewith 
many  of  the  befl  witts  of  this  coun- 
try are  already  infeded,  and  therc- 


114        Satire  on  the  Scotish  1 

by  may  perifh,  if  it  be  not  feen  to  in 
time  ;  therefor,  let  it  be  ftatut  and 
otdained,  that  all  bankers  and  ufur- 
ers,  and  fuch  as  hide  their  talent  in 
the  earth,  and  fill  their  barns,  and 
bid  their  fouls  fleep,  and  take  reft, 
and  doe,  without  delay,  betwixt  and 
the  term  of  Candlcmafs  next  to 
come,  bring  in  their  whole  ftocks, 
and  lay  them  doun  at  tlie  feet  of 
iuch  minifters  as  will  take  none  of  it 
to  themfelves;  to  the  cfied  the  whole 
fummcs  may  be  communicated, 
and  equally  divided  betwixt  the 
firft  owners  ;  and  fuch  as,  upon 
due  merit,  fliall  be  brought  in  as 
portioners ;  providing  always  the 
laids  portioners  , be  fuch  as  can  read 
and  intei'7)ret,  to  the  firft  owners, 
out  of  the  originall  tongue,  that 
jiafTage  of  fcripture  wlierupon  this 
prefent  ad:  is  founded  ;  and  the  pri- 
Viledge  of  this  a6l  to  be  extended 
to  thefe  allenarly,  and  to  none  o- 
thers. 

8.  j'ld  against  Popularity, 

Item,  Becaufe  popularity  may 
prove  very  dangerous  if  a  noble- 
inan  be  intrufted  with  the  affairs  of 
the  ftate,  be  blowne  therewith,  and 
by  applaufes  to  his  ten  thouftind, 
icontemne  his  prince  and  his  thou- 
fand ;  therefor,  to  be  ftatut  and  or- 
dained, that  whatfoever  ftatfman 
can  be  found,  that  has  never  been 
evill  fpcken  of  in  the  digrace  of  his 
office,  fhall  lofe  his  place,  and  for- 
fault  his  whole  eftat  to  his  majefty. 

9.        for  Pun'shing  of  Tt  ajfch. 

Item,  Anent  the  complaint  given 
in  againft  fuch  Scotfmen,  as  at  firft, 
took  oath  with  the  country  by  cove- 
nant, and  after,  by  apoftacy  and 
traftick,  betook  themfelves  to  ad- 
verfe  army,  where^  for  this  their 
good  fervice,  they  were  dubbed  and 
received  knighthood;  letitbeinaded, 
that  all  fuch  men,  forfault  all  thefe 
lands  they  have  conqueft  by  the 
fword  from  the  covenanters  ;  and 
that  for  every  man  they  have  killed 


arliament  1639.        Vol.  64. 

in  thefe  warrs,  they  fhall  prepare  3  ;^ 
flieep  to  be  Uain  for  St  George 
againft    his  coming   by>    bccaule  ■ 
dragoons  are  in  doubt  where  to  be  j 
found ;    befides   feeing  they  were  ' 
knighted   for    ftanding    with     8t  ' 
George  againft  St  Andrew,  either 
they  lhall  be  obleidged  to  procure 
each  of  them  a  blew  ruban  from  St 
George  ;    or  then  upon  their  re-^ 
pentance  to  St  Andrew,  they  fhall 
every  man  wear  a  St  Johnfton  rub- 
an,  together  with    St  Andrew'j^ 
badge,  under  which,  as  fo  many 
knights,  they  may  fight  till  they 
dy. 

1 against  such  as  lorack  thf^mselvesy 
in  furnishing  their  IVivts  to  folloiv 
the  Court  Fashon. 

Item,  Anncnt  the  complaint  gi* 
ven  in  by  modeft  matrons,  againft 
the  prodigality  of  fome  ladies  and 
gentlemens'  wives,  who,  im.itating 
the  court  fafhons  of  the  women  of 
England,  and  exhauft  their  huf- 
bands,  in  feeking  to  pleafe  their  idle 
Immours,  and  uphold  the  vain  con- 
ceits on  their  backs,  and  in  their 
bellies,  wherby  they  draw  their  huf- 
bands  to  fpend  upon  them  more 
money  in  one  day,  then  they  get  in, 
or  gather  together,  in  three  ;  and 
not  'only  fo,  but  if  the  huft)and 
have  it  not  in  prefent  readineis 
wherewith  to  do  his  wives  bufmefs, 
he  muft  for  fuch  be  x)bleiged  to  his 
man,  and  that  man  that  can  furniih 
him  with  fuch  wares  as  fhe  defins, 
to  the  great  fca|idall  of  many  wor- 
thy, religious,  modeft  women,  who 
be  very  far  from  loving  to  infringe, 
and  fuhvert  the  lawes,  both  humane 
and  divine,  and  invert  the  order  oi 
nature,  in  making  the  head  fubjeft 
to  the  will  of  the  members;  there- 
for, to  be  inaded  in  this  prefent 
Parliament,  that  no  nobleman, 
gentleman, nor  huft^and,  whatfoever 
take  upon  hand,  for  pleafure  of 
his  wife^s  foolifhnefs,  to  run  him- 
felfe  on  in  the  fcoir,  or  to  fyle  the 
compt  book,  or  to  put  his  hand  to 


Feb.  1802.   Satire  on  the  Scotish  Parliament  1639.  115 


the  pen  oftener  than  it  will  ftand 
-with  his  credit,  under  the  pain  to 
^lofe  all  the  fuperiority  and  power 
•he  hath  above  his  wife. 

I  I .  againht  unlawfull  Marriage, 
Item,  For  avoyding  the  danger- 
ous confeque'nces  which  may  enfue 
if  the  feed  of  the  wicked  lhall  begin 
again  to  fpread,  and  take  root, 
therefor,  that  it  be  fpecially  provid- 
ed, in  the  prefent  Parliament,  that 
no  covenanter  whomfoever  take  un- 
to wife,  or  otherwayes,  the  daughter 
of  a  biftiop,  elfe,  if  fhe  forget  not 
her  father's  houfe,  but  affed  inno- 
vation, and  love  to  much  the  (com- 
mon fervice  in  the  white  fliirts,  he 
fhall  prefently,  for  his  difobedience, 
be  inftantly  put  to  the  horn. 

12.  A8  for  ratifying  the  place  of  a  La- 
riles  lifrenter^htr  Gentleman  Usher, 

Item,  It  fhall  not  be  lawfull  to 
any  lady  dowager,  of  what  quality 
Or  age  whatfoever,  to  inter  tain  any 
gentleman  ufher  that  is  not  paft  his 
great  climaterick  ;  otherwife,  if  fhe 
doe,  he  fhall  be  irl  command  a  fe- 
tninary,  and  her  ladyfhip  none  of  St 
Paul's  widows. 


23.-^^  aga  insi  R  egrating  andF or  si  ailing. 

Item,  Albeit  regrating  and  for- 
ftalling  be  punifhable  by  fundry 
good  a(5ts  of  Parliament,  that  the 
abufe  thereof,  in  the  fpeciality  fol- 
lowing, is  become  moft  common  ; 
therefor,  that  it  be  particukrly  in- 
a6ted  in  this  Parliament,  that  no 
Waiting  wom.an,  nor  chamber- 
maid whatfoever,  prefume  hci^e- 
after,  to  regrate  or  forfballe,  ei- 
ther by  night  or  by  day,  any  pro- 
vifion  or  commodity,  either  fhort 
tailed  or  long,  that  is  coming  to  her 
millrefs'  marked  place,  under  the 
paines  to  be  inftantly  punifhed,  ac- 
cording to  the  a(ft  of  King  Jamea 
the  Firft. 

This  fmgular  Jeu  d^efprit  of  the 
Anti-Covenanters  of  Sco^and  is  ex- 
tremely characleriftic  of  the  man- 
ners of  the  times.  The  ridicule  is 
pointed  and  cauftic,  but,  in  feveral 
inftances,  will  be  termed  coarfe  and 
vulgar  by  modern  refinement.  It  is 
not,  howeTer,  coarfer  than  many  of 
the  Englifh  fatyrical  pieces  of  thaC 
period  ;  and  it  Ihows,  that  the  mo« 
tals  of  the  period,  were  neither  cor- 
red:  nor  refined. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

STRICTURES  on  the  LIFE  and  WRITINGS  of  die  Celebrated 
BARON  HALLER. 


Continued  from  Page  51. 


,j  IN  the  year  1727  we  find  Haller 
m  England,  where  lie  met  with  the 
moft  flattering  reception  from  Che- 
felden,  from  Douglas,  and  from 
Sir  Hans  Sloane,  fo  defervedly  ce- 
brated  for  Medical  and  Surgical 
Ikill.  Under  the  aufpices  of  thefe 
adepts  in  the  fcience  ;  and  availing 
himfolf  of  the  many  opportunities 
of  improvement,  with  which  his  di- 


ligent attendance  .  on  the  publle 
hofpitals  furnilhed  him,  his  ftocd 
of  knowledge  muft  have  received 
valuable  additioi^s,  during  his  refi- 
dence  in  this  illand. 

At  Paris,  whither  his  infatiable 
thirft  for  knowledge  next  carried  him, 
he  ftudied  Botany  under  Geoffrey 
and  Juffieu,  and  Anatomy  under 
Lc  Dran^  and  Winflew,  a  man  juft- 
CL2  ly 


xi6 


Strictures  on  Haller. 


Vol.  64. 


\j  celebrated  for  confnmmate  abili- 
ties, and  for  uncommon  candour. 
Winflew  was  indeed  his  favourite 
preceptor,  to  whom  he  particularly- 
attached  himfelf,  and  whom  he  ufed 
to  reprefcnt  to  his  pupils,  as  an  ana- 
tomift  warped  by  no  fyftcm,  but 
giving  a  fimple  and  faithful  ac- 
count of  wliat  he  obferved  himfelf 
in  his  diilcdions,  and,  as  a  model 
of  imiration  for  other  Anatomical 
enquirers  ;  Haller  juftly  admired 
Winflew's  Exposilion  "Anatomique  rle 
la  SiVuBure  du  Corps  Human}  ;  the  def- 
cription  of  the  folid  parts  of  the  ]iu- 
inan  body  is  admirable,  and  the 
whole  work  is  remarkable  for  con- 
cifenefs,  perfpicuity,  and  exad  or- 
der. 

Benefited  by  the  inftru<5lions  of 
thefe  celebrated  profclibrs,  Haller 
had  it  in  intention,  to  continue  his 
travels  to  Italy,  where  medical 
knowledge  firft  revived  after  the 
dark  ages,  and  where  he  might  im- 
prove his  taile  for  claffical  litera- 
ture :  but  the  precarious  ftate  of 
his  health,  and  the  Maladte  du  pays, 
which  has  fo  furprifmg  an  elTedl  on 
the  Swifs,  refident  in  foreign  lands, 
and  which  the  Rjnz  de  V:iches  is  fo 
lamed  for  exciting,  fupprefled  his  in- 
clination to  travel,  and  difpofed  him 
to  return  to  his  native  country. 

In  his  way  to  his  native  city,  he 
flopped  at  Baile,  v/ith  the  view  of 
ftudying  Mathematics  and  Algebra, 
under  the  celebrated  Bernouilli ; 
and  here,  as  in  every  other  literary 
purfuit,  he  applied  with  fuch  con- 
ilant  and  unremitted  attention,  as 
if  his  future  refearches  were  to  be 
wholly  limited  to  thefe  fciences. 
Several  treatifes  on  Arithmetic  and 
Geometry,Pall  extant  in  m.anufcript, 
more  efpecially  his  remarks  on  the 
Marquis  de  L^Kofpitai's  Analyfis 
of  Infinitefim^als,  afford  ample  at- 
teftation  of  his  prcgrefs  in  thefe  ftu- 
dies;  and  of  his  attachment  to  them, 
we  may  be  fully  convinced,  when 
we  find  him  wholly  abforbed  in  a 
prgfouud  mathemati  calcalculation, 


on  the  day  of  his  marriage.  But 

although  his  progrefs  in  thefe  ab- 
Rra(5l  difquifitions  aftoniflied  his  ma- 
fter,  he  was  far  from  negleding 
his  other  literary  avocations :  as  a 
proof  of  this,  may  be  mentioned  his 
appointment  to  read  ledures  on 
Anatomy,  during  an  accidental  in- 
difpofition  of  the  regular  profeffor. 
While  he  difcharged  the  duty  of  a 
Ledurer  with  credit  to  himfelf, 
and  with  fatisfadion  to  all,  he  alfo 
attended  the  prele<5lions  of  Tzinger 
on  the  pradice  of  medicine,  and 
thus  blended,  in  his  deportment,  the 
dignity  of  a  profeffor  with  the  hu- 
mility of  a  pupil. 

During  the  fummer  of  the  year 
1729,  he  attended  his  friend  Dr 
John  Gefner  of  Zurich,  fl  believe 
the  father  of  the  modern  Theocri- 
tus,) on  an  excurfion  to  the  moun- 
tains of  Switzerland  ;  an  excurfion 
rendered  memorable,*by  its  ftiggeft- 
ing  to  him  the  idea  of  a  Flora  HeU 
vet'ica^  and  by  giving  birth  to  his 
poem  on  the  Alps,  compofed  in  the; 
21(1  year  of  his  age,  a  poem  as  fub- 
lime  and  immortal,  as  the  ftupen-i 
dous  mountains  which  are  the  fup*, 
jed  of  his  fong. 

In  this  year,  Haller  returned  to 
his  native  city,  cherilhing-  the  well- 
founded  expectation,  that  his  coun- 
trymen would  extend  to  him,  that 
refpe<5l  and  patronage,  with  which 
foreigners  had  fo  defervedly  and  fo 
liberally  honoured  him.  The  event 
however,  frullrated  his  hopes.  On 
the  natives  of  Benie,  his  vaft  acqui- 
fitions  made  but  a  flight  imprelFion ; 
they  even  excited  no  fmall  portion 
cf  that  malice  and  envy,  which  fo 
frequently  conftitute  the  only  re- 
ward attached  to  genius  in  its  na- 
tive land.  During  the  firil  three 
years  of  his  refidence  at  Berne,  his 
inter  eft  was  not  fufficient  to  pro- 
cure him  any  public  employment ; 
and  although  he  prevailed  on  go* 
vernment,  to  eftabiifli  an  anatomi- 
cal theatre,  where  he  read  ledtures 
gratis,  he  was  difappointed  in  hi$ 

efforts 


Feb.  1802. 


Stri^ures  on  Haller, 


117 


•efforts  to  obtain  the  fituation  of 
phyfician  to  the  Hofpital,  an  ap 
pointment,  at  which  he  fcems  to 
to  have  eagerly  afpired.  He  alfo 
oiFered  hlmfelf  a  candidate  for  a 
ProfcfForfhip ;  but  here,  too,  his  foli- 
citations  werd*  inefFedual.  Thefe 
difappointments  feem  to  have  made 
St  deep  impreffion  on  his  mind  ;  and 
traces  of  his  impatience  and  indig- 
nation are  very  perceptible  in  his 
fatirical  poems.  But  his  re-iterated 
difappointments,  inftead  of  finking 
him  in  defpondence,  gave  additional 
fprings  to  his  adivity,  and  new  ar- 
dour  to  his  genius  2  he  redoubled 
his  application,  refolving  to  force 
himfelf  into  public  notice,  by  inde- 
fatigable induftry,  and  by  fuperior 
acquirements. 

The  Royal  Society  of  Upfal  were 
the  firft  public  body,  who,  by  ad- 
mitting him  a  member  in  the  year 
1735,  paid  the  merited  tribute  to 
his  talents :  a  meafure,  which  re- 
fleds  much  credit  on  the  difcern- 
ment  of  thefe  learned  men,  and 
which  paved  the  way  for  more  fub- 
ftantial  honours,  and  more  lucrative 
employment.  In  the  fame  year, 
his  countrymen  feemed  at  length 
determined  on  a  candid  apprecia- 
tion of  his  extraordinary  talents ; 
and,  as  a  public  acknowledgement 
of  his  confummate  merit,  appointed 
him  one  of  the  diredors  of  the 
Hofpital,  and  public  Librarian. 
In  the  former  capacity,  his  zeal  and 
abilities  w^ere  eminently  confpicu- 
ous  ;  in  the  latter,  he  laboured  with 
exemplary  diligence  in  arranging  the 
library,  and  in  writing  the  firll  ca- 
talogue of  its  books.  However  re- 
mote from  his  more  immediate  pro- 
feifional  avocations,  the  compre- 
henfive  mind  of  Hallsr  grafped, 
with  ardour,  at  every  branch  of  li- 
terature, which  promifed  to  eillaige 
the  fphere  of  his  own  know. edge, 
or  to  extend  the  boundaries  of  ge- 
neral fcience.  Finding  in  the  pub- 
'  :  Library,  a  coiieclion  of  ancient 


medals,  which  his  predeccfTors  had 
overlooked,  he  exerted  much  dili- 
gence in  their  claffification  and  ar- 
rangemeut.  His  love  of  hiflory  at- 
tached him  to  the  ftudy  of  medals, 
which  he  juftly  regarded  as  the 
mod  authentic  docurnents  of  hifto- 
rical  truth,  and  as  the  moft  certain 
criteria,  by  which  the  ever  flu<5lua- 
ting  ftate  of  language  can  be  appre- 
ciated. 

W  E  find  him  now  advancing  faft 
in  literary  reputation,  and  his  fame, 
as  a  fcholar,  widely  diffufed  by  va- 
rious Botanical,  Anatomical,  and 
Medical  publications.  In  the  year 
1732,  a  colledion  of  his  poems 
made  its  appearance,  which,  as  well 
as  his  previous  works,  fubftantiated 
his  charader,  as  a  man  of  tafte  and 
of  talents. 

In  the  year  1736,  he  was  ho- 
noured with  an  unfolicited  offer  of 
the  profeiforfhip  of  Phyfic,  Botany, 
and  Surgery,  in  the  Univerfity  of 
Gottingen,  lately  founded  by  George 
the  Second.  This  offer  v/as  accom- 
panied with  peculiar  advantages, 
and  with  flattering  marks  of  royal 
approbation  :  it  was  not,  however, 
accepted  of,  without  fome  reluc- 
tance, and  indeed,  confiderable  hefi- 
tation.  In  the  year  1 7  3 1 ,  he  had 
married  a  young  lady  of  a  good  fa- 
mily, of  great  perfonal  accomplifn- 
ments,  and  of  various  in  celled  ual 
endov/ments.  The  impre{Ijon,v\rhich 
fuch  ail  affemblage  of  qualifications^ 
muft  have  made  on  the  fufceptible 
mind  of  her  hufband,  acquired  ad- 
ditional force,  from  the  iiffedionate 
manner,  in  which  ihe  devoted  her 
time  and  her  talents,  to  increafc  his 
comforts,  and  to  fubferve  her  habits 
of  life.  She  had  brought  him  three 
children,  and  the  pledges  of  mutual 
love,  attached  him  the  more  ftrong- 
ly  to  his  native  place,  where  his 
merits  were  now  duly  appreciate-i; 
where  he  lived  on  the  moil  intimate 
footing  widi  feveral  refpectable  cha- 
raders;  and  the  climate  cf  which, 

he 


StriBures  on  Haller. 


Vol.  64. 


he  regarded  as  effcntlally  conducive 
to  the  contiriUation  of  his  health. 
To  counterbalance  thcfe  (Irong  mo- 
tives for  fojournnient  at  homej  Hal- 
ler  muft  have  weighed  the  dignity 
of  the  eftabliftiment  to  which  )ie 
was  inTited,  the  certainty  of  a  more 
enlarged  fphcre  of  ufcfulnefs,  and  a 
more  ample  theatre  for  the  improve- 
ment of  his  knowledge.  Thele  con- 
fiderations  preponderated  in  his 
mind;  and  induced  him  to  remove 
to  Gottingen. 

Soon  after  his  arrival  at  Gottin- 
gen, his  accom,plifhed  companion 
was  torn  from  his  embraces,  and 
this  fevere  lofs  alBiiSted  him 
fo  deeply,  that  it  almoft  brought 
him  to  his  grave.  His  beloved 
Marianne  feems  to  have  been  the 
idol  of  his  heart,  and  he  has  cele- 
brated her  memory  in  a  pathetic 
elegy.  In  this  crifis  of  dcfpondency, 
he  redoubled  his  application,  as  the 
moit  efFeflual  means  of  fuojugating 
his  forrow,  and  the  duties  of  his 
office  gradually  forced  him  from 
the  contemplation  of  his  irreparable 
lofs,  to  re-appear  on  the  theatre  of 
public  life. 

SEVE^:TE£N  years  of  his  life,  he 
fpent  in  the  Univerfity  of  Gottingen, 
and  during  tliis  long  refidence,  the 
powers  of  his  intelledl  expanded, 
and  his  abilities  became  confpicuous, 
proportionate  to  his  enlarged  expe- 
rience, and  to  his  opportunities  of 
improvement.  The  departments  of 
knowledge  were  increafed  by  his 
adivc  influence  ;  for  he  obtained 
from  government  funds  for  the 
eftablilliment  of  a  Botanical  garden 
which  he  fuperintended  ;  for  an 
Anatomical  theatre,  for  a  fchool  for 
Midwifery,  and  a  college  for  the  im- 
provement of  Sui-gery.  He  digeil- 
ed  a  plan  for  the  formation  of 
a  Royal  Society,  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  fciences,  of  which  he 
was  appointed  perpetual  Prefident. 

Halle R  gifted  by  nature  with 
a  comprehenfive  mind,  ^nd  with  a 


verfatile  genius,  profecuting  his  in- 
quiries with  unremitting  diligence, 
and  with  irrefiftible  ardour,  ex- 
plored variotis  regions  of  know- 
ledge, with  great  facility,  and  with 
aftonifhing  fuccefs.  He  every  where 
appeared  in  his  element,  and  in 
the  wide  circle  of  the  fciences, 
no  objed  feemed  beyond  his 
grafp :  had  not  the  field  been  pre- 
occupied by  the  great  Linnxus,  it  is 
probable  that  Haller  would  have 
kood  foremoft  among  his  cotempo- 
rarics,  as  an  improver  of  Botanical 
knowledge  :  yet  was  not  Botany 
among  ft  his  earlieft  purfaits ;  for 
he  informs  us,  that  his  acqulfitions 
in  this  branch  of  Natural  Hiftory, 
were  pofterior  to  his  return  from 
his  travels.  It  was  during  his  refi- 
dence at  Bafle  in  1728,  thac,  as  if  in- 
fpireci,  as  he  fays,  by  the  genius 
of  that  place,  which  had  nur- 
tured the  Bauhins;  and  where, 
at  that  period.  Botany  was  fuc- 
cefsfully  cultivated  by  Strochlein, 
he  laid  the  defign  of  his  future 
Flora.  From  this  period,  he  made 
annual  excurfions  to  various  parts 
of  Switzerland,  and  principally 
among  the  Alps.  He  cultivated 
correfpondence  with  the  moft  emii- 
nent  Botanifts,  particularly  with 
Scheuchzer,  with  Ludurg,  with 
Linnaeus,  Van  Royen,  and  with 
the  celebrated  Dv  John  Gefner  of 
Zurich,  who  had  meditated  the 
publication  of  a  Flora  Helvetica  ; 
but,  on  being  informed  of  Haller's 
deilgn,  relinquiHied  the  fubjed, 
and  imparted  to  his  friend,  the  ma- 
terials which  he  had  coUeded. 

Halle r's  avocations,  as  a  Pio- 
feffor  at  Gottingen,  enlarged  his 
views  and  multiplied  his  opportuni- 
ties ;  and,  at  length,  in  the  year 
1742,  his  great  Botanical  work  on 
the  plants  of  Switzerland,  the  fruits 
of  fourteen  years  inceiTant  ftudy, 
made  its  appearance.  It  was  enti- 
tuled  Emtmeratio  ^Methodica  Stirpwm 
HehdUy  in  two  volum.es  fclio.  It 


Feb.  1S02. 


StriSlures  on  Haller. 


119 


was  the  mod  copious  Flora  which 
had  ever  been  offered  to  the  workl, 
including  1 840  fpecies,  and  adorn- 
ed with  many  peculiar  advantages, 
■which  fecured  it  a  nnoft  favourable 
reception.  The  preface  contains  a 
fiiccinvft  geographical  delcription  of 
Switzerland,  more  efpecially  of  its 
ftupendous  Alps;  an  account  of  all 
the  authors  who  had  preceded  him 
in  defer ibing  the  plants  of  that  coun- 
try ;  a  journal  of  his  own  excur- 
fions  ;  a  recital  of  the  obligations 
which  he  owed  to  his  afli Rants  ;  and 
a  profpedus  of  the  method  in  which 
he  m^ant  to  condu(5l  liis  work.  A 
very  mterefting  excerpt  from  this 
prefiice,  comprifmg  the  account  of 
the  Alps,  appeared  fome  years  ago 
in  a  periodical  work  of  confiderable 
refpeclability,  I  mean  the  Monthly 
Magazine,  and  is  to  be  found  in  the 
appendix  to  the  fecond  volume  of 
that  publication. 

Aftp:r  the  preface^  follows  a 
chronological  account  of  268  vo- 
lumes, from  which  he  adduces  cita- 
tions, accompanied  with  general 
critical  ftridures,  in  which,  with  the 
greateft  car.dour  and  impartiality, 
Ee  appreciates  the  merit  or  demerit 
of  the  refpedlive  authors,  purfuant 
to  the  plan  which  he  afterwards  fol- 
lowed in  his  Melhodiis  Stiidii  Medici^ 
and  in  the  Hib/intheca  Medicira.  The 
department  of  the  Emimeratio  is  cer- 
tainly not  the  lead  interefting  part 
of  the  work ;  it  is  in  reality  very 
edifying  and  very  amufnig,  as  it 
conRitutes  a  hiltory  of  the  progrefs 
of  the  fcience,  from  the  time  of 
Brunnfelfius,  to  the  appearance  of 
pur  author's  work. 

He  next  delineates  the  fyftematic 
arrangement  which  he  adopts  in  the 
difpoiition  of  the  plants.  In  every 
page  of  this  great  work,  the  origi- 
nality of  Haller's  genius  is  mani- 
felL  Not  fatisfied  with  copying  his 
defcriptions  from  former  writers,  he 
every  where  defcribes  the  plants  as 
tjiey  olfered  themfelves  tg  his  own 


infpedlion.  He  appears,  in  many 
cafes,  to  have  formed  neiv  ^encra^ 
and  very  commonly  new  fpecific 
characters,  accommodated  to  his 
ownfyifem.  He  informs  us,  indeed, 
that  it  was  his  cuRom  to  commit 
to  writing,  the  natural  character  of 
each  plant,  the  very  day  he  difco- 
vered  it.  In  treating  of  eacli  fpe- 
cies, he  has  not  only  added  a  molt 
copious  enumeration  of  fynonymes  ; 
but,  difratisfied  with  Bauhin's  Pi- 
nax,  he  feems  to  have  confulted  all 
the  old  authors,  to  have  unfolded 
their  fynonyma  with  uncommon  di* 
hgence,  and  with  fmgular  difcrimi- 
nation,  and  to  have  arranged  them, 
as  much  as  poRible,  in  a  chronologi- 
cal order.  A  mode  of  arrangement 
highly  deferving  of  attention  from 
Botanical  enquirers,  as  it  exhibits, 
at  one  view,  a  brief  hiRory  of  the 
plant,  by  pointing  out  its  original 
difcoverer,  and  the  region  of  its 
growth.  To  the  curious  botanift, 
this  is  a  moR  intereRing  part  of 
Haller's  labours.  To  each  plant  is 
fubjoined  afummary  account,  from 
the  beR  writers,  both  of  its  medical 
virtues  and  of  its  economical  afes. 
This  work  is  adorned  with  plates  ' 
of  fome  rare  fpecies,  remarkable 
for  delicacy  of  colouring,  and  ex- 
adlnefs  of  delineation. 

Having,  in  the  year*  17^1,  ob. 
tained  the  fanction  of  King  George 
the  Second,  to  the  eRabliihment  of 
a  Botanic  Garden  at  Gottingen,  on 
the  following  year,  Haller  publi (li- 
ed a  catalogue  of  its  plants.  Th> 
liR  did  not  furnilh  materials  for  a 
large  volume  ;  but,  it  neverthclefs 
abundantly  teRiRes  the  diligence 
with  which  its  excellent  autlior  dif- 
charged  the  duties  devolved  upoa 
him  by  the  Royal  Founder.  In  the 
year  175:3,  he  much  enlarged  it, 
both  by  the  defcription  of  the  plants, 
introduced  into  the  Garden  in  the 
interval,  and  by  an  enumeration  of 
all  thofe  of  a  fpontaneous  growth 
in  the  environs  of  Gottingen,  efpe- 
cially 


120 


Strictures  on  Haller. 


Vol.  64. 


cially  the  natives  of  the  Black  Fo- 
reft.  Haller  informs  us,  that  a  re- 
cefs  of  three  months  from  his  ufual 
avocations,  furnifhed  materials  for 
this  volume,  and  regrets  that  tlie 
multifarious  and  interclling  duties 
of  his  llation,  interfered  with  an  in- 
tention v^hich  he  had  formed,  of  ex- 
tending his  Botanical  labours  to  a 
defcriplion  of  all  the  Germanic 
plants.  ^  In  this  little  volume,  the 
new  and  rare  kinds  of  exotics  are 
alfo  dcfcribed  ;  but,  the  fraall  Hze 
of  the  book  precluded  the  infertion 
of  generic  characters. 

In  the  year  1745,  Haller  made 
an  acceptable  prefent  tQ  Botanical 
philofophers,  in  a  nevvr  edition  of 
the  Flora  Jenen/is  of  Ruppius.  In  or- 
der to  qualify  himfelf  for  this  taik, 
he  repaired  to  Jena^  with  the  view 
of  inipedling  the  author's  papers, 
and  his  Ilorius  Stcccus^  prefixed  to 
this  volume,  is  a  biographical  no- 


tice of  its  original  author ;  a  man, 

as  it  appears  from  this  account,  of 
lingular  genius,  and  of  extraordi- 
nary acquirements.  And,  by  ,  the 
improvements  which  the  whole  has 
received,  as  well  as  by  the  infcrtion 
of  many  plants  difcovered  by  the 
editor  himfelf,  it  might,  in  fome 
meiifure,  be  regarded  as  a  Flora 
Germanica. 

The  Botanical  labours  of  Haller 
did  not  terminate  with  thefe  ufeful 
and  valuable  pubhcations.  After 
he  had  refigned  his  chair  at  Gottin- 
gen,  and  returned  to  his  native  city, 
he  perfevered  in  exploring  the  un- 
difcovered  treafures  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom  ;  and,  at  his  own  expence, 
employed  qualified  perfons  in  exa- 
mining the  plants  of  thofc  remote 
parts  of  Switzerland,  to  which  he 
himfelf  could  not  obtain  a  conveni- 
ent accefs, 

{^Tq  te  coni'tnuet!* ) 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF  THE  ZABIL 


THE  fimplicity  of  manners  a- 
mong  the  Zabii,  the  curiofity  they 
have  excited,  and  the  confufion  of 
opinions  that  prevails  among  au- 
thors, wfth  refped  to  their  origin 
and  dodrines,  are  fufficient  to  at- 
trad  the  attention  of  thofe.  who  de- 
light to  contemplate  the  various 
afpeds  which  human  nature  pre- 
fents,  as  modified  by  fituation,  edu- 
cation, and  accident.  Though  the 
chara<5lers  of  religious  feds,  are  fre- 
quently fiamped  by  caufes  more 
feeble  and  limited  than  tl^iofe  which 
produce  national  uniformity,  yet 
thefe  very  caufes  are  often  more  ex- 
tenfive  in  their  influence,  andfuperior 
in  their  affimilating  power.  Thro' 
whatever  extent  of  territory,  thro' 


whatever  diverfity  of  foil  and  cli- 
mate, a  particular  fyftem  of  religi- 
ous opinion  prevails,  a  certain  uni- 
form ground-work  of  charader  is 
found  to  be  produced.  A  communi- 
ty of  metaphors  and  compaiifons,  is 
ufed  for  the  illuftration  of  their 
ideas  ;  the  fame  general  principles 
of  afibciated  relation  fubfiAs  among 
their  fentiments  ;  they  appeal  to  the 
fame  ftandards  of  right  and  wrong 
in  eRimating  their  adtions ;  and 
their  tafte  is  determined  by  the  fame 
models  :  for  the  decifions  of  tafte 
are  only  the  applications  of  our  mo- 
ral principles  to  ideal  right  and 
wrong.  Thus  the  feal  of  Chriftiani- 
ty  marks  all  her  votaries.  Like  a 
large  tree,  the  branches  of  which, 
vrhether 


Feb,  i8c2*       Historic6il  Sketch  of  the  Zabii. 


121 


whether  barren  or  fruitful,  ftill  de- 
I  inonftrate  their  affinity  with  the 
j  parent  ftock  ;  the  various  nations 
which  fhe  comprehends,  exhibit 
common  traces  of  their  conuGclion 
with  one  fjftem  of  religious  opi- 
nion. Still  more  uniform  are  the  fea- 
tures of  Mahometanifmi  which 
feems  to  have  moulded  into  one 
fliape,  that  multifarious  diverfity  of 
charader  which  the  various  tribes 
of  Afia,  Africa,  and  Europe  exhi- 
bited, before  they  were  expofed  to 
its  influence.  The  fanatic  invedives 
of  the  freethinker,  and  the  outrage- 
ous encomiums  of  the  bigot,  equal- 
ly difplay  the  influence  of  religion, 
in  dired:ing,and  modifying  the  hu^ 
man  intelled:,  in  rellraining  or  fti- 
mulating  the  powers  of  the  indivi- 
dual. 

A  race,  of  Afiatic  extradlon,  that 
are  fcattered  to  a  wide  extent,  antj 
inhabit  confidei  able  diftrids  of  Tur- 
key, Perfia,  and  Arabia;  who  feem 
I  to  differ  both  from  Chriftians  and 
1  Mahometans,  in  their  manners  and 
modes  of  thinking;  who  exhibit  a 
I  kind  of  half  Chrillianity,  modified 
by  Mahometan  pradices,  and  vef- 
tiges  of  the  ancient  Sabasan  or 
iChaldaic  fuperftitions,  deferve  that 
'attention from  a  philofophic  and  en- 
lightened  age,  which,  at  the  revival 
6i  literature  in  Europe,  they  re- 
ceived  from  one  comparatively 
rude.  In  tlie  present  age,  the  dif- 
ferent denominations  of  religious  fe- 
paratiiis  are  lefs  difpofed  to  claim 
affiliation  than  formerly,  the  dif- 
tin6iions  have  become  determinatCi 
and  the  differences  irreconcileable 
between  divifions,  that,  in  the  lalf 
cenLury,  feemed  to  admit  of  an  ac- 
conimodation,  and  nothing  but  an 
indifference  to  religion,  ftill  more 
pernicious  to  the  interefts  of  virtue 
than  Hery  zeal,  feems  to  prevent 
the  flames  of  perfecution  from 
burfling  forth  hke  a  volcano  ex- 
tinguifbed  of  old.  The  claims  of 
ccciefiaRical   fupremacy  are  alio 

Vol.  LXIV. 


more  generally  rejected  in  the  prc- 
fent,  than  in  any  former  age  ;  but 
accurate  defcriptions  of  manners 
and  moral  habits  are  always  plea- 
fmg.  The  Zabii  have  been  fre- 
quently  defcribed  by  Chriftian  as 
well  as  Mahometan  writers ; 
but  no  Chriftian  writer,  if  wc 
except  Kasmpfer,  who  has  defcri- 
bed them  at  confiderable  length  in 
his  Amaenitates  Exoticae,  has  had 
fiifficient  opportunities  of  informa- 
tiouo  The  Mahometan  writers 
regarded  them  v/ith  extreme  preju- 
dic.e  ;  and  Maimonides,  who  aflirms 
he  had  accefs  to  their  facred  books, 
written  in  Chaldaic,  feems  to  have 
confounded  their  more  ancient,  and 
their  more  niodern  opinions.  In  this 
Hiftorical  Sketch,  it  may  be  proper, 
for  the  fake  of  order,  to  coiifider, 

1.  The  origin  of  the  Zabii. 

2.  Their  country,  or  the  din;ri(fts 
they  inhabit. 

3.  Their  opinions  and  manners. 

T.  The  modem  Zabii  are  exprefl- 
ly  dated  by  Maim^onides  *  to  be  tlie 
defcendancs  of  the  ancient  Sabaei, 
whom  he  records  as  the  original 
worlhippers  of  the  ftars,  and  as  a 
nation  that  had  extended  themfelves 
over  the  whole  earth.  It  is  certain, 
fays  he,  that  our  father  Abraham, 
to  whom  be  peace,  was  educated  in 
the  religion  and  facred  rites  of  the 
Zabii.  Mahomet,  hiipreil'ed  with 
their  antiquity,  and  with  veneration 
for  their  facred  rites,  tolerated  the 
religion  of  the  Zabii,  as  well  as 
thole  of  the  Jews  and  Chrillians,  the 
authors  of  all  which,  he  admitted  to 
be  prophets.  Ben  Hazem,  and 
Eon  Khailcan,  as  cited  by  D'Her- 
belot,  aflert,  that  the  Zabian  reli- 
gion was  the  moft  ancient  of  all, 
and  once  univerfal,  being  derived 
from  Ibrahim  al  Sabi,  firnamed 
Zerdafcht,  the  contemporary  of  A- 
braham,  though  others  derive  it 

*  Maimonid.    More.  Kevoch. 

R  fjom 


Historical  Sketch  of  the  Zabii.  Vol.  64, 


from  Sabi  ben  Edris,  the  fon  of 
Enoch,  who  lived  before  the  deluge. 
«  Ben  8hohnah,"faysD'Herbelot*, 
relates  that  they  are  defcended 
from  the  nioft:  ancient  nation  in  the 
"world,  and  derive  their  religion  and 
laws  from  Seth  and  Enoch,  whofe 
books,  they  affirm  that  they  polfefs, 
in  the  original  language.  They 
pray  fevcn  times  a-day  ;  and  fail 
from  fun  rife  to  funfet,  during  the 
month  which  terminates  at  the  ver- 
nal equinox.  They  honour  the  tem- 
ple of  Mecca,  and  refpe<5l  the  pyra- 
mids of  Egypt,  where  they  believe 
Seba  ben  Edris  to  be  buried;  but 
their  chief  pilgrimage  is  to  a  place 
near  Elaron,  the  ancient  Carrx  of 
Mefopotamia,  v  hich  fome  of  them 
reckon  the  birth-place  of  Abra- 
ham, and  fome  pretend  to  vene- 
rate it  on  account  of  Sabi  ben  Maie, 
who  lived  in  the  days  of  Abraham. 
They  read  the  Pialms  of  David, 
which  .the  Mahometans  term 
Zcbour."  Of  the  author  of  the 
Zabian  religion,  Elmacin  gives  the 
following  different  opinions.  "  In 
thofe  days  lived  Navazib,  the  Per- 
fian,  who  is  faid  to  have  been  the 
author  of  the  Sabian  religion.  O- 
thers  think,  however,  th^t  this  reli- 
gion originated  with  a  Perfian  king, 
named  Tachuiith;  others  allege, 
that  its  author  was  Junan,  the  fon 
of  Marcolis  the  Greek,  who  firll:  in- 
vented aftronomy."  By  Muham- 
med  ben  Ifaac  f ,  they  are  denomi- 
nated Chafdeei,  Chaldaei,  or  Na- 
bath^i  indifferently,  while  Ahmed|, 
who  wrote  a  book  on  the  religion 
^  of  the  Zabii,  terms  them  Charransei. 
Beidavi  !|  terms  them  an  interm.e- 
diate  people,  between  the  Chriftians 
and  the  Magufes,  the  foundation  of 
w^hofe  religion  is  that  of  Noah. 
Some  term   them  worfhippers  of 

•  D'Hcrbelot's  Bibl.  TTniv.  f  Elmacini 
Hilt.  p.  rn.  30.  X  Hottingeri,  Hiftor. 
Orient,  1.  i.  c.  8.  §  Hottingcr,  ibid. 
\\  Bvidav.  Comment  in  Alcoran,  p.  53. 


angels  ;  others  worfhippers  of  the 
ftars  ;  but,  if  tlieir  name  be  Arabic, 
fays  he,  it,  with  great  propriety,  de- 
notes  Apoflates  ;  for  they  apollati- 
zed  from  other  religions  to  their 
own,  or  rather  from  the  truth  to 
falfehood.  Keflaeus  *  relates  the  fol- 
lowing hillory  of  this  nation.  E 
dri^,  to  whom  be  peace,  was  the 
fir  ft  after  Enoch,  the  fon  of  Setli, 
the  fon  of  Adam,  to  whom  b^ 
peace,  that  wrote  with  a  pen.  Edris 
taught  his  children  after  him  this 
art ;  and  laid.  My  fons,  ye  knovv- 
that  you  are  Zabii,  or  young  men  ; 
learn,  therefore,  to  read  in  your 
youth,  that  it  may  be  ufeful  in 
your  old  age.  Of  thefe  Zabii,  the 
fublime  prophet  fays,  that  they  pof- 
fellcd,  by  hereditary  right,  the  books 
of  Scth  and  Edris,  until  the  time  of 
Noah  and  Abraham,  wliom  the 
Moll  High  aided  againft  Nirarod, 
on  whom  be  the  curfc.  But  wheii 
Abraham  departed  from  Irak,  and 
determined  to  go  to  Syria,  the  land 
of  his  fathers,  he  came  to  Charran 
and  Gezirah,  and  he  found  there 
the  Zabii,  who  read  and  believed  in 
the  ancient  books.  Then  Abraham 
laid.  My  God,  I  thought  that  non^^ 
but  I,  and  the  faithful  with  me,  had 
believed  in  thee  alone.  And  God  faid 
to  Abraham,  O,  Abraham!  the  eanh 
is  never  void  of  fome  to  contend  for 
God.  Then  God  commanded  him 
to  call  them  to  his  religion  ;  and  he 
called  them,  but  they  refufed  to 
hearken,  faying.  How  fhall  we  be- 
lieve thee,  who  readeft  notthebook; 
and  God  lent  upon  them  oblivion 
of  their  fcience?  and  their  books. 
And  they  believed  the  books  which 
they  polfeifed,  to  be  from  God. 
Then  the  Zabii  were  divided ;  for 
fome  believed,  as  the  Barahamei, 
who  feparated  not  themfelves  from 
the  pious  Abraham ;  but  others 
cultivated  their  ov/n  religion,  with 
great  iludy,  even  thofe  who  remain 

*  Kefisei  vitos  Patrunti,  p.  44« 


feb.  1862.        Historical  Sketch  of  the  Zabii. 


123 


in  Charran,  who  Emigrated  not 
with  Abraham  into  8yriu,  but  faid, 
We  follow  the  religion  of  Scth,  E- 
dris,  and  Noah.  Afterwards  Abra- 
ham opened  the  ark  of  Adam,  and 
behold  there  were  the  books  of  A- 
dam,  likewife  the  book  of  8eth  and 
Edris,  and  likewife  the  names  of  all 
the  prophets  that  were  to  come  af- 
ter A  braham.  And  Abraham  faid, 
Blelled  are  the  loins  from  which  ail 
thefe  prophets  ihail  proceed.  And 
God  faid  to  Abraham,  Thou  art 
the  father  of  all  thele,  and  they  are 
thy  children  ';  and  thus  Abraham, 
to  v/hom  be  peace,  merited  to  be 
called  the  Fathtr  of  the  Prophtt^y 
This  Arabic  relation  feems  to  be 
borrowed  almoil  entirely  from  the 
Jews,  who  record  many  fragments 
of  a  fimilar  nature.  Thus  Maimo- 
nides,  "  The  Zabians  relate,  what 
is  mentioned  in  their  books,  and  re- 
corded in  their  Annals  of  Abra- 
ham, that  Abraham  was  educated 
at  Cutha  ;  and  that  various  objec- 
tions were  propofed  againft  him 
when  he  dilTented  from  the  common 
people,  and  faid  that  there  was  ano- 
ther creator  befides  the  fun.  A  mong 
Other  objedions,  they  urged  the  e- 
vident  opei-ation  of  the  fun  in  the 
world.  You  fpeak  the  truth,  faid 
Abraham,  for  the  fun  is  as  a  hat- 
chet in  the  hand  of  a  bowyer. 
They  mention  alfo  various  objec- 
tions of  Abraham,  to  whom  be 
peace,  againd  them  ;  and  that  our 
father  Abraham  was  thrown  into 
prifon,  in  which  he  long  remained, 
perlifting  in  his  oppolition ;  but 
that  the  king,  at  lait,  fearing  lell 
fome  evil  ftiould  befal  his  govern- 
ment, or  that  he  Ihould  caufe  his 
people  to  apoftatize,  conQicated  his 
effects,  and  banilhed  him  into  Sy- 
ria." From  all  thefe  relations,  we 
'cm  only  colled,  that  the  Zabii 
.re  believed,  by  the  Mahometans, 
.  be  the  ciefcendants  of  the  mott 

*  Maimor.id,  More  Nev.  1.  iii,  c.  29. 


ancient  people  of  the  v^orld,  the 
worlhipj[)crs  of  thefun  and  heavenly 
bodies  \  and  that  they  have  beerx 
confounded  with  various  tribes; 
and  that,  therefore,  relations  con- 
cerning them  are  fo  extremely  in- 
accurate. But  luch  inaccuracy  is 
by  no  means  furprifmg  in  the  Ma- 
hometans, who,  after  the  example 
of  their  prophet,  confound  tirries 
and  perfons  in  the  rnoil  ridiculous 
manner.  Thus,  in  the  Alcoran, 
Sura  iii.,  Mahomet  identifies  Man/ 
the  filter  of  Mofes,  and  Mary,  the 
mother  of  Chriil.  In  the  xvii. 
Sura,  according  to  the  commenta- 
tor Jelaledin,  the,  invalion  of  Pale- 
ftine,  by  the  armjr  in  which  Gohali 
was,  was  a  punilhment  for  the  mur- 
der of  Zacharias,  the  father  of 
John  the  Baptill,  by  the  Ifraelites  ; 
and  the  invafion  of  the  fame  coun-. 
try  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  was  on  ac- 
count of  their  killing  the  Baptill 
himfelf.  Muhammed  ben  ifaac 
gives  the  following  hiftory  of  the 
Zabii,  after  Abu  Jofeph  Afchseus. 
"  About  the  end  of  the  reign  of 
Maimon  in  Egypt,  he  determined 
to  make  war  upon  the  Romans, 
(the  Greek  empire)  and  many  na- 
tions met  him,  when  they  were 
called  ;  and  among  thefe  came  ma- 
ny Charransei,  who  were  clothed  in 
ftraight  garments,  (the  Perfian 
drefs)  and  w^hofe  hair  was  fo  long, 
and  fo  large,  that  it  did  not  yield  to 
Gedefenan,  the  fon  of  Tabeth  ;  and 
when  Maimon  did  not  knov/  them 
by  their  drefs,  he  allied  them,  V7ha 
are  ye,  allies  or  fubjects  ?  and  tliey* 
anfwcred,  We  are  the  Gharranaei.' 
He  faid.  Are  ye  Chrillians  ?  and 
they  faid.  No  :  Jews  ?  and 
faid,  No  :  then  faid  he,  Are  you  Ma- 
gufes  ?  and  they  faid  no.  Then 
faid  Maimon,  Have  you  a  book 
and  a  prophet  ?  and  they  began  to 
talk  ambiguoufly ;  wherefore  he 
faid.  Ye  are  Sadducees,  idolaters, 
and  Brethren  of  the  well  obitrucled 
by  ftones,  in  the  days  of  Ralhid; 

R  2  which 


124 


Historical  Sketch  of  the  Zabii.  VoL  64. 


tvhich,  if  you  be,  your  blood  fhall 
be  (hed,  neither  ftall  a  league  pre- 
ferve  you ;  and  they  laid,  We 
pay  tribute  ;  and  he  anfwered,  The 
believers  only  receive  tribute  from 
thofe  whom  the  great  and  power- 
ful God  has  mentioned  in  his  book, 
and  who  have  received  books  from 
above  ;  but  ye  are  none  of  thofe, 
w^herefore  choofe  either  to  follow 
Iflamifm,  or  fome  other  religion 
v/hich  the  mod  high  God  has  men- 
tioned in  his  book  ;  for  except  yc 
do  this,  I  will  flay  you  all,  at  laft  ; 
yet  I  will  indulge  you  with  a  delay 
till  I  return  from  this  journey.  If 
you  embrace  Iflamifm,  or  any  reli- 
^>;ion  which  the  great  and  powerful 
G6d  has  mentioned,  it  is  well  ;  but 
if  not,  I  will  command  you  to  be 
killed,  and  your  locks  to  be  torn 
out  by  the  roots.  And  Maimon  de- 
parted to  the  land  of  the  Romans. 
In  the  mean  time,  they  changed 
their  garments  and  cut  their  locks ; 
«nd  m^my  who  embraced  Chrilli- 
anity,  affumed  the  drefs  of  that 
fedt.  Others  embraced  Iflamifm  ; 
while  a  third  party,  remaining  in 
their  former  ftate,  helitated  for  fome 
time,  till  a  certain  aged  man,  illuf- 
trious  for  wifdom,  appeared,  and 
faid,  I  have  found  out  a  method  by 
which  you  may  fave  yourfelves,  and 
be  freed  from  flaughter ;  and  they 
prefented  him  with  great  wealth 
from  their  treafury,  which  they  had 
begun  to  colledl  from  the  days  of 
Rafliid,  and  had  preferved  hitherto, 
to  fave  them  from  calamity.  And 
he  faid  to  them,  "  If  Maimon  re- 
turns from  his  journey,  fay  to  him. 
We  are  Zabii ;  which  is  the  name 
of  a  religion  which  God,  great  be 
his  name,  has  mentioned  in  the 
Coran  ;  choofe  this  religion,  and  fo 
ye  fhall  be  free  from  him.    But  it 

*  Muhammed  ben  Ifaac,  in  Sacris  Sa- 
biorum,  cited  by  Hottinger- 


happened,  during  this  journey,  that 
Maimon  died  at  Addun.  Never- 
thelefs  they  affumcd  that  name  from 
this  time  ;  for  never  before  in  Char- 
ran,  or  the  adjacent  country,  was 
the  name  of  the  Zabii  knov/n.  And 
when  they  heard  that  Maimon  was 
dead,  m.any  who  had  embraced 
Chrirtianity,  returned  to  the  Char- 
ranaei,  and  let  their  hair  grow  as 
before  Maimon  paffed  through 
their  country.  But  the  believers 
prohibited  them  from  wearing  the 
clofe  tunic,  becaufe  it  was  the  drefs 
of  the  Sultans.  And  thofe  who 
had  embraced  Iflamifm,  did  net 
dare  to  defert  it  for  fear  of  death. 
They  remained,  therefore,  under 
the  proteflion  of  Iflamifm ;  and 
neverthelefs  contraded  marriages 
with  the  CharA-ansean  women,  upon 
condition,  that  if  a  male  were  born,  it 
fliould  be  a  Muifulman;  if  a  female, 
a  CharranPE-iU.  And  this  w^as  the 
cullom  of  the  inhabitants -of  Pharos 
and  Salmafis,  two  large  and  cele- 
brated cities,  adjacent  to  Charran, 
for  about  twenty  years ;  when  Abi 
Zerara  and  Abi  Aruba  inflrucfled 
them  in  jurifprudence.  But  the  o- 
thcr  chiefs  of  the  Charransei,  and 
their  learned  men,  prohibited  thefe 
marriages  ;  for  they  faid,  it  is  not 
proper  for  MulTulmen  to  intermar- 
ry with  thofe  w^ho  do  not  receive 
the  book.  And  there  are  many  fa- 
milies fl:ill  at  Charran  of  the  Zabii, 
unto  this  day."  This  relation 
agrees  pretty  well  wnth  their  own 
traditions  ;  for  they  allege,  that 
their  ancefl;ors  were  expelled  by  the 
fucce/Tors  of  Mahomet,  from  that 
tradl  of  Judea  which  is  watered  by 
the  Jordan,  after  fevere  perfecu- 
tions,  the  demolition  of  their  places 
of  worfliip,  and  the  burning  of  their 
facred  books. 

(T©  he  continued.) 


Feb.  1802. 

For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
SKETCHES  OF  ANCIENT  COSMOGONY. 


IN  comparing  the  ancient  theo- 
ries of  the  earth's  origin  and  ftruc- 
ture,  with  thofe  of  the  moderns,  we 
will  find,  that  oppofite  methods  of 
reafoning    have    been  employed. 
Since  the  Baconian  method  of  in- 
duction was   apphed   to  phyfical 
fcience,  fmce  obfervation  and  ex- 
periment were   fubftituted  in  the 
place  of  the  evidence  of  conjedlure 
and  authority,  Geology  has  aflum- 
ed  a  new  form.  Inftead  of  commen- 
cing at  the  birth  of  time,  with  the 
more  modeft  Grecians,  or  advanc- 
ing a  (lep  beyond  it,  with  the  bold- 
er Afiatics,  fhe  is  now  content  to 
begin  at  thofe  changes  which  are 
fubjeded  to  our  own  obfervation  ; 
inftead  of  condenfing  the  primaeval 
chaos,  weighing  in  a  balance  the  ele- 
mentary principles,  and  precipita- 
ting them  according  to  their  fpeci- 
fic  gravity,  fhe  is  fatisfied,  at  pre- 
fent,  wnth  examining  the  arrange- 
ment and  pofition  of  the  fuperficial 
ilrata,   afcertaining   the  angle  of 
their  inclination,  deteding  the  ulti- 
mate chemical  principles  of  a  folhl, 
or  determining   the   laws   of  its 
chryftallization.   The  modern  Geo- 
logifts,  with   cautious  obfervation 
and  patient  analyfis,  endeavour  to 
inv^eftigate  the  laws,  according  to 
which,  the  various  fubftances  that 
compofe  our  globe  afFecft  each  other; 
or  rather,  they  attempt  to  deter- 
mine the  order  of  fucceffion,  in 
which  the   phsenomena  of  nature 
appear.  The  authors  of  tlie  ancient 
Cofmogonies  a<fled  very  differently. 
From  a  few  general  principles,  by 
the  aid  of  tradition,  they  formed 
a  theory,  the  plaufibility  of  which 
depended,  not  upon  the  minute  ac- 
I  curacy  of  obfervation,  which  tue 


author  difplayed ;  but,  upon  th^ 
correcftnefs  of  judgment,  which  he 
fhewed  in  regulating  hi^i  fancy,  and 
adapting  his  fyftem  to  the  more  fu- 
perficial   appearances    of  nature. 
Though,  in  refpcfl  of  poetical  me- 
rit, none  of  the  ancient  thtoiios  of 
the  earth  can  be  put  in  competition 
with  that  of  Burnet,  they  often  dif- 
play  no  mean  degree  of  ingenuity. 
Unfortunately,  this  ingenuity  cau 
only  excite  our  regret,  by  its  appli- 
cation to  an  equivocal  kind  of  com- 
pofition,  in  which  the  materials  of 
the  poet  are  aukwardly  tagged  to 
the  fragments  of  the  philolbpher. 
We  may  yet  derive  confiderable  ad- 
vantage from  the  contemplation  of 
the  moft  inane  efforts  of  human  ge- 
nius ;  for  fuch  exertions  remain  hke 
beacons,  to  mark  the  dangerous  vi- 
cinities of  knowledge,  ^  which  are 
not  to  be  approached,  or  where  pe- 
culiar precautions  are  requiiite.  The 
fame  acutenefs  has  been  ufelefsly 
exhaufted,  in  numbering' the  grains 
of  fand  contained  in  the  univerfe, 
that  afterwards  difcovered  the  Al- 
gebraic or  Logarithmic  Calculus  ; 
that  dexterity  has  been  wafted  in 
forming  the  automaton  of  a  fly, 
that  might  have  pcrfeded  the  fteam 
engine  :  that  fubtilty  of  judgment 
has  been  fpent  in  determining  the 
immaculate  conception  of  the  Vir- 
gin Mary,  that  might  have  defined 
the  laws  of  morals  or  politics.  But 
the  undcrftanding  derives  new  vi- 
gour from  the  moft  fruitlefs  trials 
of  her  ftrength  in  the  individual; 
and   the  progrelTive   advances  of 
nations  in  knowledge,  are  entirely 
analogous  to  individual  improve- 
ment.    To  trace  the  progrefs  of 
opinions  concerning  the  origin  and 


126 


Sketches  of  Ancient  Cosmogony. 


Vol.  64. 


(tru<5lurc  of  the  earth,  through  dieir 
various  moditications,  from  the  fa- 
vage  to  the  philofopher,  is  a  matter 
of  confiderable  difficulty,  and  -has 
liGt,  as  far  2s  I  know,  been  ever 
])urfued,  on  indudive  principles;  yet 
in  various  nations,  we  difcover,  that 
{uch  opinions  have  conftituted  the 
bafe  of  political  oeconomy  and  mo- 
ral regulations.  Thus  we  may 
cafdy  trace  the  influence  of  the  an- 
<:icnt  Afiatic  dodrine  of  the  elfcn- 
tial  evil  of  matter  in  the  propcnfity 
to  monadic  celibacy,  which  diiHn- 
guilhed  the  Hindu'^',  Egyptians, 
and  Afratic  Chriitians,  in  their  rigid 
obfervation  of  tedious,  though  trif- 
ling rites  and  ceremonies,  and  in  the 
general  depreffion  of  the  fairfex.  Opi- 
nions that  the  philofopher  is  accuf- 
tomed  to  pafs  over  in  fdent  con- 
tempt, have  frequently  the  molt 
powerful  influence  on  fociety,  as  the 
unthinking  multitude  are  common- 
ly moil  deeply  imprclFed  by  trifles. 
Perhaps,  there  is  no  opinion  that 
a  perfon  ever  entertains,  which  has 
not  feme  effcd:  in  modifying  his 
chaiader ;  perhaps,  there  ii  no  fpe- 
culation  fo  ablurd,  nor  conjedure 
fo  erroneous;  as  not  to  improve  tlie 
mind,  by  e,xercihng  fome  of  its  fa- 
culties. But  fpeculations  concern- 
ing the  origin  of  nature,  and  the 
ftrudure  of  the  vail:  earth,  are  cal- 
culated to  affect  the  mind  with  the 
moft  vivid  and  enthufiaftic  emo- 
tions ;  and,  in  conformity  With  this 
idea,  we  find,  that  the  firfl:  Cofmo- 
gonifts  who  prefent  us  with  magni- 
ficent, though  erroneous  images  of 
the  univerfe,  were  the  Grecian  po- 
ets. When  philofophy  and  litera- 
ture deferted  Athens  for  Rome, 
we  find,  that  by  the  fame  proeefs, 
I^ucretius  preceded  Cicero.  The  fa- 
va^e  is  more  powerfully  affe^fted  by 
bold  figurative  eloquence,  than  by 
calm  accurate  reafoning.  In  propor- 
tion to  the  knowledge  they  polTefs,  all 
men  reafon  equally  well ;  but  it  is 
only  fome  vivid  impreflion  that  can 
induce  the  favage  to  enlarge  his 


ftock  of  knov/ledge.  Mankind  fel-  ' 
dom .  attend  to  objecfls  which  are 
not  connedted  with  their  neceflitics, 
or  their  pleafures  ;  and,  when  curi- 
ofity  is  not  excited,  reafon  has  no  . 
motive  for  undergoing  the  labour  I 
of  in ve (ligation.  The  pleafures  and 
enjoyments  of  the  favage  are  few, 
his  defires  fcarcely  extend  beyond 
the  gratification  of  the  natural  ap- 
petites. Unlike  the  artificial  wants 
of  civilized  man,  this  gratification 
has  its  fliated  limits  ;  the  favage  re- 
lapfes  into  indolent  apathy,  and  ge- 
nerally devotes  his  time  to  fleep, 
till  roufed  by  the  llimulus  of  fome 
other  appetite,  in  this  femi  brutal 
ftate,  it  would  be  fruitlefs  to  exped 
fpeculations  of  any  kind.  Pie  con- 
fiders  the  land  as  the  mother  of 
trees,  the  fruits  of  which,  allay  his 
hunger;  and  the  parent  of  deer,  that 
nourilh  him  by  their  fleflr.  He  re- 
gards the  water  as  the  quencher  of 
the  third  of  the  hunter,  and  the  re- 
ceptacle of  filh.  The  earth  is 
a  vaR  irregular  plain,  bounded  by 
the  defceuding  edges  of  the  concave 
fl^y.  Loikiel  relates,  that  the  Iro- 
quois and  Delawares  believe,  that 
the  flcy  forms  a  partition  between, 
the  habitations  of  the  good  fpiriti 
and  men  ;  and  that  fome  pretenc 
to  have  found  the  road  to  the  land 
of  fpirits  over  a  great  rock,  upon 
which  the  heavens  reel  to  and  frd 
v/ith  a  fiupendous  noife.  From 
fuch  vulgar  opinions  as  this,  ori- 
ginates  the  mythic  account  of  Atlas! 
fupporting  the  heavens ;  and  hencd 
too,  the  Hebrew  phrafe  which  fre- 
quently occurs  in  Ifaiah  and  Samuel,' 
mekef%eb  hashamaim^  tranflated  by^ 
the  Septuagint  tcc  S-i/^AXtx  t» 
the  termination  or  foundation  of 
the  heavens.  According  to  the 
fame  popular  mode  "of  conceiving 
objeds  ;  the  fky  is  termed  a  lea  of 
glafs  or  chryftal  by  Ezekiel.*  Of 
the  furface  of  the  earth,  and  the 
various  changes  by  which  it  is  af- 


fe^ed 


Feb.  1802.         Sketches  of  Ancient  Cosmogony 


127 


fecSted,  the  favagc  has  a  very  im- 
perfe<J:l:  idea  ;  of  its  origin  he  feldom 
thinks  at  all.  He  finds  that  the 
material  world  exifls,  and  is  unable 
to  conceive  it  removed,  without 
fubftituting  a  world,  equally  mate- 
rial, in  its  room.  All  his  ideas  are 
particular,  thefe  he  can  conceive  to 
lucceed  each  other,  or  the  objeds 
which  they  reprelent  to  change 
•their  pofition,  but  he  canndt  con- 
ceive them  to  be  wholly  annihilated;. 
Thus  the  eternity  of  the  world 
feemxS  to  be  a  do(5trine  be  ft  adapted 
to  the  rudcft  .  minds.  We  are  not, 
however,  to  think  that  the  favage 
has  any  idea  of  eternity,  or  any  dif- 
tant  conception  of  a  long  feries  of 
ages.  He  is  too  imperfedly  ac- 
quainted with  numbers,  and  quick- 
ly feels  himfclf  bevv^ildered  in  at- 
tempting to  trace  backward  the 
footfteps  of  time.  But  his  concep- 
tions of  indefinite  fucceilion  are 
precifely  the  fame  with  thofe  of  the 
philofopher,  and  feem  to  con  lift 
merely  of  the  luccellive  conceptions 
of  definite  periods.  The  belief  how- 
ever, that  is  founded  on  this  con- 
.ception,  is  more  reafonable  in  the 
favage  than  in  the  philofopher. 

Perhaps,  no  ,  inftance  can  be 
found,  where  tl:ie  opinions  of  rude 
men,  are  the  pure  lefiilts  of  their 
•natural  powers.  In  every  flate  of 
fociety,  tradition  embellilhc>s  the  fug- 
geflions  of  reafon,  and  every  tradi- 
tion, the  origin  of  which  has  been 
inveftigated,  has  been  found  to  be 
the  compound  refult  of  local  fitua- 
tion,  and  fome  other  tradition. 
-Opinions  that  originate  in  one  ftate 
of  fociety,  come  to  be  engrafted  on 
-another,  and  the  imaginatioris  of 
men,  are  enriched  at  the  expence  of 
their  judgment.  To  retail  and  em- 
bellifii  the  fantaftic  aifemblages  of 
tradition  and  :'ancy  becomes  a  part 
of  the  occupations  of  the  prieft^,  or 
that  clafs  of  men,  that  are  early 
feparated  from  the  community,  for 
•tlie  acquifition  and  improvement  of 


knowledge.  Bougainville  relates, 
that  the  knowledge  of  the  priefts  of 
Otaheite,confifts  in  an  acquaintance 
with  the  names  and  rank  of  the  Ea- 
tuas,  or  fuboidinate  divinities,  and 
the  tr  aditions  of  the  tribe,  concern- 
ing the  origin  of  things.  This 
knowledge  is  alfo  conveyed  in  de- 
tached fentences,  and  an  unknown 
language.  After  the  inftitution  of 
the  order  of  the  priefthood,  the  fac- 
ceffion  of  events  is  fcrulinized  with 
greater  accuracy,  intervening  fteps 
are  difcovered  :  men  begin  to  talk 
of  the  chain  of  events ^  the  chain  of 
exifting  beings,  and  the  feveral 
links  of  thefe  chains,  and  imagine 
that  their  explanations  are  fatisfac- 
tory,  when  they  only  increafe  the 
number  of  difiicultics.  Various  arts 
are  invented,  confiderable  works  are 
accompli  fined  ;  but  every  cbjecl  is 
perceived  to  be  formed  of  pre-exift- 
ing  materials  ;  and,  in  this  ftage, 
the  form  and  ftru(flureof  the  world, 
are  fuppofed  to  have  been  of  much 
later  formation  than  its  original 
principles  or  matter.  In  the  for- 
mer ftate  of  fociety,  both  the  mat- 
ter and  form,  or  arrangement  of 
the  parts  of  the  univerfe,  are  fup- 
pofed to  have  always  exifted  ;  but 
in  this  which  fucceeds  it,  the  earth 
is  fuppofed  to  be  formid  out  of  the 
chaos,  confifting,  according  to  fome, 
of  fimilar  atoms,  but,  according  to 
others,  of  diffimilar  elements.  It  is 
evident,  that  this  chaos  I'equires  an 
origin,  quite  as  much  as  the  form 
of  the  world :  for,  if  the  world 
could  not  have  always  exifted,  with 
its  prefent  arrangements,  it  is  necef- 
fary  to  afilgn  fome  quality  to  the 
comminuted  atoms,  by  which  they 
might  have  always  exifted.  This 
theory  of  the  chaos,  is  quite  hypo- 
thetical, and  unfupported  by  any 
fiiadow  of  evidence  ;  but  men  have 
generally  recourfe  to  obfcure  ideas, 
when  unable  to  com^prehend  the  re- 
lations of  thofe  that  are  clear ;  and 
the  exiftence  of  an  eternal  chaos, 

the 


T28 


Sketches  of  Ancient  Cosmogony. 


Vol.  64. 


the  properties  of  which  are  confef- 
fedly  unknown,  feems  from  its  very 
obfcurity  to  prefent  fewer  difficul- 
ties, than  the  eternal  exiftence  of  a 
material  world,  with  the  properties 
of  which  we  are  in  fome  degree  ac- 
quainted. This  method  of  remov- 
mg  difficulties,  by  the  interpofition 
of  time  and  fpace,  adlually  occurs 
in  the  popular  accounts  of  the  me- 
chanilm  of  the  globe.  The  earth 
is  reprefented  as  an  immenfe  plain, 
this  plain  is  fupported  by  waters  ; 
and  the  water^  are  pronounced  un- 
fathomable. The  Arabs  believe 
the  earth  to  be  fupported  upon  a 
Carhel,  the  Perfians,  on  an  Ox,  the 
Hindus,  on  an  Elephant,  but  thefe 
animals  are  left  quite  unfupported. 
The  Calmucs  think,  ihe  earth  is  fup- 
ported by  a  golden  Frog,  the  mo- 
tions of  which  violently  agitate  the 
fuperinjacent  parts,  whenever  it 
ftretches  out  its  foot,  or  fcratches 
its  head.  Rude  nations  inhabiting 
the  fea  coafts,  and  accuftomcd  to 
the  view  of  tlie  unbounded  field  of 
waters,  and  at  the  fame  time  little 
praclifed  in  navigation,  think  every 
fpeculntion  terminated,  when  they 
can  refer  it  to  the  ocean,  or  to  fome 
world  beyond  the  fea.  Thus  an 
Indian  nation  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Miffiffippi,  as  Hennepin  relates,  be- 
lieved, "  That  a  w^oman  came  down 
from  heaven,  and  hovered  a  while 
in  the  air,  becaufe  llie  could  find 
no  place  to  fet  her  foot  upon  :  The 
iiffi  of  the  fea  com.paffionating  her, 
held  a  council  to  determine  who 
fhould  receive  her.  The  tortoil'e 
offered  himfclf,  and  prefented  his 
back  above  water;  the  woman  plac- 
ed herfelf  upon  it  and  (laid  there. 
In  time,  the  filth  of  the  fea  gather- 
'ing,  and  fettling  about  the  tortoife, 
by  little  and  little,  formed  a  great 
extent  of  land ;  which  is  at  prefent, 
what  we  term  America."/  In  this 
age,  when  the  crude  materials  of 
tradition  are  combined  and  embel- 
lifhed  by    tlie  powerful  energies 


of  uncorredled  imagination,  in. 
numerable  fyftems  of  mytho- 
logy  are  produced,  and  theories 
of  cofmogony  are  formed,  ac- 
cording to  a  premature,  or  rather 
poetical  method  of  philofophizing, 
where  a  reference  is  made  to  the 
conceptions  of  the  mind,  inftead  of 
the  phasnomena  which  nature  exhi- 
bits. 

But,  when  the  minds  of  think- 
ing men  have  been  gradually  ac- 
cullomed  to  obrtrufe  fpeculations, 
neither  tlie  matter  nor  form  of 
the  earth,  are  fuppofed  to  be  of  e- 
ternal  duration.  For  fuch  a  dura- 
tion, its  (lru6lure  appears  to  be  too 
imperfe(5t,  and  its  integrant  parti- 
cles po/fe/fed  of  too  little  energy. 
'J^he  phaenomena  of  intelligence  are 
confidered  with  greater  accuracy 
than  formerly,  and  are  perceived 
to  require  an  adequate  caufe,  as 
mucli  as  any  of  the  phaenomena  of 
unanimated  mature.  It  is  true, 
that  in  their  fpeculations  concern- 
ing the  nature  of  power  or  caufa- 
tion,  innumerable  miftakes  are  in- 
voluntarily incurred,  bqt  iiill  they 
find  it  much  eafier  to  conceive  'the 
lofs  of  properties  without  any  caule, 
than  the  acquifilion  of  new  quali- 
ties, or  the  fpontaneous  origin  of 
material  objeds.  Thus  the  Crea-^ 
tive  theories  for  the  moft  part  fu- 
perfede  the  Chaotic,  as  among  the 
Perfians,  Egyptians,  Hebrews,  and 
many  of  the  Greeks.  Eufebius  cites' 
the  following  paifage  from  the  book ' 
of  Zoroafter,  entitled  "  The  facred: 
Colledion  of  Perfian  monumxents,"- 
"  The  God,  with  the  head  of  a' 
Hawk,  is  the  firft  of  all  incorrup- 
tible beings,  eternal,  unbegotten  : 
he  is  not  compounded  of  parts ; 
there  is  none  like  or  equal  to  him  : 
he  is  the  author  of  all  good,  and  en-; 
tirely  difinterefted  ;  the  moft  excel^' 
lent  of  all  excellent  beings  ;  the  wif- 
eft  of  all  intelligent  natures  5  the 
father  of  equity,  the  parent  of  all 
good  laws;  feif-inftructed,  felf-fuf- 

ficient; 


Feb.  1802.       Sketches  of  Jiicient  Cosmogony. 


129 


ficient  ;  and  the  firft  former  of  na- 
ture Similar  to  this,  is  the  fol- 
lowing fummary  of  Egyptian  theo- 
logy given  by  Jamblicbus,  Ac- 
cording to  the  Egyptians,  the  firll 
God  exifted  in  his  folitary  unity 
before  all  beings.  He  is  the  foun- 
tain  and  origin  of  every  thing  that 
has  underftanding,  or  that  can  be 
Linderllood.  He  is  the  jfirft  princi- 
ple of  all  things,  felf-fufficient,  in- 
comprehenfible,  and  the  father  of 
all  ellencesf Suidas  has  preferv- 
sd  the  following  fragment  of  Tiijao- 
theus,  the  cofmographer,  which  is 
given  as  an  abi'trad  of  the  Orphean 
Theology.  "  There  is  one  unknown 
being  exalted  above,  and  prior  to 
jail  beings  ;  even  to  the  asther, 
and  every  thing  that  is  below  the 
lather.  This  exalted  being  is  life, 
light,  and  wifdom  ;  which  three 
Inames  exprefs  only  one  and  the 
fame  power,  which  has  created  all 
'beings,  vifible  and  invifible,  out  of 
nothing  J.'* 

According  to  thefe  principles,  I 
conceive  that  there  are  three  claffc^ 
r^f  theories  concerning  the  origin  of 
jthe  earth,  which  naturally  originate 
in  three  diiferent  periods  of  fociecy. 
The  theory  of  the  Eternity  of  the 
world,  is  that  which  firft  occurs  to 
rude  men,  after  that  fucceedsthethe- 
Dry  of  a  Chaos,  and  laftly,  that  of 
1  Creation.  But,  though  thisarrange- 
ment  may  be  reckoned  fufficient  for 
:he  general  purpofes  of  claffification, 
indmay  affift  us  in  eftimating  the  va- 
lue of  the  different  Cofmogonies  of 
the  ancients;  yet,  the  opinions  adopt- 
ed by  any  particular  author,  will  fel- 
dom  be  found  to  correfpond  with 
the  Hale  of  fociety  in  which  he  lived. 
In  the  general  fentiment,  or  as  it 
rpay  he  terrned,  the  average  opinion 
r>f  a  nation  or  tribe,  a  greater  con- 
formity will  be  found  to  the  degree 
of  their  rudenefs  or  refinement  ;  but 
the  mixture  of  tradition,  and  the 

•  Eufeb.  Praepkirat.  Evangti.  1.  i, 
t  Jam'-iiclius  de  Myft.  Egypt. 
•    j  Suidas  de  Orphco.  p.  s^O, 

Vol.  LXiy. 


influence  of  illuftrious  men,  on  the 
public,  mind,  will  always  have  a 
powerful  effedl  in  eftablifhiug  opi- 
nions, which  are  neither  underftood 
nor  capable  of  demondration,  in  cer- 
tain (luges  of  man's  inteliedual  pro- 
grefs.  An  examination  of  ancient 
Cofmogonies,  will  demonftratc  no 
new  phcenomena  in  the  order  of  na- 
ture, but  it  will  exhibit  the  progrefs 
of  the  mind  employed  in  fpeculatiou 
concerning  thofe  pha;nomena. 

The  moll  ancient  Cofmogony  is 
unqueftionably  thatof  Mofes,  or  the 
Hebrew  fyftem.  The  antiquity  of 
Mofes,  is  demonftrated  to  the  Greeks 
by  Clemens  Alexandrinus,  a.ud  Eu- 
febius,  from  their  own  authors,  which 
were  extant  at  that  period  It  has 
been  the  fafhion,  in  modern  times,  to 
depreciate  the  Jewifli  nation,  by 
every  afperlion  that  can  be  raked 
from  ancient  authors  defcended  of 
nations  wdth  whom  they  were  en- 
gaged in  conitant  hoftility.  As  they 
have  been  found  guilty  of  the  origi- 
nal fin  of  giving  rife  to  the  Chrifiiiau 
religion,  they  are  always  reprefent- 
ed  as  an  ignorant  race,  barbarous 
in  their  manners,  and  bi-utal  in  their 
feiitiments  ;  equally  unknown  and 
defpifed  by  their  more  poliihecl 
neighbours  of  Egypt,  Chaldea, 
Ph'xnicia,  Greece,  and  Rome.  But 
thofe  w^ho  have  examined  the  re- 
mains of  antiquity,  without  truft- 
ing  the  fiighc  and  hafty  prejudices 
of  fcioliils,  will  eafily  perceive  the 
fallacy  of  fuch  miireprefentations. 
Were  any  perfon  to  form  an  opinion 
of  the  ancient  Egytianlearning  from 
the  ludicrous  account  of  their  vul- 
gar revels,  given  by  the  fatiiiil  Ju- 
venal, he  would  do  nothing  more 
than  has  been  adtually  done  in  the 
cafe  of  the  Jew^s.  The  Grecian  phi- 
lofophers  of  the  moft  early  periods, 
are  knowTi  to  have  vifited  Chaldea 
as  well  as  Egypt,  in  their  Icientific 
travels  ;  and  it  is  known,  with  equal 
certainty >  that  a  confiderable  inter- 
courfe,  at  all  periods,  fubfilled  be- 
tween th;^  Hebrew  nation  and  tlie 


130 


Sketches  of  Ancient  Cosmogony.  Vol.  64, 


Egyptians,  Babylonians,  and  Sy- 
rians. An  acquaintance,  therefore, 
with  the  Jewilh  inftitutions,  would 
be  attained  with  comparative  faci- 
lity, if  we  confider  the  difficulty 
with  which  the  Egyptian  a-o^poi  and 
Perfian  Magi  could  be  induced  to 
divulcre  the  arcana  of  their  religion. 
In  conformity  with  this  idea,  both 
Clemens  Alexandrinus,  and  f  Eu- 
febius,  at  ilill  greater  length,  cite 
the  fii  ft  book  of  '  riftobnlu*;,  the 
Peripatetic  philofopher,  addreiTed  to 
Philometer,  to  prove  that  both  Py- 
thagoras and  Plato  had  acquired  an 
accurate  acquaintance  with  the  He- 
brew inftitutions  and  hiftory^  ail  of 
which  had  been  tranfiated  into 
Greek,  before  the  fall  of  the  Perfian 
monarchy.  Agreeable  to  ti  is  tefti- 
tnony,  is  the  noted  quotation  from 
Numenius  the  Pythagorean,  given 
by  Clemens :  Tt  i?-t  UXccTm^  n 
MurT.t;  x'f]iKt<^{k>v»  "  From  the  fame 
philofopher,  'icfyx^^^  Eufebius 
quotes  another  pa/Tage.  In  fupport 
of  this  opinion,  the  authority  c  f  Plato 
may  be  adduced  ;  and  afc ending  to 
a  more  ancient  period,  it  might  be 
confirmed  by  the  words  of  Pytha- 
goras.  Moreover,  we  may  adduce 
the  dodtrines,  rites,  and  inftitutions 
of  the  moft  illuftrious  nations  ;  as, 
the  Bramin^,  the  Jews,  the  Magi, 
the  Egyptians,  who  all  agree  with 
Plato."  Clear chus,  the  difc  pie  of 
Arillotle,  in  his  Dial^  gue  Ui^i  Yttv^jv, 
introduces  Ariiiotlc  difcourfmg  con- 
cerning one  of  his  former  fcholars, 
of  Jewiih  extradinn,  whence  he 
digreifes  to  the  Jewifh  nation,  "  He 
w^as,  by  extraflion,  a  Jew  of  Ctclo- 
fyria  ;  for  the  nation  defcer.ded  from 
the  Indian  Caiani,  are  denominated 
Jews  by  the  Syiians,  and  their  coun- 
try is  called  Judca.  Their  city  h:*  s 
a  very  hai Ih  name,  for  it  is  called 
Jerufalem.  When  this  perfon  came 
dov/n  Iiom  the  inland,  to  th  mari- 
time region,  and  had  been  hofpica- 

f  Eufeb.  KXTu^  nx^oc^ricivns  !•  viii.  6. 
id.  1.  viii.  7- 


bly  entertained  by  various  perfonsi 
he  adopted  the  Greek  manners  as 
well  as  their  language^    As  I  wys  . 
jou.neying  through  Afia,  I  happen** 
ed  to  come  to  the  fiime  quarter, 
where  he  aifociated  for  fome  tim.e 
with  us  and  other  fludious  pcrfons, 
and  ftudied  their  learning  ;  and, 
while  he  aflbciated  with  many  men 
of  learning,  he  communicated  morej 
than  he  received.'*  Hecataius  of  Ab 
dera,  who  ived  in  the  time  of  Al„3 
ander  and  his  fuccelfors,  relates  thatj 
the;^Jews  fervcd  i:.  the  armies  of  thefoj 
princes,  which  is  confirmed  by  the  Ma- 
ccabxan  hifiory.    Megafihenes,  the  ' 
hlftorian  of  Seleucus  Nicanor,  in 
his  Third  Book  of  Indian  hificry, 
has  the  following  palfage  :  "  What- 
ever has  been  faid  by  the  ancients 
concerning  nature,  is  alfotobe  found ' 
in  the  Ultra-Grecian  philofophers, 
as  the  Bramins,  among  the  Indians  y 
and  the  Jews,  as  they  are  d.  nomi- 
nated, in  Syria.*'  Eufebius  has  pre- 
ferved  fome  veifes  of  Chasrilus,  an* 
ancient  poet,  who  enunaerates  the 
Jews,  among  the  auxiliaries  of  Xer- 
xes,   in   his    Grecian  expeditioi^ 
1  hey  are  thus  charadterized  : 

Ch^rilus. 

The  next  in  order  marchcJ  a  wondroul 
throng, 

Phaenician  accent',  f  veiled  their  martial 
fong  ; 

A  flubborn  race,  from  Salem's  hi]J$ 
they  came, 

Where  broad  Afphaltis  breathes  fiil- 
phureous  flame  ; 

Rough  twilled  iockc,  a  briftly  cone  pre- 
fer! t. 

With  ilout  fmoke-hardened  helm^ 
from  heads  of  horfes  rent. 

Thj 


Feb.  1802.       Remarks  on  the  Life  of  Burns. 


Th2  manners  of  the  Jews  were 
accurately  known  by  Theophraftus  ; 
for  in  a  fragment  preferved  by  Eu- 
febias,  he  refers  to  fon^e  of  their 
minute  ceremonies. 

This  learned  Porphyry,  in  his 
difcourfe  on  Oracles,  has  produced 
various  Oracles  of  polio,  which 
relate  to  the  Jews,  and  whi/ch  may 
ferve  to  difplay  the  fentiments  of  l^is 
worHiippers,  at  the  time  they  Were 
pretended  to  be  delivered.  The 
Chaldeans  and  the  Hebrev/s  alone, 
(fays  one  of  them),  are  truly  wife, 
who  worlhip  in  purity,  God,  the 
felf-originated  king." 
'  Clemens  Alexandrinus,  and  Eufe- 
bius,  cite  various  other  authors  who 
have  difcourfed  concerning  the  Jews, 
either  profelFedly  or  incidentally ; 
fome  of  whom  defcribe  the  hiftory 


of  Mofes  at  confiderable  length  ; 
as,  Eupolimus,  Artapanus,  Alex- 
ander Polyhiftor,  Airicanus,  and 
Appion,  who  make  Mofes  co  tem- 
porary with  Inachus.  Numenius, 
the  Pythagorean,  to  whom  we  have 
already  referred,  terms  the  leader 
of  the  Jews,  at  their  departure 
from  Egypt,  Mul'asus.  By  Arceri- 
us  and  Selden,  he  is  fuppofed 
to  be  the  fame  with  Mofchus  the 
Pliaenician,  inventor  of  the  Atom- 
ical  Theory,  who  lived  before  the 
Trojan  war,  according  to  Pofido- 
nius,  Empirius,  and  Strabo.  This 
Molchus  is  termed  Mochus  by  A- 
thenasus,  and  alfo  by  Jamblichus, 
who  relates,  that  Pythagoras  con* 
verf^d  with  his  fucceffors  at  Sidon. 
( 'To  he  CGuiinucd, ) 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

GENERAL    REMARKS    ON   THE    LIFE    AND  CHA- 
RACTER OF  BURNS. 


IT  is  frequently  the  lot  of  genius 
to  receive,  alter  death,  thofe  tributes, 
which  v^ouid  have  rendered  life 
comfortable  and  eafy.  This  obfer- 
vation  is  peculiarly  applicable  in 
the  prefent  cafe.  Robert  Burns,  in 
whofe  praife,  no  tongue  has  been 
filent ;  polfeffed  a  genius,  which 
few  have  equalled,  and  almoft  none 
excelled.  Yet  what  countlefs  hard- 
fhips  did  he  fuffer  from  the  pinching 
hand  of  poverty,  in  the  Ihort  period 
of  thirty-eight  years. 

Dots  it  not  bring  a  figh  from 
every  feeling  heart,  to  hear  a  fon  of 
genius  fay,  "  After  all  my  boailed 
independence,  curfed  necellity  com- 
pels me  to  implore  you  for  five 
pounds.  A  cruel  *****  of  a  haber- 
dafher,  to  whom  I  owe  an  account, 


taking  it  into  his  head,  that  T  am 
dying  ;  has  commenced  a  procefs, 
and  will  uifallibly  put  me  in  jail." 
Such  were  the  comforts  he  enjoyed 
from  a  country,  who  now  boafts  of 
his  being  her  fon. 

Bu  T  had  he  not  himfelf  to  blame  ? 
Are  we  to  fuppofe  a  nation  famous 
for  genero'fity,"  and  for  encourage- 
ment of  genius,  fo  callous,  as  to  al- 
low her  favourite  fons  to  perilh, 
even  for  want  of  the  neceffaries  of 
life!  No 5  it  is  not  the  cafe.  Few 
men  enjoyed  a  greater  fliare  of  her 
bounty,  than  ^  Burns.  As  he  def« 
cribes  it  himfelf,  he  was  brought 
from  the  veriell  lhades  of  obfcurity, 
into  the  notice  of  the  principal  cha- 
ra<5lers  of  the  nation.  He  was  in- 
troduced to  the  favour  of  men, 
S  2  v.-hcr 


Remarks  on  the  Life  of  Burrts. 


Vol.  64. 


who  were  able  and  willing  to  have 
raifed  him  above  the  pofribility  of 
want.  He  fpcaks  much  of  his  in- 
dependence, but  it  was  an  indepen- 
dence of  a  very  fingular  nature  ;  it 
was  an  independence  that  conll  (led 
more  in  theory  than  in  pradire. 
To  fupport  an  independent  mind, 
It  is  neceifary  we  Ihould  procure,  as 
foon  as  poflible,  an  independent  fi- 
tuation.  Th  s  Burns  had  in  his 
power.  He  might  have  lived  inde- 
pendent as  a  farmer;  he  might  hive 
lived  independent  as  a  poet.  His 
works  foon  acquired  a  degree  of  ce- 
lebrity, which,  if  properly  cultiva- 
ted, might  have  ended  in  a  golden 
harveil  to  the  author. 

'  From  the  example  of  Burns,  we 
fee,  that  a  man  may  excite  the  ad- 
miration of  the  world,  though  never 
beyond  the  I'moke  of  his  own  cot- 
tage.  And  it  is  equally  certaui, 
that  happinefs  and  independence 
do  not  confi{l:  in  the  enjoyment  of 
great  po!!eflions  ;  a  pealiiTit  may  be 
more  happy,  nay  more  independent 
than  a  prince. 

The  cliaracler  of  Burns  is  very 
extraordinary.  He  polFelicd  a  vi- 
gorous mind,  but  it  was  feldom  at 
his  command  ;  when  he  could  di- 
red  it  fteadiiy  to  an  objed,  he  never 
failed  to  excite  admiration.  But 
the  greateft  of  his  exertions  were 
only  the  whim  of  the  moment.  As 
he  incrcafed  in  years,  this  want  of 
ability  to  diretft  the  power  of  his 
mind  feems  alfo  to  have  increafedc 
He  was  advifed  to  write  a  play,  and 
perhaps  he  ibmetimes  thought  of  it. 
'But  he  might  as  well  have  thought 
of  writing  a  dilfertation  on  fome  of 
the  abR'i  ufe  points  of  Metaphyfics  or 
Theology.  I  do  not  believe  he 
could  have  direded  his  mind  fo 
long  to  one  objeft,  as  to  have  writ- 
ten a  fmglc  ad.  His  works  exhi- 
bit the  fudden  glowings  of  fancy, 
but  nothing  of  the  painful  touches 
of  art.  His  beautiful  lines  on  the 
fl€eting  nature  of  time,  might  be 


well  applied  to  the  unftcadinefs  of 
his  own  mind, 

A  MAN  of  real  genius,  if  lie  do 
not  endeavour  to  curb  his  pairion* 
at  an  early  period  of  life,  will  foon 
become  tlieir  vidim.    It  was  the 
greiit    error    of   Burns,    and  he 
feems  to  have  been  fenfible  of  it 
himfelf,  that  all  his  adions  were 
without  an  aim.    Could  he  have 
direded  his  powers  (teadily  to  one 
pointj  he  could  have  excelled  in  al- 
moft  in  any  profeffion.    But  to  do 
this  is  feldom  the  lot  of  genius. 
Hence   it    is   only  men   of  mo- 
derate abilities,  who  make  great 
fortuwes,    it   is   only    they,  whQ 
can  go  on  from  day  to  day,  and 
from  week  to  week,  and  think  of 
nothing  elfe  but  their  gain.  The 
man  of  genius  is  no  fooner  engaged 
in  the  laborious  concerns  of  life, 
than  he  finds  himfelf  reduced  to  a 
fituation,  to  which  his  mind  can 
never  fubmit.    He  fees  thoufands 
around  him.  making  fortunes;  while 
he  is  flruggling  on  the  ftream  of 
life  making  little  moi-e  than  a  bare 
lubfiltence.    Finding  himfelf  une- 
qual to  the  talk,  liis  mind  recoils 
from  bufinefs.     •  he  fon  of  induftry 
goes  on,  enduring  patiently  every 
buffet  of  fortune,  till  the  prize  is 
obtained.    But  has  he  any  merit  in 
this  ?  Or  has  he  all  the  while  been 
merely  gratifying  his  ruHng  paffion? 
If  fo,  he  is  m.ore  indebted  to  nature, 
for  implanting  that  paffion  of  ava- 
rice in  his  breaft,  than  to  any  meri- 
torious condud  of  his  own. 

To  this  unfteadinefs  we  are  to 
afcribe  the  unfortunate  circum- 
ilance  of  Burns'  life.  He  could  « 
form  flrong  refolutions  ;  but  they 
were  no  fooner  formed  than  bro- 
ken. We  obferve  him,  now  and 
then,  laying  down  rules  of  proce-  j 
dure,  but  do  we  ever  fee  him  fol- 
lowing them  ?  His  common -place 
books  were  frequently  begun,  but, 
as  foon  forgotten.  His  refolutions 
of  amendment  in  life,  were  fome- 

timel  . 


Feb.  1802.       Remarks  on  the  Life  of  Burns. 


^33 


times  made  under  great  compunc- 
tion of  confcience,  and  with  every 
appcaninct.  of  fmceriiy;  but  ftill  we 
find  him  realizing  the  proverb,  "Hke 
the  dog  returning  to  his  vomit,  and 
the  fow  that  was  wafhed,  to  wallow 
in  the  mire."  * 

WwhN  he  entered  on  his  farm  at 
Ellilland,  he  made  the  following 
renunciation  of  his  former  pradices. 
"  Farewell/'  fays  he,  to  thofe  gid- 
dy follies,  thofe  varnilhed  vices, 
which,  though  half  fandlioned  by 
the  bewitching  levity  of  wit  and 
humour,  are  at  beft  but  "hriftlefs 
idling  with  the  precious  current  of 
&xiftence  ;  nay,  often  poifouing  the 
whole,  that  like  the  plains  of  Jericho, 
the  water  is  naught,  and  the  ground 
barren,  and  nothing  fliort  of  a  fu- 
ptrnaturally  gifced  Elilha  can  ever 
after  heal  the  evils ;  I  have  dallied 
long  with  life,  'tis  time  to  be  in 
earneft  ;  I  have  a  fond  and  aged 
I  mother  to  care  for ;  and  fome  other 
bofom  ties,  perhaps  equally  tender, 
(  Where  the  individual  only  fufFers, 
by  the  confequences  of  his  own 
thoughtlefsnefs,  indolence,  or  folly, 
he  may  be  excufable ;  but  where 
God  and  nature  have  entrufted  the 
welfare  of  others  to  his  caie; 
where  the  truit  is  facred,  and  the 
ties  are  dear,  that  man  muft  be 
foregone  in  felhlhnefs,  or  Itrongly 
loit  to  refledlion,  whom  thefe  con- 
nexions will  not  roufe  to  exer- 
tion.— Come  then,  let  me  a(5]:  up  to 
my  favourite  motto,  that  glorious 
paifage  in  Young. 

 "  On  rciifon  build  refolve 

'That  column  of  true  majt  iiy  in  man." 

Is  every  perfon  w^ho  deviates 
from  the  path  of  reditude,  equally 
culpable  ?  or,  are  there  fome  grains 


*  Burn's  Works,  Vol.  i.  p.  52.  Li- 
iffrpool  Edit. 


of  allowance  for  one,  to  which  ano- 
ther has  no  claim  ?  There  is  no  me- 
rit in  avoiding  crimes  to  which  we 
have  no  inclination,  nor  in  pradi- 
ling  duties  to  which  we  have  a  na- 
tural propenfity.  Men's  paQions 
lire  as  various  as  their  faces.  To 
form  a  proper  eftimate  of  one,  we 
muft  examine  many.  Burns,  from 
his  infancy,  was  much  under  the 
dominion  of  paflion. 

If  I  have  wander'd  in  thofe  patlis 

Of  life  I  ought  to  fliun, 
As  fomt thing  loudly  in  my  bread 

Rcmonii rates  I  have  done; 
Thou  know'ft  that  thou  haft  formed  mc 

V4^ith  paflions  wild  and  (trong; 
And  lifl'ning  to  their  vvitchivig  voice, 

lias  often  ltd  me  wrong. 

Burns. 

His  paffions  foon  became  too  ftronr 
to  be  advifed,  and  too  ftubborn  to 
be  corrected.  His  temptations  to 
vice  were  numerous ;  every  one 
courted  his  acquaintance;  and  being 
naturally  of  a  focial  difpofition,  he 
loon  contra^fled  habits  of  diffipa- 
tion.  This  w^as  the  grand  fource 
of  his  depravity,  and  few  indeed 
would  have  refilled  it.  The  man 
of  bufmefs  who  plods  over  his  daily 
round,  from  day-book  to  journal, 
and  from  journal  to  ledger,  wonders 
what  was  his  temptation.  He  fees 
no  pleafure  in  any  thing  but  what 
has  a  tendency  to  increafe  his  for- 
tune. For  forty  years  together, 
nothing  elfe  ever  gives  him  a  ferious 
thought :  cents  and  per  cents  are  tlie 
only  notes  that  can  foothe  his 
breaft.  Such  a  man  ftands  in  no 
danger  of  the  lighter  follies  of  life, 
but  is  he,  on  that  account,  ^ny  bet- 
ter than  his  neighbours  \  That  he 
does  not  become  openly  wicked,  is 
not  owing  to  any  virtuous  ftrugglc 
w4th  his  paffions,  but  merely,  be- 
caufe  he  has  no  inclination. 

W. 

(  To  le  continue  J. ) 


134 


Vol.  64. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
THE    PEDAGOGUE.— No  I. 


WE  are  told  that  Demofthenes, 
upon  one  of  thofe  occafions,  when 
he  was  preparing  to  harangue  the 
Athenians,  on  Ibme  projecled  inva- 
fion  of  Phihp  the  Macedonian,  find- 
ing the  people  entirely  taken  up 
with  the  ill-timed  plealantry  of  rhe- 
toricians, who  amufed  and  milled 
them,  while  they  refufcd  to  hear 
him  mention  their  nearell  and  moft 
important  concerns,  began,  by  re- 
lating to  them  a  fable.    This  pro- 
cured him,  what  all  his  eloquence 
could  not  command,  tlie  attention 
of  the  multitude,  always  more  gree- 
dy of  amufement  than  inflruction  ; 
and,  having  finilhed  his  fable,  find- 
ing the  whole  aflembly  intent  upon 
his  words,   he  took  advan.agc  of 
the  moment,  and  thus  exclaimed, 
Ye  men  of  Athens,  how  long  will 
ye  fpend  time  on  trifles,  negledful 
of  your  moil  important  intereits  f  !" 
The  attention  of  the  people  being 
once  fixed,  and  their  fpirit  roufed  by 
this  addrefs,  went  along  with  the 
orator ;  he  pronounced  one  of  the 
fined  of  his  harangues  ;  and,  the  A- 
thenians,  moved  by  his  eloquence, 
convinced  by  his  reafons,  prepaied 
themfelves  to  refill  the  tyrant,  who 
w^as  fecretly  undermining  the  liber- 
ties of  thieir  country. 

1  HOP'.:  my  countrymen  w^ill  not 
confider  it  as  an  alfront,  if  1  com- 
pare them  to  the  molt  polite,  tlie 
moft  acute,  and  the  moft  fenfible 
people  that  ever  exifted,  the  antient 


f  For  the  fuhnance-  of  this  celebrated 
oration,  'vidc  Lelanci's  Tranflation  of 
Demoithenca. 


Athenians.    The  fault  with  which 
Demofthenes  reproached  them,  they 
had  in  conmion  with  every  other 
nation.    It  is  indeed  the  fame  trif- 
ling difpofition   the  fame  averfion 
to  whatever  wears  the  leaft  appear- 
ance of  ferious  inftrudion,  and  thfe 
fame  greed  of  whatever  promifes 
amufement  or  diverfion  ;  which  firft 
gave  birth  to  one  of  the  moft  beau-' 
tiful.  and  perhaps  the  moft  inftruc- 
tive  fpecies  of  writing,  the  apologue 
or  labie.   For,  though  it  be  allcrted 
by  feme  that  the  apologue  owes  its 
origin  to  the  flavery  which  prevail- 
ed among  the  Eaftern  nations,  and 
which  rendered  it  necelfary  for  them 
to  conceal,  under  an  allegory,  the 
fentiments  which    they  durft  not 
fpeak  out  to  the  world  ;  yet,  let  it 
be  remembered,  that  flavery  itfelf 
is  nearly  a  kin  to  the  fpirit  of  futili- 
ty of  which  I  am  fpeaking ;  the  one 
being  fometim.es  the  caufe,  fometimes 
the  t&S.  of  the  other.    Belides,  as 
the  fable  has  been  cultivated  in  na* 
tions  which  lay  under  no  reftraints 
but  thofe  of  a  w-ell-regulated  go 
vernment,  fo  its  fuccefs  can  be  at 
tributed  to  nothing  but  that  propen 
fity  to  pleafure,  and  averfion  from 
pain,  which  render  it  neceflary  to  a 
mufe  the  child  with  a  rattle,  while 
we  are  moculating  him  for  the  fmall 
pox. 

This  childifh  tafte  for  amufement 
naturally  produces  an  infatiable  cu 
riofity,  which  as  it  cannot  be  gra 
titled  by  truth,  recurs  to  the  marvel 
lous  ;  and  of  courfe  to  fidtion.   It  is 
this  which  gave  birth  to  the  Hydra 
Romance,  a  monfter  which  eve 
Cervantes  could  not  crufh,  withou 


Feb.  1802. 


The  Pedagogue. 


135 


ti  weapon  borrowed  from  its  own 
parent.  It  is  this  which  has  produ- 
ced the  novel,  and  thus  furnifhed 
circulating  libraries,  the  fliops  of 
tobacconifts,  awd  paftry  cooks,  and 
the  brains  of  ladies  and  young  gen- 
tlemen of  fortune.  It  has  peopled 
our  bedlams  and  our  bn^thels.  In 
one  word,  it  has  drained  the  king- 
dom of  rags,  and  thus  fharpening 
our  invention,  has  made  us  difco- 
ver  the  art  of  extrading  ink  from 
paper,  and  happy  to  have  our  pa- 
per returned  clean  upon  our  hands. 

From  all  which,  I  am  led  to  draw 
this  conclufion,  that  in  order  to  be 
pleafed,  we  require  a  conftant  fcene 
of  deception,  and  that  if  an  author 
means  to  be  read,  and  to  inftrudt  his 
readers,  he  muft  not  by  any  means 
tell  them  fo.  Mankind  muil  be  de- 
ceived into  whatever  is,  or  is  not, 
for  their  advantage.  And,  fo  fui- 
gular  in  them  is  this  difpofition,  that 
however  uniform  the  eifedl  of  it  be 
upon  their  condud,  yet  it  pro- 
duces, at  times,  quite  oppofite  ef- 
fects. If  you  have  a  mind,  for  in- 
ftance,  to  cheat  a  man  out  of  his 
cftate,  put  not  on  the  look  of  a  thief, 
but  the  gravity  and  wig  of  a  law- 
yer. But  if  you  only  aim  at  being 
a  minifter  of  ftate,  off  with  your 
gravity  in  God's  name  ;  if  you  have 
any  probity  of  charader  about  you, 
you  are  undone  ;  go  fpcnd  your  for- 
tune in  a  bagnio  or  gaming  houfe  ; 
take  Catiline  for  your  model ;  then 
go  bawl  in  the  fenate,  and  you  will 
be  re-echoed  as  a  patriot  throughout 
the  whole  kingdom.  In  both  cafes, 
v/e  require  to  be  deceived,  though 
'  m  a  different  m..nner  ;  and  fo  muft 
my  good  natured  readers,  if  1  lhall 
be  fortunate  enough  to  have  any. 

As  I  have  long  fancied  myfelf 
every  way  qualihed  for  the  import- 
ant tafk  of  inflru^ting  my  country- 
men, having  fpent  the  greater  part 
of  a  pretty  long  life  in  acquiring 
knowledge,  and  in  making  obferva- 
tions,  with  the  fole  view  of  being 


ufeful  to  them  ;  having,  befides,  the 
fineft  genius  and  the  moft  univerfal 
talents  of  any  man  that  ever  appear- 
ed, from  the  days  of  Demolihenes 
and  Ariftotle  to  thofe  of  Sam  John- 
fon  and  his  friend  Bozzy ;  bemG^  ficil- 
led  in  all  languages,  living  and^J-ad, 
and  in  every  department  of  fcience; 
accudiomed  to  didtate  in  fifty  diffe- 
rent languages,  to  fifty  different 
clerks,  fifty  different  mafter-pieces, 
upon  fifty  different  fubjeas,  in  a 
quarter  of  an  hour  ;  I  now  think 
it  high  time,  that  my  countrymen 
fhould  reap  the  benefit  of  thofe  ma- 
gazines of  learning'  which  I  have 
been  hoarding  up  for  their  fervice. 
But  however,  lucky,  my  talent  as 
pedagogue  or  inftrudor  of  mankind 
may  be,  as  it  is  plain,  from  what 
I  have  already  obferved,  that  if  I 
cannot  amufe  my  pupils,  I  will  have 
but  a  very  thin  fchool ;  I  hope  I  vdU 
not  be  blamed  for  having  thought 
of  ufmg  a  little  innocent  artifice,  in 
order  to  turn  this  circumftance  to 
my  advantage.  If  it  is  not  reckon- 
ed a  crime  in  a  politician  to  cheat  a 
whole  nation,  for  the  worft  of  pur- 
pofes,  out  of  their  fenfes ;  to  attempt 
to  deceive  his  countrymen  into 
them,  cannot  furely  be  accounted 
a  fm  in  an  author.  I  frankly 
confefs,  therefore,  that  I  have  been 
for  fome  time  puzzled  to  know, 
what  artifice  would  fucceed  beft 
with  the  generality  of  readers. 
Sometimes  I  have  thought  of 
promifmg  the  ladies  a  differtation 
on  rouge  and  hair-dreffmg  ;  upon 
which  two  fubjeds  indeed,  I  have 
a  treatife  by  me,  which  was  com- 
municated to  me  by  a  French 
emigrant,  the  moft  complete  and 
mafterly  one  I  have  yec  feen.  I 
could  have  made  a  tolerable  Ihift 
to  weave  a  great  many  ufeful  fpe- 
culacions  even  into  the  toilette  But 
as  this  would  only  ferve  to  entics 
one  defcription  of  readers,  I  have 
given  up  all  thoughts  of  it.  At 
another  time,  I  thought  of  making 

my 


136 


The  Pedagogue. , 


Vol.  63. 


my  appearance  with  the  title  of  the 
Complete  Jockey  ;  and,  in  order  to 
qualify  myfclf  the  better  for  writing 
up  to  my  title,  I  invited  to  my 
houfc  a  gentleman  whom  I  faw  here 
accidentally  during  the  races,  uni- 
verfally  admired  for  his  Ikill  in  horfe- 
manfliip,  and  courted  by  all  the  no- 
bility in  the  place.  He  ;w^as  not 
long,  however,  in  giving  me  the 
flip  ;  and,  I  have  reafon  to  believe, 
that  he  carried  off  with  him  the 
beft  gelding  in  my  ftable,  along 
with  a  purfe  of  400  guineas.  I 
have  the  fatisfavflion  to  fee,  by  the 
laft  week's  paper,  that  aperfon  eve- 
ry way  anfwering  his  defer iption, 
has  been  hanged  in  feme  part  of 
England  for  horfe-ftealing.  This 
fcheme,  however  even  had  it  been 
carried  into  efFe<^i-,  was  liable  to  the 
fame  objection  vrith  the  firft,  as  well 
as  a  third,  of  a  treatife  on  fox-hunt- 
ing ;  a  fourth  on  the  laudable  prac- 
tice of  duelling,  and  a  great  many 
more  not  worth  the  mentioning. 

A  TREATISE  on  flandcr,  in  which 
I  was  to  difcover  to  my  reader  the 
eafieil  and  neateft  manner  of  mur- 
dering a  neighbour's  reputation,  was 
next  uppermoft  in  my  thoughts.  But 
my  fair  countrywomen  having  been 
in  the  pradice,  from  time  immemo- 


rial, of  teaching  this  ufeful  fcience 
in  all  its  branches,  I  was  afraid  of 
railing  the  hue  and  cry  again  (I  me, 
as  the  few  hints  they  could  borrow 
from  me,  might  not  compenfate  for 
the  jealoufy  which  fuch  a  flagrant 
encroachment  on  their  privileges 
would  naturally  excite.  I  then 
thought  of  appearing  as  a  periodi- 
cal novellift  ;  but  to  this,  certain 
traits  in  my  charader,  which  entire- 
ly ujifitted  me  for  that  fpccies  of 
writing,  and  with  which,  if  the 
reader  thinks  fit,  he  may,  in  the  fe- 
quel,  perhaps,  be  better  acquaint- 
ed, were  unanfwerable  objct^tions ; 
and,  I  am  now  as  much  as  ever  at 
a  lofs  to  know  in  what  charavStcr  I 
fliould  make  my.appearance. 

There  is,  however,  fomething  fo 
ftrangely  Angular  in  myfelf,  fo  odd 
in  my  difpohtion,  fo  eccentric  in  my 
manner,  fo  unaccountable  in  all  the 
occurrences  of  my  life,  that  I  am 
determined  to  venture  my  own  felf 
upon  the  canvafs  ;  and  if  fuch  as  1 
am,  I  can  afford  amufement  or  in- 
ftrudion  to  my  reader,  he  will  find 
me  drawn  at  full  length  in  the  fol- 
lowing numbers,  with  as  many  of 
my  contemporaries  as  I  can  gather 
together  in  a  group  befide  me  for 
his  infpe(5lion,  PiEDAGOGus. 


To  the  Editors  of  the  Scots  Magazine, 
Gentlemen, 

IN  looking  over  Maitland's  Hifrory  of  Edinburgh,  I  obferved  the  fol- 
lowing Epitaph,  faid  to  be  found  in  the  Gray  Friars'  Chuich-yard.  The 
preceding  Epitaph  in  that  work,  is  "  one  on  John  Nafmyth,-  anno  1614 
and  below  is  that  alluded  to,  "  on  another  Nafmyth."  If  any  of  your  An^; 
tiquarian  Friends  can  mention  the  author  in  a  future  Number  of  your 
Work,  they  will  much  oblige  your  moil  obedient  humble  fervant, 

CuRiosus, 


HE  RE  lies  a  Flower,  that  with  the  too  much 
halle 

C3f  Fates,  cut  down,  did  in  her  bloffom  wafte, 
III  whcfe  untimely  Fall,  fond  Man  may  lee 
Youth,  Vigour,   Strength,   what  mortal 

Things  they  be. 
What  graver  Eye  contemplating  thy  Duf^, 
O  happy  Nafmyth,  after  thee,  will  truft 


The  fmlles  of  Nature  ?  Or  prefumc  to  fay; 
This  vve!l-fet  morn  forefigns  a  hopeful  day*, 
O  may  thy  grave,  untainted  like  thy  years,' 
Grow  ever  green ;  bt^dewed  with  fifter^ 
tears : 

Who  envies  not  thy  Good,  but  grieves  to  be 
By  ling'ring  Life  fo  long  disjoin*d  from^ 

LITERARY 


Feb,  1802. 


137 


LITERARY  EXTRACTS 

AND 

NOTICES. 


ACCOUNT  OF  ARABIAN  MSS.,  CONCERNING  THE  CRUSADES, 
BY  BERTHEREAy. 

A  BENEDICTKNE  monk  of  the  congregation  of    ST  MAUR, 
Deceased  in  iy()4  ;  I 
By  A.  J.  Sylvefter  de  Sacy,* 


BEFORE  entering  into  an  account  of 
the  MSS.  which  are  the  fubje(5t  of  this 
notice,  we  will  give  a  (hort  account  of 
the  refpedable  fcholar,  to  whofe  la- 
bours we  owe  the  moft  important  fhare 
of  thefe  manufcripts,  and  whom  a  pre- 
mature death  prevented  from  publifli- 
ing  thefe  precious  materials,  the  fearch 
and  colledion  of  which  had  coft  him* 
many  years  of  painful  andafliduous  la- 
'bour.  George  Francis  Berthereau, 
born  at  Bell^me,  the  agth  May  173^, 
was  entered,  very  young,  into  the  con- 
gregation of  Saint  Maur,  having  made 
public  profcflion  in  the  Abbey  of  the 
Holy  Trinity  at  Vendome  the  30th 
Od.  1748.  His  inclination  for  ftudy 
made  him  worthy  of  participating  in 
the  labours  of  the  diltinguifntd  fcho- 
lars  Tvhom  that  congregation  has  pro- 
duced. From  the  age  of  twenty,  B<:r- 
thereau  had  joined  to  the  knowledge  of 
the  Greek,  that  of  the  oriental  lan- 
guages which  have  a  nearer  concern 
with  facred  literature  ;  and,  it  muft.be 
fuppoftdthat  he  had  culti vatedthefc  with 
fucctfs,  as  he  was  employed  to  teach 
the  Greek  and  Hebrew,  with  the  other 
dialedts  of  the  laft  language,  the  Chal- 
daic,  Syriac,  &c.  firft  at  the  abbey  of 
St  Lucian  de  Beauvais,  and  afterwards 
at  that  of  St  Dennis,  in  France.  He 
rtfided  in  that  abbey,  when  an  oppor- 
tunity offered  itfeif,  of  directing  his 
tafte  and  talents  to  an  objcd  of  more 
general  utility,  than  the  education  in 
which  he  had  been  hitherto  employed* 
The  rcligieux  of  the  congregation  of 
Saint  Maur,  who,  ur.dtr  the  patronage 
of  government,  laboured  at  a  conti- 
nuation of  the  collection  of  the  French 
hiftorians,  having  arrived  at  the  period 
of  the  firft  Crufade,  perceived  that  the 
colledion  of  hiftorical  monuments  in 
which  they  were  engaged*  would  be  in- 

VoL,  LXIV. 


complete,  if  they  allowed  no  place  to 
the  oriental  hiftorians  v/ho  have  written 
the  hiftory  of  thefe  wars.  A?^  all  thefe 
writers  an  intereft,  ^political  or 
religious,  diredly  oppolite  to  that  of 
the  weftcrn  authors,  their  narrations 
became  a  necefifary  inftrumcnt  for  cri- 
ticifing  the  hiitorical  monuments  for 
which  we  arc  indebted  to  thefe  laft-, 
and  their  admifTion,  therefore,  became 
indifpenfible.  The  editors  of  that  col- 
lection thought  they  could  not  do  bet- 
ter, to  gain  the  end  they  had  in  view^ 
than  to  aflbciate  in  their  la'. ours  their 
brother,  Btrthere?u,  '  vith  whofe  talents 
and  induftry  they  wfre  well  acquaint- 
ed. Itiey  prevailed  upon  him,  tiiough. 
with  fume  difficulty,  to  enter  into  a 
career  quite  new  to  him  :  for  the  writ- 
ings that  were  to  be  examined  and 
made  known,  were  all,  or  nearly  all,  in 
the  Arabic  language  ;  and  Bcrthcreau, 
who  had  never  beftjre  dire(fted  his  ftu- 
dics  towards  the  monuments  of  pro- 
fane iiiftory  and  literature,  at  that  peri- 
od, knew  not  even  the  Arabic  alphabet. 

Berther?«»u  had  no  fooner  accepted 
of  the  painful  tafk  that  had  bcca  im- 
pofcd  on  him,  2?id  tranipurted  hi$  re- 
fidcnce  to  Paris,  tr:>;i  he  gave  himfelf 
up,  vviih  all  the  ardour  r.nd  application 
of  which  he  was  capable,  to  the  pre- 
liminary ftudies,  that  were  to  open  his 
accefs  to  the  hiftoric?.!  monuments  of 
the  oriental  dynafties.  Scarcely  had 
he  been  initiated  in  the  Arabic  Un- 
guage,  w  hen  he  began  to  turn  over  the 
numerous  hiftorical  manufcripts  that 
the  public  and  private  libraries  afford- 
ed him  ;  in  particular,  the  Royal  Li- 
brary, and  that  of  Saint  Germain  des 
Pjes,  very  rich  in  oriental  MSS.  that 
came  by  the  bequefts  of  the  learned 
Abbe  Renaudot  and  M.  de  Coillin. 

Chance  procured  him,  in  the  courfe 
T  of 


13  3      On  the  Arabian  Historians  of  the  Crusades.    Vol.  64* 


of  his  labours,  a  ftllow  workman,  if 
that  term  may  be  here  employed,  who 
friade  hiru  pmch^fe  very  dearly, 
through  difllpation,-  indolence,  and  all 
tilt  kinds  of  depravity  that  generally 
i3Ccon>pany  a  wandering  and  vagabond 
life,  the  afi'iilance  that  he  drew  from 
him  by  means  of  patience,  induflryj 
and  money.  This  man,  named  Joseph 
Schah'in^  a  native  of  Alippo,  where  he 
.long  relidpd,  bt  ing  able  both  to  fpcak 
and  write  Araf-tic,  wiiich  was  his  mo- 
ther tongue,  made  Beithereau  femiliar 
with  the  reading  of  the  MSS.,  and  our 
icholar  made  ufe  (jf  him  in  writing  out 
original  extracts  from  all  the  hiftcrians 
that  he  thought  proper  for  his  collec- 
tion. He  retained  this  man  in  his  fer- 
vice  feveii  years,  in  fpite  of  all  the  in- 
conveniences which  he  fuftlrcd  from 
his  mifbehaviour  ;  and,  there  is  fcarce 
an  Arabic  extraOt  of  which  he  has 
not  caufed  him  to  make  a  duplicate. 

However  numerous  the  txtrac^ts  in 
the  colletflion  of  Bcrthereau  may  be, 
it  were  a  grofs  miftake,  to  fuppofc  that 
he  confined  himlelf  to  the  pcrufal  of 
the  hiftoriar.s,  from  which  his  feledtions 
are  drawn.  The  number  of  thofe  he 
rejedled,  after  having  examined  theui, 
is  inhnitely  greater.  To  give  fomc  idea 
of  which,  it  is  fr.fTicient  to  fay,  that 
lie  negleded  none  of  the  MSS,  that 
embraced  any  of  the  periods  of  the 
Crufades;  and  the  notes  in  his  own 
liand,  that  are  found  on  a  great  num- 
ber of  the  MSS.  of  the  Royal  Library, 
and  that  of  Saint  Germain  des  Pjc?, 
make  it  clear,  that  he  did  not  examine 
them  fuperficially ;  they  would  even 
be  very  ufeftil  for  the  forming  of  a  new 
catalogue  ;  a  hiboui  become  almofi  in- 
difpenfible,  from  the  abfohite  wajt  of 
difccroment  and  accuracy  in  that  which 
has  been  pubiilhtd. 

Berthereau  had  been  ^-mployed  in 
colleding,  either  by  himfelf,  or  by 
the  help  of  fom**  of  his  brethren, 
collations  of  MSS.  ufeful  for  a  new 
edition  of  the  feveral  Greek  hillori- 
ans  of  the  Byzantine  hiltory ;  and 
of  different  chronicles  in  the  coiledion, 
entitled  Gefta  Dei  per  Francos.  In 
fnort,  he  had  become  the  pofillfor  of 
a  very  |:reat  number  of  MS.  works 
alm.olt  all  relating  to  the  Crufades.  The 
principal  one  is  a  general  hiftory  of  the 
crufades,  compofed  by  a  perfon  Ikilled 
in  the  Turkifh  '  and  Arabic  languages, 
and  drawn  both  from  the  ealtcrn  and 
wellcrn  writers. 


After  more  than  thirty  years  fpent 
in  thefe  labours,  Berthereau  found 
himfelf  obliged  to  renonnce  the 
hopes  of  feeing  ufefuliy  employed, 
what  had  cort  him  fo  much  toil.  They 
poflefTed  not,  or  at  leaft  were  i;-.nMrant 
that  the  Royal  Printing  Office  had 
Arabic  types,  and  the  expence  of  en- 
graving matrices,  and  eltabHOiing  an 
Arabic  typography,  was  an  iniurmount- 
able  obftacle  to  the  execution  of  the 
projed  in  which  he  had  toilt-d.  Un- 
doubtedly, the  difcovery  of  the  Arabic 
chara^^ters,  engraven  and  call  under 
the  minidry  of  M.  de  Breteuil,  wotlld 
have  removed  that  obftaclf,  if  the  al- 
ways encreafmg  embarraflment  in  the 
finances,  had  not  brought  on  a  politi- 
cal revolution,  the  ncceflary  effect  of 
which,  was  a  fufpenlion  of  all  literary 
enterprizes. 

Wc  will  not  recall  at  prcfent,  the 
difaftrous  confcquences  of  that  revolu- 
tion to  Berthereau.  Forced  to  renounce 
all  his  old  habits,  deprived  of  the  necef- 
fary  means  of  exiftrnce,  obliged  to 
conftcrate  to  the  wants  of  life,  the 
hours  he  had  been  accuflomed  to  give 
to  lludy,  tormented  by  the  recollection 
of  the  fwectnefs  of  his  paft  life,  by  the 
unhappinefs  of  his  prefcnt  exigence, 
are  by  too  well  founded  alarms  for 
the  future,  his  health  already  im- 
paired by  find/,  funk  under  the  mer- 
cilefs  prelTiue  of  bodily  and  mental 
priin ;  and  he  terminated  his  career 
on  the  16th  of  May  1794,  without 
having  reaped  any  other  fruit  of  his  la- 
boifis,  than  the  confcioufnefs  of  a  life 
iffefully  employed,  and  the  efteem  of 
the  literary  men  of  foreign  nations,  to 
whom  he  was  more  known  than  to  hia 
country-men. 

Our  ohjtdl,  in  this  memoir,  is  not  to 
give  an  account  of  all  the  materials  to 
be  found  in  the  portfolios  left  by  Ber- 
thereau, but  only  of  his  perfonal  la- 
bours. We  fliall  divide  thefe  into  two 
clalfes. 

The  firfl  contains  hiflorical  extracts, 
relating  to  the  Crufades,  which  were  to 
be  inferted  in  the  collection  of  the 
French  hiitorians. 

The  fecond,  extra(5ls  relating  to  two 
dynafties  that  make  a  great  figure  in 
the  hiftory  of  the  Eaft,  and  princi- 
pally in  that  of  Syria  and  Egypt,  the 
Fatemit-e  Caliphs  and  the  Ayoubi  Sul- 
tans. Their  hiftory,  which  is  much  con- 
jie^^cdwith  that  of  the  Crufades,  is  in  o- 

thct 


Feb.  1802,   On  the  Arabian  Historians  of  the  Crusades.  139 


ther  refpedls  more  vv  i  thy  f  being  given 
in  detail  than  has  hitherto  b^endone. 
•    MSS.  of  the  First  Class 

It  would  be  almoft  fufficient  to  give 
an  idea  of  the  value  of  thtfe  MSS,  to 
relate,  that  the  original  ttxt  extratitcd 
by  Berthtrtau,  forms  abou;  iioo  folio 
pagt^s;  for  it  muft  be  prefumc.},  after 
ivhat  we  have  faid  of  the  great  care 
that  he  beftovved,  and  the  great  num- 
ber of  m.inufciipts  that  he  examined, 
that  his  choice  was  directed  by  a  know- 
ledge of  the  matter,  and  that  he  o- 
mitted  all  the  writers,  that  aie  to  be 
confidered  as  mere  copyiRs  or  ibridgers 
of  the  principal  hifiorians.  Berthtreau, 
in  fome  of  his  papers,  aiTines  us,  that 
be  had  been  rigorous  in  his  choice,  and 
although  we  cannot  attefi:  that  our- 
felves,  as  it  requires  either  to  have 
fhare'd  or  reptfated  his  labours,  we  have 
neverthelcfs,  the  firmeii  grounds  to 
believe  fo,  from  the  following  obfcrva- 
tions. 

1.  Almoft  all  thefe  Arabic  extradts 
are  double.  In  comparing  the  two  co- 
pies, it  is  obfervedi  that  Berthereau 
has  often  made  marks  of  cancelling  on 
the  firft  copy,  and  caufed  to  be  fnp- 
prefled  in  the  iecond,  one  or  more 
vhole  pKgeSj  that  he  -had  before  com- 
prehended in  his  extract. 

2.  Ife  has  on  the  contrary  added,  in 
a  good  number  of  places,  pieces  that 
he  had  before  omitted,  and  thefe  addi- 
tions have  been  made  afterwards,  after 
the  hnilhing  of  the  fecond  copy,  and 
conftqnentiy  after  mature  refledion, 
and  for  a  determinate  motive. 

3.  There'are  not  rarely  found  in  his 
Ml^S,  notes  informing  us,  that  he  omits 
fuch  and  Inch  a  portion  of  a  writer, 
becaufe  the  fubje^t  may  be  found  in  a 
more  exten five  ^nd  fatisfa<ftory  manner 
in  fome  other  particular  exirad. 

To  give  a  niore  complete  idea  of 
thefe  extia^ts,  we  fhall  enter  here  into 
fome  details  j  although  thefe  details 
can  fcareely  be  fully  appreciated  by 
any,  but  thofc  who  have  cultivated  this 
.  kind  of  literature. 

I.  TabarL 

Under  the  name  of  Tabari,  Berthe- 
reau hascomprehended  feveral  volum.cs 
uhich  appear  indeed  under  his  name, 
but  cannot  belong  to  that  author,  as 
Tabari  died  in  the  310th  year  of  the  He- 
gira.  Berthereau  was  not  ignorant  of 
that  error,  and.  he  has  left  on  all  thefe 


cxtrads,  critical  notices,  to  warn  the 
reader  againfl  falfe  appearances.  Per- 
haps thefe  volumes  belonj^  to  continua- 
tors  of  Tabari,  In  other  refpedls  the 
work*  out  of  which  they  are  taken,  is 
very  inflrudtive  and  minute,  as  we  have 
found  by  attentive  perufal. 

The  extracts  from  that  chronicle,  be- 
gin at  the  49ad  year  of  the  Hegira,  and 
end  at  the  year  690.  They  form  190 
pages  in  folio." 

.  2.  Kitab  Roudataini. 

That  work  of  which  Herbelot  fpeaks 
under  the  title  of  Azhar  alroudhatain 
jl  a^hbar  aldoulatainy  is  a  very  exten» 
five  hif^ory  of  Nourcddin  (Noradin) 
and  Salaheddin  (Saladin)  compofed  in 
A.  H.  665,  that  is  to  fay  about  So  years 
after  tht  death  of  the  latter.  It  forms 
a  folio  volume.  The  author,  Aboii 
Schama,  had  undoubtedly  under  his 
eyr, authentic  documents;  for  he  relates 
oftv  n  the  adive  or  pHfiTive  correfpon- 
dt  iice  of  Saladin.  He  even  appears  to 
have  confulted  the  hiftory  of  this  Sul- 
tan writer,  by  his  fecretary  Omad  Ca- 
teb.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  extrads 
of  Berthereau.  It  contains  238  pages, 
and  extends  from  the  A.  541  to 594, 
3.  Haffan  ben-Ibrahim. 
Thiswrit*  r,  on  whom  Bf  rthercau  fets 
a  particular  value,  is  not  known  to  mc 
otherwife.  A  critical  note  left  in  the 
manufci  ipt,  contains  fome  obfervations 
on  the  time  in  which  this  work  was 
compofed,  and  on  the  fources  from 
which  it  was  drawn.  The  extra(^  be- 
gins at  the  year  624,  and  ends  towards 
678;  occupies  4©  pp. 

4.  Omari  or  Mejjalik  A! a b far. 
The  extrad  of  this  volume  which 
belongs  to  a  very  extenfive  work  com- 
mences at  the  year  54z,  and  extends  to 
the  year  690.  It  occupies  45  p43ges. 
5  .  Hyiory  of  ferufalem  and  Hebron. 
The  hiOory  of  Jerufalem  is  necefiari- 
ly  connected  with  that  of  the  Crufades, 
the  pofl'^  flion  of  that  city  being  the 
principal  object  of  thefe  w\ars.  Accord- 
ingly, this  hiftory  which  is  very  exten- 
five, attracted  the  attention  of  the 
learned  de  Guignes,  who  read  an 
unpublifhed  notice  of  it  to  the  com- 
mittee of  manufcriptsof  the  Academy  of 
Belles  Lettres.  Berthereau  alfo  formed 
a  favourable  judgment  of  this  work. 
His  extradls  containing  from  490  to  690, 
contains  56  pages. 

H  X  6.  Ahoid' 


140        On  the  Arabian  Historians  of  the  Crusades.   Vol.  64 . 


6.  Abulmahajfcfi' 
One  of  the  moft  celebrated  hiftorical 
books,  and  which  contains  the  moft  cu- 
rious details  ou  tht  Moflcm  Dynafties, 
is  that  of  Abulmahaflcn,  known  alfo 
by  the  name  of  Ben  Tagri  Berdi,  and 
author  of  feveral  works  that  are  the 
fruits  of  vaft  reading,  and  conftant  ftu- 
dy.  We  h;we  been  able  to  judge  of  the 
merits  of  the  hiftory  of  Abulmahaflen, 
having  made  fome  extrads  from  it  re- 
lating to  an  epoch  in  the  hiftory  of 
Egypt.  The  extra(ft  of  Berthereau  con- 
tains a  fpncc  of  more  than  200  years, 
from  A.  H.  487,  to  690.  It  occupies 
41  pages.  As  that  writtr  enters  large- 
ly into  affairs  negleded  by  many  o- 
thers,  he  has  furniihed  to  Berthereau, 
notices  of  different  cufloms  belonging  to 
the  etiquetfe  of  the  court  of  the  Caliphs 
and  Egyptian  Sultans-  Perhaps,  with 
regard  to  that,  more  information  might 
be  found  in  the  defcription  of  Egypt 
by  Macrizi,  of  which  Berthereau  has 
made  very  little  ufe. 

7 .  The  life  of  Kelaoun, 
This  extrad  contains  feveral  curious 
diplomatic  pieces  ;  it  includes  only  a 
fpace  of  9  years,  from  68i  to  68p,  and 
contains  35  pages. 

S.  Hiftory  of  Aleppo^  by  KemaJcddin. 

One  of  the  be  ft  particular  hiftories 
compofed  by  the  MuOulmans ;  and  v/e 
have  no  hefuation  to  affirm  that,  am.ong 
the  Oriental  hiftorians,  Kcmalcddin  is 
one  of  thofe  whofe  work  w^ould  beft 
deferve  to  bo  publiflied.  .  The  extracfls 
of  Berthereau  extend  from  the  year  488 
to  the  year  640,  and  occupies  95  pp. 
There  exifts  another  hiftory  of  Aleppo, 
from  which  Berthereau  has  alfo  taken 
an  extradl  of  8  pp. 

9.  Hi/lory  of  Berytus*   Of  Damafcus.  Of 
the  Atabeci, 

We  unite  under  one  headthefe  three 
extraifts.  The  firji^  which  contains  on- 
ly II  pages,  and  the  fecond  only  a, 
are  unimportant ;  and  there  is  reafcn 
to  believe  that  Berthereau  defigned  to 
reje(5t  them  from  his  colledion,  for  we 
find  only  a  fingle  copy.  The,  hiftory  of 
Berytus,  however,  is  not  a  work  with- 
out .fome  merit;  it  attra{fted  the 
attention  of  the  late  M.  de  Guignes, 
who  read  a  notice  of  it  to  the  Academy 
of  Belles  Lettres.  With  regard  to  the 
Atabecs,  it  is  an  important  woik,  the 
author  pf  which,  Ebn  Athir,  is  one  of 


the  moft  celebrated  IVJufTuIman  writers 
and  has  often  ferved  as  a  guide  to  A- 
bulfeda.  His  Univcrfal  Hiftory,  which 
is  not  preferved  entire,  at  Icaft  in  Eu- 
rope, is  very  mucl^  efleemed  by  the 
Moflems.  iVJ.  de  Guignes  has  given  a 
long  notice  of  the  Hiftory  of  the  Ata- 
becs, which  is  printed  in  the  firft  vo- 
lume of  the  Notices  of  MSS. ;  and 
of  which  Mr  Wilktn  has  made  great 
ufe,  in  the  work  that  he  has  compofed 
under  the  title  of  Ccmr.icfitatio  de  hello- 
rum  cniciatorumy  ex  Aboulfeday  hifloriay 
and  which  obtained  the  prize  from  the 
Univcrf^ty  of  Gottingen.  The  extract 
of  Berthereau,  that  comprehends  fron^  . 
the  year  521  to  569,  occupies  40  pages. 

10.  Ahulfeda. 

The  extrad  of  that  celebrated  hif- 
torian  occupies  50  pages;  it  compre- 
hends th<-  fpace  of  aoo  years,  that  is 
all  the  hiftoriccd  period  which  the  de-  ^ 
ftgn  of  Berthereau  included.    At  prc- 
fent  that  extract  has  not  the  merit  of  j 
novelty,  the  whole  work  of  Aboulfeda! 
having  been  publifhed  in  Arabic,  and 
in  Latin,  from  the  tranflation  of  Reilke,  . 
under  the  care  of  the  learned  Adier,  : 
aiid  at  the  expencc  of  the  late  M.  de^ 
Suhm.     What  gives,  however,  fome' 
merit  to  Berlhereau's  extracft  is,  that' 
it  is  made  frcirxi  the  autograph  of  that 
hiilorian.     Perhaps  even  for  this  rea- 
Ibn,  it  fhould  be  admitted  into  the  col-i 
lection,  when  the  other  printed  hifto-, 
rians  Hiould  be  omitted,  fuch  as  Ehna» ; 
cin,  Abulfaragius,  and  Bohatddin. 

11.  Soyouti, 

Ketab  hofn  almohadhera.    11  ppo 

12.  Soyoutu 
Vie  de  Bibars.  22  pp. 

13.  Ein'Dj'ouzi*^ 

Twenty-one  pages,  and  four  papres  ^ 
of  fupplen.ent,  extradled  from  a  MSS* 
of  the  Library  of  Leyden. 

14.  Noqvairi,     10  pp. 
15.  Conthmator  of  Etmacin. 
From  the  year  659  to  69c.  16  pp. 
We  pafs  haftily  over  thefe  articles ; 
only  vvith  regard  to  Nowairi,  it  muft 
be  obftrved,  that  if  the  extra<5t  from 
that  celebrated  hiftorian  is  fo  fhort,  it 
is  becaufe  we  pofTefs  here  only  frag- 
ments of  the  voluminous  work  that 
Reifke  has  made  known  in  his  Prodi-  1 
■  dagma-  I 


Feb.  1802.  On  the  Arabian  Historians  of  the  Crusades.    14 j 


dagmata  ad  Hagi  Chalfae  tabulas, 
printed  at  the  end  of  the  dtfcription  of 
Syria  given  by  Koehler.  The  library 
of  Ley  den  pofllffes  a  complete  copy  \ 
and  it  were  to  be  wifhed  that  means 
could  be  ufed  to  procure  a  full  extract 
of  what  concerns  the  Crufades,  for  a 
place  in  this  colledion. 

17.  Macrizi  ketah^  aholouh 
This  hiftorical  work  of  Macrizi, 
which  muft  not  be  confounded  with 
his  defcriptiow  of  Egypt,  has  already 
lurnilhed  an  extrad  to  M.  Cardonne, 
printed  at  the  end  of  the  life  of  St 
Louis,  by  Joinville  ;  Paris  1761.  It  is 
an  important  work,  and  recommended 
by  the  name  of  its  author,  who  pof- 
fcfled  very  great  learning,  and  improv- 
ed every  opportunity  of  obtaining  in- 
formation, as  appears  from  his  different 
works.  Berthereau's  extra*^l  extends 
from  558  to  690.  It  occupies  78 
pages. 

18.  Macrizi^ s  Description  of  Egypt. 

The  extrad  of  Berthereau  irom  this 
work  of  the  fame  author,  is  principally 
concerning  Damietta,  and  extends  to 
13  pages. 

19.  Bohaeddin. 
The  life  of  Saladin  by  Bohaeddin, 
which  Schultens  has  publilhed,  could 
not  be  negkded  by  Berthtreau.  His 
extrad  is  not  to  be  overlooked,  becaufe 
the  MSS.  that  he  ufed,  furnifhed  bim 
with  a  multitude  of  important  various 
readings.  He  had  even  inferted  thefe 
in  his  printed  copy. 

That  copy  is  no  longer  found  a- 
mongft  his  papers ;  btcaufe,  at  the 
time  when  he  wanted  the  necelfary 
'  means  of  exiftence,  he  fold  it  to  C. 
Langles,  in  whofe  library  it  is  at  pre- 
fcnt.  The  extrad  of  Berthereau  takes 
up  136  pagtS5» 

ao»  Uiitory  of  the  Alexandrian 
Patriarchs, 

The  work  from  which  an  extrad  is 
made,  is  one  of  thofe  that  furniflied 
materials  to  the  learned  Henaudot  for 
bis  hiftory  of  the  Patriarchs  of  Alex- 
andria. Berthereau  confined  himfelf 
to  what  concerns  the  epoch  of  the 
Crufades,  amounting  to  45  pages. 
•  The  remaining  extrads  are  four; 
one  of  6  pages,  (617—710),  from  Ben 
Keter  another  ot  5,  (488—696),  from 
Ben  Zoulak,  a  thiid  ol      (4§4— 66s), 


from  Dhehebi,  and  the  lad,  from  Noz- 
hat  Alenfan,  of  2  pages. 

Many  of  the  extrads  hitherto  men- 
tioned have  been  collated  with  differ- 
ent MSS.,  and  the  various  readings 
colleded  with  attention.  All  of  them 
except  No  19,  and  thofe  which  follow, 
with  the  hiftory  of  Damafcus,  No  9, 
hcWe  been  tranflated  by  him  into  Latin. 
Thefe  tranflations  are  in  general  only 
fkttched,  but  they  may  ferve  for  a  ba- 
fis  to  a  future  editor.  Whenever  the 
fenfe  was  obfcure  or  doubtful,  Berthe- 
reau vras  careful  to  infert  the  original 
words,  becaufe  he  had  a  defign  of  revif- 
ing  his  work.  He  fometimes  defired  the 
late  M.Le  Grand, the  Royal  Interpreter, 
and  eminently  qualified  for  the  office, 
as  well  as  fome  other  perfons  addided 
to  this  fpecies  of  literature,  to  make 
tranflations  of  letters,  or  other  pieces, 
written  in  a  very  obfcure  flyle,  in  order 
to  compare  their  different  tranflations. 

Belides  thefe,  there  is  a  very  great 
number  of  hidorical,  geographical,  and 
bibliographical  notes,  written  on  loofe 
papers,  of  which  it  will  not,  perhaps, 
be  eafy  to  make  the  fame  ufe  that  Ber- 
thereau could  have  done  if  alive.  They 
ought  not,  however,  to  be  negleded, 
particularly  thofe  of  the  laft  kind. 
MSS,  of  the  Second  Clafs. 

The  MSS.  of  the  fecond  cl.ifs,  be- 
long  not  properly  to  the  period  of  the 
Crufrides.  The  hiftory  of  the  two  dy- 
nafties,  to  which  they  are  devoted, 
embraces  a  much  more  confiderable 
extent  of  time.  Berthereau  bad  con- 
ceived a  defign,  of  putting  at  the  be- 
ginning of  his  colledion,  an  introduc- 
tion, in  which  he  was  to  give  an 
abridged  account  of  all  the  MufTulmaa 
dynafties,  and  particularly  thole  which 
had  more  immediate,  and  numerous 
connedions  with  the  Franks.  Among^ 
thefe  dynafties,  that  of  the  Fatemite 
Sultans,  whofe  empire  was  abolilhed 
by  Saladin,  was  very  little  known ;  and 
this  was  undoubtedly  the  motive  that 
engaged  our  laborious  fcholar,  to  col- 
led all  that  the  Arabian  hiitorians  could 
afford  on  that  fubjed.  The  family  of 
the  Ayoubi,  that  Saladin  had  raifed  to 
the  highelt  pitch  of  glory,  long  preferv- 
ed  the  dom.inions  which  that  Suitan 
had  conquered  ;  it  divided  into  differ- 
ent branches  that  were  continually  at 
war  with  one  another,  and  which,  af- 
ter being  cxhaufted  in  their  refpedive 
quarrels, 


142      On  the  Arabian  Historians  of  the  Crusades,    Vol.  64? 


qiiarrfls,  funk  under  the  power  of  the 
jiiamaluks,  whom  they  had  imprudently 
formed  and  maintained.  It  was  natu- 
ral, th.it  Berthenau  ftiould  wifli  to 
know,  and  elucidate  the  whole  hiliory 
of  a  family,  whofe  diti'erent  branches 
had  fo  much  contention  with  the  Cru- 
faders.  He  thought  himfelf,  there- 
fore, obliged  to  make  the  hiftory  of 
the  Ayoubites,  the  fu'ojed  of  a  parti- 
cular work.  As  his  intention  how- 
ever, was  not  to  publifli  thtfe  cxtra»fl8 
in  the  form  in  which  they  are,  hr  con- 
tented himfelf  v\iih  tratiflating  them, 
without  copying  or  caufing  the  ori.2;inaI 
to  be  copied.  Ht  propofed  to  draw 
from  thefe  extr.i(5ts,  hiftorical  notes, 
and  an  abridged  hillory  of  the  two  dy- 
nafties,  which  was  to  en^er  into  his 
prolegomena,  and  herefeived  to  him- 
ielf,  the  giving  ftparatcly  more  exten- 
ftve  memorials  upon  their  hiftory.  This 
laft  pK/jedl,  was  that  on  which  he 
had  fixed,  towards  the  end  of  his  life, 
softer  he  had  lofi  the  hopes  of  publifh- 
ing  his  colIt(5tion  entire  ;  and  he  was 
on  the  point  of  reducing  ihefe  memoirs, 
>vben  the  revo'ution  fufpcnded  all  his 
labours.  It  is  to  be  wilhed,  that  his 
project  were  realifcd  in  the  f.ime  man- 
ner that  he  had  formed  it  ;  that  after 
having  tAken  part  of  thefe  extracts  for 
the  hiftorical  informntion  that  ought 
to  accompany  the  publication  of  the 
mojiument?:,  relating  to  the  Crufades, 
they  fhould  be  ufcd  in  the  compofition 
of  the  hiftoriesof  the  Fatem.ite  and  A- 
youbite  families.  Under  the  firll  point 
of  view,  ihey  cannot  be  feparattd  from 
the  MSS.  of  the  firft  clais.  Here  fol- 
lows a  fhort  detail  of  thefe  extrads, 
Exirath  relating  to  the  Fatemites, 
I.  Mohammed  be?2'Moyaffer, 

This  extra(5i  extends  from  the  year 
A.  H.  439  to  553,  in  45  f)ages. 

a .  £-bn  Djoutzi, 

From  459  10517  ;  occupies  45  pp. 
3.  Bibars  Manfburt, 

An  extract  of  4  pages  on  the  begin- 
ning of  this  dynaAy. 

4.  Noavatri. 
This  author  might  have  furnifhed 
conf.derable  exttadls;  but  a?  we  have 
already  fhewn,  Berihereau  knew  only 
the  fragments  of  him  we  pofftfs  here  ; 
for  that  reafon,  his  txtrad  contains  only 
the  hiftory  Gf  the  Karmatidcs,  which 


is  connedted  with  that  of  the  F.'vtemitei> 
and  the  hiftory  of  Sicily  under  the  go- 
rernment  of  the  Califs  of  that  family. 
21  pages. 

5.  Hi/I  .ry  of  Akppo^ 
An  cxtrad  of  its  hiftory  under  the 
Fatemites,  of  93  pages,  extending  from 
256  10487- 

6.  Mulmabajfen. 

This  writer  furnifhcs  to  Berthcreau, 
a  very  important  article,  from  A.  H. 
295      556,  including  143  pages. 
7.  Djiifari. 

That  abridged  hifti>ry  which  affords 
feveral  valuable  details,  was  not  ne- 
pledted  by  Berthereau.  His  exiradt^ 
which  comprehends  all  the  Fatemitc. 
dynally,  occupies  27  pages. 

8.  Tabari, 

We  have  already  fhewn  what  MSS«- 
are  denoted  by  the  name  of  Tabari.! 
The  extract  from  thefe,  comprehend!, 
the  hiftories  of  the  Karmatide;-,  and  of 
the  Fatemites,  forming  in  all  150  pages/ 

At  the  end,  is  a  new  extras  from' 
Nowairi  on  the  Aglabitcs,  who  reign- 
ed in  Africa  and  Sicily  before  the  Fa? 
temites,  and  on  the  Batenites  or  Aflaf- 
fins,  whofe  hiftory  is  connected  with, 
that  of  the  Fatemites,  10  pages, 
9.  Uijlory  of  the  Patriarchs  of  Alexandria\i 

The  extra(5t  of  this  hiftory  contain^! 
nearly  a  period  of  three  age-,  froml 
400  to  690,  and  of  coofequence  com- 
prehends the  Fatemi  and  the  Ayoubi,J 
forming  in  whole  224  pages. 

Extrads  relating  to  the  j^youbi  family. 

Rum  Hafinn  ben- Ibrahim  an  extra(5t 
of  166  pages,  from  621  to  679;  from 
the  Hiftory  of  Aleppo  52  pages,  587 
to  641  :  from  Tabari  284  pages,  from 
58910  653:  from  Abulmahaflen  59 
pages,  from  567  to  648. 

All  thefe  cxtrafts  are  in  French  ;  and 
in  a  fimilar  ftate  with  the  Latin  tranfla- 
tions  before  mentioned.  They  are  on- 
ly fkctched,  little  ufe  could  be  made  of 
them,  vvithout  recurring  to  the'original 
text. 


We  have  given  at  full  length,  M.  dt 
Sacy's  account  of  the  labours  of  Berthed 
reau,  in  order  to  inform  our  readers  oi 
the  materials  found  in  Arabic  literature 
for  a  hiftory  of  the  Crufades.  The  ac- 
counts of  thefe  important  expeditions^ 

in 


Feb,  1802. 


X)f  the  Russian  Annals. 


^43 


in  which  valour,  religion,  gallantry  and 
barbarifm,  were  fo  ftrangely  blendd^d, 
have  hitherto  been  moftly  taken  from 
Chriflian  writers,  who  Pjldom  were 
free  from  the  prejudices  of  their  age, 
and  religious  education.  Though  the 
hiftorians  of  the  oppofite  party,  un- 
doubtedly laboured,  under  fimilar  dif- 


advantage^  yet  their  writings  form  the 
Audi  alteram  partem  of  ttie  fubjedt. 
By  thcfc  notices  a  hiltorian  may  be  di- 
reded  to  the  particular  authors,  and 
to  thofc  parts  of  any  author,  whicli 
immediately  treat  of  his  undtitakmg, 
though  he  has  no  opportunity  of  pciu- 
fing  the  extrads  of  Berth ereau. 


OF  THE  RUSSIAN  ANNALS. 

FOUR  DISSERTATIONS,  by  AUGUSTUS  LEWIS  SCHLOETZER, 
Profe/for  of  Hiftory  in  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences  at  St  Peterfburgb. 


DISSERTATION  I. 

Of  the  Ancient  Bijlory  of  Rufta'  Of 
,  Neflor^  his  fVritings  and  Continuatoru 

The  Hiftory  of  Ruflia  begins  with  Nef- 
tor,  §  I.  Synchronifm  of  this  An- 
nalilt,  §  ^,  Foreigners  have  but  little 
knowledge  of  him,  S  3.  Sources  of 
better  accounts  concerning  him,  J  4. 
The  place  and  year  of  Neltor's  birth, 
§5.  His  Itay  in  the  monaftery  of 
Pctfhora,  5  6.  Time  of  his  death, 
S  7-  His  chronicle,  §  8.  His  Pate- 
ricon,  \  9.  Of  Sylvefter,  Ndtor's 
firft  continuator,  ^  10.  Of  two  other 
anonymous  continuators,  J  n.  Of 

i  Simeon  and  John,  §  iz. 

f  I.  NESTOR,  the  father  of  Ruffian 
iliiftory,  lived  in  the  latter  half  of  the 
leventh,  and  the  beginning  of  the 
welfth  centuries.  While  a  monk  of 
he  monaftery  of  Petftiora,  at  Kief,  he 
i^rote  the  chronicle,  in  the  Sclavonian 
inguagc,  which  is  the  fnbjed  of  this 
flay,  and  died  fometime  after  the  year 
113*  while  Vladimir  II.  furnamed  Mo- 
omachus,  filled  the  throne  of  Kief. 

The  period  wherein  he  lived,  which 
i^as  particularly  favourable  to  hiftory, 
'  marked  by  a  number  of  other  annal- 
ts  of  note.  Johannes  Scylitzes,  Jo- 
•innes  Xiphilinus,  Cedrenus  and  Zo- 
aras,  were  then  fio'urifhing  in  Greece  ; 
i  Germany  and  the  neighbouring  kiiig- 
oms,  Arnulf  of  xMilan,  Adam  of  Bre- 
men, Lambert  of  Afchaffcnberg,  Bruno, 


Marian  the  Scot,  Berthold  of  Koftnitz, 
Sigebert  of  Gemblours,  and  feveral  o- 
thers,  were,  nearly  at  the  fan^i<;  time, 
working  at  their  chronicles. 

Before  Nellor,    the  hiftory  of  the 
Sclavonian  nations  in  general,  and  that 
of  Riiffia  in  particular,  nay,  the  hiftory 
of  all  the  North,  lay  buried  in  totai 
darknefs.     The  Sclavonians,   at  that 
time  divided  into  a  number  of  nations, 
had  yet  produced  no  cbro!iographer  of 
their  own.    Only  the  moiik  Chrii'>ian% 
of  Bohemia,  a  brother  of  Duke  B ole- 
fiauf  the  pious,   had  written,  in  ihe 
year  993,  the  life  of  his  uncle  St  Ven- 
ceflaus,  and  that  of  St  Ludmiiila,  from.- 
whom  he  was  dtfccnded.  Cofmasf, 
the  Dean  of  Prague,  did  not  begin  ta 
compile  his  Chronica  Bohemorum,  lilf 
fome  years  after  Neftor.    Helmold,  the 
fecular  prieftin  Bofof,  wrote  above  nfty 
years  after  him  ;  and  not  till  a  hundred 
years  later  did  Poland  receive  its  firft. 
hiftorian,  in  the  perfon  of  Bifhop  Vin- 
cent KadlubeckJ,  at  the  inftig.ition  of 


*  He  is  fpoken  of  by  Gelaf.  Dobner  I 
Hajcki  aniidlcs  Bohem.  torn.  i.  p.  56. — Jor- 
dan! origiiies  Shvicae,  pars  iv.  p.  129.— • 
Erberi  iiociLiailiuftris  regni  Bohdniiae  icrip  • 
torum  geographica  Sc  chorographica,  Vir.  • 
dob.  176c,  foilo,  p.  16. 

t  Dobner,  ioc.  cit.  p-  172 — 177. 

\  Bibiiotheca  Polonica,  vol.  i.  p.  249. 
Groddcck  de  fcriptorib.  hiftor.  Polon.  fc^^i. 
12.  (Braun)  dc  fcriptoribus  PoIod.  ct  Pruff. 
p.  ic)0  ^  ic^, 

king 


144 


Of  the  Russian  Annals. 


Vol.  64. 


king  Cafimir  the  juft.  In  Scandinavia, 
indeed,  prtcifely  at  the  time  of  Neftor, 
the  learned  Icelander,  Sasmund  Sigful- 
fon  hin  Frode,  or  the  wife,  and  the 
priefl:  Are  PolyhiRor*,  were  making 
themfclves  tannous  by  their  hiftorical 
colUaions :  but  the  fruits  of  their  in- 
duliry  are  of  no  benefit  to  pofterity,  as 
their  writings  arc  alnaoft  entirely  loft. 
But  Snorro  Sturltfon,  the  lagman  of 
Iceland,  did  not  nnake  his  appearance 
till  a  century  complete,  after  Neftor. 

The  Ruflian  hiftory,  in  particular, 
derives  its  birth  from  Nellor.  To  fo- 
reigners, indeed,  the  power  and  great- 
ntfs  of  Ruflia  were  already  known  ; 
by  wars  and  conquefls  flie  had  made 
herftlf  revered  by  her  neighbours,  and 
was  even  become  formidable  to  the 
haughty  fovcreigns  of  Conftantinople  : 
and  not  only  the  adjacent  Polanders, 
Hung.'vians  and  Swedes,  but  even  the 
dillant  Frenchf,  had  fcen  Kievian  prin- 
ctfles  on  their  thrones.  The  Ruflian 
hiftory  was,  neverthelef?,  out  of  Rullia, 
entirely  unknown.  The  Byzantine 
hiftorians  indeed  fpeak  with  great  pro- 
lixity gf  Ruflian  tranfadions ;  but  al- 
ways of  fuch  alone  as  related  to  them- 
felves.  The  Bcrtinian  annals  J  employ 
hut  a  few  lines  in  the  mention  of  tkc 
RuflTianj?,  on  occafion  of  an  embafly 
which  they  lent,  23  years  before  the  e- 
redlion  of  their  monarchy,  to  the  Em- 
peror Theophilus,  at  Coniiantinople. 
Luitprandusll  circumftantialiy  defcnbes 
the  unfortunate  campaign  of  the  Grand 
Duke  Igor  againft  the  Greeks,  as  he 
heard  it  related  by  his  ftepfather.  Va- 
rious German  chronicles  J  fpeak  of  the 
embafly  that  the  Grand  Duchefs  Olga 

*  Olof  von  Daliii's  hiftory  of  the  king- 
«Jom  of  Sweden,  vol.  i.  p.  94. 

f  Ada  focietat.  regal.  Icient,  Upfalienfis 
ad  ann.  1740.  p.  63 — 90.  Dalin.  hb.  cit.  p. 
416. 

\  Ad  ann.  839.  in  Du  Chefne's  Franc. 
S  :riptt.  torn.  ii.  and  Muratori,  Rcruni  Ita- 
lia torn.  ii. 

II  De  rebus  imperatt.  regum,  lib.  v. 
cap.  6. 

5  Contin.  Reginon.  ad  ann.  959,  960, 
961,  and  962.  Aniiai.  Hildcftieim,  ad  ann. 
960,  apud  Leibnit.  torn.  i.  p.  71S.  Anna!. 
Q^cdiinburg,  apud  Leibnit.  torn.  ii.  p.  280. 
*Annal.  Corbeierif.  nd  ann.  959,  apud  Leib- 
nit. torn.  ii.  p.  301.  So  many  tcftinionies 
as  are  coUedtd  by  Trever,  difp.  dc  perpe- 
tua  aniicitia  Germanicum  intc«  &  Rullicmu 


difpatchedto  the  Emperor  Otho  III.,^ 
defiring  of  him,  a  teacher  of  the  Chrif-"" 
tian  religion  for  her  people.  Ditmar 
of  Merfeburg*  mentions  Vladimir  the 
Great,  his  contemporary,  with  a  patri- 
otic indignation,  as  he  forced  from  O- 
tho  III,  the  heroof  the annaiift,  his.beau- 
titul  betrothed  Gre^.ian  biide-  Adam' 
of  Bremen,  alfo,  aiirl  Lambert  of  Af- 
chailenburgh,  interfpevfe  fevcral  Ruf- 
fian tranfadions  in  tiWir  chronicles, 
but  only  occahonally,  ai.!l  in  a  curfory 
manner. 

Thus  unknown  was  the  Ruflian  hif- 
tory, when  the  monk  of  Petftiora  un- 
dertook to  relate  the  various  events  of 
his  country,  from  the  origin  of  its  mo- 
narchy in  862,  in  the  tafte  of  the  Byzan- 
tine chronographers,  and  continued  it 
to  his  death,  down  a  period  of  ly) 
years,  in  an  uninterrupted  chronolO'^ 
gic'il  order. 

§  II.  The  age  of  this  hiftorian  is  an 
important  circumftance,  as  being  at- 
tended with  numerous  confequences 
in  paffing  a  critical  judgment  on  the 
intrinlic  value  and  the  credibility  of  his 
annals.  Neftor  commences  his  chro- 
nicle vv'ith  the  origin  of  the  Ruflian 
monarchy  ;  higher  than  this  he  does 
not  pretend  to  go :  from  this  epocha^ 
however,  he  was  only  at  the  diftance  of 
200  years.  He  touches  on  the  migra- 
tions of  the  Sclavoniaus  from  their 
primitive  fettkments,  yet  does  not 
bring  them  from  fo  far  off  as  theplamii  of 
Shinar;  he  marks  their  expeditions  in- 
to the  northern  regions,  always  contin- 
ing  hlmfelf,  however,  ^o  general  relati- 
ons :  he  knew  nothing  more  particular  oi 
the  matter,  and  wrote  no  more  than  be 
knew.  How  amiabieisthis  modefty  in  an 
annaiift  of  the  middle  ages,  who  could 
thus  l  aifc  himfelf  above  the  tafte  cf  hi$ 
contemporaries,  and,  reft)lutely  faith- 
ful  to  truth,  fcorns  to  deceive  his  pof 
terity  with  the  traditions  of  his  nurfe. 


imperium,  Helmftad,  i773jP-  i3-  §  7 
enervate  the  fuppoiition  of  Dr  Semkr  (in 
the  preface  to  the  xxixth  part  of  the  l)ni. 
verfal  Hiftory,  fe^.  9,)  as  if  this  whole  ao 
count  was  no  more  than  an  interpolateci 
glufs. 

*  Ditmarus,  lib,  vii.  apud  Leibnit.  toni 
i.  p.  4i7  &ftq.  It.  p.  4^6.  AtleaftDit 
mar  thought  lo  :  for,  that  he  was  miftakeii; 
is  fully  fiiew-n  by  Trever,  loc.  cit.  5  8.  pj 
14,     feci-  . 

am 


yeb.  1802. 


On  the  Russian  Annals. 


MS 


md  with  fabulous  adventures*  drawn 
from  the  night  of  long  forgotten  ages  *. 
Shall  I  rely  upor)  a  Bohemian  or  a  Polifh 
annaljft,  when  he  pretends  to  knovv 
things,  which  Neftor,  older  by  many 
centuries,  knew  nothing  of  ?  Bcfides, 
Keftor  wrote  in  the  midft  of  his  coun- 
trymen ;  he  wrote  of  events  that  had 
happened  either  under  his  own  eyes,  or 
%t  no  very  remote  period  btfore  him. 
Snorro,  and  other  Icelandic  writers  of 
rumours,  contradid  him  ;  chronology, 
places,  and  pcrfons,  do  not  clume  to- 
gether. Would  it  repay  the  trouble  of 
endeavouring  to  form  a  comparifon  be- 
tween them  by  criticifm  and  hypothe- 
6s?  Ought  I  not  rather,  without  htii- 
tation,to  facrifice  my  belief  in  the  more 
modern,  the  outlandifli  Snorro,  to  the 
refpe(5t  that  is  due  to  the  more  antient, 
the  native  Neftor  ? 

As  fynchronifms  will  be    often  of 
I  ufe  to  us  as  w<f  proceed,  I  will  here  fct 
down  the  whole  fucceflion  of  the  chro- 
nographers  and  other  fad-writers f  of 

•  Sarnicius  deduces  his  hiitory  from  A. 
Jarmoth,  the  patriarch  of  the  Sarmatts,  in 
the  year  of  the  world  1790  ;  but  Diugofch 
^nd  Mjechof,  from  Lech,  Japhet's  proj^e- 
nitor.  Kadlubeck  relates,  that  his  Leiko 
lU.  a  goldftnith,  gained  a  vidory  over  A- 
icxander  the  great.  Orichovlus  knows  of  a 
privilege  granted  by  this  Alexander,  ground- 
ed on  the  right  of  his  Lech  arid  Chech  to 
their  newly  acquired  countries.  In  later 
times,  Pjafeck  lends  Poiifh  troops  to  the 
Germans,  under  Hermann,  who  helped 
them  to  beat  Varus,  and,  as  a  memorial 
whereof,  the  Roman  eagle  was  alTumed  for 
their  iiandard.  Leiko  Id.  was  an  a6tuai 
brother-in-law  of  Julius  Caefar. — Ohe  !  jam 
Utis  eft. 

f  In  this  chronological  catalogue  I  am 
obliged  to  enumerate  a  number  of  annalifts 
^hofe  names  have  been  hitherto  but  iittie 
t>eard  of  in  tlie  province  of  hiftory  ;  for 
Jreuer  and  the  Bibliotheques  Hiiloriqucs  are 
rot  much  acquainted  with  thtm.    I'he  ctr- 

'  tificatjon  of  their  ages  would  require  a  pro- 
per and  ample  detail  of  the  bclavonian  hif- 
toriographers,  too  long  to  be  crouaed  in  a 
note.    However,  I  will  curforily  mention 

!  fome  authors  who  have  treated  the  moft 
copioufly  of  them.  Btfide  fuch  of  the  Ruf- 
fian hiftoriographcrs  as  will  appear  after- 

1  V/ards,  when  we  come  to  fpeak  of  Nelior's 

I  timss,  §  5 — 7,of  Sylvefter,  §  10,  of  Simeon, 
5  1 2,  and  of  John  in  the  fame  fcdlion  ;  Dob- 
rer  likcwife  treats  of  the  Bohemian  anna- 

!  hfts,  ad  Hajekum,  torn  i.  namely,  of  Chrif- 

i  tian,  p.  56,  of  Cofmas,  p.  17  a,  of  Yaroflauf, 

i  Vql.LXIV, 


thofe  times,  who  have  cither  a  near  or 

diflant  relation  to  Neftor,  and  the  hif- 
tory of  the  Sclavoniaus  during  the  pc* 
riod  defcribed  by  him. 

Georgius  Syncellus  about  the  ycarSoo 
Nicephorus  born  758,  died  ZiZ 

Eginhardus  -  -  died  839 
Rembertus       -  -         died  888 

Photius  -  about  the  year  891 
Alfred  -         born  849,  died  900 

Conftantinus    Porphyrogeuita, ' 

born  905,  died  -  959 

Luitprandus  about  the  year  968 

Chrifl annus  de  Scala  Brchevno- 

vienfis  -  993 
Witikindus  Saxo  -  -  1004 
Aimoinus  -  -  -  looS 
Dithrnarus  Merfcburg.  born  976 

died  -  -  -  1018 

Cedrenus  -  -  1057 

Adamus  Bremenfis  -  -  1076 
Lambcrtus  SchafFnaburg  -  -  ic;; 
Johannes  Scylitzes  -  -  1081 
JohaiiiiCb  Xiphiiinus  -  -  iioo 
Pfeilus       -  -  1105" 

Nestor  Pefliericus,  born^io56, 

died  after  -  -         m  ^ 

Zonaras       -       about  the  year 
Sylvefter  Perejaflavicus    -    died  1133 
Cofmas  Pragenfis  born  1045,  died  1125 
Sxmund  Sigfuflbn  born  1056,  died  1133 
Are  Polyhiftor,  a  contemporary  of 

Saimund's. 
Nicephorus  Bryennius    -     died  113 7 
Simeon  Metaphraftes  about  the 


year  -  -        -  1140 

Anna  Comntna  born  1083,  died 

after  -  -  114S 

Suidas  about  the  year  115a 


p.  180,  of  Dalcmii,  p.  17S,  of  Feter,  p.  185, 
of  Puikava,  p.  189,  of  Merignola,  p.  45,  of 
Haj -k,  p.  27. — Of  the  Dalmacic  annalift.., 
AifenivJni  in  kalendariis  ecclefix  univerfse, 
tom.  i.  namely,  of  Diocleatcs,  p.  336,  of 
Thomas,  p.  323,  feq.  of  Michas,  p.  324. 
— Of  the  Poliih,  Braun  and  Groddek  de 
fcriptoribus  hiftoriae  Polonicx — The  an- 
r.ais  of  the  Icelanders,  b'lemund,  Are,  and 
Snorro,  arc  given  by  Dalin  in  his  hiitory  of 
the  kingdom  of  .Sweden,  tom.  i.  p.  94.  The 
Hungarian  annaiifts  1  have  been  forced  to 
omit,  however  great  »hcir  importance  to 
the  Sclavonian  hiftory.  What  Dav.  Czvir- 
inger  has  added,  by  way  of  fupplemcnt,  to 
his  Specimen  Hungariae  litcratui  ae,  Francof, 
171 1.  4to,  feemed  to  me  quite  unfatisfac- 
tory.  The  other  authors  arc  for  the  moft 
part  from  M.  Hamburgher's  authentic  ac- 
counts of  the  principal  authcit, 

U  Cto 


On  the  Russian  Annals. 


Vol.  C4. 


Geograplius  Niibienfis  -  1151 
Dioclcatcs  prelbyter        -  11 70 

H<.^lm()1dus  -  -  1170 

Elmakin  after  the  year  1200 

Saxo  Grammaticus  died  1204 

Nicetas  died  after  1206 

Vincentius  Kadlubeck  died  1223 

Simeon  Sufdalicnfis  died  1226 

Johannes  Novogorodicus  about 

the  year  -  -  1230 

Snorro  Sturloiiides  died  1240 

Boguphalus  -  -    died  1253 

Johannes  Carpini  about  the  year  1246 
Vinctntius  BJuacenfis  1252 
Wilhelmus  de  Riibruquis  1253 
Thomaj^  ^rchiadiac.  Spalatenfis, 

born  1240,  died  -  -  1268 
Albcrt.us  Sladenfis  about  the  year  1260 
Jaroflavus  Strahc^vitiiiis  1283 
Marcus Paulusborn  12.57  died  after  1295 
Hayco  Armenus  about  the  year  1307 
Dalcmilus  Mcchei  itchki  135 1 

Michas  Madius        -  -  1330 

Petrus  Zbranavienf;s  -  -  1333 
Johannes  Polonus  -  -  1359 
Pulkava  dt^Tradenin  -  -  13  74 
Johannes  Merignola  -  -  1374 
iEneasSylvius  (Pius II.)  born  1405, 

died  -  -         -  1464 

Johannes  Dlugofch  born   14 15, 

died         -  -  -  X480 

Wenceflavus  Hiijek*  a  Libocflian 

died        -  -  -  1553 

§  III.  It  is  a  curious  ph^enomenon 
in  the  realms  of  fcience,  tliat  Neftor, 
fo  anticnt,  fo  important  an  annalift,  fo 
long  known,  and  the  only  one  in  his 
■way,  the  hiftorian  of  a  nation,  which 
has  never,  fince  its  converfion  to  Chrif- 
lianity,  even  in  the  darkeft  times  of 
tne  middle-ages,  been  entirely  deftitute 


*  It  will  perhaps  be  taken  well  of  me,  at 
leaft  it  will  not  be  taken  amifs,  that  I  write 
the  Sclavonian  names  agreeably  to  the 
ydavonian  pronounciation  in  the  modern 
orthography,  and  not  as  they  have  hitherto 
been  mangled  by  sll  foreigners  from  ignor- 
ance of  the  Sclavonian  dialeds.  This  I  re- 
ynind  the  reader  of  once  for  all.  I  write 
Hajek,  and  not  Hagecius  :  The  Bohemian 
indeed  writes  Hajek,  but  he  founds  the ^  be- 
fore like  j.  I  call  the  bifliop  of  Cracow,  not 
Kadiubconenijbut  Kadlubek.  In  like  manner 
1  write  Pjafec,  Mjechof,  Sapjeha,  not  Piafec, 
Miechof,  Sapieha,  that  the  reader  may  not  at- 
tempt to  make  two  fyllables  of  pia,  or  read 
mie  and  pie  like  mi  and  pi.  To  be  criti- 
|:aliy  cxaci:  in  fuch  trifics  is  no  merit ;  but 
riot  to  be  fo  is  an  indecorum  which  at  leaft 
©ught  to  be  avoided. 


of  fcience,  but  in  our  century  has  la- 
boured at  the  diflemination  of  know- 
ledge with  a  liberality  beyond  ex- 
ample ;  that  fuch  an  hillorian,  I  fay, 
ihould  have  lain  for  more  than  650 
years  almoft  forgotten,  or  at  leaft  unable 
to  )  each  the  complete  knowledge  of  fo- 
reigners. 

In  RufTia,  indeed,  his  chronicle  was 
never  unknown,  any  more  than  his  real 
name.    For  by  Neltor's,  we  are  not  to 
conceive  of  a  chronicle  not  till  lately 
brought  out  of  a  corner;  and  for  the 
time  in  which  it  was  compiled,  its  au- 
thor and  its  vahu-,  that  we  mult  have  re- 
courfe  to  conjectures  and  conclulions. 
Neftor's  name  is  well  known  in  all  the 
anticnt  Rnflian  book>;  they  all  nuike 
honourable  mention  of  him  :  his  life  is 
in  the  printed  Rullian  legendary  which 
every   one    readb :    and,    amidft  the 
multitude  of  other  RulTiaii  anna1iflt>, 
the  honourable  title  of  L^topiftc  Rof- 
fiylkoi,  i.  e.  the  RulTian  chronographtr, 
is  beltowed  eminently  and  alone  on 
him.    Tranfcripts  of  his  work  are  met 
with  in  the  public  libraries,  in  the  mo- 
nalttries,  and  in  the  lluclies  of  private 
perl'ons^  in  confiderable  numbers  ;  fome 
ot  them  even  bear  the  name  of  the  au- 
thor at  the  beginning..  And  M.  Von 
Taubert,  Confeiller  d^ctat,  began  fomc 
years  ago  to  have  it  printed  at  the  im- 
perial academy  of  fciences  at  St  Peterf«  ' 
burg,  in  its  original  language.  < 
Abroad  his  fortune  has  been  only  fo! 
much  the  more  extraordinary.  Herber-' 
ftein  *  and  Petreiusf  never  once  name' 
him,  though  it  is  evident  that  their  moft 
antient  accounts  concerning  Ruflia  are 
borrowed   from   him ;   they  content 
themfelves  with  appealing,  in  indeter- 
minate expreffions,  to  the  Ruffian  an- 
nals.   Plerbinius  J  cites  him  fometimes 
under  his  real  and  Rufiian  name  :  as, 
page  4,  he  is  ityled  by  him,  Nciior 
Ruthenorum  hilloricus  atque  chrono- 
logus;  p.  13  Neftor  Ruthenorum  chro- 
nograplius ;  page  83  Neftor  chronolo- 
gus  Rutheiius,    &c.    Bergius  ||  alfo 

^  Herberftein,  comment,  rerum  Mufco- 
vit.  page  a.      '  ' 

f  Petri  Petreii  dc  Erlcfunda,  anecdotes  and . 
accounts  of  the  Grand  Dutchy  of  Mofco, 
Leipfic.  1620,  4to.pag.  139. 
'   I  Herbinii  reli^iofse  Kiovicnfcs  cryptae, 
Jen.  1675.  . 

[|  Bergius  de  ftatu  ecclefis  6c  religionism 
Mcfcoviticas.    Lubec,  1709, 


Feb.  1802. 


On  the  Russian  Annals. 


147 


Jcnovvs  him,  and  calls  him,  p.  48,  Nef- 
•tor  L-'etxurfki  ;  page  50,  Neftor  Pet- 
zurlki  ;  and  p.  5a,  Neltrtr  Ruthenorum 
chronographus.  Leibnitz  too  was  ac- 
quainted with  his  work. 

Two  traiifcripts  of  his  chronicle  were 
even  carried  abroad.  One  of  thefc  wavS 
fent,  inthe  year  1668,  by  the  PruOian 
Governor  Boguflauf  Radzivil*,  toge- 
ther with  other  books,  to  the  library 
at  Konigfberg :  from  this  Peter  the 
Great  caufed  a  copy  to  be  taken,  in 
1716,  on  his  paHing  through  that  place 
for  the  fecond  time,  as  Tat ifchcf  think  s; 
and  which  is  llill  to  be  leen  in  the  Im- 
perial libraiy  at  Peterfburg,  and,  like 
the  original,  is  painted  with  figures  in 
almoft  every  page.  The  fecond  went  to 
Findland  by  M.  Simon  Lindheim,  who, 
having  been  taken  prifoner  of  war,  car- 
ried it  home  with  him  on  his  returning 
from  captivity.  In  Konigfberg  this 
hiftorical  treafure  lay,  as  far  as  1  know, 
entirely  ufelefs  ;  but  the  poflfefTor  of 
that  in  Abo,  made  feveral  extracts  frocn 
it,  and  imparted  them  to  the  author  of 
the  difputationf  cited  below.  Yet  even 
in  the  latter  place  it  was  not  known  to 
be  the  chronicle  of  the  famous  Neftor. 
It  had,  therefore,  the  mutilated  name 
of  Povieft  vremmianych  beftowed  upon 
it,  a  title  under  which  M.  von  Dalin, 
in  the  firft  part  of  his  hiftory  of  Swe- 
den, repeatedly  quotes  our  Neftor 
from  the  abovementioned  difputation 
of  Abo. 

The  name  of  Neftor,  fo  well  known 
to  Herbinius  and  Btrgins,  was  after- 
wards entirely  loft  to  Germany,  and 
ever  fince  1730,  another  has  been  fubfti- 
tuted  in  its  place.  This  was  occahon- 
ed  by  a  grammatical  blunder  1  M.  Muller 
caufed  an  extrad  from  this  annalift  to 
be  printed  in  the  firft  volume  of  his 
materials  for  Rufiian  hiftory,  which  ex- 
tract was  taken  by  a  vt^-y  ignorant  fel- 
low. The  manufcript  he  made  ufe  of 
for  this  purpofe,  named  the  annalift 
inerely  by  his  title,  Chernorichca  Pe- 
cherfcago  monafteia  Fcodosjeva:  the  ex- 
tract! maker  was  not  I'uflBcicntly  f!;illed 
in  the  Rufs  dtclcnlions,  for  diltinguifti- 
ing  Feofdosjeva  from  Ftodofija,  and  ac- 
cordmgly  tranflated,  iVJonaclH  Coenobii 
Pecherici  'I'hcodofiiJ,  iultead  of  Mona- 


*  Pruflia  illuftrata,  torn.  i.  p.  732. 

f  Hclfingn  (lifTertai.  de  originibus  prifcaj 
geiitis  Varegorum,  pr®f.  Scarin.  Abo3e, 
^734-  pag-  56. 

\  Sarnmlung  Ruffifchcr  gefchichte,  torn. 


chi  coenobii  Pecherici  Theodofiani* 
This  ridiculous  miftranflation  gave  oc- 
cafion  to  an- hiftorical  error,  which  fooa 
became  general.  Thenceforward,  the 
Ruftian  annalift  is  no  longer  called  Nef- 
tor, but  Theodofius;  he  was  now  no 
longer  an  ordinary  monk,  but  an  abbot. 
The  blunder  pafTes  from  one  hand  to 
another,  and  is  propagated  from  book 
to  book.  It  was  to  no  purpofe  that  Ma 
Muller  corrected  it  afrerwards  in  feve- 
ral of  his  writiii)is*.  Nestor,  once  cal- 
led Thfodofirjs,  Nen.jronce  made  in- 
to an  abbot,  his  chronicle  is  ftyljd  m 
all  hiiiorical  trtatifes,  in  all  fynchronif- 
tical  tables,  in  all  com.pendiums  of  hif- 
tory, Abbatis  Theodofii  Chronicort 
Kiovienfe  !f 

Strahlenberg  knew  neither  the  name 
nor  the  work  of  our  author:  he  merely 
cites  the  gradual  book,  (Stepennaia 
kniga)  which  is  a  much  later  produc- 
tion. His  patriarch  Conftantinc,  a  Pole 
by  birth,  as  he  calls  liim  J,  is  a  crea- 
ture of  the  imagination  :   never  had 


*  For  inftance,  in  the  Sarnmlung  Ruflif- 
cher  gefchichte,  tom.  v.  p.  7. — Conftdera- 
ttons  on  two  marriages  whereby  the  race  of 
the  ancient  Grand  Dukes  of  Ruflia  would  be 
increafed.    Gotcingen,  1754,4:0.  p.  3,  &:c. 

I  A  ridiculous  inftance,  that  the  preju-. 
dice  of  prcfcription  a(5ls  as  ftrongly  with 
the  learned  as  with  the  vulgar,  is  aft()rdecl 
by  the  Engl-fh  authors  of  the  xxixth  volume 
of  the  Univerfal  Hiftory,  which  treats  of 
Ruflia.  Thefe  gentlemen  fay  in  the  text, 
p.  155,  that  the  oldeft  chronologift  of  the 
Rufliaus,  wbofe  work  is  ftill  extant  in  manu- 
fcript, is  Theodofius,  Abbot  of  the  monafte-< 
ry  of  Petfchow,  at  Kiel,  who  lived  at  the 
beginning  of  the  twelfth  century.  Perhap* 
they  might  not  know  that  M.  Muller  had 
already  corrected  this  millake  of  his  tranf- 
lator  ?  No  ;  they  fay  txpref-ly.,  in  the  note 
C,  M.  Muller  calls  him  Neftor.'*  '  Or,  it 
may  be  they  have  no  mind  to  truft  this 
worthy  fcholar  ?  No  :  that  is  not  the  cafe  i 
in  the  very  fame  place  thty  beftow  upon 
him  the  moft  unbounded  encomiums.  Noc- 
withftanding  which,  they  place  his  judge- 
ment only  HI  a  manner  as  a  various  reading 
by  the  fide  of  Voltaire,  who  ellcwhere  gives 
this  very  annalift  yet  another  appellative, 
namely,  Conftlii.tine  ! 

\  In  his  northern  and  caftern  parts  of 
Europe  and  Afia,p.  172  and  271,  an  ex- 
tremely wretched  and  incredibly  failacioiift 
book,  which  has  interfperfcd  more  errors, 
foUiea,  and  nonfenfc  into  Ruffian  hiftory, 
than,  as  it  is  become  almoft  clafiical  in  Ger- 
U  7,  many. 


148 


On  the  Russian  Annals. 


Vol.  64. 


RiifTia  a  patriarch,  never  an  hiflonnn 
of  his  name.  But  D.ilin*  and  Vol- 
tairef,  like  fnithful  copyifla,  give  the 
lame  account  :  the  former  eren  ftylca 
hinn  an  anticnt  hiftoii-m,  though  Strah- 
lenberg  himftlf  allows  that  the  Kief 
chronicle  he  attributes  to  him,  was  writ- 
ten in  the  year  of  the  v^^orht  7i8z,  that 
is,  accorilinjr  to  the  vulgar  sera,  1674. 
Even  Monf  Deguigne  J  makes  no  ufe, 


many,  France,  and  England,  it  will  be  pof- 
fible  to  eradicate  for  a  great  number  of 
years. 

•  HiOory  of  the  kingdom  of  Sv/eden, 
torn.  i.  p.  411. 

f  H  ftoirc  de  Tcmpire  de  Ruffie  fous 
Pitrre  le  grand,  torn.  i.  p.  7. 

\  Hiftoire  gcnerale  dcs  Huns,  des  Turcs, 
dcs  Mogob,  8c  des  autres  Tartares,  •ccidcn- 
taux,  &c.  vol,  i.  p,  304.  Let  mc  be  allowed 
to  confine  the  worJ  annals  entirely  ro  fuch 
books  of  hiltory  as  relate  the  tranfadlioiis 
and  events  of  the  period  of  time  in  which 
they  were  written.  Perhaps  this  fi'^nifica- 
tion  is  unufual  :  but  the  reputation  of  the 
annals  requires  it.  An  hiflorical  affair,  pre- 
tended to  be  extravSled  from  atmals,  always 
perplexes  the  critical  reader.  Either  he 
believes  it,  from,  refpe^ft  to  the  annals  that 
are  forced  upon  him,  and  conlcquently  be- 
lieves a  falfchood;  or  he  rifts  up  in  indit^- 
nation  againd  it,  and  is  confequently  dif- 
truftful  of  the  whole  chronicle,  for  having 
in  one  inftance  endeavoured  to  do  violence 
to  his  realon.  Prince  von  Buchan,  in  his 
treatife  de  Mofcoviae  ortu  et  proj^^rdbi,  Gu- 
benre,  i68j,  i^mo,  p.  6,  Lys,  the  RuiTians 
derive  the  founder  of  their  monarchy  from 
Cgefar  AnjT'.iltus:  "  in  annalibus  fuis — 
fcriptum  habent,"  &c.  Who  does  not  here 
imnted lately  advert  to  Neftor,  and  to  whom 
would  not  Neftor  thus  become  fufpeded  I 
Balin  affcrts,  torn.  i.  p.  410,  that  the  old 
Ruffian  chronicles  pretend  that  Ruric  was 
Prince-ele(5lor  of  Prullia.  How  greatly 
muft  bat  one  pretence  of  this  fort  lower  the 
Pvuflian  annals  in  the  mind  of  every  forel-in- 
cr  who  makes  inquiries  iuto  hiftory  !  But 
Neftor,  of  the  eleventh  century,  is  free  from 
ail  fuch  follies:  the  regifters  of  the  i4uh 
and  15th  centuries  are  not  entirely  fo.  As 
long  as  thefe  latter  fpeak  of  tranfi6Hons  in 
their  ovv'n  or  the  immediately  preceding  cen- 
turies, I  revere  them  as  annalifts  :  but  when 
once  they  begin  to  tell  me  of  the  times  of 
Ruric,  they  ceafe  to  be  annalifts,  and  write 
merely  as  antiquarians.  Their  paragraphs 
are  no  longer  teftimonies  but  hypothefis, 
which  muft  firft  be  authenticated  at  the  bar 
«f  critieifm,  if  I  would  avoid  falling  in  to  th© 


and  has  no  knowledge  of  Neflor.  In 
his  work  on  the  Huns,  he  does  no 
more  than  juft  make  an  extrad  from 
the  Stepennaia  kniga,  to  which,  with 
great  injuftice,  he  givtsthe  honourable 
title  of  Anmles  kufliennes.  Strijkofflci 
mentions,  in  Braun*,  that  he  had  con- 
fulted  four  Kievian  and  many  Ruffian 
chroniclers.  N  Oor,  for  certain,  muft 
have  been  amongft  ihem  :  but  whether 
or  not  he  quotes  him  name  I  cannot 
tell,  as  I  have  never  feen  StrijkofHii's 
book. 

The  laft  edition  of  Jcechtr's  Gclcrten 
Lexicon!  gives  him  his  real  name,  but 
in  return  makes  him  about  600  years 
youngtr.  However,  Mollcr  treats  him 
more  cruelly  than  all  the  reft  ;  he  even 
goes  fo  far  as  to  difpute  his  very  exil- 


abfurdititi  and  dreams  of  Schottgcns  and 
Struhlenberg.  In  Ruffian  hiftory  we  muft  be- 
ware of  the  inaccuracies  that  have  caufed  fo 
much  confufion  in  the  Swcdifh.  Here  we 
are  rcfrrred  to  credible  traditions,  to  antient 
nianufcripts,  to  Monnmenta  Iflandica:  but, 
if  wc  fcrutinize  fomcwhat  farther,  under 
thefe  founding  titles,  wc  meet  with  wizzard 
talcs,  exa^^lly  in  the  tafte  of  the  miraculous 
ftory  of  Fortunarus  with  his  wiftiing-hat, 
and  the  fair  Meluftna,  and  others,  told  by 

the  knitters  and  fpinftcrs  in  the  fun 
but  on  which  Verelius,  PcringkjGld,  and 
EjSrner,  have  written  deep  learned  com. 
mentaries.  Thus  Strahlcnberg  appeals  to 
the  patriarch  Conftantine,  or  rather  to  the 
Kievian  fynopfis,  which  came  into  the  world 
about  ninety  uears  before:  but  Voltaire 
cites  this  Conftantine  as  an  aiinalift,  and 
confequently  raifcs  in  the  mind  of  the  reader 
the  idea  rhat  Conftantine  muft  be  a  mr^n 
like  Neftor  and  Sylvtfter.  As  if  I  ftiould 
write  a  German  hiftory  in  China,  and  cite 
Hubner,  like  the  author  of  the  xxixth  vo^ 
lume  of  the  Univerfal  hiftory,  and  a  Chi. 
nefe  Voltaire  ftiould  place  in  the  catalogue 
of  his  vouchers  Eginhard,  Ditmar,  and  Hub- 
ner, immediately  together. 

*  Day.  Braunius  de  fcriptorum  Polonorum 
vitiis  et  virt-itibus  p.  3^.  The  whole  paf- 
fagc  is  to  be  feen  in  Laur.  Mizieri  collec- 
tio  magna  fcriptorum  hiftor.  Polon.  torn.  i. 
p.  36  &  feq.  Strijkoi&i  himfelf  pubiiftltd 
his  work  in  the  year  1582,  in  the  Polifti 
language  ;  and  it  has  never  fince  been  re- 
printed :  this  is  the  reafon  of  its  fcarcity. 

f  Tom.  ii.  p.  886.  «  Neftor,  a  learned 
R  iifiian ,  in  the  feventcenth  century,  pubiifticd 
Tlocn^iKOfi  wherein  he  wrote  the  livei  of 
the  fathers  that  lie  buried  in  Kief,  &c" 


Feb.  i8o2. 


On  the  Russian  Annals. 


149 


tcnce*.  Petrejus  and  Trcuer  had  done 
this  before  him  ;  and  M.  Joachinif  veiy 
lately,  though  not  fo  expr  fsly  by  name, 
but  only  by  placing  the  origin  of  the 
art  of  writing  in  Ruflia  no  farther  back 
than  in  the  year  iz6i. 


•  Arvid  Moller's  kort  heflrifning  dfwer 
Efl-och  Lifland,  jemtc  underiakning  oni 
dcffa  landers  inbygg^ares,  i  fynnerhec  det 
Eftniilca  och  Finflca  folkflngers,  unfprung, 
&:c.  Wcftcraes,  L756,  8vo.  p.  15,  &  feq. 
We  may  forgive  the  learned  author  for 
making  an  Annius  of  Viterbo  out  of  ho- 
ncft  Neftor;  the  erroneous  account  of  him 
in  the  firft  volume  of  his  Sammlung  Ruffif- 
cher  Gefchichte  led  him  into  this  miftake. 
Moreover,  he  found  there,  p.  2,  that  Neftor 
became  abbot  of  St  Michael,  anno  11 16, 
wndcr  Vladimir;  but  afterwards,  p.  113, 
Vladimir  had  departed  this  life  the  year 
before  (here  MoUcr  changes  the  year  1 1 15 
into  1015,  and  confounds  Vladimir  the 
Great  with  Vladimir  Monomachus.)  Such 
a  palpable  contradiction  as  this  muft  needs 
make  him  diffident  !  At  the  back  of  this 
now  came  the  teftimony  of  Petrejus  and 
Treuer,  which  we  fhall  prefently  produce, 
and  what  was  the  moft  material,  a  preju- 
dice againft  the  Ruffian  annalift,  to  whom 
Ithe  patriotic  Swede  bore  a  hearty  grudge,  for 
prefumingio  reckon  Eflhonia  and  Livonia  in 
antient  times  as  part  of  Rufiia ;  a  matter 
which  yet  Gruber,  by  the  publication  of 
his  Origg.  Livon.  reduced  to  the  fulleft  cer. 
tainty,  but  was  on  that  very  account  much 
abufed  by  Moller. 

t  Petrejus,  lib.  cit.  p.  138.  Treuer,  in 
•  the  preface  to  his  introducftion  to  the  Mof- 
:Covite  hiftory,  p.  8.  This  error,  which  by 
the  rules  of  found  logick  muft  give  birth  to 
ftill  greater  errors,  proceeded  from  a  fimple 
jconfufion  of  two  Byzantine  emperors,  who 
iwere  both  of  the  name  of  Michael.  Cyril- 
I  lus,  towards  the  conclufion  of  the  9th  cen- 
tury, introduced  the  firft  literary  charaders 
'  among  the  Sclavonians  during  the  reio-n  of 
Michael  III:  this  is  a  fadl  that  has-been 
unqueftionabiy  proved  !  Any  one  has  only 
to  turn  to  Frifchii  Origo  charaderis  Scla- 
i  vonici,  pars  i.  Berolini  i727,"4!:o.  Dobner 
»d  Hajckum,  torn.  ii.  p.  130,  &  fcq.  and 
Kohlii  Introd.  in  hiftoriam  &  rem  htcrariam 
Slavorum,  p.  136,  &.  fcq.  together  with 
Affemani,  if  he  require  to  fee  ihc  evidences 
in  behalf  of  fo  well-known  a  circumftance. 
But  Petrejus  confounds  this  Michael  III. 
with  Michael  Palcologus,  who  indeed  lived 
wore  than  400  years  after  the  former: 
Treuer  inconfidtrately  writes  the  fame 
f^^Z  after  him,  and  even  cites  Herbcrftcin, 


§  IV.  Thefe  contradI<5>ion3,  or  rather 
this  profound  ignorance,  hitherto  pre- 
vailing in  regard  to  the  nnoft  material  of 
all  the  Sclavonian  hifloriographers,  wiJl 
plead  my  excufe  if  I  am  fomewhat  cir- 
cumflintial  in  treating  of  his  life.  The 
foufaes  whejice  I  fhall  draw  my  infof- 
m.Uion  arc  the  following  : 

Neflor  himftlf,  who  in  fevcral  parts 
of  his  chronicle,  fpcaks  of  himfclf  ii 
the  firll  pcrfon. 

Patericon  (Lives  of  the  faints  of  Pet* 
rtiora  monafttry  at  Kiel)  fol.  229— 235 
acccording  to  the  fccond  edUioa  at 
Mofco,  1759- 

Here  we  find  a  fhort  hiflorical  pane* 
gyric  on  Neftor.  It  is  likevvifc 
inferted  in  the  Mrnologium  Mo- 
hikvicum  (Chet'i  minci  Mogiief- 
fkie)  at  the  27th  of  Odober. 
Talifchef's  introduction  to  his  hifto- 
ry of  RufTia,  MS. 

This  perfon,  of  uncommon  merit  on 
the  fubject  of  the  ancient  hillory  of 
Rufiia,  has  in  various  places  dif- 
courfcd  on  Neltor's  aera,  chronic 
cle,  manufcripts,  and  continuators, 
with  great  eleganc^,  perfpicuity, 
and  critical  iagacity. 
Muller's  (Gerh.  Freder.)  treatife  con- 
cerning  Neftor  and  his  continuators,  in 
the  monthly  v^'ork  publiilitrd  by  him  in 
the  Ruffian  language,  fince  the  year 
1755,  under  the  title  of :  Sochineiiia  i 


who  is  neverthelefs  againlt  him.  I.acombe 
fays,  in  his  hiftory  of  the  revolutions  of  the 
Ruffian  empire,  p.  8.  "  Vladmilr  the  Great 
introduced  the  Sclavonian  charadcrs  into 
his  dominions."  For  once  he  is  in  the  rio-htf 
The  firft  ufe  of  this  new-invented  art 'wai 
made  in  Moravia  and  Bulgaria  towards  the 
end  of  the  ixrh  century;  but  in  RuiTu  it 
was  fcarccly  in  current  ufe  before  the  in- 
troduaion  of  chriftianity,  notwithftandmg 
that  Neftor  Ihews  us  a  written  record  of 
the  year  912.  However,  M.  Joachim, 
mjfled  by  the  multitude,  to  the  foregoing 
p:.irage  of  Lacombe  fu^joins  this  renv.irk  : 
"  Not  fo.  They  did  not  begin  fo  ufc  their 
charailers  till  long  afterwards,  naaicl/,  in 
the  year  of  Chrift,  126^2,  thar  is,  after  the 
Grecian  Emperor  Michael  Palsologus  had 
fcnt  the  Sclavoniin  letters  from  Conllanti, 
nople  into  Bulgaria,  from  whence  the  Ruf, 
fians  got  them,  as  Freucr,  in  the  preface  to 
his  Mofco  vice  Hiftory,  p.  6,  rightly  re« 
marks."  Not  fo.  'Trcuer  has  very  wrong-  , 
fully  remarked;  for,  anno  ia5:,  fix  Ri2*- 
fian  acaalifis  had  already  left  off  writing. 

PerewoJy 


150 


On  the  Russian  Annals. 


Vol.  64. 


Perewody  (Treatifes  and  Tran  flat  ions), 
for  April,  1755,  p.  275—298. 

This  celebrated  authc^r  herein  cor- 
rects (everal  glaring  millakt^s  com- 
mitted by  Tatifchef,  and  enriches 
the  accounts  with  conliderable  ad- 
ditions of  his  own. 

\  V.  Neftor  was  born  on  the  borders 
of  the  White  Lake  (B^lozero)  in  the 
territory  of  Novogorod.  So  Tatifchef 
pretends:  pi obalily  he  grounds  his  af- 
fertion  folely  on  this,  that  NtOor,  where 
he  fpeaks  of  the  refidtnce  of  the  thrte 
invited  Varagian  brothers,  fays  of  Siiie- 
lis,  the  niiddlennoit :  he  refided  witli 
us  (u  nas)  on  the  White  Lake.'*  But 
I  find  this  unai  only  in  the  Konigfberg 
manufcript :  in  all  the  otiiers  that  I 
have  hitherto  fcen,  it  is  wanting'.  The 
birth  place  of  Neitor  then  depends  on 
the  authenticity  of  this  lection,  and  muft 
remain'open  to  farther  critical  iiivefti- 
gations. 

The  year  likewife  as  well  as  the 
place  of  rhe  nativity  of  this  ren:iarkab!e 
perfon  is  no  where  exprefsly  nnarkcd  : 
but  it  may  be  gathered  from  circum- 
jlances.  Neflor,  (according  to  the  Co- 
dex. Regiomont.),  at  the  year  105 1,  of 
his  chronicle,  gives  a  circumftantial  ac- 
count of  the  origin  of  his  monaftery, 
and  concludes  by  faying :  "  Tbeodofi- 
us,  the  third  abbot  of  this  monallery, 
led  a  virtuous  life,  obfcrved  the  rules 
of  the  order  (which  he  had  adopted 
from  the  academical  monallery  at  Con- 
Aanlinople),  and  received  every  one 
that  came  to  him.  Hither  alfo  came 
I,  poor  fmner,  and  was  admitted  in 
the  17th  year  of  my  age."  The  Pate- 
ricon  fubjoin^:  *'  Neltor,  being  17 
years  old,  came  to  Antonius  and  The- 
odofius,  who  were  then  building  the 
monailtry  at  Petfliora  ;  and  prayed  to 
be  ^^dmitted  among  the  monks.  His 
renneft  was  granted  :  but  he  was  not 
Ihorn  till  under  the  Abbot  Stephen, 
who  alfo  ordained  him  deacon."  Here 
we  have  three  data  for  coming  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  year  of  Ncftor's 
birth:  i.  Neftor  v  as  17  years  of  age 
when  he  entered  the  monallery.  2. 
/.ntonius  and  Theodofius  were  both 
living  ;  and,  3.  were  juit  then  building 
the  monaftery  of  Petlhora. 

The  queftion  here  is  not  about  the 
firfi  beginning  of  the  cave  (Petlhora) 
at  Kief,  which  Antonius  dug,  and  in- 
habited firft  alone,  but  afterwards  in 
company  with  twelve  brethern  ;  nei- 
ther is  it  concerning  the  little  monaf- 


tery and  the  wooden  church  which 
were  conftruffted  under  the  abbot  Var- 
laam,  the  fuccelTorof  Antonius,  on  the 
retreat  of  Antonius  from  the  monaf- 
tery into  another  cell,  and  the  brethern 
were  already  increaftd  to  twenty  :  but 
our  bufiiiefs  is  with  the  larger  Petflio- 
ran  monaftery  and  the  ftately  ftone 
church,  which  were  both  built  over 
the  cave,  after  the  Great  Duke  Ifafl  'uf 
had  folemnly  made  a  donation  of  the 
fpot  to  the  ufes  of  the  monaftery.  For 
the  nun.ber  of  th^  brethren  was  now 
iijcreafed  to  a  hundred. 

This  new  edifice  was  undertaken  in 
the  year  107:^,  as  we  are  fufficiently  in- 
formed by  the  Patericon.  Antonius 
died  the  loth  of  July,  1073,  when  the 
building  had  not  yt  t  betn  carried  on  a 
complete  year-  Here  we  have  the  year 
when  Neltor  entered  the  monaftery. 
Theodofius  dies  the  3d  of  May,  1074, 
having  fhortly  before  his  death  inltal- 
led  Stephen  as  abbot,  on  bein^  eledted 
to  that  dignity  by  the  fuffrages  of  the 
brethren  ;  and  this  fuperior  continued 
the  building  after  him.  Neftor  came 
therefore  to  Theodofius  a  little  before 
the  death  of  Antgnius,  confequently  in 
the  year  1073  ;  but  firft  received  the 
tonfure  from  abbot  Stephen,  for  he 
mu(t  pafs  a  full  year  as  noviciate  ;  and 
Theodolius  in  the  mean  time  died- 
Neftor,  at  his  reception  into  the  mo- 
naftery, namely,  in  the  year  1073,  was 
17  years  of  age  :  confequently,  he  was 
born  in  1056. 

§  VI.  In  the  year  1083  this  great 
monaftery,  under  its  fifth  abbot,  Nicon, 
was  ornamented  with  pictures,  by 
painters  who  were  written  for  from 
Conftantinople  for  that  purpofe  :  and 
two  years  afterwards  the  church  was 
confecrated.  Theodofius  had  all  this 
while  lain  ia  the  old  cave,  without  the 
new  monaftery:  but,  in  the  year  1091, 
t!ie  brethren  held  a  chapter,  in  which 
it  was  refoived  to  depolit  his  bones  in 
the  new  church  which  he  himfelf  had 
begun  to  build.  Our  Neftor  received 
the  mandate  from  the  abbot  to  feek  for 
the  corpfe,  and  to  take  it  from  its  grave. 
Accompanied  by  two  of  the  brothers;, 
he  went  in  the  darknefs  of  the  night, 
they  dug  with  their  own  hands,  fmging 
and  praying  all  the  w^hiie,  till  the  ap- 
proach of  ir.orning,  when  at  length 
they  found  it.  The  next  day  (the  14th 
of  Auguft.)  thefe  venerable  relics  were 
brought  in  public  proceffion  to  the 
church;  aad  there  folemnly  depofited. 

This 


Feb.  1802. 


On  the  Russian  Amah. 


This  Neftor  himfelf  circumftantially 
relates  at  the  abovemeiitioned  year.  Of 
the  reft  of  his  life  in  the  monaftery  we 
know  nothing'.  Only  the  Patericon 
fays  of  him  ;  "  He  worked  at  his  chro- 
ricle,  bore  eternity  in  mind,  and  ferv- 
edand  pleafed  his  creator,  till  at  length, 
being  old  and  fatisfied  with  life,  he  de- 
parted to  his  reft,  5cc." 

During  this  period  he  ftudied  the 
Greek  language.  Cetlre.nus,  Zonaras, 
and  Syncellus,  were  his  ,  models  on 
which  he  formed  his  hiftorical  tafte  and 
ityle.  Probably  her  would  have  become 
a  Xeiiophon,  or  a  Pulybias,  if  conjunc- 
tures had  put  their  works  in  his  hands 
inftead  of  thofe  of  the  former.  Yet,  by 
the  imitation  of  the  antient  Greeks,  he 
would  have  been  more  pragmatical ; 
accordingly,  on  tHe  other  hand,  he 
would  not  have  been  fo  ftridtly  chrono- 
logical. 

^  VII.  Neftor  died:  his  body  ftill 
reftw  uncorrupted  in  the  famous  cave 
at  Kief*  :  but  ihe  year  of  his  deceafe 
is  unknown.  That  he  arrived  at  a  good 
old  age,  is  fee n  by  the  paiiage  in  the 
Patericon  adduced  above.  Neftor 
himfelf  fays,  (at  leaft  according  to  the 
MS.  quoted  by  M.  Muller;  for  I  do 
not  find  in  it  that  of  Koiiigft)erg),  that 
he  had  been  (namely,  at  the  time  when 
he  wrote  this)  40  years  in  the  monaf- 
tery. Now,  if  he  were  already  in  it 
anno  1073,  then  he  was  ftill  ahve  anno 
1113. 

His  Chronicle  runs  on,  together  with 
thofe  of  his  continuators,  in  one  undi- 
vided feries ;  it  cannot  therefore  be 
properly  determined  how  far  he  pio- 
ceeded  with  it.  Tatifchef  thinks  he 
left  off*  at  the  year  1093  ;  for,  at  that 
place,  in  fome  copies,  tliere  is  an  ex- 
hortation to  tinners,  with  concludes 
with  the  word  Amen.  A  fimilar  ex- 
hortation is  found  likewife  at  the  clofe 
of  the  year  11 16,  but  where  it  is  evi- 
dent, that  Sylvcfter,  the  abbot  of  St  Mi- 
thael  s  monaftery  at  Kief,  is  the  fpeaker; 
confcquently,  as  Tatifchef  fuppofes,  all 
from  1094  to  1116,  belongs  to  this  Syl- 
veftcr.  But  M.  Muller  oppofes  his  o- 
pinion  with  great  juftice.  In  the  year 
1096,  the  monk  of  Petlhora  is  certain- 


*  The  place  is  denoted,  in  the  drawing 
which  Herbenius,  lib.  cit.  p.  36,  ha>  given 
of  the  cave  at  Kief,  by  the  fuperfcripcion, 
JJcftor  Chronologuc. 


ly  ftill  fpeaking,  and  not  Sylvcfter,  who 

was  of  another  monaftery.  Hece  is  dc- 
fcribed  the  attack  of  the  Polovian  prince 
Bonac,  upon  Kief,  and  particularly  the 
plundering  of  the  monaftery  of  Petftio- 
ra  committed  by  him  ;  they  fell  up- 
on the  Petlhoran  monaftery,"  it  is  there 
faid,  while  v/E  were  afleep  in  our 
ctrlls.*'  Sylvefter,  on  the  contrary,  doea 
not  manifeftly  declare  himfelf  till  the 
year  1115. 

Thus  much  is  therefore  certain,  that 
Neftor  was  ftill  writing  in  the  year 
1096.  If  the  above-mentioned  paflage 
be  genuine,  that  he  had  been  40  years 
in  the  monaftery  ;  then  is  this  aifo  cer- 
tain, that  he  was  ftill  alive  in  the  year 
1113.  He  was  then  57  years  old  ;  but 
as  the  Patericon  gives  him  a  conhdcr- 
able  age  (Icta  dovolno,  annos  fufficien- 
tcs),  he  perhaps  lived  a  good  while 
afterwards.  But  whether  he  continu- 
ed writing  till  11 13  is  another  queftion, 
which  I  fhail  not  venture  to  determine. 
Perhaps,  as  Tatifchef  imagines,  the  rea- 
fon  why  he  proceeded  no  farther  with 
his  chronicle,  might  be,  that  he  was  ei- 
ther prevented  by  hcknefs  and  infirmi- 
ties, or  becaufe  he;;^^as  in  the  mean 
time  working  on  Iris'Vatericon,  or  be- 
caufe he  thought  it  dangerous  to  fet 
down  the  adions  of  princes  who  were 
Hill  alive. 

§  VIII.  Neftor  left  behind  him  two 
books;  His  L^topifcc,  or  his  chronicle, 
and  the  Patericon,  or  lives  of  the  faints 
of  the  monaftery  of  Petftiora. 

In  his  chronicle  he  fets  out  with  a 
fiiort  preface,  m  which  he  treats  geo- 
graphically, as  wtU  of  the  antient 
world  in  general,  according  to  the  By- 
5£antine  hiftorians,  as  of  Ruftia  and  the 
bordering  countries  in  paj  ticular.  He 
then  comes  at  once  to  the  Sclavi,  their 
expeditions  from  about  the  Daimbe, 
their  divifion  into  fmaller  tribes,  and 
their  fettlemcnt  in  thofe  co'untries 
which  are  ftill  inhabited  by  their  dcf- 
cendents.  He  touches  on  the  migra- 
tions of  the  Ugres,  the  Pechenegers, 
and  other  fv)reign  tribes,  who  merely 
pafled  through  Rufiia,  without  getting 
a  permanent  ftation  there.  Here  and 
there  he  interfperfes  fomewhat  of  the 
manners  of  thefe  different  kinds  of  peo- 
ple, and  then  proceeds  to  the  origin  of 
the  Ruliian  monarchy. 

From  the  year  858  his  regifter  of  e- 
vents  begins  to  take  a  chronological 

'  form 


On  the  Russian  Annals. 


Vol.  64. 


f^rm.  Whatever  lie  has  to  fay,  he  ar- 
ranges under  certain  dates  ;  an  accu- 
racy which  he  got  from  his  Byzaniine 
predcceflTors,  but  which  is  an  inclHma- 
ble  advantage  to  the  Ruflian  hilloVy,  as 
it  fecures  it  from  a  multitude  of  doubts 
that  might  otherwife  arife-  From  the 
'  year  86a,  he  grows  more  circumltanti- 
al  on  Ruffian  events,  but  from  879,  he 
enters  into  particulars  with  ftill  great- 
er minutentfs.  He  defcribes  entire 
fucceffions  of  occurrences  which  bare 
tradition  could  not  have  preferved  for 
aoo  years:  nay,  he  inferts,  verbatim,  too 
long  treaties,  owe  of  commerce,  and  the 
other  of  peace,  w  hich  weie  concluded 
between  the  Byzantine  and  Kievian 
monarchs,  in  the  years  912  and  945 
which  ijs  a  plain  demonllration  that  he 
muft  ah"eady  have  found  and  employ- 
ed written  accounts,  though  he  no 
v  here  exprefsly  ref.rs  to  them.  For, 
in  the  Byzantine  hiHorical  books,  from 
which  he  could  otherwife  have  tranf- 
cribed  them,  as  he  did  other  matters, 
ihey  do  not  appear. 

Nt  llor's  chronicle  is  the  only  one  of 
its  kind.  7  he  refl  of  the  SclaVonian 
nations,  the  Poie^,  Bohemians,  Wen- 
dians,  lilyrians,  &c.  have  nothing  to 
produce,  that,  in  point  of  antiquity, 
circumdantiality,  accuracy,  and  au- 
thtPticity,  can  be  brought  into  compa- 
rifon  with  the  Ruflian  annalill*.  Even 


*  I  have  given  myfelf  the  trouble  to 
hunt  for  chronicles  any  thing  remark- 
able for  antiquity  or  value,  vvritttn  in 
Sclavonian,  among  other  nations  be- 
fides  the  Rufhans ;  and  to  this  very  day 
I  have  only  been  able  to  m.eet  with  one. 
Ailemanni  dtfciibes  it  in  his  Kalendar, 
ccclefiSE  urivcrise  torn.  i.  p.  325.  It  is 
written  in  the  Dalmatian  lan^iuage,  and 
contains  the  hiliory  of  the  fovereigns  of 
Palmatia  and  Croatia  :  it  extends  from 
the  year  538  to  1079,  but  confifls  in  all 
of  only  nineteen  pdges.  A  certain  Do- 
niinicus  Maruius  tranflated  it  into  La- 
tin at  the  requeft  of  the  author,  in  the 
year  15 10,  and  both  the  original  and 
the  tranliation  are  now  to  be  fetn  in 
the  Vatican,  under  No  7019. — The  o- 
thtr  Sclavonian  annalifts,  who  were  in 
fom.e  degree  contemporary  with  Nef- 
tor,  wrote  all  of  them  in  Latin;  but 
how  far  does  every  one  of  them  fall 
fliort  of  the  Ruffian  !  Kadlubek,  the 
oldeft  Pole,  but  yet  about  a  hundred 


in  Ruffia  he  has  ever  been  held  in  the 
higheft  regard.  The  fueceeding  Ruf- 
fian chroniclers  repeat  the  tranfadioni 
recoided  by  Nell  or,  commonly  in  hit 
own  words,  at  leaft  they  never  venture 
to  make  any  conhderable  variation* 
from  him:  fo  firmly  do  they  rely  upon 
his  veracity. 

I  will  not  foreftall  the  reader*8  judg* 
ment  on  the  credibility  of  this  annalill. 
He  bears  the  ilamp  of  it  on  his  front ; 
and  I  am  perfuaded,  that,  as  foon  as 
any  pcrfun  is  mailer  of  his  language 
enough  to  read  Neflor  through,  he 
will  do  him  all  the  juftice  he  defervcs^ 
I  muft  be  underltood,  however,  to 
fpeak  only  of  fuch  readers  as  acknow- 
ledge no  other  hiftory  than  what  is 
drawn  from  genuine  fources,  and  arc 
in  a  capacity  to  judge  of  the  authenti- 
city of  thefe  fources  with  ciitical  pre- 
cilion.  As  for  others,  who  know  of 
no  fources  of  antient  Ruffian  hiftory 
but  Herberltein  and  Pctrejus  ;  who 
give  the  origin  of  the  art  of  writing  in 
Ruflia  no  earlier  a  date  than  the  xiiiih 
century;  who  hold  the  fucceffion  of 
Ruffian  fovereigns  till  Ivan  Vaffillie- 
vitch  to  be  unknown,  or  at  leaft  unaf- 
certained  ;  who  regard  this  long  period 
as  a  vaft  defart,  where  no  chronicle 
marks  out  the  path  to  the  inquifitive 
hiltorian* ;  who  fetch   their  whole 


years  younger  than  Neftor,  makes  his 
aged  Johannes  fay :  *  Nos  hodierni  fu- 
mus,  ntc  ulla  helternitatis  eft  in  nobis 
cana  fciei.tia  Bibliothec.  Polon.  torn, 
i.  p.  151.  Dlugofch  quotes,  as  the 
fource  of  his  hiftory,  fairam,  qnjE  fola 
durabat,  ib.  p.  25  i.  Cofmas,  the  an- 
tient Bohenrrian,  is  (till  more  honeft,  and 
conRflcs  that  he  has  drawn  his  ac- 
counts of  the  origin  of  his  nation  ex. 
fenum  fabulofa  narratione,  Dobner, 
ad  Kajekum,  tom.  i.  p.  55.  We  need 
no  longer  be  furpriftd  at  the  fabulous 
conceits  that  disfigure  the  antient  hif- 
tory of  the  Sclavonian  nations.  See 
the  note  before  at  p.  296.  We  may 
parcon  the  foreign  refcafchers  into  hii- 
tory,  if,  difgufted  with  the  Polifti  and 
Bohemian  chronicles,  they  look  for  no- 
thing better  from  the  Ruffian  :  but  we 
muft  do  Neftor  juftice,  if  his  writing* 
themfelves  evince,  that  he  is  no  Cof-r 
mas,  no  Kadlubek,  no  Dlugofch. 

*  Only  let  us  hear  how  categorically 
Trcuer  aud  Lacombe  fpeak  in  the  pre- 
faces 


Teb.  r8o2.  Qf  the  Ruaian  Annals. 


'53 


ftock  of  Ruflian  hiftory  from  Strahlen- 
berg,  Voltaire,  Lacombf,   and  their 

faces  to  their  hiftories  of  Kiiffia  \  The 
former  fays,  p.  3  &  feq.  *'  Previous  to 
the  15th  century  the  hiltory  of  Mofco 
refcmbles  a  vaft  Arabian  dtTart ;  and, 
38  thtre,  at  every  diftancc  of  about  100 
miles,  one  may  meet  with  a  place  in- 
habited by  men  ;  fo  here  in  every  hun- 
dred years,  one  Icarccly  meets  with  any 
memorable  circumltance  to  reward  our 
pains :  not  to  mention,  that  a  felf-con- 
fiilcnt  hiftory  of  thefe  barren  times  is 
not  to  be  hoped  for.  Before  the  8th 
century  all  is  thick  darkntfs  in  the  hif- 
tory of  Ruffia.  Pofterior  to  the  8th 
century,  we  find  an  account  or  two, 
fcattered  up  and  down  in  the  Ruflian 
annals  ;  but  they  can  be  no  other  than 
imperfedt,  as  the  Ruflians  only  began 
to  employ  their  alphabet  about  the 
year  ia6z.  Previous  to  the  loth  cen- 
tury, in  which,  aboat  the  year  987,  the 
Greek  religion  was  introduced  among 
them,  they  had  no  notion  of  any  cpo- 
chas,  but  firft  began,  on  their  adoption 
of  the  Chriftian  religion,  to  reckon 
from  the  creation  of  the  world  :  for 
which  reafon,  their  accounts  can  be  of 
but  little  fervicc  to  us,  unlefs  we  could 
reduce  fome  parts  of  them  to  a  ftated 
period  from  their  connection  with  the 
hiftory  of  their  neighbours,  which  in 
thofe  times  was  not  veiy  great.  And 
even  though  they  may  have  compiled 
their  annais  in  regular  order  in  point  of 
time,  yet,  in  the  judgment  of  all  writ- 
ers that  have  feen  thenn,  they  are  very 
badly  compofed.  After  Vladimir  and 
his  fpwuf ,  vt-ry  few  Great  Dukes  are  to 
be  reckoned  :  frequently  not  knowing 
how  to  admeafure  the  f^vtral  portions 
of  their  territories  among  the  fons  they 
left  behind  them,  the  dilputes  and  vio- 
lent contells  that  thence  arofc  often 
made  it  impoflible  to  determine  who 
was  lord  and  who  was  vaflal ;  and,  be- 
ftdes,  the  Ruflian  annals*  have  never 
once  fct  down  their  namet*.  In  the 
13th  century  the  whole  country  was 
over-run  by  the  Tartars,  and  I  ut  few 
memorable  paflagts  of  the  Ruflians  or 
their  princes  are  to  be  feen  during  that 
time  ;  fo  that  the  barons  Von  Herber- 
ttcin  and  Maierberg,  Petrejus,  Jovius, 
Heidenileinius,  and  other  bitiorians, 
can  with  difficulty  find  any  thing  to  re- 
late of  this  couple  of  centuries,  till  Ba- 
(ibus  the  blind,  and  Johannes  Dufili- 
VoL.  LXIV. 


ftill  more  wretched  copiers,  the  au- 
thors of  the  xxixth  volume  of  the  Uni- 

des  I.'*    What  a  profufion  of  hiftorical 
falflioods!  So  many  lines,  fo  many  blun- 
ders !  How  can  Treuer  afterwards  ex- 
pe<5t,  that  pofterity  perhaps  may  obtain 
from  Ruflia  itfelf  more  important  rela- 
tions of  the  Ruflian  hiftory,  when  he, 
only  8  pages  before,  had  demonO rated 
the  poverty,  the  worthlefl'nefs,  and  the 
defecfts  of  the  Ruflian  annals  ?  La- 
combe  holds  a  fiiniiar  language.    **  It 
is  true,'*  fays  he,  p.  2,  of  the  preface, 
**  this  hiftory  cannot  fcem  defcrving  of 
any  particular  attention;  and  we  turri 
away  from  it  in  difguft  at  the  barren- 
nefs  and  obfcurity  of  the  firfl  period* 
of  RuflTia,  though  its  origin  does  not 
mount  up  to  too  remote  an  antiquity. 
But  this  nation,  in  regard  to  its  neigh- 
bours, was,  as  it  were,  from  another 
world.    It  has  left  us  no  chronicles,  no 
monuments,  which  might  caft  a  light 
upon  the  chaos  of  undiftinguifliabie 
principalities  and  dynaftics  into  which 
it  was  antiently  divided.  Accordingly, 
for  acquiring  any  knowledge  of  this 
country,  we  are  obliged  to  have  re- 
courfe  to  the  annals  of  other  itates» 
&:c."    The  caufe  whereof  the  author 
finds  to  be  in  the  then  moft  horrible 
barbarifm  of  the  Ruflian  nation.  But 
what  if  we  fliould  fhow  iiim  hereafter, 
from  authentic  evidence,  that  in  the 
xiith  century  barbarifm  was  incompar- 
ably more  horrible  in  France  than  in 
Ruflia  ;  from  whence  will  the  French- 
man then  get  a  higher  fuperlative  for 
properly  denoting  the  then  ftate  of  his 
countrymen.    However,  left:  it  fliould 
be  imagined  that  what  I  have  been 
citing  has  been  the  univerfal  language 
of  the  whole  public,  I  will  adduce  two 
judgments  on  the  oppofitc  fide.  Bren- 
ner, a  Swede,  who  rcfided  a  long  time 
in  RuflTia,  writes  in  a  letter  to  D.  Benze- 
lius  (in  his  epitome  commentar.  Moy- 
fis  Armeni,  4to.  1 723,  Holmise,  p.  106 :) 
Hasc  omnia  in  fuis  hiftoriis  accuratius 
ipfa  (Roflbrum  gens)  quam  omnes  ex- 
teri  defcripta  habet,  he  quas  vel  ad 
ejus  laudem,  vel  antiquum  regni  Ruf- 
fici  ft:atum,  prsefertim  fub  ducibus  di- 
verforum  ducatuum  polt  magnum  du- 
cem  &  ezarum  Voladimer  pertinent, 
in  illorum  libris  (atis  cxaefa  invenituc 
narratio.    And  M.  Mulltr  fays,  in  the 
SammlungRuflifchergcfchichte,tom.T. 
p.  6.   "  From  Neitor  and  his  conti  - 


154 


Of  the  Russian  Annals. 


Vol.  64. 


vevfril  hiflovy  :  fuch  renders,  I  fiiy,  will 
find  it  much  againft  the  grain  to  de- 
clare- for  authentic,  the  itlations  of  a 
monk  who  gives  the  lie  to  all  the  a- 
boven  entioncd  author}^,  and  razts  to 
iht  ground  their  wholt  fynem  of  Ruflia 
in  the  niicldle  ages.  However,  we  ufl 
"vrait  v\ith  patience,  till,  in  c(>nfiqutnce 
of  the  full  n(^toriety  of  tht  Rnfiian  an- 
nuls, hilioricil  truth  fliall  ptivntle  the 
night  of  prevailing  ignorance,  and  in 
procefs  of  time,  and  armed  with  its 
own  int?infic  force,  ftiall  triumph  over 
error  and  prtfcrip;iv(r  prejudice. 

§  IX.  Bthdes  thele  annals,  NcRor 
alio  wroic  Lives  of  fcveial  abbjts  and 
other  pious  perfons  of  the  monaltery 
of  Petih(;ra.  The  fiilt  part  of  ihe  Pa- 
tericon  Petflicnicnm*  has  this  ii.fcrip- 
tiou  ;  Piu-s  primn,  in  qua  rtperiu-  tur 
vitae  fan<^torum  ven{  rabnium  et  ^u^cf^uf 
patruir.  noftroruni  Pt  ilhoricoruiii,  knp- 
tae  a  venerabili  patre  nohrf)  Neltort  , 
annalilla  Iluflica.  But  we  have  thefc 
Jives  no  lon;«^r  as  they  came  from  the 
penofNeJlor:  and  Nehor  himfelf  is 
only  mentioned  in  them  in  the  third 
perfon.  The  preface  to  the  Patericon 
incntions  that  the  original  wasdcfiroy- 
ed  in  the  cahimiiics  attendant  on  war; 
for  the  prcfervation  of  what  remains 
of  it,  we  are  indebted  to  St  Siti  eon, 
bifhop  of  Volodimir  and  Sufc'al,  who 
fiourilhed  in  the  12th  century,  and 
made  extracts  ot  what  was  mort  memo- 
rable in  it.  The  bijhop  of  Miiriflauf, 
Sylveftor  K^'^bf,  who  clitd  in  the  year 
1658  as  metropolitan  of  Kitf,  trar.flated 
this  Petfhoran  Pattricun  into  Polifh, 
and  caufed  it  to  be  printed  in  form  of 
cxtrads  at  Kief  in  1635!.  But  Herbi- 
nius  and  Kulczynfki  t  communicate  in 


nuators  there  has  arifcn  a  concatena- 
tion of  Ruffian  hiftory,  which  is  fo 
complete,  tliat  no  nation  has  to  boaft 
of  a  like  valuable  treafure  for  lo  long 
and  uninterrupted  a  fc-rits  of  ytarb.'' 

*  Of  this  book  two  coitions  have 
come  to  my  fight:  one  of  them  is 
printed  at  Ivief  in  the  m  on  a  ft  try  itfejf, 
anno  1702;  the  other  at  Mofco,  1759, 
both  in  folio.  The  ntin.c  is  from  the 
Greek  :  fee  du  Cange,  GioflTar.  grasc. 
under  the  word  UsP^i^tjcho 

t  Herbinius,  lib.  cit.  page  138. 

X  Ignat  Kulczyniki  Specimen  Ecclefia: 
Ruthcnicae,  Ron^se,  8vo<,  Pars.  I.  1733. 
Pars  II.  1734. 


the  Latin  language  federal  particulars 
taken  from  it. 

§  X.  From  NcOor  I  proceed  to  his 
continuator?.  The  little  that  is  to  be 
known  of  them  I  lhall  extract  fiom  the 
abovementioned  treatifcs  of  1  atifchtf 
and  M.  Mulltr. 

TfKf  firft  is  Sylveftcr,  abbot  of  the 
mcmaftery  of  Si  Michael  Vidoffki,  in 
Kief,  who,  in  the  year  J119,  became 
biHiop  of  Pcirejnfiauvl,  and  there  died 
the  23d  of  April,  1123.  He  writes  thus 
of  himfelt,  at  the  yt^riii6:  **  J,  Syl- 
ve/ter,  a  finful  monk,  abbot  of  Si  Mi- 
chac;,  wrote  this  luu)k,  w  hich  in  Cireek 
is  called  X^avofpu^os,  but  in  Rufb  Vre-» 
mcnnick,  that  )  •,  periodical  regiOer, 
at  the  time  when  Nicephorus  was  me- 
tj  opolitan  of  Kief  and  all  l^ufli^»,  when 
the  orthodox  Prir.ce  Vladimir  Mono- 
machu^  reigned  in  Kief,  a  fon  of 
Vltvolodus,  graridfon  of  Y.irollauf, 
and  great  grand  fon  of  the  great  anei 
apoflolical  St  Vladimir,  w  ho  was  narn- 
td  Hahiiu:-  at  the  facrtd  font,  and 
brought  all  Ruflia  to  the  Chriflian 
faith.  All  this  J  have  written  out  of 
love  to  G(>d  the  Lord,  to  the  highly  ex- 
toiled  mother  of  God  and  his  faints, 
"and  to  my  n.itive  country  RufiTia,  to 
the  falvation  and  utility  of  all.  I  be- 
feech  all  who  read  this  book,  to  pray 
for  me  in  their  holy  devotions,  that  I 
may  hear  the  fw  ect  and  giadfome  voice 
of  God  the  Lord  on  the  day  of  his  great 
judgment ;  and,  free  from  the  torments 
of  eternity,  may  receive  the  promifcd 
kindncfs  of  the  Lord,  through  the  in- 
tcrcefiion  of  the  holy  mother  of  God, 
and  all  faints.  Amen." 

Whether  this  p^ifTige  begins  or  con- 
cludes Sylver.er's  work,  is  yet  unde- 
termineo.  Tatifchcf  th.inks  the  fo)- 
mer;  but  M.  Muller  is  of  opinion  that 
it  concludes  it,  and  indeed  apparently 
with  greater  reafof) ;  becaufe  Syivelfer 
f^ys,  he  WTote  under  the  great  Duke 
•-  iadimir  Monomachus :  but  he  did 
not  begin  to  reign  till  anno  1114. 

§  XL  Tf^e  fecond  continuator  is  not 
known  by  name.  He  mentions,  under 
the  year  1146,  that  he  has  often  fung 
in  the  temple  of  Viadimjr  with  Igor  JL 
He  has  this  peculiarity,  that  he  through- 
out defcribes  the  (tature,  mien,  and 
countenance  of  the  great  dukes  with 
fnch  accuracy,  that  one  might  almoft 
take  him  to  have  been  a  painter.  From 
fcveral  circumftances  we  learn  that  he 
lived  in  Volhynnia  :  he  Jikcwifc  dwells 

far 


Feb.  i8o2.  Oh  the  Russian  Annals. 


155 


far  more  minutely  on  events  that  relate 
to  Volhynnia  and  Red  Ruifia,  than  on 
luch  as  happened  in  White  RuHia. 
This  account,  however,  proceeds  no 
lower  dovTu  than  to  ihe  year  1157: 
when  again  a  frtfli  continuator  takes 
up  the  pen,  but  who  is  juft  as  much 
unkntiwn  as  his  immediate  predecelFor, 
lind  terminates  with  the  year  1203. 

So  far,  namely  Jo  the  concUilion  of 
tlie  xiith  century,  reaches  the  firft 
clafs  of  Ruffian  annals,  which  com- 
piifcs  Ntftor,  SylveOer,  and  two  ano- 
nymous continuators.  Hitherto  each 
period  has  only  one  (ingle  hilloriograph- 
er,  who  begins  where  his  predecefTor 
left  off.  Thus  far  all  the  manufcripts 
agree  together  in  the  principal  events, 
excepting  that  one  is  more  full  and- 
particular  than  another,  and  one  copy- 
id  more  confcientious  or  more  ignorant 
than  another. 

But  after  the  year  1203  their  arifes 
a  great  diverfity  in  almoft  all  the  ma- 
nufcripts. The  ftyle,  difpofition,  aud 
matter,  are  different  in  each.  The 
one  cenfurcs  what  the  other  applauds, 
according  as  it  affe<5ts  the  circumitances 
or  the  palfions  of  the  compiler.  Now 
alfo  contemporary  hiftorians  fprung  up. 
P^uffia  was  perpetually  more  and  more 
divided  into  diftintfl  principalities.  In 
each  principality,  as  is  eafy  to  imagine, 
arofe  particular  hiftorians,  who  de- 
fcribed  more  circumftantially  the  events 
of  their  country  in  preference  to  all 
others,  of  which  other  Ruffian  duch- 
ies took  no  more  notice  than  was  una- 
voidably neceflary  from  ihcir  connec- 
tion with  the  former.  The  names  of 
moft  of  thefe  chronologers  have  long 
difappeared  and  been  loft  to  hiftory: 
only  thus  much  we  know,  that  they 
were  almoft  all  of  them  monks. 

§  XII.  Two  of  them,  however,  have 
fofar  efcaped  the  depredations  of  time 
as  to  corne  down  to  us  by  name,  who 
continued  the  Ruffian  chronicles  from 
the  xiiith  century  ;  Simeon,  biihop 
of  Sufdal  in  White  Ruffia,  and  Ivan, 
a  pope  (prieft)  in  Novogorod.  Simeon 
died  in  1226  :  he  very  minutely  de- 
fcribes  what  happened  during  his  own 
times  in  White  Ruflia,  and  the  newly- 
credled  grand-dutchy  of  Vladimir; 
whereas  he  touches  but  fparin^ly  on 


Kievian  and  Volbynnian  occurrences. 
His  fuccelfor,  the  Prieft  at  Novogorod. 
writes  of  himfelf  at  the  ye  ir  1230,  that 
he  compofed  the  hiftory  of  his  times, 
and  that  he  was  tye-v\itntfs  of  the 
tranlaCtions  he  relates  in  hi.s  chronicle- 
As  he  lived  in  Novogorod,  he  is  not 
only  more  cii  curnftantial  on  all  matters 
that  relate  10  Novogorod,  but  he  like- 
wifw*  interl'pcrfeii  Novogorodian  ac- 
counts of  remoter  times.  To  him  we 
are  indebted  for  the  valuable  charter 
that  was  granted  by  the  grand-dnkc 
Yaroflnif  in  the  year  1019  to  the  city 
of  Novogorod,  and  which  Neftor  him- 
felf had  negleded  to  infert  in  his  chro- 
nicle. Here  ends  then  the  uniformity 
and  concordance  of  the  Ruffian  annalso 
Ncrftor,  and  his  three  immediate  conti- 
nuators  had  acquired  lach  univcrfil  re- 
fpec^t,  that  no  tranfcribcr  ever  ventured 
to  make  any  great  alterations  in  their 
regifters.  So  that  in  facft  there  was 
then  no  more  than  one  m.-iin  chronicle. 
But  thenceforwards  the  hiftory  of  Ruf- 
fia branched  (jut  into  Icveral  artns,  in 
proportion  as  the  country  became  di- 
vided into  numbericfs  principalities, 
with  each  its  proper  fovereign.  -Ta 
one  copy  which  was  made  in  the  ter» 
ritory  of  Kief,  interpolations  were  ad- 
ded to  the  honour  of  Kief;  a'\)rher 
that  was  tranfcnbcd  in  Wiiite  Ruffia 
was  interlarded  with  Wiiite  Ruffiia 
occurrences,  and  the  like  of  others* 
There  fprung  up  no  canonical  chroni- 
cler whum  nis  pofterity  acknowledged 
as  fuch  ;  or  rather  there  fucceedctl  no 
one  who  drew  up  a  general  hiftory  of 
the  then  numerous  ftates  of  Ruffia. 
Neverthclefs  thefe  chronicled  proceed 
in  an  uninterrupted  fucceffion  through 
all  the  following  centuries.  The  im- 
ptrrial  library  is  in  poflcffion  of  one, 
which  dates  its  commencernent  from 
Neftor,  and  does  not  conclude  till  the 
year  1630.  The  beginning  is  alike  in 
all,  hut  from  the  year  1200,  no  one 
refembles  another.  Till  this  asra  there 
is  one  general  chronicle  of  all  Ruffia  ; 
after  it,  it  runs  out  into  fpecial  chroni- 
cles of  iingle  ftates,  which  the  hifto- 
rian  muft  firll  prove,  compare  and  affi- 
milate,  if  he  require  them  to  be  ia 
harmony  with  the  former. 

Xa  The 


Vol  64. 


LITERARY  NOTICES  FOR  SCOTLAND. 


It  is  with  coiifiderable  regret  that 
wc  tind  ourlelves  obliged,  by  theprcf- 
I'ure  of  other  articles,  to  portponc 
the  greater  part,  of  the  Foreign  Li- 
terary Notices  till  oar  next  num- 
ber. As  we  are  anxious  to  give 
the  domellic  occurrences  of  the  coun- 
try to  which  our  miicellany  is  princi- 
pally devoted,  the  omiffion  will,  we 
truli,  be  in  Ibme  meafure  atoned  for, 
by  the  hiftorical  detail  of  the  monthly 
tranfa^lions,  and  the  condenfed  view 
which  will  be  given  in  a  more  conve- 
nient place. 

With  regard  to  Scotland,  we  have 
the  pleafu re  of  presenting  our  readers 
■with  a  fhort  analyfis  of  a  pamph- 
let lately  publiihed  by  IVIr  Chrif- 
tifon,  one  of  the  maftcrs  of  the  High 
School  of  ^Edinburgh  ;  a  gentleman 
whofc  accurate  and  extenfive  know- 
ledge, and  whofe  experienced  abilities 
in  the  difficult  tafk  of  education  arc 
ivell  known  to  the  public.  It  is  en- 
titled, *•  The  General  Diffufion  of 
Knowledge,  one  great  caufe  of  the 
profperlty  of  North  Britain  ;  with  an 
Appendix  containing  a  propofal  for  im- 
proving the  piefent  fiate  of  teaching 
the  Greek  language."  Printed  for  Hill, 
and  fold  by  VV light,  London.  This 
pamphlet  contains  Cvonfiderations  of 
the  utmoft  conf^-^quence  to  the  politi- 
cal, civil  and  literary  interefts  of  Scot- 
land. Its  objedt  is  to  Ihow,  that 
knowledge  among  the  lower  ranks  is 
the  belt  fecurity  for  their  becoming 
and  remaining  good  fubjedts  ;  and  that 
an  encouragement  of  the  ancient  falu- 
tary  inltilution  of  parochial  fchools,  is 
an  bbie6t  highly  worthy  of  the  atten- 
tion of  the  legillature.  The  author  be- 
gins with  a  concife  view  of  the  gradu- 
al profpe'rity  cf  Scotland  fmce  the  u- 
nion  ;  and  then  enters  upon  thar  fource 
of  the  national  welfare  afforded  by  the 
influence  of  parochial  feminaries.  IJe 
tirit  adverts  to  the  general  knowledge 
which  the  peafantry  acquire,  by  ha- 
ving, in  their  jJo'ver,  the  means  of 
information  ;  and  next,  to  the  oppor- 
tunity of  dllplaying  itfelf,  which  they 
give  to  obfcure  and  youthful  genius. 

Who  would  not  feel  indignation  at 


the  itliberal  wi(h  of  cxtinguifting  the 
fire  of  genius  in  the  brealt  of  a  young 
Milton,  or  Newton,  in  a  cottage,  to 
whom  prefent  and  future  ages  may  be 
indebted  for  the  light  of  imaginatio* 
and  fcience  ?  Why  (hould  not  fuch  a 
youth,  by  the  aid  of  learning,  Hep  out 
of  his  original  rank  to  enjoy  hi>  pecu- 
liar happinefs,  to  difplay  the  happinefs 
of  his  nature,  and  to  be  ufeful  to  his 
country  The  author  then  refutes  the 
common  obje6tions  made  in  this  cafe, 
that  fuch  encouragement  would  with- 
draw too  many  from  bodily  labour, and 
render  them  difconfcnted  with  their 
proper  fituation,  by  obfcrving,  that  th« 
army  and  navy,  agriculture  and  manu- 
fadures,  are  never  unfupplicd  with 
men,  from  fuch  caufcs  ;  and  if  it  were 
fo,  the  demand  for  people  would  in- 
flantlybe  increafcd,  marriage  encou- 
raged, and  the  defe(5l  fupplied. 

Thofe  who  raife  themfelves  from 
the  lower  ranks  by  education,  muft 
do  fo  by  arts  plainly  beneficial  to  their 
country.  la  political  danger,  they 
will  have  more  influence  over  their 
nearer  and  even  more  diftant  relations ; 
and  the  more  numerous  they  are,  the 
greater  hold  government  obtains  of  the 
lower  people.  Another  objedlion  thai 
general  knowledge  expofes  the  popu- 
lace to  the  eflfedts  of  feditious  publica- 
tions, is  completely  overturned  by  thV 
fail,  that  grofsly  ignorant  people  arc 
always  eaheft  corrupted,  and  incap- 
able of  information  to  the  contrary. 
Ireland  might  have  been  mentioned -as 
a  fmgular  inftance  of  tjiis. 

The  author  proceeds  to  fhew  the 
policy  cf  further  fubje6ling  the  parifh 
youth  to  the  fchoolmafter,  a  man 
whofe  fituation  the  government  had 
improved,  and  whofe  principles  it  ful- 
ly knew.  An  excellent  and  authentic 
fkctch  of  all  the  branches  of  national 
profperity,  flourifhing  through  the  me- 
dium, of  general  and  popular  initruc- 
tion  ;  of  all  the  arts  and  fciences,  oft 
which  the  happinefs  and  greatnefs  of  a 
nation  depend,  mutually  enlightening 
one  another,  is  delineattd  in  the  ex- 
tent of  a  few  pages,  with  as  much, 
truth^  as  elegance  of  lan^^uage.  He 

poinU 


Feb.  1802.       Literary  Notices  for  Scotland. 


157 


points  out  the  cfFefls  of  the  national 
profpcrity,  arifing  from  the  fortunes 
which  many  Scotchmen  make  in  va- 
rious partsof  the  world,  in  confequence 
of  their  education;  fortunes  which  are 
cither  added  to  the  national  wealth, 
by  being  laid  out  on  eftatcs  at  home, 
or  by  tranfmilTion  to  poor  relations. 
The  comprehenfion,  pliancy  and  Vali- 
dity of  mind,  which  are  gained  by  a  li- 
beral, and  Ibmetimes  Univerfuy  edu- 
cation ;  and  which  have  long  dillin- 
guiOied  Scotifhmcn,  he  proves  to 
be  the  efFeds  of  that  lyttem,  which 
ouranceftois  eftablllhed  in  an  aufpici- 
ous  hour,  at  prefent  tnuch  decayed  by 
unmerited  negle6t. 

Having  (hown  the  utility,  polity, 
and  excellent  confequences  of  Icnow- 
ledge  difFufed  through  all  ranks,  the 
author  enters  upon  an  account  of  the 
caufes,  which  mull  foon  entirely  ruin 
the  means  of  popular  inftrudtion,  the 
wretched  liatc  of  ejlabli/hed  teachers, 
particularly  parifhfchoolraafters,  whofe 
income  is  as  prefent  quite  inadequate 
to  their  fupport,  and  daily  becoming 
worfe.    Many  parifh  fchools  are  de- 
ferted  for  want  of  teachers  ;  many  arc 
fupplied  with  men,  whofe  abilities  are 
contemptible.,  becaufe  the  places  can- 
j  not  afford  better  ;  while,  from  an  idle 
j  cuftom  of  excluding  ftudents  of  theo- 
I  logy,  they  are  often  filled  even  in  de- 
i  cent  fituations  by  thofe  deftitute  of  an 
I  Univerfuy  education,  a  cafe  formerly 
very  rare.    Ignorance  (tealing  on  with 
halty  pace,  will  infallibly  fink  in  dark- 
nefs,  the  lower  order,  aclafs'of  men, 
without  which  no  nation  can  exift,  and 
whofe  intercft  is  interwoven  with  that 
of  every  good  government. 

The  principal  caufe  of  the  defedl  in 
the  fixed  falaries  of  fchoolmafters,  is 
the  gradual  fall  in  the  value  of  money. 
A  certain  fum,  at  the  period  when 
thefe  were  firfl  appointed,  might  be 
adequate  to  the  purpofe ;  now  it  is 
abfolutely  lefs  than  the  income  of 
the  meanert  fervant.  The  landholders 
are  called  upon  to  remedy  thi*  evil 
from  the  motives  above  ftated,  but 
particularly,  becaufe  an  ignorant  pea- 
iantry  can  neither  cultivate  their  lands, 
nor  difplay  fpirit  in  any  fpecies  of  in- 
duftry.  Ignorance,  and  vice,  and  floth 
are  always  concomitant ;  more  crimes, 
more  public  executions,  more  fpiritlefs 
poor,  and  confequently  greater  ex- 
pcnce  of  poor's  rates  may  then  be  ex* 


pe(5led.  The  landholders  tit-c  indeed 
bound,  in  equity,  to  make  the  falarie*' 
equivalent  to  their  original  value,  but 
the  benefit  of  the  inftitution  meritj 
greater  attention  than  even  that.  Tw 
objertions  are  next  examined,  one  a* 
bout  the  danger  of  rendering  teachers 
independent,  and  therefore  idle  ;  and 
the  allegation  frequently  made  by  pny- 
prictors  of  land,  that  the  falaries  ought 
not  to  be  redified  at  their  cxpencc 
alone.  Both  of  thefe  receive  very  fa- 
tisfaiftory  anfwers,  the  heft,  perhaps, 
which  could  have  been  j^iven.  The 
plan  of  the  rectification  of  the  falaries 
is  laid  down  with  due  attention  to  the 
interefts  of  all,  and  ought  to  be  adopt- 
ed as  foon  as  pofTible.  The  author 
adds  a  few  obfervations  on  the  prefent 
defective  flate  of  burfariei^  or  college 
exhibitions,  moft  of  which  are  ufelefs 
from  the  fame  c.iufe  which  has  reduced 
the  value  of  falaries.  The  improper 
appointment  of  teachers  not  fufficient- 
ly  qualified,  and  dertitute  of  genius,  to 
fchools  and  other  feminaries,  he  next 
examines,  as  the  means  of  injuring  the 
profperity  and  literature  of  tne  nation. 
He  concludes  with  a  retrofpedlivc 
glance  at  the  ftate  of  fcience  in  Scot- 
land, for  the  laft  feventy  years ;  a  pe- 
riod filled  with  a  lift  of  geniufes  worthy 
of  the  Grecian  or  Auguftan  ages,  men 
who  have  done  honour  to  their  coun- 
try, and  not  lefs  to  the  public  fpirited 
patrons  who  placed  them  in  the  very 
fituations  in  which  they  ought  to  have 
been  placed.  The  Appendix  contains 
a  moft  fenfible  propofal  of  introducing 
the  Greek  language  into  fome  of  the 
public  feminaries  hitherto  confined  to 
Latin.  The  confequences  of  this  are 
obvious.  A  generally  diffufed  know- 
ledge of  the  moft  beautiful  of  all  the 
ancient  languages  would  be  promoted  ; 
and  the  ufual  time  of  ftudy  allotted  to 
this  purpofe  enlarged.  Hope  might  be 
entertained  that  Scotland  would  reco- 
ver her  ancient  fame  in  claliic  litera- 
ture,  and  with  her  philofophy,  found- 
ed on  the  infallible  balis  of  induv^tion, 
m^\iQ  no  inferior  figure  in  the  republic 
of  letters. 

Our  limits  do  not  permit  us  to  give 
a  further  detail.  We  refer  our  readers 
to  the  pamphlet  itfelf,  whi;:h  is  written 
with  fpirit,  elegance,  and  information, 
on  one  of  the  moft  important  fub- 
jecls  that  will  ever  alfect  the  happiiiefs 
and  literature  of  this  country. 

The 


Literary  Notices  for  Scotland.  Vol.  64^ 


The  Reverend  Dr  Jamieson  of  E- 
<!inburgb,  dt  ligns  to  publilh  by  fiib- 
I'ciiplion,  a  Di«^tioiiaiy  of  the  Scotiih 
Lanj-ruage,  intended  for  a  connplele 
key  to  the ancicnrScotilh  writers ;  and 
thofc  who  have  compo!'cd  hnce  the 
union  of  the  crown?,  in  the  difllient 
provincial  diakt^Ls.  Tiic  importance  of 
this  woik  mufl  be  extrenuly  obviou-, 
vhen  v.c  rtflcdt  that  nolhing  of  the 
kind  has  yd  appeared  in  thtr  countiy. 
The  language  of  ScotlamU  ft)  far  from 
being  a  mixture  of  corrupted  Englilh, 
;is  feme  have  allcrtcd,  vv.is  introduced 
before  the  Norman  conquclt  of  South 
Britain,  if  not  by  dirt<^t  colonics  from 
Scandinavia,  at  Icai^  by  the  Saxon  ni- 
lions,  tlic'it  took  puff.liionof  tlie  I'.orih- 
ern  counties  of  England.  It  was  elta- 
Liifhed  by  the  influx  of  S.^xon  txiles  of 
all  ranks,  that  fled  from  the  flavcry  of 
the  conquerors;  and  flocked  to  the  pro- 
tection of  a  Scotilh  Quctn,  who  car- 
ried into  the  royal  line  of  Scotland,  the 
blood  of  the  tirit  Saxon  Monarchs.  It  af- 
liimtd  in  a  fliort  time  after,  a  fixed cha- 
ra»5ter,  and  remained,  till  the  union  of 
tne  crown^,as  dillintft  in  pronunciation, 
idiom,  and  vocables  from  the  Englilh, 
as  any  two  filter  dialccTis  of  the  fame 
original,  fpoken  by  two  feparate  and 
independant  nations.  Since  the  union 
of  the  crowns,  and  afterwards  of  the 
kingdoms,  the  Englidi  phrafe  and  pro- 
nunciation, has  been  gradually  gain- 
ing ground.  But,  even  now,  it  not 
fo  much  changed  from  its  ancient  ftruc- 
ture,  as  to  have  loft  the  pcculiaritiet>  of 
its  idiom.  The  langu.ige  of  Ramf.iy 
may  be  explained  irom  the  older  writ- 
cTh,  wntrc  thofe  anomalies,  which 
Ibmr  cailcorruptions,  appear  in  o>  dina- 
ry  ufe ;  and  the  vvritm^s  of  Burns  the 
poet  of  Scotland,  are  in  moil  cafes,  as 
pure  as  former  authors.  It  is  an  er- 
ror of  tht  eye  to  imagine  no  difference 
between  Engliih  words,  and  Scolifh 
■words  fpelled  in  the  Englilh  man- 
ner. The  pronunciation  is  widely 
different;  the  fcnfc  is  often  fo.  Par- 
ticular phrafes,  truly  Scotiih,  are  often 
found  compofed  of  common  words;  it 
is  not  the  vocables  merely,  but  the  geni- 
us, idiom,  and  particular  conllrudion 
of  woids,  which  fuch  a  work  mu(f  con- 
tain, and  which  only  a  Scotfman  can 
record. 

A  Scotifii  dictionary,  on  this  plan, 
is  entitled  to  the  patronage  of  the 
whole  nation,  wherever  pleafure  has 


been  derived  from  thr  poets  of  its  ver- 
nacular language,  the  tender  tah-  of  llie 
Gentle  Sh(pherd,  or  the  fcarctly  infe- 
r i or  p r od u Ci i on s  of  Fe rg u ffj n  a n d  B u i  n  s . 
Many  fongs  of  which  the  words  and 
ineiodies  have  charmed  the  infant  exr 
of  every  Scotfman,  and  which  are  the 
admiration  even  of  foreigners,  will 
tiiere  be  unlocked  to  polteiity.  To 
the  antiquary,  fuch  a  book  muft  be 
extremely  ufeful.  Scotfmen  of  the 
higher  orders,  fliould  reflect,  that,  fincc 
they  have  banillied  the  dialc<ft  of  their 
forefathers  from  colloquial  ufe,  tliat 
every  part  of  ancient  language,  and  an- 
cient cuftom,  raurt  foon  be  loit  ;  that 
it  will  be  aFi  indelible  reflection  on 
their  patriotifm,  if  they  allow  the  poli- 
cy of  Edward  I.  to  beaccomplifhed  by 
their  own  negligence.  Doctor  J^^mic- 
fon's  work  is,  we  underftand,  folely  de- 
voted to  the  Scoiilh,  i^ncient,  and  ver- 
nacular langu.ige  ;  a  work.  wl)ich  is  e- 
vidtnlly  a  defideratum^  both  at  home 
and  abroad,  which  can  only  be  exe- 
cuted by  a  Scotfman,  who  is  acqu  lint- 
ed  with  our  popular  manners,  cuitoms, 
phrafcology  and  pronunciation.  Of 
confequence,  his  undertaking  merits 
the  allittancc  of  all  friends  of  the  na- 
tional literature. 

t)r  Adam,  RecRor  of  the  High  School, 
Edinburgh,  and  author  of  a  Latin 
Grammar,  an  abridgement  of  Roman 
antiquities^  extremely  ufeful  to  all  who 
are  lludying  the  claflic  authors,  with 
fcvei  al  other  ingenious  works,  moit  of 
u  hich  are  Vv^ell  known  to  the  public, 
has,  we  arc  informed,  been  long  em- 
ployed on  a  new  Latin  Dictionary. 
The  defeds  in  arr  angement,  accuracy 
and  explanation,  fo  common  in  works 
of  this  defcription,  not  to  mention  the 
frequent  orni/Tion  of  vocables,  make 
a  new  w-ork  on  the  Roman  language 
very  neceflary.  Indeed,  it  is  much  to 
be  regretted,  that  the  ftores  of  wif- 
dom,  fcattered  up  and  down  the  vo- 
lumes of  former  grammarians,  have 
not  yet  been  collected  into  one  view  ; 
that  didionaries,  inftcad  of  uni:ing  e- 
rudition  with  phiiofophy,  are  books 
of  the  leaft  ufe,  that  fail  into  the  hands 
of  a  ftudent. 

Though  Scotland  cannot  boafl  of 
any  late  editors  of  the  larger  GreeBj 
clalTics,  to  be  fet  on  equal  fooling  witj 
the  celebrated  Porson,  and  othfl 
names  of  the  brightett  reputation  » 
the  fouthcm  parts  of  the  ifiand,yfl 

xnaifl 


Feb.  1802.  Literary  Naticcs  for  Scotland. 


many  of  her  fcholars  are  generally  un- 
dcrllood  to  be  fcarctly  Ids  able  or 
inclined  to  promote  the  interefls  of 
Roman  and  Grecian  literature.  Hun- 
ter and  Young,  both  poflefled  of 
the  iv.o'X  acute  and  penetrating  gram- 
tn:itic<d  knowledge,  and  enlighten- 
ed with  philofophy  genius,  have 
long  continued  to  lecture  on  the 
piinciples  of  languages,  in  a  manner 
pf  rhaps  not  equalled  by  any  foreitf'.i 
Icholars.  From  what  we  have  leen  of 
the  labours  of  the  former  gentleman, 
furn  ptitioufly  publilhcd  in  a  woriv  com- 
piled from  many  authors,  and  fome- 
timeP,  as  is  the  cafe  with  regard  to 
him,  wiihout  proper  acknowledgment, 
we  have  much  reafon  to  regret  that  he 
has  not  alrtady  given  to  the  world,  the 
fubllance  of  a  valuable  courfc  of  Phi- 
lological lectures,  which  thofe  who  can- 
not think  o'r  write  for  themfelves,  ftcal 
and  mangle. 

Pioiefibr  Dalzel,  whofe  care  has 
formed  fo  many  young  Icholars  for 
the  fupport  of  the  national  literature, 
and  whofe  erudition,  blended  with  the 
attractions  of  taite  and  poetry,  has 
probably  contributed  more  to  the  ge- 
neral diffuhon  of  a  love  of  the  fintlt 
of  all  the  ancient  languages,  than  tlie 
united  labours  of  his  prcdtceflbrs,  has 
now  the  latisfadion  of  feeing  his  plan 
for  the  accommodation  of  Greek 
Jhidentf,  coniplrtcly  rtaiiztd.  The 
ANAAEKTA'H220NA  xfit/MEIZONA 
the  tormer  in  one  V(;lume,  cufti.uning 
profe  and  verfe  extracts  from  the  Grtt  k 
authors,  vviih  minute  philological  notes, 
and  an  analytical  lift  of  vocables  ioi  the 
ufe  of  younger  ftudeni ;  and  tiie  latter  in 
two  volumes;  the  one  containing  prole, 
and  the  other  poetical  extr^^dts,  have, 
fince  the  firft  publicatiofi  of  the  rel- 
pe(5iive  volumes,  pafild  through  feve- 
ral  eoitionsj  and  are  ufed  in  many  femi- 
narie?,  where  the  interefts  of  Greek  li- 
terature are  confulled.  A  feries  of  nott  s 
f  cither  compt)fed  by  the  learned  Edi- 
I  tor,  or  feleded  from  former  commen- 
I  tators,  is  arranged  with  fuch  Ikill  as 
to  fuperfede  the  ufe  of  a  Latin  tranf- 
Jation,  commonly  affixed  to  thefc  ciaf- 
fics.  The  fiudent  is  introduced  at 
once  to  the  principal  hiftorians,  orators, 
philofophers,  and  poets,  of  the  Greeks  ; 
extrads  being  inserted  from  all  the 
bell  authors,  and  arranged  in  proper 
order.  An  hifiorical  account  of  each 
author  is  given,  and  the  principal  edi- 
tions of  his  works  enumerated,  fo  that 


much  erudite  philological  information, 

may  be  coUeded  from  the  work, though 
principally  intended  for  the  inllructiori 
of  youth.  The  fourth  edition  of  the 
Analeda  Minora,  and  of  the  firlt  vo- 
lume of  the  Analeda  Majora,  which 
have  been  lately  publilhed.  To  this 
voiume  of  the  Analleda  Majora,  whirh 
conlifta  of  profe  exirads,  a  valu.iblc 
liffc  of  Philological  works  is  appended. 
A  new  edition  of  the  fecond  volume  wf 
the  Anaiedta  Majora,  which  conlifts  of 
poelicd  extracts,  is  in  the  pref^.  J I  u 
illuftrated  by  copious  philological  notes, 
much  improved,  and  including,  parti' 
cularly,  an  account  of  the  principal 
Grtek  tragic  metres,  fo  ufeful  for  right- 
ly undcrilanding  -Sifchyles,  Sjphoclcs 
and  Euripides.  Tins  work,  the  LatJ- 
nity  of  which  has  been  jultly  admired 
for  terfencfs,  purity,  and  elegance, 
has  not  only  been  adopted  in  many 
of  the  principal  feminarics  in  England, 
but  has  long  been  well  known  on  the 
continent,  particularly  in  Germany, 
where  it  is  extrcajtly  popul  ir,  an  edi- 
tion having  been  pi  intcd  at  Lcipfic,  un- 
der the  care  of  the  karntd  PiofciTor 
Grohmann. 

A  Syltem  of  Chcmiflry  by  Thomas 
Thoinion,  M.  D.  will  foon  be  publiftied. 

The  Rev.  Mr  Henry  Brunton,ot  this 
city,  who  lately  rehded  for  more  than 
two  years,  among  the  buibos,  an  Afric^.ii 
tribe  in  the  vicinity  of  Sierra  Leone, 
has,  we  undeiftand  fince  his  arrival  m 
Scotland,  compoied  feveral  religious 
manuals  and  catechifms  in  the  Suioo 
language,  which  have  been  printed  iu 
Suioo  and  iLngliQj,  for  the  uie  of  ttie 
Atricans.  He  has  llkewiie  comp  .fed 
a  grammar  and  vocabulary  of  that  lan- 
guage, which  is  now  in  rhe  prefs.  ThiS 
we  ihouhi  conceive  to  be,  not  only  an 
acceptable  prefent  to  luerarv  m.en,  but 
mult  be  (till  more  pleahng  to  the  bene- 
volent man  and  the  ChriltiaD,  as  it  af- 
fords tome  piomue  of  reclaiming  the 
Africans  from  that  ftate  of  ignorance 
and  barbanty,  in  which  they  leem 
conftantly  to  have  exiited  in  Nigritia. 
VV'e  untierftand  few  languages  are 
mora  exteniiveiy  dittuied  among  tbe 
Atiican  tribes,  than  the  Sufoo. 

The  celebrated  Gerard  is  finiiliing  a 
pi(::l:ure  foi  the  apartments  of  the  Firll 
Conful  Bonaparte,  which  reptefenrs 
OHian  invoking  tne  fpirits  by  the 
found  of  his  harp,  on  the  banks  of 

Lora. 


Jf  U  lli    1    IS.  X, 


Lora.  It  is  to  be  engraved  in  Eng- 
land. 

The  Royal  Academy  of  Berlin  pro- 
pofe,  for  the  fubjea  of  their  prize  ellay 
in  the  clafs  of  Belles  Letties,  for  the 
year  1802.  The  hiltory  of  the  political 
conftitutions,  laws,  cultoms,  manners, 
and  ufages,  of  the  Goths  j  with  a  par- 
ticular regard  to  literature  and  the  fine 
arts,  including  the  explanation  of  what 
is  termed  the  Gothic  age,  and  when 
that  term  began  to  be  ufed. 

The  Univerfity  of  Cambridge  has 
propofed  the  following  j?nxe  quef- 
llions : 

I.  Quse  eft  caufa,  cui  jam  per  plu- 
rima  fsecula,  fcientiae  et  liberales  artes, 
non  nifi  in  Chnitianis  populis,  llorae- 
rint  > 


2.  Ex  coalefcentibus  Britanniae  ct 
Hibernise  imperils,  quid  potiflimuKi 
boni  fit  fperandum? 

Mr  Browne,  the  Darfoor  traveller, 
is  gone  on  a  voyage  to  the  Levant. 

bir  William  Oaieiey  has  finilhed  his 
map  of  Perfia,  on  which  he  has  been 
employed  for  two  years.  It  not  only 
contains  Perfia,  but  the  adjacent  coun- 
tries of  Taitary,  Mefopotamia,  Arme- 
nia, Sec.  The  names  of  places  are 
engraved  in  the  Perfic  character. 
It  IS  faid,  Sir  William  is  to  viiit 
Perfia,  for  the  purpofe  of  prefenting 
his  map  to  the  Ferlian  Monarch,  and, 
that  he  intends  to  examine,  on  the  fpot, 
the  celebrated  Perfepolitan  infcrip- 
tions,  and  collect  the  books  of  the  aa- 
cient  Perfians. 


POETRY. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
OITHONA. 

A  GAELIC  STORT. 

THE  clouds  in  lurid  billows  fwept  the  iky. 
No  ftar  was  fecn  to  lend  its  friendly  light; 
While  ftill  the  fcrcaming  fea-bird^s  piercing 
cry 

Was  heard  amid  the  horrors  of  th^  night, 
A3  with  flow  flapping  wing  ftie  bent  htr 

To  fcek  the  covert  of  fome  barren  rock. 
Where  the  white  furge  in  hollow  murmurt 
broke. 

The  knarled  oaks,  with  age  and  mofs  over- 
grown, 

Before  the  gale  their  aged  branches  flied. 
While  withered  leaves  in  awful  fury  blown, 
Were  borne  on  high  in  clouds  of  muiky 
red, 

Or  o'er  the  ground  in  whirling  eddies 
fpread  ; 

While  the  gaunt  wolf,  impatient  of  his 
ScarM  by  the  din,  in  terror  urg  d  hij  way. 

Olthona  flill  her  way  unahercd  kept, 

Noburllinjy  figh  efcaped  her  timid  bread, 

Ai  ficfllcd  in  her  arms  a  chcruh  flcpt, 
Lulled  by  the  warring  elements  to  refl. 
With  anxious  haftc,  her  onwurd  fteps  flie 
prcft, 

While  like  a  meteor  ftreaming  on  the  air. 
Plowed  the  long  trciTes  of  her  auburn  hair. 


•*  Thy  mother  too  will  quickly  taftc  of  re^* 
"  And  fleep  in   peace,"  the  wretche<i 
mourner  cried, 
•*  Again  will  joy  revifit  this  fad  bread, 
"  Then  will  1  view  thee  with  a  mother*! 
pride, 

"  An4  own  myfelf  the  gallant  Dermid*s 
bride, 

"  Watch  oc'r  thy  youth  with  never  ceaflng 
flame, 

"  And  proudly  own  thcc  with  a  parent*! 
name. 

**  Why,  cruel  memory,  wilt   thou  flil^ 
renew 

"  That  fatal  night  which  marked  mc  out 
for  fliame  ? 
•*  Why  puint  in  vivid  colours  to  my  view 
That  night  which  robbed  me  of  my 

virgin  name  ? 
That  night,  vvhen  burning  withunholj 
flame, 

**  Clafped  in  his  arms,  in  extacy  I  lay, 
**  Breathed  out  fome  half- formed  words, 
and  died  away  ? 

*•  Even  now,  mtthinkg,  I  feci  his  burning 
kifs 

"  Shoot  thorough  my  maddened  brain  with 
fubtle  fire, 

"  Eveif  now  I  feel  the  thrilling  pangs  of  blifs 
"  Fill  every  throbbing  nerve  with  fierce 
defire, 

«  And  my  eyes  moiften  with  a  liquid  fire, 
"  My  heart  flill  rages  with  a  ccalelcfi  flame, 
•*  My  foul  unaltered,  and  my  love  the  faaic,'* 


Ai  thus  fhe  fpoke,  a  dlftant  mournful  bell, 
Amid  the  warrini^  fury  of  the  night, 

Stole  on  her  liftcning  ear  with  foknin  knell, 
And  through  the  miflctoe  a  glimmering 
light 

Shed  irs  dim  ray,  and  vaniflied  from  her 
fight  ; 

**  My  L)trrniid*s  true,"  the  lovely  mourner 
cried, 

**  And  this  the  fpot  that  owns  me  for  his 
-  bride." 

No  more  flic  feared  the  lightening's  forked 
^  gleam, 

Or  the  loud  thunders,  from  the  ttm- 
pcft's  womb ; 
But  haftened  on  to  where  the  friendly  beam 
Led  to  i  pile  of  venerable  gloom, 
"Whofe  walls  were  marked  by  many  a 
mouldering  tomb. 
And  night's  foul  bird,  rocked  on  the  turret's 
head, 

^creamed  loud,  to  greet  her  to  her  marriage 
bed. 

Appalled,  fhe  gazed  upon  the  tottering  pik, 
Which  feemcd  for  deeds  of  blood  and 
death  defigned, 
As  the  blaft  echoed  through  the  long  black 
aifle  ; 

While  the  grey  weeds  that  round  the 

columns  twined, 
And  the  rank  grafs  waved  wildly  in  the 

wind  ; 

She  turned  to  fly;  to  fly,  alas!  too  late  ! 
X^oud  crciiked  the  hinge  as  turned  the  iron 
gate. 

**  Thy  Dermid  comes,  thy  miferles  to  fpare. 
Behold  thy  marriage  bed  !  behold  that 
grave !" 

Exclaimed  the  fiend,  and  fcized  her  auburn 
hair, 

♦*  This  is  the  deftined  fpot,  where  none 
can  fave," 

Then  in  her  breaft  he  plunged  the  reeking 
gbve  ; 

And  as  the  blood  ruflied  bubbling  from  her 
veins, 

He  ftrewcd  the  pavement  with  his  infant's 
brains. 

Beyond  the  darkeft  confines  of  the  wood. 
Where  furze  and  brambles  drive  to  rife 
in  vain. 

The  villain's  j»ibbet  many  a  day  hath  flood, 
And  as  hischains  creak  in  the  drizzlyrain, 
His  bones  lie  bleaching  on  the  barren  plain, 
While  high  in  air  the  fcreaming  eagle  loars, 
And  o'er  the  defart  waite  her  favage  mufic 
pours. 

Since  then,  full  many  a  howling  wintry  blaft 

In  icy  fetters  hath  enchained  the  flood, 
Vol.  LXIV. 


And  many  a  fpring.  In  wild  luxuriance  caft 
Her  earlicft  offerings  o'er  the  moulderiog 
fod, 

Which  hides  from  mortal  eyes  this  fccnc 

of  blood  ; 

Yet  flill  at  midniglit  hour  his  ghofl  returns, 
While  thro'  dark  frown*  the  flame  eternal 
burns. 

Ullik. 

For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
MY  NATIVE  VALE. 
FN  flum!)er's  dark  and  filent  hour 

The  Wciodcring  fpiric  mounts  the  gale. 
Rides  in  the  tcmpcft**  cloudy  power 

In  triumph  to  her  native  vale  ; 
No  fhriliy  hlallwith  angeK-,  flics 
On  keener  wing  to  paradif^  ; 
Till  joyful  in  the  morning  dream, 
She  hears  her  foaming  mountain  flream. 
From  the  grey  rock's  embattled  brow. 

The  waving  aHi  a  welcome  fmiles  ; 
The  reedy  lake  expands  below. 

With  all  her  green  embofomed  ifles  : 
The  heart  beats  high — i  view  you  near, 
Scenes  of  my  love — how  blefl,  how  dear  \ 
Your  healtliy  hills  and  valliea  rude, 
Shall  live  in  deachlefs  gratitude. 
Nurfed  in  your  low  and  humble  fhadc, 

Your  genius  ftilled  my  infant  cry  ; 
Aerial  notes  around  me  played, 

The  florm's  deep  paufmg  melody; 
Tonvs  from  that  harp's  Eolian  found, 
Which,  on  his  cloudy  mountains  thron'J, 
The  fpirit  of  the  defart  pours 
An  Anthem  wild,  o'er  lonely  moors. 
Of  ages  part,  his  feven  fold  f^:ell, 

Each  manly  thought  recalls  to  light; 
Around  my  glowing  heart  they  fwell. 

Entrancing  forms  of  young  delight : 
Renown  and  Glory's  magic  name. 
Virtue  divine,  immortal  fame 
And  gentler  Love,  not  leaft,  though  laft, 
Complaining  on  the  hollow  blaft. 
On  poverty's  ungenernns  fand. 
Behold  the  regal  thiftle  rife, 
"  His  azure  tuft  at  cafe  expand, 

*'  To  wintry  fnows  and  fummer  fklcs  ; 
"  His  patriot  brow,  his  noble  air. 
Thou  child  (>f  independence  wear  : 
Thy  guardian  virtues  only  lower 
"  To  brighten  round  the  rofc's  flower. 
"  From  Nature,  own  that  ramelefsjoy, 

*'  The  wealth  of  empires  cannot  yield; 
**  Pure  as  the  evening's  azure  dye, 

"  Luxuriant  as  the  harveft  field." 
Such  were  the  notes  that  luU'd  to  reft. 
The  fhepherd  boy's  unconfcious  breaft, 
Y 


i6o 


POETRY. 


Vol.  64. 


Lora.  It  is  to  be  engraved  in  Eng- 
land, 

The  Royal  Academy  of  Berlin  pro- 
pofe,  for  the  fubjea  of  their  prize  ellay 
in  the  clafs  of  Belles  Letties,  for  the 
year  1802.  The  hiftory  of  the  political 
conftitutions,  laws,  cultoms,  manners, 
and  ufages,  of  the  Goths  j  with  a  par- 
ticular regard  to  literature  and  the  fme 
arts,  including  the  explanation  of  what 
is  termed  the  Gothic  age,  and  when 
that  term  began  to  be  uied. 

The  Univerfity  of  Cambridge  has 
propofed  the  following  j)nze  quei- 
llions :  . 

I.  Quae  eft  caufa,  cm  jam  per  plu- 
rima  f^cula,  fcientiae  et  liberales  artes, 
non  nifi  in  Chnftiauii  populis,  florue- 
nnt  > 


2.  Ex  coalefcentibus  Britannise  ct 
Hibernise  imperils,  quid  potiflimum 
boni  fit  fperandum? 

Mr  Browne,  the  Darfoor  traveller, 
is  gone  on  a  voyage  to  the  Levant. 

8ir  William  Ouieicy  has  finithed  his 
map  of  Perfia,  on  which  he  has  been 
employed  for  two  years.  It  not  only 
contains  Perfia,  but  the  adjacent  coun- 
tries of  Tartary,  Mefopotamia,  Arme- 
nia, Sec.  The  names  of  places  are 
engraved  in  the  Perfic  chara6ter. 
It  is  faid,  Sir  William  is  to  vifTt 
Ferfia,  for  the  purpofe  of  prelenting 
his  map  to  the  Perhan  Monarch,  and, 
that  he  intends  to  examine,  on  the  fpot, 
the  celebrated  Perfepolitan  infcrip* 
tions,  and  colled  the  books  of  the  an- 
cient Ferfians. 


o  E 


R 


For  the  Scots  J^Iaga%ine. 
OITHONA. 

A  GAELIC  STORT. 

THE  clouds  in  lurid  billows  fwept  the  iky, 
No  ftar  was  fecn  to  lend  its  friendly  light; 
While  mil  the  fcrcaming  fea-bird*s  picrcmg 
cry 

Was  heard  amid  the  horrors  cf  the  night, 
with  flow  flapping  wing  ftie  bent  htr 
fl»gh^ 

To  fcek  the  covert  of  fome  barren  rock. 
Where  the  white  furge  in  hollow  murmurt 
broke. 

The  knarled  oaks,  with  age  and  mofs  o'cr- 
grown, 

Before  the  gale  their  aged  branches  fhed. 
While  withered  leaves  in  awful  fury  blown. 
Were  borne  on  high  in  clouds  of  muiky 
red, 

Or  o  er  the  ground  in  whirling  eddies 
fpread  ; 

While  the  gaunt  wolf,  impatient  of  his 
ScarM  by  the  din,  m  terror  urg  d  his  way. 

Oithona  ftill  her  way  unaltered  kept, 

Noburfling  figh  efcaped  her  timiJ  breaft, 

Af  ricflled  in  her  arms  a  cherub  flcpt, 
Lulled  by  the  warring  elements  to  reft. 
With  anxious  haftc,  her  onward  fteps  flic 
prcft. 

While  like  a  meteor  ftreaming  on  the  air, 
l-'lowed  the  lorg  trcfles  of  her  auburn  hair. 


•*  Thy  mother  too  will  quickly  taftc  of  re** 
"  Aud  flecp  ill   peace,"  the  wretched 
mourner  cried, 
•*  Again  will  joy  reviflt  this  fad  breaft, 
"  Then  will  i  view  thee  with  a  mother*$ 
pride, 

"  And  own  myfelf  the  gallant  Dermld's 
bride, 

"  Watch  oc'r  thy  youth  with  never  ceafing 
flame, 

"  And  proudly  own  thee  with  a  parent's 
name. 


**  Why,  cruel  memory,  wilt   thou  flil 
renew 

"  That  fatal  night  which  marked  mc  out 
for  fhame  ? 
**  Why  paint  in  vivid  colours  to  my  view 
That  night  which  robbed  me  of  my 
virgin  name  ? 
"  That  night,  when  burning  with  unholy 
flame, 

**  Clafped  in  his  arms,  in  cxtacy  1  lay, 
*'  Breathed  out  fome  half  formed  wordSp 
and  died  away  ? 

Even  now,  mtthinkg,  I  feci  his  burning 
kils 

"  Shoot  thYough  my  maddened  brain  with 
fubtle  fire, 

"  Eveif  now  I  feel  the  thrilling  pangs  of  blifs 
•*  Fill  every  throbbing  neive  with  fierce 
dcfire, 

««  And  my  eyes  moiften  with  a  liquid  fire, 
"  My  heart  ftill  rages  with  a  ccalelefi  flame, 
**•  My  fooil  unaltered,  and  my  love  the  faoic/* 


Feb.  1802. 


POETRY. 


161 


Ai  thus  fhe  fpoke,  a  dlftant  mournful  bell, 
Amid  the  warrint^  fury  of  the  night, 

Stole  on  her  liftcning  ear  with  Coh^iiin  knell, 
And  through  the  milletoe  a  glimmering 
light 

Shed  its  dim  ray,  and  vanlHied  from  her 
fight  ; 

<*  My  Dtrrniid*s  true,"  the  lovely  mourner 
cried, 

«•  And  this  the  fpot  that  owns  mc  for  his 
.  bride." 

No  more  flie  feared  the  lightening's  forked 
^  gleam, 

Or  the  loud  thunders,  from  the  tcm- 
pcfl's  womb ; 
But  haftened  on  to  where  the  friendly  beam 
Led  to  a  pile  of  venerable  gloom, 
Whofc  walls  were  marked  by  many  a 
mouldering  tomb, 
And  night's  foul  bird,  rocked  on  the  turret's 
head, 

Screamed  loud,  to  greet  her  to  her  marriage 
bed. 

Appalled,  (he  gazed  upon  the  tottering  pil«. 
Which  fecmcd  for  deeds  of  blood  and 
death  dcfigned, 
As  the  blaft  echoed  through  the  long  black 
aifle  ; 

While  the  grey  weeds  that  round  the 

columns  twined. 
And  the  rank  grafs  waved  wildly  in  the 

wind  ; 

She  turned  to  fly;  to  fly,  alas!  too  late  ! 
Loud  crtuked  the  hinge  as  turned  the  iron 
gate. 

,     Thy  Dcrmid  comes,  thy  miferies  to  fpare, 
**  Behold  thy  marriage  bed  !  behold  that 
*  grave!" 

*  Exclaimed  the  fiend,  and  fcized  her  auburn 
hair, 

"  This  is  the  deflined  fpot,  where  none 
can  fave," 

Then  in  her  breaft  he  plunged  the  reeking 
gl3ve  ; 

And  as  the  blood  ruflied  bubbling  from  her 
veins, 

He  ft  re  wed  the  pavement  with  his  infant's 
brains. 

Beyond  the  darkeft  confines  of  the  wood. 
Where  furze  and  brambles  ftrive  to  rife 
ia  vain. 

The  villain's  j^ibbet  many  a  day  hath  flood, 
And  as  hischains  creak  in  the  drizzlyrain, 
His  bones  lie  bltaching  on  the  barren  plain, 
While  high  in  air  the  fcreaming  eagle  ioars. 
And  o'er  the  defart  wafle  her  favage  mufic 
pours. 

Since  then,  full  many  a  howling  wintry  blaft 

In  icy  fetters  hath  enchained  the  flood, 
Vol.  LXIV. 


And  many  a  fpring.  In  wild  luxuriance  caft 
Her  earlicft  ofFering*  o*cr  the  mouldering 
fod, 

Which  hide?  from  mortal  eycB  this  fccne 

of  blood  ; 

Yet  flill  at  midniglit  hour  his  ghoft  returns, 
Wiiile  thro' dark  frowns  the  flame  eternal 
burns. 

For  the  Scots  Magazine, 
MY  NATIVE  VALE. 

fN  flum!)er's  dark  and  filent  hour 

The  Wciudcring  fpiric  mounts  the  gale. 
Rides  in  the  rempcft'i  cloudy  power 

In  triumph  to  her  native  vale  ; 
No  fhriliy  blall  with  angeK',  flics 
On  keener  wing  to  paradif'j  ; 
Till  joyful  ill  the  morning  dream, 
She  hears  her  foaming  mountain  ftream. 
From  the  grey  rock's  embattled  brow. 

The  waving  afli  a  welcome  fmiles  ; 
The  reedy  lake  expands  btSow, 

With  ail  her  green  enibofomed  ifles : 
The  heart  beats  high — I  view  you  near. 
Scenes  of  my  love — how  bleft,  how  dear  ! 
Your  healthy  hills  and  valli^s  rude, 
Shaii  live  in  deathlefs  gratitude. 
Nurfed  in  your  low  and  humble  fhadc, 

Your  genius  ftilled  my  infant  cry  ; 
Aerial  notes  around  me  played, 

The  ftorm'sdcep  paufing  melody; 
Tonrs  from  that  harp's  Eolian  found, 
Which,  on  his  cloudy  mountains  thron'd. 
The  fpirit  of  the  defart  pours 
An  Anthem  wild,  o'er  lonely  moors. 
■Of  ages  pad,  his  fcven  fold  f^ell, 

Each  manly  thought  recalls  to  light; 
Around  my  glowing  hearr  they  fwell. 

Entrancing  forms  of  young  delight : 
Renown  and  Glory's  magic  name, 
Virtue  divine,  immortal  fame 
And  gentler  Love,  not  leaft,  though  laft, 
Complaining  on  the  hollow  blaft. 
**  On  poverty's  ungenerous  fand, 

"  Behold  the  regal  thiftle  rife, 
"  His  azure  tuft  at  cafe  expand, 

"  To  wintry  fnows  and  fummer  Iklcs  ; 

His  patriot  brow,  his  noble  air. 

Thou  child  (>f  independence  \rcar  : 

Thy  guanlian  virtues  only  lower 
"  To  brighten  round  the  rofc's  flower. 
"  From  Nature,  own  that  ramelefs  joy, 

"  The  wealth  of  empires  cannot  yield; 
^*  Pure  as  the  evening's  azure  dye, 

"  Luxuriant  as  the  harveft  field." 
Such  were  the  notes  that  luli'd  to  reft, 
The  fliepherd  boy's  unconfcious  breaft, 
Y 


POETRY. 


Vol.  64. 


That  ftill  mid  radiant  vTions  feem 
To  iniirmur  in  his  fairefl  dream. 
I'hc  fernj^  vale  in  Fancy's  ear, 

In  wild  applaufive'  echoes  fpoke; 
The  ftartled  eagle  fcreamed  with  fear 

Procumbent  o'er  his  native  rock ; 
The  gray  g^ofs-hawk,  of  piercing:  eye, 
Shrick'd  his  lone  terrors  to  the  Iky  ; 
The  ftrcamy  mountain,  glitterinj^  bright, 
Frown'd  in  the  moon's  retreat  if  ig  light. 

Shall  thcfe  grey  rocks,  whofe  heads  afpire 

"  Beyond  the  falcon's  trembling  fpeed, 
"  Plough'd  with  the  thunder'o  heavenly  fire 

"  The  downward  path  to  flavcry  lead  ! 

No  !  urg'd  by  Fortune's  hoft  of  fot^, 
•*  Thy  bofom  nerve,  thy  breaft  oppofc  ; 
**  As  Alp,  on  Alp's  embattled  form, 
*'  We  pile,  to  mock  the  gathering  ftorm.** 
While  Cree,  from  hills  whofe  wide  domain 

To  Scotland's  throne  a  *hero  gave, 
Rolls  her  dark  torrtnt  to  the  main, 

To  fink  in  Wieton's  dldant  wave  ; 
Her  mountain  ftrearn  my  foul  fhall  cheer, 
While  fofter  memorits,  ftill  n-.ore  dear, 
Wak'd  by  fair  fancy's  kindling  art, 
Shall  beam  in  ardors,  round  my  heart. 
Scenes  of  my  ^ovc  ! —  though  far  remov*d 

From  all  that  carlieft  hope  infpir'd, 
From  all  my  infant  bofom  lov'd, 

From  all  my  artlels  heart  aduur'd. 
How  oft  when  Sleep,  in  triple  chain, 
I'ourtrays  your  cowering  clitTs  again, 
1  blefs  the  hour  with  kindlier  glow, 
Than  fober  truth  fliall  ever  know. 
Where  Frlendfliip  firft,  with  mutual  pace, 

On  youthful  hearts  unconfcious  ftole, 
Warmed  with  foft  flame,  my  chilclidi  days, 

And  fondly  kiis'd  the  opening  Ibul ; 
Like  galts  that  from  my  native  Weft 
Breathe  on  the  fnow-drop's  infant  breaft; 
Or  as  the  kindred  zephyr  blows, 
To  woo  his  filter  fweec,  the  role. 
Where  Fancy  came  with  eager  look, 

Acrofs  the  moorland's  nightly  dew; 
And  all  her  fabled  fhrints  forlook, 

To  cull  the  hare-bell  azure-blue  ; 
With  gent  left  hand,  a  wreath  ftie  w^ove, 
Sacred  to  Friendfhip  and  to  Love, 
From  the  dark  margin  of  the  flood, 
That  laves  your  waving  folitude. 
Ye  watery  meads,  whofe  tranfient  fiower 

The  fcytiies  brown  ruin  annual  fvveeps  ; 
While  rural  joy's  more  tranfient  hour, 

Floats  fofcly  o'er  your  fragrant  heaps  : 
Ye  evenings  bland,  whofe  Genius  grey 
Wakes  the  rapt  foldfman*s  roundelay, 


*  Robert  Bruce,  Earl  of  Carrick, 


How  fweet,  beneath  your  friendly  veil, 
The  heart  felt  rapture-breathing  tale. 
When  the  bright  Weft's  red  landfcape  glows^ 

Beneath  the  watchman's  humble  plaid, 
How  fwect  *  the  broom  of  Cowdenknows,' 

When  warbled  by  his  fliepherd  maid  : 
Their  fouls,  with  heaven's  thrice  haiiovv'i 

my 

DifTolvd  in  thrilling  cxtacy  ; 
A  diamond  world,  with  duft  of  gold 
Would  never  buy  the  tended  fold. 
Hark  I  the  wild  dirge  in  ether  dies, 

Strike,  angels,  ftrike  your  Harps  around, 
*'  I  wifti  I  were  where  FUlen  lies," 

Till  tears  the  liquid  voice  confound. 
Shall  moment's  dear  like  thefe  be  loft, 
Fife's  paramounting  namelefs  boaft  ? 
No,  ye  fhall  gild  her  doling  view, 
And  heaven  itfclf  be  lov'd  for  you. 
A.mbitIon  !  idle,  proud,  and  cob', 

'Fhou  chill'ft  the  heart-blood's  current 
warm  ; 

The  waving  ridge  of  harveft  gold. 

Where  toil  and  love  togcthtr  charm  ; 
Tbe  evening  fold,  the  milking  ring. 
Where  anlefs  lovers  cheer'ly  fi'tg, 
And  hmple  Truth  will  oft  betray, 
Her  maiden  blufti  amongft  the  hay; 
Thefe  to  thy  breaft  no  fweets  difclofc. 

The  heart  that  fighs,  but  dare  not  fpcak, 
The  fifter  lilly,  and  the  rofe, 

Contending  in  the  dimpled  cheek ; 
The  imile  that  binds  two  faithful  hearts, 
The  tender  tear  that  n^itlve  ftarts. 
When  Beauty's  kind  and  gentle  form, 
Ailumes  her  god-fubduing  charm. 

But  waft  my  foul,  thou  lingering  galc^ 
Oft  to  yon  mountains  heathy  fide. 

Above  my  humble  pareiit  vale, 
Aicending  in  its  nobieft  pride  : 

Though  in  the  wandering  tide  belowv 

1  ht  gold  of  Fagus  never  glow, 

The  jewel,  youth,  of  brighter  gleam, 

1  found  it  in  the  fandy  ftream. 


For  ibc  Scots  Jlfagazins. 
HUNGARIAN  WAR-SONG. 
Original. 

Impune  bacchari,  praedari. 

Ft  fanguine  tingere  fe  ; 
Ad  litus  hoftile  gralfari, 

Et  ferro  defendere  fe  ; 
Ovare  dum  figna  in  acie  ftant, 
Gaud<-re  dum  clalTica  fonitum  dant; 

Hoc  martis  tripudium  eft, 

Hie  fpiritus  militis  eft. 


Feb.  1802.  P  O 

En,  Martis  acinaces  rplend{!nt ! 

Boatum,  en,  tympana  dant 
En,  belllca  claflica  frenclenr, 

Phalantjcs,  eh,  ferreje,  ftant ! 
Hac  face  qui  nori  in  acicm  it, 
Is  lepiis,  is  fungus,  is  fjemina  fit^ 

Hoc  martis  tripudium  eft. 

Hie  fpiritus  militis  eft. 
Pro  Patria  vitam  qui  ponit, 

Pro  rege  qui  fan^juinem  dat } 
Pro  fiJc  extiema  qui  fubit, 

In  mortem  qui  ferreus  ftat : 
Pro  Aris  et  Focis  qui  vidlima  fif^ 
Is  J)eus,  is  fuperis  proximus^  fit  ; 

Hoc  martis  tripudium  eft, 

f  lic  fpiritus  militis  eft. 

Translation, 
To  riot  fierce,  to  fcize  the  prey, 
To  heap  red  carnage  in  the  fray^ 
With  champing  hoofs  the  gory  fleed, 
Mid  fabres  brandifh'd  high,  to  lead  ; 
Through  glittering  files,  a  path  to  hew, 
And  roll  in  battle's  fanguine  dew  ; 
While  hoarfe  the  fweiling  bugles  found, 
And  blood-red  banners  flaunt  around; 
Is  all  the  pride,  the  joy  of  war. 
The  triumph  of  the  bold  HufTar. 
Lo  I  from  blue  fabres  flafliing  bright, 
Fall  the  long  lines  of  filver  light ; 
The  drum  tremendous  calif  amain 
The  iron  phalanx,  o'er  the  plain  ; 
While  ftirilling  trumpets  pealing  high, 
Speak  of  death  or  vidory  : 
Ciirfed  with  a  hare's,  a  woman's  heart, 
Who  from  the  ranks  of  death  ftiall  ftartj 
A  mufhroom  mid  the  foes  of  war. 
While  triumph  hails  the  bold  Huffan 


E  T  R  Y.  163 

*Tis  his  to  grafp  the  glorious  prize 
Of  fame,  who  for  his  Country  dies ; 
Whofc  loyal  heart  its  purple  flood 
Undaunted  pours,  in  fields  of  blood: 
And  while  his  life  the  warrior  yields, 
All  in  the  pomp  of  lifted  fields. 
His  gallant  fricn^ls',  his  Country's  love, 
Attends  him  in  the  realms  above  : 
This  IS  the  pride,  the  joy  of  war, 
The  triumph  of  the  bold  Haftar. 


Par  the  S.cts  Mu^azine^ 

SONG. 

THE  BLUE  EYES. 

Soft  fwimmlng  in  their  filver  dew, 
Why  ffjeak  thofe  eyes  fu^^h  tales  of  love, 
While  all  thy  words  declare  untrue, 
What  thofe  two  lovely  traitors  prove. 

Chill'd  by  thy  v/ords,  hop':  trembling  files 
That  heart  which  love  too  keenlyv  fires  ; 
But  one  glance  of  thofe  fweet  blue  eyes, 
Re-kindies  hope,  and  joy  infpires. 

Then  tho'  thy  lips  my  fuit  reprove. 
Yet  I  fhall  not  that  fuit  refign  ; 
Thofe  eyes,  that  beam  to  confcious  love, 
Still  tell  me  that  thy  heart  is  mine. 

W.  O, 

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IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT. 


House  of  Lorbs. 
The  Lords  met  on  the  3d  February, 
according  to  order.  Much  private  bu- 
finefs  was  tranfr.Cied,  fuch  as  leceiving 
a  number  of  petitions  relative  to*  ap- 
peal caule?)  ?.nd  mfiking  arr?.ngements 
V'itb  regard  to  thole  already  before 
the  Houfe.  On  Lord  Felham's  enter- 
ing the  Floufe,  Lord  FTolland  rofe,  and 
addvefling  their  LorcfiMps  with  regard 
to  the  treaties  negociatiiRg  between 
Britain  and  Sweden  and  Denmark,  he 
'wiOied  to  lesrn  of  the  Noble  Secretary, 
-whether  the  treaties  vvere  yet  arrived, 
or,  any  ccmmimication  concerning 
them,  would  fccn  be  laid  before  the 


Houfe  ?  Lord  Pelham  replied,  by  ad- 
yertir.g  to  the  im.propriety  of  anlwer- 
ing  fuch  diredl  quefiions  addiefTed  by 
individual  Peers  to  I\irrifteri,  as  un- 
parliamentary and  irregular.  He  only 
mentioned  that,  as  the  two  Northern 
Courts  had  been  invited  to  acce3e  to 
the  convention  with  Ruffia,  there  were 
hopes  of  their  doing  fo  ;  but  the 
treaties  had  not  yet  arrived,  which 
could  be  accounted  for  from  the  feafon, 
and  other  circumftances.  Lord  Hol- 
Irnd  excufed  himfelf,  by  declaring, 
that  he  had  put  the  quefticn,  not  to 
em.barrafs  Minifters,  but  fave  the 
trouble  of  a  motion.    That  he  had 

Toted 


Feb.  1802.  Imperial  Parliament. 


Voted  foi  the  convention  in  hopes  of 
the  arrival  of  the  Northern  treaties, 
which  he  confidered  as  a  premature 
a6tion  warranting  his  defire  of  informa- 
tion. The  HouTe  then  adjourned  till 
Friday  5th.  On  the  Houie  being  met 
on  the  5th,  Lord  Holland  prefented  a 
petition  from  the  debtors  in  the  King's 
Bench  Piifon  ;  another  from  thofe  in 
the  goal  of  Cardigan,  and  a  third  from 
the  goal  of  hnnis,  in^  the  county  of 
Clare,  praying  for  relief.  The  peti- 
tions were  ordered  to  lie  on  the  table. 
His  Lordihip  then  afeed  Lord  Moira, 
it"  he  intended  to  bring  forward  his  mea> 
fure  about  infolvent  debtors  mention- 
ed before  the  recefs  ?  Lord  Moira  anf- 
wered,  that  he  intended  it,  but  was 
not  yet  prepared.  Adjourned  till  Mon- 
day 8th.  On  Monday,  counfel  was 
heard  in  the  appeal,  Cunningham  a- 
gainft  Higgins.  Lord  Hobart  enquir- 
ed if  government  were  informed  of  the 
failing  of  Gantheaume's  fleet  to  the 
Halt  Indies,  to  which  Lord  Pelham  re- 
plied in  the  negative.  On  Tuefday, 
counfel  was  again  heard  on  the  appeal 
above  mentioned,  and  the  caufe  was 
poftponed  to>  Thurfday.  The  Chan- 
cellor communicated  a  letter,  from 
Admiral  Sir  J.  Saumarez,  Bart.  K.  B., 
acknowledging  their  Lordflups'  vote  of 
thanks  that  to  officer.  On  the  nth,  the 
Chancellor  communicated  his  Majef- 
ty*s  commiffion,  confirming  the  elec- 
tion of  a  Speaker  by  the  lower  Houfe. 
The  Lords  adjourned  during  pleafure. 
The  Commifiioners  preient  then  took 
their  feats  beneath  the  throne;  the 
ufher  brought  up  the  Commons,  with 
the  Speaker  ele6t  at  their  head.  The 
Chancellor,  in  name  of  the  commif- 
iioners, informed  the  Commons,  that, 
as  hi^  Majefty  found  it  inconvenient 
to  attend  in  perfon,  he  had  iflbed  a 
commiffion  to  approve  of  their  choice. 
S  Mr  Abbot  then  declared  his  fenfe  of 
,  the  honour,  and  excufed  himfelf  by 
ftating  his  own  inability  for  executing 
fuch  an  office,  of  the  important  nature 
of  which,  he  was  well  aware.  The 
Chancellor,  in  reply,  allowed  the 
difficulties  of  the  nominated  ftation, 
Dut  complimented  the  Houfe  on  the 
choice  of  thtir  Spe.iker,  which  w  as  juf- 
ftifit  d  by  diftinguilhed  talents  and  abi- 
lities.  Mr  Abbot  faid,  he  fiibmitted  to 
the  Royal  pleafure,  and  that  he  found 
I  it  his  duty  to  ftate  his  refolution  of  not 
'  injuring  the  liberties  and  priviledges  of 


the  Commons,  by  any  want  of  zeal  or 
attention.  In  the  Houfe  of  Lordsf  on 
February  12,  certain  acccjunts  relative 
to  the  exports  and  imports  of  the  laft 
year,  were  prtftnttd  by  two  commif- 
iioners of  his  Majt(ly's  cufioms.  An 
officer  from  the  Commilnoners,  for  the 
reduclion  of  the  National  debt,  pre- 
I'ented  an  account  of  the  expenditure 
of  that  dep^^rtmcnt,  endif)g  the  iiW  of 
January  lalL  Private  bufinefa  l:ting 
then  difpofed  of,  the  Lords  adjourned 
till  Monday  the  15th.  Mr  Er/kine  wa* 
heard  on  that  day  at  confiderable 
length,  in  the  cafe  of  Sir  William 
Cunninghame,  againfl  Higgins.  A  mef- 
fage  alfo  of  the  fame  nature  as  that, 
delivered  by  Mr  Addington,  in  the 
Houfe  of  Commons f  was  brought  down 
by  L.  Pelham,  and  ordered  to  be  tak- 
en into  confideration  on  Monday  ai- 
On  the  i6th,  counfel  was  heard  on  the 
fecond  reading  of  Hoare's  divorce  bill. 
It  appeared  from  Mr  Dallas,  hi.'*  coun- 
fel's  fpecch,  that  in  two  fevei ai  actions, 
in  the  court  of  King's  bench,  the  ver- 
dicts of  the  jury  had  been  hollile  to 
Mr  Hoare's  claim  of  damages.  The 
Charcellor  obferved,  that  if  tUib  faCt 
had  been  known,  the  bill  probably 
would  not  have  bten  entertained;  that 
there  was  no  (landing  order  of  the 
Houfe,  applicable  to  fuch  a  cafe.  Their 
Lordfiiips  w^ere  accullomtd  to  require 
an  ecclefiaftical  divorce,  a  ynenfa  et 
thoro,  and  a  confirmation  of  the  peti- 
titioner's  plea  by  the  verdidf  of  a  jury. 
In  this  inftance,  the  latter  was  wanting. 
As  their  decifion  on  this  cafe,  would 
lead  to  important  confequences,  he 
moved,  that  the  bill  fhouid  be  poft- 
poned till  this  day  fe'enight, .  when 
all  the  fadts  ffiould  be  brought  regu- 
larly before  the  Houfe,  An  uxlofure, 
and  naturalization  bill,  were  received 
from  the  Commons,  and  read  a  firit 
time.  On  the  17th,  Lord  Pelham  pre- 
ftnted  copies  of  the  various  accounts, 
referred  to  in  his  Mpjclly's  late  mef- 
fage,  refpeCling  the  Itate  of  tht  civil 
lift,  which  were  ordered  to  lie  on  the 
table.  The  various  bills  were  then  fur- 
thered in  their  prngrefs.  On  the  fame 
day,  counfel  finally  heard  with  re- 
gard to  the  caufe,  Cunninghame  a- 
gainll  Higgins,  but  fentence  was  de- 
layed till  that  day  fe'enight.  Judgment 
was  pronounced  on  the  i8th,  i^n  the 
appeal  caufe  of  Johnilone  v.  Scott,  af- 
firnaing  the  interlocutors  of  the  Court 
of  Seffioii,  with  variation?,  and  a  refer- 
ence 


Imperial  Parliament,  Vol.  64, 


ence  toTJchini:  the  interlocutor  13th 
Dtcembtr  1798,  to  the  Court  of  S^^f- 
I'on.  The  appeal  caufe  Scott  v.  Bro- 
c!ic',  was  appointed  to  come  on  tor 
hearing,  at  z  o'clock,  ne>U:  day. 

Oil  the  r9^h,  Lords  Riifdnle  and 
Mendip,  took  the  oaths  and  thtir  iVats. 
Mr  Hoare  reprcfented  a  frefh  petition 
for  a  bill  of  divorce.  The  ChrUicellor 
itid,  the  Houfc  Hiould  be  cartful  how 
ii  proceeded  \\\  fo  a  new  a  cafe  as  thnt 
of  a  petitioner  xor  a  div')re  which  had 
htCn  twice  refiifcrd  in  tht  courts  below  ; 
lie  moved  that  the  petition  be  referred 
to  a  Si-lect  Conamittec  on  that  day 
f  .'*  night.  Three  bills  fronri  the  Com- 
mons were  prefL'iited  and  read.  In  con- 
fidcration  of  fomc  proceedings,  on  the 
fame  fubjed,  in  anothtr  Houfe,  Lord 
Pelham  deferred  the  motion  he  had 
mentioned  for  Monday  ntrxt,  refpeding 
the  civil  lift,  to  Monday  fee*nighl. 

On  the  20th  the  Lords  met  early, 
but  did  no  other  buf.nefs  than  forward- 
ing the  bills.  Next  oniinary  day,  the 
aid,  the  papers  relating  to  tht  civil 
lift,  on  the  motion  of  Lord  Pciham, 
were  ordered  to  bt  printed.  On  the 
the  Exchequer  Bills  bill,  Weft- 
minftcr  Fifh-Sale  bill,  and  Southern 
"Whale  finding  bill,  were  read  a  third 
time  and  pal^d.  The  fc  cond  reading 
of  Woodcock's  Div(;rce  bill  was  put  off 
until  Thurfday  next.  Next  day  the 
Royal  afleni  was  given,  by  commiifion, 
to  the  three  bills  pafR^d  on  Friday,  and 
fcvtral  private  ones.  The  fecond  read- 
ing of  Crew's  divorce  bill  was  poft- 
poned  till  that  day  fe'enitzht. 

On  the  25th,  a  Naturalization  bill, 
and  two  road  bills  were  leceived  from 
the  Commons,  and  read  a  firtt  tim.e. 
Other  bills  were  forwarded  and  the 
houfe  adjourned.  On  the  26th,  the 
interlocutor  of  the  Court  of  SefTion  was 
affirmed,  in  the  cafe  Fofter  1;.  Pater- 
f on.  (OxT  the  24th,  the  decifions  m 
the  appeal  Cunninghame  v.  Higgins, 
was  pottponed.  On  the  25th,  the 
Chancellor  fpoke  at  large  on  the  appeal 
caufe,  Stewart  i\  Miller,  in  which  the 
former  appealed  from  certain  interlo- 
cutors of  the  Court  of  Seflion,  touch^ 
ir,g  the  fees  of  the  Deputy  Clerks.  He 
examined  the  curtom  touching  the 
legality  of  felling  the  offices  of  Clerk 
-and  Deputy  Clerk  of  the  bills,  having 
long  ^oecome  prevalent.  He  itated  the 
impropriety  of  interfering  in  the  af- 
fairs, of  that  moft  rcfpedabls  Court, 


when  there  Teemed  nobreach  of  nation- 
al Juftice.  The  nature  of  the  cafe,  the 
refpect  due  to  the  Scots  Supieme  Civil 
Judicatory,  whole  views  in  that  mat- 
ter, his  Lordihip  fully  demonilrRted, 
made  his  Lordlhip  recommend  it  ta 
the  Houfe,  to  athrm  the  interlocutors, 
refeiving  entirely  the  right  to  the 
Couit  of  Seilion,  to  decide  upon  the 
point,  without  prejudice  to  the:  parties 
concerned.  (Appella'Us  to  pay  lool. 
cofts.)  Lord  Pelham  again  deferred 
the  confideration  of  his  Majeity's  mef- 
fage,  to  Monday-fe'eniglit.  An  af- 
firmative anfvver  was  given  to  the 
Duke  of  Noriolk'3  queition,  if  any 
meafures  were  to  be  brought  forward, 
relative  to  the  non-refiding  clergy. 
Hoare's  petition  for  a  divorce  being 
oppofed  by  the  Bifhop  of  RocheRer, 
Lord  Alvanley,  the  Chancellor,  and 
others,  was  rejected. 


House  of  Commons. 

The  Houfe  being  affemhled  on  Tiief- 
day,  id  February,  the  Speaker  com- 
municated his  having  tranfmitted  the 
thanks  of  that  Huufe,  to  Adm.  Sau- 
marez,  and  the  receipt  of  a- letter,  ac- 
kno^^  lcdging  his  high  fenfe  of  the  hon- 
our he  had  received.  A  fecond  read- 
ing of  a  bill  relating  to  the  eftablifh- 
ment  of  a  houfe  of  correlation  in  Aber- 
deen, was  then  heard,  and  ordered  to  a 
committee  of  member^  ferving  for  Scot- 
land. Mr  Steel  prcfented  an  account 
of  the  diflribution  of  1,500,000!.  grant- 
ed laft  year  for  the  army,  ar)cl  an  ac- 
count of  the  extraordinaries  for  the 
fame,  not  provi<1ed.  The  Minister  mov- 
ed that  tiicfe  Ihould  be  printed.  En- 
quiry was  m.ade,  if  he  meant  to  found 
on  thefe,  his  motion  with  regard  to  the 
extraordinary  fum.s,  for  laft  feafon.  He 
anfwered,  that  as  the  neceffary  accounts 
might  not  be  got  forward,  he  deferred 
till  Friday  next,  his  motion  on  that  fub- 
jed.  An  account  by  Mr  Tweedie,  of 
the  ftate  of  the  naval  debt,  31ft  Decem- 
ber 1 801,  and  of  the  diftribution  of  two 
millions  raifed  by  a  former  acft,  by  Mr 
Vanfittart,  were  produced  and  ordered 
to  be  printed.  Mr  Canning  next  rofe, 
and  mentioned,  that  a  Right  Honour- 
able Gentleman  (the  Minifier)  had  fig- 
nified  in  private,  a  deftgn  of  making  a 
motion  for  fupplying  the  dcficiences  of| 
the  Civil  Lift ;  and  had  propofed  fel-j 


Feb.  1802.  Lnperial  Parliament.  '  167 


ing  the  crown  lands  In  the  ifland  of  St 
Vincents,  and  the  Carribtirs  for  that 
pnrpofe.  He  objtded  to  that  meafure, 
but  concurred  in  the  propriety  of  the 
objea  of  the  motion.  Mr  Jones 
then  enquired  at  the  Miniller,  whtn 
he  intended  to  nnake  his  motion  on  this 
fubject  ;  to  which  queftion  a  reply  was 
returned  affirmative  of  the  defign,  but 
uncertain  as  to  the  particular  time,  as 
the  Ways  and  Means  for  the  enfui ng 
year,  had  not  ytt  been  confidered.  The 
aflize  bread  bill  was  next  poftponed, 
till  Tucfday,  on  the  motion  of  Alder- 
man Curtis.  On  the  2d,  The  Right 
John  Fofter,  late  fpeaker  of  the  Iriih 
H^)ufe  of  Commons,  took  the  oaths  and 
his  feat,  A  petition  was  presented  by 
Mr  William  Dundas,  from  a  Scottilh 
burgh,  praying  that  the  duty  of  2d  Scots 
impoftd  on  certain  ipirits  in  Scotland, 
be  continued.  Laid  on  the  table.  Lord 
Glenbervie  moved,  that  the  ad  38th 
Geo.  in.  relating  to  the  Southern  fiih- 
ry,  might  be  referred  to  a  committee 
of  the  whuie  Honfe;  and  that  a  claufe 
in  the  adt  39111  Geo.  IJ.  relating  to  the 
fale  of  Ecis,  at  the  public  market  in 
London,  be  referred  to  the  fame  com- 

luittee.—Oidered  Mr  Wynne  then 

gave  notice,  -that  on  Monday  next, 
he  would  mfjke  a  motion  relative  ro  the 
Lords  act.  On  the  4th,  Mr  Vanhttart 
prefented  an  account  of  all  the  places 
held  under  Government,  by  patent,  or 
othcrwift.  Laid  on  the  table. — Mr  Rob- 
fon  gave  notice,  that  he  would  make  a 
iiiOtion  to  morrow,  that  an  account  of 
allmtert  ft,  paid  to  the  Bank  of  Eni4- 
land,  by  Government,  for  loans,  be  laid 
before  the  iioufe*  Mr  Roblbn  Hated, 
that  he  was  intormed,  that  the  Bank 
had  received  one  million  and  an  half 
fpecie  from  the  public  purfe,  by  way 
of  inleretl  for  the  paper  they  had  illu- 
td,  (ince  they  ftopped  payment.  The 
orders  of  the  day  were  then  poitponcd 
lill  next  meeting.  On  the  5th,  an  ac- 
jCouril  was  prefented  of  the  diipolal  of 
the  money  lor  1801,  from  the  treafury. 

bill  relating  to  the  regulation  of  the 
Weflniinirter  fnh  market,  was  brought 
in  by  Lord  Glenoervie,  which  being 
once  read,  was  ordtred  to  be  read 
next  day.  The  Houfe  refolved  into  a 
Comn.ittee,  on  the  Southern  whale 
filliing  ad,  and  paffed  a  refolution  for 
renewing  and  amending  it.  Rtport 
ordered  to  be  received  on  Monday. 
J^Ir  William  Dundas  Rated  the  necef- 
fity  of  deferring  his  intended  motion, 


relative  to  the  appropriation  of  certa-a 
public  funds  in  Scotland,  to  public 
workw,  from  the  circumllance,  that  the 
feverity  of  the  weather  prevented  fc- 
veral  Scots  gentlemen  from  corning  to 
town,  on  that  affair.  The  Houfe  tliea 
refoived  into  a  C -mmittee  of  Supply, 
Mr  Alexander  in  the  chnir,  to  whic^i 
Mr  Addington  Itatcd,  the  e.araordiiia- 
ry  n  ivy  expenditure  for  lall  year,  viz. 
26o,Gool  paid  to  the  Continental  Com- 
miiTiry  General  above  the  eltimate; 
i,540,©ooh  for  bills  on  thcE^^yptian  ex- 
petlition  ;  and  the  extra  expences  in- 
curred in  the  Welt  India  iflandn, 
42o,ooo\» ;  the  fum  to  relieve  which  he 
would  move  to  be  two  millions,  which 
was  oppofed  by  Mr  Robfon.  Of  all 
thefe  fums,  the  Minifter  entered  intci 
the  particular  expenditure  ;  the  nav/ 
debt  on  the  5th  December  rSoi,  he 
ftated  to  be  1,073,0701.  that  after  all  the 
provilion  then  made,  a  great  furplus 
unfupplicd  ftiil  remained.  The  larrje 
remark  extended  to  the  provifion  for 
the  arrby:  he  therefore  moved  for  a 
vote  of  2,ooo,ocol.  towards  the  navy 
extraordinaries,  and  of  a  fum  not  ex- 
ceeding 1,847,174!.  for  thofe  of  the  ar- 
my. Mr  Robfon,  Mr  Martin,  and  Mr 
T.Jones,  refice^ed  on  the  lateprotufioii 
of  the  public  money,  and  Hated  tljc 
opinion  of  the  nation  on  that  head  as 
unfavourable.  Mr  Addiiigton  and  Mr 
Vanfittait  in  reply,  confirmed  the  jui- 
ticc  of  the  expenditure,  in  its  varioui 
branches.  The  premiums  on  exchequer 
bills  bemg  enquired  after  by  Mr  koo- 
fon,  anfwer  was  given  of  their  difpofai* 
Tlie  various refoiations  paiTcd  the  com- 
mittee, to  be  reported  n^xt  Monday. 
On  that  day,  (Monday  8th)  after  ';i 
writ  being  ilVued  for  Jedburgh,  ^c.  in 
the  room  of  Robert  Baird,  £fq;  who 
had  acceptcd  the  Chiltern  hundred?,  the: 
rciolutions  of  the  Committee  ofSupp.y 
were  brought  in  by  Mr  Alexander.  They 
were  oppofed  by  Mr  Martin,  on  princi- 
ples hmilar  to  tnofe  he  objected  upon, 
ill  the  Committee.  Mr  Tien.:ey  approv- 
ed of  the  miiiiilerial  coiiducl ;  but  <:en- 
fured  tome  articles  of  the  accounts, 
Mr  Steel  deiiied,  that  any  accounts  had 
been  kept  back  by  Mr  Pitt,  for  the  pur- 
pofe  of  throwing  odium  on  his  fuc- 
ceiiors.  Several  members  fpoke  on  the 
affair  of  the  fupply,  with  a  retrofpecl 
of  the  expenditure.  The  Houfe  hav- 
ing  then  refolved  itfelf  into  a  Commit- 
tee of  Ways  and  Means,  the  Chancwl- 
lor  of  the  Exchequer  Ilat<:d,'that  previ- 
ous 


l68 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


ous  to  raifinsr  the  fums  for  the  fupplies 
oftht  year,  it  was  incumbent  to  vote 
a  Aim  f  n'  the  iminedi  ite  fupply  of  the 
public  fervice.  He  moved,  that  the 
fum  of  i,ioo,oool.  be  raifed,  by  way 
of  loan,  on  Exd.equer  bills.  The  refo- 
lution  was  agreed  to,  with  a  condition, 
that  an  account  of  the  Exchequer  bills, 
already  iffued,  Ihould  be  l;iid  before 
the  Houfe.  Mr  Wynne  then  made  a 
motion,  relative  to  infol vent  and  fraudu- 
lent perfons  imprifoned  for  debt,  to  re- 
lieve the  former,  and  force  tht  latter  to 
payment.  Mr  Ley,  the  principal  clerk, 
then  read  Sir  John  Mitford  the  Speak- 
er's rehgn;<tion,  in  confequcnce  of  his 
being  appointed  Chancellor  of  Ireland. 
The  Minifter  then  Hgnified  his  M.<jef- 
ty's  leave  for  the  e^e^5>ion  of  a  new 
Speaker,  to  be  prefented  to  him,  or  his 
comrniffinn,  on  Thurfd  ly  nex*". 

On  Feb.  10.  The  Maimer  of  the  Rolls 
addreOld  the  Houfe  on  the  choice  of 
a  new  Spt.iker,  and  mentioned  Mr  Ab- 
bot as  a  ht  ptrfon.  Mr  Sheridan  op- 
pofed  this  chciice,  as  appealing  to  be 
done  by  the  dire(ftion  of  minillers.  Se- 
veral Irifh  mc miners  fpoke  in  favour  of 
Mr  Abbot ;  and  the  galltries  being 
cleared,  that  pentleman  was  ele(5ied  al- 
nioft  iinanimoufly.  The  Wellminfter 
Fiih-m;irket  bill  was  then  read  a  fecond 
time,  and  ordered  to  be  committed  on 
Lord  Glenbervie's  motion.  A  writ 
was  ifi  ued  for  a  member  inftead  of  Lord 
Corry,  for  the  county  of  Tyrone.  Mr 
Wynne  brought  in  a  bill  to  extend  the 
provifions  of  the  Lords'  Ads,  vvhicii 
was  read  for  the  firft  time,  and  order- 
ed to  be  read  a  fecond  time  on  Mon- 
day f<  Vni:<ht,  and  pi  inted  ;  and  Lord 
Gieiib?^rvie  another  for  continuing:  the 
premiums  on  the  fhips  cu'  Britilh  fub- 
jeds  employed  in  the  fouthern  whale- 
jilhery  ;  read  once.  7'he  Miniller  then 
nioved  for  hearing  the  report  of  the 
Committee  of  Ways  and  Means,  which 
was  agreed  to.  Committee  of  Ways 
and  Means  and  of  Sispply  were  fixed 
for  next  day.  Mr  Vrinlittart  moved 
that  the  ad:,  37th  Geo.  HI  ch.  97.  con- 
taining the  treaty  of  amity  and  com- 
merce with  America,  lliould  be  read, 
in  order  to  confider,  by  a  comm.ittee- 
that  part  of  it  concerning  the  exporta- 
tion of  coals  to  the  States,  and  imports 
from  the  fame.  On  Feb.  12.  an  ac- 
count was  prefented  from  the  Com- 
niiffioners  of  the  National  Debt,  of  tlie 
fums  given  for  the  liquidation  in  the 


year  ending  31ft  January  1802.  The 
bill  for  authorifing  a  loan  of  2,300,000]. 
by  Exchequer  bills,  was  deferred  till 
next  day,  and  likewife  the  Committee 
in  the  American  treaty.  The  whale- 
fifiiery  bill  was  deferred  till  Monday. 
Lord  Folkflon  then  rofe  to  complain  of 
breach  of  privilege,  by  certain  public 
papers,  particularly  the  True  Briton, 
which,  not  content  with  detailing  the 
bufinefs,  had  proceeded  to  give  a  cha- 
rade r  of  the  merits  or  demerits  of  in- 
dividual jnembers.  As  he  had  no  mo- 
tion ready,  the  Speaker  difmilfed  the 
fubjed.  The  Houfe  refolved  into  a 
committee  on  the  Plymouth-dock  bill, 
and  adjourned.  A  difcouife  between 
Mr  Wilberforce  and  Mr  Canning,  re- 
lative to  an  intended  motion  on  the 
Slave  Trade,  took  place,  which  was 
difmifled,  being  alfo  irregular.  Oa 
the  15th,  writs  were  iffued  for  mem- 
bersiiifteadof  Lord  Mendipand  Sir  John  ^ 
Mitford,  the  one  made  a  Peer,  and  thcj 
other  Chancellor  of  Ireland.  Mv  ShavM 
Lefevre  then  prefented  a  petition  frorJ 
the  London  Bookftllers,  praying  thc^ 
removal  of  the  exceflive  duty  on  paper. 
The  petition  ftated  at  large  the  leverc 
elfeds  of  this  duty  on  the  trade,  as  de-' 
ftrudive  of  its  capital,  and  expohng  it 
to  ruin  from  the  underfale  of  foreign- 
ers. The  Miniflcr  acknowledged  the 
truth  of  the  (tatement,  andtru(ted  that 
the  Gentleman,  v  ho  made  the  motion, 
would  alfo  move  that  it  be  referred  to 
a  Committee,  which  might  examine  the 
evidence  on  that  point,  for  the  benefit 
of  the  Houfe.  Mr  Sheridan  fpoke  at 
length  on  the  motion,  and  noticed,  in 
particular,  the  immenfc  editicnis  of 
Lnglilh  books  now  printing  in  France, 
in  the  defign  of  unelerftlling  the  trade. 
Mr  Lefevre  then  mentioned  Monday, 
the  day  in  which  he  would  move  the 
reference  to  the  Committee. 

TheChanccllorof  the  Exchequernext 
brought  down  a  meffage  from  his  Ma- 
jefly,  relating  to  a  parliamentary  fup- 
ply of  the  d.eficiencies  of  the  civil  liit. 
After  the  reading  of  the  meflage,  the 
Miniller  moved,  in  the  ufual  manner, 
that  it  be  referred  to  a  Committee  of 
Supply.  A  number  of  accounts  relat- 
ing to  the  mefTage  had  been  ordered 
by  his  Majefly  to  be  laid  before  the 
Houfe.  Thefe,  the  Right  Hon.  Gen- 
tlem.an  propofed  laying  before  it  nejjM 
day,  and  then  to  move-that  they  IhouflH 
be  referred  to  a  feled  commitee,  ch 

whofl 


Feb.  1802. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


i6g 


whofe  inve(!igations  the  Houfe  might 
decide.  Referred. 

Lord  Folkftone  then  rofe  to  complain 
of  violated  privileges,  in  the  affair  of 
the  True  Briton.    That  paper  had  con- 
tinued its  injurious  animadvcrfions, 
and  confirmed  its  former  condud  by 
new  aggrcffions.    He  moved,  that  the 
paragraph  Ihould  be  read,  and  the  faid 
paper  laid  on  the  tabic.  Strangers 
were  ordered  to  w^ithdraw ;  and  the 
matter  was  going  to  be  referred  to  a 
Committee  of  Inquiry,  when  Mr  She- 
ridan obfcrved  that  fuch  inquiries  were 
nugatory,  and  below  the  dignity  of  the 
Houfe.    He  moved  the  order  of  the 
day,  to  which  the  Houfe  immediately 
proceeded. 
Feb.  16.  Sir  William  Young  prefented 
yZ  petition  from  the  Merchants  of  Gre- 
nada, St  Vincents,  8cc.  praying  for  fur- 
ther time  to  pay  their  indalments  upon 
a  loan   obtained  from  Government. 
Referred  to  a  fcled  Committee.    Sir  J. 
Sinclair  prefented  a  petition  from  the 
the  Board  of  Agriculture,  praying  for 
afliftance,and  one  from  theTownCoun- 
cil  of  Caithnefs,  for  a  new  port.  Aifo 
referred  to  a  Committee.    The  Lon- 
don Sheriff;}  then  appeared  at  the  bar 
three  different  times,  with  three  diffe- 
rent  petitions  ;  the.firft  requefting  the 
aid  of  Parliament  to  completing  the 
new  docks  at  the  Ifle  of  Dogs.  On 
Sir  J.  Anderfon's  motion  this  was  re- 
ferred  to  a  Committee ;  50,0001.  was 
the  fum  wanting  to  complete  the  work, 
to  be  refunded  by  the  falo  of  certain 
town-lands.  The  fecond  related  to  the 
improvement  of  Smithficld  Market ; 
the  third  praying  to  extend  the  term, 
and.  grant  a  further  fum,  to  the  im- 
provements at  Temple-Bar  and  Snow- 
Hill.    All  three  referred.    Notice  was 
given  by  Mr  Wiiliam  Dunrias,  of  a 
motion  for  leare  to  enable  the  India 
Dn-eaors  to  transfer  their  fettlement 
at  Bencoolen  to  any  part  of  India.  Ac- 
counts, forming  a  cornpicte  fcries  of 
the  ftate  of  the  Civil  Lilt  from  1786  to 
the  current  year,  were  thtn  brought 
up  by  the  Mioifter,  v/ho  moved,  that 
they  fhoiild  be  referred  to  a  Commit- 
tee the  next  day. 

Mr  Sheridan  then  enquired  of  the 
Minifter,  ifhe  had  received  any  com- 
inands  from  his  Majeily  refpeaino- 
the  civil  eftabliihment  of  his  Royal 
Higmxfis  the  Pnnce  of  Wales?  To 
which  he  replied,  th^t  he/had  not  re- 
Vol.  LXIV. 


ceived  or  expc6led  any.  Mr  Nicholls 
gave  notice  of  an  intended  motion  for 
an  account  of  the  fums  obtained  ia 
coniequeuce  of  the  leafes  of  the  Crown 
lands.  Account  ordered  to  lie  on  the 
table. 

Februarv  17th,  the  Weilminfter  fiHi- 
market  bid,  and  fouthern  whaic-fifhcry 
bill,  were  palfed.   Tne  exchequer  bills' 
-bill  was  reported,  and  ordered  for  a 
third  reading.    A  petition,  prefented 
by  Mr  Windham  from  the  Veterinary 
College,  praying  for  aid,  was  ordered 
to  lie  oiT  the  table.     The  Minifter 
moved,  that  the  civil  lift  accounts 
fliould  be  referred  to  a  feled  commit- 
tee  ;  he  entered  into  the   caufes  of 
debt,  and  failure  m  the  parliamentary 
provifion,  at  confidcrable  length.  Mr 
Sutton  (Solicitor  General  to  his  Royal" 
Highneis  the  Prince  of  Wales),  rofe 
and  Hated  the  rights  of  his  Royal  High- 
nefs  to  the  levenues  of  the  Dutchy  of 
Cornwall  from  his  birth,  a  claim  per- 
feaiy  well  founded,  but  never  effectu- 
ally alTerted.     The  income  of  that 
Dutchy  during  the  Prince's  life,  he  a- 
vcrred,  had  far  exceeded  the  provifion 
made  for  his  Royal  Highneis  ;  fo  that, 
after  all  the  neceiiary  deductions,  a 
fum  of  between  6oo,oool.  and  700,000!. 
was  really  due  to  him,  which  was 
much  beyond  his  adlual  eftablilhment. 
Mr  Fox  confirmed  this  claim  by  feve- 
ral  iUuflrarions;  but,  Mr  Pitt,  after 
Itating  the  propriety  of  a  civil  Uaefta- 
buHiment  for  life,  and  the  power  in- 
herent in  parliament  for  augmenting 
tnis,  upon  occafion,  fignihed,  that  his 
opinion  differed  very  widely  from  that 
of  Mr  Sutton  and  Mr  Fox,  on  the 
claim  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.    A  com- 
mittee of  21  was  then  appointed,  to 
which  was  added  th(i  Minifter.  The 
Ploufe  refolved  itfelt  into  a  committee 
on  the  American  treaty  bill.    As  the 
Congreis  had  refolved  to  repeal  the 
countervailing  duties  imoofed  on  Bri- 
tilh  goods  by  the  American  acl:  17S7, 
Mr  Vanfittart  moved,  that  the  chair- 
man be  mftruaed  to  move  the  Houfe, 
for  leave  to  empower  his  Majeily  to 
caufe  the  duties  on  American  goods, 
impofed  by  the  ad  17514,  to  c^afe.  A- 
greed  to.     The  report  of  the  com- 
mittee was  ordered  to  be  received  next 
day,  and  the  Houfe  aajourned. 

On  the  1 8th,  Colonel  Stanley  pre- 
fented a  petition  ftom  the  journeymen 
cotton-weavers  of  Cheller,  Lancalhi-% 
2  ^nd 


170 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


and  Derby,  for  a  bill  to  ametid  the  a61^, 
39  cf  the  King,  relative  to  fetUing  dvi"- 
7<utes  between  mjtfters  and  vvorknitn. 
Another  petition  was  prcfented  for  a 
rejiular  rnasket  of  co;ils  for  the  city  of 
London.  An  account  of  the  receipts 
and  difburlementb  of  the  Thames  navi- 
gation for  i8oi,was  laid  on  the  table. 
Mr  Vanfittart  tlien  moved  for  various 
accoun^ts  preparatory  to  the  budget, 
viz.  of  the  orrlinary  rcfources  of  Eng- 
land and  Scotland  ;  the  i.^come  of  the 
confolidvited  funds  ;  with  feveral  ac- 
counts of  an  ordinary  nature,  relating 
to  the  revenue.  Thefe  were  ordered 
to  be  prefented.  Tht:  exchequer  bills* 
bill  was  palTed.  The  repealing  of  the 
duties  on  American  imports,  next 
claimed  the  attention  of  the  Houfe, 
v/hich,  with  levcral  accounts  belong- 
ing to  that  particular,  were  ordered  to 
be  produced. 

On  the  19th,  Mr  William  Dundas 
obtained  leave  to  bring  m  a  bill,  en- 
abling the  Faft  India  Company  to 
make  their  fcttlcment  at  Fort  Marl- 
borough in  the  Kalt  Indies  a  fadlory, 
and  to  transfer  their  fervants  there  to 
Fort  William  in  Bengal.  The  expir- 
ing laws  bill  next  went  through  a  com- 
mittee ;  the  report  to  be  received  on 
Monday  next.  An  account  of  his  Ma- 
jefty's  civil  government  till  5th  Janu- 
ary iSoi,  was  referred  to  the  Commit- 
tee of  the  Civil  Lift.  On  the  motion 
of  Mr  Vanfittart,  an  account  was  or- 
dered, of  the  duties  on  cinnamon  and 
other  fpices,  for  three  quarters,  ending 
the  5th  January  iSoi-  Three  quar- 
ters* accounts  of  the  duties  levied  on 
paper,  pafleboard,  5tc.  were  laid  be- 
fore the  Houfe  ;  alfo  the  amount  of 
the  fame  duties  from  July  1796 — iSoi, 
and  from  July  1801  to  5th  January 
1802.  Several  other  queftions,  rela- 
tive to  particular  duties,  \^  ere  aikcd 
by  members,  which  the  Miniftcr  de- 
clined to  anfwer,  till  the  Ways  and 
Means  of  the  year  fliould  be  made  up. 
On  the  22d,  a  great  many  private  pe- 
titions were  prefented  ;  the  26th  be- 
ing the  laft  day  on  which  they  could  be 
received.  A  petition  for  repairing 
certain  roads  in  the  counties  of  La- 
nark and  Dumfries,  was  of  the  number. 
The  Prince's  Solicitor  declared  his  in- 
tention to  make  a  motion  to  the  Hoiue, 
with  refpe6l  to  the"  Cornwaii  revenues, 
the  right  of  his  Royal  Highrefs  ;  but 
deferred  this  intention  tiil  the  rcfult  of 


the  enquiry  into  the  civil  lift  fhould 
be  known.  Mr  Bragge,  as  Chairman 
of  the  Seled:  Committee,  obtained,  by 
a  motion,  the  book  containing  the 
fums  given  by  adminiftration,  under 
the  heads  of  Special  Service  and  Roy- 
al Bounty.  An  account  of  the  impor- 
tation duties  levied  on  foreign  books 
was  laid  before  Houfe  ;  as  alfo,  an  ac- 
count of  the  deficiency  of  the  coniblid- 
ated  fund  in  1801,  and  the  exchequer 
bills  iftued  in  the  fame  year.  Bills 
were  ordered  to  be  brought  in  of  the 
various  refolutions.  The  debtors  bill 
was  read  a  lecond  time.  As  the  Mi- 
nifter  was  ahfent  on  account  of  the  fe- 
vere  indifpofition  of  his  daughter,  fe- 
veral motions  were  poftponed  by  par- 
ticular members. 

Ou  the  23d,  Mr  Chinery  from  the 
Trcafury,  prcientcd  the  Special  Ser- 
vice Book,  kept  according  to  the  a6t 
2 2d  of  the  King.  An  account  of  the 
quantity  and  value  of  all  nutmegs, 
cinnamon  and  caflia  regia,  imported 
for  three  years  paft,  with  the  duties, 
was  prclcnlcd  from  the  Commiiuonevs 
of  the  Cuftoms.  A  motion  was  made 
for  an  ad  to  oblige  church  wardens 
&c.,  to  keep  a  regilterof  the  names, 
and  ages  of  all  thofe  children,  which 
they  may  put  out  as  apprentices.  Mr 
Robfon  moved  for  an  addrefs  to  his 
Majefty,  that  he  would  be  pleafed  to 
order  an  account  of  the  per  cent, 
duties,  paid  out  of  certain  cftates  In 
the  Leeward  Iftands,  and  a  lift  of  the 
penfions  from  thofe  duties,  to  be  laid 
before  the  Houfe.  Confidcrabie  ob- 
je61ions  to  the  utility  of  the  motion.^ 
were  raifed  by  various  members  ^  on 
which  the  motion  was  withdrawn. 
Lord  Hawkeft)ury,  in  anfwer  to  Dr 
Lawrence's  queflion  on  the  fubjeft, 
then  informed  the  Houfe,  of  the  ac- 
Cf iTion  of  Denmark  to  the  RulTian  anJ 
Briti{h  convention,  and  of  the  ratifica- 
tion of  the  treaty.  On  the  24ih,  afiei 
attending  the  lummons  by  the  Black 
Rod,  the  Speaker  informed  the  Houle 
of  the  Royal  Aftent's  being  given  to 
the  Wcftminfter  filh-market,  the  Ex 
chequer  loan,  the  Southern  whale  fiih- 
ery,  and  feveral  private  bills.  A  per- 
fon  from  the  cuftoms  prefented  an  ac- 
count cf  all  grain,  meal,  flour  and  lice, 
imported  into  Scotland  from  24th  061:. 
1799,  to  the  fame  date  iSoi.  The 
reading  of  the  American  treaty  bill 
was  poftponed,  on  account  of  the  ab- 

fencc 


Feb.  1802. 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


171 


ience  of  the  Miniftcr,  till  Friday  the 
e6th. 

On  the  25th,  MrTieiney  prefented 
a  petition  from  the  German  Jews, 
praying  for  leave  to  tax  themlclves,  in 
lupport  of  their  poor*  Petitions  from 
Dr  J,  C.  Smith,  applying  for  a  re- 
ward for  his  difcovery  of  the  means  of 
preventing  and  deftroying  the  conta- 
gion  of  fevers  &c,  and  from  Henry 
Greatheadof  North  Shields,  for  the 
Tame,  in  confideration  of  his  having 
invented  a  Life  Boat,  of  great  utility 
in  faving  the  lives  of  fhip-wreckcd 
perfons,  were  prefented  and  laid  on 
ihe  table.  Mr  William  Dundas  pre- 
fented a  petition,  figned  by  feveral 
thoufand  cotton  manufacturers  in*Scot- 
land,  praying  for  a  regulation  of  their 
wages.  Mr  Wilbeiforce  moved,  that 
an  account  of  all  vefTcls  c  leared  from^ 
Liverpool  in  the  Slave  trade,  and  of 
all  Britith  veffels  arrived  at  the  Weft 
Indies  in  that  traffic,  from  the  ift  Jan. 
J79^,  with  the  jouiaals  of  Uic  fargeons, 


Ihould  be  laid  before  the  Houfe.  Or- 
dered. Petitions  were  prefented  from 
the  debtors  in  the  jails  of  Morpeth  and 
Liverpool,  praying  for  relief.  On  the 
26th,  Mr  Fordyce  brought  up  a  peti- 
tion from  the  city  of  Edinburgh,  Hal- 
ing the  great  cxtenfion  of  the  fdid  ci- 
ty, and  praying  for  leave  to  bring  in  a 
bill  for  improving  it.  Petitions  for 
road  bills  were  prefented  from  the 
counties  of  Clackmannan  and  Stirling. 
The  Secretary  at  Wai  brought  up  th^: 
citimates  for  the  fervicc  of  the  prefer. t 
year.  An  account  was  prefented  from 
the  Cuitoms  of  all  books  imported, 
and  of  all  veiTeis  cleared  out  for,  and 
entered  inwards  for  America.  The 
printers  petition  v/as  referred  to  a 
Committee,  Mr  Vanfittart  moved 
for  an  account  of  the  diminution  or  in- 
creaie  in  the  lalaries,  emoluments,  and 
expcnces  of  the  Public  Ofiaces  in  Bri- 
tain for  the  year  1801,  Ordered. 
Plouie  adjourned  to  Monday,  March 
lit. 


MONTHLY  REGISTER. 


FOREIGN  INTELLIGENCE. 

Scene  of  Negociation  for  Peace ^ 

After  the  delay  of  another  month, 
the  Definitive  Treaty  is  not  figned. 
Tiie  iiiterefls  of  Germany  and  Spain 
are  undoubtedly  the  principal  caufes. 
Spain  has  manifefted  great  averfion  to 
the  furrender  of  Trinidad,  which  might 
yield  a  convenient  refuge  to  fmuggling 
in  her  Indian  dominions,  and  a  conve- 
nient place  of  attack  in  cafe  of  future 
lioftilities.  The  indemnification  of  the 
different  powers,  who  have  fuffered 
during  the  wilr,  is  alfo  difficult  to  fet- 
tle. As  the  leading  Potentates  have 
acknowledged  the  Cifalpine  Republic, 
and  fcem  difpofed  to  confirm  the 
French  government  of  Italy,  it  is  rea- 
fonablc,  that  they  Ihould  infift  on  the 
intercfts  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and 
the  Auftrian  family.  The  King  of  Prul- 
fia,  the  Elector  of  Hanover,  and  the 
Ruffian  Emperor,  have  entered  their 
refpedive  claims  toanadjuftment  of  the 
concerns  of  their  allies,  or  of  thofc  in- 


ferior powers,  whofe  exiflence  is  necel- 
lary  to  the  general  balance.  The  French, 
on  the  other  hand,  are  at  great  lofs 
how  to  prefervc  their  own  individual 
intcrefts,  and  at  the  fame  time  main- 
tain a  good  underftanding  with  the  al- 
lied nations,  which  they  have  cither 
fubdued  or  ruined. 

rHANCE. 

This  kingdom,  in  which  the  friends 
of  virtue  and  truth,  about  ten  years 
ago,  imagined,  they  faw  the  dawn  of  a 
new  asra  in  the  intelledual  and  moral 
hiftory  of  man,  is  now  funk  into  its 
former  ftate.  The  Catholic  religion  is  a- 
gain  ertablifhed  ;  the  Epifcopal  fees  fil- 
led up  by  the  nomination  ot  the  Con- 
ful  and  his  Pope.  Without  any  ex- 
amination of  the  principles!  which 
Frenchmen  have  rcfumed,  they  have 
adopted  anew  the  old  fyilem  as  un- 
reafonably  as  they  once  rcjc<fted  it. 
Would  not  fome  modification  of  the 
Catholic  dovftrines,  approaching  near- 
er to  fcripture  and  common  ienfe,  have 
better  fuitcd  the  pradice  of  a  people. 


172 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


ivhofe  minds  are  too  enlightened  to  be- 
lieve thofe  antien't  corruptions,  perhaps, 
too  frivolous  to  be  deeply  imprefled 
with  truth  itfelf  ?  Alegiflator,  a  philo- 
fopher,  a  politician,  v^'ould  have  ac- 
quired more  true  glory,  by  fuch  a  re- 
form, than  all  his  flatterers  can  beftow. 

The  tranfa(51ions  at  Lyons,  have  been 
brilliant  and  important.  The  Conful 
has  accepted,  or  rather  affumcd,  the 
office  of  Chief  Magiftrate,  of  the  Cif- 
alpine  republic.  The  confcquenccs 
of  (his  rafh  ftep,  may  be  fatal  to  the 
peace  of  Europe,  from  the  remonftran- 
ces  of  Auftria.  When  Bonaparte  is  at 
the  fam.e  time  Chief  magiftrate  of 
France  and  of  the  Cifalpine  republic, 
that  ftate  is  in  reality  united  withFrance ; 
and  the  Auftrian  intereft  evidently  loft 
in  Italy.  An  artful  paper  has  been 
publiflied  by  the  committee  of  the  Cif- 
alpine government,  to  prove,  that  by 
this  arrangement,  the  equilibrium  of 
Germany,  France  and  Italy,  has  been 
fixed  in  its  former  ftate.  But  this  is 
merely  a  contrivance  of  the  firft  con- 
ful,  to  fcreen  his  condud  from  the  ccn- 
fure  of  Europe. 

The  arms  of  France  have  been  late- 
ly dircded  to  the  fettlement  of  her 
colonies.  Of  the  reduction  of  St  Do- 
mingo no  authentic  inibrmation  has 
been  received.  Violent  difiraetions 
have  i-endered  the  government  of  L'Ou- 
vertuie,  the  lives  of  all  the  Europraiip, 
and  even  his  own  fafety,  very  uncer- 
tain. It  is  probable,  that  if  Itill  alive, 
he  will  join  the  forces  ot  the  mother 
country,  and  fecure  a  retreat  for  him- 
felf  in  the  favour  of  the  conquerors. 

The  rejoicings  at  Lyons,  on  the  cop- 
Aitiition  of  the  Itahan  government's, 
were  extravagant  and  tumultuous.  The 
conful  returned  to  Paris  early  in  the 
month,  where  he  has  taken  fuch  mea- 
fures  with  regard  to  the  election  of  the 
new  members  of  the  Legiflative  Bodies, 
as  to  have  them  entirely  of  his  own 
nomination.  The  Senate  and  Execu- 
tive Power  aded  together  in  rejeding 
Ihofc  m.en  who  had  voted  againft  any 
of  the  confurs  articles,  and  thus  ef- 
tablifhed  a  precedent,  which  gives  a 
fatal  blow  to  every  appearance  of  man- 
ly liberty  in  France.  A  league  has 
lately  been  cwicluded  between  that 
Kation  and  the  Regency  of  Algiersc 

GERMANY. 

A  plan  of  fecularization  has  been 


formed  in  this  country,  with  regard  to 
the  ecclefiaftical  cirelee;,  in  order  to  in- 
demnify thofe  princes  who  have  fuf- 
fered  by  the  war.  The  Eledor  of  Ha- 
nover, his  Britiflr  Majefty,  has  (ignificd 
his  difapprobation  of  the  fchcme;  but 
there  is  rcafon  to  believe,  that  it  will 
be  partly  executed.  The  exigence  of 
the  empire  depends  entirely  on  the  fuf- 
picions  of  Ruflia,  Pruffia,  and  the  other 
contiguous  ftates.  Too  weak  to  refift 
the  arms  of  any  nation,  difcordant,  he- 
terogeneous and  feeble  within  itfelf,  it 
is  a  ftriking  example  of  the  degenerate 
feudal  fyftcm  haftcning  to  its  own  def- 
trudion. 

HOLLAND. 

Great  changes  arc  daily  apprehend- 
ed in  the  Batavian  Government.  The 
Prince  of  Orange  having  now  gone  to 
the  continent,  it  is  generally  fuppofed 
that  he  will  not:  be  negleded  in  the 
final  ar-rarKgements  at  Amiens.  As  the 
French  interelt  prevails  univerfally  in 
this  country,  fufpicions  have  even  been 
entertained,  that  Molland  will  be  unit- 
ed to  Finance.  The  miferable  ftate  of 
a  country,  whofe  only  happinefs  con- 
fifts  in  wealth,  cannot  eafily  be  defcrib- 
ed.  The  fpice  iflands  are  loft,  and 
of  confrquc!icc,  the  India  trade  ruin- 
ed. The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  i*  to  be 
a  free  port  to  the  Britifti,  though  main- 
tained at  the  expcnce  of  Holland.  The 
ravages  of  inundation  and  ftorm,  pe- 
culiar to  the  fituation  of  the  country, 
have  lately  added  to  the  misfortunes  of 
a  difpiritcd  and  finking  people. 

SWEDEN  &  DENMARK. 

Thefe  Northern  Powers  have  ac- 
ceded to  tiie  ti'eaty  between  Ruf- 
lia and  Britain  ;  the  articles  of  which 
are  underftood  to  be  much  of  the  fame 
nature  with  thofe  of  former  Northern 
trcati&s.  The  freedom  of  the  fea,  the 
ground  of  the  late  Northern  alliance, 
has  not,  w^e  believe,  been  very  much 
iniiiled  upon,  Ruffia  prefents  nothing 
remarkable  to  the  pen  of  the  annalift  j 
only  the  Emperor  has  appeared  in  the 
negociation  for  his  own  intereft. 

TURKEY. 

The  late  fcandalous  maflacre  of  the 
Beys,  had  nearly  involved  the  conque- 
rors  of  Egypt  and  their  Mahometan 

allies 


Feb,  1802.        Foreign  and  British  Intelligence.  - 


allies  in  a  quarrel.  The  tent  of  the 
Pacha  was  fiirrounded  by  Britifti  fol- 
diers  in  a  moment,  who  demanded  the 
bodies  of  thofe  chiefs  who  had  fallen 
by  perfidy.  The  Pacha  made  fome 
figns  of  refiftance  to  no  purpofe. 

Egypt  is  now  evacuated  by  the  Bri- 
tifli,  whafe  gallant  regiments  have  again 
returned  to  their  country.  Immcnfe 
quantities  of  peliflcs,  medals,  and  o- 
ther  oriental  favours  have  been,  beftow- 
ed  on  our  officers.  Yet,  the  braggard 
fpirit  of  falfe  conquefl^,  was  eminently 
difplaycd  in  the  entrance  of  the  Pacha 
into  Conllantinople.  The  flag  of  a  na- 
tion, by  a  finglc  army  of  which,  the 
empire  would  have  infallibly  perilhed, 
was  degraded  in  a  fpecies  of  triumph, 
a  triumph  cf  all  others  the  moft  dif- 
gracefui  to  the  TurkiHi  government. 
The  BritiOi  ambalfador  remonftrated 
againft  thiscondud,  which  therefore  was 
immediately  difcontinued.  Citizen  Se- 
baftiani,  the  French  agent,  has  been 
treating  with  the  Porte  ;  but,  from  the 
influence  of  the  other  minifters,  has 
not  fucceeded.  A  treaty  between  Bri- 
tain and  Turkey  has,  we  believe,  been 
concluded  fome  time  ago. 

INDIA. 

A  letter  received  by  the  fhip  Suffolk, 
from  Bengal,  ftates,  that  Colonels  In- 
nes  and  Agnew  have  almoft  difpei'fed 
the  whole  rebel  forces  of  the  different 
Poligars  in  the  Carnatic  ;  and,  having 
cffe(flually  cut  off  their  communica- 
tions, f  great  hopes  were  entertained,  - 
that  thefe  rcfra-ftory  chiefs  would,  in  a 
few  weeks,  make  a  furrender  condi- 
ditionally. 

CHINA. 

hi'vasion  by  the  Tartars, 
Recent  accounts  from  Canton  ftate, 
that  a  ftrong  body  of  Tartars  had  made 
an  incurfion  into  China,  near  Sofhew, 
and  had  proceeded  along  the^  borders 
of  the  defart  almoft  as  far  as  the  moun- 
tains of  Hoho-Nor; — they  were  well 
appointed  and  difciplined,  and  excited 
general  terror,  the  more  efpecially  as 
this  invafion  feems  to  have  been  con- 
nedled  with  internal  commotions. 

Several  diftrids  vsrere  at  the  fame  mo- 
ment in  arms ;  but  the  Emperor's 
troops,  by  a  prompt  movement, 
brought  the  infurgents  to  adion  be- 
Fore  they  could  be  joined  by  the  Tar- 
tars, and  routed  them  with  immenfc 
laufghtcr. 


The  Tartars  have,  in  confequence, 
made  a  retrogade  movement,  with  a 
S'iew,  it  is  ftated,  to  concentrate  their 
force,  and  to  wait  for  reinforcements. 

In  the  eaftern  diftrids  of  China,  ow- 
ing to  the  prevalence  of  an  uncommon 
drought,  the  natives  have  been  reduced 
to  the  nectffity  of  abandoning  whole 
tracts  of  country  in.queft  of  food.-— 
The  Ernptror  has  exerted  his  authori- 
ty for  their  relief;  but  the  general  fi- 
tuation  of  the  country  oppofes  much 
difficulty  to  his  benevolent  purpofes. 


ENGLAND. 

A  letter  from  Vice-Admiral  Rainier, 
Chief  Naval  Commander  in  the  Eaft  In- 
dies, to  Evan  Nepean,  Efq.  dated  Z9th 
Sept.  1801,  gives  an  account  of  the 
capture  of  the  Chiffone,  a  French  Na- 
tional frigate,  by  Capt.  Charles  Adam, 
of  his  Majefty's  fhip,  La  Sybille,  a  ne- 
phew of  Lord  Keith.  She  was  taken 
at  anchor,  after  a  gallant  engagement, 
in  which  the  Britiih  ftiip  laboured  un- 
der great  difadvantages. 

An  Account  has.  been  tranfmitted  to 
the  Admiralty,  by  Admiral  Curtis,  of 
the  proceedings  of  the  Chance  priva- 
teer, with  a  letter  to  the  Admiral,  from 
Mr  White  the  commander,  giving  a  de- 
tail of  her  cruize. 

On  the  loth  February,  the  hoy  Mar- 
gate, of  Margate,  v>^as  Ihipvvrecked  in 
a  dreadful  ftorm  on  the  Rcculver  fand, 
in  which  the  captain,  and  a  great  many 
of  the  paffengers,  periflied. 

A  new  opera  called  the  Cabinet, 
written  in  imitation  of  Sheridan's  Du- 
enna, appeared  with  confidcrable  ap- 
plaufe,  Tuefday  9th,  in  Co  vent-Gar* 
den  Theatre. 

A  letter  from  St  Helena,  gives  a  me- 
lancholy account  of  the  fufferings  of 
fix  deferters,  from  the  artillery  of  that 
ifland.  They  eijdeavoured  to  efcape 
in  an  American  veffel,  but  being  pur- 
fued,  they  put  to  fea  in  a  whale  boat, 
with  an  inadequ  \te  liorc  of  proviiions, 
and  ftrove  toreacli  Rio  Janeiro.  They 
remained  at  fea  for  mire  tnan  three 
weeks  ;  in  the  courfe  ot  ^vhich,  driven 
by  famine,  they  caft  lots  who  Ihould 
kill  himfelf  to  be  food  to  the  reft.  The 
lot  fell  upon  one  M*Kinnon,  who  bled 
himfelf  to  death,  and  part  of  whofc 
flcfh  was  devoured  by  the  furvivors. 

They 


174 


British  Inttlligence. 


Vol.  64. 


They  reached  at  laft:  the  Spaniih  coafl, 
but  the  boat  upfet  near  fhore,  and  two 
of  them  were  drowned.  The  reft  were 
feized  for  Frenchmen,  and  made  pri- 
foners. 

The  fecond  monthly  meeting  of  the 
Highland  Society  was  held  at  theShake- 
ipeare  Tavern,  London,  on  the  17th, 
the  Right  Hon.  Lord  McDonald  in  the 
chair.  After  many  loyal  and  patriotic 
toalts,  the  Duke  of  Athole,  being  call- 
ed to  the  chair,  gave  an  account  of  the 
refolutions  paffed  at  an  open  commit- 
tee of  the  Society  on  the  13th,  the 
fubftance  of  which  was,  that  a  medal, 
with  appropriate  devices  and  infcrip- 
tions,  Ihould  be  ftruck  in  memory  of 
the  gallant  atchievemcnt  of  the  42d  re- 
giment on  the  2ift  March  iSot,  in 
which  it  maintained,  fo  nobly,  the  he- 
reditary glory  of  the  Caledonian  name  ; 
that  one  of  the  medals  ihould  be  pre- 
fentcd  to  every  furviving  oflicer  and 
foldier  ;  and  to  the  lineal  heir  of  all 
thofe  who  fell  in  the  ac:tion,  one  infcrib- 
cd  v^^ith  the  nameof  the  particular  hero; 
and,  that  an  elegant  cup,  of  the  value 
of  lao  guineas,  Ihould  he  prefented  to 
the  mefs  of  the  regmient.  The  ex- 
pences  were  provided  for,  by  a  vo- 
luntary fubfcription  of  the  members, 
tnanaged  by  a  committee.  Sir  John 
Sinclair  then  introduced  Serjeant  Sin- 
clair, to  whom  Major  Stirling  cniruft- 
ed  the  Invincible  flandard.  This 
brave  foldier  gave  a  plain  and  circum- 
ilantial  narrative  of  that  celebrated 
tranfadion,  fully  confirming  the  ac- 
count of  the  Major.  The  Society 
br6ke  up  after  much  feilivity,  enliven- 
ed by  the  high  fpirjt  of  Caledonian 
independance  and  valour.  Many  of 
the  firtt  nobility  of  Scotland  were  pre- 
fent ;  names  that  will,  perhaps,  con- 
fign  to  pofterity  no  ordinary  opinion 
of  the  public  and  private  virtues  of 
its  anceftors^ 


SCOTLAND. 

On  Jan.  13.  appeared  at  the  Aflem- 
bly  Rooms,  Edinburgh,  Major  Stirling, 
of  the  gallant  42d  regiment,  that  con- 
quered Bonaparte's  hi'uinciblejy  in  the 
fiiJi  uniform  of  that  regiment.  He  was 
received  with  theloudeft  and  moftcnthu- 
(iaftic  applaufe,  the  mufic  immediate- 
ly (Iriking  up  the  favouiitc  fong  of  the 


Highland  Charadlcr,  ^In  the  garb  of 
old  Gaul.'  On  the  celebrated  21ft  {>f 
March,  when  the  French  found  their 
retreat  entirely  cut  off  by  the  High- 
landers, two  French  officers  advanced 
to  Majar  Stirling,  and  delivered  their 
ftandard  into  his  hands.  He  immedi- 
ately committed  it  to  the  charge  of 
ferjeant  Sinclair,  of  the  fame  regiment. 
He  being  foon  after  wounded,  the 
ftandard  was  found  in  the  field  by  a 
private^of  a  Minorca  corps,  who  car- 
ried it  to  his  own  regiment.  It  was 
maiked  with  the  name  of  the  ditfertnt 
vidorics  of  the  Hero  of  Italy;  but  con- 
fiderably  worn.  The  name  of  the  bat- 
tle of  Lodi  was  fcarce  legible.  All  the 
BritiHi  troops  fhewed  equal  courage 
on  the  day  that  decided  the  fate  of 

Egypt- 

On  Feb.  4th,  Alexander  Frafer  Tyt- 
ler,  Efq;  Advocate,  communicated  to 
the  Couit  of  Selhon  his  Majcfty's  let- 
ter, appomting  him  one  of  the  Ordinary 
Lord;>  of  Seffion,  in  the  room  of  Lord 
Stonefield.  He  accordingly  took  his 
place  on  the  Bench,  by  the  title  of 
LoidWoodhoulelce. 

On  the  5*»h,  the  Lord  Ordinary,  in 
tlie  Parliament  Houfe,  pronounced  an 
interlocutor,  with  30I.  damages,  a- 
gainft  a  merchant  in  Lcith,  who  had 
communicated  to  the  bank  an  ill-in- 
formed  account,  with  regard  to  the 
credit  of  a  refpedtable  company  in  j 
thai  town,  j 

On  the  9th,  the  important  caufe  of 
Warner  and  Commiflioners  ^,  Cunning-  ' 
ham  was, in  part, decided  m  the  Courtof  ' 
SelTjon.  The  origin  of  it  was  this:  In 
1709,  Mr  Cunninghame,  great-grand-  t 
father  of  the  defender,' Cunnmghamc  of  i 
Auchtnharvlr,  fold  to  Mr  Warner, 
great-grandfather  of  the  puriuer.  War-  [. 
ner  of  Ardier,  the  eft  ate  of  Ardicr,  with) 
a  fervitude  of  working  the  coal  on  th^J 
lands  for  57  years  thereafter.  Thcx^r-  'i 
dier  coalliery  was  wrought  by  Mr  Cun- 1 
ningham  till  1766,  from  which  date  tilli 
1770,  it  remained  untouched.  A  verb-J 
al  agreement,  in  1770,  was  entered  m-l 
to  between  Warner  and  Cunninghame,! 
of  working  the  coal  on  tbe  formcr's4: 
eftate,  and  carrying  on  the  faltworks\ 
belonging  to  the'  latter,  entirely  as  2|?| 
joint  concern.  Ofthis  verbal  contradtir: 
a  written  tack,  or  agreement,  wajB: 
made  four  years  after,  continuing  the  cdBl 
partnery  for  23  years  after  17705  anfl 


Feb.  1802. 


British  Intelligence. 


for  fix  years  more,  but  with  leave  to 
Warner  to  get  off,  if  fo  difpofed,  at  the 
end  of  the  firft  period.  In  1783,  a 
further  prolongation  of  that  agreement 
was  executed  for  the  further  fpace  of 
99  years  ;  and,  Mr  Warner  gave,  in 
tack,  to  Mr  Cunninghame,  his  farm  of 
Mifk,  for  57  years  after  Martinmas 
178 1.  Three  different  atlions  were 
raifed  againft  Mr  Cunninghame,  by  the 
fon  of  Mr  Warner,  with  the  confent  of 
his  curators.  Firit,  a  procefs  of  count, 
reckoning  ficc-  for  the  purfuer's  fliare 
of  the  concern  from  the  firft,  and  a  de- 
clarator, that  the  copartnery  lliould 
not  exift  beyond  1795,  the  term  of 
the  firit  agreement.  Second,  of  re- 
dudlion  of  the  two  laft  agreements  on 
the  plea  of  circumvention  and  fraud. 
The  Lord  Ordinary  in  1794,  conjoin- 
ed thefe  proceffes,  and  ordered  cri- 
dence  on  both  fides.  An  interlocutor 
was  pronounced  17^7,  affirming  the 
articles  and  agreements  of  the  copart- 
nery, but  intimating  a  poffibility  of 
redudion,  if  circumvention  or  mifma- 
nagement  could  be  proven  by  the  pur- 
fuer.  A  condefcendence  immediate- 
ly began  to  be  prepared  j  and  the 
Lord  Ordinary,  nth  July  179S,  al- 
lowed a  proof  of  the  fads  to  both  par- 
ties. The  third  action,  was  a  fummons 
of  redudtion  of  the  tack  of  the  Mifk 
farm,  on  accoi^nt  of  incapacity  and  fa- 
cility in  the  letting  of  laid  farm.  A 
condefcendence  was  oideredj  and 
proof  allowed,' March  21ft  iSoc.  In 
confequence  of  the  two  interlocutors, 
a  large  body  of  evidence  being  coUed- 
cd,  and  examined  ;  the  Court,  after 
full  hearing  of  Counfel  on  fix  different 
days,  pronounced  the  following  inter- 
locutor. 

"  The  Lords  having  adviied  the  ftate 
of  the  procefs,  toltimonies  of  the  wit- 
ncffes  adduced,  writings  produced,  and 
heard  the  Counfel  for  the  parties  at 
great  length  thereon,  and  having  alfo 
coniidered  the  amendment  allowed  to 
begi'.en  in  by  the  puriuers,  of  their 
fummons  of  redudion  of  the  coal  con- 
trails ;  conjoin  the  procefs  of  reduc- 
tion of  the  Mifk  leafe,  with  the  pre- 
vious .proceffes  of  the  declarator  and 
redudion,  regarding  faid  coal  con- 
trads  ;  and,  in  thefe  rcdudions,  repel 
the  reafons  thereof,  affoilzie  the  de- 
fender, and  decern  j  find  him  alfo  en- 
titled to  the  expences  of  thefe  reduc- 
tions, and  allow  an  accour.t  thereof  to 


be  given  in  :  but,  before  tnfwcr  as  to 
the  other  conclufions  of  the  purfuer's 
a6tions  as  now  amended,  appoint  the 
parties  to  prepare  memorials  upoa 
thefe,  &:c." 

About  600  privates  of  the  firft  Regi- 
ment of  Royal  EdinbCirgh  Volunteers, 
having  agreed  to  renew  their  origiaal 
offer  of  fervice  in  time  of  peace,  for 
preferving  the  internal  tranquillity  of 
the  city  and  country  ;  that  offer  was 
tranimittted  by  Colonel  Ayton,  Lieut. 
Col.  of  the  Regiment,  to  the  Lord  Pro- 
volt,  and  by  him  to  Lord  Hobart, 
who  returned  an  aniwer,  expreffing 
his  Majefly's  cordial  fatisfadion,  in  re- 
ceiving this  ftrong  teftimony  of  at- 
tachment to  his  Perfon  and  Govern- 
ment, with  a  promife  of  his  Majefty's 
notice  of  their  claim  to  his  attention, 
in  the  future  arrangement  of  the  Vo- 
lunteer eftabliHiment.  . 

On  the  loth,  Andrew  Laurie,  letter 
carrier  in  the  General  Poll  Office,  was 
executed  at  the  weft  end  of  the  tol- 
booth,  purfuant  to  his  fentence.  He 
was  attended  by  feveral  clergymen, 
and  his  behaviour  was  fuch  as  became 
his  unhappy  fituation. 

Feb.  16.  Burnet  Bruce  Efq.  Advo- 
cate, was  appointed  Deputy  Judge  Ad- 
vocate, and  Clerk  of  the  Courts  Mar- 
tial in  North  Britain,  vice  Tytler  ap- 
pointed to  a  feat  in  the  Court  of 
Seffion. 

23.  A  petition  was  figned  by  the 
ProvofI:  and  Council  of  Edinburgh,  to 
be  prefented  to  the  Houfe  of  Com- 
mons, for  leave  to  bring  in  a  bill  for 
enlarging  the  City  Police,  and  extend- 
ing  the  Royalty  over  the  lands  of  BcU 
levue,  and  ceitain  lands  to  the  cait 
and  welt  of  thefe,  for  purchafing 
houfes  and  grounds  for  enlarging  York 
Place,  and  for  various  other  public 
purpofes  of  improvement  and  orna- 
ment. On  the  fame  day,  agreed  to 
petition  the  Committee  of  the  coins  of 
the  realm,  for  a  new  copper  coinage, 
the  want  of  which  is  felt  as  a  lerious 
inconvenience. 

25.  The  play  of  the  Belles  Strata^ 
gem  was  performed  at  the  Edinburgh 
Theatre,  for  the  benefit  of  the  Charity 
Workhoufe.  Mrs  Elten  gratuitoufly 
aded  the  charader  of  Letitia  Hardy, 
in  her  ufual  ftyle  of  excellence.  Places 
in  the  boxes  were  half  a  guinea,  in 
the  pit  ^s,  in  the  gaj'iry  3s.    The  re- 

ceipt^ 


176 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


ccipts  arc  fuppofed  to  have  been  near 
L.  400. 

An  important  caufe  is  now  pending 
in  Chancery,  r€fpe6ling  the  fale.  in 
England,  of  Bibles,  New  Teftaments, 
Prayer  Books,  &c.  printed  in  his  Ma- 
jefty*s  office  in  Scotland.  An  injunc- 
tion has  been  lately  obtained  againft 
this  by  the  Englifli  Univcrlities.  Un- 
der the  adt  of  union,  this  fale  has  al- 
ways been  free  over  the  whole  iiland, 
and  has  been  conlidered  from  the  pc- 
tiod  of  that  a61,  to  be  as  legal  and  in- 
difputable,  as  the  fale  of  the  fame 
books  printed  by  authority  in  England, 
has  cohflantly  been,  in  this  country. 

Highland  Society  of  Scotland* 
The  anniverfary  general  meeting  of 
this  Society,  agreeable  to  the  charter, 
was  held  in  their  Hall,  South  Bridge 
Street,  laft  month,  at  which  there  were 
prefect — 

The  Rt  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Eglintoun 
Lord  Dounc 

The  Lord  Provoft  of  Edinburgh 

Lord  Chief  Baron 

The  Hon.  Henry  Erfkine 

Sir  William  Forbes,  Bart. 

Sir  Patrick  Murray,  Bart. 

Sir  George  M*Kenzic,  Bart, 
with  a  very  refpc^lable  attendance  of 
other  members,  to  the  number  of  a- 
bout  one  hundred,  among  whom  were 
feveral  military  men  of  rank,  gentlemen 
of  the  law,  and  many  others  of  the 
moft  confiderable  proprietors  in  the 
country. — The  Earl  of  Eglintoun,  Firft 
Vice-Prefident  in  office,  having  taken 
the  Chair,  the  Society  proceeded  to 
ballot  for  new  members,  when  forty- 
four  were  duly  admitted,  their  names 
ordered  to  be  recorded,  and  public  no- 
tification of  their  election  given. 

The  Society  afterwards  proceeded  to 
take  under  conlideration  the  different 
matters  which  had  been  before  their 
Committee  of  Dircdlors  fince  the  ge- 
neral meeting  in  July  laft,  andapproved 
of  their  continued  attention  to  the  en- 
couragement of  different  objed:s  of 
^  improvement,  as  appeared  by  the  pre- 
nniums  voted  by  them,  particularly  for 
the  cultivation  of  waQe  lands,  and  im- 
proving the  breed  of  black  cattle.  And, 
among  the  otlier  premiums,  the  Sqcie- 
ty  much  approved  of  the  refolution  of 
the  Directors  to  give  a  piece  of  plate, 
of  Jifietn  su'mcas  value,  to  the  Rer.  Xvlr 
Brcmner,  mini(i?^r  of  Wali?,  Orkney, 


for  a  plan  fuggcfled  by  him  for  the 
prefervation  of  hves  in  cafes  of  fhip- 
wreck,  by  fixing,  in  a  particular  man- 
ner, as  defcribed  by  the  model  now  on 
the  table,  and  the  rcpoit  of  a  Sub-Com- 
mittee, a  certain  proportion  of  cork  or 
cafk  to  any  fhip's  boat,  it  being  afcer- 
tained  by  an  experiment  made  at 
Lcith,  in  prefence  of  the  Committee  of 
^the  Society,  alfifted  by  naval  gentlemen 
of  charadter  and  fkill,  that  a  boat  fo 
fitted  up  would  not  fink,  though  full 
of  water,  but  on  the  contrary,  be  ex- 
tremely buoyant,  and,  befides,  that  it 
would  be  hardly  pofiible  for  the  filry 
of  the  waves  to  overfet  a  boat  fo  pre- 
pared, and  that,  in  cafe  it  fhould  be  fo 
overturned,  the  boat  would  inftantly 
right  itfelf*. 

Thereafter,  the  Society  proceeded 
to  take  under  confideration  the  report 
of  a  Special  Committee,  appointed  in 
terms  of  a  refolution  of  laft  general 
meeting,  for  enquiring  into  feveral  mat- 
ters of  importance  refpedting  the  High- 
lands, and  the  weft  and  north  of  Scot- 
land, and  to  fuggcft  what  occurred  to 
them  as  moft  proper  for  their  general 
improvement  and  melioration,  in  the 
view  particularly  of  conneding  fuch 
objcds  of  improvement  with  the  em- 
ployment of  the  labouring  and  lower 
clafles  of  the  inhabitants. — When,  after 
fully  confidering  faid  report,  and  the 
Lord  Chief  Baron,  the  Honourable  Mr 
Erfkine,  and  other  members  having 
delivered  their  opinions  thereon,  the 
Society  refolved  to  approve  of  the  re- 
port, drawn  up  with  an  ability,  atten- 
tion, and  zeal,  well  fuited  to  the  im- 
portant matters  of  which  it  treats ;  and 
the  thanks  of  the  meeting  were  voted 
to  the  Committee.  And  it  was  un- 
animoufly  refolved  to  apply  to  fuch  of 
his  Majcfty's  minifters,  under  whofe 
department  the  ol:yedt3  recommended 
by  the  report,  fall,  and  to  the  members 
of  the  Society  who  have  feats  in  either 


•  N.  B.  Mr  Bremner**  Plan  is  dif- 
ferent from,  and  its  utility  may  be  made 
more  general,  than  the  Life  Boats  formerly 
invented,  thefe  being  oni)  kept  at  fea  pore 
towns  to  anfwer  emergencies ;  whereas,  by 
Mr  Bremner's  Plan,  every  fhip's  boat  of 
the  common  conftru6bion  can  be  converted 
into  a  Life  boat,  upon  the  appearance  of 
danger,  fo  that  Mr  Bremncr*s  invention 
feenis  vveli  cutiticd  to  public  attention. 

Houfe 


Feb.  i8o2« 


British  Intelligence. 


Houfc  of  parliament,  fxprcffing,  in  the 
ftrongeft  terms,  the  Society's  opinion, 
that  I'petdy  meafurcs  (hould  be  taken, 
with  rtfpc(5lto  theimprovcment  andex- 
tenfion  of  the  fifheries,  the  opening  up 
communications  by  roads  and  bridges, 
and  in  fomc  places  by  canals,  as  alfo 
the  encouragement  of  woolen  manu- 
factories, and  the  neceffity  there  is  for 
an  aid  being  afforded  by  Government 
to  thcfe  very  important  objects,  con- 
nedted  not  only  with  the  improvement 
of  thefe  parts  of  the  country,  the  com^ 
fort,  prolperity,  and  happiriefs  of  its 
inhabitants,  but  alfo  with  the  interett 
and  profperity  of  the  United  Kingdom 
at  large;  and  remitted  to  the  Directors 
to  carry  thefe  refolutions  into  cfFeiit. 

On  amotion  from  the  Secretary,  the 
Meeting,  with  the  greatelt  appiaufc, 
voted  the  thanks  of  the  Society  to  the 
Britilh  Army  of  Egypt,  for  their  gallant 
atchievements,  in  which  their  country- 
men, the  Highland  Regiments,  main- 
tained, in  fuch  a  confpicuous  manner, 
the  warlike  character  of  their  anceliors, 
and  efpecially  to  that  old  and  long  dif-" 
tinguifhed  corps,  fhe  Forty-Second,  or 
Royal  Highlanders;  arid  at  the  fame 
tunc  it  was  tlated  to  the  meeting,  that  it 
would  be  proper  to  enter,  on  their  re- 
cords, fome  tellimony  of  the  Society's 
high  eiteem  and  gratitude  to  the  nie- 
mory  of  that  gallant  hero  Sir  Ralph 
Abercromby,  the  Commander  in  Chief 
of  that  army,  who  fell  fo  giorioufly  in 
the  caufe  of.  his  country,  a  member, 
and  one  of  the  Vice-Prelidcnts  of  the 
Society  at  the  period  of  his  death  ; 
wiiich  was  unnnimoufly  agreed  to,  and 
recommended  to  the  Sc-cretary  to  have 
this  done  in  a  proper  manner,  and  to 
intimate  to  the  Commanding  Officer  of 
the  42Q  regiment  the  vote  of  the  So- 
ciety. 

The  Secretary  reported  to  the  Meet- 
ing, that  he  had  written  to  the  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer,  and  Mr  Van- 
fittart.  Secretary  to  the  Treafury,  a- 
grecable  to  the  refolution  of  lalt  ge- 
neral meeting,  and  had  been  honoured, 
in  return,  with  very  polite  letters  from 
both  rhefe  gentienicn,  now  on  the  ta- 
ble ;  and  that  he  had  alfo  feveral  com- 
munications from  the  great  Dublin  So- 
ciety, and  General  Vallencey,  its  Vice- 
Prelident,  and  moved,  that  the  thanks 
of  this  meeting  Ihould  be  voted  to  that 
refpec^table  gentleman,  who  flicwed  e- 
vcry  mark  or  attentiuu  to  tUe  views  of 

Vol.  LXIV. 


this  inftitution  ;  which  was  unanimouf- 
ly  agreed  to,  and  the  Strcretary  direct- 
ed to  communicate  the  fame  accordiye* 

ly. 

Refolved,  upon  motion,  to  fubfcribc 
for  a  work  formerry  taken  notice  of, 
about  to  be  publifhed  by  Mr  Thomas 
Brydfon,  fellow  of  the  Antiquarian  So- 
ciety, entitltAl,  An  fJucidation  of 
the  Diftindtions  of  Rank  in  Society,'* 
which,  from  the  high  character  given 
it  by  feveral  Members  of  the  Society, 
qualified  to  judge  of  its  merits,  appear- 
ed to  defcrve  the  attention  of  the  pub- 
lic. 

Among  other  articles  of  bufinefs  re- 
ferred to  the  Directors  for  conhdera- 
tion,  was  a  very  fenhble  letter  from 
Mr  Baron  Hepburn  to  the  Secretary, 
on  the  fubjed  of  winter  feeding  and 
green  crops;  and  communications,  and 
fuggeflions  by  Mr  Girvan  of  Leith,  re- 
lative to  the  fait  laws,  filheries,  &c. 

It  afforded  fatisfaclion  to  the  Meet- 
ing, that  the  Society,  from  the  increafe 
of  its  funds,  ariiing  from  the  voluntary 
contributions  of  its  Members,  who 
came  forward  in  fupport  of  the  inili- 
tudon  from  all  parts  of  the  country, 
that  the  Society  was  enabled  to  grant 
a  larger  fum  this  year  than  on  any  for- 
mer occafion,  to  be  laid  out  by  their 
Committee  of  Directors  for  the  current 
year,  and  which  the  Meeting  voted  ac- 
cordingly. 

The  Society  afterwards  proceeded 
to  the  eiedion  of  Prtfident,  Vice  Pre* 
fidents,  and  other  Officers  for  the  cur- 
rent year. 

The  thanks  of  the  meeting  were 
then  voted  to  the  Earl  of  Eglintoun,  for 
his  attention,  in  the  chair,  to  the  bull- 
nefs  of  the  day. 

Thereafter  a  large  party  of  ther  - 
Members  attended  the  Anniverfary 
Dinner,  at  Fortune's  Tontine  Tavern, 
the  Earl  of  Eglintoun,  Vice-Prefident, 
in  the  Chair,  when  many  loyal  and 
patriotic  toalts  were  given,  and  the 
evening  fpent  in  great  good  humour 
and  feltivity. 

Feb.  19.  The  Highland  Society  of 
Scotland  advertifed  the  following  pre- 
miums. Tor  EJJ\iys  and  Communications 

Clafs  1.  A  gold  medal  or  piece  of 
plate,  value  L.  55  Sterling,  for  the 
belt  effay  on  peat  mofs,  viewed  as 
foil,  manure  and  fuel.  A  gold  medal 
or  piece  of  plate  worth  10  guineas,  for 
the  belt  and  cheapcft*methods  of  drain- 
A  a  lug 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


ing  peat  mofs,  with  the  appropriate 
implements. 

Clafs  11.  A  gold  medal  or  piece  of 
plate,  15  guineas  value,  for  the  baft: 
communication  on  the  eftecls  of  froft 
or  cold  on  the  ripening  of  grain. 

Clafs  III.  A  gold  medM  01  piece  of 
plate,  value  ao  guineas,  for  the  bell 
eflay  on  the  general  principles  of  laws 
of  Nutrition  in  Man  and  animals.  AU 
fo  the  fame  kmd  of  premium,  value 
15  guineas,  for  the  belt  eflay  on  the 
dil'oideis  of  fhecp,  particularly  that 
called  braxy. 

Clafs  IV.  A  fimilar  premium,  value 
sto  guineas,  foi  the  beft  eflay  or  com- 
inunication  on  the  Natural  Hiitory  of 
herrings.  2d  Ditto  ic  guineas  value, 
on  the  Natural  Hiftory  of  lalmon. 
3d  On  beft  machine  for  pounding  lime- 
itone,  with  a  plan  and  eltimate  of  the 
cxpence  ;  or  to  that  Scoilman  who  can 
prove,  that  he  has  improved  within 
laft  fix  years,  the  greateft  proportion 
of  uncultivated  land,  not  lets  than  20 
Scots  acres. 

A  premium  of  10  guineas,  to  the  in- 
ventor or  improver  of  any  of  the  im- 
plements of  hulbandry,  proved  to  the 
latisfadion  of  the  lociety. 


SIR, 

HAVING  obtained  a  copy  of  the  fol- 
lowing account  of  the  calamitous  e- 
vents,  which  happened  at  Kilmarnock, 
i8lh  Od.  1 801  ;  1  have  fcnt  it  for  in- 
fcrtion  in  your  valuable  JVIagazine.  It 
was  drawn  up  for  a  charitable  pui  pofe, 
and  the  generous  exertions  of  a  didin- 
guifhed  perlonage,  to  whom  it  was  ad- 
drtffcd,  adequately  fulfilled  the  inten- 
tion of  tranfmitting  it.  R. 

ii,th  Feb,  i8c2. 

"  Without  defcribii  g  my  own  feel- 
ings upon  the  prefeni  melancholy  oc- 
cahon,  I  fliall  briefly  give  an  account 
of  the  calamitous  event,  which  occur- 
red on  Sunday,  i8th  Oct.  1801,  in  the 
parifh  church  of  Kilmaint)ck. 

'*  The  chapel  ot  this  place  being  va- 
cant, the  people,  as  ufual,  reforted,  in 
crowds,  to  the  parifh  church  ;  the  gal- 
leries were  examuied  in  the  afternoon  ; 
and  about  the  time,  wlien  the  bell  had 
done  ringing,  the  end  of  a  feat,  at  the 
caft  door  cracked\  two  perfons  in  it 
immediately  exclaimed,  that  the  houfe 
was  falling  \  the  alarm  communicated 


like  lightning,  and  no  time  being  allow- 
ed for  refledion,  every  one  believed 
what  he  heard,  and  what  imagination 
readily  reprefented. 

The  credulity  of  the  people  was 
(Irongly  excited  for  two  reafons.  There 
had  been  long  a  local,  popular  propuc- 
cy  that  the  church  would  fall,  and 
many  lives  be  loft,  and  the  conflruc- 
tion  of  the  houfe  countenanced  the 
probability  of  fuch  an  event,  fince  the 
wall  in  front  had  fled  5^  inches,  that 
in  the  back  part  i\  inches,  and  the 
pillars  in  which  they  refted,  were,  in 
popular  eftimation,  accounted  infuf- 
ficient.  Many  fuppoftd  that  the  pro- 
phecy was  realizing,  and  txptdfed  im- 
mediate death.  I'hus  the  prcdidlion 
in  part  accomplilhcd  itfclf,  and  the 
fate  of  the  houfe,  if  it  did  not  precede, 
is  likely  foon  to  follow  the  cataflrophe. 
The  crowd  ruflied  to  the  Itair  cafes, 
which  w  .re  already  filled  with  people, 
and  the  torrent  overwhelmed  all  below. 
Many  beneath  were  inftantly  cruflied 
to  death  or  fuflocatcd,  others  bruifed 
or  maimed,  and  the  wiiolc  was  a  fcenc 
of  awful  contlemation  and  confulion ; 
fome  throwing  themfclves  from  the 
windows;  others  leaping  over  the  gal- 
leries; many  itanciing  in  a  ftate  of  pc- 
trefadiion ;  a  few  only  exhorting  to 
compofure,  but  their  voices  were  loft: 
in  the  prevailing  noife. 

*'  The  force  of  imagination  was  fo 
ftrong,  even  on  thofe  without,  that 
many,  at  a  fafe  diftanct ,  on  hearing  the 
report  from  the  church,  fuppofed  they 
faw  the  fpire  give  way,  and  loudly  cal- 
led upon  the  people  to  fly,  as  the  walls 
were  falling  in  the  direction  in  which 
they  ftood. 

"  The  lower  feated  part  of  the 
church,  inftantly  emptied  ;  but  bodies 
piled  up  in  the  Itairs,  prevented  the 
efcape  of  thofe  in  the  galleries,  except 
by  treading  on  the  dead,  the  wounded, 
or  the  proUrate,.  till  ladders  were  pro- 
cured for  thofe,  w  ho  had  not  the  refo- 
lution  or  temeiity  to  leap  from  the 
windows. 

"  A  gentleman,  who  entered  im- 
mediately on  hearing  of  the  accident, 
faid  they  were  under  the  neceifity  of 
removing  one  layer  (jf  bodies,  before  get- 
ting to  another,  and  fome  idea  may  be 
formed  of  the  fuperincumbent  prefliire, 
and  of  the  clofenefs,  with  which  the 
bodies  were  packed  together,  from  this 
circumftancc,  that  fix  perfons  pulling 

up 


Feb.  1 802. 


British  Intelligence. 


179 


Up  the  arms  of  one  man,  could  not  ex- 
tricate him,  till  thofe  above  were  re- 
moved. It  was  ineffectual  to  exhort 
thofe,  who  had  been  in  the  church,  to 
re-enter  for  the  afliftance  of  others,  and 
fome  lives  were  undoubtedly  loft,  at 
the  weft  door,  for  want  of  a  fufficient 
number  of  hands.  By  the  laudable  ex- 
ertions of  a  ftw,  the  whole  was  clear- 
ed our,  but  the  difclofure  was  dread* 
fill.  Twenty-nine  were  killed  on  the 
fpot,  incapable  of  receiving  any  advan- 
tage from  medical  afliftance,  which  was 
immediately  afforded.  A  few  of  the 
luflerers,  who  were  nearly  dead,  re- 
covered ;  but,  one  of  them,  endured 
before  death,  about  forty  minutes  of 
cxtrepie  agony ;  others  were  very  ill 
hurt  ;  fome  were  thrown  into  convul- 
fions  ;  only  one  fradlure,  and  difloca- 
tion  occurred  among  above  ninety  fuf- 
ferers. 

The  anxiety  painted  in  the  coun- 
tenances, and  the  hurry  of  multitudes 
enquiring  for  their  relations,  an  uni- 
verfal  cry  of  defpair,  the  flirieks  and 
moans  of  thofe  within,  weeping  and 
wailings  without,  one  general  expref-- 
^  (ion  of  horror,  clothes  clotted  in  blood, 
corpfes  ftrewed  in  the  church  yard,  or 
carrying  to  private  houfes,  fufferers  ftu- 
pified  with  affright,  frantic  with  terror, 
or  wreathing  in  convulfions,  prefented 
a  pidlurc  of  mifery,  cruelly  rending 
fenfibility,  to  which  no  defcription 
can  do  juftice.  The  alarm  and  fight 
were  fo  affecting,  that  many,  not  prc- 
fent  in  the  church,  but  who  witnefTed 
the  fcene  without,  have  not  yet  reco- 
vered from  the  panic  and  terror  into 
which  they  were  thrown.  But  the  fi- 
tuation  of  the  deceafcd,  and  of  the  fur- 
viving  fufferers,  was  truely  aflBidtive, 
and  only  adequately  known  by  thofe, 
whom  duty  or  humanity  called  to  their 
afli  fiance. 

Of  fix  perfons,  who  met  in  one  houfe 
in  the  morning,  four  were  killed,  and 
two  injured.  An  induftrious  man  afTift^ 
ing  others,  was  overturned  and  fmo- 
thered  V»y  the  puih  from  above.  The 
fate  of  all  was  lamented  ;  but  the  deaths 
of  fome  amiable  youths  were  particu- 
larly regrttted.  Not  an  infant  pcrilh- 
ed,  though  fome  of  them  were  expofed 
to  danger.  There  were  however,  re- 
markable efcapes  by  perfons  lying  con- 
tiguous to  the  dead,  particularly  of  one, 
'  who  lay  literally  jammed  between 
'  death,  having  one  above  and  another 
bclov^  him  dead.   The  horrible  con- 


dition of  another  may  be  guefled  at, 
when  it  is  told,  that  he  lay  every  mo- 
ment expecting  death,  next  an  old 
man  whom  he  thought  his  father,  till 
he  faw  the  hands  when  the  dead  body- 
was  removed. 

"  Some  of  the  departed  have  left  fa- 
therlefs,  others  orphan  children  ;  while 
many  families  have  btten  dripped  of 
foris  and  daughters,  their  moft  promi- 
fing  hopes  and  beft  ornaments.  Their 
lofs,  beneficence  may  alleviate,  but 
cannot  repair  ;  and  the  general  regret 
cannot  fail  to  perpetuate  the  remem- 
brance of  that  difaltrous  day. 

'*  Sympathy  has  been  univerfal.  The 
kind  attentions  and  charitable  afTiftance 
afforded  by  individuals  to  fome  of  the 
more  deftitute,  is  peculiarly  amiable. 
Approbation  of  fuch  actions,  vibrates 
in  every  human  heart,  and  the  virtue 
of  fome  is  too  fteady  to  terminate  with 
the  feeling  of  the  moment. 

"  It  were  endlefs  to  enumerate  the 
advantages,  with  which  credulous  ig- 
norance ufhered  in  this  event.  Amid  a 
thoufand  dreams,  it  was  to  be  expect- 
ed that  fome  would  bear  a  faint  re- 
femblance,  whicli,  in  lefs  dreadful  cir- 
cumftances,  would  have  been  difregard* 
ed.  Some  have  been  mentioned,  which, 
without  much  twifting,  may  have  been 
employed  as  diffuafives  from  atten- 
dance. But  furely  dreams  are  of  little 
value,  which  cannot  be  employed  as 
forewarners  of  danger,  though  they  be- 
come caufes  of  fuperltitious  fear  or 
awe,  after  the  events  to  which  they  re- 
late have  occurred. 

It  was  painful  to  reflefl,  that  the 
event  was  rendered  uncommonly  difai- 
trous,  by  the  l\eepnefa  and  narrownefs 
of  the  flairs,  as  alfo  by  the  want  of  a 
fufficient  number  and  breadth  of  out- 
lets. In  the  hurry,  every  one  was 
more  felicitous  to  preierve  hirnfelf,  than 
to  lave  others  ;  but  it  is  to  lamented, 
for  the  fake  of  humanity,  that  tncrc 
were  inftances  of  barbarous  trampling 
on  bodies  by  individuals  atttmpting 
their  efcape.  In  one  cafe,  the  well 
known  unfeeling  difpohtion  of  an  in- 
dividual, concurring  with  bis  peculiar 
hurry  and  trampling,  brought  on  \nii\ 
juft  and  general  reprobation.  Inftances 
of  this  kind  ihould  be  exhibited  by  way 
of  terror,  and  for  prevention  of  barbari- 
ty in  future. 

"  It  is  confoling,  however,  to  ob- 
ferve  the  general  fympathy  and  gene- 
rous affiftance,  which  this  and  oth^r 


i8o 


Marriages, 


Vol.  64. 


calamitous  events  call  f(Ttb,  and  which 
beftow  on  human  nature  its  brightt  (t 
luare."  J,  M. 

"•>♦<•-- 

The  following  lifts  of  Births,  Mar- 
riages, and  Dtraths,  is  given  from  au- 
thentic intelligence.  During  the  tf- 
forts  that  have  been  made  to  improve 
the  more  client ial  parts  of  our  work, 
this  department  has  been  confiderably 
overlooked.  As  part  of  our  improved 
plan,  the  Public  may  in  future  expert 
a  very  corredi  (tattment  of  the  month- 
ly hiftory,  both  Foreign  andDomeflic. 
The  traniactions  relating  to  the  affairs 
of  Scotland,  through  all  parts  of  the 
kingdom,  will  be  pundually  recorded. 
An  account  of  the  different  public  a- 
inufements  will  be  given  ;  and  well 
written  intelligence,  hillorical  or  cri- 
tical, on  that  I'ubjed,  is  earneftly  re- 
queftcd  from  all  who  have  a  dclire 
to  benefit  the  national  literature.  The 
diiTerent  meteorological  and  natural  e- 
vents  will  be  detailed  :  meetings  for 
improvement  of  the  hufbandry  of  Scot- 
land, and  occafional  hiftorical  fads  in 
that  branch  will  be  inferted.  The  fame 
ivill  be  obfervcd  with  regard  to  the 
arts,  and  thofe  who  have  been  eminent 
in  advancing  them.  Perhaps  it  may 
be  true,  to  a  certain  extent,  that  merit 
concealed  diiieis  little,  with  regard  to 
.iociety-,  from  ufelefs  indolence. 


MARRIAGES. 

Dec.  6.  At  New  Yf)rk,  Mr  John  Patrick* 
of  that  place,  merchant,  fecond  fon  of  the 
late  John  Patrick,  Efq.  of  Treehorn,  Ayr- 
Ihire,  to  Mils  Sarah  Ann  S:ewart,  of  Mew 
York. 

29.  At  Edinburgh,  John  Wright  of 
Bellony,  Efq.  to  Mils  Ann  Chriftie,  daugh- 
ter of  Captain  John  Chriftie,  of  the  Argylc- 
ihire  militia. 

•31.  At  Eaflhall,  by  Cupar  Fife,  James 
Robertlbn,  Elq,  late  of  the  Jfi.ind  of  Barba- 
does,  to  Mils  Jean  Smith,  daughter  of  Mr 
Jaincs  Smith,  late  farmer  at  Balgonie. 

Jan  2.  At  St  George'?,  Hanover  Square, 
London,  James  Wdlis,  Efq.  of  the  Eall  In- 
dia Houfe,  to  Mils  Kiiz:abeth  Colt,  young, 
cfl:  daughter  of  the  iatc  Oliver  Colt,  Efq.  of 
Auldhame. 

4.  At  Edinburgh,  Dr  Charles  Edward 
Bernard,  Phyfician  at  Briftol,  to  Mifs 
Barbara  Fogo,  eldeft  daughter  of  James 
Fogo  of  Kiliorflj  Efij. 


4.  At  Perth,  John  Glen  Johnfton,  Efq. 
of  St  Ptterftjurgh,  to  Mifs  Mary  Thomfon, 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr  Patrick  Thomfon^ 
merchant,  Pe>  th. 

—  At  Kirrouchtree,  Lieut.  Col.  John 
Schaw  Maxwell,  of  the  23d  light  dragooiiij 
fecond  fon  of  Sir  Wm  Maxwell  of  Spriug- 
kell,  Bart,  to  Mifs  Heron,  only  daughter 
of  Patrick  Icron  of  Htron,  Efq.  M.  P.  for 
the  ftewartry  of  Kirkcudbright. 

5.  At  Lur^ian,  Ireland,  Captain  M*Cul- 
loch,  of  his  Mr.jc'fty's  Rofs  and  Croi^arty 
regiment,  to  Mifh  M'Vcagh,  daughter  i>f 
the  late  Jofcph  M'Veagh,  Efq.  of  Drew- 
ftoun. 

H  At  Greenock,  Mr  Alexander  Laird, 
merchant,  to  Mifs  M'Aulay. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  James  Grahara, 
merchant,  to  Mifs  Margaret  Cowie,  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Archibald  Cowie,  Efq.  of 
Bcllfd>kc. 

—  A^  Campbeltown,  the  Rev.  Alexan- 
der Laing,  M.  A.  to  Mifs  Ann  Mitchell, 
daughter  of  Mr  Mathcw  Mitchell,  mer- 
chant there. 

14.  At  Edinburgh,  William  Bruce,  Efq. 
of  Cowdcn,  to  Mifs  Margaret  Oliver^ 
daughter  of  Robert  Oliver,  Efq.  furgeon  in 
North  Berwick. 

20.  At  London,  Samuel  Holland  of  Great 
Portland  Street,  M.  D.  Fellow  of  Worcef- 
ter  College,  Oxford,  to  Mifs  Frances  Erf- 
kinc,  eldeft  daughter  of  the  Hon.  Thomas 
Erfkine.  Ihe  ceremony  wai  performed  by 
the  Rev.  John  Mitchell.  After  which  the 
new  married  couple  ftt  out  for  Updown 
Houfe,  the  rcfidencc  of  the  Couiitefs  of 
Glen  cairn,  near  Margate. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Alexander  Macdonell, 
Efq.  of  Glenoary,  to  Mifs  Rebecca  Forbes, 
daughter  of  Sir  William  Forbes  of  Pitfligo, 
Bart. 

At  Ottar,  Argyleftiirc,  Lieutenant  Dun- 
can Campbell,  late  of  the  1 8th  dragoons, 
to  Mifs  Ann  Campbell,  only  daughter  of 
the  deceafe<i  John  Campbcli,  Efq.  of  Ottar, 

Lately,  at  bands,  Captain  Oliphant,  of 
the  7 2d  regiment,  to  Mifs  Hannah  John- 
ftonc,  third  daughter  of  the  late  James  Johu- 
ftone,  Eiq.  of  Sands. 

28.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  Maclarcn,  fur. 
geon,  to  Mifs  Jeflic  Henderfon. 

29.  At  the  Lord  Juilicc  Clerk's,  by  the 
Bcv.  Mr  Sandford,  James  Boyd,  Efq.  to 
Mifs  Douglafs,  eldeft  daughter  of  the  late 
l>icijt.  Gen.  Douglafs,  of  the  5th  dragoon 
guards. 

—  At  Antrim,  Captain  Graham  of  the 
Dumbarton  fcncibles,  to  Mifs  Macartney, 
daugliter  of  the  Rev.  Dr  Macartney. 

I^e6,  1.  At  Stitchei  Houic,  Archibald  Tod, 
Efqi  of  Drygrange,  writer  to  the  Cgnet, 


I 


Feb.  1802.  Marriages,  Births, 


to  Mifs  Elizabeth  PrJngle,  fccond  daughter 
of  Sir  James  Prin^ie  of  Stitchd,  Bart. 

1.  At  Edinburgh,  Johrf  Srcin,  Efq.  M.  P. 
to  Mifs  Bufhby,  daughter  of  John  Bulhby, 
Efq.  Tinwald  Downs. 

—  At  Ellis  Bank,  near  Glafirow,  Mr 
Robert  Bowden,  of  South  C  irolina,  to  Mifs 
Charles  Fullarcon,  daughter  of  Mr  Alex- 
ander Fullarton,  late  laud-furveyor  of  the 
Cuftoms  at  PertHt 

At  Belfaft,  Robert  Arbuthnot,  Efq.  Lieu- 
tenant in  the  23d  light  dragoons,  to  Mils 
Vefcy,  only  daughter  of  the  late  William 
Vefcy,  Efq.  of  Farnithill. 

2.  At  Ij.vcrneil,  Argyleftiirc,  Roger 
Pockiing;ton,  jun.  Efq;  of  Winthorpe  Huufe, 
Nottinghamfliire,  to  Mifs  Jane  Campbell, 
daughter  of  Sir  James  Campbell  of  Inver- 
neil. 

4.  At  St  Mary's,  Lambeth,  London, 
Patrick  Playfair,  of  Glafgow,  Efq;  to  Mifs 
Jane  Playfair,  fccond  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Principal  Playfair,  of  the  Univerfity  of  St 
Andrew's. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  M.  Ogle,  book- 
feller  in  Glafgow,  to  Mifs  Lillias  Storie, 
youngeft  daughter  of  the  late  Mr  Alexan- 
der Storie,  merchant,  Edinburgh. 

—  At  Newport,  Ifle  of  Wight,  Major 
Young,  of  the  8th  or  King's  regiment,  to 
Mifs  Jannette  Sutherland,  fecond  daughter 
4)f  the  late  Captain  Sutherland. 

8.  At  Leith,  Charles  Kerr,  Efq.  of  Cal- 
der  Bank,  Lanarkfhire,  to  Mifs  Marion 
Sharp,  daughter  of  Francis  Sharp,  Efq; 
Comptroller  of  his  Majefty's  Cuftoms  at 
Leith. 

11.  At  Invernefs,  William  Mackintofh, 
Efq;  of  Bfclnefpick,  to  Mifs  Emelia  Colin 
Chilholm,  daughter  of  William  Chilholm, 
Efq;  late  Provoft  of  Inverncfs. 

—  The  Rev.  Mr  James  Thorburn,  mi- 
nifter  of  the  pariili  of  Kingarth,  in  the 
ifland  of  Bute,  to  Mrs  Mary  Stewart. 

12.  At  Dundee,  John  Murray,  Efq; 
younger  of  Lintrofe,  to  Mifs  Ann  Gray, 
daughter  of  the  late  John  Gray,  Efq;  of 
Baledgarno. 

13.  At  London,  the  Right  Hon.  Lord 
Sinclair,  to  Mifs  Chifholnie,  only  daughter 
of  James  Chilholmc,  Efq. 

az.  At  Greenock,  Captain  Thomas  Geils, 
©f  the  3d  guards,  to  Mils  Dorcas  Tucker, 
of  that  town. 

23.  Mr  John  Mackay,  Edinburgh,  to 
Mils  Jean  Dunlop,  daughter  of  Walter 
•Duolop,  Efq;  Whitmore  Hall. 

—  At  KcHo,  Mr  William  Braidvvood, 
jun.  of  Edinburgh,  to  Mifs  Partifon,  daugh- 
ter of  Mr  Ralph  Pattifon  of  Wooicr. 

BIRTHS. 

t 

Dfc.  II.  At  Thurcroft  Hall,  the  Lady 
Hort  SitweH,  Efq.  a  foa  and  heir. 


2f>.  At  GreenoA,  Mrs  M^Larty,  of 
Cheftervalc,  Jamaica,  a  fon. 

30.  At  Gibriltar,  the  Lady  of  Col«n'*l 
Kay,  of  the  Bauff'ihirc  regiment,  a  daugh- 
ter. 

Ja/t.  I.  Mrs  Robertfon,^  wife  of  Mr  Wm 
Robertfon,  at  Friars,  a  fon. 

2.  The  Lady  of  Thomas  Ramfay,  Ef<j, 
a  fon. 

5.  At  Sil  'cr-hiil  Barracks,  the  Lady  of 
Mtjor  CraiLiC  Hilkct,  a  daughter. 

12.  The  Hon.  Mrs  Ramfay,  younger  of 
Barnton,  a  fon. 

14.  At  Trccfbank,  Mrs  Campbtll  of 
Trecfbaiik,  a  fon. 

24.  At  Muirtown,  M^s  Duff,  a  daughter. 

%6.  At  Newabbcy,  Mrs  Charles  St-wart, 
younger  of  Shambclly,  a  fon. 

30.  At  Drum  Houfe,  Lady  Mary  Ha/^ 
a  daughter. 

Feb.  'i.  Mrs  Lawrenfon  of  Inverighty, 
a  fon. 

S.  At  Rofe  Caftle,  the  Lady  of  the  Hon. 
and  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bilhop  of  Cariifle, 
a  daughter. 

11.  Mrs  Cunningham,  wife  of  James 
Cunningham,  Efq;  of  Kellb,  a  fon. 

12.  The  I^dy  of  George  Harley  Drum- 
mond,  Efq;  a  fon. 

—  Mrs  Jaffrey  of  Kerfmains,  near  Kelfo, 
a  fon. 

13.  Mrs  Duff  of  Fettereffo,  a  fon. 

16.  At  Edinburgh,  Mrs  Frafer  Tytler, 
younger  of  Bainain,  a  daughter. 

18.  Mr*  Farquharfon  of  Howden,  a 
daughter. 

—  At  Woodhoufe  Place,  near  Leeds, 
Lady  Johnftone,  a  daughter. 

19.  Mrs  Oliphant  of  Condie,  a  fon. 

DEATHS. 

Dicd,laft  feafon,  in  Bengal,  Capt.  George 
Scott,  in  the  Hon.  Eail  L:idia  Company's 
fervice,  fon  of  the  deceafcd  Charles  Scott, 
Efq.  of  Woodbank. 

Died  at  Belize,  in  the  Bay  of  Honduras, 
on  che  nth  May  laft,  Lieut.  William  Goold, 
of  the  5th  Well  India  regiment,  late  of 
Glafgow. 

Died,  at  Calcutta,  in  Jutie  laft,  Mr  John 
Wilfon  merchant  there,  lace  of  Glafirow. 

Die  1  in  June  laft,  near  St  Jago,  Savanna, 
parifh  of  Clarendon,  Jamaica,  Mr  Donald 
Bain  furgeon,  ngcd  i8. 

SLj}t.  22.  In  the  Ifland  of  Dominica,  the 
Rev.  Dr  David  Riichie,  a  native  of  Perth. 
He  had  been  appointed  Re^or  of  Rofeau  in 
that  ifland,  and  fell  a  vivfliin  to  the  climate 
fooii  after  his  landing  to  take  poffciTion  of 
his  Rei5lorate. 

Se/)f.  2S.  At  Fort  Haldane,  Jamaica, 
Lieut.  Thomas  Ponton,  fon  of  Mr  Alexander 
Pcnton,  *archite(ft  in  Edinburgi). 


l82 


Deaths. 


Vol.  64. 


OB,  I.  At  St  Mary's  Jamaica,  Mr  James 
Stormonch,  furgeon. 

14.  In  Jamaica,  James  Scott  of  Comic - 
ftoun,  Efq. 

15.  At  Good  Hope,  pariih  of  Trelawny, 
Jamaica,  Dr  Adam  Willis,  who,  during  a 
rcfideiice  of  eighteen  years  in  the  liland, 
enjoyed  the  molt  uninterrupted  good  heahh. 
While  travelling  on  d)C  dilcharge  of  his  pro- 
fcflional  ducies,  his  carriage  was  overturned, 
in  confequence  of  which  he  was  fo  much 
bruifed  and  hurt  as  to  occaiion  his  death  in 
a  few  hours. 

20.  At  Grenada,  Mr  John  Somervell,  el- 
deft  fon  of  the  deceafcd  Neil  Somervell,  Efq. 
Glafgow. 

24.  In  Jamaica,  of  the  yellow  fever, 
William  Kilgour,  M.  D.  furgeon  of  the  6th 
batallion  of  the  60th  regiment.  The  ami- 
able qualities  which  this  young  gentleman 
poflcffcd,  make  him  much  regretted  by  a 
numerous  circle  of  genteel  acquaintances  ; 
while  his  diftinguifhcd  profcflional  abilities 
render  him  univerfally  lamented  by  the  re- 
giment to  which  he  belonged. 

Nov.  4.  At  Kingfton,  Jamaica,  in  the 
year  of  his  age,  Mr  John  Hamilton,  eldeft 
Ibn  of  John  Hamilton,  Efq .  Lord  Provoll  of 
Glafgow. 

18.  At  Sierra  Leone,  Lieut.  Walter  Laid- 
law,  of  the  African  corps  (lately  of  the  fhire 
of  Peebles).  He  fell  early  in  the  adion 
which  took  place  on  the  above  dare,  when 
gallantly  fighting  at  the  heed  of  his  detach- 
ment to  lupprefs  an  infurredion  of  the  na- 
tives. The  lofs  of  this  promifing  yonng  of- 
ficer is  deeply  regreted  by  the  Governor 
and  fellow-officers  «f  the  fettkment  where 
he  was  ftationed. 

Dec.  8.  At  Tygheary,  the  Rev.  Mr  Al- 
Ian  Macqueen,  miniftt-r  of  North  Uift,  in 
the  59th  year  of  his  age,  and  3ifl  of  his 
miniftry. 

21.  At  Boulogne-fur-Mer,  Mr  James 
Ballantyne,  jun. 

23.  In  Jamaica,  where  he  had  refided 
for  upwards  of  30  years,  John  Riddoch, 
Efq;  brother  of  the  deceafed  Mr  George 
Riddoch,  writer  in  Glafgow. 

24.  At  London,  the  Right  Hon.  Lord 
Kirkcudbright,  aged  73. 

Mr  Robert  Angus  of  Clune  Park, 
near  Port  Glafgow. 

25.  At  Douglas,  in  the  I0e  of  Man,  Mrs 
Whitcfide,  wife  of  Mr  Robert  Whitcfide, 
merchant,  formerly  of  Ayr. 

26.  Andrew  Lumfden,  Efq.  of  the  fami- 
ly of  Cufbnie,  Aberdeerlfhire,  at  the  age  of 
81,  while  revifiting  his  native  city,  at  the 
houfe  of  John  M'Gowan,  Ef(^.  who  had  been 
the  friend  and  companion  of  his  youth. 
Mr  I-umfden,  in  the  earlier  period  of  his 
life,  telided  at  Ro»e,  the  venciabk  autic^ui- 


ties  of  which  he  has  dcfcribed,  with  finiplc 
and  elegant  fidelity,  in  a  work,  entitled, 
"  Remarks  on  th?  Antiquities  of  Rome  and 
its  Environs,"  which  at  any  time  would 
have  been  admired,  but  has  now  become 
invidudblt,  from  chat  venerable  feat  of 
power  and  the  hnr:  arts  having  again  expe- 
rienced the  ravai_'es  of  barbarous  times. 
Retiring  from  Rome,  he  p.iffed  many  years 
at  Paris,  with  thefin\  literary  circles  under 
the  Monarchy  ;  opportunities  which  en- 
grafted, on  his  natural  mildnefs  of  difpofi- 
tion,  thofe  conedl  ch^racfters  to  which  hit 
friends  often  appealed,  and  which  will  be 
long  remembered  as  a  model  of  thofe  re- 
fined manners  which  civilized  Europe  once 
cherilhed  a  d  diffufed. 

27.  At  Wifton  aianfc,  the  Rev.  Mr  Jo, 
feph  Hcnderfon,  miniftcr  of  the  gofpel  at 
Wifton. 

31.  At  Aberdeen,  George  Ogilvie,  Efq, 
of  Auchirics. 

—  At  Blairfton,  Robert  Moore,  Efq.  df 
Blairfton. 

Jan.  1.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  James  Dallas, 
writer  to  the  fignet. 

—  James  Gibfon,  Efq.  of  Hillhcad,  late 
fhipmaftcr. 

3.  Mr  James  Greenock,  younger  of 
Whitehoufe. 

—  At  Fdinburph,  in  the  7Sth  year  of  hli 
age,  Dr  William  ipence,  late  of  Farniehirft; 
a  gentleman  eminent  in  his  profeflion,  and 
the  firft  thi!t  difcovered  the  ufe  of  the  Bark 
in  malignant  fevers,  and  in  all  putrid  dif- 
€afts,  and,  by  the  blcfting  of  God,  was  the 
means  of  faving  many  of  his  fellow  crea- 
tures from  thefe  dreadful  maladies, 

4.  John  Lizars,  ftn.  fhoemaker,  aged  78, 
who  has  left,  to  deplore  his  lofs,  a  widow  to 
whom  he  has  been  joined  thefe  56  years. 
Four  fons  and  eight  grandfons  attended  this 
venerable  honeft  man  to  the  grave.  The 
Weft  Church  parifh  has  been,  for  thefe  three 
centuries,  the  refidence  of  his  anceftors,  who 
have  been  no  lefs  diftinguiihed  for  their  in- 
tegrity than  their  induftry. 

—  At  Dundee,  Mrs  Grizzcl  Scott,  wi- 
dow of  Mr  Lewis  Hay,  late  Supervifor  of 
Excife. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  Hugh  Muir,  laU 
merchant  in  Liverpool. 

5.  Mr  William  Adam,  merchant,  Ayr. 

6.  At  Maxton,  Mrs  Oliver,  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Stephen  Oliver,  minifter  of  that  parifh.  > 

7.  At  Glafgow,  Mr  James  Colquhoun, 
fon  of  the  late  Rev.  John  Colqnhoun,  minif- 
ter of  Baldernock. 

—  At  the  raanfe  of  Livingfton,  the  Rev, 
Mr  Robert  Wifhart. 

8.  At  his  houfe,  in  Hertford  Street,  Lon-i 
don,  after  a  long  and  fevcre  illnefs,  which 
he  bore  wUh  uncommon  fortitude,  Rob  en  | 


Feb.  i8o2. 


Deaths. 


Uciney,  Efq.  of  Udney,  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
and  Antiquarian  Societies  Mr  Udncy  pof- 
icficd  a  very  ample  fortune,  part  of  which 
he  acquired  in  commerce,  as  a  Weft  India 
mcrclianr,  and  part  by  fncceeding  to  a  con- 
fiderablc  fan  iiy  eftatc  in  the  North  of  Scot- 
land. Having  early  in  life  conceived  a  paf- 
flon  for  the  fine  arts,  he  difUn^uiftied  him- 
felf  by  an  elegance  and  corredtnels  of  tafte 
luperior  to  nioft  men  of  the  prefent  age. 
—He  twice  made  the  tour  of  Italy;  during 
which  time  he  had  great  oppoi  tunities  of 
purchaling  many  excellent  piAures  of  the 
beft  matters  of  the  Italian  Ichooi  ;  and  as 
he  (pared  no  expence,  and  received  much 
afliftance  from  his  brother  (who  was  Conful 
General  at  Venice  and  Leghorn),  he  was 
enabled  to  make  one  of  the  moft  genuine 
and  capital  collctitions  in  this  kingdom. 
Mr  Udney*s  intention  was  to  form  a  com- 
plete fchoolfor  painting,  in  aid  of  the  Royal 
Academy  ;  and  he  has  left  diredions,  that 
his  coilevilion  of  pictures  may  not  be  Sepa- 
rated, but  be  kept  entire,  and  be  difpoied 
of  to  the  Royal  Academy,  or  to  fome  No- 
1  bieman  or  Gentleman,  whofe  talle  and  opu- 
j  lence  might  induce  and  enable  him  to  become 
purchafcr  of  fo  magnificent  a  cabinet  of 
pidures. 

As  Mr  Udney  was  one  of  the  moli  emi- 
nent connoifleurs  and  encouragers  of  the 
arts,  as  well  as  a  man  of  great  hoipitality, 
it  was  the  intention  of  many  Amateurs  and 
Royal  Acadcmecvans  to  ihew  their  relpedl 
for  his  memory,  by  attending  his  funeral; 
but,  on  opening  his  will,  it  appeared  that 
his  remains  were  dire»5lid  to  beanterred  in 
the  family  vault  in  Scotland. 

9.  At  Tun  bridge  Wells,  Mifs  Fanny 
Learmonth,  eldcll  daughter  of  Mr  Alex- 
ander Learmonth,  London. 

10.  At  Haifley,  the  Rev.  Patrick  Hutchi- 
fon,  mmilltr  of  the  Relief  congregation  in 
that  place;  much  and  jnftly  regretted  by 
his  Idmily  and  friends,  by  his  own  congre- 
gation, and  by  many  other  Chriflr«ns  of 
ditfcrcnc  denominations. 

11.  At  Kdinburgh,  at  an  advanced 
ige,  Mr  Anthony  U  oodhead  (Pieles  of  the 
_ Society  of  the  Sohcitors  at  Law  in  this 
city),  whofc  flrid  pio!)ity  and  inviolate  in- 
tegrity gained  him  the  eileem  cf  aii  who 
knew  him  beft. 

—  At  London,  Nathaniel  Spcns,  Efq. 
Commander  of  the  Neptune  liidi^man. 

—  At  Duddingfton,  David  Dundas,  Efq. 
of  Duddingfton. 

—  At  Stranraer,  Mr  Gordon  Carnochan. 

;  iz.  At  Montr ole,  in  the  77th  year  of 
his  age,  Mr  Aaron  Lithgow,  late  khool- 
mafter  of  that  place.  He  was  ennn  nt  in  his 
profeflion,  was  endowed  witli  great  natural 
tblitic&^  had  an  uncommon  fund  of  good 


fenfe,  and  a  remarlcable  talent  for  vnt  and 
humour.  Thcfe  qualities,  joined  to  a  bene- 
volent difpofition,  render  his  lof$  deeply  re- 
grcted  by  all  who  had  the  pleafure  of  hit 
acquaintance. 

13.  At  Kirkhill,  Dr  Alexanr'er  Frafer, 
Miniftcr  of  that  parrfh,  in  the  50th  year  of 
his  age,  and  29th  of  his  niiniftry.  His  ar- 
dour in  the  duties  of  his  profcfiion  endear- 
ed him  to  his  pariihionefs.  His  publications 
to  iiluftrate  the  prophetical  bodies  of  fcrip- 
ture,  have  given  him  a  rcfpecftahle  literary- 
name.  And  he  will  be  long  remembered 
by  his  friends  and  f.imiiy  for  the  perfonal 
virtues,  which  commanded  their  eftcem  and 
engaged  their  aftiaions. 

14  Mr  Charles  Livingfton^  writer  in 
Edinburgh.  - 

—  Mr  Francis  Armftrong,  merchant  iji 
Edinburgh^  in  the  89th  year  of  his  age. 

15.  At  Edinburgn,  the  Lady  of  Colonel 
Mackenzie  J  Commandant  of  the  78th  re 
giment. 

—  At  Boroiighmuirhcad,  Mr  Hugh 
Buchan,  late  Chambcfiain  of  the  City  of 
Edinburgh, 

—  A.t  Greenock,  Jolin  Wright,  Efq. 
Coliedtor  of  Exciie. 

16.  At  Aberdeen,  Mrs  Dr  Skene. 

17.  Ac  Broughton,  near  Edinburgh,  at 
a  very  advanced  age,  Robert  Thomplon^ 
a  coufin  of  our  immor-al  Scottifh  Bard,  the 
author  of  the  Seal'ons,  &:c.  He  followed 
the  profcfTion  of  a  Gardener,  and  was  a 
man  of  great^integrity  and  primitive  lim- 
plicity  cf  manners. 

—  At  Viewfield,  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Edinburgh,  Mr  Jame^  Gordon,  brewer 
in  Edinburgh. 

iS.  At  Braehead,  in  the  pyth  year  of  her 
age,  Mrs  Eiizabtth  Crawfurd,  .rciid  of  the 
deccafed  John  Huuifon,  Eiq.  of  Braehead, 
Mrs  Houifoo's  iiift  hufbuna  was  William 
Fairhe,  Efq.  of  Fairiie,  wi-.-,fe  mother  was 
heirefs  of  Rovvahan,  and  afterwards  Coun- 
tefs  of  Glalgow. 

—  At  Stirling,  Mr  Charles  Young, 
writer  to  tiie  Signet.  ' 

19.  At  Edinbur.^h,  the  Right  Hon.  Ma- 
ry Clara,  Lady  Llibank. 

—  At  Greenock,  in  the  74th  year  of  her 
age,  Mrs  Margaret  Cunningham,  rdid  of 
Mr  John  Clark,  merchant;  a  woman  of 
exempLry  benevolence  and  unafiedled  pietv. 

ao.  At  Moffat,  the  Rev.  Mr  David  Do- 
naldfon,  late  mimfttr  of  VVamphray. 

21.  Suddenly,  in  the  79th  year  of  his  a^e, 
George  Anderlou,  Efq.  merchant  in  Glas- 
gow. As  few  individuals  better  merited 
the  love  and  refped  of  all  around  them,  fo 
few  private  chara^ilers  ever  pailed  through 
life  more  efteemcd  and  honoured.  His 
ftrid  probity     a  mcrchaDt  will  ioDgbc  rc- 


Deaths. 


Vol-  64. 


membercd,  while  every  day  of  a  lengthened 
and  adive  life  was  marked  by  forne  deed 
Cif  generous  and  unwearied  benevolence. 

—  At  his  houlc,  in  Antigua  Street,  Mr 
Wiiliam  Field,  coachmakcr. 

—  John  Murdoch  Campbell,  Efq.  fccond 
fon  of  John  Campbell,  fen.  lifq.  merchant  in 
Oiafgow. 

—  At  Holflam,  Mr  John  Harknefs. 

—  At  Mindrum,  Mr  John  Potts,  tenant 
there. 

Lately,  in  Jamaica,  Mr  Rupert  Mackay, 
ftmrth  fon  of  the  late  George  Mackay,  hfq. 
of  Bighoufe. 

22  At  Glafgow,  Mr  Archibald  Calder, 
much  and  juftly  rtgretcd. 

23.  At  Arbroath,  Mrs  Brown,  rcliA 
•f  the  deceafcd  William  Brown,  Efq.  of 
Gladmuir. 

—  Mr  David  Lindfay,  merchant  in  E- 
dinburgh. 

—  At  the  M'infe  of  Dairy,  of  a  linger- 
ing illnefs,  w^hich  he  bore  with  a  fortitude 
and  patience  truly  Chnftian,  the  Rev.  John 
FuUcrton,  in  the  65th  year  of  his  age,  and 
42d  of  his  minillry. 

—  At  Glafgow,  in  her  60th  year,  Mrs 
Fleopora  Bnfcoc,  wife  of  James  Buchanan 
of  Catter,  h(q. 

—  At  Di  umgellavie,  near  Pitmain,  in 
the  771  h  year  of  his  age,  Bailie  Donald 
jVi*Pherl'on.  He  was  an  linfign  undtr  a 
late  uni'ortunate  Prince,  and  was  prelcnt  at 
the  tlie  battles  of  Prefton,  Penrith,  and 
Falkirk.  He  afterwards  efcorted  this  Prince 
through  Ariidig,  and  faw  him  on  the  bord- 
ers of  Sky.  He  officiated  as  Baron  Bailie, 
fii  xi  in  Lochabcr,  and  afterwards  in  Bade- 
iioch,  fince  the  year  176S,  He  was  alfo 
one  of  the  Juftices  of  the  Peace  for  the 
county  of  Iiwernefs,  and  at  an  advanced 
period  of  lilc  was  appointed  by  his  Majefty 
iM\  Eijfign  in  the  Bailville  volunteers.  By 
his  intcgricy  and  uprightnefs  in  the  difcharge 
t)f  public  duty,  and  his  obliging  and  face- 
tious difpofition  in  private  life,  he  poflefied 
the  eft c em  and  refpc6t  of  ail  ranks  with 
whom  he  was  acquainted. 

25.  At  Middleton,  David  Gardyne,  Efq. 
of  MiddletoR. 

At  Edinburgh,  Mr  David  Murray,  one 
of  the  Deputy  Clerks  of  Seflion. 

At  Glenrinnes,  this  winter,  William 
Stuart,  ccufm-german  to  the  late  Alexander 
Stuart,  Efq.  of  Edinglaffie,  in  the  99th  year 
of  his  age.  He  enjoyed  good  health  ail  his 
lifetime,  and  fui^g  a  Highland  fong  to  the 
laft. 

At  Martinique,  of  the  yellow  fever,  G. 
Hill,  Elq.  Surgeon-Generai  to  the  forces  of 
that  ifland. 

At  his  houfe,  Mile-End,  Captain  John 
M'Nabb. 


z6.  At  David  Gordon's,  Efq.  near  Lon- 
don, Mifs  Catharine  Gordon  of  Abcrgcleiie. 

29.  At  Glafgow,  James  Jamiefon,  Efq. 

—  In  Red  Lion-Square,  London,  aged 
62,  George  Wallis,  M.  D. ;  and  on  Mon- 
day following,  at  Heflington,  near  York, 
aged  68,  Thomas  Wallis,  Efq;  druggift, 
brother  to  the  above  gentleman. 

30.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  George  Mac- 
laurin,  writer,  fecond  fon  of  the  late  Lord 
Dreghorn. 

—  At  his  houfe  in  StafTord -place,  Pim- 
lien,  London,  Jahlecl  Brenton,  Efq.  Rear* 
Admiral  of  the  Blue. 

31.  At  Stonehaven,  James  Abercromby, 
Efq.  of  Belifield.  ^ 

Lately,  in  the  Tile  of  Sky,  at  an  advanc- 
ed age,  Mrs  Mary  Macleod.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  a  clergyman,  and  the  widow 
of  one  ;  her  fon,  and  four  of  her  nephews 
were  alfo  all  brought  up  to  the  church ; 
thf/ee  of  the  latter  arc  now  miniftcrs  in  the 
WVftern  Ifles. 

In  Dublin,  Mr  Samuel  Dick,  merchant^ 
whole  property  is  ellimatcd  at  upwards  of 
400,0001. 

Feb.  I.  At  St  Andrew's,  Mrs  Jean  Flint, 
widow  of  the  late  Robert  CrofTe  of  Barach- 
nie,  Efq. 

2.  At  Edinburgh,  Kenneth  Callander, 
M.  D.  youngeft  fon  of  the  late  John  Callan- 
der, Efq;  of  Craigforth. 

3.  At-  Ayr,  aged  65,  Lady  Hamilton, 
widow  of  the  late  Sir  Elenry  Hannlron, 
Bart,  of  Caftle  Cuningham,  in  the  county 
ot  Donegal,  Ireland. 

4.  At  Glafgow,  Mr  Robert  M'Lachlan, 
Surgeon  and  Lieutenant  of  the  Argyltlhire 
fencibics. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Mifs  Jcffy  Campbell 
of  Barnioltach,  in  Argyiefhire. 

5.  At  Dumfermline,  aged  ip,  Andrew 
Horn,  Efq.  of  Ehomanian. 

6.  At  Perth,  Jarjes  Duncan,  Efq;  of 
I'ippermalloch. 

—  At  Glafgow,  Alexander  Low,  Efq; 
merchant,  late  one  of  the  magiftrates  of 
that  city. 

—  At  Aberdeen,  Mr  William  Duncan, 
one  of  the  Mailers  of  the  grammar  fchool. 

7.  At  Glafgow,  Mr  Archibald  Eelbeck, 
fcai  engraver. 


Haddington,  Feb.  26. 
Befl  W^heat,  38s.  Barley,  24s.  Oats,  17s. 
Peafe,  17s.  6d.    Beans,  17s.  6d.  per  boll. 


Edinburgh^  Feb.  26.  Oat-meal,  is.  l|d' 
Bcar-meai,  is.     Peafe-meal,  lod. 


T  H  E 


SCOTS  MAGAZINE. 

For    MARCH  1802. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Page 

Binerapbical  Sketch  of  George 

Lefley  of  Monymufk  187 
Mathematical  Queltion  19^ 
Natural  Hiltory  and  Theories  of 

,  the  formation  of  Vertical  Strata  197 
Striciures  on  the  Life  and  Writ- 
ings of  Haller,  continued  203 
"  Sketches  of  Ancient  Cofmogony 

continued  207 
Improvements  in  Hufbandry  212 
Earl  of  Buchan's  veifes  to  the 

Dtichels  of  Gordon  7.15 
The  Quegrich  216 
I'ragment  of  the  Annals  of  the 

Otomaquas  23:7 
Obfervatiivns  on  the  Criminal  Law 
of   Scotland,   with  regard  to 
Adiil.tesry  220 
E  xtraordinary  letter  from  a  me- 
dical practitioner  to  one  of  his 
patients  225 
On  the  Carrier  Dove  226 
Ancient  Scotiili  Canoe  found  227 
Original  Letter  of  Mr  Courtier  228 
An  Examination  of  the  Arguments 
againtl  the  Authenticity  of  Offi- 
an's  Poems  229 
Information  requefted  regarding  Sir 
D.  Lindfay's  Dramatic  Works  236 

LITERARY  EXTRACTS  AND 
NOTICES. 

Abftradl  of  the  Hiftory  and  Tran* 
factions  of  the  Philological  So- 
euety  of  Leipfic  237 


Page 

Account  of  the  fufFeriags  of  fix 
Deferters,  from  St  Helena  245 

Remarks  concerning  the  Countries 
in  the  neighbuurhod  a:  Sierra  Le- 
one 

Burns'  Letters  to  Clarinda  249 
Lite^rary  Notices  252 

POETRY, 

Fhe  Monody  of  Tograi  255 

Verfes  to  a  Tear  256 

Song     _  257 

Fo  a  Friend  on  his  Marriage  259 

Imperial  Parliament. 

Proceedings  in  the  Houfe  of  Lords  259 
Proceedings  m  the  Houfe  of  Cona- 
mous  25o 

MONTHLY  REGISTER. 
Foreign  Intelligence. 

France,  Ruffia^  Germany,  PiuiTia^ 
Holland,  Venice,  Switz^erland, 
Turkey,  India,  257-8 

:\ccounts  from  St  Domingo  269 

London, 

Gazette  Intelligence  ad^ 

Death  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford  270 

Incidental  latelligence  271 

Scotland. 


Incidental  Intelligence 
Court  of  Juiticiary 
Public  Amufements 
LISTS — Marriages,  6cc. 


271-2 
275-6 


EDINBURGH: 

Printed  by  Alex.  Chapman,  &  Co.  Forrestcr^s  Wynd^ 
For  THE  Proprietors: 
And  Sold  by  Archibald  Constable,  High  Street,  Edinburgh. 
And  be  to  had  of  the  Principal  Bookfellers  in  the  United  Kingdom. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 


D.  H.'s  Ode  to  Spring  has  completely  puzzled  us ;  and  we  are,  as 
yet,  quite  uncertain  whether  it  is  intended  for  verfe  or  profe,  or  both,  of 
^either. 

W.  G.*s  Sonnet,  in  allufion  to  a  paflage  in  Stuart's  Life  of  Dr  Ro- 
bertfon,  will  appear  in  our  next. 

We  regret  that  we  did  not  receive  Mrs  Barbara  Sprightly*s  Epiftle  orl 
Female  Eloquence  in  fuificient  time  to  be  inferted  in  this  Number,  efpe- 
cially  as  Ihe  is  afraid  of  being  anticipated  by  Mr  Sprightly.  We  have 
not  hitherto  heard  from  that  gentleman  ;  but  we  beg  leave  to  afTare  Mrs 
Sprightly,  that  ihe  fhall  have  the  precedence  due  to  a  Lady. 

The  Adventures  or  a  Wig  are  received,  and  will  be  inferted  in  our 
next  Number.  The  reflexions  of  the  Wig  ar':-  often,  we  doubt  not,  as 
fagacious  as  thofe  of  many  a  head  which  it  adorned. 

The  continuation  of  the  Remarks  on  the  Life  and  Chara<5ler  of  Burns 
are  received,  and  will  be  inferted  in  our  next. 

The  Ode  to  DuUnefs  feems  to  have  been  infpired  by  the  Goddefs  her- 
felf. 

The  Lay  of  Popifh  Times  is  received,  and  will  appear  in  otir  next. 

John  de  Fordun's  humorous  Nota  bene  is  alfo  received  ;  but,  although 
we  heartily  approve  of  his  fentiments,  we  have  fome  doubts  about  the 
propriety  of  combating,  in  public,  fuch  illiberal  fcribblers  as  the  Writers 
of  the  Charadlers  in  queftion. 

Those  of  our  obliging  Correfp6ndents  who  have  favoured  us  with  pe- 
riodical papers  are  requefted  to  forward  the  reft  as  foon  as  poffible,  it 
being  necelfary,  for  the  uniformity  of  our  work,  that  thefe  Ihould  be  re- 
gular. 

Several  Poetical  favours  have  been  received,  and  are  under  conti* 
deration. 

Intelligence  relative  to  the  State  of  the  Fine  Arts  in  Scotland  is  re- 
fpe(51:fully  requefted. 


THE 


SCOTS  MAGAZINE. 

For  MARCH  i8oa. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH    OF    GEORGE  LESLEY 
OF  MONYMUSK; 

O  R     O  F 

Father  Archangel  of  Aberdeen, 
A  Scots  Capuchin  M  ^nk,  and  Apoftolical  MifTionarj  in  the  Kingdoms 
of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland* 

[with  a  portrait.] 


THE  fpirit  df  falfe  devotion, 
otherwife  called  fuperftition, 
has  often  produced  as  notable  ef- 
fcds  on  the  human  mind,  as  any 
principle  whatever.  The  obftina- 
cy  with  which  it  affe<51s  the  under- 
Handing,  the  violence  of  its  dic- 
tates the  intolerance  of  its  charac- 
ter, are  curious  .fads  to  one  who 
confiders  the  precarious  ftate  of  hu- 
man reafon,  fo  weak  and  fallible  as 
to  miftake  a  long  courfe  of  ridicu- 
lous error,  for  the  path  of  tranfcen- 
dant  virtue. 

At  this  enlightened  period,  when 
wc  r^  the  legends  of  the  Ro- 
miih  church,  and  the  extravagant 
fables  of  the  religious  faith  of  our 
anceftors,  we  are  apt  to  fuppoi'e, 
that  men,  who  wiote  or  believed 
fuch  abfurdities,  were  deficient  in 
intelled,  or  devoid  of  honefty.  We 
forget  that  the  anchors  ot  thofe 
wonderful  works,  were  the  literati 
of  the  day,  and  perhaps  inferior,  in 
Vol.  LXIV. 


natural  abilities,  to  none  of  our  mo- 
dern philofophers.  Inftead,  there- 
fore, of  defpifmg  the  talents  of  a 
man,  who  walked  all  his  life  iu 
darknefs,  with  as  much  pleafure  as 
others  walk  in  light,  we  may  learn 
the  important  precept,  to  examine 
cur  own  purfuits  ;  for  many  of  the 
celebrated  names  of  the  iHth  century, 
will  appear  as  contemptible  to  poit'e- 
rity,  as  that  of  Father  Archangel 
of  Monymufk. 

In  the  dark  ages,  when  a  holy 
man  had  finiihed  his  courfe,  hi>  ac- 
tions were  coUecled  by  fome  pfoas 
churchman,  who,  after  embelliihing 
the  ftory  with  much  of  the  marvel- 
lous and  fuper-human,  gave  it  to 
the  world  for  its  benefit  and  in- 
ilruaion.  As  the  book  was  always 
revifed  by  the  Holy  See,  it  fome- 
times  p  ocured  canonization  to  the 
hero  of  the  legend.  The  volume 
from  which  we  defign  to  inilru(5t 
our  readers,  is  of  this  defchpuon,  be- 
B  b  ing 


1 85  B:oijraphical  Sketch  of  George  Lesley.       Vol.  64^ 


mg  v/iitten  by  a  high  dignitary  of 
the  Romifh  church. 

John  Bcneditfl  Rinuccini,  Arch- 
bifhop  and  Pj-ince  of  Fermo,  and 
Kiincio  of  hi^  holinefs  the  Pope  in 
Irehmd,  was  the  compiler  of  the 
wonderful  life  of  George  Lefley  of 
Monymufk.  If  his  narration  was 
hitended  to  ftrengthen  the  caufe  of 
piety,  it  was  certainly  on  the  plan 
of  t'.e  piou.K  fvivjds  ;  for  the  hiflorian 
Ihows  fo  little  acquaintance  with  Sco- 
tilh  topography,  and  manners,  that  it 
may  be  d(  uhted  if  a  fmgle  unfophifl  i- 
cated  fad  can  be  found  in  the  whole 
volume.  It  is  a  wild  apocryphal  ro- 
mance, written  in  a  high  tone,  with 
many  '  wife  reflexions.  That  tlie 
public  may  reap  the  benefits  of  his 
extraordinary  labours,  we  propofe 
to  abridge  this  valuable  work,4n  the 
excellent  words  of  the  author. 

Often  (fays  that  pious  hiftorian) 
the  iivelieft  lights  fpring  up  in  the 
lands  moll:  rem.ote  from  the  fun  ; 
and  under  the  coldnefs  of  the  Pole, 
are  often  kindled  the  flames  of  a  moft 
ardent  charity.  In  the  age  in  which 
we  live,  j^the  17th  century]  Scotland 
has  felt  the  effe<n:s  of  the  truth 
which  I  proclaim  ;  and  thefe  effeds, 
being  the  produce  of  a  divine  light, 
fhouid  not  be  buried  in  the  obfcurity 
ofdarknefs.  I  wiil  rcfcue  this  trea- 
fuic  from  L])e  i^byis  cf  obJivion,  and 
puMiil,  it  tlie  v/orldas  an  example 
of  the  vellons  fiiccefs  of  grace. 
The  lite  (M  a  eli^}eux  admits  of  no 
ilatues  of  brafs  or  ftone  ;  it  requires 
f^nly  d  fcatue  in  memory,  and  in  the 
imitation  of  poilerity  This,  then, 
I  will  raife,  with  my  pen  only  ;  and 
already  my  heart  bounds  with  joy, 
that  there  lhall  be  read  on  its  fore- 
head, the  duty  of  friendfnip,  joined 
w^ith  the  image  of  truth. 

In  that  place  where  Scotland  13 
divided  by  many  mountains,  on 
the  coafl:  of  the  German  ocean,  is 
lituated  the  town  of  Aberdeen, 
which  derives  its  name  from  a  little 
river,  commonly  called  X)om.  In 


that  city  lived  James  Count  Lcflcy, 
and  Jean  Wood,  under  the  laws  of 
marriage.  They  were  no  lefs  no- 
ble than  rich,  and  their  family  has 
been  always  honoured  with  the 
highefl:  em  loyments  by  the  King 
of  Great  Britain.  At  the  end  of  a 
fuJl  year,  thel'e  honourable  perfons 
were  blell  with  a  fon,  who  rece  ved 
the  name  of  George, at  his  baptifm. 
This  child,  fo  happily  provided  in 
all  the  gifts  of  nature,  appeared  en- 
tirely delHtute  of  thofe  of  grace. 
The  great  care  of  his  parents,  fer- 
ved  only  to  corrupt  all  the  faculties 
of  the  foul.  He  fucked,  at  the 
fame  time,  the  fnilk  of  his  mother, 
to  live  to  the  world,  and  the  herefy 
of  Calvin,  to  die  to  heq.ven.  But 
the  cruel  neceflity  of  following  the 
religion  of  parents,  is  often  permit- 
ted by  God,  in  order  to  make  his 
mercy  more  illuftrious. 

Count  I^esley  died  in  a  fhort 
time  after  the  birth  of  his  fon.  He 
left  him  by  will  great  wealth,  and 
appoimed  Paris  to  be  the  place  of 
his  education.  This  ray  of  light, 
leading  to  the  fountain  of  truth, 
was  the  firft  chat  had  yet  dawned 
on  our  future  miflionary.  His  mo- 
ther, fome  time  after,  married  the 
Baron  of  Torrcy,  but  did  not  ne- 
gled  the  offspring  of  ber  firil  huf- 
band.  Seeing  her  fon  George  now 
in  his  eighth  year,  flie  gave  him  a 
noble  equipage,  with  a  wife  and 
prudent  preceptor,  and  fent  him  to 
Paris.  Thou  art  thy  own  m after, 
only  in  one  thing,  faid  the  affec- 
tionate lady,  that  is  the  faith.  Pre- 
ferve  it  as  the  pledge  of  my  love. 
Let  neither  arguments  nor  fables 
tarnifh  the  beauty  of  that  jewel. 
Thy  preceptor  muft  be  thy  guide 
and  pole-ftar  in  fo  dangerous  a  voy- 
age ;  fo  never  depart,  a  fingle  mo» 
ment,  from  his  di.  tdion. 

The  young  Count  arrived  in 
Paris  and  applied  diligently  to  his 
ftudies.  His  amiable  virtuous  difpo- 
fition  endeared  him  to  all.  Through 

the 


March  1802.    Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Lesley.  189 


the  innocent  familiarities  of  his 
companions,  God  began  to  work  m- 
fenfibly  at  the  converfion  of  this 
new  difciple,  to  whom  the  fports  of 
infancy  ferved  for  a  foundation  and 
ladder  to  ariive  at  grace.  He 
formed  an  acquaintance  with  two 
young  French  Nobles,  with  whom  he 
entered  into  fo  infeparable  a  friend- 
Ihip,  that  Hke  thofe  two  great  hghts 
of  the  church,  St.  Baiil  and  St  Gre- 
gory Nazianzen,  in  a  French  aca- 
demy, no  lefs  illuftrious  than  that  of 
Athens,  they  knew  no  other  ftreet 
except  that  which  communicated 
with  their  own  houfe  and  the  fchool. 

After  a  long  eftabliflied  inter- 
courfe.  thefe  young  Parifians  began 
to  addrcfs  their  companion  on  points 
of  faith.  The  effeds  of  thefe  dif- 
courfes  were  carefully  reported  to 
their  father,  who  had  taken  a  pecu- 
liar iiitereft  in  the  falvation  of  the 
young  Hugenot.  He  invited  him  to 
his  houfe  in  the  country, where  under 
the  fliadow  of  an  oak,  after  the  in- 
tiocent  pleafures  of  hunting  and  fiih- 
ing,  he  opened  up  the  myfteries  of 
true  religion. 

He  talked  of  the  antiquity,  beau- 
ty, uniformity,  and  light  of  the 
Faith,  and  the  fmcere  defire  of  his 
children  of  gaining  the  young  Scotf- 
man  to  heaven.  Your  mother, 
faid  he,  I  perceive,  Vvill  be  loft  to 
you  ;  but  then,  thofe  ties  which  are 
reckoned  the  firft  on  earth,  are  the 
lov/eftof  all  above  ;  the  generations 
in  heaven  follow  not  the  order  of 
the  world  ;  and  if  you  become'  the 
cl^ild  of  God,  perhaps  you  may  one 
day  be  the  fpiritual  father  of  your 
own  mother. 

The  gentleman  then  eagerly 
clafped  the  hand  of  the  boy,  who 
uttered  a  deep  figh,  the  laft  pang 
of  filial  love.  He  confented  imme- 
diately ;  and,  after  returning  to 
Paris,  his  two  companions  led  him, 
almoft  unawares,  into  a  confecra- 
ted  temple.  He  approached  the 
venerable  Prieft,  'v^^io  Hood  in  tlie 
onfefljonal,  and,  with  a  delup-e  of 
Vol.  LXIV. 


tears,  acknowledged  his  paft  errorsy 
and  a/ked  of  him  the  remedies  pro- 
per  for  the  falvation  of  his  fouL 
The  holy  man  taught  him  the  heal- 
ing virtues  of  the  water  of  confeflion 
The  boy  renounced  the  herefy  of 
Calvin,  and  made  public  profeflion 
of  the  faith,  after  which  the  good 
prieft  reftored  to  his  companions 
this  new'foldier  of  Jefus  Ghrift. 

1  HE  foung  Parifians,  discovered, 
on  the  face  of  their  companion,  a 
glimpfe  of  that  glory  which  form- 
erly appeared  on  the  face  of  Mofes. 
They  w^ere  filled  with  great  joy. 
Having  now  become  wife  in  the 
art  of  applyipg  the  holy  fcriptures, 
he  added,  that  it  was  not  good  to 
publiih  the  fecrets  of  heaven,  but 
to  be  filent,  in  order  to  conceal  from 
the  judgments  of  men^  what  was 
laid  open  to  all  Paradife. 

Meanwhile  the  Calvinift  gover- 
nor difcovered  a  change  in  the 
mind  of  his  pupil.  He  infifted  on 
his  going  to  Charenton,  a  place 
lately  affigned,  by  Henry  IV.  to 
abandoned  fouls,  who  were  only 
making  further  progrefs  in  error, 
while  they  imagined  that  they 
tvere  undermining  the  truth  of  our 
fieri fices.  Our  young  convert  re- 
fufed  to  go,  and  difcovered  that  he 
v/as  really  a  Catholic  Who  can 
defcribe  the  fhame  and  confufion  of 
the  preceptor  He  form.ed  and  re- 
je6led  a  thoufmd  refolutions  in  a 
moment.  He  em;  loved  all  forts 
of  artifice  to  turn  this  young  gen« 
tleman  from  his  defign  of  fervin^ 
heaven  in  the  Romifh  church.  O 
God  !  what  faid  he  not  :  he  repeat- 
ed his  arguments,  and  enforced 
them  to  confound  his  difciple  ;  he 
talked  of  the  infamy  brouglit  on  the 
family  by  liis  condud ;  the  tears 
and  curies  of  his  motirer  ;  the  inde- 
lible ftain  entailed  on  his  whole 
race.  The  difciple  was  obftinate  ; 
and  allured  his  mafter  that  he 
would  willingly  lofe  all  earthly  love 
for  the  beams  of  fpiritual  light. 
The  preceptor  difpached  an  ac- 
C  c  count 


ipo  Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Lesley.      Vol.  64* 


count  of  the  afF^iir  to  Aberdeen. 
I-;fis  mother  received  the  news  with 
uftcnifliment,  and  wrote  a  letter  of 
bitterell  maledidion.  She  ilireaten- 
ed  to  abandon  him  to  direll;  poverty, 
and  blot  his  name  out  of  th.e  genea- 
logical tree  of  the  family.  But, 
finding  her  menaces  as  weak  as  the 
arrows  Ihot  by  the  hand  of  a  child, 
ilie  at  length  had  recourfe  to  tender- 
nefs,  prayers,  and  tears.  'She  en- 
treated him  to  return  to  Scotland, 
into  the  bofom  of  his  difconfolate 
motlier.  The  young  count,  like  a 
v/ife  novice,  replied,  that  he  did  not 
care  to  expole  the  treafure  of  his 
newly  acquired  faith  to  the  fnares 
;<nd  artifices  of  the  ScotlOi  heretics. 
At  this  reply,  his  mother  became 
furious,  recalled  the  preceptor,  and 
difovvned  him  for  her  fon.  Alas, 
fays  the  lil>eraUnnndscl  Archbilliop 
of  Fermo,  how  far  fiubborn  bigo- 
try will  go  in  matters  of  religion  ! 

Our  undaunted  Count,  had  now 
ioft  all  his  earthly  patrimony,  but 
he  had  gained  the  univerfe.  He 
was  adopted  into  the  family  of  Jiis 
convertors ;  and  thefe  young  gen- 
tlemen, foon  intending  to  make  the 
tour  of  Italy,  carried  their  brother 
in  the  faith,  over  the  Alps.  Great, 
fays  our  confecrated  author,Tsthe  ex- 
cellence of  the  French  nation  above 
all  others,  but  this  virtue  they  add 
to  their  countlefs  multitudes,  that 
of  being  very  defirous  of  feeing  the 
beauties  of  other  parts  of  the 
world.  George  Lefley,  not  yet  ux- 
teen,  ( a  time  of  life  at  which  he  was 
^hU  qualiried  to  choofe  his  reli- 
gion) arrived  ai:  the  facred  chapel 
cf  the  blelfed  Virgin  of  Loretto. 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  this,  he 
conceived  fome  hopes  of  underta- 
king a  long  journey ;  and  fome- 
times  dropped  a  tear  for  the  de- 
plorable ftate  of  his  m.other.  Being 
come  at  laft  to  the  common  molher  cf 
all  the  earth,  the  two  companions 
of  Lefley  went  every  day  to  view 
ihe  curiofities  of  the  place  \  but  he 


attached  hiniifelf  to  the  Capuchin 
Fathers  of  St  Francis,  and  lingered 
out  mofl  of  his  time  in  the  convent. 
He  admired,  to  excefs,  their  con- 
tempt of  worldly  riches  ;  their 
lioly  abftinence  and  felf-privation. 
His  companions  fought  another 
Rome  in  Rome  itfelf,  Lefley  raifed 
his  mind  to  the  heavenly  Jerufalem. 

Our  young  convert  was  foon  in- 
troduced to  Ange  Joyeufe,  the 
glory  of  France,  who,  to  the  ad- 
miration of  mankind,  had  refigned 
his  ttoble  rank,  wealth,  and  ho- 
nours, for  the  cord  of  St  Francis. 
He  had  walked  barefooted  to  the 
queen  of  nations ;  and  he  lived 
there  in  a  humble  cell.  Lefley  re- 
ceived his  pious  inftra(5tions  ;  and, 
when  the  Parifians  were  about  to 
depart,  unfolded  to  them  his  refo- 
lution  of  remaining  at  Rome,  to 
prepare  himlelf  for  the  converfion 
of  his  miserable  family.  They  Ihed 
a  few  tears  of  forrow,  and  left  their 
companion  to  his  own  will  and  di- 
rection. 

Lesley  remained  glued  to  the 
monaitery  of  the  Capuchins.  One 
night,  waking  in  his  chamber,  in 
the  fecrecy  of  darknefs,  he  uttered 
thefe  words  to  himfelf,  which  he 
thought  didated  by  infpiration. 
Thanks  be  to  heaven,  that  I  have 
found  a  retreat  to  atone  for  the 
lofs  of  a  mother,  and  every  fiivour  of 
fortune  Sacred  religion,  which  I 
ad^re,  I  feel  myfelf  unworthy  of 
thy  refuge  and  protection  !  In  thee, 
however,  I  have  found  a  harbour 
againil  all  the  ftorms  of  Scotland  ; 
but  George,  (added  he,  difcourfmg 
to  himfelf,)  have  a-care  of  thy  de- 
fires.  Tlou  haft  boailed  of  being 
attached  to  nobody,  how  wilt  thou 
do  in  the  cloifter,  when  obliged  to 
renounce  thine  own  heart.  Hither* 
to  thou  hail  failed  with  flying  co* 
lours,  but  henceforth  thy  voyage 
muft  be  in  a  ilormy  fea,  full  of 
Ihoals  and  tem^pefts.  Thy  liberty 
of  wearing  the  fineil  clothes,  and 

dreiSng 


March  i8o2.    Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Lesley.  191 


drefling  a-la^mods^  mufl  be  confined 
to  a  coarfe  woollen  habit ;  and,  the 
inconveniences  thy  body  mud  un- 
dergo, are  fo  great,  that  they  al- 
ready frighten  thy  foul.  He  Part- 
ed from  the  bed,  lighted  a  taper, 
and  prof] ra ted  himfelf  before  a  cru- 
cifix, in  which  pofture  he  remained 
a  long  time,  amid  (I  that  facred  fi* 
ience  iiicomprehenUble  to  the  workU 
He  feemed  to  hear  a  voice,  which 
faid,  Fear  not  thy  bodily  weaknefs  ; 
give  thyl'elf  to  God  thy  abfolute 
mafter.  He  then  clafped  the  cru- 
cifix to  his  breaft,  jumped  into  bed, 
after  having  extinguifted  the  taper, 
and  flept  in  profound  c^uiet  till  the 
dawn. 

Scarcely  had  Aurora  (fays  our 
pious  hiitorian),  begun  to  appear 
above  the  horizon,  when  the  ferr 
vent  profelyte  arofe,  and  ran  to  Fa- 
ther de  Joyeufe  with  an  account  of 
his  infpirations.  He  infilled  on  en- 
tering  the  Order,  and  the  holy  man 
led  him  accordingly  to  Jerom  dc 
Cartel  Ferretrq,  General  of  the  fra- 
ternity of  St  Francis  ;  but,  hovf 
thunderftruck  wa«i  young  Lefley, 
to  find,  that  certain  Bulls  of  the 
Pope  forbade  the  eledion  of  new- 
ly converted  heretics  into  this  fa- 
cred company.  He.  threw  him- 
felf  at  the  feet  of  the  Holy  Fallier, 
and  though  his  hear  t  was  foftened 
by  the  meeknefs  of  the  infpiration 
of  heaven,  it  feemed,  neverthe- 
lefs,  to  have  the  hardnefs  of  a  bar- 
ren. I'ock,  But  it  is  on  thefe  defartg 
that  the  divine  dews  oftencft  falL 
The fir.il drops  iimedfrom  the  mouth 
of  Father  Ange,  who  drew-  a  nice 
dillindion  between  apoftate  Catho- 
lics newly  re  converted,  and  the  un- 
fortunate  children  01  Hugenocs. 
Whoevei;  has  feen  the  earth  water- 
ed with  a  little  rain  in  th(?  burning 
heats  G^  Auguft,  or  the  greennefs 
of  the  country  in  the  month  of  A- 
pril,  may  conceive  fomtwhat  of  the 
change  that  took  place  in  the  coun- 
tenance of  the  youth.    The  Gene- 


ral affured  him,  that  he  would  con- 
fider  the  cafe.  Lefley  returned  to  the 
convent  in  the  greatefl  agonies  of  un- 
certainty. What  joy  mud  there  have 
been  in  heaven,  to  fee  this  young 
mact  pi  oft  rate  in  his  cloifter,  asking 
the  treafures  of  poverty,  with  as 
much  ardour,  as  the  reft  of  the 
world  pray  for  wealth  and  riches  1 
A  fight,  fo  much  the  more  defer v- 
iug  the  eyes  of  heaven,  that  it 
is  concealed  from  men.  How  then 
could  the  Father  of  mercy  be  unmo- 
ved at  the  fervency  of  -his  prayers  ? 
The  angels  carried,  in  fragrant  viols, 
thepetitions  of  this  earneit  profelyte, 
and  laid  them  on  the  throne  of  tJie 
Divinity.  The  Bulls  could  not  be 
adjufted  \  but  a  refolution,  tru« 
ly  celeflial,  feized  Lelley.  Hp  in- 
flantly  hailen^d  to  the  palace  of  the 
Pope,  on  the  Q^irinal  hill,  and  gain- 
ed the  audience  chamber,  where 
Paul  the  Fifth,  of  glorious  memo- 
ry, was  fitting  in  the  chair  of  St 
Peter,  Ambitious  to  become  a 
couri'ur  of  the  fky,  he  approached 
and  adored  the  vicar  of  Jefu^ 
Chrift  upon  earth.  But,  in  the  act 
of  adoration,  he  was  dazzled  with 
a  particular  fplendour ;  the  cham- 
ber appeared  more  luminous  than 
the  fun,  and  he  believed,  that  the 
brightell  rays  of  light  v/ere  a/Tem- 
bled  to  form  a  tiara  for  the  majelly 
of  that  facred  head.  Such  was  the 
account  that  he  often  gave  after- 
wards of  this  audience,  when  he  per- 
ceived liim.felf  called  upon  to  relate 
it  by  the  duty  of  obedience  ;  and,  to 
me, lays  Rinuccini,  who  had  thoughts 
of  illuminating  poilerity  with  the 
fa6t,  he  confirmed  it  with  an  oath  ! 

Our.  readers,  perhaps,  will  now 
be  fatisfied  with  the  I'pecimen  of 
writing  the  deeds  of  holy  m^en* 
pradifed  by  the  firft  dignitaries  of 
the  Romiih  church  in  the  feven- 
teenth  century.  It  remains  for  us 
to  give  the  reft  of  the  hiilory  of 
Lelley  in  a  few  words  ;  the  truth 
of  which  depends,  in  a  great  mea- 
C  c  2  fu!^. 


Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Lesley,        Vol.  64. 


fure,  on  the  authorit7  oF  the  arch- 
bilhop.  Even  in  the  prefent  fcepti- 
cal  days,  a  hiftoiical  detail,  given 
by  the  primate  of  Enghmd  v/ould 
'fcarcely  be  queftioned ;  and,  the 
archbi(hop  of  F^mo  obtained  the 
fame  credit  in  his  own  age.  Stil), 
however,  the  comparilbn  will  be  un- 
juft  ;  for  the  latter  appears  to  have 
thought  fallehood  and  nonfenfe  ufe- 
ful  to  religion,  a  principle  which 
the  former  would  never  admit. 

Lesley  could  not  spe-k  to  his 
Holinefs  ;  but  the  Pope  being  in- 
llrudted  by  heaven,  granted  his  de- 
fire.  He  entered  as  a  novice  among 
the  capuchins,  and  foon  after  pro- 
felled  himfelt  under  the  name  of 
brother  Archangel.  Amidit  all  this 
wonderful  pmorcss,  he  had  not  yet 
arrived  at  majority.  Afler  liudy- 
ing  at  the  Univeriity  of  Paris,  li- 
terature and  theology,  he  began  to 
preach.  When  his  mother,  who  at 
the  diitance  of  twenty  years,  dill 
remembered  her  fon,  heard  of  his 
being  a  capuchm,  according  to  our 
hiilorian,llie  formed  a Ichcme, of  dcf. 
troying  him  by  poifon.  Diiappro- 
ving,  however,  of  this  meafure,  ihe 
refolved  to  fend  her  fecond  fon,  the 
young  Baron  of  Torrey  into  Italy, 
to  ailure  George  into  Scotland 
with  promifes  of  his  paternal  inhe- 
ritance, and  the  delicious  gardens 
of  MonymufK. 

The  Baron  found  his  brother  at 
Urbino,  and  delivered  his  meiiage 
privately,  which  the  zealous  friar 
however  publifhed  to  the  whole 
^onvent.  The  ftranger  was  iiiag- 
Tiificentiy  entertained  by  the  Duke 
cf  Urbino,  and  prevailed  upon,  by 
the  importunities  of  the  monks  and 
the  court,  to  embrace  the  catholic 
faith,  a  converfion  which  was  ce- 
lebrated by  a  foltmn  Te  JJeum  a 
difcharge  of  mufquetry  and  fire- 
works. The  fathers,  like  our  an- 
cient fpiritualizers,  thought  they 
perceived,  in  the  moulded  fugar- 
candy  and  condenfed  liquors^  an 


emblem  of  the  divine  power,  that 
can  melt  the  hard  heart,  and  render 
pliant  the  flubborn  v/ill  of  a  heretic. 
The  Duke,  in  addition,  told  the  com- 
pany, that  fealtwas  a  feeble  repre- 
lentationof  thctealt  madein  Paradile 
at  that  moment,  on  the  occafion. 
The  brothers  then  entered  into  a 
compact  to  propagate  the  KomifK 
faith  in  Scodand,  and  the  younger 
fet  fail  homewards,  having  received 
a  gold  chain  and  crucifix  from  the 
lJuke.  Thcfe  were  difcovered  loon 
aftt^r  his  arrival  by  his  mother,  who 
obliged  him  to  leave  her  houi'e. 

Mary  of  Medic  is,  Queen  regent  of 
France,  wilhing  to  have  a  Capuchin 
preacher  at  court,  Archangel  was 
cholen  for  that  olHce.  He  acquit- 
ted himfelf  to  the  latisfa^iion  of  the 
whok  court,  for  he  difcouried  of 
thole  virtues  aio/ie  which  are  proper 
for  great  princes;  and  never  cenlured 
any  thing  but  by  allegories  and  fi- 
gures, with  the  higheit  good  breed- 
ing in  all  his  fcrmons. 

Soon  alter,  on  the  death  of  Paul 
V.  Gregory  XV.  fucceeded  to  the 
Pontihcate.  Having  inltituted  the 
college  dc  propu'^fuidu  Jidt,  a  million 
for  the  recovery  or  the  lolt  Bridili 
iOes  was  determined  upon.  While 
Gregory  flept,  fays  our*  author, 
liis  bulls  were  converting  the  An- 
gipodes.  Archangel  was  appoint- 
ed for  his  own  country  ;  and  as  it 
accidentally  happened,  that  the  Spa- 
niih  ambalfador  to  the  Engliih  court 
w^anted  an  interpreter,  Archangel 
covered  the  Francifcan  robe  with 
an  elegant  drefs,  and  joined  his  train 
for  this  purpole.  Parting  Avilh  the  am- 
baiTador,  he  fet  out  for  Scotland  on 
a  fine  Spanilh  horfe,  the  prefent  of 
the  ambaifador,  on  which  he  rode 
when  in  fight  of  people  ;  but  walk- 
ed, when  he  obierved  palfengers, 
lefi:  he  ihould  be  fuipeded  for  a  Ca- 
puchin. Archangel  .arrived  at 
Monymulk,  and  prefented  a  letter 
to  his  mother,  dated  at  Urbino, 
which  Ihe  received  with  fome  emo- 

tioa 


March  1802.     Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Lesley.  193 


tions  of  difpleafure,  but  treated  him- 
felf  politely.  Here  he  was  horrified 
with  the  fight  of  a  Calvinilt:  chap- 
lain that  fat  at  table,  to  whom  his 
mother  paid  70I.  per  annum  for  the 
very  dregs  of  error.  The  whole 
banquet  feemed  a  gloomy  funeral 
fupper  in  his  company.  Archangel 
gained  the  good  graces  of  the 
whole  lamily,  and  at  the  end  of  fix 
days,  difcovered  himfelftohis  mo- 
ther, w^ho  was  lillcd  with  the  great- 
elt  joy.  She  confented  to  own  him 
as  her  fon  ;  and  ftipulated  only  for 
a  free  exercife  of  her  religion. 
The  Caftle  of  Monymuflc,  fays  our 
hiitoriaii,  was  illuminated  ;  the 
town  kept  holiday,  and  many  fky 
rockets  were  let  off,  as  the  aerial 
meifengers  of  their  gratitude.  A  rch- 
angel now  colleded  the  people  and 
taught  them  in  the  w^oods.  He 
approached  the  churches  and  told 
the  audience,  as  it  broke  up,  that 
the  miniiter  had  been  preaching 
damnation.  The  vehemence,  or 
rather  the  infpiration  of  his  dif- 
courfes,  made  them  change  colour, 
tremble  at  his  thundering  ejcpref- 
lions,  and  throv/  themfelves  weep- 
ing at  his  feet.  In  the  courfe  of 
eight  months,  he  converted  four 
thoufand  peribns  about  Monymulk 
and  Aberdeen  ;  and  put  tlie  whole 
country  in  a  fair  (late  for  embracing 
tlie  Romilh  faith. 

'  The  Calviniii:  minifters  were  a- 
larmed,  and  raifed  agaiiu]:  the  fuc- 
c?fsful  Father  the  cry  of  fcdiiion. 
But,  anxious  for  the  converhon  of 
his  mother,  Archangel  bent  his 
'  thoughts  hom.ewards,  and  utterly 
confounded  the  miniiiier  of  Mony- 
mullc,  by  calling  en  him  to  Ihew, 
that  the  church  of  >  Geneva  was 
mentioned  in  fcrlpture.  The  im- 
pious creature  could  not  do  it,  after 
fiimbhng  a  long  time  among  the 
leaves  ;  while  Archangel,  after 
much  failing  and  prayer,  convinced 
his  mother  of  the  fci  iptural  foiinda- 
pion  of  the  true  church,  by  pointing 


out  Paul's  epiftlc  to  the  Romans. 
The  minifter  was  quite  vanquifb^i^ 
in  two  or  three  conferences  ;  the 
mother,  her  daughtcr-in  lav/,  and 
youngefl  fon  Edward,  with  all  the 
domeilics,  became  catj^olics. 

In  the  courfe  of  tWo  years,  the 
milTion,  though  carried  on  in  a  lay 
habit,  profpered  exceedingly  in  the 
hands  of  Archangel.  But  a  dread- 
fui  edid  publiflied  at  Aberdeen, 
commanding  all  priellis  to  depar': 
the  kingdom,  was  aimed  like  a 
thunderbolt  by  the  Devil  againft 
the  editices  of  truth.  Archangel 
retired  into  England,  his  mother 
fiiowing  a  fortitude  on  the  occa- 
iion,  little  inferior  to  that  of  the 
I !  ,000  virgins.  In  England  he  was 
difcovered  by  the  chaplain  of  Mony- 
rpufk,  who  happened  to  be  in  the 
train  of  a  heretic  Biihop.  He  was 
purfued  by  25  horfemen,  who  in- 
deed could  not  feize  himfelf,  but 
captured  his  portmanteau,  contain- 
ing fome  books  againil  heretical  va- 
nities, and  a  nne  chalice.  The  former 
were  publickly  burnt,  and  the  lat- 
ter was  freely  circulated  as  a  drink- 
ing cup,  at  a  great  feait  given  by 
the  bilhop. 

In  the  me#n  time,  his  mother  and 
her  family,  having  been  difcovered  to 
be  catholics,  were  excommunicated, 
and  their  eitates  feized  by  govern- 
ment. She  retired  into  a  little  ho- 
vel in  Monymuik,  where  Hie  fjp- 
ported  herfelf  by  fpinning.  Arch- 
atigcl  refolved  to  viik  her.  He 
drelfed  himfelf  like  a  peafant  or 
gardener  ;  gathered  fome  herbs,  and 
cried  them  through  thq  llreets  until 
he  difcovered  his  mother  ;  but  was 
obliged  to  leave  her  iniiantly,  as  he 
had  been  perceived  by  the  Royal 
inquhitnrs  of  the  farf^^.  On  returning 
to  England,  he  found  letters  from 
the  General  of  the  Capucliins,  in- 
forming him  that  he  had  tranfgref- 
fed  the  bounds  of  his  miilion,  and 
requiring  him  to  repair  to  Italy  to 
juftify  himfelf.    "  Now,"  exclaim- 


194  Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Lesley.        Vol  64. 


td  Archangel  in  great  joy.  "  I  be- 
gin to  merit,"  and  he  prayed  inccf 
ikntly  that  fome  obitacle  might  be 
thrown  in  the  v/ays  of  his  juRifi- 
cation.  The  archbilhop  of  Ffrmo 
exclaims  on  this  occafion,  "  Oh  !  J 
undtrstand  perjcdiy  this  uiv  'me  phi  'osO'- 
fhy  ;  and  because  I  ingenuously  cOhfrss 
thai  1  do  not  undarstai  d  it^  it  is  that  I 
do  wide*  staid  It;  for  I  see  hi^  ptny  rs 
heard r 

The  plague  raged  in  Italy,  and 
ill!  the  roads  were  guarded  to  pre 
vent  further  infcdion.  Archangel 
rejoiced  in  I'pirit,  and  made  a  vow, 
to  attend  on  thofe  vifited  with  the 
difeale.  The  general  of  the  Capu- 
chins ratified  this  vow,  and  he  re- 
ceived at  the  fame  time,  an  infh  u- 
jiient  of  acquitancc  from  Urban 
VIIL  Cremona  was  appointed  for 
his  refidence,  until  he  (hould  return 
to  Scotland.  He  was  then  made 
guardian  of  the  convent  Mount 
George,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Permo,  where  he  became  acquaint- 
ed with  Archbiihop  Rinuccini,  his 
future  hiitorian. 

Archangel  being  one  day  on 
his  knees  before  our  lady  of  Leti, 
was  infpired  with  the  deligns  of 
the  Holy  See.  He  told  his  com- 
panions, that  the  Pope  had  deter- 
mined a  fecond  Biitilh  million, 
confifting  of  himfelf,  and  Father 
Epiphanes,  a  Scotsman.  He  then 
proceeded  through  France  ;  preach- 
ed at  Court ;  and,  advancing  to 
Calais,  fet  fail  for  England.  The 
ftiip  was  driven  to  pieces  by  un- 
common tempers  on  a  rock  in  the 
iile  of  Wight.  Archangel  and  his 
companion  were  confelfing  the  crew, 
when  the  fhip  fplit,  and  mod  of 
them  periflied ;  only  the  two  fa- 
tlies  efcaped,  and  landing  in  a  de- 
fert  place  ;  they  were  told,  that  the 
Englith  king  and  his  Court  were  in 
the  ifland,  for  the  fake  of  hunting. 
Archangel  in  the  mean  while,  con- 
verted two  bigotted  Englifh  gentle- 
men of  the  paffengers,  and  felt  lefs 


fatisfaclion  at  cfcaping  from  fhip- 
wreck,  than  at  having  carried  off  two 
fuch  noble  fpoiis  from  the  devil. 

Thky  arrived  at  St  Calpin,  and 
Archangel  changed  his  name  to 
Wooder,  being  not  fafe  under  his 
real  denomiaation.  Here,  to  his 
great  joy,  he  found  his  brother 
Edward  ;  who  had  come  to  entreat 
the  king,  lor  leave  to  have  a  pricil 
at  Abeideen,  who  might  comfort 
the  whole  family.  He  further 
learned,  that  the  Catholics  bad 
been  generally  perfecuted,  but  that 
Charles  the  tirll,  in  confequence  of 
the  interelt  of  the  French  court 
gained  by  Archangel's  private  fo- 
iicitations,  had  reiiored  to  his  own 
family  their  elfatcs,  and  allowed 
tlitm  to  exercife  their  religion. 

A  RASH  exprefiion  of  Edward's, 
about  the  llrength  of  the  caille, 
being  unluckily  overheard,  they 
were  arrelted  as  fpies,  and  all 
thrown  into  a  dungeon.  Ou  the 
the  next  return  of  the  king  to  the 
iHand,  he  recollected  to  have  feen 
Angelo  in  the  train  of  the  Spanif"h| 
ambalfador,  and  confirmed  to  hini 
all  his  immunities.  Archangel  was; 
fcandalized  at  the  kneeling  of  the 
courtiers,  and  reproved  them  for 
their  impious  condud ;  and  Edward 
his  brotlier  made  alio  fome  very 
acute  remarks  on  his  Majefly's  titie 
to  the  fupremacy  of  the  church. 

The  old  lady  of  Monimulk  was 
now  dead  of  grief  for  the  misfor- 
tunes of  her  family.  The  two  mif- 
fionaries  fet  out  for  Scotland  ;  and, 
arriving  at  Aberdeen,  Fatlier  Epi- 
phanes went  into  tli^  wildefl  parts  of 
the  Highlands,  where  his  fuccefs  was 
extraordinary.  Father  Archangel, 
with  his  two^  brothers,  carried  on 
the  million  at  home  fo  profperoufly, 
that  the  news  of  it  reached  London. 
The  king  flew  into  a  paffion,  an 
ordered  the  Father  to  appear  be 
fore  himfelf.  Archangel  obeyed  th 
fummons,  but  falling  ill  of  a  fe 
ver,  died  on  the  frontiers  of  Scot 

land 


March  1 802       Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Lesley.  icj^ 


land,  before  he  reached  the  border. 
A  Jefuit  in  the  neighbourhood  clo- 
fed  his  eyes,  and  performed  the  lafl 
offices  to  his  body.  There  was  a 
mountain  near  the  place,  haunted 
with  a  conltant  noife  of  a  pack  of 
hounds  in  full  cry,  with  the  hal- 
looing of  men,  and  the  found  of 
horfes  galiopping.  The  common 
people  trembled  to  approach  it  \ 
but  the  faithful,  trulting  in  the 
merits  of  Archangel,  afcended  the 
mountain,  and  depofited  the  body. 
The  Archbifhop  adds,  that  Father 
Archangel  was  fully  entitled  to 
the  honour  of  canonization.  If  the 
voice  of  the  people,  commonly  cal- 
led the  voice  of  heaven,  have  beati- 
fied any  holy  men,  none  ever  de- 
icrved  that  honour,  more  than 
George  Lefley  of  Monymufk. 

The  life  of  Lefley  fuggefts  fevcral 
refledtions.  We  have  an  example  of 
luperlHtion,  operatinghere  in  as  regu- 
lar a  manner  as  truth  itfelf.  Is  not  this 
curious  delufion  of  the  underlland- 
ing  yet  frequent  among  ourfelves, 
cfpecially  when  particular  religious 
and  political  dodlrine.;,  are  the  iub- 
je(5>  of  difpute.  The  French  talk 
much  of  the  perfe(S^iiity  of  the 
fpecies  ;  but,  are  an)^  of  their  fine 
fpeculations  believed  mrore  iirmly, 
or  credited  more  generally,  than 
the  pious  dogmata  of  the  1 7th  cen- 
tury. It  would  feem  that  human 
nature  often  prefents  folly  under  a 
new  face,  for  the  cfFcds  of  great 
improvement. 

Lesley's  legend,  written  by  the 
Archbiihop  of  Fcrmo,  is  a  very  cu- 
*  rious  treatife.    It  is  as  full  of  the 
i  wildeft  fancy,  as  a  modern  novel ; 
and  dilFers  from  a  novel  only  in  the 
fubjed.    Thefe  books  viere  written 
\  to  be  credited   as    true    hil^ory : 

I'  What  mull  have  been  the  charac- 
ter of  the  men  who  compofed 
them  ?  AVere  they  hypocrites  or  fa- 
'  natics  ?  Surely  the  Aichbiihop  of 
Fermo  defigned  this  for  the  ufe  of 
llie  faithful,  as  a  true  record  of 


fadts,  which  he  believed  himfclf ; 
and  yet  the  flighted  examinatioa 
would  have  ftiewn  the  whole  to 
an  abfurdity. 

What  were  the  general  fentl- 
ments  of  the  court  of  Rome  in  the 
1 7th  century,  with  regard  to  the 
policy  of  writing  legends  ?  Lefley 
appears  indeed  to  have  been  a  blind 
zealot ;  but  he  was  only  a  million- 
ary,  and  ,  died  young.  He  was 
horn  long  after  the  formal  fucccf- 
fion  of  James  VI  to  the  crov/n  of 
Scotland,  and  his  death  happened 
early  in  the  reign  of  Charles  L 

Even  the  moil  intelligent  Catho- 
lics of  thofe  days,  feem  to  have 
confidered  the  ^eJudv>n  of  a  young 
man  of  family,  into  thrir  religion^ 
as  a  work  of  the  Koly  Spirit,  in 
which  they,  the  humble  inflru- 
nients,  were  infinitely  honoured. 
This  is  perhapjT,  the  character  of  all 
bigots;  but,  in  men  of  liberal  edu- 
cation, and  confiderable  gennis,  it 
is  more  furprifing.  Had  the  Arch- 
biihop of  Fermo  lived  in  the  pre- 
fent  age,  he  might  have  been  an 
excellent  noveliit,  if  not  a  refpcc- 
table  poet. 

The  influence  of  Popifli  miflion- 
aries  in  Scotland  was  much  affiifed 
by  the  fafhionable  plan  of  educar 
tion,  then  in  ufe.  Perfons  of  dil- 
tindion  were  fent  over  to  Paris^ 
whence  they  feldom  returned  widr- 
out  more  infedllon  from  the  moral 
atmofphere  of  the  place,  than  fci- 
ence  or  learning.  When  this  prac- 
tice was  difcontinued,  the  nobility 
remained  at  home,  rude,  unpolilhed, 
and  f:i(f^ious ;  but  lefs  prejudiced 
with  regard  to  religious  opinions, 
and  more  able  to  decide  on  the 
true  interefts  of  the  country. 

RiNUCCiNi's  Scotch  Capuchin  was 
read  with  great  eagerneis.  It  was 
tranflated  into  French,  by  one  Fran- 
cis Clifston,  and  dedicated  by  him  to 
the  Earl  of  Briftol.  Two  editions 
of  that  tranflation  are  before  the 
writer  of  this  account,  both  printed 

a: 


196  Bographical  Sketch  of  George  Lesley.        Vol.  64- 


at  Rouen;  one  dated  MDCLX,  Ermengild  tlie  wife  of  Adolfo. 
hj  Berthelin,  and  another  printed  Conftance  wife  of  Henry  Lurca- 
by  Befongno,  v/ith  the  date  MDCC,  nio  a  -  alvinifl:  Minifter,  and  For  ■ 
probably  a  miilake,  or  for  fome  cina  his  fervant.  Foglietta,  Hen- 
I'urreptitious  purpofe.  Lord  Hailes  ry's  page.  Theophilus,  an  old  cot- 
gave  an  abridgement  of  an  edition,  tager.  Lady  Jean's  chambermaid, 
tranflated  by  Barranlt,  and  printed  ,  An  Angel.  The  Viceroy,  or  Lord 
at  Paris  1682,  which  abilradt  has  Lieutenant  of  Scotland,  and  his 
been  alfo  confulted.  court.  The  Chancellor,  and  Lord 
The  Itory  of  Lcfley  occupied  Chief  Baron.  An  Officer  with 
the  Italian  inufes  for  a  long  period  guards,  and  a  trumpet\;r.  Then 
:ifter  his  death.  A  learned  Iriend  Pluto,  Prince  oi  Hell,  Beelzebub  and 
has  favoured  us  v^ith  the  perufal  of  A{laroth,vvith  other  devils,  thatfmg 
a  cuno'is  drama  with  the  following  littimn  to  Pluto.  Scene  Monymufk, 
title.  11  Cappucchino  Scozzefe,  in  and  then  Edinburgli. 
Scena,  con  la  feconda  parte,  e  fua  Of  this  play,  we  propofe  giving 
morte,  non  ancor  mai  plu  (rampata.  a  fhort  analyfis  in  a  future  No. 
Data  in  luce  dal  Signor  Francefco  with  a  few  of  the  beft  fcenes  be- 
Rozzi  d'Alatri.  In  Roma,  per  il  tween  the  devils  and  the  miniilcrs. 
Mancini  1673."  The  charaders  in  George  Lefley  overthrows  them  all 
the  fiicred  comedy  of  the  Scots  Ca-  with  the  crofs  ;  even  when  Beel/e- 
puchin  arc  **  The  catholic  faith  and  bub  appears  in  the  form  of  Calvin, 
herefy.  Jean  the  old  lady  of  Torrey.  The  ridiculous  malice  and  non- 
George  her  eldeft  fon.  Adolfo  her  fenfe  of  the  Catholics  appear  at 
fecond  fon.    Henry  her  third  fon.  that  period  to  have  been  unlimited. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


Sir, 

IF  to  any  fam  you  add  25  per 
cent,  and  from  that  total,  deduct 
20  per  cent,  you  reduce  it  to  the 
fum  you  originally  ]>egan  with,  as 
for  example  ;  If  to  L.  60^  you  add 
25  per  cent,  which  is  L.  15,  the 
fum  total  is  L.  75.  1  hen  deduc- 
ing 20  per  cent,  from  that  total, 
which  is  alfo  L.  15,  you  reduce  it 
to  L.  60,  the  fum  you  fet  out  with. 

/^K-  7v  — V/hat  aliquot  part  of  an 
hundred  pound  muft  you  add  for 
example  to  L.  60,  fo  when  you  de- 
dud  L.  5  per  cent  from  the  liim, 
you  reduce  it  to  L.  60  again.  Or, 


if  it  cannot  be  given  in  aliqviot 
parts  of  an  hundred  ;  what  aliquot 
part  of  the  original  fum  you  fet  out 
with  mull:  be  added  to  itfelf,  fo  as, 
when  L.  5  per  cent  is  deduded,  it 
is  reduced  to  that  original  fum 
again  ? 

Probably,  fome  of  your  Mathe- 
matical readers  may  take  the  trouble 
of  folving  this,  and  they  will  like- 
v/ife  be  itill  more  obliging  in  their 
anfwer,  ir  they  will  make  it  appli- 
cable to  10  per  cent,  12\  and  15 
per  cent.— I  am,  &c. 

Nqn  Matkematicus. 


March  1802. 


197 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
NATURAL  HISTORY  AND  THEORIES 

OF  THE 

FORMATION    OF    VERTICAL  wSTRATA. 
By  James  Miliar,  M.  D. 


THE  materials  which  compere 
the  globe  of  the  earth  are  dilpofed 
in  three  different  ways ;  in  malTes, 
in  ftrata,  that  are  nearly  horizontal, 
or  in  perpendicular  ftrata.  It  is  to 
the  latter,  the  vertical  ftrata,  or 
dyhs,  that  I  mean  to  limit  the  fol- 
lowing obfervations. 

This  fabjed  is  of  confiderablc 
importance,  both  in  an  economical 
and  geological  view.    In  the  firft 
view,  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the 
fadts  relative  to  the  vertical  ftrata, 
or  dykes,  and  the  changes  which  are 
generally  obferved  in  the  horizontal 
ftrata,  where  they  are  interfered  by 
thefe  dykes,  is  efl'entially  requifite  to 
the  miner.    To  the  geologift,  the 
knowledge  of  thefe  fads  is  equally 
important.    In  all  theories  of  the 
earth, how^ever  different  in  principle, 
the    theory  of  the   formation  of 
dykes,  will  always  be  a  leading  ob- 
ject of  confideration.     And  this 
muft  neceflarily  be  the  cafe.  For 
their  frequent  occurrence  in  every 
part  of  tlie  globe,  traverfmg  its 
furface,  and  extending  indefinitely 
in  length,  the  depth  to  which  they 
have  been  difcovered,  and  the  im- 
menfe  variety  of  materials  which 
compofe  them ;  for,  in  a  more  ge- 
neral view,  metallic  veins,  and  their 
formation,  are    included,  open  a 
wide  field  for  geological  inveftiga- 
tion ;  and  hence,  if  the  theory  of 
Vol.  LXIV. 


their  formation  ran  he  eftaWilned 
on  rational  principles,  it  will  be  an 
important  ftep  in  difcovering  the 
truth  or  falfehood  of  general  theo- 
ries of  the  earth. 

The  hiftory  of  this  part  of  geo- 
logy, is  yet'  impeifedt.  Fadts  and 
obferviitions  are  ft  ill  wanting  to  en- 
able us  to  make  general  dedu(flions, 
or  to  warrant,  any  cj^rtain  or  fatis- 
fadory  conclufions.  The  prefent 
hints  may,  perhaps,  by  exciting  the 
attention  of  fome  geological  readers, 
turn  it  to  this  curious  and  intereft- 
ing  inveftigation  ;  and  thus  be  the 
means  of  adding  fomething  to  the 
ftock  of  natural  fcieiice. 

For  the  fake  of  arrangement,  the 
fubjedl  may  be  divided  into  two 
parts.  In  the  firft  part,  I  ihall 
briefly  detail  the  natural  hiftory  of 
dykes  ;  and,  in  the  fecond,  I  lhall 
give  a  ihort  view  of  the  different 
theories,  which  have  been  propofed 
to  account  for  their  formation. 

L  Of  the  Natural  History  of  Dykes. 

Althouh  there  be  a  ftriking  a- 
nalogy  between  metallic  veins  and 
vertical  ftrata  or  dykes,  of  which  wc 
are  now  to  treat ;  and  geologift? 
have  confidered  them  as  formed  by 
the  operation  of  fimilar  caufes,  I 
fliall  confine  my  obfervations  to  the 
conftdsration  of  the  latter,  except- 
ing v/here  it  may  be  neceflary,  for 
D  d  the 


History  and  The'ories  of  P'trtlcal  Strata.     Val.  64. 


the  fake  of  illuftration,  to  allude  to 
the  fornicr  ;  becaiife  a  full  account 
of  metallic  vehis  would  lead  us  in- 
to too  wide  a  field  of  difcuffion. 

Names. -~  Vertical  ftrata  have  re- 
ceived different  denominati<3rns,  de- 
fcriptive,  in  fome  meafure,  of  die 
nature  of"  the  fubftances  of  which 
thev  are  compofcd  ;  or  of  the  feem- 
ing  effeds  they  have  produced  on 
the  interfecfted  horizontal  rtrata. 
They  are  called  Ba^aJtic  nieinsy  Trap 
eiykdsy  Whifdykes  ;  and,  in  the  coal 
countries  of  Scotland,  they  are  call- 
ed Gawsy  from  the  idea  that  they 
Aave  occafioned  the  feparalion  of 
the  coal,  and  contiguous  ilrata, 
through  which  they  run. 

These  dykes  have  been  more  at- 
tentively  obferved  in  foal  countries, 
than  when  they  occur  elfewhere ; 
hecaufe,  on  the  accurate  know- 
ledge of  their  courfe,  inclination 
and  thicknefs,  depend,  in  a  great 
meafure,  the  judicious  and  fuccefs- 
iul  operations  of  the  miner,  when 
his  workings  approach  the  dyke,  or 
render  it  necelFary  to  cut  through 
it  to  reach  the  Ilrata  of  coal  on  the 
other  fide.  But,  though  lefs  at- 
tended to,  they  have  been  oblerved 
and  traced  in  other  places,  where  a 
great  extent  of  the  horizontal  ftra- 
tra  have  been  expofed  in  the  beds 
of  rivers,  as  in  the  bed  of  tlie  water 
f)f  Leith,  above  St  Bernard's  Well  ; 
and  on"  the  Tea  lliore,  efpecially  on 
the  weRern  coatls  of  Scotland; 
where  the  rocks  are'  more  abrupt 
^md  precipiLous,  and  where  the  vio- 
lence of  the  Atlantic  ocean  has  re- 
moved part  of  the  horizontal  ftra- 
ta,  and  left  the  vertical  ftrata  re- 
maining, like  iramenfe  walls  or 
dykes.  Hence  probably  the  origin 
of  the  name  ;  and  as  they  often 
confitl  of  that  fpecies  of  ft  one  call- 
ed IVhinstoncy  this  epithet  has  been 
added. 

Coursr. — When  my  attention  was 
ftrft  occupied  in  the  confideration  of 
this  fubje(51,  1  had  concluded,  that 


all  dykes  had  nearly  the  fame 
courfe.  But  this  opinion,  I  foon 
difcovered,  was  founded  on  partial 
obfervatiph  ;  for  I  have  fince  ob- 
ferved them  running  in  almoft  eve- 
ry direction.  The  courfe,  however, 
of  the  greater  number  which  I  have 
had  an  opportunity  of  examining, 
generally  lies  between  the  points  of 
the  compafs,  S.  and  S.  E.,  and  N. 
and  N.  W.  This  is  moft  frequent- 
ly the  courfe  of  the  whin  dykes  of 
Iflay  and  Jura  ;  it  is  the  courfe  of 
a  remarkable  one  which  traverfes 
the  coal  Ilrata  at  the  village  of 
Stevenfton,  near  Saltcoats,  in  Ayr- 
fhire  5  part  of  which  is  feen  on  the 
furface,  not  many  hundred  yards  to 
the  North  of  the  well  end  ot  that 
village  ;  and  it  is  the  courfe  of  two 
dykes.  Hill  more  remark;ible,  in  the 
ifland  of  Great  Cumbray,  in  the 
Frith  of  Clyde. 

Gkologtsts,  who  have  treated 
this  fubjedl,  do  n9t  feem  to  have 
marked,  with  much  attention,  the 
courfe  of  dykes.  They  have  men- 
tioned, in  general  terrhs,  that  they 
follow  all  diredions.  More  exten- 
five  obfervation  may  probably  Ihew, 
that  the  moil  frequent  directions  of 
the  principal  dykes,  is  from  N.  to 
S.,  or  a  few  points  deviation  from 
that  courfe.  And  if  this  be  eila- 
bliOied,  by  a  fuller  and  more  accu- 
rate hiftory  of  dykes,  the  analogy 
between  them  and  metallic  veins, 
v/ill  be  more  complete  ;  for  it  is 
obferved  of  the  latter,  that  the  mofl 
powerful,  that  is  the  mofl  produc- 
tive, run  from  N.  to  S. 

Dykes  do  not  always  run  in  a 
ftraight  line.  In  their  courfe,  they 
form  certain  Rcxuoiities.  But,  in 
this  winding  courfe,  the  deviations 
are  ufually  fo  fmall,  as  to  have  lit- 
tle effect  on  the  general  direcflion  of 
the  dyke,  which,  upon  the  whole, 
may  be  confidered  as  nearly  the 
fame. 

The  continuity  of  dykes,  is  fome- 
times   interrupted,  exadly  in  the 

fame 


}ilarth  1802.  History  arid  Theories  of  Vertical  Strata.  199 


fame  manner,  as  frequently  hap- 
pens to  the  Jiorizontal  ftrata  ;  and 
which,  hi  technical  language,  is 
termed  a  Slip.  To  under  (land  the 
nature  of  a  flip,  fuppofe,  in  a  range 
of  horizontal  llrata,  that  one  part 
of  the  range  has  funk,  and  left  the 
other  remaining  in  its  place.  Shps 
of  this  kind,  are  not  unfrequcnt  in 
coal  countries.  The  extent  of  the 
flip,  is  fometimes  only  a  few  inches  \ 
fometimes  it  reaches  to  a  great 
many  feet.  In  all  other  refpedls, 
the  feparated  flrata  continue  the 
fame.  They  have  the  fame  thick- 
iiefs,  and  the  fame  inclination  to 
the  horizon.  . 

In  the  ifland  of  Iflay,  I  obferv- 
ed  two  dykes  of  this  dcfci  iption ; 
the  one  on  the  fouth  fide  of  Lochin- 
daah  near  the  point  of  Laggan  ; 
the  other  on  the  fliore  of  the  fouth- 
eaft  part  of  the  ifland,  a  little  to  the 
fouth  of  the  houfe  of  Ardmore.  In 
both  thefe  dykes,  the  extent  of  the 
feparation  or  flip  was  juft  equal  to 
the  thicknefs  of  the  dyke.  The  op- 
pofite  fides  were  brought  exactly 
into  the  fame  line.  The  following 
plan  will  make  this  more  intelligible. 


After  this  feparation,  th«.  fe  dykes,  fo 
far  as  I  could  trace  them,  preferve 
the  fame  tliicknefs,  courfc,  and  in- 
clination as  formerly. 

A  VERY  remarkable  dyke  has 
been  difcdvered  in  the  coal  field,  in 
the  dilhidt  of  Boulogne  in  France. 
It  runs  ih  the  form  of  a  crcfcent, 
from  north  to  well.* 

JtidlnattoTu — T  h  ?:  diredion  of  dykes 
downwards,  is  feldom  perpendicu- 
lar. This  deviation  from  a  line 
perpendicular  to  the  horizon,  is 
called  their  inclaiatiort,  Amcn^ 


*  Jourrxal  dcs  INIines  Kc.  i.  p ,  57. 


Scotch  and  Englifli  miners,  a  dif- 
ferent term  is  ufually  employed* 
The  inclination  of  a  dyke  or  vein  is 
denominated  its  hadc^  or  hadihg.  If 
a  dyke  or  vein  run  north  and  fouth, 
it  is  then  faid  to  have  a  north  and 
fouth  courfe  or  diredion.  But,  in 
its  defcent  downwards,  if  it  incline 
to  the  cadward,  the  inclination, 
hade^  or  hading,  is  faid  to  be  eaf- 
terly. 

The  inclination  of  different  dykes, 
and  even  of  the  fame  dyke,  is  va- 
rious, fometimes  approaching  to, 
and  fometimes  deviating  from  the 
perpendicular.  The  extent  of  dykes 
downwards,  fo  far  as  I  have  been 
able  to  difcover,  has  not  been  afcer- 
tained  with  any  degiee  of  accuracy, 
and  1  believe  the  termination  of 
very  few  has  yet  been  deteded. 
The  depth  to  which  refearches  of 
this  kind  can  be  carried,  is  compa- 
ratively fmall.  With  all  the  ar- 
dour,  ingenuity,  and  power  of  man, 
inveftigations  to  determine  this 
point,  will  probably  always  be  li- 
mited by  the  extent  of  his  mining 
operations.  The  crefcent-formed 
dyke  jufl  mentioned,  which  occurs  in 
a  coal  field  in  the  diftridt  of  Boulogne 
in  France,  which  confi Rs  of  a  fpe- 
cies  of  marble,  found  in  feveral 
quarries  in  the  vicinity,  has  been 
traced  to  tlie  perpendicular  depth 
of  6cG  feet,  where  it  is  fucceeded 
by  a  fhiilas  rock,  which  latter, 
with  tlie  fame  courfe  and  inclina- 
tion, c(nitinues  to  ihterfed  the  hori- 
zontal flrata. 

Extent, ^Twt  extent  of  dykes  in 
length  has  not  been  accurately  de- 
termined. Indeed,  it  mull  be  ex- 
tremely diCTicult  to  tiace  them  with 
any  degree  of  certainty.  For  thofe 
which  ai-e  obferved  on  the  fea-coail, 
where  they  are  n:ofl  confpicuous, 
foon  difappear  in  the  mountains, 
on  the  one  hand  ;  or,  on  the  other, 
lo.e  themfelves  in  the  fea.  And,  as 
the  extent  of  the  fame  coal  iield 
rarely  exceeds  a  few  miles,  they 
D  d  2  have 


200 


History  and  Theories  of  Vertical  Strata.    Vol.  64. 


hiive  feldom  been  followed  be- 
yond its  limits.  In  many  cafes, 
the  change  in  tlie  nature  and  ar- 
rangement of  the  ftrata,  renders  it 
almoft  impoiTihle.  Some,  however, 
have  been  traced  to  a  very  great 
extent :  one,  in  particular,  on  the 
banks  of  the  river  Meufe  in  the 
Netherlands,  has  been  foUov/ed  in 
its  direa  courfe,  to  the  diitance  of 
four  leagues ;  and  of  this  dyke  it 
is  obferved,  if  purfued  through  all 
its  windings,  the  extent  is  not  lefs 
than  fix  leagues.  * 

nickness.—THTL  thickncfs  of  dykes 
is  various.  Sometimes  they  are  ob- 
ferved no  thicker  than  a  few  inches. 
From  that  they  increafe  to  one  foot, 
fix  feet,  and  very  often  are  found 
from  ten  to  twenty  feet.  There  is 
one  in  the  ifland  of  Iflay,  of  the 
enormous  thicknefs  of  69  feet.  This 
immenfe  dyke  accompanies  a  lead 
vein,  about  a  foot  thick,  which  is 
included  between  it  and  the  lime- 
llone  ftrata.  In  this  mining  field, 
two  whin  dykes,  one  of  them  ten 
feet  thick,  have  been  difcovered, 
crofling  the  metallic  veins. 

In  going  downwards,  dykes  are 
fald  to  decreafe  in  thicknefs.  This 
is  particularly  obferved  of  dykes  of 
fmaller  magnitude.  Of  fmaller 
'dykes,  it  is  alfo  faid,  that  they  di- 
minifli  in  thicknefs  towards  the  ex- 
tremities, f 

In  one  refpe^l,  fome  whin  dykes 
are  exadly  analogous  to  metallic 
Veins,  in  having  branches,  or  in  the 
miner's  phrafe,  strtngs^  going  off  and 
traverfmg  the  contiguous  ftrata  ; 
and  forming,  in  the  courfe  they 
'take,  an  acute  angle  with  the  prin- 
cipal dyke.  I  obferved  a  whin 
'dyke  of  this  defcription  in  the  ifland 
of  Jura,  on  the  fliore  of  the  Sound. 
"The  diverging  branch  terminated 


*  Journal  des  Mines,  No.  13.  p.  74, 
^'  t  journal  des  Mines,  ibid.  p.  58. 


in  a  point  among  the  horizontal 
fttata,  at  the  diftance  of  a  few  feet 
from  the  great  dyke,  aHuming  alto- 
gether, a  wedge-like  form. 

Materials  of  dykes.  —  If  we  include 
metallic  veins  in  the  account,  the 
veitical  ftrata  may  be  faid  to  be 
compofcd  of  every  kind  of  mineral 
fubftance,  but  almoft  always  differ- 
ent from  the  interfe(fted  horizontal 
ftrata.  By  this  laft  circumftance, 
their  occurrence  is  at  once  recog- 
nifedi  In  general,  the  dykes  that 
are  found  in  Scotland,  Avhether  ill 
the  coal  countries,  or  in  the  weftern 
coafts  and  iflands,  where  they  are 
fo  frequent,  are  of  that  fpecies  of 
ftone,  which  comes  under  the  de- 
nomination of  trap  or  whinftone. 
Dykes  confifting  of  other  fpecies  of 
ftone,  have  alfo  been  found  in  Scot- 
land. On  the  Mull  of  Kinouth, 
which  forms  the  fouthern  head-land, 
at  the  entrance  of  Lochindaal  in 
Iflay,  I  obferved  a  fmall  dyke  of 
granite,  crofllng  the  head  land, 
which  is  of  granular  quartz.  There 
are  fome  vertical  ftrata  of  granite 
in  the  ifland  of  Icolmkill,  of  pitch- 
ftone,  in  the  ifland  of  Arran,  and 
of  ferpentine,  at  Portfoy  in  Banff- 
fliire^ 

Bkrgman,  in  his  phyfical  Geo- 
graphy, fuppofes  that  granite  was 
never  found  to  be  a  component  part 
of  vertical  ftrata.  What  has  been 
already  mentioned,  proves  the  con- 
trary. Granitic  dykes  have  alfo 
been  difcovered  in  other  places. 
Beflbn  has  obferved  dykes  of  this 
defcription,  on  the  great  road  be- 
tween Limoges  and  Cahors  in 
France,  traverfmg  horizontal  ftrata 
of  argillaceous  ftiiftus,  a  fpecies  of 
ftone  which  has  generally  been  con- 
fidered  of  later  formation  than  gra- 
nite. Thefe  dykes,  he  obferves, 
are  from  an  inch  to  fix  feet  in  thick- 
nefs, and  the  quartz,  feld-fpar,  and 
mica,  are  of  larger  fize  than  are 
ufually  found  in  the  granite  of 
mountains. 


March  1802.    History  and  Theories  of  Vertic  al  Strata.  lot 


moimtains.  f  Dolomieu  has  made 
a  fimilar  obfervation,  and  confiders 
it  as  a  difcriminative  chara6ler,  by 
which  the  granite  of  mountains, 
and  that  found  in  vertical  flrata  may- 
be cafily  dillinguifhed.  But  this  is 
not  always  to  be  admitted  as  a 
charatfleriRic  mark  of  diftindion. 
The  granite  dyke  which  I  have  al- 
ready mentioned,  crofTmg  the  gra- 
nular quartz,  on  the  Mull  of  Kin- 
outh  in  Iflay,  is  fmall  grained,  and 
others  of  this  latter  dcfcription  have 
been  obferved  in  other  places. 

Last  fummer,  when  travelling 
on  the  coaft  of  Ayrfhire,  between 
Weems  bay  and  Largs,  I  difcovered 
on  the  fliore,  near  the  houfe  of 
Kelly,  a  very  fmgular  dyke.  It  is 
about  ten  feet  thick,  traverfes  the 
horizontal  ftrata,  which  confift  of 
plumb-pudding  rock,  whofe  cement 
is  fand-llone,  of  a  red  colour,  from 
north-eaft  to  fouth-weft ;  and  crof- 
fes  a  larger  dyke  of  the  whin-ftone 
of  this  country,  nearly  at  right 
angles.  This  dyke  is  compofed  of 
different  materials.  Part  is  of  the 
common  whin  ftone,  and  part  of  a 
plumb-pudding  rock,  cemented  by 
the  matter  of  the  dyke  ;  and  chefe 
alternate  with  each  other,  both  in 
the  thicknefs  of  the  dyke,  and 
length-wife.  On  one  fide,  there 
are  four  feet  thick  of  whin-ftone; 
immediately  in  conta(fl  with  this, 
there  is  plumb-pudding  ftone 
three  feet  thick  ;  and  fo  on  al- 
ternately, acrofs  the  whole  dyke. 
In  tracing  the  dyke  Icngth-wife  in 
the  fame  line,  there  is  found  a  few 
yards  of  whin-ftone,  which  is  fuc- 
ceeded  by  a  few  yards  of  plumb- 
pudding  ftone,  and  this  is  again  fuc- 
ceeded  by  the  whin-ftone. 

But  for  the  general  view  which 
is  here  propofed,  it  is  not  requiute 
to  give  a  full  account  of  ail  the  mi- 
neral fubftances  which   enter  into 


f  Journal  des  Mines,  Nc.  id»  p.  sz. 


the  compofition  of  vertical  ftrata, 
or  even  a  minute  enumeration  of  all 
the  varieties  that  are  found  in  whin- 
dykes. 

Peculicrr  strudare  of  it.'/jin  dykes. 
One  of  the  moft  fingular  cir- 
cumftances  refpeding  whin  dykes, 
which  feems  to  have  l)een  entirely- 
overlooked  by  geologifts,  ftill  re- 
mains to  be  confidered.  This  is 
the  peculiar  ftrudure,  or  arrange- 
ments of  the  ■  parts  of  which  they 
are '  compofed.  Of  this  peculiar 
arrangement  it  may  be  obferved 
in  general,  that  it  is  in  all  refpe£ls, 
the  reverfe  of  what  takes  place  in 
the  horizontal  ftrata. 

When  the  dyke  is  of  fmall  mag- 
nltude,  it  is  pretty  compact  in  ali 
its  parts  ;  but  if  an  attempt  be  made 
to  break  or  feparate  any  part  of  it, 
the  fradlure  will  be  found  to  run 
moft  readily  in  the  perpendicular 
diredion.  But  when  the  dyke  is 
of  more  confiderable  thicknefs,  it 
ufually  forms  feveral  divifions,  mar- 
ked by  perpendicular  fifTures ;  and 
there  is  often  great  variety  in  tlie 
nature  and  qualities  of  the  feveral 
divifions  of  the  fame  dyke.  The 
exterior  divifion  of  one  fide  fome- 
times,  and  fometimes  the  exterior 
divifion  of  both  fides,  are  of  a  foft- 
er  texture,  than  the  intermediate 
divifion  ;  and  often  contain,  in  great 
proportion,  fpecks  of  radiated  zeo-% 
lite  and  calcareous  fpar,  while  tht* 
middle  divifions,  as  well  as  being 
harder,  are  alfo  more  homogene- 
ous. In  otlier  .cafes,  the  reverfe  of 
this  appears.  The  middle  parts  of 
the  dyke  are  the  fofteft  and  lealt 
compacl,  exhibiting  the  greateft  va- 
riety of  heterogeneous  fubftances. 

Some  whin-dykes  have  a  great; 
tendency  to  aifume,  when  broken, 
the  priimatic  form.  This  is  the 
cnfe  with  many^,  even  of  the  moft 
compad:  texture.  In  others,  when* 
the  fide  of  the  dyke  is  expofed  to 
view,  and  minutely  examined ;  tif- 
fures  may  be  traced,  difcovc^ring 


CC2  History  and  TbeoHes  of  Vertical  Strata.     Vol.  64^ 


the  ends  t)f  pretty  regular  prifms. 
But  in  fome  dykes  which  I  ob- 
fervcd  in  the  ifland  cf  Jura,  the 
prifmatic  columns  were  entirely  fe- 
paratcd,  and  lying  loofe,  were  four, 
five,  and  fix  Tided,  jointed  ;  the  per- 
pendicular HfTures  forming  the 
joints,  and  in  all  refpefts,  were  fi- 
milar  the  perpendicular  bafaltic 
columns,  except  being  in  the  hori- 
zontal pofition.  In  one  of  the 
dykes  which  I  examined  in  the 
ifland  of  Jura,  the  columns  were 
from  12  to  18  inches  in  diameter. 
In  fome  others,  on  the  fea-fhore, 
near  the  houfe  of  Mr  Campbell  of 
Jura,  and  at  the  harbour  of  the 
Small  Illes,  in  the  fame  ifland ;  I  ob- 
ferved  columns  of  the  enormous 
fize  of  10  and  12  feet  diameter. 

A  dyke,  which  traverfes  the  ba- 
faltic fl:rata  of  the  giants  caufeway 
in  the  North  of  Ireland,  exhibits  Itill 
more  remarkably  this  peculiarity  of 
flru6lure.  The  fmallell  malfes  de- 
tached from  it  alfumed  the  co- 
lumnar form  ;  and  mofl:  of  them 
are  perfectly  regular.  The  frac- 
ture invariably  runs  in  the  horizon- 
tal diredion  ;  the  columns  confe- 
quently  lie  in  the  fame  pofition,  are 
three,  four,  five,  and  fix  fided,  and 
are  generally  of  fmall  fize.  I 
have  now  in  my  polfeflion,  fome 
fpecimens  of  this  defcription,  whofe 
diameter  exceeds  not  one  inch. 
Cori/  strata  mterse&ed  by  a  dyke. 

In  addition  to  this  account  of 
the  vertical  Ibata,  I  fliall  now  fliort- 
ly  mention  the  relative  pofition  of 
the  ftrata  of  a  coal  field,  which  are 
interfedled  by  a  dyke. 

Although  the  llrata,  on  one 
fide  of  a  dyke  be  perfedly  fair  and 
regular,  if  the  workings  be  conti- 
nued on  the  fame  plane  through  the 
dyke,  the  fame  itrata  will  not  be 
found  on  the  other  fide.  The 
whole  range  of  the  ft  rata  is,  in  mo  ft 
cafes,  either  elevated  or  depreifed. 
It  is  here  that  the  ikill  of  the  miner 
ipuft  be  employed;  to  difcover  the 


coal,  which  has  difappeared  ;  and 
it  becomes  of  the  utmoll  importance 
to  know,  whether  the  ftrata  on  the 
other  fide  been  deprelfcd  or 

elevated.  Now,  there  is  a  general 
rule,  founded  on  experience  and 
obfervation,  which  determines  this 
point.  It  is  this  :  when  a  dyke  oc- 
curs in  a  coal-mine,  and  its  inclina- 
tion can  be  difcovered,  if  the  angle 
formed  by  the  dyke,  with  tlie  plane 
of  the  flratum  of  coal,  be  an  acute 
angle,  the  ftrata  on  the  other  fide 
of  the  dyke  are  depreiled  :  if,  on 
the  contrary,  the  fame  angle  be  ob- 
tufe,  the  ftrata  on  the  oppofite  fide 
are  elevated. 

But  the  following  fecftion  w^ill  af- 
ford a  better  illuftration  of  the  po- 
fition of  the  ftrata  thus  interfered. 


A  is  a  dyke  traverfing  the  coal 
ftrata,  B  and  C.  Suppofe  the  miner^ 
in  working  the  ftratum  B,  is  inter- 
rupted in  his  operations,  by  meet- 
ing the  dyke  at  D.  The  inclination 
of  the  dyke  A,  and  the  plane  of 
the  coal  ftratum  B,  form  an  acute 
angle  ;  the  ftratum  of  coal,  there- 
fore, on  the  other  fide,  is  deprelTed, 
and  will  be  found  at  C.  The  angle 
at  E  is  obtufe,  therefore,  the  ftra- 
tum on  the  other  fide  is  elevated^ 
and  muft  be  fought  for  at  B. 

This  is  a  general  view  of  the  dif- 
pofition  of  the  coal  ftrata  whcii  they 
are  interfecfted  by  a  dyke.  The  dif- 
tance  of  elevation,  or  depreffion,  is 
ufually  in  proportion  to  the  inclina- 
tion and  thicknefs  of  the  dyke.  In 
moft  cafes,  the  whole  of  the  ftrata 
which  accompany  the  coal,  are  alfo 
elevated  or  deprefTed  ;  and,  when 
they  are  difcovered  on  the  other 


March  1802.       Strictures  on  the  Life  of  Haller.  203 


fide  of  the  dyke,  whether  they  have 
fulFered  elevation  or  depreffion,  they 
are  found  to  have  the  fame  inclina- 
tion to  the  horizon,  the  fame  rela- 
tive pofition  to  each  other,  the  fame 
thicknefs,  and  the  fame  qualities  as 
before. 

But  in  this  account  of  dykes 
traverfing  coalftrata,  a  circumrtance 
refpefting  the  coal  at  the  place  of 
jundion  mull  not  be  omitted.  The 
coal,  as  it  approaches  the  dyke,  is 
in  moft  cafes  totally  changed  in  its 
qualities.  It  is  broken  down  and 
confufed  in  the  ftratum,  and  fome- 
times  mixed  with  fmall  pieces  of 
the  contiguous  ftrata.    The  coal  in 


this  ftate,  is  entirely  deprived  of  its 
bituminous  part,  and  therefore  h 
altogether  unfit  lor  the  purpofes  of 
fuel.  In  the  miner's  phrafc,  it 
called  fovi  coal.  The  coal  ufually 
continues  in  this  ftate  to  a  diilancc 
from  the  dyke  on  each  fide,  in  pro- 
portion to  its  thicknefs.  I  have  been 
informed  by  fome  miners,  that  the 
extent  of  the  foul  C021I,  on  each  fide 
of  the  dyke,  is  found  to  be  equal 
to  one  half  of  its  thicknefs.  But 
how  far  this  is  to  be  confidered  as  a 
general  fa<51,  I  have  hitherto  hati 
no  opportunity  of  afcertaining. 
(  To  bf  continue  J, ) 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

STRICTURES  on  the  LIFE  and  WRITINGS  of  the  Celebrated 
BARON  HALLER. 


Continued  from  Pao;e  120. 


THESE  labours  terminated  in 
a  new  edition  of  the  Enumeration 
which  however,  had  received  fo 
many  improvements,  that  the  au- 
thor regarded  it  as  a  new  work.  It 
was  publifhcd  in  three  volumes  fo- 
lio in  the  year  1768,  under  the  title 
of  Hist  or  ia  Stirpium  indigenarum  HeU 
uetia  inchoata.  In  this  work,  moft 
of  the  plants  arc  defcribed,  purfu- 
«nt  to  the  method  adopted  in  the 
former  edition,  with  this  alteration, 
however,  that  the  order  of  the 
clafTes  is  inverted.  He  here  begins 
with  the  Cowposit^i  which  corref- 
ponds  with  the  clafs  Syngenesia  of 
Linnaeus,  ending  with  the  Cryptogam 
m/ny  which  commenced  the  original 
edition  of  the  Enumeratio, 

On  this  part  of  Haller's  arrange- 
ment, it  may  with  great  truth  be 
pbfervcd,  that  in  both  his  works, 


the  ftudent  labours  under  the  great 
difadvantage  of  being  involved  in 
the  moft  intricate  part  of  the  fyftem, 
while  as  yet,  he  has  obtained  no 
knowledge  of  the  fcience.  The 
adept  in  tjie  fcience  will  alfo  defide- 
rate  with  regret,  feveral  particulars 
equally  curious  and  interefting, 
which  enhanced  the  value  of  the 
former  publication,  but  .  are  ex- 
punged from  the  prefent  edition. 
For  although  the  author  has  exten- 
ded the  Memoir  on  the  Phyfical 
Geography  of  Switzerland,  and  has 
given  an  ample  detail,  both  of  thefe 
authors  who  had  preceded  him  in 
the  inveftigation  of  the  Helvetic 
plants,  and  of  his  own  excurfions 
for  that  end,  he  has  omitted  his  va- 
luable critical  retrofpedt  of  tlie  Bo- 
tanical publications  prior  to  his 
own,  and  contented  himfelf  with  a 

mere 


204  Strictures  on  the  Life  of  Haller.        Vol.  64. 


mere  enumeration  of  all  the  wri- 
tings on  Botany,  from  the  aera  of 
Theophraftus,  to  tlie  year  1768. 

To  the  fludent,  it  is  a  matter  of 
ftill  deeper  regret,  that  in  this  edi- 
tion, Haller  has  thought  proper 
to  fupprefs  a  great  number  of  the 
fynonimes  attached  to  each  plant, 
admitting  only  a  few  of  more  re- 
cent date.  It  may  be  further  re- 
marked, that  although  he  has  ne- 
gleded  no  opportunity  to  give  place 
to  the  Synonyma  of  Linn^us ;  yet 
has  he  unfortunately  omitted  the 
trivial  names,  a  defed,  which  mull 
abridge  the  value  and  ufefulnefs  of 
his  book  in  the  eRimation  of  tliofe 
who  are  converfant  with  the  Sexual 
fyftem. 

These  omiflions  muft  be  regarded 
as  defeds  or  dusiderata ;  yet  are  they 
amply  compenfated  by  the  num- 
berlefs  improvements  made,  both  in 
the  generic  and  fpccilic  defcriptions, 
by  the  vaft  acceflions  to  the  number 
of  plants,  which  is  extended  from 
1840  to  2486,  of  which  800  belong 
to  the  Cryptogamic  clafs.  Of  thefe, 
the  greater  part  appertain  to  the 
order  of  the  Fungi,  to  which  Haller 
paid  particular  attention,  and  of 
which  he  tells  us,  he  had  drawings 
of  more  than  400  fpecies,  delineated 
tinder  his  own  immediate  infpection. 
The  value  of  this  edition  is  alfo 
greatly  enhanced  by  the  difquifi- 
tions  relative  to  the  ufe  of  plants, 
with  which  it  abounds  ;  and  by  his 
accurate  references  to  thefe  authori- 
tieSj  upon  which  he  grounded  fuch 
conclullons,.  as  had  not  occurred 
tohimfelf.  It  comes,  moreover,  re- 
commended by  this  additional  im- 
provement, that  in  the  notes  fub- 
joined  to  each  genus,  the  author 
has  introduced  the  plants  of  Theo- 
phraftus  and  of  Diofcorides,  where - 
ever,  upon  accurate  criteria,  they 
could  be  recognifed. 

From  this  llatement  of  Haller  s 
Botanical  labours,  fome  eftimate 
jiaay  be  formed  of  his  fucccis  and 


diligence  in  this  department  of  fci- 
ence  ;  yet  was  it  only  a  compara* 
tively  fmall  portion  of  his  time 
which  he  devoted  to  inveftigations, 
terminating  in  difcoveries  fo  nume- 
rous and  fo  interefting. 

Were  we  to  defcant  upon  the  plea* 
fure  refulting  from  an  avocation  lo 
apparently  revoking,  as  the  diifcc- 
tion  of  human  bodies  ;  to  fuch  of 
your  readers  as  have  not  felt  that 
enthufrafm  which  is  implied  by  the 
love  of  fcience,  our  language  would 
appear  unfeeling  and  paradoxical ; 
yet  certain  it  is,  that  Haller,  one  of 
the  moft  humane,  and  modeft,  and 
tender-hearted  of  the  fons  of  men, 
in  the  year  1742,  read  in  the  imi- 
verfity  of  Gottingen,  his  elegant  and 
fpirited  Oratio  df  amemtuUbus  anafomcs, 
or,  an  eulogium  on  this  feemingly 
forbidding  employment.  With  jc- 
j;^ard  to  himfelf,  he  diflected  more 
fubjeds,  than  any  other  individual 
that  ever  cxillcd  ;  the  author  of  this 
article  writes  from  memory,  and 
confequcntly  under  corredion  ;  but 
unlefs  his  recolledion  deceives  him, 
he  has  either  fome-where  read,  or 
heard  it  atferted  upon  what  he  con- 
frdered  at  the  time  as  good  autho- 
rity, that  belides  lower  animals  in- 
numerable, Haller  had  difleded  no 
lefs  than  /ive  hwidrsJ  humrjn  suhjeBs  J 
Here  indeed  it  Was,  that  he  pur- 
fiied  anatomical  difcoveries.  witli 
unexampled  zeal  ;  and  the  wonder- 
ful fuccefs  of  his  in ve [ligations,  am- 
ply rewarded  his  labours. 

Haller  feems  early  to  have 
adopted  the  opinion,  that  preceding 
or  cotemporary  anatomifts  had  been 
chiefly  occupied  in  inveftigating  th.t 
laws  and  fundions  of  the  bones,  and 
mufcles,  and  nerves,  and  vifcera  ; 
and  that  the  knowledge  of  the  laws, 
and  arrangement  of  the  arterial  fyf- 
tcm,  had  not,  in  point  of  accuracy 
and  extent,  kept  pace  with  the  in- 
formation obtained,  relative  to  thefe 
organs.  This  defecl  he  wifhed  to 
fripply,  by  a  more  complete  and 
accurat" 


March  1802*    StriBures  on  the  Life  of  Haller. 


accurate  delineation  of  this  intcref- 
ting  department  of  the  vafcular 
fyftem,  than  had  then  exifted,  a  tafk 
which  he  has  accompliihed  with  his 
uftial  ability  and  fuccefs.  For  his 
defcription  of  the  arteries  is  not  on- 
ly more  complete  and  accordant 
with  nature,  than  any  other  work 
upon  the  fubje(fl  with  which  the 
world  had  been  favoured,  previous 
to  its  appearance ;  but,  as  it  was 
obferved  in  a  former  part  of  this 
elfay,  has  conftituted  the  ground- 
work of  future  publications.  And 
by  far  the  greater  number  of  fyftem 
makers  have  done  little  elfe  than 
tranfcribe  or  tranllate  it,  without 
having  the  gratitude  to  acknow- 
ledge their  obligation  to  the  great 
original.  This  incomparable  work 
appeared  fuceeflively  in  eight  faf- 
cifculi  or  folio  volumes  :  the  firft 
was  publifhed  at  Gottingen,  in  the 
year  1 743,  and  the  laft,  at  the  fame 
place  in  1756. 

The  anatomical  labours  of  Hal- 
ler were  not  confined  to  difquifitions  ' 
on  the  arterial  fyftem,  they  extend- 
ed to  other  departments  of  the  fci- 
encc  ;  and  his  trafts,  when  collected 
together  in  the  year  1768,  formed 
three  malFy  volumes  in  quarto. 
Such  of  your  readers  as  may  wifti 
to  inform  themfelves,  as  to  the  ex* 
tent  of  his  labours  in  Anatomy  and 
Phyfiology,  will  find  a  detailed  ac- 
count of  his  difcoveries  in  thefe  fci- 
ences  at  the  end  of  the  fixth  volume 
of  the  quarto  edition  of  his  Phyfio- 
logy. 

To  fome  of  thefe  difcoveries,  his 
'    cotemporaries  have  quefiioned  the 
validity  of  his  claim  ;  but  to  moft  ' 
of  them,  his  right  remains  incon- 
teftible  ;  and  the  light  which  he 
has  thrown  on  many  of  the  moil 
intricate  and  interefting  procelfes 
I    of  the  animal  ceconomy,  incuba- 
tion, generation,  offificati^n,  muf- 
cular  irritability,  &c.  &c.  has  im- 
mortalized his  name,  and  will  re- 
Vol,  LXIV, 


cord  his  fame  to  the  lateft  pofte- 
rity. 

The  emoluments  accruing  to 
Haller  from  his  labours,  increafed 
in  proportion,  as  his  reputation  was 
diflufed.  His  merit  became  now 
univcrfally  confpicuous,  and  his  li- 
terary honours  accumulated  in  fuc-- 
cefiion.  In  the  year  1748,  he  v/as 
eleded  a  member  of  the  Royal 
AcadeiTiy  of  Stockholm ;  in  the 
year  1749,  the  Royal  Society  of 
London  received  him  as  a  non-re- 
fident  afTociate ;  and,  in  1754,  he 
had  the  diftinguillied  honour  con- 
ferred upon  liim,  of  being  chofen 
one  of  the  eight  foreign  members 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of 
Paris.  In  the  year  1739,  George 
the  Second  appointed  him  his  phy- 
fician  ;  and,  in  1740,  he  w^as  eledted 
king's  counfellor*  In  the  year  1 749^ 
liis  royal  mafter  obtained  for  him 
letters  of  nobility  from  the  emperor 
Francis ;  and,  in  a  vifit  to  the  uni- 
verfity  about  this  period,  Haller 
experienced  the  moll:  flattering 
marks  of  his  approbation  ;  an  ho- 
nour, of  which  our  author  makes 
a  grateful  acknowledgement,  in  an 
Englifii  trad,  entitled,  "  fhort 
narrative  of  the  king's  journey  to 
Gottingen and  in  the  dedication 
to  George  the  Second,  prefixed  to 
an  edition  of  Boerhaavi* s  Methodus 
Studi't  Mediae 

In  the  year  1745,  the  celebrated 
Dillenius,  Profelibr  of  Botany  at 
Oxford  died;  when  the  univerfity 
folicited  a  vifit  from  our  author, 
probably  with  the  intention  of  elec- 
ting him  to  the  vacant  chair,  the 
invitation  however,  was  refpecftfully 
declined.  A  fimilar  offer  was  made 
him  by  the  univerfity  of  Utrecht, 
of  which  he  did  not  accept ;  and  ia 
the  year  1750,  he  rejeded  an  inri- 
tation  from  the  king  of  Pruflia,  al- 
though accompanied  with  the  offer 
of  a  confiderabie  penfion. 

About  this  period,  he  was  elec- 
Ec  ted 


206 


Stridures  on  the  Life  of  Haller. 


Vol  64. 


ted  a  member  of  the  Great  Council 
of  Berne,  an  arrangement,  which 
imparted  to  him  peculiar  fatisfac- 
tion,  as  it  infured  him  a  digni- 
fied, probably  a  lucrative  retreat 
in  his  native  city,  which  he  had  al- 
ways regarded  with  an  affecftionate 
attachment,  and  w^here  he  had  long 
wifhed  to  fpend  the  evening  of  his 
day. 

At  length,  influenced  by  the  pre- 
carious ftate  of  his  health,  by  an 
anxious  defire  of  removing  from 
Gottingen,  which,  in  his  elegiac 
ode  on  the  death  of  Marianne,  he 
emphatically  terms  the  grave  of 
his  wife  5  and,  by  a  laudable  anxie- 
ty to  devote  the  remaining  period 
of  his  life  to  the  fervice  of  his 
country,  he  repaired  to  Berne  in  the 
^^car  17535  in  queft  of  fome  official 
iituation,  which,  akhough  lefs  lu- 
crative than  his  prcfjnt  appoint- 
ment, might  enable  him  to  ex- 
change a  fcene,  from  which  he  felt 
a  growing  averfion,  for  a  rcfidence 
which  had  long  been  the  obje(!l:  of 
his  affedlion.  Soon  after  his  arri- 
val, he  obtained,  by  lot,  an  official 
appointment,  to  which  no  great 
emolumicnt  w^as  indeed  attaclied  ; 
but  which  might  pave  the  w^ay  for 
more  profitable  employments.  An- 
other motive  weighed  with  Haller; 
the  patronage  attached  to  this  ap- 
pointment, would  promote  his  views 
in  eftablifhing  his  children  in  the 
world.  He  therefore  refigned  his 
profefTorfliip  at  Gottingen,  and  fet- 
tled in  his  native  city.  Such  w-as 
the  general  joy  of  his  countrymen, 
on  this  event,  that  medals  were 
ftruck  to  commem.erate  his  return. 

Having  come  to  this  determina- 
tion of  retiring,  the  mofl  fafcinating 
offers  could  not  fhake  his  refolution. 
In  the  year  1755,  he  refifted  the 
mofl  importunate  folicitations  of 
the  great  Frederick,  to  fapcrintend 
the  Academies  of  Pruflia,  and  to 
accept  the  chancellor  (hip  of  the  U- 
aiverfity  of  Halle,  vacant  by  the 


death  of  Wolfius.  In  the  year 
1767,  he  declined  the  offer  of  a  ve- 
ry advantageous  and  honourable 
fettlement  at  Peterfburgh,  made 
him  by  the  late  Emprefs  of  Ruflia ; 
and  in  1770,  he  rejcded  the  flill 
more  dignified  promotion  to  the 
chancellorfliip  of  the  Univerfity  of 
Gottingen,  with  a  very  handfome 
appointment  appended  to^his  office^ 
although  his  prefent  Majefly  corre- 
fponded  with  him  upon  the  fubjed^, 
and  actually  wrote  a  letter  to  the 
Senate  of  Berne,  requefting  their 
influence  to  enfure  h'la  acceptance. 

In  declining  offers  fo  tempting  as 
thefe,  Kaller  mud  have  been  adu- 
ated  folely  by  a  difinterelled  at- 
tachment to  his  native  city.  His 
generofity  made  the  due  imprefHou 
on  his  countrymen,  whofe  gratitude 
correfponded  w^ith  the  facrifices 
win'ch  he  made.  They  placed  in 
him  the  mod  liberal  and  unbound- 
ed confidence,  and  they  employed 
his  talents  in  the  public  fervice. 

In  the  year  1757,  w^e  find  him 
commiflioned  to  eife<5l  a  reforma- 
tion in  the  Academy  of  Laufanne  ; 
and,  in  the  enfuing  year,  he  was  de- 
puted, by  the  Senate,  to  inveiligate 
Ibme  curious  remains  of  antiquity, 
difcovered  at  Culme.  Much  about 
the  fame  period,  he  was  appointed 
a  diredlor  of  the  falt-works  at  Bex 
and  Aigle,  with  an  annual  falary  of 
L,  500.  This  appointment  conti- 
nued fix  years,  and  during  its  con- 
tinuance, he  refided  at  La  Roche. 

In  this  retirement,  v/e  find  him 
occupied  in  the  fuperintendance 
and  improvement  of  the  falt-v/orks- 
committed  to  his  charge,  of  which 
he  fketched  a  brief  account;  and, 
in  occafional  excurfions  into  the 
adjacent  country,  of  which  he  has 
alfo  given  a  topographical  narra- 
tive. But  what  has  fecured  to  this 
retreat  a  perpetuity  of  fame  is,  its 
being  the  fcene,  where  he  prepa- 
red and  publifned,  his  incomparable 
and  immortal  work  on  phyfiology. 

Hallsx 


Ma  rch  1802.        Sketches  of 

Haller  cultivated  the  various 
branches  of  medical  knowledge  with 
great  diligence,  and  with  ample 
luccefs ;  but  phyfiology  feems  to 
have  been  his  favouiite  iludy : 
/i  nd  it  is  here  that  he  has  muftercd 
the  whole  force  of  his  genius,  and 
eftablifhed  his  undoubted  right  to 
the  title  of  an  inventor  in  fcicnce. 

In  the  outlines  of  Phyfiology  'or 
PrimiT  Linage  Pbysiolo^^ia^  Originally 
printed  at  Gottingen  in  the  year 
1747,  the  plan  is  unfolded,  which 
he  afterwards  profecuted  with 
fuch  unexampled  fuccefs,  in  his  im- 
mortal work,  which,  under  the  mo- 
deft  title  of  elements,  or  Elementa 
Fbysiologice  corpjns  humani^  made  its 


4ncicnt  Cosmogony.  zo'j 

appearance,  in  eight  fucceflive  quar- 
to volumes,  from  the  year  1756,  to 
the  year  1766.  The  limits,  within 
which  this  fuperiicial  narrative 
mult  be  comprifed,  will  by  no 
means  permit  us  to  go  into  any 
thing  like  an  ample  detail  relative 
to  the  merit  of  this  noble  perform- 
ance; but,  to  imprefs  your  read;:rx 
with  fonie  idea  of  its  fupcrlative  va- 
lue, it  may  not  be  improjjer,  bricHy 
to  delineate  the  province  ofphyfio- 
logy,  and  to  notice  the  ftate  in  which 
Haller  found  this  moll  interefting, 
but  moll  difficult,  and  perhaps  Icait 
undericood  of  alji  fcicnces. 


For  the  Scots  Magazhi^. 
SKETCHES  OF  ANCIENT  COSMOGONY. 


Continued  from  page  131. 


Or  THE  Hebrew  Cosmogony. 

THE  cofmogony  of  Mofes  is  re- 
corded in  his  book  of  Origins  or 
Genefis,  in  the  following  terms. 

"  In  the  beginning,  God  created 
both  the  heavens  and  the  earth  ; 
and  the  earth  v/as  confufed,  and 
full  of  cavities  ;  and  darknefs  was 
over  the  deep ;  and  a  iirong  wind 
f}u(?tuated  over  the  waters ;  and 
God  faid,  Let  there  be  light,  and 
light  was ;  and  God  faw  the  light 
that  it  was  good,  and  God  made 
a  feparation  between  the  Tight  and 
the  darknefs.  And  God  called  the 
light,  day;  and  the  darknefs,  he  cal- 
led night;  fo  there  Nvere  darknefs 
and  light  the  firft  period,  or  yum. 
And  God  faid.  Let  there  be  an  ex- 
panfion,  or  «ther,  in  the  midll  of 
the  waters,  and  let  it  feparate  the 
waters  from  the  waters.   And  God 


made  the  expanfion,  and  divided 
the  v/aters  which  v/ere  below  the 
expanfion,  from  thofe  that  were 
above  the  expanfion,  and  it  was 
fo ;  and  God  called  the  expanfion 
heaven:  and  there  vrere  darkneis 
and  light  the  fecond  period.  And 
God  faid,  Let  the  waters  under 
heaven  be  coUeded  into  one  place, 
and  let  the  dry  land  appear ;  and  it 
was  fo.  And  God  called  the  dry 
land  earth,  and  the  coliedion  of  the 
vv^aters,  he  called  fea ;  and  God  faw 
that  it  w^as  good.  And  God  faid. 
Let  the  earth  vegetcite  with  vege- 
tables, the  feeding  herb  producing 
feed,  and  the  fruit-tree  fruit  iifter 
its  fpecies,  according  to  its  feed, 
over  the  earth  ;  and  it  was  fo  :  and 
God  law  that  it  was  good :  and 
darknefs  and  light  compofed  txie 
third  period.  And  God  faid.  Let 
there  be  lights  in  the  expanfion  of 
E  e  2  heaven, 


20^ 


Sketches  of  Ancient  Cosmogony.  Vol.  64/ 


heaven,  to  divide  the  day  from  the 
night,  and  let  them  be  figns  for  the 
feafons,  for  the  days,  and  for  the 
years ;  and  let  them  be  hghts  in 
the  expanfion  of  heaven,  to  illumin- 
ate the  earth  ;  and  it  was  fo.  And 
God  made  the  two  great  lights,  the 
greater  L'ght  to  regulate  the  day, 
and  the  .leffer  light  to  regulate  the 
night :  and  he  made  the  liars  ;  and 
God  fet  tliem  in  the  expanfion  of 
heaveh,  to  illuminate  the  earth,  and 
to  regulate  the  day  and  nighty  and 
to  divide  the  light  from  the  dark- 
nefs ;  and  God  faw  that  it  was 
good:  and  darknefs  and  light  com- 
pofed  the  fourth  period." 

Thus  far  the  Mofaic  book  of 
origins  records  the  formation  of  the 
earth,  and  the  production  of  vege- 
table matter.  The  account  is  brief, 
being  contained  in  a  preface  to 
a  colledion  of  hiilorical  monuments 
and  laws  ;  but  it  is,  perhaps,  more 
fl;rid:ly  philofophic,  than  any  rela- 
tion extant,  both  in  refped  of  the 
congruity  of  the  narration,  and  the 
conformity  of  fads  to  known  phe- 
nomena. It  does  not  defcnbe  the 
procefs  of  creation,  a  fubjedt  evi- 
dently beyond  our  comprehenfion  ; 
but  merely  ftates,  that  the  fyftem 
of  nature  with  which  we  are  ac- 
quainted, derived  its  origin  from 
God.  It  declares,  that  the  earth 
gradually  alfumed  its  prefent  form 
and  arratigemcnts,  and  divides  the 
procefs  into  diftincl  periods^  accord- 
ing to  the  commencement  of  differ- 
ent phasnomena.  The  arrangement 
of  thefe  periods,  perhaps,  may  rather 
refer  to  the  claifes  of  phsenomena, 
than  to  the  order  of  time  ;  at  leaft,  if 
this  could  be  proved  to  be  true,  it 
would  not  invalidate  the  accuracy 
of  the  narration.  Thefe  periods 
are  termed  yum,  a  word  frequently 
tranflated  day,  but  wl^ich  feems  as 
various  in  its  fignifications,  as  the 
Hindu  yijg.  That  it  does  not  de- 
note a  natural  day,  in  this  paffage, 
is  obvious ;  lince  it  is  mentioned  be- 


fore the  exiftence  of  the  fun,  which 
divides  time  into  night  and  day.  la 
the  prophetic  writings,  it  denotes  a 
natural  day,  a  month,  or  a  year  ; 
and,  if  we  judge  from  the  etymo- 
logy, any  revolution  of  time.  The 
revolutions  of  time,  defcribed  by- 
nature,  are  chiefly  three  ;  the  folar 
and  lunar  periods,  with  that  which 
is  defined  by  the  motion  of  the 
earth  round  its  own  axis.    In  the 
primitive  ages,  all  thefe  three  feem 
to  have  been  expreffed  by  tlie  fame 
general  word,  though  it  mi.^ht  be 
rcftri(5ted  by  its  definite  adjund.  In 
the  Hindu  monuments,  the  compu- 
tation of  time  feems  to  have  been 
made  by  days,  during  their  three 
firll  yugs  or  ages,  and  thefe  are 
termed  years  or  revolutions  of  the 
earth  round  its  own  axis.  This  idea 
is  fupported  by  a  facft  in  the  Hindu 
chronology,  in  which  it  is  a/Terted, 
that  a  year  of  the  gods  is  equal  to 
Q65  years  of  men  ;  which  feems  to 
fhew,  that  a  year  of  the  gods  is  a 
phrafe  of  the  fame  fignification  with 
the  Homeric  A<o$  (Jt^iyxXn  ivixvroc^,  and 
the  Latin  ylnnus    mirabilis.  The 
earth,  at  its  formation,  is  faid  to 
have  been  c fjnf us ed^  Tiiid  full  of  cavi- 
ties;  or,  according  to  the  Arabic  ver- 
fion,  covered  *ujiih  abyss rs  ;  but,  ac- 
cording to  the  Septuagint,  invisible 
and  incompoied.    Should  we,  there- 
fore conclude,'  that  the  primordial 
earth  was  partly  a  confufed  mals  of 
elementary  fubftances,   and  partly 
full  of  empty  cavities ;  we  would 
form  at  leaft,  a  probable  fuppofi- 
tion,   contradided  by  no  exiiting 
pharnomena.    That  the  earth  mult 
have  been  originally  in  a  fofc  or 
muddy  fUte,  has  been  inferred  from 
its  prefent  fpheroidical  form,  com- 
prelfed  at  the  poles,   and  in  the 
higher  latitudes,  in  proportion  to 
their  proximity  to  the  poles.  Some 
geological    phsencmena    feem  to 
demonftrate    this    fad.      In  the 
mountains  of  Qnedliie  and  Port- 
fiasllet  in  Norway,  which  confift  of 

an 


Marcli  1802.    Sketches  of  Ancient  Cosmogony. 


209 


an  argillaceous  pudding-ftone,  the 
filiceous  pebbles  centained,  are  com- 
prefled  at  the  lower  parts  of  the 
mountains,  to  the  thicknefs  of  about 
f  of  an  inch,  but  increafe  in  fize 
androundnefs,in  proportion,  as  their 
fituation  is  much  elevated,  i  Berpn. 
ErdeBcich.  182.  In  the^Vivarois,  the 
loweft  ftrata  of  primitive  lime-ftone 
have  been  found  of  the  thickncis 
of  only  of  an  mch,  but  their 
thicknefs  increafes  with  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  mountain^  until  it  arives 
at  30  or  40  feet  at  the  furnmit. 
I  Soulavic  178.*  Mr  Ferner  made 
the  fame  obfervation  in  England. 
The  number  of  chryftaliine  fubftan- 
ces  which  exift  in  feparate  piafles,  or 
cement  various  fpecies  of  ilrata, 
rather  adds  probability  to  this  doc- 
trine, than  oppofes  it ;  for,  though 
lapideOiis  bodies  may  acquire  a 
chryftalline  ftrudure,  by  cooling 
flowly  from  a  ftate  of  fufion  ;  yet,  in 
nature,  this  Itrudure  feems  to  be 
more  commonly  produced  by  aque- 
ous folution.  Many  fubitances  too, 
at  a  very  cpnliderable  deptli  be- 
neath the  earth's  furface,  ftill  retain 
their  water  of  chryibilHzation.  The 
liquid  Hate  of  the  primordial  earth 
has  been  denied,  on  account  of  the 
difficult  folubility  ot  many  of  its 
fohds,  and  the  total  infolubility  of 
a  variety  of  ihefe  in  water,  which 
is  generally  repreiented  as  the  uni- 
vcrial  menhruum.  Among  others, 
Silex,  and  Fluor  fpar  have  been 
mentioned  by  Dr  liutton,  as  totally 
iiifoluble  in  that  fluid.  Klaproth 
lias  lately  demonftrated,  that  filex 
is  foluble  in  pure  water  ;  but  it  has 
hill  been  alleged,  that,  admitting 
this  folution,  the  immenfe  quantity 
ot  that  fluid  requifite  to  elied  its 
iolution,  forms  an  inluperable  ob- 
jection. But  tliofc  \^ho  propofe 
this  difficulty,  do  not  advert,  that, 
upon  the  hypothefis  of  the  original 
liqtiid  ilate  of  the  globe,  pure  >\'ater 

*  Kirwan's  Geological  EiTays  ap. 
IriHi  Tranfadions  vol  5. 


could  not  have  be^n  the  tmiverfal 
menftruum,  but  a  turbid  chaotic 
fluid  ;  holding,  either  in  folution  or 
diffufion,  the  generic  earths ;  the 
known  metallic  and  femi-metallic 
fubflances,  with  the  various  faiine 
and  inflammable  fubltances.  A  fluid 
of  this  Uiture,  a  menllruum  m^orc 
complex  than  any  that  has  fmce 
exi  ilied,  mufl  have  poffeifed  properties 
very  diiferent  from  any  with  which 
we  have  ever  been  acquainted. 
Neither  is  fuch  a  quantity  of  this 
fluid  requiflte,  as  would  be  neceifarj 
at  prefent,  to  di^iblve  the  folid  con- 
crete globe.  There  is  no  evidence, 
that  the  folid  earthy  fubflances  were 
originally  formed  in  a  folid  Hate, 
rather  than  in  that  Hate  of  minute 
divifion,  which  aqueous  folution  re- 
quires. Upon  this  hypothefls  there- 
fore, fuch  a  quantity  of  the  fluid 
menftruum  is  only  required,  as 
would  be  fufficient  to  preferve  thefe 
folid  fubflances  for  lome  time,  in 
a  ftate  of  folution  or  diffufion,  until 
a  fpontaneous.  depofition  Ihould  take 
place. 

It  is  faid  by  Mofes,  that  darknefs 

was  upon  the  face  of  the  deep.  The 
word  tranflated  det'p  or  ahyp^  denotes 
a  great  cavity,  an  immenfe  depth  of 
water,  or  any  other  fluid,  as  the 
chaotic  ;  and  is  rendered  in  Greek 
by  /Ave,  the  name  of  chaos  among 
tiie  Grecian  philofopllers.  David, 
in  Pfalm  civ.  6.  fays,  the  earth 
was  covered  with  water,  the  abyfs, 
likeagarment,  v/as  its  covering.''  In 
thispalfage,  he  probably  refers  to  the 
Moiaic  account  of  the  Creation,  and 
exprefles  the  Jewiih  idea,  that  the 
folid  nucleus  of  the  earth  was  at 
firft  covered  with  an  immenfe  body 
of  water,  which  was  afterwards  part- 
ly abiorbed  in  the  interior  cavities 
of  the  earth,  and  partly  tormed  the 
feas.  Thus,  it  is  added  in  the  iimo, 
Pialm,  "  that  the  water  flood  above 
the  mountains.'*  The  fame  au- 
thor fays,  that  "  God  fixed  the 
earth  on  its  bafts,  from  which  it 
lhall  not  be  removed  for  ever." — 

which 


5  Sketches  of  Ancient  Cosmogony.  Vol.  64. 


which  feems  naturally  to  allude  to 
the  depofition  of  the  rucceffive  ftrata 
on  the  central  nucleus  of  the  earth. 
Over  the  turbid  •  depths  of  this  fu- 
perincuinbent  fluid,  the  dark  mi  ft 
would  at  firil  Magnate,  or  ^torhcuy 
according  to    the  Hutchinfoniaii 
j>hrare,  till  the  heat  extricated,  da- 
ring the  procefb  of  chryilaili/ation, 
from  fuch  immenfe  quantities  of  la- 
pideous  fubilancts,  produced  a  pro- 
digious    evaporation.  Conflagra- 
tions of  infiammable  matter  v/ould 
be  excited,  and  would  difcngage  the 
o  X  y  g  e  n  o  f  L  h  c  f u  r  r  o  u  n  d  i  n  g  fi  u  i  d .  The 
oxygen,  uniting  with  metallic  iron, 
v/idi  fnlph urate d  carbonaceous,  and 
bituminous  fubftances,  would  Hill 
increafe  the  conflagration,  until  a 
prodigious  quantity  of  oxygen  and 
azote  was  expelled  and  elevated  a- 
l)Ove  the  fluid,  to  form  an  atmof- 
phere.'  Next  follows  the  produ-fiion 
of  light  ;    whether  by  extrication 
from  the  chaotic  mafs  or  otherwife, 
Mofes  does  not  attempt  to  inform 
us.     He  does   not    dcfcribe  the 
phyfical  compofition,  or   the  ef- 
fential  nature  of  light  ;    he  only 
relates  its  production  by  the  De- 
ity :  which  phrafe  applies  equally 
to  its  immediate  creation,  and  its 
extrication,  according  to  the  prc- 
ertablilhed  order  of  events,  which 
the  Deity  had  conftituted.    The  ef- 
fedl,  or  rather  the  fucceeding  event 
of  the  produ^ftion  of  light,  is  dated 
to  be  the  expanfion  of  air,  or  the 
unfixing  the  claftic  fluid,  from  the 
increalmg  exhalation  of  the  waters, 
and  the  progreilive  exficcation  01 
the  land.    The  effect  of  the  firma- 
ment or  dilated  fubftance,  was  to 
divide  the  waters  from  the  v/aters, 
or  to  feparate  and  contain  vapours. 
The  quantity  of  water  elevated,  in 
the  proceis  of  evaporation,  is  fo  e- 
normous,  and  the  quantity  of  rain 
that  falls  in  ilorms,  hurricanes,  5cc. 
fo  extremely  great,  that  it  is  not  im- 
pofTible  that  the  w^ater  contained  in 
the  atmofphere,  may  equal  the  quan- 
tity of  that  fluid  contained  in  the 


feas.  The  elevation  of  fuch  a  quan- 
tity of  the  furrounding  fluid  would 
expofe  a  part  of  the  earth's  folid 
furface,  the  remaining  waters  would 
be  colle<5led  in  the  cavities  of  the 
earth's  furface,  and  thus  the  dry 
land  would  appear.  After  the  ele- 
vation of  the  dry  land,  the  next  e- 
vent  is  the  produdion  of  vegetable 
fubilances.  ylfter  the  dry  land  had 
become  a  proper  nidus  for  vegeta- 
ble life, .the  implanted  feeds  of  ve- 
getables immediately  begin  to  ger- 
minate, and  the  different  fpecies  of 
plants,  Ihrubs,  and  trees  fpring  up. 
That  the  principles  of  vegetable 
life  had  exiiled  before  the  earth  was 
confolidated,  and  had  emerged  from 
the  waters,  feems  to  be  infmuated 
in  Genefis  ii.  4.  Thefe  are  the  o- 
l  igins  of  the  heavens  and  the  earth, 
at  their  formation,  at  the  period 
when  God  formed  the  heavens  and 
the  earth,  and  every  herb  of  xht 
field  before  it  grew  in  the  earth,  and 
every  plant  of  the  field  before  it  ve- 
getated. 

The  Cofmogony  of  Mofes  pro- 
ceeds thus  ; 

And  God  faid,  let  the  waters 
bring  forth  abundantly  the  moving 
creature  that  hath  life,  and  fowl 
that  may  fly  above  the  earth,  in  the 
open  expanfion  of  heaven  ;  and  God 
created  great  whales  and  every  liv- 
ing creature  that  moveth,  which  the 
waters  brought  forth  abundantly, 
according  to  their  fpecies,  and  eve- 
ry winged  fowl,  after  his  fpecies  ; 
and  God  faw  that  it  was  good.  And 
God  blelled  them,  faying,  be  fruit- 
ful and  multiply,  and  fill  the  waters 
in  the  feas,  and  let  fowl  multiply 
in  the  earth.  And  the  darkneis 
and  the  light  formed  the  fifth 
period.  And  God  faid,  let  the  earth 
produce  the  living  creature  accord- 
ing to  its  fpecies  ;  the  cattle  and  the 
reptile,  and  the  wild  beaft,  after  its 
fpecies  ;  and  it  was  fo.  And  God 
made  the  wild  beaft  after  its  kind, 
and  cattle  after  their  kind,  and  eve- 
ry thing  th^t  creepeth  upon  the 

earthj 


March  1802.       Sketches  of  Ancient  Cosmogony.  zii 


earth,  after  its  kind,  and  God  faw 
that  it  was  good.  And  God  faid, 
let  us  make  man  in  our  image,  after 
our  hkenefs,  and  let  him  have  do- 
minion over  the  fifh  of  the  fea,  and 
over  the  fowl  of  the  air,  and  over 
the  cattle  aijd  over  all  the  earth, 
and  over  every  reptile  that  creepeth 
upon  the  earth.  So  God  created 
A/an  in  his  own  image,  in  the  image 
of  God  created  he  him,  male  and 
female,  created  he  them.  And  God 
blelTed  them  ;  and  God  faid  unto 
them,  be  fruitful  and  multiply,  and 
replenifhi  the  earth  and  fab  due  it, 
and  have  dominion  over  the  fifh 
of  the  fea,  and  over  the  fowl  of  the 
air,  and  over  every  thing  that  mo- 
reth  upon  the  earth.  And  God 
faid,  behold  I  have  given  you  eve- 
ry herb  bearing  feed,  which  is  up- 
on the  furface  of  the  whole  earth, 
and  every  tree  which  bears  fruit 
and  produces  feed,  fhall  be  for  your 
food.  And  to  every  bead  of  the 
earth,  and  to  every  fowl  of  the  air, 
and  to  every  reptile  of  the  earth, 
fliall  the  green  herb  be  for  meat ; 
and  it  was  fo.  Thus,  the  heavens 
and  the  earth  were  completed,  and 
all  their  multitudes.  And,  at  the 
feventh  period,  God  completed  the 
work  which  he  had  made,  and  he 
defifted  on  the  feventh  period  from 
all  the  work  which  he  had  made  ; 
and  God  bleffcd  the  feventh  period, 
and  ordained  it  holy,  becaufe  on 
that  period  he  had  defifted  from  all 
the  work  which  he  had  gradually 
formed.'' 

The  greater  part  of  this  relation  is 
too  explicil  to  require  any  comm.en- 
tary ;  yet,  there  are  fome  circumftan  ■ 
ces  that  deferve  attention.  The  pro- 
dudion  of  fiih,  fea-fowl,  and  marine 
animals,  is  recorded  to  havebeenpof- 
terior  to  tlie  produdtion  of  vegetable 
fubftances,  and  the  emerging  of  the 
dryland.  Various  phenomena  in  the 
natural  hiftory  of  the  plcbc  confirm 
this  aiTenion.  The  moft  lofty  ridges 
of  mcuatains,  in  every  c^uarter  of 


earth,  contain  no  fliells  nor  petre- 
fa^ions  incorporated  with'the  rocky 
mafTcS;  or  embedded  in  the  llrata, 
of  which  they  are  compofed.  The 
fummits  of  thefe  ridgcis  were  pro- 
bably uncovered  while  the  original 
fluid,  which  furrounded  the  earth 
was  much  more  impure  than  our 
prefent  feas  ;  and,  wjiile  the  extri- 
cated gafcs  which  compofed  the  at- 
mofpherc,  had  not  combined  i:i 
their  prefent  form.  No  fliells  nor 
petref actions. have  yet  been  difcover- 
ed  above  the  height  of  85 oo  feet. 
The  greateft  elevation  at  which  they 
they  have  been  obferved,  is  ftatcd 
in  the  following  inftunces  :  M.  de 
Luc  found  Cornua  Ammonis  petri- 
fied on  Mount  Grenier,  at  th* 
height  of  7800  feet;  Lertr  s  a  la 
Reincy  227.  Baron  Zoits  relates, 
that  petrefadions  were  fofund  iu 
lime-ftone,  on  the  mountain  of  Ter- 
glore,  in  Carniola,  at  the  lieight 
of  nearly  8500  feet.  But  Fichtel 
remarks,  that,  ftill  higher  on  thefe 
mountains,  no  petrefavftions  wers 
found.  M.  de  Luc  fays,  that  the 
Chain  of  Jura  abounds  in  marine 
remains ;  but  thefe  rem^ains  are  on- 
ly found  in  the  loweft  chain,  and 
no  petrefaftions  are  found  in  the 
higheft,  though  it  confiits  of  lime- 
ftone.  The  Pyrenees  are  moftly 
calcareous,  yet  their  elevated  rid- 
ges, contain  neither  Ihells  nor  petri- 
fa<5tions,  according  to  De  la  Perouf.^, 
Traite  des  Mt?ies  dc  Fer,  336,  Nei- 
ther are  any  found  in  Santo  Velino, 
the  higheft  of  the  Appenine?,  the 
height  of  which  is  above  8300  ket, 
tho'  they  abound  in  thofe  ridges  that 
are  lower.  In  the  Savoyan  Alps,  ac- 
cording to  SauiiLire,  none  are  found 
in  the  Buet,  which  is  calcareous, 
and  exceeds  io,oco  feet  in  height, 
though  they  abound  in  Salenche, 
Saleve,  Mole,  Sec.  which  are  not  e- 
levated  ycoo  feet.  Lafms  remarks, 
with  regard  to  the  Hartz,  that  no 
petrefa<J:l:ions  are  found  in  thofe 
mountains,  v.-hofe  height  exceeds 


212 


Sketches  of  Ancient  Comogony. 


Vol.  63. 


2310,  and  Renovants  afTerts,  that 
the  Siberian  mountains,  on  both 
fides  of  the  Altai,  which  contain  a- 
nimal  remains,  are  none  of  tliem 
more  than  20C0  Paris  feet  in  height. 
It  has  alfo  been  obfcrved,  that  ia 
the  more  elevated  tradts,  towards 
the  defert  of  Gobi,  the  plains  of  the 
Ivlongols,  and  the  ridges  of  Boutan 
and  Tibet,  no  fhells  or  petrefac- 
tions  occur,  though  they  abound  in 
lime-fione,  particularly  about  the 
fources  of  the  Amour. 

In  the  fubfequent  part  of  the 
Mofaic  relation,  no  diificulty  pre- 
fents  itfelf.  It  certainly  was  never 
intended  by  Mofes  to  be  a  theory  of 
the  earth  ;  fo,  that  in  this  inftance, 
we  probably  do  the  author  equal 
injufHce  with  thofe  allegorizing  per- 
fonagcs,  v/ho  have  fuppofed,  that 
when  he  was  marr)  iag  his  wife, 
he  was  only  making  a  meta- 
phor. In  the  rapid  fketch,  prefix- 
ed to  his  Jev.'ifh  Hillory  and  Civil 
Inftitutions,  he  gives  fuch  a  Hif- 
torical  Outline  of  the  earth's  forma- 
tion, as  he  judged  necelTary  for  re- 
ligious, not  philofophical  purpofcs. 
He  does  not  give  a  hillorical  narra- 
tive of  particular  events,  chymical 
or  mechanical,  when  the  earth  af- 
fumcd  its  original  ftrudure  ;  and  its 
component  parts,  their  primaeval  ar- 
rangement. But  neither  has  he  gi- 
ven a  fyftem  of  aftronomy,  though 
he  frequently  mentions  the  liars  of 


heaven  ;  nor  a  fyilem  of  practical 
mathematics  adapted  to  naval  archi- 
tei5lure,  though  he  records  the  dimen- 
fions  of  Noah's  ark.  Neither  thefe, 
nor  the  true  fyftem  of  geology,  were 
neceffary  to  the  propagation  of  the 
religion  which  he  revealed.  The 
greateft  enthufialls,  even  thofe  who 
have  pretended  todifcover  the  whole 
Encyciopspdie  of  Human  Science 
in  the  Bible,  have  never  pretended 
that  this  was  nece/Iary  to  religion  ; 
they  have  only  affigned  this  occult 
fcience  as  an  additional  proof  of  its 
excellence.  Had  Mofes  recorded 
the  dimenfions  of  the  Garden  of  E- 
den,  and  dcfcribed  the  manner  in 
which  it  was  laid  out,  we  might 
have  inferred  his  acquaintance  with 
the  art ;  but,  we  never  could  have 
concluded,  that  he  intended  to  coni- 
pofe  a  Treatife  on  the  Art  of  Gar- 
dening. But,  though  the  Mofaic 
account  is  rather  hiilorical  than  phi- 
lofophical, it  is  neither  contradided 
by  the  phzenomena  of  nature,  nor 
controverted  by  any  principle  of 
philofophical  reafoning.  The  an- 
tlior,  it  is  true,  never  attempts  to 
make  us  acquainted  with  the  inti* 
mate  effences  of  bodies,  nor  pretends 
to  explain  the  manner  how  they 
were  produced,  but  refers  us  to  the 
power  of  the  creating  Intelligence, 
who  gave  being  to  the  heavens  and 
the  earth,  as  he  exifted  before  them. 
(To  be  continued.) 


To  the  Editors  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


Gentlemen, 
I  FIRMLY  truft  that  the  difpute 
betwixt  the  ox-pokers  and  carrion- 
floggcrs  (fee  Marflial's  Minutes  of 
Agriculture)  will  now  be  at  an 
end,  and  that  the  bleffed  period, 


predicted  fourfcore  and  four  years 
ago,  will  foon  happily  arrive.  Two 
redoubtable  knights,  not  of  the  er- 
rant order,  but  Honourable  Baro- 
nets of  Great  Britain,  have  certified 
to  the  patriotic  Board  of  Agricul- 
ture, 


March  I  So  2, 


Jmprovements  in^  Husbandry. 


^^3 


ture,  that  the  earth,  or  the  capital 
ftock  of  the  country,  in  the 
language  of  osconomirts,  may  be 
digged,  or,  as  we  call  it  in  Scotland, 
delved  at  lefs  expence  than  hitherto 
has  been  found  pradicahle  to  culti- 
vate it,  with  that  antiquated  and 
cnmberfome  implement  called  a 
plough  ;  nay,  that  in  fad,  a  cottager 
and  his  family  are  capable  of  work- 
ing as  much  ground  with  the  fpade, 
in  tiic  courfe  of  one  year,  as  is  ge- 
nerally executed  by  a  man  and  t  \o 
iiorfes  in  the  like  time.  This  infor- 
mation IS  fo  important,  and  accom- 
panied with  fuch  a  train  of  advan- 
lages  to  the  imperial  kingdom,  that 
I  cannot  refrain  from  elucidating 
the  fubjed  in  a  few  points,  which 
have  rather  been  overlooked  by  the 
original  difcoverers, 

ift,  Neither  rain  nor  fnow  are 
permitted  to  fail  upon  the  ground 
po/TeiTed  by  the  cottagers,  at  lead, 
in  fuch  a  degree,  as  to  retard  work 
for  a  fmgle  hoar,  or  to  damage  the 
feveral  articles  thereupon  produced. 
This  temperature  of  climate  is  of 
fuch  fmgular  importance,  that  it 
can  hardly  be  duly  appreciated.  No 
longer  ago  than  lall:  winter,  the  com- 
mon plough  farmers,  from  the  fe- 
vcrity  of  the  ftorm,  were  nearly 
idle  for  two  months,  v.^iich  occa- 
fioned  a  lofs  to  the  nation  of  two 
millions  Sterling  at  lead.  This 
could  not  have  happened  under  the 
new  fyftem,  which  permits  the  cot- 
tager to  carry  on  work  from  the 
one  year's  end  to  the  other  ;  beiides, 
neither  mildew  nor  blight  afFed  the 
cottager's  crops,  whereas,  thofe  of 
the  former,  are  lefs  or  more  injured, 
everjr  feafon,  by  fuch  baneful  difor- 
ders. 

2dly,  Neither  ficknefs  nor  forrow 
can  gain  accefs  into  thofe  happy  re- 
gions where  t?ie  cottager  dwells;  nor 
is  the  cry  of  diftrefs  ever  heard  with- 
in their  bounds.  Thefe  circum- 
ftances  are  almofl  fufficient  to 
tempt  every  confideratc   man  in 

Vgl.  LXIV. 


the  three  kingdoms  to  forfakc  his 
prefent  occupation,  and  turn  cotta- 
ger, feeing  that  conflant  health  is 
the  greateit  terreflrial  blcillng  which 
mortal  man  can  enjoy. 

3dly,  The  produce  of  thefe  highly 
favoured  fields  is  more  eftirnable 
than  what  is  raifed  by  profc/lional 
farmers,  which  undoubtedly  is  an 
objed  of  magnitude.  According  to- 
the  ancient  adage,  "  there  mu it- al- 
ways be  two  people  at  the  making 
of  a  bargain  f '  but  this  does  not 
hold  true  in  the  cafe  of  a  cottager, 
for  he  poileifes  a  power  of  putting" 
a  price  upon  his  articles,  which,  in 
the  nature  of  things,  cannot  be  witli- 
drawn  from  him.  Perhaps,  in  the 
triHing  articles  of  butter  ar-d  four- 
milk  an  exception  mu!l  be  made. 

4thly,  The  cottager's  rent  is  al- 
ways lefs  than  what  is  paid  by  mer- 
cenary farmers,  and  this  at  leaft, 
is  a  -^^rimary  advantage.  Landed 
gentlemen  in  Scotland  generally 
think  one  third  of  the  produce  too 
little  for  the  rent,  Arthur  Young 
ftates  one  fifth  as  a  proper  ratio  ; 
but  the  fortunate  cottager  is  accom- 
modated upon  much  better  termxs ; 
he  feldom  pays  more  than  one- 
eighth,  that  is  to  fiy,  when  the  fu- 
perior  value  of  his  produce  is  con- 
fidered. 

5thly,  Thh:  condition  of  the  cot- 
tager is  fo  ex'celTively  meliorated, 
that  he  abfolutely  gains  more  from 
twenty  dayi.  labour,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  a  few  fpare  hours,  than  he 
can  earn  in  the  farmer's  fervice  in 
the  courfe  of  285  days.  In  my 
humble  opinion,  this  points  out  the 
propriety  of  extending  thefyftem; 
for  it  is  plain,  that  by  giving  him 
45  acres  inllead  of  3  acres,  as  fug- 
gefted  by  thefe  worthy  knights,  he 
w^ould  enjoy  a  neat  income  of  three 
hundred  pounds  Sterling  per  an- 
num, which  certainly  would  b.e  a 
comfortable  afeir.  I  apprehend,  no 
man,  e.xcept  the  cottager,  could 
reap  one-fourth  of  this  profit  from 
r  f  fuch 


V 


214 


Improvements  In  Husbandry  Vol.  64. 


fuch  a  fpace  of  ground  ;  and,  in  this 
idea,  I  am  happy  to  be  countenanced 
by  one  of  the  gentlemen  alluded  to. 
Perhaps  he  goes  further  than  I  can 
accompany  him,  in  aflerting,  that 
the  cottager  can  make  more  money 
from  ihrety  than  the  farmer  from 
eighty  acres,  which  our  opponents 
may  reckon  as  favouring  the  fyllcn^ 
too  much. 

6thly ,  A  N  D  laftly ,  for  it  would  fill  up 
your  work,  were  I  to  detail  the  whole 
benefits  of  the  fyfliem,  every  man 
be  his  previous  difpofitions  and  ha- 
bits what  they  may,  inftantly  be- 
comes fober  and  induftrious,  the 
moment  he  is  admitted  upor*  the 
cottage  roll.  Nay  more,  his  very 
wife  is  always  buly  ;  that  is,  flie  be- 
comes, all  at  once,  fomething  like 
the  good  w^oman  defcribed  in  the 
Proverbs,  while  tlie  whole  family, 
all,  and  erery  one  of  them,  are 
healthy,  contented,  and  happy. 
They  work  305  days  in  a  year, 
which  is  more  than  what  is  done  by 
any  any  other  clafs  in  the  three 
kingdoms. 

80  perverfe  and  hofiile,  however, 
are  mankind  to  every  improving 
fcheme,  that  I  muft  confefs,  that 
I  have  heard  various  objections  da- 
ted, not  only  to  the  extention,  but 
even  to  the  introduction  of  this 
truly  patriotic  plan.  It  has  been 
alleged,  that  one  of  the  gentlemen 
concerned,  denies  his  faith  by  his 
pradice  ;  but  this  1  rank  as  an  un- 
charitable fuggcftion,  and  undeferv- 
ing  of  notice.  The  bad  condition  in 
w^hich  the  ground  is  generally  kept, 
in  the  hands  of  fmall  polfelibrs, 
is  alfo  infilled  upon,  as  a  good  ar- 
gument, againft  what  is  Riled  the 
modern  a^jrar^a:.  AYlem  ;  but  it 
may  be  anfwered,  that  the  cenfure 
applied  in  this  inftj^nce  is  irrelevant, 
becaufe  the  bad  m.anagcmcnt  men- 
tioned, proceeds  from  imperfe<5l 
ploughing  ;  and  ccnfequently,  is  un- 
connected with  a  fyftcm  which  is 


founded  upon  a  total  rejc61ionof  that 
inftrument.  It  has  likewife  been  ur- 
ged, that  a  rood  of  ground  cannot 
be  digged  in  62  hours,  at  lead  in  a 
fufEcientway,and  that  when  potatoes 
and  turnips  are  to  be  raifed,  three 
diggings  would  be  neceffary,  though 
only  one  is  allowed  in  the  plan.  The 
quantity  of  potatoes  per  acre,  and 
the  price  per  bufhel.  have  alfo  been 
faidtobe  exaggerated,  and  the  whole 
calculations  have  been  cbaradlerifed 
as  founded  upon  delufive  principles. 
A  vaunt  ye  iccp-'  /rr,  have  ye  not 
telHmony  unparalelled  fnice  the 
creation  of  the  world,  in  fupport  of 
the  magnificent  and  philanthropic 
plan,  id,  The  evidence  is  legal, 
being  given  by  two  witnefTes, 
2dly,  It  is  refpedable,  the  witnef- 
fes  are  knights,  and  baronets  to  boot. 
3dly,  The  evidence  is  uncommon  ; 
for  one  of  the  witneffes  is  a  Scotch- 
m.an,  and  the  other  an  Englifhman, 
4thly,  The  evidence  is  curious  ;  one 
of  the  witnelfes  com.es  from  the 
largeft  Englifh  county,  and  the 
other  from  a  'diftrid  in  Scotland, 
claifed,  by  the  articles  of  union,  onl  y 
as  half  a  county.  Ponder,  ye  un- 
believers, there;  ore,  upon  thefe  un- 
common circumftances,  caft  away 
the  unfortunate  prejudices  which 
have  taken  po/TefTion  of  your  minds, 
and  join  with  me  in  extolling  the 
authors  of  the  new  fyftem,  as  true 
friends  to  the  agricultural  profpe- 
rity,  and  national  happincfs  of  the 
Britifh  illes. — I  am. 
Sir,  Yours, 
A  Lover  of  Pf.ojects. 

P.  S.  It  would  be  a  fartlier  im- 
provement  to  ordain  all  the  old 
croft  lands  of  the  kingdom  to  be 
planted  with  cottages,  and  the  far- 
mers to  be  turned  to  the  out-fields  ; 
v/intcr  tares  being  included  in  the 
rotation  propcfed  for  the  cottagerj 
renders  the  bcft  foil  nece/Tary  t 
bring  the  fyilem  to  perfe-fiion. 


March  1802.         Earl  of  BucharCs  Verses. 


215 


Tor  the  Scots  Magazine. 


THE  Editors  of  the  Scots  Ma- 
gazine having  been  favoured  with 
a  copy'  of  the  Earl  of  Buchan's 
Verfes  to  the  Duchefs  ot  Gordon, 
are  defirous  of  teftifying  their  re- 
fped  for  his  Lordlhip,  by  affigning 
it  a  confpicuous  place  in  their  mif- 
cellany,  dillindt  from  the  mafs  of 
vulgar  poetry.  The  light,  elegant, 
extemporaneous  ftile  of  poetry,  in 
which  his  Lordfhip  excels,  has  ne- 
ver been  naturalized  in  Scotland. 
It  is  the  native  produ(flion  of  a 
warmer  climate,  and  more  genial 
atmofphere,  than  that  which  extort- 
ed from  the  fage  Buchanan  the 
following  verfes. 

Hid  quiddjii,  Cirrha  procul,  et  Pci-iiieflide 

lympha, 
Pene  Tub  ardoi  fidere  nata  poli. 

The  elegant  facility  of  his  Lordftiip's 
verfification  is  not  more  confpicu- 
ous than  his  patriotifm  in  tranf- 
porting  the  rapid  graces,  of  the 
Italian  and  Spaniih  tmprovisatori 
from  the  Po  and  the  Guadalquiver 
to  the  Banks  of  the  Tweed.  His 
Lordlhip's  opinion,  that  this  elegant 
faculty  is  the  only  veftige  of  the 
ancient  fpirit  of  poetry  that  Hill  ex- 
ifts  among  the  moderns,  is  well  il- 
luftrated  by  his  own  inimitable  pro- 
dnftion,  which  does  honour  to  the 
Scotilh  Arcadia.  The  learned  read- 
er w^ill  recognize,  at  once,  the  deli- 
cate allufion  in  the  following  verfes 
to  the  Venus  Anadyomene  of  the 
Greeks,  that  has  fo  feldom  been  the 
fubjedl  of  either  painting  or  poetry. 


THE 

EARL  OF  BUCHAN 

iiRRlVlNO   IN  SCOILAMD, 
TO  THE 

,DU  CHESS   OF  GORDON. 


THOU  beauteous  Star,  whofe  filvcry  light^ 
Enchanting  came  upf)n  my  youthful  fight! 
Ah  !  what  a  blaze  has  liid  thy  virgin  rays, 
Whilll  I,  in  woods  retir'd,  havc:  pall  my 
days  ! 

Now  filver'd  o'er  by  Time's  eventful  hand, 
1  greet  thy  evening  beam  on  Scotia's  iirand, 
Cjlara  !  this  image  is  to  pid:ure  Thee  !— 
I  faw  thee  nfmg  from  the  Atlantic  Tea, 
Thy  treltes  dropping  the  Cerulean  ware. 
From  whence  Thou  graceful  didft;  the  wa* 
tcr  lave  ; 

The  Gracesjand  the  loving  Boy  were  there. 
And  whiiit  they  braided  thy  ambrofian 
hair, 

I  faw  TuEE  blufhing,  fhrinking  from  my 
view, 

And  thy  quick  footlleps  brufhing  o'er  the 
dew. 

Old  Kaimes,  like  Vulcan,  firft  proclaimed 

thy  charms, 
A.nd  bleil  Alexis  took  Tuee  to  his  arm-f : 
Clara  !  thy  charms  furpais  the  Faphiau 

Queen, 

Now  Palias*  cafque  upon  thy  head  is  feen  I 
'  fis  not  our  hearts  futlice  to  grace  thy  car, 
The  mufcs  come  at  lail  to  clof-  ihe  war. 
Tibfixt;  behold  the  wreath  Tiiju  well 

hall  won ; 
I  bear  it  1  milling  vvi  h  my  fetting  fun  ; 
I  alk.  no  piaiiV,  no  lympathetic  tear, 
Heaven  is  my  home,  1  am  a  ftrangcr  here* 

Edinburgh,  7 
Fihruary  17.  lSc2.  3 


Ffa.  THE 


2l5 


THE  QUEGRICH. 


Vol.  64, 


To  the  Editors  of 

G}i;NTLEMEN, 

IN  the  notes  to  Scot^^s  Poem  of 
Glenfinlas,  ap.  Minftrelfy  of  the 
Scotifh  Border,  Vol.  11.  p.  391, 
Irmc  account  is  given  of  the  Scot- 
tifh  faint,  8t  Fill  an  :  Some  farther 
notice  of  this  perlbnage  may  be 
found  in  Bellenden's  Bocce,  B.  14. 
fol.  ccxiii,  and  Pennant's  Tour  in 
Scotland,  1772,  Part  II.  p.  15.  16. 
The  9th  of  January  was  confeci  ated 
to  thi'  faint;  and  Kilfillan,  (\e/lj 
F'dianh  in  Renfrew,  and  St  Phillans, 
Or  Forgond,  in  Fife,  derived  their 
names  frorn  him,  as  well  as  Strath- 
fillan,  a  glen  near  Killin  at  the  head 
of  1  och  Tay,  where  a  piiory  was 
founded  in  honour  of  him,  ])yPvobcrt 
Eruce.  if  you  think  the  following 
curious  document,  relating  to  the 
famous  relic  of  this  faint,  termed 
the  Quegrich,  of  fufficient  impor- 
tance, you  are  at  liberty  to  infert  il 
in  your  Mifcellany.  D.  H. 

Edinburgky  Fd,  15,  1802. 

At  Edinburgh  the  firft  day  of 
November,  feventeen-hundred  and 
thi  ty-four  years,  In  prefenceof  the 
-Lords  o'  Council  and  Sefficn,  com- 
peared Mr  John  Lookup,  Advo- 
cate, as  procurator  for  Malice  Doire 
after  defigned,  and  gave  in  the  Let- 
ters of  Gift  underwritten,  defiring 
the  fame  o  be  regiilrate  in  their 
Lordfhips'  Books,  as  a  probative 
wri^  ;  which  defire  the  faid  Lords 
found  reafonable,  and  therefore  they 
ordain  the  frtJ^ie  to  be  done  accor- 
dingly, conform  to  of  Parlia- 
ment made  anent  the  regidration  of 
probative  writs,  in  all  points  v,^here- 
<ti  the  tenor  follows  : 

James,  be  ye  grace  of  God,  King 
of  Scottis,  to  all  and  fmdrie  ow^re 
lieges  andfubditis,  fperituale  and  tem- 
porale,  to  quhas  knaulage  tins  oure 
Lres  fal  cum,  greting  :  Forafmikie 
as  we  have  underftand  yt  our  fervi- 
toure  Malice  DoiPvE  and  his  for* 
bearis  has  had  ar4e  Relick  of  Saint 


thi^  Scots  Magazine. 

Filane,  callit  ye  ^egrlch^  I'n  keep* 

ing  of  ws  &  of  oure  progenitouris, 
of  maift  nobill  mynde,  quham  Go'd 
ailoleze  fen  ye  tyme  King  Robert 
ye  Bruys,  and  of  before;  and  made 
nanc  obedience  nor  anfuer<:  to  na 
perfoun,  fperituale  nor  temporale,  in 
ony  thing  concerning  ye  faid  haly 
Relick,  utherwayes  than  is  conteint 
in  ye  auld  infeftment  tliereof,  made 
and  grantit  be  cure  faid  progeni- 
touris  ;  We  charge  zaw  hereforc 
Itrately,  and  commandis,  that  in 
tyme  to  c  jm,  ze  and  ilk  ane  of  zow 
rcdily  anfuere,  intend,  and  obey  to 
the  faid  M.  D.  in  yc  peciable  brock- 
ing  and  jcifing.  of  ye  faid  Relick, 
and  that  ze  naine  of  zow  tak  upon 
hand  to  compel  nor  diftreneze  him 
to  make  obedience  nor  anfuere  to 
zow,  ror  till  ony  uther,  but  alaner- 
ly  to  us  and  oure  fucce/fouris,  ac 
cording  to  ye  faid  infeftment  and 
foundation  of  yc  faid  Relick,  and 
ficklikc  as  wes  iifs  and  wonat  in  ye 
tyrae  of  our  faid  progenitouris,  of 
maift  nobel  mynde,  of  before  ;  and 
that  ze  mak  him  nane  impediment, 
letting,  nor  diitroublance  in  ye  paf- 
fmg  with  ye  faid  relick  throue  ye 
contre,  as  he  and  his  forbearis  was 
wount  to  do  ;  and  yt  ze  and  ilk  ane 
of  zow,  in  oure  name  and  autoritie^ 
kepe  him  unthrallit,  bot  to  remaine 
in  ficklike  fredome  and  liberte  of  ye 
faid  relick^  likeas  is  conteinc  in  ye 
faid  infeftment,  under  ail  ye  hurt, 
pain,  and  charge  yt  ze  and  ilk  ane 
of  zow  may  comitt  and  Inrin  anent 
ws  on  yt  part.  Gevenundirowre /ve 
Sele,  at  Edinbr.  ye  XI  day  of  July, 
ye  zere  of  God  j.m.iiijc.lxxxvij.  zeres, 
and  of  ov/re  Regnne  ye  xxviij  zere. 
Sic  Subfcribiiur,      James  IJ^. 

L  ra  pro  Malifio  Doire,  5,y. 

in  Strathfillane. 
(The  privy  Scale  is  appended  to  yOi 
principal.) 

(Signed)        Jo,  Murrav, 


JVIarch  1802 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
FRAGMENT  of  tyve  ANNALS  of  the  OTOMAC^^AS. 


THE  following  hiftorlcal  frag- 
ment is  faid  to  have  been  brought 
from  Guiana,  by  one  of  the  French 
literati,  who  have  lately  returned 
from  that  country.  It  is  tranflated 
from  the  annals  of  the  Otomaquas, 

tribe  of  fmgular  wifdom  ;  who 
have,  with  great  felicity,  and  good 
fortune,  attained  that  ftate  of  na- 
ture, fo  much  admired  by  philofo- 
phers.  In  order  to  preferve  them- 
ielves  in  this  enviable  condition, 
and  prevent  themfelves  from  being 
overpovv^ered  by  their  intellectual 
faculties,  like  civilized  barbadians  ; 
they  eat  a  pound  and  a  half  of  fit 
earth  every  day  :  and  thus,  are  un- 
der no  necefiity  of  cultivating  the 
ground,  or  even  of  enduring  the  fa- 
tigues of  hunting  for  their  fub- 
fiftence,  like  other  nations.  The 
Otomaquas  are  however  very  fu- 
perilitious ;  and,  like  the  ancient 
Romans,  much  addidled  to  augury. 
They  are  faid  to  have  a  bock  kept 
in  their  principal  temple,  defcribing 
the  colour,  fize,  and  dimenfions  of 
every  ftrange  bird,  beaft,  or  fifh, 
that  vifits  their  coafts,  chiefly  with 
a  view  to  the  falvation  of  the  ftate  ; 
but,  according  to  others,  with  the 
defign  of  improving  the  kinds  of 
good  eating  among  the  prieiis  ;  a 
fubjcv5l  no  lefs  worthy  of  care  and 
confideration. 

It  is  conje(51ured,  that  the  ani- 
mal defcribed  by  the  Otomaquas, 
as  a  hog  or  bird,  was  a  Scots  beau ; 
who,  about  the  beginning  of  the 
laft  century,  failed  for  the  colony 


of  Darien.  It  may  be  alledgei, 
that  this  conjecture  is  oppofed  b/ 
fome  anachronifms,  as  the  men- 
tion of  horfe-racing,  pugilifm,  and 
Prince's  ftreet ;  but  the  objedion  i$ 
very  trivial,  as  fome  miilakes  may 
eafily  have  flipt  into  the  tranfla- 
tion  ;  the  books  of  the  Otomaquas^^ 
confining  of  bundles  of  ^uppos^ 
or  firings,  knotted  like  the  mefhcs 
of  a  fi flier m an  s  old  net.  Befides, 
the  French  are  more  remarkable 
for  their  lively  fancy,  than  clofe 
attention  to  literal  truth,  and 
poffibly  a  little  of  the  modern  cos- 
tvme  may  have  appeared  more  ele- 
gant. Certain  it  is,  that  the  heroes 
of  the  Iliad  never  became  popular 
among  the  ladies,  till  a  French 
taylor  gave  them  fafhionables,  that 
is,  a  coat,  breeches,  and  boots,  like 
other  gentlemen. 

"  On  the  fifth  day  of  the  ninth 
moon,_  while  the  evil  fpirit  was  tor- 
menting the  great  waters,  tliere 
appeared  on  the  fandy  lliore  of  the 
Eaftern  Creek,  a  large  fioating 
houfe  with  white  win^s.  Mofl  of 
the  inhabitants  having  fled  trom 
before  it,  it  dii'appeared  during  the 
night.  At  the  reiurn  of  dawn  af- 
ter performing  the  folemn  lervice, 
which  fecures  us  againfl  approach- 
ing evil,  we  went  down  to  the 
ihore ;  where  we  found  a  wonder- 
ful and  flrange  fpecies  of  animal, 
fitting  on  the  beach,  near  a  hollow 
fcoop  of  wood.  His  face  and  his 
hair,  wcrs  pale  as  fnow.    His  eves 

flared 


218 


Annals  of  the  Otomaquas. 


Vol.  64. 


ftared  hi  terrific  w'lldnefs.  His 
feathers  were  cut  in  fuch  a  man- 
ner,  as  to  exprefs  the  image  of  his 
body,  which  had  fome  faint  refem- 
blance  of  the  human  figure;  except- 
ing the  covers  of  the  feet,  which 
extended  far  beyond  the  length  of 
his  toes.  Behind  his  head,  there 
was  a  long  tail,  refembling  that  of 
H  pig,  which-  indeed  aflorded  the 
fa Ife  light  of  interpretation  to  our 
facred  augurs.  It  had  been  re- 
corded in  the  memories  of  the  w  ife, 
ibr  many  generations,  that  a  new 
r.nd  wonderful  Ipecies  of  fwine, 
would  be  wafted  over  the  great 
ocean  ;  which  would  much  improve 
the  breed;  and  alfo  the  happinefs 
of  the  nation.  Our  eiders  hailed 
riie  happy  omen;  and  the  whole 
afftmbly  Ihouted  with  joy.  They 
sipproacLed  the  caufe  of  our  terror 
with  loud  ihouts  and  exulcations  ; 
and  fouvd,  that  the  wild  looks  of 
the  animal  had  been  greatly  mifre- 
prcfented. 

The  elders  then  called  a  palaver 
on  the  fhore,  to  decide  on  this  new 
Palladium  of  the  ftate.  Some  of 
the  priells  were  of  opinion,  that  the 
wonderful  pig  Ihould  be  facrihced 
to  the  gods,  and  his  body  eaten  im- 
mediately; partly  by  way  of  thankf- 
giving  for  the  favour,  and  partly  to 
tafte  the  nature  of  the  flelh.  The 
p^.trvjilc  m.embers,  in  oppofition  to 
the  miajcr  party,  declared,  that  they 
would  confider  the  nation  as  ruined, 
if  the  anim.al  vrere  not  left  to  the 
freed'jm  of  his  own  will,  to  fcamper 
among  the  recks,  and  try  the  ioil 
of  the  country.  They  infilled,  that 
the  bounty  of  the  gods  might  be 
cut  fhoit  for  ever;  if  a  blefnng, 
v/hich  v/asdefigned  to  be  permanent, 
lliould  be  fnatched  away  by  fuch  un- 
feemly  anticipation.  They  moved, 
that  the  ilrange  pi^  lliould  be 
treated  with  all  imaginable  gentle- 
nefs  ;  efpecially,  as  he  feemed  to  be 
cf  a  very  delicate  body,  averfe  to 


mire,  or  any  kind  of  water  what- 
foever.  The  purity  of  his  nature, 
they  averred,  was  a  dirtO  proof  of 
his  having  defccnded  immediately 
from  the  gods. 

An  ancient  prieft  then  rofe,  and 
addrcffed  the  a'fembly.  My  chil- 
dren, if  the  counfcl  of  the  multi- 
tude be  followed,  our  country  is 
ruined  indeed.  It  is  recorded  in 
the  prophecies  of  Ugo  the  red- 
bearded,  fon  of  Igo  the  brown 
varrior,  that  a  Ilrange  bird 
fhall  be  landed  in  the  Eafteri\ 
Creek  ;  who  lhall  bring  along  with 
him,  a  great  neil  of  cui  ious  thing's- 
In  thofe  days,  much  divine  light 
lliall  be  thrown  on  the  arc  of  au- 
gury. Men  fliall  ^^ather  the  future 
will  of  the  gods,  from  the  fayings, 
gellurcs,  and  actions  of  the  Ih  an^e 
bird  ;  and  note  them  in  a  book,  for 
explaining  the  myfteries  of  fate,  and^ 
the  fecrets  of  the  unknown  coun- 
try. Let  the  fowl  be  kept  facred, 
and  let  not  his  neft,  which  you  fee 
piled  in  the  hollow  fcoop  be  de- 
ftroyed.  Mark  his  fong,and  treafurc 
his  geftures  in  your  minds,  for  on 
thefe,  my  children,  depends  the  fal- 
vation  of  the  Rate. 

The  affembly  yielded  to  the  pro- 
phecy of  Ugo  ;  and  the  fouls  of  the 
wife  were  attentive  to  the  founds  of 
the  bird,  from  whofe  mouth  iflued 
the  voice  of  fate.  When  the  even- 
ing fan  became  low,  the  creature 
defcended  to  the  fcoop ;  and,  having 
drawn  fome  red  w^ater  from  a  hol- 
low trunk  of  a  tree,  drank  it  very 
freely.  Within  a  fhort  time,  he 
began  to  leap  and  caper  furioufly  ; 
and  give  a  long  chuckling  kind  of 
cry,  ibmething  like  the  voice  of 
a  pariot;  v/hich  our  augurs  faith- 
fully recorded.  The  founds  refem- 
bled  words,  but  thefe  words,  no 
man  can  explain  ;  except  thofe,  who 
are  (killed  in  the  language  of  birds. 
We  knew^  now,  that  the  animal  was 
no  pig ;  for  fwine  have  neve;-  afpired 

to 


March  i3o2. 


Annals  of  the  Otomaquas. 


to  the  honours  of  fpeech  ;  and  it 
accordingly  written  in  the  fa- 
cred  books,  that  no  man  ought  to 
judge  of  a  prodigy  by  the  tail.  The 
firft  founds  of  the  bird  were  thefe  : 
"  Egad,  a  pretty  hop  upon  my 
foul — Sailed  from  Lcith  on  the 
2 1  ft — left  all  friends  blubbering  — 
All  gone  to  the  bottom  — there  lies 
the  good  Ihip  Rover — and  I  am 
cooly  among  the  Engeans — A  curled 
fear,  I  have  got,  though,  -  A-hem  ! 
lure  I  have  not  caught  cold — Huz- 
za, let's  fee.  Seven  or  eight  anchors 
of  good  wine,  brandy,  gin,  and  fo 
forth,  fived  — and  all  my  linen,  and 
drefTing  paraphernalia — Huzza  !  - 
Odfo,  Pll  aftonilh  the  natives  ~ril 
drefs,  as  if  bound  for  Lady  Faddle's 
rout  —oh  !  how  the  hlo  .ds  on  Prin- 
ces ftreet  would  ftare,  to  fee  me 
capering  amongft  the  Engeans 

These  words  were  uttered  in 
fuch  a  tone,  as  feemed  to  be  preg- 
nant with  the  fate  of  the  empire. 
They  were  the  firii  that  the  iirange 
fowl  fpoke,  after  a  long  (ilence. 
♦.)ur-  young  prophets  ftill  imita  e 
their  rapidity  and  vehemence  Vv^ith 
awe ;  for  they  are  certainly  the  wi- 
fcii  founds  that  ever  were  uttered. 

After  fome  pecuhar  geihires, 
the  animal  opened  a  lir;llov/  fquare 
tree  ;  and  took  from  thence,  nev/ 
covers  for  his  limbs  and  claws.  We 
nC)W  faw  fhat  his  feathers  grew  not 
to  his  (kin,  but  that  he  was  a  bird, 
ftill  v/ithout  plumage;  and  indeed 
a  ftrange  fort  of  a  bird.  If  the  pro- 
phecy of  Ugo  had  not  called  him 
fo,  and  the  voice  of  wifdpm  had  not 
proclaimed  him,  furely  we  could 
never  have  kilov^m  the  truth  ;  but 
tliat  which  is  recorded  in  prophecy, 
no  man  ought,  or  dare  deny.  Yet 
his  form  was  not  that  of  a  man,  his 
foles  v;ere  fofter  than  lilk,  his  face 
white  as  milk  ;  he  fpoke  not  the 
language  of  men,  but  the  language 
of  birds,  which  few  men  under- 
ftand. 

The  fowl  ftript  off  his  plumage  ; 
all,  except  a  thin  film,  like  the  film 


of  an  egg.  He  then  opened  a  bag 
full  of  fmall  duft,  white  as  fnov/ ; 
and  fprinkled  it  on  his  head  with  a 
brafh.  He  lifted  to  his  eye,  a  circle 
of  clear  ice,  as  feemed  to  the  multi* 
fade,  who  taifed  an  unquenchable 
laugh  at  the  figure  of  the  prodigy  ; 
and  then  uttered  thefe  founds, 
which,  may  the  gods  avert,  as  they 
were  certainly  a  curie  upon  our  lln- 
ful  heads.  "  A  parcel  of  favage^ 
by  -  !  rat  me,  if  they  have  ever 
lived  in  good  company,  or  knov/ 
the  manners  of  a  gentleman.-*'  At 
v/hich,  the  profane  vulgar  raifei 
another  impious  and  loud  laugh, 
for  which  I  fincereiy  pray,  that  they 
may  be  forgiven ! 

This  ftrange  phenomenon  then 
clothed  himfelf  in  borrowed  plumes. 
He  bound  a  wreath  of  white  cloch 
around  his  neck,  which  almoft  co- 
vered his  mouth  ;  on  his  body  he 
put  four  covers,  very  ilrait,  and 
party  coloured.  His  legs  were  ar- 
med in  thick  fkin,  and  on  his  white 
head  fat  a  black  tuft  with  three 
corners.  At  one  fide  of  the  body, 
h:ing  a  long  tool  in  a  cafe,  of  which 
v/e  could  never  difcover  the  true 
ufe.  Many  oracles  were  confultcd 
about  the  defign  of  this  organ  ; 
but  the  gods  always  replied,  that 
it  v/as  of  no  fervice  to  the  bird 
liimfelf,  and  that  it  might  be  fifeiy 
taken  away,  Vv^ithont  endangering 
in  the  fmalleft  degree,  his  health  or 
beauty.  Laltly,  he  drew  from  the 
hollow  tree,  a  clear  ftone,  and  looked 
at  it  earneftly  ;  after  which  he  ex- 
claimed in  a  cheerful  tone,  I^ii"ig 
it,  a'ii't  I  veryimart.** 

By  tin's  time,  the  fw^iria"'e  part  of 
our  nation  had  a(fembled  in  gre:-.t 
quanliides.  Whether  they  wjre  lea 
by  curiofity,  or  drav.-n  by  fugern  i- 
tural  force,  it  is  diihcuit  to  fay.  An 
old  prieftefs  was  at  the  head  of  the 
band,  who  had  often  iniifted,  that 
all  p-rodigies  of  a  gentler  nature, 
and  playful  difpofition,  fhould  be 
delivered  into  her  hands,  as  a  mors 
careful  guardian  of  the  inferior  du- 

tie* 


Annals  of  the  Otomaquas. 


Vol.  64. 


tics  of  the  holy  office.  To  this  fe- 
veral  of  the  elders  obje(5led ;  but  a 
report  being  raifed,  that  another 
fiying  houie  had  appeared  on  a 
dilFerent  part  of  the  coaft  ;  they 
configned  the  care  of  this  peaceable 
monfter  to  the  women,  who  ere 
much  taken  with  his  figure,  and 
obfervedwith  raptures,  every  word 
which  he  uttered. 

The  firft  thing  which  he  then 
did,  was  to  ftriit  up  and  down 
among  the  tribe  in  a  prnud  and 
lofty  manner.  Fie  next  placed  his 
feet  in  various  poflures,  and  made 
figns  to  them,  to  do  the  lame.  They 
obeyed  him  with  eagernefs  ;  fc<r  all 
know,  that  we  ought  to  imitate 
carefully,  the  fervants  of  the  gods. 
He  taught  them  to  run  in  circles, 
in  a  flrange,  mij^ed,  and  irregular 
manner,  a  pradice,  which  is  Hill 
continued  in  the  kingdom,  under 
the  name  of  a'ancino  a  facred  ap- 
pellation given  by  its  author.  Be- 
iides,  it  is  recorded,  that  he  gave 
fome  of  them  draughts  of  a  warm 
and  fiery  water,  which  rendered 
them  wild  and  infpired.  Further- 
more, the  beautiful  red  colour  of 
their  faces  was  much  heightened  ; 
and  the  tatooing  which  was  done 
in  thefe  happy  moments,  bore  all 
the  marks  of  a  divine  hand,  being 
very  deep  and  kfting. 

Many  of  his  fayings,  or  myftical 
fpeeches,  are  preferved  in  the  books 


of  the  augurs.  Upon  feeing  us 
kneeling  towards  the  eaft,  in  honour 
of  the  gods,  he  exclaimed,  "  Poor 
wretches  !  confoundedly  ignorant, 
grofsly  ignorant  indeed  !  Rat  me, 
nothing  like  the  civilized  inhabitants 
of  Europe — Dick,  Will,  and  I,  and 
a  thouilind  more  of  your  fine 
fellows  know  better — Cant,  mere 
cant,  nothing  elle, — all  your  religi- 
ous ItufF.  Give  me  the  religion  of 
nature,  a  glafs  of  wine  and  a^bif- 
cuit — that's  all.  Poor  fmners  !  I 
could  enlighten  their  minds  at  full 
length — but-— ftop,  I  mull  firft  ci- 
vilize them  by  a  few  dances,  and 
lb  forth  ;  clever  and  cool  -  O  for 
three  liours  of  a  violin:  whillling 
will  do— Whip,  whoo,  whoo,  Sec. 
I  111  all  .be  a  milfionary  among  the 
Engeans,  and  teach  them  the  va- 
luable arts  and  fciences  of  Europe  — 
the  three  greateil  prerogatives  of 
human  nature,  dancing,  horfe-ra- 
cing,  and  pugilifm  **■-»* 

Here  the  tranflation  breaks  off, 
to  the  infinite  mortihcation  of  every 
true  lover  of  learning.  -If  a  few 
more  of  thefe  precious  annals  could 
be  difcovered  ;  I  am  convinced, 
that  they  would  far  furpafs  the  old 
mufty  decades  of  Titus  Livy.  Thev 
would  be  far  more  barbarous,  and 
of  courfe,  much  better  fuited  to  the 
public  tafte. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

OBSERVATIONS  on  the  CRIMINAL  LAW  of  SCOTLAND 
With  regard  to  ADULTERY. 

 — -aOStta—  

THE  chara^er  of  man,  confider-  This  is  equally  true  of  nations, 

ed  with  refpeft  either  to  his  intellec-  and  of  individuals ;  national  charac- 

tual  or  moral  attainments,  is  never  ter  incefl^mtly  fluduatcs.  However 

ilationary.  ^  As  foon  as  he  ceafes  to  correctly  it  may  have  been  defigna* 

advance  in  the  road  of  improvement,  ted  at  any  given  period,  the  defcrip- 

he  infallibly  begins  to  recede.  tion  is  Inapplicable  to  the  ftate  of  a 

future 


March  i  S02.     On  the  Scotish  Adultery  Laws. 


Ill 


future  age.  The  lapfe  of  time  either 
changes  entirely  the  more  promi- 
nent features,  or  fo  modifies  or  com- 
bines them,  as  to  produce  a  general 
efFedt,  different  from  that  of  the  pre- 
finrnred  pidlure. 

These  truths  are  of  infinite  im- 
portance to  the  moralift  and  the  le- 
giUator.  Engaged  in  the  facred 
office  of  purifymg  the  fountains  of 
public  virtue,  it  is  their  part  to 
watch  the  hi  (lory  of  morals,  whe- 
ther its  courfe  be  progreifive  or  re- 
trograde ;  it  is  their  duty  to  encou- 
rage every  propenfity  to  improve- 
ment, and  to  remove  every  obitacie 
which  "may  retard  it. 

But  it  is  an  e/Iential  pre-requi- 
fite  to  the  difcharge  of  this  impor- 
tant duty,  that  their  view  of  the 
progrefs  of  morals    be   not  ob- 
I  llru61ed.  Happily  there  are  certain 
I  points  of  elevation,  from  which  it 
I  rway  be  accurately  furveyed ;  cer- 
I  tain  fymptoms  which  plainly  indi- 
j  cate  whether  national  virtue  is  in 
(  the  courfe  of  advancement,  or  of 
I  decay     Of  thefe  appearances,  the 
^  wife  legiflator  is  ever  ready  to  avail 
himfelf.    With  the  ftrong  hand  of 
authority   he  checks  every  predo- 
1  minant  vice,  while  he  is  anxious  to 
lend  the  fan^lion  of  his  power  to 
I  the  cultivation  of  every  public  vir- 
tue. 

;  To  exhibit  a  general  view  of  thofe 
I  moral  phenomena,  from  which  the 
tendency  of  public  chara'fler  may  be 
thus  difcemed,  would  be  a  work  of 
extreme  utility  and  importance.  To 
enlarge  on  this  fubjedi  here,  how- 
i  ever,  would  lead  me  too  far  from  the 
particular  defignof  the  following ob- 
fervations.  T  fhall  confine  myfeif  to 
the  flatement  of  one  fingle  propofi- 
tion  ; — that  if  we  perceive  offences 
againil  the  laws  of  God  and  man 
garded  with  indifference  ;  if,  at  the 
fame  time  that  thefe  are  abftraftedly 
recognifed  as  crimes^  thofe  who  com- 
mit them  are  not  branded  with  in- 
famy as  criminah ;  if,  while  *the 
Vol.  LXIV. 


laws  prefcribe  a  puniflimcnt  for  the 
commiffion  of  them,  judges  forbear 
to  award  its  inflidion  ;  —  v/e  may 
fafcly,  nay  infallibly,  afTume  thefe 
fa(!ls  as  evidence,  that  public  mo- 
rality is  upon  the  decline. 

That  evidence,  I  fear,  is  in  fomc 
inflances  too  decidedly  afforded,  by 
the*condu61  of  men  in  the  age  and 
nation  in  which  we  live ;  and,  it  is  af- 
forded, in  an  efpecial  manner,  by 
the  charadler  of  the  crime  which, 
it  is  the  object  of  this  paper  V.)  con- 
fider ;  namely,  the  violation  of  the 
marriage  vov\ 

When  we  reflect,  that,  that  crime 
is  folemnly  prohibited  in  tlie  firfl 
code,  which  the  Great  Legiflator 
of  the  Univerfe  promulgated  for 
the  government  of  his  creatures  ; 
that  the  higheft  punifhments  are 
denounced  againft  it  by  the  vene- 
rable laws  of  Mofes  ;  that  the  pre- 
vention of  it,  has  been  the  fubje^b 
of  exprefs  enadlments,  guarded  by 
the  moff  powerful  fan(5tions,  in  the 
laws  of  aimoft  every  civilifed  coun- 
try, we  will  not  be  inclined  raihly 
to  pronounce  it  a  venial  offence. 

But  when  we  inveiligate  a  little 
more  narrowly  the  nature  and  ef- 
fedls  of  the  crime  itfelf ;  when  we 
regard  it  as  ftriking  at  the  roots  of 
an  infiitution  vWiich  has  been  adopt- 
ed by  almoif  every  nation,  in  con- 
formity to  the  dictates  of  nature, 
and  the  foundcft  views  of  political 
expediency  ;  an  inllitution  fo  lacred 
and  folemn,  as  to  be  received  in  a 
large  part  of  the  Chriffian  world, 
as  one  of  the  facrameuts  ordained 
by  the  Founder  of  our  religion  ; — 
and  when,  on  the  other  hand,  we 
attend  to  its  deep  and  faral  confe- 
quences  to  the  happinefs  of  fami- 
lies, we  are  almoll  led  to* wonder, 
that  any  prohibitory  enactment  en 
the  fubje(5c  Ihould  have  been  neccf- 
fary. 

In  the  neighbouring  country  of 
England,  this  crime  has,  of  late, 
been  the  fubjecft  of  much  able  dif- 
G  g  cuffion 


11± 


On  the  Scot  is  h  Adultery  Laws.  Vol.  64. 


cufficn.  There,  a  claim  of  pecuni- 
ary damages  is  the  only  compensa- 
tion afforded  for  the  lofs  of  happi- 
nefs  and  of  com.fort ;  the  forfeiture 
pf  a  fum  of  money,  the  only  punifh- 
Jnent  inflicted  for  one  of  the  moft 
flagrant  and  difgraceful  outrages 
againft  fociety.  It  is  not  wonder- 
ful, that  a  fyftem  of  law,  v/hich 
authorifes  the  felling  of  honour,  and 
happinefs,  and  virtue,  for  a  price, 
ihouid  have  met  with  vigorous  and 
able  alfailants.  Accordingly,  many 
wife  and  good  men,  both  in  and 
out  of  parliament  ,  have  loudly  com- 
plained of  the  laxity  of  che  law  of 
of  England  in  this  particular. 

In  klcotland,  however,  adultery 
Is  nuinbcred  among  crimes  ;  and 
heavy  penalties  are  denounced  a- 
gainft  all  who  may  commit  it.  To 
the  objedion  urged  againil:  the  law 
of  England,  with  fo  much  appear- 
ance of  reafon,  ouis  is  therefore 
not  liable.  Of  its  enacflments  on 
this  fubjed,  I  ftiall  proceed  to  offer 
a  fummary  view.  Though  we  may 
not  be  inclined  to  cenfure  them  on 
the  fcore  of  lenity,  yet,  a  compari- 
fon  of  the  law,  with  the  practice  of 
it,  will  fuggefl  a  fubjed  of  regret, 
equally  ferious  with  the  total  want 
of  prohibitory  regulations. 

Our  firfl  ftatute  on  this  fubjedl, 
was  pafTed  in  the  year  155 1  f,  and 
declares,  "  That  all  incorrigible 
adulterers,  after  that  the  procelfe 
of  haly  kirk,  10  far  as  the  iamen 
?nay  extend  to,  or  be  ufed  upon 
them,  for  their  inobedience  and  con- 
temption,  be  denunced  our  Sove- 
raine  Eadies  rcbelles,  and  put  to 
the  home,  and  all  their  moveable," 
&c. 

This  punifhment,  though  fevere 
in  itielf,  and  though  thtr  lame  which 
was  eniployed  in  deterring  from  the 
commiiiion  of  a  grent  variety  of 
heinous  crimes,  had  failed,  it  ap- 


pears, in  its  effect.  A  flill  flrong- 
er  remedy  foon  became  neceffary  ; 
and  accordingly,  the  acft  1563,  c. 
74.  ordained,  "  That  all  notour  and 
manifeft  committers  of  adulterie  in 
onie  time  tO/  cum,  after  the  dait 
hereof,  Ihall  be  punilhed  with  all 
rigour  unto  the  deaths  alsweil  the  Wo- 
man as  the  man,  doer  and  commit- 
ter of  the  famin,  after  that  due  mo- 
nition  be  made  to  abfteine  fra  the 
faid  manifeft  and  notour  cryme  ; 
and,  for  uther  adulterie,  that  the 
ades  and  laws  made  thciiupon  01 
before,  be  put  to  execution  with  all 
rigour." 

These  ftatutes  eftablifh  a  dlftinc- 
tion  between  noiaur-  (aggrav;;iod;, 
and  siwple  adultery  ;  declaring  the 
former  a  cainttn  crime  ;  and  leaving 
the  latter  to  be  punifhed,  as  in 
former  times,  at  the  difcretion  of 
the  judge.    The  diftindtion,  hov/- 
ever,  whs  not  very  explicitly  defi- 
ned.   The  application  of  the  la^ 
to  particular  cafes,  had  probabljj 
been  found  a  matter  of  difficulty  j 
and,  to  remove  fuch  doubts,  a  ne^^ 
provifion  became  neceifary.  Ac- 
cordingly it  is^  declared,  by  an  ex4 
planatory  ftatute  in  1581  *,  *^  tha^ 
it  lliall  be  judged,  in  law,  notou| 
and  manifeft  adulterie,  'ivLorii.te  oj 
the  said  pawe  of  d^ail.  y  q\x\i2ar  there  i« 
bairnis,  ane  or  maa,  procreat  be-* 
twixt  .the   perfons    adulterers,  or 
quhen  they,  k-eepe   company  and 
bed  togidder  notorioufly  Jcnawen, 
or  quhen  they  are  fufpecft  of  adul^ 
terie,  and  thereby  gives  fclander  t(^ 
the  kirk,  quhairupon,  benig  .dewlie. 
admonifhed  to  abfteine  and  fatisfie 
the  kirk  be  repentance  or  purgation, 
and  zit  contemptuandlie  refufand, 
are  excommunicate  for  their  obfti- 
nacie  :  all  ,thir  three  degrees  of  a- 
dulterers,  and  every  ane  of  them, 
being  lauchfuUy  called  and  convid 
betoir  the  juftice  and  his  deputes, 


f  Chap.  XX. 


*  Chap.  105. 

tall 


March  1802.    On  the  Scotisb  Adultery  Laws. 


223 


sail  incurre  and  suffer  the  pa'tne  of 
d,ath:\ 

This  ftatute  is  "  ordained  to  be 
put  to  ftri(5l  and  vigorous  execution 
in  all  points,"  by  the  a6t  1 700,  chap. 
II.  ;  after  which,  no  regulation  on 
the  fubjeft  appears  in  our  ftatute- 
book. 

Such  are  the  enadmencs,  by 
which  the  wifdom  of  our  anceftors 
endeavoured  to  reprefs  the  crime 
we  are  confidering.  Let  us  now 
turn,  for  a  moment,  from  the  fta- 
tute-book  to  the  records  of  our  fu- 
preme  criminal  court,  and  enquire 
how  thefe  laws  have  been  enforced. 

It  is  now  near  two  centuries  and 
a  half,  fmce  adultery  was  firft  de- 
clared a  capital  crime.  Yet,  dur- 
ing all  that  time,  there  have  not 
been  mor*?  than  three  or  four  capi- 
tal convidions  under  the  ftatutes  *. 
In  many  inftances,  of  the  moft  fla- 
grant and  aggravated  kinds,  flight 
chaftifements  were  employed.  For 
the  moft  part,  the  crime  appears 
not  to  have  been  thought  worthy  of 
a  trial.  Since  the  adt  1700  or- 
dained the  former  laws  to  be  put 
*^  to  ftrid:  and  vigorous  execution," 
I  have  not  obferved  that  they  have 
been  applied  in  a  fnigle  inftance. 
For  a  whole  century,  t;herefore, 
they  have  been  in  defuetude,  and 
without  much  impropriety,  they 
may  now  be  regarded  as  obfolete. 
The  reafon  of  this,  it  is  not  very 
eafy  to  explain.  Perhaps  it  may  be 
partly  afcribed  to  the  influence 
whith  the  law  of  England  muft 
have  had  on  our  pradice,  in  confe- 
quence  of  the  Union,  which  took 
place  foon  after  the  above-mention- 
ed ftatute  was  pafTed.  Be  this, 
however,  as  it  may,  tlie  practice  in 
the  two  countries  is  now  complete- 
ly identified.  In  place  of  profecu- 
tions  ad  vimiidam  publicum^  we  now 
know  no  penal  confequence  of  the 


Hume  on  Crim,  Law,  yoL  ii.  313, 


crime,  except  the  forfeiture  of  a 
fum  of  money,  termed  damages, 
by  the  criminal,  to  the  party  in- 
jured 

If  the  crime  of  adultery  is,  in- 
deed, what  I  have  reprefented  it,  a 
a  crime  of  a  very  deep  dye,  and  at- 
tended with  ferious  confequenccs  to 
fociety,  the  comparifon  which  has 
now  been  inftituted,  between  our 
law  and  pradice,  has  indifputable 
claims  upon  our  attention.  The 
queftion  comes,  in  eiicdt,  though 
not  in  form,  to  be  the  fame  which 
has  been  agitated  in  regard  to  the 
Engliih  law.  We  have  laws  for  re- 
preffing  this  crime  ;  is  it  fit  that 
thefe  laws  Ihouid  be  enforced,  or 
that  they  Ihould  be  coxifigned  to 
oblivion  ? 

Let  it  be,  for  a  moment,  admit- 
ted, that  adultery  ought  not  to  be 
punifhed  as  a  crime  :  even  on  that 
fuppofition,  a  fubjedl  of  complaint 
remains.  When,  by  changes  in  the 
ftate  of  fociety,  laws  become  inap- 
plicable and  ufelefs,  they  ought  to 
be  expreisly  repealed.  As  a  dif- 
eafed  member  aifects  the  health  of 
the  whole  natural  body,  fo  an  inef- 
ficacious law  diminiihes  the  autho- 
rity of  an  entire  code.  While  the 
offender  againft  an  obfolete  law 
del  ides  its  impotent  threats,  is  it 
poflible  that  he  can  behold,  with 
due  veneration,  a  different  part  of 
the  fame  fyftem,  which  happens  to 
be  ftill  in  iome  degree  of  obierv* 
ance  ? 


*  A  tew  years  luiCe,  a  perfon  was 
indided  at  the  northern  circuu  for  a- 
dultery.  I  am  ignorant  of  the  pLinifh- 
ment  for  which  the  indiclnieiit  con- 
cluded, and  even  of  the  degree  of  the 
offence.  The  pioiecution,  I  belie vt, 
was  relinqiiiiihed.  The  cucumituiic^, 
(Come  of  your  readeis  may  rticoiied), 
was  noticed  by  ieveral  public  prints 
at  the  other  end  of  the  aland,  witn  an 
exprelTive  fneer  at  the  puritanical  ri- 
gour in  which  fuch  a  proiecuucu 
mult  have  originated. 


On  the  Scotisb  Adultery  Laws.  Vol.  64, 


•  An  able  and  refpedable  com- 
TYientator  on  the  criminal  law  of 
Scotland  *,  while  he  cenfurcs  the 
levari  ty  of  our  enadments  again  ft 
adultery,  admits,  neverthclels,  the 
piopriety  of  allowing  it  to  retain  its 
place  in  our  .catalogues  of  crimes. 
To' this  dodrine,  I  mull,  with  le- 
ladant  diffidence,  rcfufe  my  affent. 
The  law  never  fiops  fhort  at  decla- 
ling  any  act  to  be  a  crime  ;  unlcls 
it  annex  a  punilhmcnt  to  its  com- 
miiTion,  it  is  filent.  I  am  ignorant 
of  any  legal  prohibition,  which  is 
not  guarded  with  a  fandlion  of 
feme  kind.  At  any  rate,  the  pro- 
Jiibilion  muft  become  obfoletc,  as 
well  as  the  faui^ion  ;  and  when  an 
a^Tt  no  longer  appears  worth  pu- 
niihing,  it  muft  be  implied,  that 
ihe  law  aulhorifes  its  connriiftion. 
There  appears,  therefore,  to  be  no 
alternative  between  puniihing  adul- 
tery as  a  crime,  and  ceafnig  to  hold 
it  as  one. 

But  it  is  now  time  to  revoke  the 
admiffion,  that  adultery  ought  not 
to  be  puniflied  as  a  crime.  To  efta- 
blilh  that  it  ought,  we  need  only 
invite  a  comparifon  of  it,  in  fome 
of  its  characters,  with  any  of  the 
more  noted  offences  which  the  laws 
of  all  countries  confpire  to  punilh. 

All  crimes  infer  one  or  more  of 
the  following  effential  ingredients  : 
an  incongruity  w^ithfome  general  law 
or  principle  of  (ociety; — a  certain  de- 
gree of  pofitivc  mifchief  to  fociety, 
or  its  individual  members;  —  and 
fuch  depravity  on  the  part  of  the 
criminal,  as,  if  unchecked,  may  en- 
danger the  fa^fety  of  fociety.  Now, 
it  is  apprehended,  that  all  thefe  in- 
gredients enter  into  the  ccmpofition 
cf  the  crime  of  adultery. 

In  the  Ji^\u  place,  it  is  incontefti- 
bly  fubverfive  of  a  general  law  of 
fociety,  The  exiftence  of  fuch  a 
law,  v/e  can  only  infer  from  its  ef- 
feds.  That  there  is  a  ej^neral  prin- 
ciple of  our  nature  which  prompts 


to  the  matrimonial  connecflion,  wc 
have  abundant  proof  in  the  univcr- 
fality  of  its  recepjiion  into  fyftems 
of  civil  polity.  There  is  fcarcely 
a  nation,  at  leaft  a  nation  which 
has  attained  a  moderate  degree  of 
civilization,  w^hich  has  not  encour- 
aged this  inftitution.  A  few  infu- 
lated  inftances  appear,  of  tribes 
where  the  interct^urfe  <»f  the  fexes 
is  unreftrained  ;  but  thefe  are  in- 
ftances of  focieties  ftill  funk  in  all 
the  wretchednefs  of  barbarifm, 
which  ferve  rather  to  illuftrate  than 
to  dijprove  the  neceffity  of  the  in- 
ftitution  to  the  human  race,  after 
they  have  attained  a  ftate  of  com- 
paiative  cultivation. 

None  of  our  propcnftties  are  im- 
planted in  us,  without  a  reference 
to  lome  end  ;  and,  in  imparting 
that  which  direds  us  to  the  exclu- 
live  preference  of  one  companion  of 
the  other  feX,  nature  had  import- 
ant ends  to  fervc.  It  were  eafy  to 
prove,  that,  upon  any  other  fyltem, 
the  human  race  mult,  in  its  phyhcal 
circumftances,  infallibly  degenerate  ^ 
that,  further,  neglecting  the  higher 
qualities  of  the  mind,  the  pleafures 
of  fenfe  would  alone  folicit  man's 
attention  ;  that  the  reciprocal  af- 
fections of  parent  and  child,  fo  ef- 
fential to  the  well-being,  and  almoii 
to  the  exiftence,  of  focieties,  could 
have  no  fcope  for  exertion ;  and,  in 
fine,  that  every  endearing  relatioli> 
fo  infinitely  pi'oduCtive  of  enjoy- 
ment, muft  be  deftroyed,  and  every 
thing  that  renders  exiftence  a  blef- 
fnig,  torn  from  us. 

I  forbear  to  enlarge  on  thef:^ 
points  here,  only  becaufe  much 
learning  and  ingenuity  have  often 
been  employed  in  their  iliuftration. 
Thofe  who  can  doubt,  after  weigh- 
ing the  reafonings  of  I^ord  Kaimes 
on  this  fubjeCt  are  beyond  the 
reach  of  conviction. 

(  7i>  'he  continued.^ 


Prof.  Hume,  Criin.  Law,  ch.  1 9. 


*  See  Sketches  of  the  Hifl.  of  Man. 


March  i8o2.        Curious  Medical  Epistle. 


225 


EXTRAORDINARY  LETTER  from  a  PRACTITIONER  of 
PHYSIC  to  one  of  his  PATIENTS. 


MsL  Editor, 

THE  following  is  a  copy  of  a  letter,  verbatim  et  literatim^  from  a  country 
praditioner  of  phyfic,  not  30  miles  difl-ant  from  the  metropolis,  to  one  of  his 
patients,  who  had  recovered  from  a  feverc  illnefs.  Some  of  your  readers 
may,  perhaps,  be  amufed  with  the  high  opinion  of  his  own  fkill,  great 
confidence  in  his  medicines,  and  extraordinary  piety  which  the  author 
difcovers  ;  while  others,  conHdering  it  in  a  more  ferious  point  of  view, 
muft  be  fhocked  at  the  prefumption  and  ignorance,  to  which  the  health 
and  lives  of  mankind  are  fometimes  entruiled.    Yours,  6cc. 

J.  M. 


Mr  J- 


to  Dodor  J- 


To  Medkens  to  ycurfelf,  from  JanY.  3d  to  i6th 
To  aUenduns  and  trouhl       —        —  — 


Surgeon. 

L.  I J  10  6 

do  do  do 


Dear  Sur, 

THE  above  is  your  account  for 
Medkens  that  was  found  Rsquirt  du- 
ring your  leate  decwgrous  lUeness  ;  the 
reafon  of  it  amountain  fo  high,  is  ow- 
ing to  the  deangrous  and  critkaal fitu- 
ation  you  was  in  before  any  medkens 
nvas  addmmstreJy  (owing  to  the  /«- 

formmcr  I  had^got  from  Mrs  D  , 

that  no  medkens  ivas  to  be  addmenstred 
but  in  outmofl.  deanger)  ;  and,  con- 
fidering  your  deky^  and  the  mortal 
symptimis  comeing  on  fo  fuddenlly,  and 
that  nothing  but  the  stronges  medken 
CQud  be  addmenstred wixh  any  view  of 
faving  your  life,  or  the  fattk  confe- 
<iuence  of  fuch  a  deangrons  iUenesSy 
was  fure  to  be  death.  Then  we 
bad  only  rnediccns  of  the  sii^onges  na- 
ture for  to  \i2i\Q-recours  too^  and  by 
there  addmemlration^  they  WTre  the 
only  thing  we  could  atnhui  the  fav- 
ing of  your  life  too^  otherway  you 
ivouid  have  falln  a  viclem  to  the  de- 
sesL — as  alrnoste  evry  one  do, 

Thk  medians  you  got  arc  never 
a  idmmstr':d  but  iu  the  moft  dcangroui 


cafes,  owing  principU  to  there  high" 
ness  in  prk  ;  the  "xpens  of  thes  prevenle 
them  from  being  addmenftred  to 
peepk  of  ttidrfre-^it  sir  rumstans,  fo  of 
cours  they  most  dye.  The  Bolus e  you 
got,  and  partkulaie  on  Monday, 
were  chetjley  of  Musk. 

Y ou  cannot any  other  thing 
for  the  faving  of  your  life,  but  the 
addmenJratkn  of  the  medic tns^  vrith 
advice  ; — for,  without //j^^r^  add  men- 
ftration,  you  <ivas  evcdcmly  dead. — 
I  have  only  to  congratulat  you,  that 
it  was  in  our  pour  of  faving  your 
life  in  fuch  deangrous  deses.  And  you 
ought  to  be  very  thanhfuU  to  God, 
that  the  medktns  was  addmensire  i 
other qvnse-  you  was  a  dead  man. 
And  I  hop  you  will  returns  your 
sincer  and  fairvant  thankes  to  the 
nv'i/fe  creature  of  all  thing,  that  the 
medicen  was  addmenstred  pre  the  pre- 
sarDat'ion  of  your  life,  confidering 
how  nigh  the  gats  of  death  you  was, 
only  20  or  30  houresy  and  to  be  no 

MORE. 

And  vou  ouirht  further  for  to 

1  ! 


226 


On  the  Carrier  Dove, 


Vol.  64. 


lle.\e  God,  that  he  hasappomted  men 
for  to  be  the  Jnstremtnie  of  Jinuetng 
put  medlcens  to  fave  the  life  of  all 
ufefuJe  p£eple,  fuche  as  you,  for  to  be 
a  comfort  to  your  famile  ;  and,  to 
make  knoiumg  to  the  woride  what 
wonders  man  has  done  for  you  ;  for, 
if  you  had  been  in  the  hands  of  fome 
men,  you  would  have  been  deade 
before  this  time.  And  whatever 
you  ihould  thmke  of  it,  you  at  leaste 
muft  fay,  that  we  faved  your  Ufe, 
which  was  ivholy  in  our  hands,  and 
for  to  <w'ithold  your  mediun  was  death, 
and  for  to  negledt  the  addmtnjtrdtlon 
of  it  wa$  the  fame.  And  you  have 
grate  reafon  for  to  blefc  God  that  I 
was  in  the  hous,  other  u: ay  the  medken 
would  not  have  been  addmenstred 
with  fo  much  care,  and  the  negledl 
of  which  was  evidently  death.  And 


Mifs  W          iM  told  me,  that 

the  medicen  you  got  was  of  the  Jam 
nature  that  her  brother  was  ufmg 
before  he  died. 

As  you  receved  evry  manner  of 
justis  at  our  hands,  hop  you  will  do 
evry  manner  j  .st'u  of  recording 
every  fadt.  And  my  /nicer  wilh  is, 
that  you  may  rontinu  well  ;  for  fure- 
ly  your  life  is  better  to  you  than  the 
moft  prtiinus^  things,  and  that  I 
pride  myfelf  of  more  comfort  to 
your  fnmi'e  then  all  tlie  richs  of  this 
world.  My  fincer  wifli  is,  now  we 
have  don  you  all  justis  in  recover- 
ing you  from  the  very  gats  of  death,, 
that  the  bl^fing  of  God  may  attend 
us  all  is  the  moft  fairvant  wifh  of, 
dear  Sur,  yours,  &c. 


Tq  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Alagazine, 


Sir, 

THE  perufal  of  the  beautiful 
poem  of  the  Gay  Goss  Hawk, 
lately  publilhed  in  Scott's  Minftrel- 
fy  of  the  Border,  fuggefted  the  i- 
dea,  that  the  Goshawk  may  have 
been  employed  among  the  nortliern 
nations  for  carrying  on  an  epiftol- 
ary  correfpondence  at  a  diftance,  in 
the  fame  manner  as  that  fpecies  of 
dove,  denominated  the  Carrier^  a- 
mong  the  nations  of  the  eaft.  Ma- 
ny of  the  popular  tales  of  this  coun- 
try, feem  to  have  been  originally 
epifodes  in  ancient  romances,  def- 
criptive  of  the  manners  of  the  age 
of  chivalry,  when  hawking  formed 
a  particular  fcience.  Now,  the 
idea  of  conveying  an  epiftle  to 
a  great  diftance,  by  employing  a 
fwift -flying  bird,  may  have  been 


borrowed  from  the  Orientals  by  the 
crufaders.  During  the  period  of  the 
Arabic  dominion  in  the  Eaft,  the 
public  difpatches  were  generally 
conveyed,  with  immenfe  rapidity, 
by  thefe  pigeons,  along  a  chain  of 
watch-towers,  to  which  they  were 
attached.  This  fpecies  of  telegraph,  ^ 
feem.s  to  have  been  little  inferior  to 
the  modern  one.  Thefe  watch- 
towers  were  generally  placed  at  the. 
diPcance  of  twelve  leagues  from  each 
other,  and  provided  with  centinels 
who  mounted  guard  day  and  night* 
The  arrival  of  the  carrier  pigeon 
v/as  announced  by  the  cries  of  joy 
which  the  bird  was  accuftomed  to  ut- 
ter. The  letter  was  commonly  inclof. 
edin  a  thin  gold  cafe,  andfufpended 
at  the  neck  of  the  pigeon.  The 
gold  cafe  v/as  denominated  Pataca* 

When 


March  1802. 


Ancient  Scotish  Canoe. 


When  the  crufaders  befiegcd  Acre, 
they  gained  a  great  vidory  over  the 
Saracens,  by  intercepting  the  dif- 
patches  conveyed  by  one  of  thefe  Car- 
riers. Thefe  birds  are  laid  to  be  Hill 
emplpycd  tp  announce,  at  Aleppo, 
the  arrival  of  merchant  vefiels  at 
Alexandretta.  The  following  ver- 
fas  are  a  free  imitation  of  an  ad- 
drefs  to  the  Carrier  Dove,  which, 
in  the  original,  is  worthy  of  Ana- 
cr^on.  It  is  cited  by  Maillet  in  his 
Defcription  of  Egypt,  part  JL  p. 
1^3- 


To  THE  Carrier  Dove. 

From  the  j^rahic. 
Fair  traveller  of  the  pathlcfs  air, 
To  Zara'b  bower  thefe  accents  bear. 
Hid  in  the  fhade  of  palmy  groves. 
And  tell  her  where  her  wanderer  roves. 
But  fpread,  O  fpread,   your  pinions 
blue, 

Tq  guard  my  lines  from  damp  and 
dew  ; 

And  when  my  charming"  maid  vou  fee, 
A  thoufand  kiifes  bear  from  me  ; 
And  foftly  murrriur  in  her  ear, 
How  much  I  wiih  that  I  were  near. 

L, 

'Edinburgh^  March  21.  180 2, 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 


prom  the  Ne^c 

Edin.  May  25.  (1726.) 
We  have  an  account  from 
Airth,  18  miles  weft  of  this  city, 
near  to  the  influx  of  the  river  Car- 
ton, of  a  very  rare  piece  ct  anti- 
quity, found  in  the  foutl^,  bank  of 
the  Forth,  viz.  a  canoe  cf  \t  feet 
long,  4  feet  broad  in  the  middle, 
4  feet  4  mches  deep,  and  4  inches 
thick  in  the  fides ;  all  of  one 
piece  of  folid  oak,  fharp  at  the  ftem, 
and  fquare  at  the  item  ;  the  river 
walhing  away  the  banks,  difcovered 
a  part  of  her.  She  was  orde^  ea  to 
be  dug  up  by  Mr  Graham.,  Judge 
Admiral  and  proprietor  of  the 
place  :  w^hat  was  difcovered  of  her, 
was  found  to  be  above  1 5  feet  un- 
der ground.  It  is  remarkable,  that 
ihc  is  finely  polilhed,  being  perfectly 
fniooth,  on  the  outfide  and  infide. 
The  wood  of  an  extraordinary 
hardnefs,  and  not;  one  knot  in  the 
"^^hole. 

Sir  John  Clark,  in  his  letter  to 
Mr  Gale  of  the  nth  June  1726, 
witli  an  account  of  this  ancient 


stle  Neivspapero 

boat  or  canoe,  found  on  the  banks 
of  the  river  Carron,  fays.  "  It  was 
13  or  14  feet  under  ground,  36  feet 
in  length,  and  4^  in  breadth,  all  of 
one  piece  of  oak ;  there  were  feve- 
ral  ftrata  above  it ;  fuch  as  loam, 
clay,  fheils,  mofs,  and  gravel.  The 
tree  from  which  it  was  made  was 
no  doubt  very  big,  but  ftill  no  big- 
ger than  one  which  is  yet  aLve 
not  far  from  t:  at  place,  which  is 
about  12  or  13  feet  diameter.  And 
we  have  a  pretty  good  document 
from,  an  old  author,  who  wrote  the 
life  of  Sir  William  Wallace,  a  Scots 
captain  in  the  time  of  Edward  the 
firft ;  that  it  was  an  old  decayed 
tree  at  that  time."  What  author? 
I  can  find  nothing  in  Blind  Harry 
to  the  purpofe.  See  Nimmo's  Hif- 
tory  of  Stirling- Ihire,  Wallace  Tree, 
page  145.  and  M'Pheilbn's  Geo- 
graphical  Illuftrations,  under  the  ar- 
ticle Torwood,  Sec.  See  alfo  a  po- 
em on  the  ruins  of  this  tree  in 
Streams  from  Helicon,  page  4c. 


12^  Original  Letter  of  P.  Z.  Courtier.        Vol.  64. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

ORIGINAL  LETTER  of  Mr  COURTIER,  Author  of  the 
PLEASURES  of  SOLITUDE. 


IT  19  with  extreme  fatisfacflion, 
that  the  Editors  of  the  Scots  Ma- 
«^azine  infert  the  following  letter 
of  Mr  Courtier,  author  of  the  Plea- 
fures  of  Solitude  ;  in  anfwer  to  a 
polite  note  of  the  Earl  of  Buclian, 
containing  a  lilt  of  fubfcribers  to 
a  new  edition  of  his  poem  ;  and 
giving  a  rapid  fketch  of  his  Lord- 
iliip's  rural  folitude  at  Dry  burgh 
Abbey.  His  Lordfhip  will  accept 
our  thanks  for  this  communication, 
which  cannot  fail  to  produce  on 
our  readers  the  moil  favourable  im- 
preflion  of  the  ingenious  author, 
with  whofe  .unmerited  misfortunes 
•we  cannot  l^ut  fympathize  ;  and  it 
would  give  us  the  highell  pleafure, 
if  its  infcjrtion  in  our  Mifcellany, 
fhould  contribute,  in  any  degree, 
to  promote  the  views  of  the  au- 
tlior,  with  regard  to  the  new  edi- 
tion of  his  Pleasures  of  Solitude. 

March  2(1  1802. 

My  Lord, 
I  should  violate  every  feeling 
of  my  heart,  if  I  did  not  acknow- 
ledge the  gratification  afforded  me, 
by  the  letter  which  I  have  juft  had 
the  honour  of  receiving  from'  your 
Lordfhip.  The  author  of  the  Poem 
on  the  Pleamres  of  Solitude  can 
never  forget  the  generous  folicitude, 
Ihewn  by  you,  and  your  noble 
friends,  to  forward  the  fuccef;  of 
a  perfon,  fo  little  known  to  your 
Lordfhip  and  them.  It  muft  gra- 
tify fuch  m.inds,  to  know,  that 
while  they  are  perhaps  ferving  the 
general  interefts  of  poetry,  they  are 
conferring  more   e/fcnUal  favours 


on  a  man,  whofe  misfortunes  have 
been  fevere,  if  not  uncommon  ;  and 
and  who,  furrounded  with  family 
cares,  has  yet  to  ftruggle  againll  ca- 
lamity of  almoft  every  defcription. 

My  Pleasures ofSolitude,  are 
therefore,  exa(^!ly  thofe,  which  the 
Monthly  Reviewer  took  them  to  be; 
"  The  repofe  of  one  broken  by  the 
doims  of  time,  and 

Whofe  pinnrice  anrbors  in  a  craggy  b-iy 
After  the  tempelt." 

I  fpeak  freely,  bccaufe,  I  feel  af- 
fured,  that  all  this  will  not  deter 
your  Lordfliip  from  reading  the 
poem  ;  and  learning  what  kind  of 
confolation  and  pleafure,  its  author 
could  derive  from  lolitude. 

Forgive  me,  my  Lord,  when 
I  confefs,  that  I  iighed,  as  I  read 
the  defcription  of  that  focial  foli- 
tude, which  your  Lordlhip  has  fo 
long  enjoyed.  There  was  fome- 
thing  in  it  fo  foothing  to  the  mind, 
and  fo  grateful  to  the  heart !  Your 
Lordfliip  has  indeed  the  fublime 
fatisfadton  of  a  Creator,  who  is 
employed  in  contemplating  the  ef- 
feds  produced  by  the  happinefs  that 
he  has  formed.  That  you  may 
long  continue  the  honoured  poifef- 
for  of  this  glory,  is  the  fincere 
prayer  of,  my  Lord, 

Your  moft  obliged,  and  moil 
obedient  humble  Servant, 

P.  L.  Courtier. 

Islington^  No.  19,  Camden  Street. 
To  the  Earl  of  Buchan. 


March  1802 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

An  examination  of  the  ARGUMENTS  against  the 
AUTHENTICITY  of  OSSIAN'S  POEMS. 

FOUNDED  ON  THE  MANNERS  OF  THE  CALEDONIAN  CELTS* 


IT  IS  a  difEcuit  and  hazardous 
attempt,  to  fay  any  thing,  on  diftant 
and  obfcure  seras,  and  ftili  more  to 
inveftigatc  the  manners,  cuftoms, 
and  chara<^ters  of  an  ancient  people* 
Before  any  thing  is  confidently  ad- 
vanced, fome  data  on  which  we  can 
rely,  ought  to  precede  reafoning ; 
before    fuperftrudures   are  raifed 
with  any  hope  .of  permanency,  we 
fhould  be  previouflv  affured,  that 
the  foundation  is  fecure.  But  where 
fhallwe  repair  for  this  previous  intel- 
ligence ?  by  what  unequivocal  marks 
fliall  we  know  that  the  information 
is  true  ?  HiUorkal  proof,  we  know 
by  experience,  cannot  from  a  vari- 
ety of  impeding  circumftances,  be 
implicitly  relied  on  :  want  of  fuffi- 
cient  knowledge,  prejudice,  parti- 
alities, and  fometimes  even  a  pre- 
meditated   intention    to  mislead, 
leave  truth  often  fo  much  in  the 
fliade,  as  to  preclude  confidence,  or 
at  leaft,  to  check  implicit  faith  in  re- 
prefentations,  which,  under  the  mafk 
of  impartiality,  are  often  found 
to  betray.    In  the  History  of  Miw- 
nets,  ftill  greater  ©bftacles  occur. 
A  curfory,  or  an  imperfed  view, 
of  a  country,  its  cuftoms  and  inha- 
bitants, is  far  from  being  fufficient 
to  guide  the  traveller  to  the  right 
path,  and  ftill  lefs  to  authorize  the 
painter  to  delineate  what  requires, 
even  vnth   unremitting  attention 
and  acute  obfervation,  months  and 
years  acurately  to  afcertain.  liven 
defcriptions  drawn  by  the  hand  of 
Vou  LXIV. 


a  native^  cannot  be  depended  on— 
prediledions  for  what  we  have  beea 
long  accuftomed  to  ;  and  a  blind 
preference  for  what,  in  the  eye  of 
an  impartial  obferver,  would  ap- 
pear reprehenfible,  perverts  and  ob« 
fcures  the  real  colouring  of  the  pic- 
ture ;  and,  inftcad  of  an  exad  re- 
femblance,  prefents  us  often  with  a 
falfe,  though  beautiful  deception. 
Amidft  thefe  uncertainties,  all  that 
can  therefore  be  done  to  remove 
doubt  is  to  refort  to  umparison  ;  and 
if,  in  the  different  accounts  handed 
down  to  us  by  the  moft  approved 
authorities,  a  coincidence  of  fadls 
relative  to  the  fame  circumftancc 
occur,  we  are  at  leaft  fo  far  bound 
to  yield  our  affcnt,  as  to  confide  in 
what  is  confiftent  with  probability, 
till  better  evidence  is  adduced  to 
controvert  and  invalidate  the  infor- 
mation. 

But  to  what  teft  lhall  we  refort, 
when  no  corrcfponding  teftimonics 
are  to  be  found  ?  In  the  age  of  in- 
fant fociety,  when  all  is  ignorance 
and  fmiplicity,  and  where  the  ge- 
neral ideas  of  mankind  are  diredted 
to  very  dififerent  purfuits  from  that 
of  delineating  tlie  diftinguifcing 
features  of  a  par cic  alar  tribe  or 
people ;  where  lhail  we  look  for 
land-marks  to  diredt  us  to  difcove- 
ries  ?  where  meet  widi  the  faintcll 
glimmerings  of  light  to  guide  us 
through  the  furrounding  gloom  ? 
Even  on  the  fuppolition,  that  any 
fuch  fliould  appear,  by  what  lhall 
H  h  wc 


On  the  Poems  of  Ossian. 


Vol.  64. 


we  be  enabled  to  diftlnguifli  true 
objccls  from  falfe  ?  by  what  to  dcted 
the  paintings  of  fidion  and  ro- 
mance from  real  liiRory ;  by  what  in 
fhort,  to  feparate  truth  from  error  ? 
In  anfwer,  we  can  only  reply,  that 
in  this,  as  in  every  thing  elfe  con- 
ne<51ed  with  hiftorical  obfcurity,  the 
only  appeal  that  can  be  made  is  to 
viternal  evident  c.  Without  the  feni- 
blancc  of  probability,  convidion, 
(however  brilliant  or  amufmg  the 
narrative,)  mull  ceafe  ;  but  where 
a  conformity  to  the  eftabliflied  laws 
of  nature  is  apparent;  where  no  in- 
confiRency  in  varied  events  ap- 
pears ;  and  where  no  attempt  is 
made  to  mislead  the  judgment,  or 
to  warm  the  fancy,  beyond  the  li- 
mits of  rational  and  fober  belief, 
we  certainly  are  conilrained  to  con- 
fide in  teftimonies  (however  diftant 
or  uncommon  the  fource,)  till 
fomething  occurs  to  difprove  affer- 
tion,  and  deface  the  imprefllon. 

The  tcftimonies  indeed  that  tend 
chiefly  to  mark  the  charadler,  and 
pourtray  the  manners  of  the  early 
ages,  are,  it  muil  be  confelfed,  not 
the  beft  calculated  for  impreflhig 
belief.  Poetry,  the  firfl:  diftinguilh- 
Jnc^  trait  of  civilization  among  a 
rude  and  an  illiterate  people,  is  too 
clofely  conne(5led  with  fidion  to  be 
uniformly  faithful  to  truth,  while 
emhel/ifimcr  fo  infeparable  from  the 
language  of  ffuffion  and  sentiment  is 
often,  if  not  generally  fo  intermixed 
with  reality,  as  to  obfcure,  and 
fometimes  even  to  deftroy  refem- 
biance.  The  paintings  of  poetry, 
however,  mufi:  be  founded  on  na- 
ture, fmce  it  fprings  from  no  other 
fource  :  whatever  extravagance  of 
praife  may  be  attached  to  certain 
obje*fls  or  events,  or  whatever  un- 
founded excellence  or  virtues  may 
be  afcribed  to  particular  a<51ions  or 
men,  flill  the  fentiments,  and  de- 
fcriptions  of  the  poet,  however  rude 
the  period  ni  which  he  fmgs,  muft  be 
fentiments  and  defcriptions  familiar 


to  thofe  among  whom  he  lives. 
The  fentiments  and  the  pafTions  of 
the  pOet  may  indeed  be  more  ar- 
dent  and  refined,  than  thofe  of  the 
general  community  ;  nay,  from  a 
peculiar  and  happj  conformation, 
they  may  be  even  more  fo  in  one 
individual,  than  in  any  other  of 
the  tribe  or  ftate  to  which  he  be- 
longs ;  but  however,  this  individual 
may  foften,  elevate,  or  adorn  by 
the  warmth  of  his  colouring,  it  is 
next  to  impofhble  for  us  to  imagine, 
that  he  will  exprefs  fentiments  that 
were  never  heard,  or  paint  pafTions 
that  were  never  felt ;  for  the  pencil 
with  which  tliefe  are  drawn,  is 
guided,  not  by  fancy  or  fiction,  but 
by  the  unerring  and  compelling 
liand  of  nature.  The  only  circum- 
ftance,  therefore,  that  demands  our 
particular  attention  is,  whether  intlie 
rude  and  uncultivated  (lages  of 
early  fociety,  a  poet  or  fome  rare 
individual  may  not  arife,  who,  by 
the  power  of  natural  genius,  and  the 
itrength  of  ardent  fenfibility,  can 
defcribe,  and  paint,  and  embcllilh, 
fo  as  to  elevate  and  adorn  the  man- 
ners and  virtues  of  his  countrymen, 
greatly  beyond  reality.  The  fub- 
je(5t  is  curious,  and  demands  fome 
confideration.  We  fhall  endeavour 
to  treat  it,  if  not  with  due  phi- 
lofophical  acumen,  at  leaft  with 
candour. 

That  the  earlier  ftages  of  fociety 
have  been  peculiarly  favourable  to 
poetry  or  fong,  is  a  fact  rendered 
fo  uncontrovertible,  by  the  united 
teftimonies  of  hiftory,  as  to  admit 
of  no  doubt  or  argument.  It  is  a 
fa<5l  too,  fo  confonant  to  reafon  and 
nature,  that  it  ceafes  to  furprife. 

In  the  infancy  of  fociety,  as  a  ve- 
ry ingenious  and  elegant  writer  ob- 
ferves,  *  men  live  fcattered  and 
difpetfed  in  the  mid  ft  of  folitary 
rural  fcenes,  where  the  beauties  of 


*  Dr  Bhif. 

nature 


March  1 8o  2.       On  the  Poems  ofOssian. 


231 


r*ature  arc  their  chief  entertain- 
ment—they meet  with  m;iny  ob- 
jedls,  to  them  new  and  lirange ; 
;  their  wonder  and  furprife  are  fre- 
quently excited ;  and,  by  the  fud- 
den  changes  of  fortune,  occurring 
in  their  unfettled  ftate  of  life,  theii 
paflions  are  raifed  to  the  utmoft. 
Their  paffions  have  nothing  to  re- 
ftrain  them  ;  their  imagination  has 
nothing  to  check  it.  They  difccver 
themfelves  to  one  another  without 
difguife  ;  and  converfe,  and  -aS.  in 
the  uncovered  fimpHcity  of  nature. 
All  their  feelings  are  flrong ;  fo 
their  language,  of  itfelf,  affumes  a 
poetical  form.  Prone  to  exagger- 
rate,  they  defcribe  every  thing  in 
the  ftrongeft  colours,  which  of 
courfe  renders  their  fpeech  pi^tu- 
refque  and  figurative."  In  this 
ftate,  can  it  be  expelled,  that  the 
poet  will  confine  himfelf  to  the  cold, 
correct  defcriptions  of  reality  ;  or 
can  it  excite  wonder,  if,  amidft  the 
glowing  impreffions,  and  the  ier- 
vour  of  unre(i:rained  paffion  and 
imagination,  he  Ihould  break  out 
into  the  extravagance  of  panegyric 
and  enthufiailic  encomium  I  while 
fuch  a  man  feels  ardently,  he  will 
neceillirily  paint  ftrongly.  He  fees, 
he  feels,  and  in  fadt,  conceives  dif- 
ferently from  the  general  bulk  of 
mankind  ;  and  occupied  in  tli^  fre- 
quent contemplation  and  defcrip- 
tion  of  what  is  beautiful,  or  attrac- 
tive in  nature,  he  improves  in  his 
fenfibilities,  warms  with  his  fubjed, 
and,  in  his  heated  imagination, 
draws  colours,  and  hnillies  pidlures 
which  exift  no  where,,  but  in  the 
fondncfs  of  his  own  hreaii.  But  it 
^vill  be  afked,  can  this  man  paint 
virtues  which  exitl  not  in  the  fo- 
ciety  to  which  he  belongs,  or  def- 
cribe manners  which  he  could  not 
proba1)ly  have  feen  ?  Certainly  not, 
but  he  can  embcUilh,  heighten,  and 
adorn  ;  he  may  afcribe  excellencies 
of  a  tranfccndant  nature  to  him, 
who  perhaps,  poffcifes  little  more 


than  the  rommon  feelings  of  hu- 
manity—to the  man  of  courage  he 
may  give  magnanimity,  to  the  man 
of  friend fhip   and  hofpitality,  he 
may  attach  all  the  finer  feelings 
that  expand  and  cherifh  the  human 
heart.    Love,  the  tenderell  as  well 
as  the  mo  ft  genial  of  all  the  paf- 
fions, cannot  fail,  in  the  prefent  re- 
view of  efficient  caufes,  to  prove  a 
powerful  excitement.    Through  all 
the  gradations  of  fociety,  wc  trace 
its  influence --from  the  frozen  re- 
gions of  the  pole,  to  the  burning 
deferts  of  the  line,  it  forms  the  fub* 
jed  of  the  poet's  fong,  and  amidft 
the  fterility  of  niggard  nature,  ftill 
furnilhes  us  where withall  to  paint, 
the  obje6t  of  alfcdion  with  attrac- 
tive charms,  fjitable  to  the  mind 
of  the  partial    admirer.     In  the; 
breaft  of  the  man  of  real  fenfibility, 
it  glows  with  redoubled  ardour,  it 
is  in  fad,  the  life  and  foul  of  poe- 
try ;  and  we  may  fafely  fay,  that 
infenfible  to  its  infiuence,  no  poet 
ever  wrote  to  touch  and  intereft 
the  heart.    Unlefs,  therefore,  we 
ftrip  the  earlier  ftages  of  fociety,  of 
every  natural  feeling  of  the  human 
breaft,  and  reduce  mankind  to  the 
level  of  the  mere  heafts  of  the  field, 
we  can  fee  no  reafon  whatever,  to 
withhold  our  belief  that  strong  affec- 
tions y  ardent  passions ^  a  sense  of  intrc 
p'ld  courage  and  magnanimity^  a  love  of 
liberty  and  innep^ndencc — attachment  to 
their  country^  friends,  and  rehtivi'Sy 
and  a  firm  adherence  to  the  ties  that 
h>nd  sociH\  in  mutual  defence  and  cor- 
oi(d  union,  are  the  diftinguiiliing  fea- 
tures that  unifornjly  mark  mankind 
in  the  intermediate  ftages  betv\^ecn  fa/- 
\'  ag  e  b  a  r  b  a  ]-i  t  y  ,an  d  f rig  i  d  r  e  fine  m  e  n  t. 
Po/felfed  of  ihef-s  we  fee  no  reafon 
why  their  united  iaHuencc  ftiould  not 
operate  frequently  and  powerfully, 
fo  as  to  produce   '*  thoughts  that 
breathe,  and  words  that  burn.'' — 
unattached  to  the  fordid,  purfuits  of 
gain — unoccupied    with  pleafures 
that  deaden  and  corrupt  the  heart — 
Hh2  i;a^ 


On  the  Poems  of  Ossian. 


Vol.  64. 


unwithdrawn  from  a  contempla- 
tion  of  what  is  fimply  good,  or  na- 
turally attradive ;  we  confefs  we 
are  unable  to  perceive  why  a  favou- 
rite fon  of  nature  may  not  be  born, 
who  governed  by  the  impulfc  of  ge- 
nius, fenfibility,  and  fortuitous  e- 
vents,  may  not,  amidll:  the  vivid  im- 
preflions  of  love,  friendftiip,  grief, 
and  calamity,  pour  out  impafTioned 
Jlrains,  and  deck  out  favourite  ob- 
jedls,  equal  even  to  the  bard  of 
Morven. 

Should  this,  however,  be  denied, 
and  if  delicacy  of  pafflion,  and  re- 
finement of  fcntiment,  are  pronoun- 
ced to  belong  only  to  polifhed  ftates 
of  fociety,  what  lhall  we  fay  of 
thofe  recent  periods  in  our  own  hjf- 
tory  of  manners,  when,  during  the 
exiftcnce  of  poetry  and  fong,  re- 
markable for  pathos  and  fentiment  ; 
naanners  and  cuftoms  furely  were 
very  inferior  to  what  now  exift, 
when  no  fuch  excellence  of  poetry 
can  be  produced  I  What  lhall  v/c 
fay  of  the  ballads  and  lyrical  com 
pofitions,  even  of  1 50  or  2co  years 
back,  and  what  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Scotland,  during  that  period  ? 
Wert  thefe  people  fuperior  in  refine- 
ment to  thofe  of  the  prefent  day  ? 
Were  the  plunderers  of  the  borders 
more  gentle,  generous,  and  humane 
than  the  inhabitants  of  London  and 
Edinburgh  in  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury I  Oi  ,  to  bring  the  queftion  ftill 
more  home,  could  the  colleded 
hordes  of  the  Ptrcits^  the  Douglajfe.^y 
or  the  Humes^  produce  one  critic, 
philofopher,  or  fceptical  inveftiga- 
tor,  equal  to  a  jchnw,,  a  Pinkertoriy 
or  a  Laing  ?— Yet,  thefe  rude  and 
turbulent  deftroyers  of  peace  and 
property,  did,  fomehow  or  other, 
contrive  to  feel  and  exprefs  their 
natural  fentiments  and  paifjons  in 
110  vulgar  or  contemptible  lhains  ; 
and,  what  is  ftill  more  wonderful, 
fome  of  them  felt  and  expreffed 
thefe  emotions  much  more  tendcr- 
Jy,  jmd  we  fliall  add,  much  more 


efFe<5lually  than  any  of  thefe  cele- 
brated and  learned  gentlemen  How 
comes  this  ?  We  can  only  Ihortly 
reply  ;  by  the  fame  unerring  invari- 
able laws  of  nature,  wliich  govern 
and  controul  the  human  breaft,  and 
which    produced    the  warm  and 
glowing  effufions  of  a  Homer,  a 
Shakefpear,  and  an  Oflian.    Let  us 
not  then,  idly  and  foolilhly,  waftc 
our  time  in  Searching  for  elevated 
fentiment,  and  ardent  paflions,  in  no 
foil  but  that  of  polilhed  fociety, 
where  a  very  fmall  portion  of  phi- 
lofophy  may  teach  us  little  is  to  be 
found.    It  is  not  to  the  precinds 
of  a  court,  or  to  the  fafhionablc 
circle  of  a  drawing  room,  we  muft 
repair  to  colle<5l  thefe  natural  and 
luxurious  flowers,  but  to  the  wild 
uncultivated  heath,  or  the  fimple 
and  retired  valley.    To  find  thefe 
in  their  genuine  perfedions,  we  mufl: 
refort  to  impolijheri^  urirestrained  man  f 
to  thofe  ftates  of  fociety,  where,  un- 
impelled  by  the  thirft  of  ambition, 
or  uncontaminated  by  the  profpe(5t 
of  felnfh  gain,  the  unfettered  mind 
turns  warmly    to  thofe  pleafures 
which  nature  has  implanted  in  our 
breafts,  or  to  thofe  calamities  which 
the  hand  of  fate  or  misfortune  has 
condemned  us  to  fuffer.    Thefe  arc 
the  true  and  genuine  fources  of  paf- 
fion,  and  confequently  of  that  lan- 
guage which  pafllon  alone  can  be* 
ftow.    Whence  then  the  marvellous 
wonder  of  Olfian's  compofmg  the 
poetical    produdtions    afcribed  to 
him  ?  What  have  we  in  theie  (ex- 
cluftve  of  their  admirable  compo- 
fition),  but  the  fimple  natural  feel* 
ings  of  man,  arifing  from  the  events 
which  he  defcribes,  and  the  cala- 
mities which  he  had  experienced  ? 
But  it  is  adyanced,  that  the  def- 
criptions  which  he  gives,  and  the 
portraits  which  he  draws,  are  by 
much  too  refined  for  the  aera  in 
which  he  lived.   W^e  admit  it :  But 
who,  in  the  fober  hour  of  criticifm 
and  philofophy,  could  expe<5t  a  per- 

fc<a 


March  1802. 


On  the  Poems  of  Ossian. 


233 


fed  impartial  pidlure  of  inanners 
from  poetical  defcription  ?  This,  we 
mull  confefs,  is  an  objedion  which 
has  always  filled  us  with  artonilh- 
ment.  While,  for  years,  a  chime  has 
been  rung  on  the  impoffibihty  of  the 
reality  of  OfTian's  men  and  women, 
no  allowance  whatever  is  made  for 
poetic  colouring,  nor  for  the  confe- 
quent  exaggeration  infeparable  from 
this  fpecies  of  compofition.  May  we 
not  ailc,  what  is  poetry,  and  in  what 
does  it  differ  from  unembeUifhed 
profe  ^  Are  the  paftorals  of  Theo- 
critus or  Virgil,  the  real  pidure  of 
rural  manners  during  the  period  in 
which  they  were  written  ?  Are  the 
charaders  in  Shakefpear's  hiilorical 
plays  to  be  received  as  an  exad  re- 
prefentation  of  the  times  ?  Or,  are 
we  to  take  the  portraits  of  an  He- 
len, or  an  Andromache,  as  the  per- 
fed:  refemblance  of  the  female  cha- 
rader  in  the  days  ot  Homer  ?  As 
well  may  wc  fuppofe,  that  the  he- 
roes of  the  Iliad,  adually  delivered 
their  calm,  tedious  fpeeches  in  the 
heat  of  battle  ;  and^  that  Milton's 
devil  addreffed  his  legions  on  the 
lake  of  burning  fulphur,  in  the  pre- 
cile  words  of  the  poet. 

If  to  feel  ardently,  and  paint  ftrong- 
ly,  conftitutes  poetry,  we  may  fafeiy 
fay  that  Offian's  fituation  was  par- 
ticularly favourable  for  both,  when 
he  poured  out  the-  eftufions  of  his 
melancholy  in  fong.  He  had  furvi- 
ved  all  his  friends  and  relatives,  at  a 
time  when  their  afTociatio^s  and  aid 
were  particularly  necelfary to  beg\  iie 
and  Iweeten  the  infirmities  of  life. 
Solitary,  penfive,  aged,  and  blind, 
he  ruminated  on  joys  that  had  paf- 
fed  ;  and  recalled  to  his  memory, 
fcenes  of  youth,  love,  and  heroifm, 
that  were  no  more.  The  remem- 
brance of  loft  friends  is,  at  all  tim.es, 
painful  and  mournful  ;  and,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  value  fet  on  their  vir- 
tues, will  be  the  degree  of  praife 
we  beftow  on  their  memory.  In 
thcfe  fond  and  partial!  reviews,  the 


foibles  and  infirmities  of  humanity, 
will  naturally  be  thrown  in  the 
fhade,  while  the  more  prominent 
and  brilliant  qualities,  will  be 
brought  luminoufly  to  view.  In  af- 
flidion,  we  love  to  dwell  on  circum- 
(lances  which  yield  a  foftened  and 
foothing  melancholy,  and  naturally 
turn  from  whatever  affords  pamful 
difapprobation.  In  Offian's  fitua- 
tion, all  thefe  caufes  muft  have  ope- 
rated with  powerful  effed.  He  had 
poiTeffed  a  father,  who  (putting  ex- 
aggerated praife  afide),  was  confi- 
dered  the  pride  and  fupport  of  his 
party.  Brothers,  whole  heroifm, 
independent  of  worth,  had  entit- 
led them  to  fame.  He  had  wit- 
neffed  and  participated  in  battles 
and  vfdories,  that  had  refleded 
honour  and  humanity  on  his  com- 
patriots ;  and,  above  all,  he  had 
been  in  polfefiion  of  a  favourite 
and  beloved  fon,  the  hope  and 
joy  of  his  declining  years,  whofe 
virtues  had  contributed  to  his  felici* 
ty,  and  whofe  death  he  laments  in 
ftrains  to  which  none  but  the  moll 
callous  heart  can  be  infenfible.  Thus 
circumftanced,  can  it  be  ferioufly 
imagined,  that  Cfiian,  or  any  per- 
fon  in  fimilar  fituations,  could  be 
the  calm,  cold,  and  accurate  pain- 
ter of  charader  and  manners  ;  or, 
that  the  tender,  pathetic,  and  ami- 
able fentiments  and  paffions,  which 
he  afcribes  to  his  friends  and  favou- 
rites, were  not,  in  a  particular  de- 
gree, the  natural  elTeds  of  a  mind 
loftened  by  afilidion,  and  improved 
by  a  long  and  mournful  habit  of 
defcribing  the  virtues  and  exploits 
of  tliofe  who  were  formerly  dear  to 
him  ?  In  addition  to  this,  let  it  be 
remembered,  that  the  high  and  he- 
roic virtues  which  Oilian  afcribes 
to  his  friends,  are  not  the  cliarac- 
teriftic  virtues  of  all.  It  is  not  the 
general  heroifm  and  humanity  of  his 
men,  or  the  amiable  foftnefs  of  his 
women,  which  he  draws  and  dwells 
on  with  fuch  delight ;  but,  that  of 

tlie 


234 


On  ihe  Poems  of  ^ssian.  ,    Vol.  63* 


the  mofl  dldingulflied  cliiels,  and 
the  moft  ali^adive  and  polifhcd  of 
the  fair  fex  among  whom  he  hvcd. 
It  was  a  t  ihg'il  '  a  Cucl.'ul/Ln — a 
Cathrvore — a  Gunl — a  FiiLn  —  or  an 
C  scar  J  whom  he  celebrated.  An 
Agandtcca — a  Sul-nialla  -  a  Dar- 
thula — a  Malvina,  \Wiom  he  arrays 
in  foftnefs,  tendcrnef^*,  and  love. 
And  who .  will  deny,  that  in  the 
earlier  ftages  of  fociety,  no  fiich 
chara^flcrs  or  lentimcnts  are  to  be 
found  ?  Who  can  aflbrt,  that,  even 
in  the  rude  11  ft  ate  of  manners,  no 
mark  of  human  virtues  are  to  be 
traced  ;  or,  thai  amidft  tlie  igno- 
rance and  barbarifm  of  the  molt  un- 
cultivated tribes,  all  remains  'in  one 
dreary  wafte  of  unvaried  fteiihty, 
without  one  flower  to  deck  the  fur- 
face  and  enliven  the  fcene  ?  Have 
not  fuch,  by  the  tellimonies  of  all 
concurring  travellers,  been  found 
in  every  region  of  the  globe,  and 
in  every  defcripcion  of  fociety  ?  In 
the  wildeft:  tribes  of  America  ;  in 
the  favage  haunts  of  Africa  ;  in  the 
moft  inhoi'pitable  of  the  Sourhcin 
fliores  I  Have  ihey  not  been  found 
to  bloom 'in  Ot  ahcite,  and  particu- 
larly among  the  Pellews?  Have  they 
not  fprung  up,  even  in  the  cave 
of  the  Laplander  ;  the  horde  of  the 
Hottentot  ;  and  the  tent  of  the 
plundering  Arab  *  ?  Yet  they  are, 
exclufively,  denied  to  the  Celtic 
Caledonian,  in  a  ftcige  of  fociety, 
when  it  is  admitted,  that  the  order 
of  the  Bards  exifted  in  full  force  ; 
\vhen  the  united  ft  rains  of  poetry 
recorded  the  heroifm  and  virtues  of 
,  celebrated  achievements,  and  when 
the  general  occupations  of  the  in- 
liabitants  could  have  been  little  elfe 
than  following  the  chace  by  day, 


See  M'Kenzie's  Travels  in  North 
America  ;  Barrow\s  Travels  into  Sou- 
thern Africa.  Brown,  ^onini,  and 
Park's  Travels  in  Africa,  Syria,  and 
Ethiopia,  See.  &.c. 


and  liftening  to  the  fong  of  love 
and  war  in  the  evening.  They  have 
been  pronounced  impolhble  and  in- 
credible. Why  ?  Becaufe  a  poet  of 
nature  fprang  up,  and  fang  in  di- 
vine ft  rains,  during  an  aera  which 
has  been  accounted  bai  barous  ;  and 
becaufe  the  flowing  pidures,  which, 
in  the  fervour  of  his  feelings,  he 
has  drawn,  accord  not  precifely 
with  the  prol)able  exiftence  of  man- 
ners at  the  time  he  compofed. 

In  order  to  eftablilh  the  above 
opinion,  and  to  invalidate  the  au- 
tlienticity  of  the  poems  afcribed  to 
Olhan,  it  has  been  afterted,  perhaps 
with  more  conlidence  than  prud- 
ence, that  during  the  sera  already 
mentioned,  the  Caledonian  Celts 
were  not  only  barbarous,  but  com- 
pletely favage  j  and,  in  fupport  of 
this  alfertion,  the  teftimonics  of 
certain  ancici^t  authors  have  been 
reforted  to  as  inconteftible  proofs  of 
the  manners  of  this  people,  pofte- 
rior  to  the  OiVumic  asra  ;  of  courfe, 
that  none  fuch  as  are  defcribcd  in 
the  poems  could  have  poflibly  exif- 
ted. We  have  already  endeavour- 
ed to  Ihew  the  extreme  dithculties 
annexed  to  an  impartial  and  juft  in. 
veitigation  of  national  character, 
and  we  ihall  here  embrace  the 
opportunity  of  illuftrating  our 
remarks  by  a  fhort  examination  of 
the  authorities  adduced  in  fupport 
of  the  above  opinion. 

The  authorities  brought  forward 
by  a  late  ingenious,  though  fevere 
critic,  are  Dio  Caflius,  Herodian, 
Gildas,  Solinus,  and  Jerome,  the 
laft  of  whom,  on  account  of  his  in- 
credibility, he  abandons  as  foon 
as  introduced.  Of  the  fir  ft  two,  it 
is  evident  that  neither  of  them  could 
have  poihbly  been  in  pofteffion  of 
facts  to  have  enabled  them  to  form 
any  juft  idea  of  the  people  they 
have  ventured  to  dcfcribe,  fmce  they 
condefcend  not  on  one  circumftance 
fufficient  to  eftablilh  national  cha- 
radcr.  They  touch  on  nothing  re- 
lative 


March  1802 


On  the  Poems  of  Ossian. 


lative  to  cuftoms,  habits,  or  infti- 
tutions  ;  they  fpecify  nothing  con- 
neded  with  domeltic  life^;  they  at- 
tempt no  deh'neation  of  manners, 
charader,  or  difpofition ;  but  con- 
tent  themfelves  with  imperfed  t)ut- 
lines,  drawn  evidently  from  no 
other  fources  than  a  general  and 
dillant  view  of  temporary  habita- 
tions, the  mode  of  occafional  de- 
fence and  warfare,  or  the  afpedl,  ha- 
biliments, and  condu(5t  of  thofe 
who,  amidft  their  native  faftneffes, 
and  local  barriers,  embraced  every 
expedient  to  refift  the  fuperior  dif 
ciphne  of  the  Roman  arms.  They 
even  evince  their  ignorance  by  the 
moft  abfurd  contradictions  and  im- 
poffibilities.  Dio  gravely  talks  of 
their  being  immerfed  in  their  mor- 
alfes,  where,  with  only  their  heads 
above  water,  they  remained  with- 
out faftenance  for  days  together. 
This  ftrange  amphibious  animal  is 
likewile  reprefented  as  living  on 
roots  and  the  bark  of  wood,  when, 
but  a  few  lines  before,  we  are  told 
by  the  fame  confiftent  author,  that 
the  general  fubfiftance  was  by  paf- 
turage,  hunting,  and  fruits  He- 
rodian,  with  equal  gravity  and  fa- 
gacity,  informs  us,  that  thefe  naked 
barbarians  live  in  their  lakes  and 
moralfes  ;  but,  more  compaffionate 
than  Dio,  kindly  puts  them  in  mo- 
tion, and  makes  them  fwim  and 
wade  through  mud,  which,  howe- 
ver uncomfortable  in  a  country  like 
ancient  Caledonia,  was  certainly 
lefs  liable  to  inconvenience  (not  to 
talk  of  death)  than  living  for  days, 
like  their  fellow  ottars,  with  nothing- 
hut  their  nofes  out  of  water,  to  in- 
hale and  exift  upon  the  defart  air. 
He  muft  be  a  reader  as  blind  and 
credulous  as  the  hiftorians  quoted, 
who  perceives  not,  with  a  fingle 
glance,  that  all  this  admirable  de- 
jcription  is  founded  on  nothing  but 


See  Dio's  defcripticn  of  the  Cale- 
'.uiiians,  quoted  by  iVJr  Laing,  in  his 
I  Diff.  p.  3<?4. 


the  occafional  and  neceflary  confe- 
quence  of  difcomfiture  and  retreat 
in  a  flying  army,  when  overcome 
and  purfued  by  a  conquering  foe  ; 
when  they,  as  the  only  means  of  cf- 
cape  and  prefer vation,  took  to  their 
natural  lakes  and  moraffe^,  or,  in  the 
defence  of  their  lives  and  properties,  • 
attempted  to  fruflratc  and  repell  their 
invaders,  in  haunts  inacceffible  to 
their  enemies.  When  the  French 
troops  a  tAboukir  drove  above  fo,coo 
Turks  into  the  Mediterranean,  and 
when,  in  confequence  of  the  confu- 
fion,  the  whole  furface  of  the  fea, 
in  a  few  minutes,  was  covered  with 
Turkilli  turbans ;  what  a  pity  it 
was  that  fuch  hiftorians  as  Dio 
Caffius,  and  Herodian  had  not  lived 
to  have  handed  doXvn  to  pofterity, 
the  rare  and  furprifing  fadl,  that,  ia 
the  nineteenth  century,  the  Turks 
were  accuftomed  to  live  up  to  the 
neck  in  water  for  d  lys  together; 
and  that  the  Mediterranean,  at  the 
fame  period,  abfolutely  produced  a 
marine  fubftance,  which  was  found 
in  every  refpecl,  to  aniwer  the  pur- 
pofe  of  a  turban  ! 

Of  the  other  authorities  quoted,  ' 
they  hardly  deferve  notice.  Gildas  • 
wrote  in  the  fifth  century,  long  af- 
ter the  period  alluded  to  ;  and, 
under  the  apprehenfion  of  the  Scots 
invafion,  inftead  of  a  picture  of 
manners,  his  book  is  nothinjy  but 
a  colledion  of  general  abufe.^  His 
objecfl  was  to  prove,  that  tlie  mife- 
ries  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived, 
were  the  juft  judgments  of  an  aven- 
ging God,  executed  on  a  finful  peo- 
pie  ;  and  his  exaggerated  pidure  of 
the  invaders,  is  in  perfecfl  harmony 
with  the  reil  of  the  piece.  Solinus, 
it  is  evident,  copied  from  others  as 
ignorant  as  himfelf;  and  Mr 
Laing's  curious  note  attempting  to 
account  for  Solinus'  annihilating 
the  Irilli  bees,  by  informing  us,  that 
they  were  very  fcarce,  on  account 
of  the  numerous  yew^  trees  then 
exifting,  may  ferve  to  prove  the  fa- 

gacity 


Lmdsafs  Dramatic  Works.  Vol.  64* 


gacitf  of  the  writers  h<;  quotes,  and 
the  degree  of  credit  that  ought  to 
be  attached  to  their  evidence. 

Such  are  the  authenticities  of  Dig 
Caffius,  and  Herodian,  Gildas,  and 
Sohnus,  and  fuch  the  proofs  addu- 
ced by  philofophical  enquirers,  to 
afcertain  the  manners,  cultoms,  and 
(iharaders  of  our  Celtic  progeni- 
tors in  a  dark  and  dirtant  asra. 
That  we  may  avoid  fimilar  puerili- 
ties ;  and,  as  we  feel  not  ourfelvcs 


reduced  to  the  neccflity  of  refort- 
ing  to  fubterfuge?  to  fupport  our 
opinion,  we  lhall  take  the  liberty 
to  adduce,  in  contradidion,  autho- 
rities, which  we  are  inclined  to 
think  the  bulk  of  our  readers  will 
dctm  equally  rei'pedful ;  and  from 
which  we  flatter  ourfelves,  we  lhall 
at  leaft  be  enabled  to  draw  Ibmc 
analogical  inferences,  lefs  liable  to 
objedion. 

(  Tq  he  continued.) 


THE  DRAMATIC  WORKS  OF  SIR  DAVID  LINDSAY- 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


Sir, 

IN  the  third  volume  of  Macken- 
zie's Lives  of  Scotifh  Writers,  we 
are  informed  that  feveral  fragments 
of  Plays,  writtenby  Sir  David  Lind- 
fay  of  the  Mount,  are  flill  extant. 
«  He  has  the  honour"  fays  he,  "  of 
being  the  firft  who  introduced  Dra- 
matick  Poetry  into  Scotland,  he 
having  not  only  compofed  feveral 
Tragedies  and  Comedies,  but  like- 
wife  was  a  principal  ador  himfelf 
in  them.  Some  fragments  of  thefe 
Comedies  we  have  ftill  extant  in 
manufcripts,  in  a  curious  coUedion 
of  Scots  Poems,  belonging  to  Mr 
William  Carmichael,  brother  to  the 
Right  Honourable  the  Earl  of  Hynd- 
ford,  of  which  we  ftiall  give  a  more 
particular  account  afterwards  ;  one 
of  them  is  page  164,  where  we  find 
thefe  words  :  Here  begins  the  Procla' 
mation  of  the  play  rnadi  by  Sir  David 
Lindfay  of  the  Mount,  Kvighty  in  the 
Play-Field  in  the  year  of  God  l^^S^ 
Another  in  page  168,  where  we  find 
thefe  words,  Here  begins  Sir  David 
Lindfay' s  Play^  made  in  the  Green- 
fide,  beside  Edinburgh,  &c*". 

*  Mackenzie's  Lives,  vol.  iii.  p.  38. 


As  thefe  dramatic  fragments  mud 
have  powerful  claims  to  the  atten- 
tion of  your  Scotifh  readers,  not 
only  as  exhibiting  a  chara(fteriftic 
fpccimen  of  the  manners  of  the  age, 
immediately  preceding  the  Refor- 
mation in  Scotland,  but  as  being 
the  firft  dramatic  performances  pro- 
duced in  that  country;  if  any  of  your 
readers,  who  are  converfant  in  an- 
cient Scotifh  literature,  can  inform 
me  whether  thefe  dramas  have  ever 
been  printed,  it  will  highly  oblige 
a  Conilant  Reader.  The  works  of 
Sir  David  Lindfay  difplay  a  high 
degree  of  fatyrical  humour,  and  m- 
dicate  confiderable  dramatic  talents. 
I  cannot  help  thinkmg,  therefore, 
that  a  critical  eftimate  of  his 
powers,  as  a  dramatic  writer,  and  a 
comparifon  of  his  dramas  with  the 
early  productions  of  our  fifter  king- 
dom, would  be  both  entertaining 
and  inftruclive. 
I  am,  Sir, 

Your  moft  obedient  fervant, 
Philo  Dramaticus. 

P  March  12.  i8o2. 


March  1802. 


^37 


LITERARY  EXTRACTS 

AND 

NOTICES. 


ABSTRACT  OF  THE  HISTORY  AND   TRANSACTIONS  OF  THE 
PHILOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  LEIPSIC. 


THE  Lcipfic  Philological  Society 
<  ppears  to  have  been  firft  inftituted  a- 
jout  the  year  1784.  Philological  learn- 
ing, or  what  is  called  by  iome  erudi- 
tion, has  long  beeri  a  favouiite  liudy 
in  Germany,  and  ftill  continues  to 
maintain  its  ground  in  that  part 
of  the  Continent,  in  fpite  of  the 
indolent  pretexts  of  fine  writers  and 
philofophers  who,  defpifing  the  know- 
ledge of  the  ancient  world,  affedl  to 
know  no  language  but  their  own. 

At  that  time  the  ftudy  of  philology 
•  "was  in  very  high  repute  ;  Germa- 
ny was  producmg  various  editors  of 
the  ancient  claflics,  whole  knowledge 
and  accuracy  did  honour  to  their  coun- 
try ;  and  the  fpirit  of  the  Litene  Hurna- 
niorei  was  not  confined  to  the  clofet  of 
•thefolitary  fcholar,  but  extended  to 
public  defigns  of  forming  and  accom- 
plilhing  teachers  for  the  greater  and 
leffer  fchools  throughout  the  kingdom. 
•This  Society  was  at  firft  compofed  of 
about  eight  or  ten  young  men,  who 
•have  fince  attained  very  high  honours 
and  fame  in  thelearned  profeffions.  It  has 
continued  with  various  fuccefs  and  ac- 
tivity fince  the  period  of  its  foundation, 
fuppoited  by  the  correfponocnce  of 
former  members,  and  the  labours  of  the 
piefent. 

The  plan  of  this  publication  feems 
to  have  been  taken  from  the  literary 
journals  common  on  the  Continent  ; 
but  its  mam  objecl  is  to  form  a  periodi- 
cal recordof  every  new  difcovcry,  con- 
trovcrfy,  and  invedigation  relating  to 
philological  fcicnce  ;  to  point  out  new 
editions  of  the  claffics  ;  ftate  their  ref- 
peftive  merits,  and  candidly  judge  of 
their  pretenfions  to  excellence. 

Vol.  LXIV. 


From  the  firft  No.  of  the  Commen- 
taries now  before  us,  we  learn  that  va- 
rious caufes  retarded  the  publication  of 
thetranfaclionsof  theSociety ;  andthat, 
after  a  period  of  eighteen  years  from 
its  commencement,  the  members  at 
laft  determined  to  publiih  a  mifcellany 
at  ftated  periods,  under  the  regulations 
ftated  in  their  profpcclus,  and  inferted, 
under  the  following  heads: 

Oblervations  and  in veftigations  on 
thefcience  of  philology  in  its  fulleft  ex- 
tent ;  on  its  particular  parts  and  to- 
pics, aids  and  tources  of  improvement  ; 
on  ancient  geography,  hittory,  anti- 
quities, 6cc. ;  on  ancient  writers;  on 
the  method  of  reading  aud  explaining 
particular  words  and  palTages  in  their 
writings,  with  critical  examinations  of 
their  arguments. 

Criticiiins  on  the  opinions  and  dif- 
coveries  of  others  in  this  depaitment, 
and  moderate  ctnfures  of  their  errors^ 
v/hen  deteded. 

Readings  of  IMSS,  not  yet  examined 
or  accurately  collated  ;  and  full  com- 
parifons,  or  the  feletl  variations  of  edi- 
tions poftlfting  critical  authority. 

iVcademical  treatifes  defigned  for 
humanity  fchools,  fometimes  wholly 
inferted,  at  other  times  abridged. 

Commentaries  belongii.g  to  philo- 
logy found  in  foreign  or  domeftic  jour- 
nals, and  fimiiar  publications,  either 
wholly  tranllated  into  Latin  by  the  Edi- 
tor, or  abridged  in  the  fame  language. 

Ciiticifms  from  literary  journals, 
or  any  other  criiical  works,  upon  new- 
ly edited  books,  carefully  colleclcd, 
tranftated,  and,  if  necelTary,  examined. 

Reviews  and  complete  catalogues  cf 
I  i  larger 


Foreign  Literary  Notices. 


Vol.  64, 


larger  philological  books  ;  editions 
and  tranflalions  of  clallic  authors,  with 
copious  accounts  of  the  more  im- 
portant, and  brief  notices  of  the  fmaller 
tieatifes. 

Specimens  of  new  editions  and  o- 
ther  works  of  that  kind  j  notices  of 
new  (lilcoveries,  undertakings,  confu- 
tations, and  inquiries,  in  any  point  of 
philology  ;  of  difputed  opinions ;  of 
MSS.  delcribed  and  examined  ;  and  of 
every  thing  pertaining  to  the  iubject 
of  the  work. 

In  furnidung  thefe  articles,  the  Leip- 
fic  Society  unites  the  efforts  of  its 
own  honorary  and  ordinary  members 
with  the  favours  of  all  literary  men 
who  wi(h  well  to  the  common  caule. 
The  Commentaries  are  publillied  in  La- 
tin in  order  to  facilitaie  their  circula- 
tion over  Europe  ;  contrary  to  the  ad- 
vice, as  appears  from  the  Society's 
own  account,  of  many  of  its  country- 
men, who,  like  an  ecjual  nuirbcr  a- 
monglt  ourlelves,  have  only  a  fmatter- 
ing  of  philological  fcicnce.  The  prac- 
tice of  writing,  in  Latin,  woiks  upon  li- 
terary fubjects,  has  fallen  too  much  into 
dilule  in  moll  of  tl»e  kingdoms  of  Eu- 
rope. It  has  unaccountably  been  fup- 
pofedjthat  to  alpire  to  claffio  elegance 
in  that  language,  is  vain  and  j.edantic  ; 
and  this  opinion  has  been  widely  diffe- 
ininated  by  authors  of  great  merit  in 
other  refpedfs,  but  certamly  very  in- 
competent judges  on  the  })oint  which 
they  have  decided.  Scotland,  which, 
as  far  as  we  can  difcovcr  from  our  li- 
mited knowledge  of  true  Latmity, 
once  vied  with  the  Romans  them- 
felves,  has  declined  extremely  in  this 
xefpedt.  Some  of  her  fcholars  have, 
however,  laboured  nobly  to  preferve 
her  ancient  charadlcr.  The  author  of 
the  Conlpedus  Medicinal,  the  editor 
of  the,  Analed;a  Greeca,  gentlemen 
whofe  fcience,  erudition,  and  elegant 
tafte,  itwere  iuperfiuous  to  praiie,  with 
a  few  others  of  no  ordmary  abilities, 
have  ftruggled  much  to  perpetuate  a 
pradlice,  of  the  higheil  utility  to 
young  minds  entering  into  the  world 
of  literature. 

The  regulations  of  the  Leipfic  So 
ciety  appear  to  be  admirably  formed 
for  prom.oting  the  common  dtfir^n.  It 
aflembles  weekly;  when  a  member, 
appointed  in  rotation,  reads  an  exeicife 
®n  Ibme  paflage  of  an  ancient  author 


which  he  had  announced  fcvcral  days 
before.  The  pieiident  and  members 
prefent,  then  deliver  th<!ii  opinions  on 
the  merits  and  nature  of  his  explana- 
tions and  arguments. 

The  declared  end  of  thefe  excrcifes, 
is  to  fliarpen  the  powers  of  each  in- 
dividual, by  bending  his  attention  to  a 
particular  paflage,  which  he  mult  ex- 
plain in  public;  to  facilitate  a  habit  of 
clear  and  precil'e  tranflation,  fo  necef- 
fary  even  to  the  belt  fcholais,  wlio 
are  to  become  teachers  in  Acadcmiec 
and  literary  fcminarics  ;  to  promote 
initruction  in  dithcult  points  of  claffic 
reading,  and  mutual  improvement  m 
the  ancient  languages. 

It  is  required  of  every  member,  that 
he  poflcfs  rcfpedfablc  knowledge  in 
the  art  of  tranflation,  conflderabic  cri- 
tical powers  and  acquaintance  wuh 
ancient  literature,  that  he  underfland 
the  ufc  and  nature  of  various  readings, 
in  ihort,  that  he  have  fome  pretcnflons 
to  the  name  and  honour  uf  a  Icholar. 
Well  qualitied  teadicrs  of  reputation 
are  preferred  by  the  Society  toothers. 
Thole  engaged  in  fa  ere  d  literature  and 
ftudies,  are  next  in  couife.  The  boo|cs 
from  which  pc^flages  are  to  be  taken 
for  the  exercifes,  are  chiefly  thofe 
claflics  read  in  colleges  and  Ichools, 
though  iubjeds  from  ihe  New  Telia- 
ment  and  tne  LXX,  may  occaflonally 
be  choien  and  difcufled. 

The  method  of  explaining  and  com- 
menting on  the  prelcribed  paflages  is 
very  carefully  laid  down  in  the  mfti- 
tutes  of  the  Society,  Two  kinds  of 
commentingon  ancient  writers  are  men- 
tioned, the  gramviatical  mode,  which 
befides  the  meaning,  examines  the 
words,  their  orthography,  etymology, 
and  various  fignifications  in  different 
writers,  and  in  different  ages  of  the 
language,  and  the  critical  or  aejtheticat^ 
which  partly  omitting  the  -  minutenefs 
of  the  other,  attends  chiefly  to  the 
beauty  and  elegance  of  exprelCon,  and 
the  acutenefs  of  remark  difplayed  in 
the  paffdge.  Both  of  thefe  methods 
are  commended,  but  particularly  the 
firff ,  as  being  the  mam  obje6t  of  the 
Society.  An  addrefs  is  made  to  the 
judgment  of  each  individual,  to  ufe 
that  mode  of  explanation,  which  the 
nature  of  the  exercife  requires.  For 
particular  care  Ihouid  be  taken,  fay  the 
Regulations,  that  no  word,  ,  phrafe, 
.  figure, 


March  1802. 


Foreign  Literary  Notices. 


^39 


figure,  turti  of  expreflion  or  other  cir- 
i  cumltance  be  omitted,  of  which  any 
thing  can  be  faid,  neceflary  to  coniH- 
tute  the  form  of  reading,  or  explain 
and  ill uft rate  the  fenfe.  For  as  there 
are  great  differences  of  language  and 
natural  objeds,  fo  there  are  the  fame 
in  critical  opinions.  Yet  perhaps  all 
may  be  fatisfied,  if  the  eharader  of 
thofe  who  arc  to  be  inllrudled  and 
informed  be  firft  confidered. 

It  muft  ftill  be  carefully  kept  in 
I  mind,  that  nothing  but  what  is  necef- 
[  fary  ought  to  be  brought  forward  ;  all 
t  circuitous  modes  of  illuftration,  too 
\  great  prolixity  in  detailing  the  opi- 
I  nions  of  others,  idle  oltentation  of 
f  much  readings  and  all  digrcffions  lit- 
I  tie  related  to  the  fubject,  muft  be  a- 
f  Voided.    Thofe  commentators  on  the 
f  claflics  are  not  to  be  imitated,  who 
\  pour  forth  abundance  of  ufetul  matter, 
but  not  in  its  proper  place.  The  fcho- 
i  laftic  and  academical  modes  of  inter- 
pretation, differ  widely  in  defign  as 
well  as  in  execution.    But  the  flowery 
luxuriance  of  a  young  writer,  will  al- 
ways be  more  agreeable  than  fterility 
I   and  dry  annotation  ;  as  it  is  eafier  to 
prune  the  overgrowth  of  genius,  than 
cure  the  barren  conftitution  of  a  feeble 
plant. 

He  who  comments  on  a  palTage, 
ought  to  know  as  much  as  polTibie  how 
it  has  been  tieated  before,  by  learned 
men,  and  from  thefe  fources  leled  the 
aififtance  neceffary  for  his  purpofe.  If 
any  rare  word  or  unufual  phrafe  occur^ 
he  is  at  liberty  to  illultrate  it  from  the 

! writings  of  others.  But  in  making 
this  feiedlion,  he  muft  not  be  too  dif- 
fufe,  where  brevity  would  be  prefer- 
I  able,  nor  promifcuoufly  jumble  the  opi- 
'  nions  of  authors,  living  in  various  and 
far  diftant  ages,  a  fault  often  incurred 
even  by  the  learned. 

Let  him  chiefly  ftudy  to  explain  the 
y   genius  of  the  language,  and  of  eveiy 
particular  writer.     Let  him  confult 
i    the  old  grammarians,  both  Scholiafts 
i    and  Lexicographers,  of  which  great 
uie  may  be  made  in  this  kind  of  fcience, 
.  and  of  which  it  is  unnecefTary  to  fay 
I    more  at  prefcnt.    He  muft  not  dwell 
'    merely  on  the  vocables,  but  accurate- 
ly unfold  the  connexion,  and  fcope  of 
the  writer,  which  often  indeed  cannot 
bedone,  though  youknowand  can  illuf- 
trate  all  the  meanings  of  fingle  words, 
I    but  depend*  on  the  connc^ed  chain  0/ 


preceding  and  following  fpeech,  and 
on  the  mind  and  inttntion  vf  the  au- 
thor, of  which  we  may  be  informed 
from  another  quarter.  It  was  former- 
ly the  cuftom  of  Ibme  to  read  the  an- 
cient writers,  merely  for  the  fake  of 
the  words  and  language,  without  re- 
garding the  meaning  and  fubje6t.  This 
method,  as  wholly  unworthy  of  the 
elegant  learning  of  our  age,  we  will 
avoid  fo  attentively,  as  to  pay  no  lefs 
regard  to  the  fenfe  and  fubjecl,  thaa 
to  the  words  and  phrafes.  But,  even 
in  this,  there  is  need  of  circumfpec- 
tion,  left  we  fall  into  another^  and  al- 
fo  an  older  miftake. 

Sometimes  in  lUuftrating  a  paflage^ 
a  comparifon  of  fimilar  paffagt-s  in  o- 
ther  writers,  may  be  of  great  fervice, 
and  very  commendable.  It  muft  not 
however  be  forgotten,  add  the  Socie- 
ty, that  brevity  is  eflential  to  our 
plan  ;  which  profefTes  to  teach  the 
young,  and  to  have  the  benefit  of 
thole  chiefly  in  view,  whom  we  pre- 
tend to  inftru(5t. 

Nor  can  any  explanation  of  a  palTage 
appear  complete^  without  critical  exa- 
mination. For  It  is  needlefs  to  men- 
tion, that  doubts  often  ariie  about  the* 
authenticity  of  whole  books ;  as  whe- 
ther the  paffage  or  verfe,  or  what  oc- 
curs more  frequently,  whether  the  pre- 
fcnt poiition  of  paj'iicular  words,  pro- 
ceeded from  the  hand  of  the  author. 

An  interpreter  is  not  at  liberty  to 
pafs  over  fuch  places  and  words,  but 
is  bound  to  Ihew  what  is  the  true  or 
probable  reading  of  each.  On  this 
occafion  he  muft  be  very  brief,  if  all 
has  been  explained  by  former  editors; 
but  more  copious,  if  only  uncertain  or 
infulhcient  illullrati(.n  has  been  hither- 
to offered.  The  arguments  for  efta- 
blilhing  a  different  reading,  he  muft 
draw  not  fo  much  from  the  number, 
as  from  the  authority  of  MSS.  from 
the  nature  of  the  fentence,  connedtion, 
and  language,  and  other  critical  helps 
of  various  kinds.  But,  as  an  exami- 
nation of  the  v/ords'is  not  to  be  ne- 
glected, fo  neither  is  a  judgment  on 
the  fenfe,  being  in  itfelf  a  thing  even 
of  higher  importance. 

The  form  of  the  commentary  is  the 
next  thing  to  be  confidcred.  An  excr- 
cife  of  this  kind  has  always  been  rec- 
koned moft  agrt  cable,  when  the  ex- 
planation proceeds  in  an  uniform  un- 
iftterrupted  tenor.  Though  all  ftuuied 
I  i  J  com- 


240  Foreign  Lit 

compofitions  arc  much  more  elaborate 
than  extempore  effufions,  yet  it  will 
be  of  much  advantage  to  us  (fays  the 
Inliitute)  to  learn  the  habit  of  adding 
fomething  extempore,  efpecially  as 
inoft  teachers  in  real  praclicc,  have 
not  time  to  compofc  elaborate  com- 
mentarie's  ;  and  leading-  every  thing 
from  papers,  appears  like  diffidence  uf 
his  own  powers  in  the  teacher,  and  is 
other  wife  difagreeable  to  the  hearers. 
Let  the  conmjentaries  be  all  written  in 
the  Latin  tongue,  unlcfs  the  nature  of 
annotation  or  illullration  require  a  re- 
mark in  the  vernacular  language,  or 
it  be  done  fur  the  fake  of  varic:ty. 
The  fliortnels  of  the  time  al'otted  to 
the  exercifes,  will  of  itfelf  recom- 
mend brevity  to  the  compofevs. 

To  add  verfions  of  the  paflages  ex- 
plained, th(>ugh  not  alvva\s  neceflary, 
as  however  very  ufeful.  On  Greek 
paflages,  thefe  ought  always  to  be  in 
faithful  and  liural  Latin.  Yet,  fol- 
lowing the  opiniuns  of  many  of  our 
learned  countrymen,  we  think,  that 
in  philofophical  writings,  for  initance 
in  thofe  of  Plato,  and  eipecially  in  poe- 
trv,  a  German  verfe  tranflation,  if  it 
fully  explain  the  fenfe  of  the  palTige, 
not  only  to  be  approved  of,  but  even 
preferred  to  a  Latin  one  ;  becaufe  our 
ovyn  lanf-u^ge  anfweis  bettei  to  the 
Greek  in  its  compounds,  particles,  and 
whole  ftrucS^urc,  and  becaufe  it  is  a 
means  of  improving  ourfelves  in  the 
life  of  it. 

The, commentary  to  be  read  next  in 
the  Society,  m.uft  be  written  out  and 
delivered  to  the  Prefident  on  the  day 
preceding,  that  he  may  examine  it 
carefully,  and,  if  neccffary,  change,  or 
add  to  any  particular  part,  or  even 
condemnit.  The  pafTageis  intimated  to 
the  other  members,  that  they  may  read 
it,  and  come  prepared  to  hear  it  ex- 
plained. On  the  appointed  day,  and  at 
the  hour  of  m.eeting,  the  exercife  is  to 
be  read  aloud,  but  flowly,  to  the  whole 
Society.  After  being  tiniflied,  he  who 
is  to  deliver  the  enfuing  exercife  gives 
his  opinion  firfl,  and  then  the  reft  in 
order.  The  members  are  then  to  al- 
low fome  time  for  the  concluding  opi- 
nion of  him  who  has  previoufly  exa- 
mined the  exercife,  and  to  avoid  high 
difpute.  Indifcriminate  praife  is  aifo 
to  be  avoided  :  the  members  having 
in  their  eye  the  end  of  the  inftitution, 
arc  to  give  reafcns  for  their  approba- 


rary  Notices.  Vol.  64*  j 

tion,  and  mention  what  appeared  to 
them  faulty  and  obfcure  ;  what  ought 
to  have  been  fuither  illuftrated  ;  what 
has  been  omitted  difadvantageoufly, 
and  what  ought  to  have  been  left  out. 

Under  thefe  regulations,  the  Leip- 
fic  Society  has  exifted  for  XVII 
years,  and  has  not  confined  itfeif  a- 
lone  to  improving  the  clafhc  abilities 
neceflary  for  teaching  in  fchools,  but 
extended  its  plan  over  the  whole  pro- 
vince of  philological  fcience.  During 
that  period,  many  learned  fpecimens  oi 
the  labours  of  the  fociety,  have  occa- 
fionally  appeared  under  its  name  and 
authority.  A  few  of  thefe  are  the  fol- 
lowing : 

The  Hymn  of  Cleanthes  to  Jupiter, 
in  Greek,  illuftrated  with  notes  by 
Profcftor  Sturtz,  lygS* 

Hiitory  of  the  Minor  Greek  poe- 
try, from  Anacreon  to  Meleager, 
fketched  from  the  Anthology  by  the 
Rev.  Gottlob  Sonntag,  1785. 

A  fpecimen  of  the  poetry  of  Leoni- 
das  Tarentinus,  illuftrated  and  edited 
by  Prof.  Car.  Dav.  Ilgen,  17S5. 

A  Commentary  of  the  fame  author, 
on  the  ancient  Greek  Tragic  Chorus, 
with  reafons  why  it  cannot  be  employ- 
ed on  the  modern  ftage. 

Comiineutary  I.  on  Ariftotle's  opi- 
nion of  Tragedy  by  Ren.Gottholf  Loe- 
bel.  1786.  The  author  did  not  live  to 
publifti  the  fecond  :  he  died  in  175)9 
much  regretted. 

Decii  Labcrii  Mimi  Prologus.  With 
a  hiflnry  of  Roman  pantomime,  by 
Frid.  Lcibegott  Becher,  1787. 

Luiipidis  ingenium  ad  Ariftot.  Poet, 
c.  13  §  4  breviter  adumbratum,  fori. 
J  oh.  Frid.  Haberjield^  1789. 

De  Diamate  Grascorum  Comico 
Satyrico,  imprimis  de  Sosithei  Lytier- 
fa.  Scrip.  Henr.  Car.  Abr.  Zubjladt  Prof. 
Jcnenfis,  1793. 

De  Aeichyli  Perfis  Diatribe. — Scr. 
Car.  Gf.  Siehelis,  1794. 

De  Alceftide  Euripidea.  Scr,  Gott- 
lob Wagner  1797,  who  next  year  pub- 
lilhed  the  whole  play  with  notes  and 
com.mentaries. 

Many  other  refpe6lable  fcholarshave 
adorned  this  Society  ;  and  a  conftdera- 
ble  number  of  the  diflertations  read 
before  it,  have  been  occafionally  pub- 
liOied  by  Sonntag,  Ilgen,  Augufti,  and 
others.  The  ordinary  members  are  at 
prefent  eight ;  the  commentaries  are 
edited  by  Chriftian  Daniel  Beck. 

This 


March  1802.    .  Foreign  Literary  Notices^ 


241 


This  number,  befides  the  plan  of 
the  work,  and  the  hifiory  of  rhe  So- 
ciety, of  which  we  have  given  an  a- 
bridged  account,  contains  a  memoir  of 
C.  A.  Schwartz,  on  the  fexes  of  vege- 
tables, (liowing  this  to  have  been  the 
opinion  of  the  ancients,  which  he 
proves  by  quotations  from  Herodotus, 
and  other  clafiic  writers. 

An  abftradl:  of  a  very  learned  and 
curious  treatife  of  Car.  Aug.  BoMiger, 
on  the  machinery  of  the  ancient  ftage, 
by  which  gods  and  heroes  were  intro- 
duced. The  common  opmion  of  thefe 
being  let  down  from  above,  he  has 
confuted  with  very  found  reafoning, 
drawn  from  the  form  of  the  ftage,  and 
many  paflages  of  the  Greek  and  Ro- 
man writers,  which  allude  to  this  fub- 
je6l. 

A  fpecimen  of  annotations  on  the 
veri'es  of  Empcdoclcs  by  Profeffor  Frid. 
William  Sturtz. 

Obfervations  of  Henry  Auguftus 
Schott,  on  fome  palTages  of  Dioryfius 
of  Halicarnaflus,  ^i^i  e-vv^iffiiffg  ovofcx" 

An  account  of  four  diflertations  of 
Bernhard  Ludwig  Koenigfmann  ;  one 
on  the  Gofpel  according  to  St  Luke, 
tending  to  Ihow,  that  this  gofpel  was 
a  digeft  of  mcmoiis  collected  by  the 
Apottles ;  another  on  the  queftion, 
>*  Was  the  world  created  out  of  no- 
thing;" a  third  vindicating  the  account 
of  Manetho,  about  the  fliepherd  kings 
of  Kgypt  from  the  obje6lions  of  Jofe- 
phus  ;  and  the  fourth  about  Tarihilh 
and  Ophir,  the  bounds  of  the  com- 
merce of  Solomon. 

Some  emendations  of  the  text  of 
Strabo  by  Car.  Gottfred  Siebel. 

Obfervations  upon  fome  palTdges  of 
Tacitus,  by  Piofeflbr  Frid.  Aug. 
Wolf. 

The  loth  article  contains  a  flior.t  re- 
view of  philological  books,  publiilied 
^within  the  year  pre.edinii^. 

The  firft  of  thefe,  is  Profeffor  Br ehm 
of  Leipfic's  Bibliographical  Manual 
;of  Greek  and  Roman  liteiature,  from 
1776  to  1796,  2  vol.  8vo.  lit  vol.  792pp. 
ad  vol.  7 53. The  fiift  containsthe  books 
relating  to  Roman  or  Greek  hillory, 
'to  their  geography,  the  accounts  of 
their  diiferent  nations,  ftates,  religion, 
and  all  kmds  of  cuftoms  and  manners. 
The  7th  and  Sth  ^§  give  the  books  on 
Roman  or  Grecian  art ;  the  reft  to  the 
I  end  of  the  volume,  give  the  GiaiU'* 


matical  and  Lexicographical  works  for 
the  laft  twenty  years,  with  all  the 
excgetical  or  antholo>>ical  vvo»ks  oa 
claffic  literature  foi  that  period. 

The  2d  vol.  contains  an  alphctbencal 
lift  of  the  editions  of  Greek  authors 
within  the  Aime  period,  noi  o'ni^-ting 
thofe  of  the  Fathers  of  the  Church. 
The  volume  begins  with  Achilles  Ta- 
tins,  and  ends  with  Horapollo. 

2d  A  fhort  but  very  accurate  and 
comprehenfiv';  lilt  of  philological  hooks 
with  their  prices  and  full  titles,  added 
to  the  Jena  Journal,  under  tlie  title  of 
Ailgemcmes  Repertorium  der  Littera- 
tur  fiir  die  Jahre  1785,  1790;  fiir  die 
Jahre  1791  to  1795.  Two  Latia 
treatiles  uf  Beck,  one  called  a  Re- 
view  of  Opinions  on  philology,  and 
the  reading  of  claffic  authors  ;  and  a- 
nother,  iLmendations  and  Improve- 
ments in  the  plan  of  claffic  ftudies  dur- 
ing the  laft  century,  have  alfo  rua 
over  the  fame  ground  with  much  precis 
iion  and  accuracy. 

'  3d,  Bernardi  Nieuhoff  de  ratione  . 
fiudii  re6tc  conftituenda libellus  fingu- 
laris.      Harderovici.    apud  Kafteii, 
iSco.  114  pp.  8vo. 

4th,  Vita  Davidis  Ruhnkenii,  auc- 
tore  Danieie  Wyttenbachio  Lugd  Bat. 
et  Amftelod.  apud  Honkoop  et  Pet. 
den  Hengft.  1799.  295  pp.  Sraai. 

The  plan  of  reading  followed  by 
that  eminent  critic,  was  the  following. 
He  firft  attended  to  the  bare  words, 
and  difcovered  the  meaning  of  the 
more  unufual  and  rare  ones,  by  no-r* 
ing  their  origin,  and  by  nis  p:a6lice. 
Then  he  attended  to  the  compohtioa 
and  ftrudure  of  the  whole  paffage, 
and  cleardi  it  up  both  by  inveftigr^ing 
its  connection  with  the  context,  and 
by  obfervation  of  its  grammatical  form. 
After  this,  he  read  over  the  paffage  fo 
laid  open,  feveral  times,  before  he  ad- 
vanced to  the  next.  Tb^n  he  repeat- 
ed the  perufal  of  the  whole  book  with- 
out interruption,  by  which  means,  he 
inhnuated  himDlf  in  a  manner  into 
the  very  mind,  chara6ler  and  age  of 
the  author,  impreffed  his  memory  with 
his  ftyle,  mode  of  thinking  and  argu- 
ing, obtained  a  clear  and  exacl  view 
of  many  places  before  difficult  and  ob- 
fcure,  and  became  able  to  corrc(!:l  the 
meaning  and  words  of  a  corrupted  paf- 
fage, according  to  the  genius  and  cuf- 
tom  of  the  writer.  Pvuhnken  purfued 
his  courfe  with  unremitting  attention. 

When 


Foreign  Literary  Notices. 


Vol  64. 


When  he  came  to  a  pafiage,  which  af- 
ter three  or  four  readings  he  could  not 
explain,  he  marked  it  and  proceeded. 
In  the  courie  of  his  reading,  a  fimilar 
cxprelVion,  thought  or  phrafc;,  or  the 
-connexion  of  the  writer,  generally- 
cleared  up  the  difficulty.  He  diligent- 
ly colledled  all  the  authorities  of  other 
commentators,  and  on  this  account, 
his  emendations  were  confirmed  by- 
copious  teliimony,  as  well  as  fubtlety 
of  judgment. 

This  accuracy  of  criticifm,  he  learrf- 
ed  in  the  fchool  of  Hemfterhuys.  That 
eminent  fcholar,  whom  his  pupil  gave 
to  the  world  after  his  death,  as  a  true 
model  for  a  critic,  was  accultomed  to 
prefcribe  to  his  snore  ingenious  (tu- 
dent.s,  a  paflage  of  any  clailic  to  read 
over,  and  then  give  an  account  of  its 
fenfe,  beauty,  or  other  peculiarities.  If 
nothing  diificult  occurred  in  it,  he 
piefcribed  another  perhaps  more  ob- 
fcure,  and  dchrcd  them  to  Itudy  it 
thorougidy.  If  the  meaning  could  not 
be  brought  out  by  explaining  the  words 
as  they  Hood,  he  defired  them  to  e- 
mend  it  by  a  reading  of  their  own, 
which  he  examined  and  criticiicd.  In 
fhort,  he  taught  them  to  read  and  cor- 
redl  authors  in  the  way  above  men- 
tioned, as  his  pupil  gratefully  acknow- 
ledged in  his  Life  of  his  admired  Maf- 
ter.  The  lives  of  thefe  two  illuftrious 
fcholars,  which  every  young  critic 
fliould  read  with  the  utmoft  attention, 
are  bound  together,  and  fold  by  the 
Leipfic  bookfellers  under  the  follow- 
ing title  : 

Vitae  duum.virorum  dofliira  et  me- 
ntis excellentium  Tibeni  Heir  lie  i  hufii 
ct  Davidis  Kuhnkenii,  altera  ab  eodem 
Ruhnkenio,  altera  a  Di^niele  VVytten- 
bachio  fcripta,  nunc  vero  ob  argumen- 
ti  praeftantiam  et  fimilitudinem  junc- 
tim  repetitae.  Lipfiac,  fumtibus  H.  L. 
Rcinike  et  J.  C.  Hinricho,  MDCCCI. 
238  pp.  Svo.  Some  letters  of  the  ce- 
lebrated Bentley  to  Hemiterhuys,  are 
annexed. 

5th,  Der  verkannte  VVerth  der  claf- 
fifchen  Schriftfteller  in  Riichficht  auf 
Bildung  des  Geiftes.  Aufler  der  ftu- 
dierenden  Jugend  auch  denen  gewid- 
met,  welche  auf  cerfelben  gelehrte  Er- 
ziehung  Einflufs  haben,  von  M.  Dan. 
Gotthold  Jofeph  Hiibler.  Breilau 
Hirfcbbeig  and  Lcfla.  1800.  1^7  pp. 
167.  A  treatife  on  the  dignity  and  ex- 
cellence of  the  clafiic  writers  for  form* 


ing  the  mind,  undervalued  of  late  by 
fome. 

6th, Carol!  MorganfteiniiOratio  de  li- 
teris  humanioribus,  lenfum  veri,  honcf- 
ti,  pulchri  exitantibus  atque  acutnti- 
bus,publicc  nabita  in  auditorio  maxniio 
Athcnaei  Gedanenfis.  d.  XXIX.  Nov. 
JVIDCCXCVII,  quum  ordinarium  elo- 
quentia;  ac  poefeos  profeOionem  aufpi- 
caretur.  Lipfiye  ct  Gedani  apud  Dyki- 
um  et  Trofchelium  MDCCC.  73  pp. 
8mai. 

7th,  Acroafis  pro  Societatis  Latinae  Je- 
nenhs  iniiauratione.  Scripht  Hen.  Car. 
Abr.  Eichliadt.  Jenae  apud  Gopferd. 
MDCCC.  lib  pp.  8mai. 
8th,  Antiquarifche  Verfuche  von Gott* 
fried  Erntt  Groddeck.  Erft  Sammlung, 
Lemberg.  gtdruckt  bci  Jofeph  Piller, 
1800.  300  pp.  8mai.  Antiquarian 
Refearches  by  G.  E.  Gioddeck.  This 
firft  colledion  contains  :  ift,  Briefe 
uber  das  iludium  der  alten  litter  atur 
(5  Epiftles  on  the  itudy  of  philology.) 
2d,  Ueber  das  Feft  und  die  Fabcl  des 
Adonis  (on  the  feftival  and  fable  of 
Adonis.)  3d,  Ucbcr  den  Cottabus  der 
Griechen,  (on  the  Cottabus,  a  game 
common  among  the  Greeks.) 

9th,  De  veterum  poetarum  fapientii 
gnomica,  Hebraeorum  imprimis  et 
Graccorum,  commentatus  eft  Ulricus 
Andreas  Rhode.  Havniae.  MDCCC- 
Sumptibus  Schubothe.  346  pp.  8mai. 
This  is  a  Treatife  on  the  Proverbial 
Wifdom  of  the  Ancients,  by  a  DanilU 
Profeffor.  The  Tvatucct,  or  moral  fen- 
tences,  are  well  known  to  comprehend 
the  ethical  knowledge  of  all  rude  na- 
tions. The  proverbs  of  the  JewiQi 
writers  are  quite  analogous  to  the 
Di6ta  Sapient lum,  and  the  profeffed 
gnomical  bocks  of  the  Greeks. 

This  writer  runs  through  the  whole 
feries  of  authors  whofe  works  contain 
that  kind  of  knowledge.  He  mentions 
the  Greek  Anthologia  in  particular, 
which  leads  the  fociety  to  give  fome 
account  of  the  editions  lately  publifli- 
ed,  and  enlarged  by  De  Bosch,  Jacobs, 
and  Chardon  la  Rochette.  Thefe  edi- 
tions were  as  follows. 

Anthologia  Graeca  cum  verfione  La- 
tins Hugcnis  Giotii  edita  ab  Hierony- 
1110  de  Bofch.  Tom.  Prim,  ex  tvpog. 
B.  Wild  et  J.  Altheer  MDCCXCV. 
pp.  551.  4mai.  Tom.  II.  ibid. 
MDCCXCVII.  579  pp.  Tom.  III. 
525  pp. 

Anthologia  Graeca  five  poetarum 

Grae- 


March  1 802  Fereign  Literary  Notices. 


243 


Graecorum  lufus.  Fx  recenfionc 
Brunckil.  Tom.  I.  Indices  et  commen- 
tarum  adjecit  Fredericus  Jacobs:  Lyp- 
fise.  in  bibliop.  Dyckio.  MDCCXCIV. 
25S  pp.  8mai.  Tom.  II.  cod.  ann.  264 
pp.  Tom.  III.  c.  a.  254  pp.  Tom.  IV. 
c.  a.  300  pp.  Tom.  V.  qui  indices 
compk'6titur.MDC  CXCV-venduiitur 
ctiam  jeparatim  Indices  in  Fpigram- 
mata  qua?  in  Analcdtis  veterum  I'oeta- 
'  rum  a  Brunckio  editis  reperiuntur. 
Au(^lore  Frid.  Jacobs,  443  pp. 

Friderici  Jacobs  Animadverliones  in 
.    Epigrammata  Anthologize  giaecoe  fe- 
j    cundum  ordmem  Analectorum  Brunc- 
kii.  Voluroinis  primi  pars  prior.  Lipliaj 
:    inbibliopolDykio  MDCCXCVIII.438 
pp.  Smai.    VoUiminis  primi  pars  pof- 
terior.  eod.  an.  415  pp.  Vol.  fecundi, 
pars  prim.  MDCCXCIX  430  pagg. 
Vol.  fee.  pars  fee.  MDCCC.  513  pp. 

For  a  (hort,  but  very  accurate  ac- 
count of  the  Greek  Anthologige,  vid. 
Profeflbr  DalzeFs  AmXiKrec  mZom, 
Vol.11.  ^ 

Of  the  beft  feleaions  fiom  thefe 
works  \ye  muft  not  omit  the  "  Antho- 
logia  Minor  five  f  lonlegium  Epigram- 
matum  Graecorum  e\  Anthologia  Fla- 
,  nudea  et  Brunckii  Analet^is  fclecfto 
rum,  adjcdlij)  verfionibus  Latinis  Hu- 
gonis  Grotii.  Audor  Job.  Arn.  Kanne. 
Hal.  Sax.  apud  Gebauer.MDCCXCIX. 
;  35^  pp.  Smai."  And  the  "  Ana^ 
leda  Critica  in  Anthologiam  Grae- 
cam  cum  Supplemento  epigram- 
matum  maximam  partem  ineditorum 
Collegit  Imm.  G.  Huschke.  Jenae  et 
Liplias,  fumpt.  Frid.  Irommani. 
'  MDCCC.  310  pp.  Smai.  This  collec- 
tion contams  a  great  number  of  epi- 
grams formerly  unpublilhed,  with  ex- 
cellent illuftrations. 

The  Works  of  Homer,  the  Father 
and  Chief  of  all  Poets,  have  of 
late  attraded  the  attention  of  li- 
terary men,  fince  the  publication  of 
the  Scholia  on  the  Iliad  from  the 
Venetian  'MSS.  by  Villoifon.  The 
,  authenticity  of  feveral  Poems  attribut- 
!cd  to  Homer,  the  ancient  readings, 
ithe  mythology,  and  other  particulars 
concerning  that  great  Ancient,  have 
lecn  examined  with  confiderable  ac- 
curacy. Even  the  tot  ography  of  the 
Iliad,  and  the  tfuth  of  the  Trojan  war 
have  been  much  inveftigated.  The 
Geitnans  boait  of  having  firft  tranflated 
a  commentary  on  the  plain  of  Troy 
md  at  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Society 


of  Edinburgh,  on  this  fubjedt.   In,  the 
year  1792  was   pubhfhed  n  Leipfic, 
Bcfchreibung  der  Ebene  von  Troia  mit 
einer  auf  der  Stelle  aufgenommencii 
Charte,derk6;iigl.SocietatzuEdinbur5 
im  Feb.  und  Marz  1791,  vorgele.gt  von 
Hernl-ff  Chevalier  Corvti'^.  der  ko.i.  foe. 
d.  Wifs.  zuGo.t.  etc  ;  raitAnmerkuu- 
gen  und  Erlauterungen  von  Plern  And. 
Dal%tl  mitglied  d.  kon,  id^.  zu  Eilm. 
Prof.  d.  Grlech.  Litt.  und  erftem  Bib^ 
lioth.,  d.  Univ.  zu  Edm.    Aus  dem 
Enghkhen  ueberfetzt,  und  mit  Vorr. 
Anm.  u,id  Zufatzen  des  Herrn  Hofr. 
Heyne  begleitet.  28ipp,  8mai.  m.  4 
Charten."    Defcrlption  of  the  plain  of 
Troy,  with  a  Map  of  the  foremention^ 
ed  place,  read  before  the  Royal  Socie- 
ty of  Edinburgh,  in  Feb.  and  March 
1791,   by  M.  Le  Chevalier.  With 
notes  and  explanations  by  Andrew  DaU 
zcl,  S.  R.  £.  S.  Profeflbr  of  the  Greek 
language,  and  firft  librarian  in  the  U- 
niverfity  of  Edinburgh.  Tranflated 
from  the  Englilh  (by  Fr.  Dornedden) 
and  enlarged  with  a  Preface,  Notes 
and   Appendix,     by    Prof.  Heyne. 
Befides  thcfe,  two  other  trafts  were 
added  to  the  book;  one  by  Kaftner  on 
the  height  of  Mount  Athos ;  another 
by  Heyne,  on  the  Topography  of  the 
Iliad. 

Soon  after,  MrDalzel  publifhedinthe 
tranfidions.of  the  Society;  and  alfofe- 
parateiy,  "  M.  Le  Chevalier's  Tableau 
de  la  plaine  de  Troy,  illuftrated  and 
confirmed,  from  the  obfervations  of 
lubfequent  travellers  and  others.  From 
Vol.  IV.  of  the  Tranfadions  of  the 
R.  S.  E.  179S.''  93  pp.  4to. 

In  the  fame  year  Lenz  collected  the 
latelt  inveftigations  of  the  learned  oa 
this  fubjed,  with  notes  added  by  him- 
lelf,  in  a  treatifc,  entitled  "  die  Ebene 
von  Troia  nach  dem  Grafen  Choifeul 
Gouffier  und  andern  neuern  Reifeiidcr, 
nebl+ einer  Abh.  des  Hrn  Major  Mii'ler 
in  Goningen  und  Erlauterungen  iiber  ' 
den  Schauplatz  der  Iliasund  die  darauf 
vorgefallener  Begebenheitcn,  von  Carl 
Gotthold  Lenz,  Herz.  S.  Weim.  Rath 
tind  Mitglied  derGes.  der  Alt.  zu  Cafle!. 
mit  kupf,  NcLjirelit^:'  306  pp.  Smai. 
The  Plain  of  Tioy,  according  to  the 
Due  de  Choifeul  Gouffier,  and  other 
late  travellers,  with  a  Diflcrtation  of 
Major  Miiller  at  Gottingen  ;  and  ex- 
planations on  the  Topography  of  the 
Iliad,  ficc.  by  Charles  Gotthold'  Lenz. 

Le 


Foreign  Literary  Notices.  Vol.  64. 


Le  Chevalier  was  in  the  fuit  of  the 
Due  de  Cl'OilcuI,  of  late  famous  for  his 
defcription  of  Greece,  but  appears  not 
to  have  been  employed  by  him  with 
fo  much  confidence  as  Fauvel.  Buider, 
celebrated  foi  his  Politia  veteris  urbis 
Komae,  publiflied  in  1)91,  obtained 
fever  al  obi'ervations  from  Choifeul 
himlelf,  uhich  he  tranfmittcd  to  Lenz. 
By  thefe  he  was  enabled  to  corred 
fome  inaccuracies  in  the  account  of 
Le  Chevalier,  and  gis'e  i'ome  account 
oi  L  e  Chtvalier  himfclf,  as  alfo  of  the 
fate  of  the  papers  which  the  Due  de 
Chcifeul  had  col!e*5ted  on  the  lubjcd. 
lie  gave  yn  f  xiritt  of  Pirvant  on  the 
the  piace  where  liorner  laid  the  Icene 
of  his  poem,  for  Bryant  had  denied  the 
cxiittnce  of  Troy '  itfelf.  After  ihat, 
cxtra<:-is  from  the  letters  of  later  tra- 
vellers, Hawkins,  Sibthorp,  aud  Lif- 
ton,  and  particularly  fiom  thoi'e  writ- 
ten to  Profefibr  Hcyne  by  ir^chwartz  of 
BrunTwick,  and  Helvig  of  Stock- 
holm. The  rrofcflbr  had  alfo  fent  a 
j>lan  of  the  f(  pulchres  called  the  tombs 
of  Ajax,  Achillts,  and  Patioclus,  by 
Le  Chevalie'-,  which  Lenz  proved  to 
be  much  later  than  the  times  of  Homer. 
In  Mcijor  Mulltr's  UilTtrrracion  fcvcral 
errors  rl  Le  Chevalier  were  corre6led, 
and  mar.y  illuil rat  ions  of  ancient  Greek 
tadics,  as  h  und  in  the  Iliad,  inferted. 
Attempts  were  made  to  reconcile  feve- 
lal  difcordant  pclTiges  in  Homer's  de- 
fcnpiions;  with  oblervations  on  poe- 
tical licence  in  the  circumriance  of  to- 
pography. 

Le  Chevalier,  next  year  (1799)  pu- 
bliflied at  Paris  a  fecond  edition  of  his 
Work  under  this  title,  "  Voyage  dans 
la  Troade,  ou  Tableau  de  la  plaine  de 
Troye,  dans  fon  etat  a6luel.  Par  le 
Citoyen  Le  Chevalier,  Correfp.  d.  So- 
cieies  litt.  d'Edinbourg,  Gottingue  et 
Madrid.  Secondc  Edition,  a  Paris  chez 
Laran.  An  VII.  266  pp.  With  many 
copperplate  s,  and  a  map  of  the  Troad. 

In  the  hrli  part,  containing  fevcn 
chapters,  be  treats  of  his  journey  from 
Venice  1785  ;  01  the  ruinci  of  Alexan- 
dria  Troas,  of  his  two  vifits  to  the 
plain  of  Troy,  w  ith  an  account  of  the 
Bellefpont,  and  obfervations  on  fome 
particulais  which  had  been  criticifcd 
in  the  former  edition-  The  fecond 
part  contains  the  topography  of  Troy, 
according  to  Homer,  Sirabo,  and  o- 
ther  ancient  writers,  and  as  given  by- 


mode  rn  travellers.  Theprefent  (late  of 
the  Proad  occupies  the  third  part  ;  the 
lite  ot  the  Grecian  navy  is  pointed  out, 
and  the  Scamandcr,  Simois,  Ilium,  and 
the  many  tu  nali,  as  yet  vihble,  are  dif- 
cuffed.  Five  Greek  infcripp.  found 
there,  are  produced  and  reitored.  A 
plate  of  a  fmgular  image  of  Pallas,  and 
Ibme  vales,  found  in  what  is  called  the 
tomb  of  Achilles,  is  givLn  ;  and  plans 
of  the  fepulchies  of  Ajax,  AcMiles, 
and  Patroclus.  Other  plates  contain 
coins  of  the  colony  of  Alexandria 
Tioas;  of  the  Impp.  Rom.  with  the 
Scamander  ;  of  liium  Novum  with  the 
image  of  Pallas,  &cc.  Laftly,  an  ana- 
glyph found  among  the  ruins  of  Alex- 
andria i  roas,  that  exhibits  a  Gemus 
or  Pfyche,  wirh  the  wings  of  a  butter- 
fiy,  fitting  on  a  camel.  A  valuable 
fragment  of  Villoifon,  containing  the 
biiiory  of  the  Troad  under  the  Byzifti- 
tine  emperors,  was  added. 

Of  this  woik  Lenz  gave  a  free  rran- 
flation,  (i  800)  to  which  he  fu  joined 
notes  and  corredtions.  The  letters  of 
feveral  learned  men,  who vvere  concern- 
ed in  the  fubject,  were  inferted. 

A  tracilation  of  Dailaway's  ancient 
and  modern  Conftantinople,  was  pub- 
lilhed  at  Chemnitz  by  Taiche,  1800; 
and  in  the  fame  year.  Franklin,  a  Cap- 
tain ih  the  iervice  of  the  Englifli  Lad 
India  Company,  and  author  ot  a  tour  to 
Perlia,  &lc.  who  travelled  over  the 
Troad  in  June  1799,  publifhcd  Re- 
marks and  Oblervations  on  the  Plam 
of  Troy,  made  during  an  excurfion  in 
June  1799.  Franklin  confirms,  in  mod 
inftances,  the  defcription  of  Le  Cnevagj 
lierand  is  ftill  more  copious.  He  lande^^ 
at  the  promontory  of  Rhaeteum  ;  proJ 
ceeded  to  the  tomb  of  Ajax,  now  cal9 
led  In  Tepe,  then  into  the  ThymbreaiB 
valley,   at    prcient   Thimbrck.  Hfl 
conii'ders  the  tumuli  as  really  ancien  J 
and  of  the  date  they  are  referred  t<M 
He  dilcovered  another,  which  he  call^l 
the  tomb  of  Paris  ;  and  found  fome 
ruins  m   the   neighbourhood  of  the 
place,   called  huiiarhajchiy   which  him 
thinks  the  ruins  ot  ancient  Troy.  Hfl 
then  went  to  Mount  Gargarus,  anfl 
inveffigated    the  fource  and  ancieiM 
change  of  the  Scamander  (for  it  hafl 
changed  its  courfe)  ^   its  jundliq^H 
with  the  Sim.cis. 

This  fubje6t,  which  has  actually  befl 
come   a   contrcverfy,  involves  th^ 

namei 


March  1802.         Deserters  from  St  Helena. 


245 


names  of  Pocock,  Chandler,  Wood, 
Lechevalier,  Choifeul,  Siblhorp,  Hcl- 
wig,  Hawkins,  Morritr,  Dallaway, 
Akerblade,  Schwartz,  and  Franklin  ; 
with  thofe  of  Heyne,  Dalzel,  Bryant, 
Vincent,  Wakefield,  Mullerand  Lenz, 
and  other  learned  men,  who  have  been 
anxious  to  afcertain  the  truth  of  a  cu- 
rious point  in  ancient  hiilory.  No 
perfon  is  ignorant,  that  the  learned 
world  is  divided  with  refpedl  to  the 
cxillcnce  of  Troy  ;  but  the  opinion  of 
Bryant,  though  as  old  as  the  age  of 
thje  Byzantine  Empire,  and  counte- 
nanced by  many  arguments  founded 
on  the  poetical  exaggeration  of  the 
Grecian  navy  and  other  circumftances, 
feems  to  rely  on  no  folid  foundation. 
The  city  appears  to  have  been  famous 
among  the  moft  ancient  Greeks ;  its 
exiftence  was  never  quelUoned  by  their 
catly  hiftorians ;  there  is  no  real  im- 
poffibility  in  the  fa6t  ^  and  there  are 
many  monuments  on  the  fpot,  which 
fliew  it  to  have  been  once  the  theatre 
y;here  the  brave  fought  and  fell,  but  not 
inglorioufly,  for  the  rude  pile  of  earth 
covered  their  bones,  and  their  names 
were  immortalized  in  the  fong  of  the 
greateft  bard  that  ever  adorned  human 
nature. 

We  have  given  this  detail  of  the 
Leiplic  Philological  Society,  wiih  a 
view  to  give  our  readers  forne  idea  of 
the  ftate  of  claffic  literature  in  Ger- 


many. That  country  is  producing 
daily  her  Eottigers,  Ruhnkens,  and 
Heynes,  fo  celebrated  for  their  pro- 
found erudition  and  clalTical  tafte ; 
we  are  without  Ipiiit ;  not  one  affjcia- 
tion  for  the  purpol'e  of  improving  li- 
terature amonglt  all  our  philofophers, 
and  thiologues  I  Perhaps  the  negledt 
of  ancient  literature  may  nqt  be  pro- 
ductive of  the  beit  Confequences  to  the 
intereftsof  other  knowledge.  The  Ger- 
mans are  not  far  behind  ourfelves,  if 
not  actually  fupcrior  in  poetry,  and  fine 
writing;  and  their  careful  application 
to  the  ancients,  joined  to  their  Itrong 
and  vigorous  fancy,  has  already  procur- 
ed them  a  high  rank  among  literary  na- 
tions. Might  not  a  Philological  Society 
be  inftituted  in  this  city,  the  bufineis 
of  which  would  be  limited  to  reading, 
commenting,  and  difputing  on  the 
ciaffics.  If  the  Latin  Greek  and  He- 
brew were  joined  together,  and  diffi- 
cult pallages  made  the  lubjedl  of  phi- 
lological eflays  and  critical  illuftra^ 
tions,  it  would  tend  much  to  promote 
the  education  requifite  for  the  learned 
profelTions,  and  revive  the  ancient 
character  of  a  nation,  of  whom  the 
younger  Scaliger  faid. 

Ad  fnpremum,  perduda  B^tica,  culmen 
In  te  Hat,  nec  quo  progrc-diatar,  hahet. 
Imperii  tuerar.  Romani  Scotia  limcs  : 
Romani  eloquii  {jcotia  finis  erit. 


ACCOUNT  OF  THE  SUFFERINGS  OF  SOME  DESERTERS 

FROM  THE  GARRISON  AT   ST  HELENA. 


i  LETTERS  lately  received  from  St 
Helena,  give  a  moft  fingular  and  afied- 
mg  narrative,  rtfpedting  fix  defcrters 
from  the  corps  of  artillery  in  that  iliand. 
— Their  extraordinary  adventures  pro- 
duced aCourt  of  Enquiry  on  the  12th  of 
December  laft,  when  John  Brown,  one 
of  the  furvivers,  deHvered  the  follow- 
ing  account  upon  oath,  before  Captain 
Dcsfountain,  Prefident  j  Litut.  B.  Hod- 
fon,  and  Enfign  Young: — 

"In  June  1799,  I  belonged  to  the 


firft  company  of  artillery,  in  the  fcr- 
vice  of  this  garriibn,  and  on  the  loth 
of  that  month,  about  half  an  hour  be- 
fore parade  time,  M'Kinnon,  gunner, 
and  orderly  of  the  feconJ  company, 
alked  me  if  1  was  will.ng  to  go  with 
him  on  board  of  an  American  Ihip  cal- 
led the  Columbia,  dptain  Henry  Le- 
lar  (the  only  Ihip  then  in  the  roads). 
After  fome  convcrfaiion  I  agreed,  and 
met  him  about  feven  o  clock  ar  ihe 
play-houfe,  where  I  found  oae  M'Quin, 
K  k  ^  or 


246 


Deserters  from  St  Helena. 


Vol.  {^4. 


of  Major  Scale's  company,  another 
man  called  Biighoufe,  another  called 
]^arr,  and  the  fixth  M.itthew  Conway. 

"  Parr  was  a  good  llannan,  and  faid 
he  would  take  us  to  the  Iflani'  of  Af- 
cenfiop,  or  lie  off  the  harbour  till  1  he 
Coiiinjbia  could  vei^h  anchor  and 
conr^e  out.  We  went  down  about 
eight  o'clock  to  the  Weft  Rocks, 
where  the  American  boat  was  wniting 
for  us,  manned  w  ith  three  of  the  Ame- 
rican feamen,  which  took  us  along 
fide  the  Columbia.  We  went  oii  board 
— Parr  went  down  into  the  cabin,  and 
wc  chanjred  our  cloaths,  after  having 
been  on  board  half  an  hour. 

'*  Brighcufc  and  Conway  propofed 
to  cut  a  whale  boat  out  of  the  har- 
bour, to  prevent  the  ColuHib'a  from 
bcir  g  iuipcc^ted,  vshich  they  cfil-^iied, 
h?vi!  g  thercm  a  cc;il  of  rope  and  five 
oarp,  with  a  largi  ftone  Ihe  was  moor- 
ed by— -this  happened  ab(>ut  clevtn  at 
night. 

*"  We  obfervcd  lanth(^rns  pafTmg  on 
line  towards  the  Sea  Gr^tt,  and  hear- 
ing a  great  noife,  thought  we  wee 
luifkd  ai  d  f.^rc  htd  for.  We  im-medi- 
arcly  embarked  u)  the  w  hale  boat  vs  ith 
about  twenty-pounds  of  bread  in  a  bag, 
a  fmali  kfg  of  water,  fuppofed  to  con- 
tain about  th'rteen  gallons,  one  com- 
pafs  and  one  qu  idrant,  giv.. n  to  us  by 
the  Ccmmandii-g  Officer  of  the  Coiurii- 
bia;  but,  in  our  hurry,  the  quadrant  was 
either  left  behind  or  dropped  over 
board. 

*'  We  then  left  the  fhip,  pulling  with 
two  oars  only  to  get  a-head  of  her — 
the  boat  was  half  full  of  water  and  no- 
thing to  bale  her  cut — In  this  condi- 
tion we  rowed  cut  to  fea,  and  lay  ufF 
theiflanda  great  diflance,  expecting 
the  Am.erican  fliip  hourly. 

About  twelve  o'clock  the  feccnd 
day,  no  ihip  appearing,  by  Parr's  ad- 
vice we  bore  away,  fleering  N.  by  W. 
and  then  N.  N.  W.  for  the  ifland  of 
Afcenhon,  uhng  our  iwidkerchicfs  as 
iubftitutes  for  fails.  We  met  with  a 
gale  of  wind  which  contii  ued  two  days 
— the  weather  then  became  very  fine, 
snd  we  fuppofed  w  e  had  run  about  ten 
rnileb  an  hour. — JVl'Kinnon  kept  a  rec- 
koning with  a  pel.,  irk,  and  paper, 
fupplied  by  the  Columbia,  as  alfo  charts 
and  m^ps. 

**  We  continued  our  courfe  till  a- 
bcut  the  i8th  in  the  morning,  when 
we  faw  a  num.ber  of  biids  but  no  land* 


About  twelve  that  day,  Parr  faid  he 
was  furc  we  muft  be  pafl.  the  ifland, 
accounting  it  to  be  800  milcb  from 
St  Helena.  We  then,  each  of  us,  took 
our  fhirts,  and  with  them  made  a  fmall 
fprit  fail,  and  laced  our  jackets  and 
trowftrs  together  at  the  waifiband  to 
keep  us  warm,  and  then  altered  our 
couife  to  W.  by  N.  thii  kii  g  to  make 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  on  the  Ameiican  coafl. 
Provifions  running  very  ihort,  we  al- 
l.»wtd  ourftlv^-s  only  one  ounce  of  bread 
in  twenty-i'our  hours,  and  two  mouth- 
MV  of  w'.rer. 

"  We  continu-^d  until  the  a6th, 
when  all  oui  pmvifitjns  were  expend- 
ed. On  the  27ih  M^Quin  took  a  piece 
of  bamboo  in  hi^  mouih  to  chew,  and 
V  e  all  followed  his  exarnple.  On  tha*: 
nij:i.t,  it  being  my  turn  to  fteer  th( 
boat,  and  remembering  to  have  read  of 
perfons  in  our  htuation  eating  their 
flioes,  I  cut  a  piece  off  one  ot  mme, 
but  it  bi  ing  fo.^ked  w  ith  fait  water,  I 
uas  obliged  to  fpit  it  out,  and  take  the 
inlide  foal,  which  I  eat  pait  of,  and  dif- 
tributed  to  the  reft,  but  found  no  be- 
nefit f'om  it. 

*'  On  the  ift  of  July,  Mr  Parr  caught 
a  di)lphin  with  a  ^alf  that  had  been 
left  in  the  boat.  We  all  fell  on  our 
knees,  and  thanked  God  for  his  good- 
ncfs  to  us.  We  tore  up  the  fifh  and 
hung  it  to  dry;  about  four  we  ate  part 
of  it,  which  agreed  with  us  pretty  well. 
On  thifc  fifh  we  iubfifted  till  the  4th,  a- 
bout  eleven  o'clock,  when  finding  the 
whe)le  expended,  bones  and  all,  Parr, 
myfelf,  Brighoufe,  and  Conway,  projl 
pofed  to  fcuttlc  the  boat,  and  let  her^ 
go  down  to  put  us  out  of  our  mifery  ; 
the  other  two  objedled,  obferving,  that 
God  who  had  made  man,  always  found 
him  fomething  to  eat. 

"  On  the  5th,  about  eleven,  M*Kin- 
non  propofed,  that  it  would  be  better 
to  call  lots  for  one  of  us  to  die  in  order^n 
to  fave  the  reft  ;  to  which  we  confent-l| 
ed.    The  lots  were  made.  William^ 
Parr  being  fick  two  days  before  with 
the  fpotted  fever,  was  excluded.  He^ 
wrote  the  numbers  out,  and  put  theraw 
in  a  hat,  which  we  drew  out  blindfold-* 
ed,  and  put  them  in  our  pockets,  PartM 
then  afked  whofe  lot  it  was  to  die — % 
none  of  us  knowing  what  number  wc 
had  in  our  pockets — each  one  praying 
to  God  that  it  might  be  his  lot.  It 
was  agreed  that  No  5  ihould  die  j  and' 


■  March  1802.        Deterters  from  St  Helena. 


247 


the  lots  being  unfolded,  M*Kinnon's 
waf^  No  5. 

**  We  had  agreed,  that  he  whofe  lot  it 
was  mould  **  bleed  himftlf  to  death 
for  which  purpofe  we  had  provided 
ourftlvcs  with  n  iils  flinrpe-ntd,  which 
we  got  from  tht  boat — M'Kinnon,  with 
one  of  them,  cut  him  felt  ir  three  places, 
in  hi«  foot,  hand,  and  wnft  ;  arul  pray- 
ing God  to  forgive  liim,  died  in  about 
a  quTirter  of  an  hour. 

"  Before  he  was  quite  C')ld,  Brig- 
hoiifc,  vvitfi  or)e  of  thole  cui  a 

piece  of  fl  (h  (  ff  his  thigh,  and  !iur,g 
it  up,  leaving  hib  hoi\)'  in  the  boat.  A- 
bout  three  hours  .^fter  we  ail  ate  of  it, 
cnly  a  very  fm  II  bit.  Thi^  pivcc  laft- 
rd  us  until  the  7th,  We  dipped  the 
body  every  two  hours  into  the  fea  to 
prcftrve  it.  Parr  having  found  a  piece 
of  (late  in  the  bottom  of  the  boat,  he 
fharpened  it  on  the  other  large  ftone, 
and  with  it  cut  another  pi^ce  of  the 
thigh,  which  lafted  us  until  the  81  h, 
when  it  being  my  watch,  and  obfcrv- 
ing  the  water,  about  break  ot  day, 
to  ».hange  colour,  I  called  the  reft, 
thinking  we  were  near  fhorc,  but  faw 
no  lard,  it  not  being  quite  day-light. 

"  As  foon  as  day  appeared,  we  dif- 
covcred  land  right  a  head,  and  fleered 
towards  it.  Aboiit  eight  in  the  morn- 
ing wc  were  clofe  to  vhe  Ihore  ;  there 
being  a  very  heavy  furf,  we  endeavour- 
to  turn  the  boat's  head  to  it,  but  being 
very  weak  we  were  unable — foon  after 
the  boat  upfet  1 — Myftlf,  Conway,  and 
Parr,  got  on  fliore ;  M^Quin  and  Brig- 
houfe  were  drowned  1 

**  We  difcovered  a  fmall  hut  on  the 
beacb,  in  which  were  an  Indian  and 
his  mother,  who  fpoke  Portuguefe, 
and  I  underftanding  that  language, 
learnt  that  there  was  a  village  about 
three  miles  diflance,  called  Belmont — 
this  Jiulian  went  to  the  village,  and 
g?ive  information  that  the  French  had 
landed,  and  in  about  two  hours  the 
Govt-rnor  of  the  village  (a  clergyman), 
v.ith  feveral  armed  men,  took  Convyay 
and  Parr  prifontrs,  tying  them  by  thrir 
hands  and  feet,  and  flinging  them  on  a 
bamboo  itick,  and  in  this  manner  took 
them  to  the  village.  I  being  very  weak, 
remained  in  the  hut  fome  time,  but  was 
afterwards  taken. 

"  Oil  our  telling  them  we  were  Eng- 


lifli,  wc  were  immediately  releafed, 
and  three  hammocks  provided — wc 
were  taken  in  them  to  the  Governor's 
houfe,  who  1ft  us  lie  on  his  own  bed, 
and  gave  us  rict  and  milk  to  eat ;  but 
not  having  eaten  any  thing  for  a  con- 
fiderablc  time,  we  were  lock  jawed, 
and  continued  fo  till  the  a^d,  during 
which  time  the  Governor  wrote  to  the 
Governor  of  S'  Salvador,  who  fent  a 
fni.d!  fchoonrr  to  a  place  called  Porto 
Scguio,  to  t<.ke  us  to  St  Salvador.  Wc 
were  corl.iu(itt d  to  Porto  Seguro  on 
horfi  bac  k,  p  iflln^^  through  Sinta  Croix, 
where  we  remained  ibout  ten  days- ;  A- 
terwarcis  we  enjhark^d,  and  on  our  ar- 
rival at  St  Salvador,  Parr,  on  being 
qiieltioneo  by  the  Governc;>  anfvvered, 
that  our  ftiip  had  foundered  at  lea,  and 
we  had  favcd  ourfeives  in  the  boat ; 
that  the  fhip's  name  was  the  Sally,  of 
Liverpe)wl,  and  belonged  to  his  fu^er, 
and  was  iaft  from  Cape  Corfe  Cattle, 
on  the  coafi  of  Afiica,  to  touch  at  Af- 
ccnfion  for  turtle,  and  then  bound  for 
Jamaica.  Parr  faid  he  was  the  cap- 
tain. 

We  continued  at  St  Salvador  about 
thirteen  days,  during  which  time  the 
inhabitants  made  up  a  fubfcription  of 
2Gol.  each  man.  We  then  embarked 
in  the  Maria,  a  Portuguefe  fliip,  for 
Lifbon  ;  Parr  as  mate  ;  Conway,  boat- 
fwain's  matt ;  myfelf  being  fickly,  as 
pallenger.  In  thirteen  days  we  arrived 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Parr  and  Conway 
failed  for  L  fbon  ;  and  I  was  left  in  the 
holpital  ;  in  about  tiiree  months,  Cap- 
tain Elphindone,  of  the  Diomtde,  pref- 
fed  me  into  his  Majefy's  fervice,  giv- 
ing me  the  choice  of  remaining  on  that 
ftdtion,  or  to  proced  to  the  Admiral  at 
the  Cape.  I  chofe  the  latter,  and  was 
put  with  feven  fuipedled  delerters  oa 
board  the  Ann,  a  Botany  Biy  lliip,  in 
in  irons,  with  the  convicts.  W^aen  I 
arrived  at  the  Ctipe,  I  was  put  on  board 
the  LancaiUr,  of  64  gun:-.  I  never  en- 
tered. 1  at  length  received  my  dif- 
eharge  ;  fiiice  which  I  engaged  in  the 
Diike  of  Cl'.rence  as  a/eaman  :  I  was 
determined  to  give  myfelf  up  the  firft: 
opportunity,  in  order  to  relate  my  luf- 
fv.nugi  to  the  men  of  this  garrifon,  to 
deter  them  from  attempting  fo  mad  a 
fcheme  again  1'' 

Kkz  RE^BRKS 


248  Vol.  64* 

REMARKS  CONCERNING  THE  COUNTRIES 

IN  THE  NEIGHBOURHOOD  OF 

SIERRA  LEONE. 
By  Mr  H.  Brunton,  late  Miflionary  in  Africa. 


I  AM  often  mortified  v.-4icn  I  find 
that  thofe  who  wifli  to  do  fomcthing 
for  the  civilization  of  the  African^;, 
fcarcely  ev4^r  think  of  them  v  ilhout  af- 
fociating  in  their  miniis  wilh  thtin 
the  North  Amtrican  Indians,  or  ftjme 
other  uandtring  people.  Nolwith- 
ftandiiig  the  vaft  number  ot  commu- 
nications which  have  been  received 
from  Sierra  Leone  that  might  coi  rtd 
this  m.iftiike,  thi..  habit  of  ttiiiikirg  a- 
bout  the  Africans,  fecms  to  have  be- 
come fo  invc  tii  ate,  that  nothing  m^ke.^a 
fufficicnt  imprtflion  on  the  mindbof  the 
Bruilh  to  coirtCt  it.  I  am  fo  imprtf- 
feO  with  the  importance  of  forming  an 
accurate  idea  of  the  ftate  of  fociety  on 
the  WcJt  coail  of  Africa,  in  order  to 
promote  its  civihzation,  that  I  mu(l  beg 
le^ve  to  propofe  the  following  re- 
marks. 

1.  7  he  Sufoop  and  Mandingas  are, 
in  general,  cleanly  in  their  clothe  s  and 
furniture,  ai/d  polite  in  tluir  addrcfs 
and  behaviour.  Nothing  is  itkfome,  in 
their  manners,  except  their  beggary, 
•which  muft  be  allowed  to  be  aimoit 
intOiLfable. 

2.  They  are  much  more  employed 
in  manufacVuring  cloth,  than  the  people 
of  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  They 
fupply  leveral  neighbouring  nations 
with  cotton  cloths. 

3.  They  work  iron  and  wood  into 
every  kind  of  inftrumeni  \a  hich  they 
life  in  agriculture,  Scc^  The  Suioos 
even  m.ake  ear-riiigs  lor  the  women,  of 
iron,  which  are  not  altogether  unnaiid- 
foiT/e.  I  have  chen  vifitec)  a  Sulco  man 
who  lives  at  BaUiia,  when  he  was  build- 
ing a  veflel  v\  holly  with  bis  own  hands, 
which,  I  fuppofe,  would  carry  about 
fifteen  tons. 

4.  The  Sufoos  and  Mandingas  do 
not  live  in  a  fcattered  way,  as  the  peo- 
ple live,  in  country  places,  in  Britain. 
They  live  in  villages  containing  from 


an  hundred  to  two  tlioufard  people. 
Few  of  their  viiiages  contain  fewer 
than  three  ar  four  hundred. 

5.  A  rnoft  profound  refped  is  paid 
to  all  old  people,  by  all  the  Africans 
with  whom  I  have  ever  been  aquaint- 
ed. 

6.  No  people  in  the  world  are  proud- 
er of  their  liberty  than  the  free  people 
in  the  Sufoo  and  Mandinga  countries, 
and  fo  call  a  man  a  flave,  who  is  real- 
ly fret,  would  be  a  fufficient  ground  for 
a  qn '.rrel. 

7.  The  Sufoos  are  a  fuperftitious  peo- 
ple, and  diflikc  not  to  think  about  li  ne 
religion,  when  it  ib  offered  to  their 
confideration ;  but  they  think  and 
fpeak  with  horror  of  the  bloody  fuper- 
llitions  of  fome  places  to  the  leeward  ; 
and  of  Bengal,  when  they  arc  told  of 
them. 

8.  The  generality  of  the  Mandingas, 
whoprofefs  the  Mohammedan  religion, 
are  as  well  acquainted  with  the  doc- 
trines of  the  Koran,  as  the  generality 
of  the  people  in  Britain,  who  do  not 
feem  to  be  religious,  are  acquainted 
with  the  do(51iinesof  the  Bible.  ,  They 
are  certainly  much  better  acquainted 
wMth  the  early  Mohammedan  writers, 
than  the  common  people  among  the 
Britifli  are  with  the  Chriftian  fathers. 
Many  in  the  Mandinga   and  Foulah 
countries  are  well  informed  concerning 
the  rife  and  prog refs  of  the  Mohammt- 
dan  rcligi{)n,  and  concerning  itS  doc- 
trines.    Abraheemi   a  Mohammedan 
pritft  at  Madeena,  a  town  in  the  fou 
lab  couiitry,  is  faid  to  be  able  to  rcpea 
the  whole  Koran,  although  it  be  writ 
ten  in  a  foreign  language.    I  have  ne 
ver  yet  met  with  more  grave  and  tern 
perate  people  with  regard  to  ftrong  li 
qUors,  than  the  Foulahs  and  Mandin 
gas.^  I  do  not  hefitate  to  fay,  that 
have  not  feen  a  more  fagacious,  dif 
cerningj  and,  in  many  rcfpecls,  accom 

plifhc 


March  i8o2.    ,     'Remarks  on  the  Africans, 


249 


pliflied  people.  Their  perfonal  appear- 
ance, may  perhaps  compare  with  that 
of  any  people  in  Europe. 

9.  The  Mohammedan  religion  has 
tended  very  much  to  civilize  the  Afri- 
cans v^'herever  it  has  been  received. 
They  havt-  received  the  Koran,  and  read 
it,  and  have  been  guided  by  its  pre- 
cepts, although  written  in  a  foreign 
lanj^uage.  To  what  degree  of  improve- 
ment might  they  have  arrived,  had 
they  received  the  Bible  in  their  own  ! 

10.  Among  the  Foulahs  and  Mandin- 
gas,  all  criminal  trials  are  conducted 
and  determined  according  to  the  laws 
contained  in  the  Sonno. 

V  II.  In  every  Sufoo  town  there  is  a 
c\\\t^,  munk^Ct  or  tai'kangji,  who,  with 
the  advice  of  the  elders,  governs  it, 
without  being  accountable  to  any 
ther  town  for  the  management  of  his 
authority.  Sometimes  the  chief  is 
choftn  by  the  people,  and  has  no  pro- 
perty in  the»n,  but  very  frequently 
>vhen  a  man  has  bten  prudent  enough 
to  fave  a  little  properly,  he  purchafcs 
afewflavcs,  arid  forms  a  town  with 
them.  By  the  profits  of  their  labour, 
he  buys  a  few  more  occalionaily,  ac- 
cording to  his  ability,  till  he  become* 
a  powerful  chief.  As  foon  as  his  coun- 
trymen fee  his  power  inerealing,  they 
ietk  protection  from  him,  and  live  a- 
long  with  him,  Munkge  Mumanet  of 
JU-'angfliang,  Munkge  Farring  of  La- 
baia,  Munkge  Fantimanee  of  Sumbu- 
rce,  Munkge  Fantimanee  of  Kondaia, 
beftdes  .  many  more  powerful  Sufoo 
chiefs  who  might  be  mentioned,  have 
gathered  fuch  influence  in  this  way, 
that  none  are  mgre  refpcded  in  the 
Sufoo  country.  ^  Even  liuropeans  have 
become  fo  powerful  by  purchafing 
Haves,  and  treating  them  as  free  peo- 
ple, that,  had  there  been  any  to^  fuc- 
ceed  them,  and  to  manage  the  fyfttm 
which  hid  been  adopted,  with  pru- 
dence j  it  is  impoflible  to  calculate  the 


influence  that  they  might  have  gained. 
The  late  Qrmond's  domeftic  flavcs 
have  moftly  fought  protedion  under 
Fantirnanee  of  Kondaia.  The  Sufoo 
chiefs  often  form  voluntary  aflociations 
for  the  tranfadlion  of  both  civil  and 
crimiurjl  matters  ;  but  although  it 
wou\d  be  highly  dangerous  to  rebel 
againit  their  dcciiions,  yet  they  do  no 
more  than  give  their  advice.  No  chief 
is  obliged  to  attend  thefe  afl'ociationF, 
and  any  chief  may  attend  them  who 
pleaft?.  The  Minding  a  towns  are  go- 
verned in  nearly  the  fame  way.  The 
Foulahs  have  an  Alamammee,  who  is 
looked  on  as  fuperior  to  any  other 
chief  in  their  country,  but  I  cannot 
pretend  to  define  his  power.  All  the 
Paga  towns  which  I  know,  are  go- 
verned, in  the  fame  way  with  the  Su- 
foo towns,  Munkge  Mumanee's  influ- 
ence is  very  great  among  the  Bagas ; 
but  I  fuppofe  it  is  owing  to  his  liv- 
ing in  their  neighbourhood,  and  to  his 
being  a  powerful  chief  in  his  own  coun- 
try. The  Timmany  country  is  thinly 
inhabited,  and  I  always  fuppofed  the 
greateft  part  of  its  inhabitants  to  be 
in  a  very  barbarous  ftaie.  The  go- 
vernment of  their  country  rather  re- 
fembles  that  of  the  Foulahs,  th  in  that 
of  the  Mandingas,  Sufoos,  and  Bagas. 
I  know  very  iittie  of  the  Bulloms,  but 
I  think  their  towns  are  governed  by 
chiefs  independent  of  one  anotlicr. 

12.  In  the  years  1798  and  1799,  the 
locufts  ear  up  almofi  every  thing  that 
was  eatable  in  the  Sufoo  and  Foulah 
countritf^,  during  the  months  of  June, 
July  and  Auguit.  This  occafioiied  a 
Very  alarming  and  diitrefstul  fcarcity. 
The  Sufoo  chiefs,  however,  were  fo 
far  from  being  improvident,  that  they 
eltabliflied  factories  for  purchafing  rice, 
wherever  it  was  to  be  gotten,  which 
they  fold  and  diitributed'  a.nong  ihc 
people,  according  a;i  they  needed  it. 


BURNS'  LETTERS. 


WE  have  been  favoured  with  the  form  (8  1 1)  of  a  feries  of  XXV  Let- 
following  authentic  letters  of  the  cele-  ters  written  by  the  Poet  before  his  mar- 
brated  Burns,  by  Mr  Stewait,  Book-  riage,  toaLadyinEdinburgh, under  the 
I'ciler  in  the  Trpnga.le,  Giafgow.  ^They  liititious  name  of  Clarinda.  They  con- 


250 


Burns*s  Letters  to  Clnrinda. 


tain,  like  all  the  other  compofitions  of 
that  wonderful  man,  mucl.  of  the  fire, 
the  high  and  gallant  f:»iru,  and  generous 
warmth  of  feeling,  which  raifed  him 
from  the  Flough  ;  but  this  feeling  fre- 
quently trenches  on  extrava^-wnce. 
With  regard  to  their  authenticity  the 
Editors  can  afliire  the  Public,  that  they 
have  i'een  the  v. hole  icries  in  tlie  hand- 
writing of  iht  Poet.  We  unde riband  that 
they  form  pan  of  a  New  Edilion  of  the 
early  Poems  printed  by  Mr  St.evvart,  and 
enriched  witn  many  new  pieces,  which 
the  other  iiditors  have  either  not  re- 
cei\ed  ;  or,  for  iome  particular  reafons 
of  convenience,  rejcdt  d. 

Lktter  VIII. 

You  are  right,  my  dear  Clarinda  : 
a  friendly  correfpondence  goes  for  no- 
thing, except  one  write  their  undif- 
guil'ed  fentimcnis.  Yours  pleafe  me 
for  their  intrinlic  merit,  as  well  as  be- 
caule  they  are  yonn  ;  which,  I  allure 
vou,  is  to  me  a  high  recommendation. 
Your  religious  lentiments,  Madam,  I 
revere.  If  you  have,  on  Ibme  Tufpi- 
cious  evidence,  from  fome  lying  ora- 
cle, learnt  that  1  delpile  or  lidicule  lb 
faciedly  important  a  matter  as  reai  re- 
ligion, you  have,  m.y  Clarinda,  much 
miiconltrued  your  friend. — "  1  am.  not 
mad,  m.oli  noble  Fcftus  I"  Have  you 
ever  met  a  perfect  charader  ?  Do  we 
not  fomeiin^es  rathei  exchange  faults 
than  get  rid  of  them  ?  For  inftance  ; 
I  am  perhaps  tired  with  and  lliocked 
at  a  life,  too  much  the  prey  ot  giddy 
inconfiftencies  and  thoughtlels  follies; 
by  degrees  1  grow  iobi:r,  prudent  and 
ii'atediv  pious — I  fay  ftatedly,  becaufe 
the  moli  unaffedied  devotion  is  not  at 
all  inconfiitefit  with  my  firfl:  charac- 
ter—I join  the  world  in  congratulat- 
ing myfclf  on  the  happy  change.  But 
let  me  pry  nioie  narrowly  into  this  af- 
fair ;  have  I,  at  bottom,  any  thing  of 
a  lecret  pride  m  thefe  endowments  and 
em.enddtions  I  have  I  nothing  of  a  pref- 
byterian  iburnei's,  a  hypocritical  fe- 
vr  rity,  when  I  furvey  my  lefs  regular 
neighbours  ?  in  a  word,  have  I  miffed 
all  thofe  namelcfs  and  nun^berlefs  mo- 
dific^itions  of  indillindt  lelnihnefs, 
which  are  fo  near  oui  own  eyes,  that 
we  can  fcarct  biing  them  within  our 
fphere  of  vifiOn,  and  which  the  known 
fpotlefs  carnbtic  of  our  chara61er  hides 
from  the  ordinary  obferver  ? 

My  definition  of  worth  is  ftiort : 


Vol. 


truth  and  humanity  refpccFling  our  fel 
low-creatures;  reverence  and  humili- 
ty  in  the  piefence  of  that  Being,  my 
Creator  and  Pieierver,  and  who,  I 
have  eveiy  reafon  to  believe,  will  one 
day  be  my  Judge.  The  firft  part  of 
my  definition  is  tiie  creature  of  unbiaf- 
fed  inlfin6l  ;  the  I  aft  is  the  child  of  af. 
ter  refledion.  Where  I  found  thefe 
two  clTenrials ;  I  would  gently  note^ 
and  flightly  mention,  any  attendant 
flaws — flaws,  the  marks,  the  confe- 
quences  of  human  nature. 

I  can  eafily  enter  into  the  fublime 
pleafures  that  yourflrong  imagmation, 
and  keen  fenfibility,  mult  derive  from 
religion,  particularly  if  a  little  m  the 
Hiade  of  misfortune  ;  but  I  own  1  can- 
not, without  a  marked  grudge,  fee 
Heaven  totally  engrofs  fo  amiable,  fo 
charming  a  woman,  as  my  friend  Cla- 
rinda ;  and  Ihould  be  ery  well  pleaf- 
ed  at  a  cif  ciimjlance  that  would  put  it  in 
the  power  of  fomcbody,  happy  fome- 
body  I  to  divide  her  attention,  with 
all  the  delicacy  and  tendcrnefs  of  aa 
earthly  attachrnent. 

You  will  not  eafily  perfuade  me  that 
you  have  not  a  grammatical  kr^owledgc 
of  the  EiigliQi  language— So  far  from 
being  inaccurate,  you  are  elegant  be 
yond  any  woman  of  my  acqnaintano' 
except  one  whom  I  wifli  you  knew. 

Yourlaft  verfes  to  me  have  fo  de 
lighted  me,  that  1  have  got  an  excel 
lent  old  Scots  air  that  fuits  the  mea 
fure,  and  you  ihall  fee  them  in  prin 
i»  the  **  Scots  Mufical  Muleurn,' 
work  publilhing  by  a  friend  of  mineij 
this  town.  I  want  four  Itanzas  ;  yoj 
gave  m'e  but  three,  and  one  of  thei 
alluded  to  an  expreflion  in  my  foim< 
letter;  fo  I  have  taken  your  two  fir 
verfes  with  a  flight  alteration  in  th 
fecond,  and  have  added  a  third  ;  bu 
yoLi  muft  help  me  to  a  fourth.  Herj 
they  are  :  the  latter  half  of  the  fir 
ftanza  would  have  been  worthy  ( 
Sappho  ;  I  am  in  raptures  with  it. 

Talk  not  of  love,  it  gives  me  pain^ 

For  love  has  been  my  foe  : 
He  bound  me  with  an  iron  chain. 

And  fuiik  me  deep  in  woe. 

But  friendfhip's  pure  and  lafling  joys 
My  heart  was  foriiiM  to  prove : 

There,  welcome,  win  and  wear  the  prize 
But  never  talk  of  love. 

Yoi^ 


March  1802.  Burns' s  Letters  to  Clarinda. 


Your  friendfhip  much  can  make  me  bleft, 
O,  why  that  blifs  deftroy  ! 
[only] 

Why  urge  the  odious  one  rcqucft, 
fwiU] 

You  know  I  muft  deny. 

The  alteration  in  the  2d  ftanza  is  no 
improveincnt,  but  there  was  a  flight 
inaccuracy  in  your  rhyme.  The  3d 
I  only  offer  to  your  choice,  and  have 
left  two  nuords  for  your  determination. 
The  air  is  *'  The  banks  of  Spey,"  and 
is  moft  beautiful. 

To  morrow  evening,  I  intend  tak- 
ing a  chair,  and  paying  a  vifit  at  Park- 
Place  to  a  much  valued  old  friend.  If 
I  could  be  fure  of  finding  you  at  home, 
(and  I  will  fend  one  of  the  chairraeij 
to  call,)  I  would  fpend  from  five  to 
fix  o'clock  with  you,  as  J  go  paft.  I 
cannot  do  more  at  this  time,  as  I  have 
fomething  on  my  hand  that  hurries  me 
much.  I  propcfe  giving  you  the  firft 
call,  my  old  friend  the  fecond,  and 

Mifs  as  I  return  home.  Do  not 

break  any  engagement  for  me,  as  I 
will  fpend  another  evening  with  you 
at  any  rate  before  I  leave  town 

Do  not  tell  me  that  you  are  pleafed 
when  your  friends  inform  you  of  your 
fauUs.  I  am  ignorant  what  they  are  ; 
but  I  am  fure  they  muft  be  fuch  eva- 
nefcent  trifles,  compared  with  your 
perfonal  and  mental  accomplifhments, 
that  I  would  defpife  the  ungenerous, 
narrow  foul,  who  would  notice  any 
fhadow  of  impcrfedtions  you  may  feem 
to  have,  any  other  way  than  in  the 
moft  delicate,  agreeable  raillery.  Coarfe 
minds  are  not  aware  how  much  they 
injure  the  keenly  feeling  tie  of  bofom- 
friendlhip,  when  in  their  foolilh  offi^ 
cioufnefs  they  mention  what  nobody 
cares  for  recolledling.  People  of  nice 
lenfibility  and  generous  minds,  have 
I  certain  intrinfic  dignity,  that  fires 
It  being  tritled  with,  or  lowered,  or 
iven  too  nearly  approached. 

You  need  make  no  apology  for  k)ng 
ettcrs  :  I  am  even  with  you.  Many 
i^appy  new-years  to  you,  charming 
Clarinda.  I  can't  diifemble  were  it 
o  fliun  perdition. — He  who  fees  you 
s  1  have  done  and  does  not  love  you, 
eferves  to  be  damn'd  for  his  Itupidityl 

who  loves  you  and  would  injure 
ou,  defervcs  to  be  doubly  damn'd 
or  his  viilany  I  Adieu! 

Sylvander, 


P.  S.  What  would  you  think  of  this 
for  a  fourth  ftanza  : 

Your  thought,  if  love  muft  harbour  there 

Conceal  it  in  that  thouj^ht, 
Nor  caiife  me  from  my  bofom  tear 
The  very  friend  I  fought. 

LETTiiR  XI. 
I  AM  delighted,  charming  Clarinda, 
with  your  honeft  enthufiaiin  for  reli- 
gion. Thofe  of  either  lex,  but  par- 
ticularly the  female,  who  are  luke- 
warm in  that  moft  important  of  ail 
things — **  O  my  foul,  come  not  thou 
"  into  their  fecrets  fe^l  mylcif 

deeply  interefted  in  your  good  opinion* 
and  will  lay  before  you  the  outlines  of 
my  belief.     He,  who  is  our  Author 
and  Preferver,  and  will  one  day  be 
our  Judge,  muft  be,  (not  for  his  fake 
in  the  way  of  duty,   but  from  the 
native  impulfe  of  our  hearts,)  the 
objed  of  our  reverential  awe  and  grate- 
ful adoration  :  He  is  alinighty  ai-Td  all- 
bounteous,  we  are  weak  and  depend- 
ent ;  hence,  prayer  and  every  other 
f©rt  of  devotion.  He  is  not  will- 
ing that  any  fhould  pcrilh,  but  that 
all  fhould  come  to  everlaiting  life 
confcquently,  it  muft  be  in  cvtiy  one's 
power  to  embrace  His  offer  of  cverlaft- 
ing  life        otherwiCe  He  could  not, 
in  jul'iice,   condemn  thoie  who  did 
not.    A  mind  pervaded,  aduated  and 
governed  by  purity,  truth  and  charity^ 
though  it  does  not  merit  heaven,  yet 
is  an  abfolutely  neceflary  pre-requifite, 
without  which  heaven  can  neither  be 
obtained  nor  enjoyed  ;  and,  by  Divine 
promife,  fuch  a  mind  lliall  never  fail 
of  attaining  everlafting  life:"  hence, 
the  impure,  the  deceiving,  and  the 
uncharitable,  extrude  themfv^lves  from 
eternal  blifs,  by  their  unfitnefs  for  en- 
joying it.    The  Supreme  Eeing  has 
put  the  immediate  adminiftrarion  of 
all  this,  for  wife  and  good  ends  known 
to  himfelf,  into  the  hands  of  Jefus 
Chrift,  a  great  Feribnage,  whole  rela- 
tion to  him  we  cannot  comprehend,  but 
whofe  relation  to  us  is  a  Guide  aud  Sa- 
viour; and  who,  except  for  our  own  ob- 
ftinacy  and  mifcondud,  wmII  bring  us 
all,  through  various  wavs,  and  by  va- 
rious means,  to  blifs  at  laft. 

Thefe  are  my  tenets,  my  lovely 
friend  ;  and  which,  I  think  cannot  be 
well  difputed.  My  creed  is  prettv 
nearly  expielfed  in  the  hft  clanfe  cf 

Jamie 


Burns' s  Letters  to  Clariri'da. 


Vol.  64. 


Jamie  Dean's  grace,  an  honeft  weaver 
in  Ayrfhiie  j  '*  Lord  grant  that  we  may 
lead  a  gude  life  I  for  a  gude  life  maks 
a  ^ude  end,  at  leait  it  helps  weel  1" 

I  am  flattered  by  the  entertainment 
you  tell  me  you  have  found  in  my 
packet.  You  fee  me  as  I  have  been, 
you  know  me  ?.s  1  an:i,  and  may  guefs 
at  what  1  am  iikcly  to  be.  I  too  may 
fay,  ''Talk  not  of  love,  &c.'*  for  in- 
deed he  has  "piung'd  mc  deep  in  woel'* 
Not  that  I  ever  faw  a  woman  who 
pleated  unexceptionably,  as  my  Clar- 
indaeiegantlyfays,  *'in^the  companion, 
the  friend  and  the  milirels."  One  in- 
deed I  could  except — One  before  paffion 
threw  its  mills  over  my  difcernment  I 
knew  it,  the  firit  of  women !  Her 
name  is  mdelibly  v/riten  in  my  heart's 
core — but  1  dare  not  look  in  on  it — a 
degree  of  agony  would  be  the  con- 

fequence  Oh,thou  perfidious,  cruel, 

inifchief-making  demon,  who  prclideit 
o'er  that  frantic  paflion — thou  may  eft, 
thou  doft  poiibn  my  peace,  but  lhall 
not  taint  my  honour — 1  would  not  for 
a  fmgle  moment  give  an  afylum  to  the 
raoit  dittant  imagination,  that  would 
lhadow  the  faintelt  outline  of  a  ielfilh 
gratification,  at  the  expence  of  her 
whofe  happenefs  is  twilled  with  the 
threads  of  nay  cxiitence  May  Ihc 


be  happy  as  fhe  defervcs  I  ^nd  if  my 
tendereit,  faithfuilcft  friendQiip  can 
add  to  her  bliis — 1  fhall  at  leaft  have 
one  folid  mine  ot  enjoyment  in  my 
bofom  1    Botit  guefs  at  thefe  ra-vingi  / 

I  watched  at  our  fiont  window  to- 
day, but  was  difappointed.  It  has 
been  a  day  of  difappointments.  I 
am  juil  rifen  from  a  two-hours  bout 
after  fupper,  with  filly  or  fordid  fouls, 
who  could  relilh  nothing  in  common 
with  me — but  the  Port.  "  One"— - 
**  ' Tis  now  witching  time  of  night 
and  whatever  is  out  of  joint  in  the 
foregoing  fcrawl,  impute  it  to  en- 
chantments and  fpclls  ;  for  I  can't 
look  over  it,  but  will  leal  it  up  dire(^l:ly 
as  I  don't  care  for  to-morrow's  criti- 
cifms  on  it. 

You  are  by  this  time  fait  aileep, 
Clarinda  ;  may  good  angels  attend  and 
guard  you  as  conltantly  and  faithfully 
as  my  good  wilhes  do  I 

"  Beauty,  which  whether  waking  of  allcep 
"  Shot  forth  peculiar  graces— — " 

John  Milton,  I  wiQi  thy  foul  better 
reft  than  I  exped  on  my  pillow  to- 
night 1  O  for  a  little  of  the  cart-horfe 
part  of  human  nature  1  Good  night, 
my  deareft  Clarinda  1 

Sylvander, 


LITERARY  NOTICES. 


WE  learn  from  the  Commentarii  So- 
Gietatis  Philologicce  Lipfienfib,  that  four 
learned  Greeks,  at  Vienna,  are  about  to 
publilh  a  very  complete  Lexicon  of  that 
language,  in  3  vols,  folio.  They  pub- 
lifhed  their  profpedus  at  Vieiica,  in 
Odober  1800,  which  was  reprinted  at 
the  inffance  of  ProfelTor  T.  C.  Alter, 
of  that  city,  in  the  Allgemeinc  litterat. 
Anz.  or  Univerfal  Literary  Inttiligen- 
cer.  ProfcHur  Alter,  alfo  gave  notice 
of  a  liiftory  of  Greece,  from  the  ear- 
lieft  ages,  down  to  modern  times,  writ- 
ten in  ancient  or  pure  Greek,  by  De- 
metrius Alexandrides. 

A  Hiftory  of  Switzerland,  from  the 
time  of  Coefar,  to  the  French  conqued, 
is  now  writing  by  Leonhard  Meifter. 
The  firft  volume  has  made  its  appear- 
ance at  St  Galh 


Early  in  the  laft  fummcr,  was  pub- 
lifhed,  at  Leipfig,  by  Breitkopf,  the 
lall  volume  of  Adelungs  Worter-buch 
der  Ilooh  Deutfchen  Mundart,  or  Dic- 
tionary of  the  High-German  Dialed. 
This  immenfe  work  confifts  of  four 
large  quarto's,  each  containing  about 
2000  clofcly  printed  columns ;  and  ex- 
hibits a  prodigious  inftance  of  the  per- 
feverance  of  a  fingle  man,  who  has  pro- 
bably fixed  the  ftandard  of  the  lan- 
guage. Several  vocabularies  of  Pro- 
vincial Diaieds,  works  extremely  ufe- 
ful  to  the  phiiolcgift,  have  alfo  been 
publiflied,  fuch  asReinewald's  Vocabu- 
lary of  the  Provincial  dialed  of  Henne- 
burg  and  Schutzcn's  of  that  of  Holflein. 

The  prevailing  fyftem  of  medical  The- 
ory,  in  Germany,  at  prefent,  is  a  mo- 
dification of  the  dodrine  of  excitabili- 
ty 


March  1802. 


Literary  Notices. 


^53 


ty,  which  was  firft  promulgated  by  our 
countryman  Brown.  This  dodrine  is  e- 
irinently  fitted  to  be  the  ground  work 
of  innovators  and  vifioriarif  s,  as  it  finn- 
plifies  the  fcience  almo(>  into  a  fingle 
dogma.  It  has  a  flrong  foundation  in 
nature,  and  acordingly  muft  be  of  a 
great  ft r vice  in  corrcdtino:  other  the- 
ories, but  it  is  liable  to  infinite  abufe, 
as  it  unfetters  the  inrragination.  Bur- 
dach,  Marten,  Kletten,  Matth?ei,  and 
Frank,  are  late  writers  of  this  party; 
bur,  they  are  oppofed  by  Roichlaub  in 
his  Magazine,  devoted  to  the  elder  fyf- 
tc-ms.  Moit  of  the  German  Phyiki- 
ans  have  forfikcn  the  Latin  language  as 
a  vehicle  for  their  works,  a  pracftice 
which,  had  it  been  adopted  by  their  Fa- 
ther, Brown,  would  probably  have  left 
bis  children  in  darknefs. 

Philofophy  in  Germany  prefents  a 
curious  phafis.    A  few  years  ago,  Im- 
manuel  Kant  was  the  idol  of  the  day. 
His  Critical  Philofophy,  which  as  far 
as  we  have  been  able  to  learn,  was  an 
analylis  and  claffification  of  the  facul- 
ties of  the  mind,  with  their  different 
operations  and  effe<^s,  has  been  entire- 
ly fuperl'eded  by  Fichte's  tranfcendental 
idealifm  ;  a  fyftem  of  which  we  have  not 
received  any  accurate  account.  His 
**  Sonncnklarer  Bericht,  an  das  grofltre 
Publicum,  liber  das  wahre  Wefen  der 
Ncueiien  philofophie,"  or  R'eport  clear 
as  the  fun  to  the  public  at  large,  rela- 
tive to  the  true  principles  of  the  new- 
eft  philofophy,  announced  itfcif  in  a 
manner  too  pompous  to  promife  much 
found  reafoniiig.    He  informed  Rein- 
hold,  who  had  v/ritten  on  the  Kanti- 
an philofophy,  that  all  who  ihould  fail 
back  into  the  old  dodlrines,  would  do 
fo  from  mere  incapacity  to  underftand 
his  fyficm.    Heinfinger  declared  this 
fyftciii  inconlillent  with  religion,  and 
he  has  been  anfwc  red  by  Schad  of  Jena. 
Rcinhold  has  given  a  view  of  both  iides 
in  his  Bt'itrage  zur  leichtern  Uebcrficht 
des  Zuitandes  der  Philofophie,  and  in 
his  Btitrage  znrKenntnif^  des  Zullan- 
des  der  Pi.ilofophie  am  ende  des  i8 
Jahi  hunderts,   or  IntroducVion    to  a 
knowledge  of  tht  St.ite  of  Piiilofophy, 
at  the  end  of  the  i8th  century.    I  he 
tranfcendental  idealifai  was  fuppofed 
to  have  received  a  great  fupporter  in 
Schclling  of  Jena,  who  was  reckoned 
to  have  founded  on  Fxhtc's  doctrines ; 
it  thi;.  lait  has  declared  himfelf  a  lead- 
,  gained  the  victory  over  Fichte,  and 
Vol.  LXIV. 


in  his  Zeitfchrift  f ur  Spcculativ  Phyfi.kv 
ftruck  into  a  new  path  from  his  pre- 
deceflbrs.  In  this  liate  of  philofophy, 
we  much  fear,  th;it  there  is  little  fci- 
ence  or  truth.  Wild  theory  and  the  in- 
faiiable  rage  for  innovation,  are  llrangc 
teachers  of  the  immutable  laws  of  na- 
ture. 

Sacred  and  biblical  literature  have  of 
late  declined  confiderably  on  the  Con- 
tinent. Some  new  tranflations  have 
however  appeared  ;  and  a  few  critical 
diflertations.  It  were  to  be  widied,  that 
fome  Scots  Biblical  fcholar,  would  give 
the  public  either  a  tranflation  or  ana- 
lyfis  of  ihe  "  Micha  ntu  iiberfetzt  und 
erlauttrt  und  niit  5  Exkurfen  begleitct, 
von  Anton  Theodor  Harlmann  ;  that 
is,  Micha  newly  trardlated,  ilhiftrated, 
and  explained  with  five  diflertations, 
by  A.  T.  Hai  tmann,  printed  atLemgo, 
1800,  5^78.  p.  2vo.  This  work  <ibounds 
with  Erudition,  and  extracts  from  the 
bett  critics,  e.  g.  fiom  Dab!  obfervv.  on 
the  Minor  Prophets,  and  Grofchkopf 
and  Juftui's  verfions  of  Micha.  The 
German  critics,  of  a  certain  kind,  call 
the  age  of  our  Saviour,  defcribed  fo 
warmly  by  all  the  Jcwilli  prophets,  the 
Golden  age.  Juluis  Frederick  Win- 
ze r,  pubiilhed  at  Leipfick  in  1800, 
p^rt  of  a  difputation  on  the  hopes  of 
a  Golden  age,  amongd  the  Jews,  of 
which  vefliges  appear  in  their  writings, 
from  the  earlieil  times,  down  to  the 
age  of  Chiiit.'' 

No  penbn  needs  to  be  informed, 
that  the  authenticity  of  the  Apo'ca- 
lypfe,  has  of  late  been  much  difputed 
among  the  learned.  The  wild  con- 
temptible dreams  of  fome  half  learned 
Theifts  on  this  fubjcdf,  which  are  to 
be  found  in  a  few  periodical  public:i- 
tions,  would  nofi  defcrve  any  notice, 
were  it  not  that  fuch  reveries  may  be 
as  productive  of  critical  rcfearch,  as 
they  are  ruinous  to  the  intererts  of  re- 
ligion. Profefior  Birch  of  Denmark, 
pubiilhed  at  Copenhagen,  in  the  ye^r 
180G,  Variae  Ltdiones  ad  Textum  A- 
pocalypfcos  ex  Codd.  grascis  MSS- 
Bibliothecae  Vaticanae*,  Barberianae, 
Boj  gianae  Velitris,  Laurentianae  atque 
S.  Marci  Veneterum.  The  profeflbr 
h.\s  Ihewn,  why  the  MSS.  of  this  book 
are  fewer  and  later  than  thofe  of  the 
other  books,  and  why  it  is  not  found 
in  fome  of  the  moit  ancient  MSS.  of 
the  New  Teftament. 

There  has  lat?^''  been  publiflied  at 
L 1  Parih, 


Literary  Notices. 


Vol.  64 


Paris,  by  the  keeper  of  the  Ambrofian 
library,  a  curious  book,  entitled  The 
fir'ft  voyage  round  the  world,  by  the 
Chevalier  Pigafctta,  who  failed  in  the 
fquadron  under  Magellan,  in  the 
I5i9>  15^0*  I5^i>  x^a^-  'J'his  na- 
rative  of  Magellan's  voyage  was  de- 
dicated by  Pigafetta,  to  the  Grand 
Matter  of  Rhodes,  and  prefented  to  the 
Emperor  Charles  V.  A  French  tranf- 
lation  of  the  whole  work  was  found  at 
Milan,  in  the  Ambrofian  libary,  made 
by  the  Chevalier  de  Forrct,  one  of  the 
brave  defenders  of  Rhodes.  .  Magellan 
was  killed  27lh  April  1521  in  a  fkir- 
milh,  with  the  inhabitants  of  the  iflc 
and  of  Zebu.  The  circumllances  of 
his  death  were  fimilar  in  almoft  every 
refpedt  to  thofe  of  the  celebrated  Cap- 
tain J;im€s  Cook. 

A  Printing  eltablifliment  has  exifted 
in  Conftantiuuplt  for  the  lalt  two  years, 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Sultan.  A 
Dicti:)nai  y  of  the  Tui  kilh,  Greek,  La- 
tin, French,  and  Perfian  languages  is 
now  pri'.iting  there  in  three  vols,  folio. 
The  btauty  of  Oriental  writing,  which 
is  far  fuperior  to  any  typography,  will 
long  be  an  ob/laclcr  to  the  progrtfs  of 
this  art  in  Aha.  Many  other  gircum- 
llances  confpire  vvith  this  to  prevent 
the  diffufion  of  knowledge  among  the 
lowtr  order.  ^ 

M.  Langlcs,  of  the  French  National 
Inftitute,  is  going  to  publifli  a  tranfla- 
tion  of  the  6  volumes  of  the  Aiiiitic  Re- 
fearches  of  Calcutta,  vvith  copious 
notes  from  the  Oriental  MSS.  in  the 
National  Library.  The  Arabic  charac- 
ters employed  in  this  work,  are  thofe 
of  Vitray;  the  Sanfcrit,  Malabar  and 
Thibet,  are  thofe  which  the  French  car- 
ried off  from  the  College  de  Propagan- 
da Fide,  and  the  Tartar  Mantchou  cha- 
racters, are  thofe  cut  in  1789,  by  Di- 
dot,  under  the  direction  of  Langlcs. 

M.  de  Sacy,  whofe  account  of  the 
MSS.  left  by  Dom  Berthercau,  v/e  gave 
in  our  lall  number,  has  now  in  the  prefs, 
at  Paris,  a  Chrtitomathie  Arabique,  or 
Flowers  of  Arabian  Literature.  This 
work  is  to  confifl  both  of  verfe  and 
profc  pieces,  and  is  intended  for  the 
ufe  of  the  Arabic  fchool  at  Paris,  fu- 
perintended  by  the  editor. 

Dr  Hager  is  now  employed  in  the 
French  National  Library,  in  arranging 
the  materials  left  by  Fourmont,  for 
compiling  a  grand  Chmefe  Dictionary. 
He  intends  to  publiffl^a  New  Profpec- 


tus  in  French,  announcing  this  valu- 
able and  great  work,  which  will  be  ex- 
ecuted at  the  expence  of  the  French 
Government.  The  Britilh,  who  have 
more  inter ejl  in  promoting  the  ftudy  of 
the  Chinefc  language,  might  have  paid 
a  little  more  attcntijn  to  this  matter. 
M.  de  Guignes,  the  fon  of  the  able 
Hi  dorian  of  that  name,  has  lately  ar- 
rived from  China",  where  he  has  re  Tided 
16  years,  and  brought  along  with  him 
many  drawings,  and  views  in  China, 
taken  on  the  fpot.  An  account  of  his 
voyage  will  be  publifhed  in  a  lliort 
time. 

Dr  Darwin,  the  author  of  the  Botanic 
Garden,  and  feveral  other  works,  is 
faid  to  be  engaged  on  a  new  Poem, 
called  "  the  Temple  of  N  iture." 

The  Rev.  Mr  Boucher,  Vicar  of  Ep- 
fom,  has  publilhed  a  Profpedus  and 
Propofals,  for  publiflung  by  fubfcrip- 
tion,  *  Linguae  Anglicanae  Veteris  The- 
faurus,'  or  a  Gloflary  of  the  ancient 
Engliih  Language  ;  in  two  parts.  The 
firli  comprihng  Provincialifms,  or  fuch 
old  words,  as  Itill  exilt  in  the  various 
dialedts  of  the  provinces;  and  the  fe- 
cond,  fuch  Archaifms  or  old  words, 
as  being  loft  even  to  the  provinces,  are 
now  to  be  found  only  in  old  Englifh  or 
Scotifh  writers,  intended  to  be  a  fup- 
plement  to  Johnfon's  Dictionary,  and 
in  conjuncftion  with  that  work,  to  ex- 
hibit a  complete  view  of  the  whole  Eng- 
lifh  language.  With  regard  to  this 
work,  we  believe,  in  general,  that  the 
experienced  erudition  of  Mr  Boucher, 
will  go  a  great  length  in  executing 
his  plan  ;  and,  if  Mr  Boucher  intends 
his  book  to  be  a  Thefaurus  of  the  old 
Etfgliih  language  only,  pofhbly  he  may 
render  it  very  complete.  But,  if  he 
means  to  include  Scotland  among 
his  pro'vincesy  and  fcatter  the  words 
found  in  the  ancient  or  modern  writers 
of  this  nation,  among  the  patois  of  So- 
merfetfliire  and  Wapping,  we  can  af- 
fure  his  Euglifh  readers,  that  they  muft 
not  depend  on  him  too  implicitely,  as 
the  interpreter  of  Ramfay  and  Burns- 
This  country,  like  every  other,  has  fo 
many  varieties  of  diale<^  in  its  fhires 
or  pro'vinces.i  that  a  natiue  lexicographer 
would  fcareely  venture  to  promife  an 
account  of  them.  We  would  have  for- 
borne any  remarks  on  the  fubjeet,  had 
it  not  occurred  to  us,  that  fome  Eng- 
lifiimen  and  Scotfmen,  who  are  Jefs 
converfant  in  thefe  matters,  might  in- 


March  1802. 


POETRY. 


255 


advertently  fiippofc,  from  n  few  palTages 
in  this  profpedus,  that  fuch  a  work 
would  contain  a  complete  key  to  the 
Scotifli  writers,  and  ferve  for  a  repofi- 
tory  of  the  language  qf  Scotland.  We 
have  not  the  fmallcfl:  defign  of  calling 
in  queftion,  the  real  erudition  and  pro- 
found literary  abilities  of  that  refpec- 
table  gentleman,  when  wc  tell  our 
readers,  that  fuch  an  expedation  can- 
not be  gratified  by  any  Itudent  of  an- 
other nation,  who  has  not  lived  in  the 
country,  and  who  cannot  arrange  the 
materials  of  long  and  'utrnacular  obfer- 
vation,  by  the  lights  of  philofophy  and 
general  grammar. 

A  copy  of  the  Tranflaiion  of  the 
New  Tcitament  into  the  Bengalee  lan- 
guage, is  arrived  in  Edinburgh,  and 
is  to  be  depofited  in  the  Univerfity  Li- 
brary, It  is  a  thick.  0(5lavo,  bandfome- 


ly  printed,  and  has  been  executed  by 
Mr  William  Carey,  a  Baptilt  miifion- 
ary  in  Bengal,  and  revifedby  the  moft 
intelligent  Moon/hees  in  that  country. 
The  tranflatlon  was  commenced  by  Mr 
Carey  in  March  1797,  was  put  to  the 
prefs,  I  8th  March  1800,  and  compleat- 
ed  in  nine  months.  Mr  Carey  the 
tranflator  has  likewife  acquired  the 
Ilindulianec  and  Sanfcrit,  and  is  re- 
ported to  have  penetrated  into  Boutan 
and  Thibet,  and  to  have  had  fome  in- 
tercourfe  with  the  Grand  Lama. 

A  Theological  work,  entitled  "  Evi- 
dence of  Miracles,"  or  an  Exhibition 
of  the  teftimony,  by  which  we  are  in- 
formed, that  Miracles  were  brought  in 
atteftation  of  Chriltianity,  is  in  the 
prefs,  and  will  foon  be  pubHfhc^d  by 
Mr  Conftable,  bookfeller,  Edinburgh. 


POETRY. 


For  the  Scots  Map^axine, 
THE  MONODY  OF  TQGRAL 
From  the  Arabic, 

The  poem  of  Tograi,  denominated  La- 
mi  at  Alajem,  has  been  edited  by  the  learn- 
ed Pococke,  and  tranflated  by  the  elegant 
Carlyle.  The  aiithor,Abou  Ifmael  Al-Tograi 
was  raifed  to  the  rank  of  Vizir  by  Maffoud, 
Sultan  of  Pcrfia,  of  the  Seijukian  Dynafty. 
The  poem  confifls  of  a  feries  of  reflexions, 
which  liiggeft  themfelves  during  his  flight 
acrofs  the  Arabian  defarf,  after  the  faU  of 
his  mafter.  Had  the  tranflation  of  Profeflbr 
Carlyle  been  known  to  the  author,  when 
the  following  verfes  were  compofed,  ha 
would  certainly  have  been  deterred  from 
proceeding  with  the  compofition.  The 
different  nieafure,  however,  which  is  here 
adopted,  as  well  as  fome  variations  in  the 
fenfc,  prevent  too  great  a  coincidence  of 
phrafeology. 

WHEN  all  the  fplcndid  pomp  of  pride  de- 
clines, 

In  native  luftre  virtue  brighter  (hlnes ; 


My  rifmg  fun,  meridian  beams  have  crown'd, 
And  equal  glory  gilds  its  weftern  bound  ; 
For  ftill,  unconfcious  of  ignoble  llain':, 
High  beats  the  purple  tide  through  Halfan's 
veins, 

Tho'  far  1  fly  from  Zaura's  fair  domain, 
Nfe)r  mine  the  camels  on  her  fandy  plain. 
As,  when  corroding  damps  and  dews  im- 
pair 

The  fabre's  tempcr'd  edge,expofed  and  bare. 
So  now,  aeferted  by  my  friends,  I  ftray 
Thro'  burning  waiies  of  fand,  and  defarts 
grey  ; 

No  kind  companion  left  to  foothc  my  woe. 
Or  fharc  my  joy  with  fympathetic  giow. 
In  the  hot  gale  my  quivering  lances  iigh  ; 
My  moaning  camels  pitcoufly  reply  ; 
HarafTcd,  fatigued,  they  fiuk  with  walling 
pain, 

While  fraU  attendants  querulous  complain 
Bred  in  the  dcfart  fands,  an  Arab  bold, 
I  keenly  failied  forth  in  queil  of  gold; 
And  thought,  when  gold  fhould  all  my 

dangers  crown. 
From  generous  deeds  to  claim  a  juft  renown  % 
For  riches  bid  the  generous  mind  expand. 
And  copious  bounty  ope  the  liberal  ha:id  '■ 

L  1 


POETRY. 


Vol.  64, 


But  Time  hA9  iiowreverfcrl  thefe  vifionsgay, 
Content  with  fafcty,  1  forego  the  prey.* 

Pak  other  thoughts  iufpired  my  ardent 
breaft. 

When  lad  I  journey'd  o*er  this  fultry  waftc ; 
Pf^ased  by  my  fide,  I  faw  m>  friend  advance, 
Of  ftacure  h)fty  as  his  tapcrinijj  lance  ; 
In  mirth  jocofe,  in  counfel  grave,  frverc 
In  tempered  foftnefs,  unalloyed  by  fear  :  — 
While  Night  emits  dull  Siumbef's  drowfy 
hive. 

Far  from  his  eyes  their  humming  flight  I 

drive ;  ^ 
While,  OQ  their  camel-fedans,  all  incline, 
Giddy  with  flecp*s  inebriating  wine. 

*'  Did  I  not  call  thee  to  a  hard  emprize, 
"  And  wilt  thou  Ihrink  when  dangers  round 
ysrife? 

"  Doft  Ikep,  while  wak^'S  yon  ftar's  reful- 
gent eye, 

"  Ere  yet  the  ambient  hue  cf  darkntls  fly  ? 
7  he  camels  urge ;  our  journey's  end  draws 
near ; 

"  And  bold  adventure  f'ill  difperfes  fear. 

Be  ours,  thro'  "rhoal'*  arclu  r.  bandh,  to  gain 
*•  Thefprightly  troops  that  camp  on  Edom's 
plain. — 

**      eet  maids '  how  graceful  curl  your 
locks  of  jet, 
*•  Wliile  rubies  fparkle  thro' their  waving  net! 
•*  I  hc  gales  that  round  your  perfum'd  tem- 
ples play, 

*'  Will,  by  their  fragrant  breath,  dired  our 
way. 

Where,  timorous  as  the  fawn,  you  hide 
your  fears 

'*  Amid  the  thick  encircling  grove  of  fpears. 
'*  Weleekthe  lovely  maids  of  yojjocr  vale, 
But  lions  guard  where  iove  would  fain 
affail ; 

**  Their  dauntlefs  fpearmen  every  fear  defy, 
Warmt-d  by  the  beams  of  each  black  rol- 
ling eye. 

'*  Vv^'hilc  generous  deeds  their  liberal  minds 
inflame, 

Frugal  and  modcft,  bloOms  each  beauteous 
dame. 

The  fiames  thefe  warriors  on  the  moun- 
raifc, 

Invite  the  uaveller  by  their  welcome  blaze  ; 
•*  While  Lovt%  foft  flames,  which  thefe  dear 
maids  infpire, 
Glow,  in  bib  breaft, with  uncxtinguifli'd  fire, 

*  1  he  fentia.ents  of  the  Arab,  in  this 
pafTage,  refemble  thofc  expr(  fled  by  AL 
hert  Marquis  of  Makfpina,  a  famous  Trou- 
badour, at  the  clofe  of  the  i2th  century, 
when  accufed  of  highway  robbery ;  "  If  I 
devoted  myfelf  to  robbery,  it  was  not  from 
the  defire  of  amafiing  riches,  hut  for  the 
plcafure  of  fpending  them  magnificently.'* 
Jiist^ire  d:s  TrvuLadsurs. 


"  Slain  by  thefe  heroes,  in  theit  tented  halb 
**  To  grace  the  feaft,  the  ftced,  the  camel 
falls; 

"  Beneath  the  glance  of  each  foft  female  eye, 
"  Devoid  of  life,  their  charm-ftruck  lovers 
lie  ; 

"  *Tis  here,  the  anguifh  of  the  warrior's 
v.ound, 

"  In  cups  of  honied  wine,  is  quicklytdr^wn'd, 
"  And  furc,  if  here  I  longer  Ihould  remain, 
"  Some  balmy  breeze  would  mitigate  my 
pain  ; 

"  Nor  wounds,  nor  arrows,  (hall  my  bofom 
rue, 

**  From  quiver'd  eyes  of  ample  rolling  blue; 
*'  Nor  fliall  my  heart  the  glittering  fabres 
dread, 

"  From  curtaiii'd  veil?,  whcre  Thoal's  maids 
are  hid, 

"  Nor  yet  from  ^azels  gay,  that  I  adore, 
*'  bhall  I  retreat,  tho'  hons  round  me  roar.'* 
While  o'er  thefe  fands  our  fearlefs  couife 
we  held, 

Such  glowing  words  my  venturous  band 
impell'd. 

Now  danger  drives  me  far  from  pomp  and 
power, 

To  fpcnd  in  drowfy  floth  each  lingering  hour. 
In  di  owfy  floch  !  but  let  me  firft  prepare 
To  fcale  the  regions  of  the  defart  air  ; 
Or  caverned  deep  from  mortal  view,  to 
dwell 

Within  the  centre  of  the  earth's  vaft  fhei.  ; 
Content  to  leave  the  heights  of  power 
fublime. 

For  thofe  that  dare  the  fleeps  of  glory  climb. 

Content  degi  ades  the  peafant's  abje<5c  race. 
But  Fame  attends  the  earners  haflening  pace. 
TliCn  rouze  my  camels,  let  us  forward  haO.e, 
And  fearlefs  pliiDge  ami<l  Arabia's  wafte  ; 
While,  a?  we  lightly  trace  each  fandy  plain. 
Your  curb*,  (hail  reach  the  fwifttll  courfer's 
rein. 

*Tis  fame  commands  my  wandering  fleps 
to  range. 

And  fays,  that  glory  only  waits  on  change ; 
For,  would  the  fun,  if  Glory  dvt  elt  on  high, 
Defert  his  manfion  of  meridian  Iky  ? 

But  while  my  fl:epsto  dangersnew  I  bend. 
Will  Fortune's  fickle  fmiles  my  courfe  attend; 
1  call'd  her  once,  but  ftie  difdain'd  to  hear, 
Tho'  fools  alone  had  caught  her  liftening 
ear ; 

Yet,  could  intrinfic  worth  have  gained  relief, 
Falfe  Fortune  had  not  to  my  call  been  deaf. 
Bu  r  Hope  fmiles  radiant  o'er  each  future 
plan, 

Hope  that  illuDies  the  narrow  fphere  of 
man. — 

Weak  Hope  !  wilt  thou,  when  waning  years 
decay, 

Tranfcend  the  blifs  of  life's  advancing  day? 


March  i3o2. 


POETRY. 


257 


Ah  no  I  when  Life  and  Fortune's  fmiles  were 
new. 

Their  plcafures  ne'er  my  fixed  affedions 
drew ; 

My  fpirit  confcious  of  its  worth  innate, 
Scill  fpurn'd  the  bafe,  and  brav'd  the  frown 
of  Fate, 

.Which  oft  condemns,  in  indolence  to  pine. 
The  powers,  in  Glory's  path,  that  brightc^tl 
ftiine ; 

As  the  keen  fabre  gleams  in  empty  fhow, 
Till  warrior-arms  irnpref*  the  fateful  blow. 
Ne'er  did  I  think  that,  doom'dby  Fate's 
decree, 

Thefe  eyes  the  empire  of  the  vile  Ihould  fee. 
Now  foremoft  creep  the  bafe  in  glory's  rac^, 
Whofe  fpeed  once  eiiuail'd  -not  my  flowefl 
pace. 

Such  is  the  meed  of  him  whofe  tardy  age 
Sees  every  friend  defert  this  earthly  ft  age  ; 
Thus  fla^  the  brave,  in  gl6ry's  fair  career  ; 
Thus  rolls  the  Sun,  beneath  cold  Saturn's 
fphcre. 

Then  roiife,  my  foul,  in  Fate's  refiftlefi 
day 

Rcpell  impatient  Grief's  ufurping  fway  ; 
Roli'd  in  thyfelf,  all  aid  of  mortals  fpurn, 
Nor  trull:  a  treacherous  friend,  his  guile  to 
mourn. 

'Lives  there  a  man  the  Phoenix  of  his  rac?  ; 
""Tis  he  thit  fpurns  each  feigning  friend's 
embrace. 

Tfuth  fades,  while  wide  the  thorn  of  falfe- 
hood  grows, 
And  men's  falfe  dee^s  their  flattering  words 
oppofe  ; 

$Jor  one  to  keep  his  plighted  faith  prepare^. 
Till  o'er  his  head  the  hurniOiM  fabre  glares. 
Then  weak  the  mind,  unmov'd  by  fuch  dif- 
grace, 

To  view,  with  due  contempt,  the  mifcrcant 
race ; 

For  hofls  of  lies  againft  the  truth  combine, 
As  bending  Curves  diilort  the  equal  line. 
And  thou,  that  after  youth  unvext,  with 
pain, 

The  muddy  dregs  of  turbid  life  wouldft  drain; 
If  one  poor  cup  thy  parching  thirll  could 
flake, 

Siy,  would'il  thou  plunge  in  Ocean's  bound- 
Icfs  lake  f 

He  reigns,  alone,  the  fovereign  of  his  foul, 
Whom  neither  fears,  nor  foreign  cares  con- 
troul ; 

Who  hopes  not,  fondly,  in  his  tented  dome. 
Unaltered  ftill,  to  find  a  lallinghomc; 
for  who  hath  heard,  or  who  fliall  ever  hear 
Of  domes  unaltered,  in  this  changeful  fphcre. 

,  Sages,  who  hiufmg  deep,  the  courfe  ex- 
plore 

Of  thiii«is  that  are,  and  things  that  arc  no 
mors;, 


Hide,  in  your  breafts,  the  flrange  myftc- 

rious  plan. 
Since  filence  belt  becomes  the  lot  of  man. 
Not  mortal  might  can  (lay  the  ceafelcfs  courfe 
Of  Fate,  that  rules  us  with  refiftlelb  force  -, 
liven  you  may  wander,  from  ^'our  homes 

exil'd. 

With  way  w  ird  camels,  thro'  the  ti.  idy  wil  j, 
Edinburgh.  ^  J,  L» 

For  the  Scots  J^Ia^^zine. 
YERSd-S  TO  A  TEAR. 

Pellucid  drop  of  facred  d^,w! 
From  forrows  briny  fountain  fhed. 
That,  from  the  eye  of  mi'dr.ft  blue, 
Fail'st  on  the  cheek  of  fofteft  red. 
Sweet  tear !  what  orient  gem  reveals 
A  luftre  to  the  Sun  more  bright, 
Tiian  what  thy  limpid  bofoni  fteals. 
From  the  mild  eye  that  fwims  in  light. 
OfFsprinia^  of  forrow,  and  its  cure  1 
That  thro'  the  eye,  reiiev'st  the  heart. 
As  the  defcendiiig  rain  drops  pure, 
Exhauft  the  clouds  from  whence  they  parr. 
Yes !  to  the  heart  thou  giv'st  relief. 
As  dews  the  parching  flowrets  cheer 
Sweet  is  the  extacy  of  grief! 
And  fweet  the  rapture  of  a  tear  ! 
Hail  little  fphere  of  ray  ferene  ! 
I  love  thee  for  my  Myra's  fake. 
Thou  prov'st  her  heart  to  feeling  kcrr:^ 
To  nature's  lovelieft  claims  awake 

Pure  is  her  bofom  as  thine  own. 
Now  trembling  on  her  cheek  fo  fair. 
That  well  might  tempt  an  Angel  down, 
I'o  kifs  thee  from  the  rofcs  there. 

W.  G. 

Bunks  of  the  Ken^  March,  5.  i802. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine^ 

SONG. 

AlK—Todlen  Hume, 

When  lonely  my  heart,  and  aband?n'd  to 
care,  (in  air 

When  all  my  fond  hopes  they  are  vanifli'd 
O  when  all  fuail  forfake  me,  I  ne'er  will 
repine,  (mine. 
For  the  fniile  of  my  Peggy  fhall  ever  be 
Chorus.  Smilingin  tendernef5,fmi!ing  atpain, 
O  fuiiling  at  fortune,  thefickle  and  vain. 

How  cheerful  the  morning,  fo  foft  and  fo 
clear, 

In  May,  the  fweet  Alay,  the  brlgh:  C^iccB 
of  the  year. 


C258 

But  the  rofcs  of  May  gentle-dropping  with 
dew, 

Arc  nought  in  their  beauty,  niy  Peggy,  to 
you, 

Ch.  Smiling  in  folitude,  fmih'ng  in  care; 
O  her  Patience  would  lighten  the 
brow  of  defpair. 

For  (he  fits  in  the  valley,  all  penfivc  and  lone, 
And  mufing  fhe  thinks  on  the  days  that  arc 
gone. 

And  ay  like  the  rofe  of  the  mountain  in 
flower. 

Though  heavy  the  tempeft,  flic  fmiles  in  the 
fliowcr, 

CL  Lovely  in  folitude,  bright  through  the 
tear, 

O  the  life  of  my  bofom  was  never  fo 
dear. 

O  how  can  yc  rufflr,  ye  winds  of  the  caft. 
The  flowing  brown  ringlets  that  wave  on 
herbreafl. 

For  an  angel  of  malice,  in  pity  would  dry 
The  tear  of  misfortune  from  Peggy's  bright 
eye, 

Cb.  Ijonely  in  folitude,  lonely  in  woe ; 
O  his  heart  would  relent,  and  his  bo- 
fom would  glow  ! 

O  weep  not,  my  darling,  though  hard  be  our 
doom , 

O  weep  not,  my  darling,  though  fortune 

may  gloom  ; 
Though  the  friends  that  are  falfe,  from  my 

Peggy  may  fly. 
They  know  not  the  blifs  that  no  fortune 

can  buy, 

Clf.  Thy  fmiling  in  folitude,  fniiling  in 
care, 

O  a  fmile  that  would  ranfom  the  heart 
of  defpair  ! 

With  Peace,  gentle  Peace,  wc  will  build  us 
a  cot. 

Our  faith  and  our  love  they  will  hallow  the 
fpot, 

And  thofc  who  are  friendlefs,  though  hum- 
ble wc  be, 

"Will  always  be  welcome  to  Peggy  and  me ; 
Cb.  Smiling  in  poverty,  fmiliiig  in  love, 
O  flie'll  fmile  on  their  forrows,  like 
angels  above, 

And  heed  not  the  fl;orm  that  lowers  in  the 

And  grieve  not  my  heart  with  thy  deep- 
heaving  figh. 

On  my  bofom  1*11  fliield  thee  by  night  and 
by  day. 

And  kifs  the  fid  tear,  as  it  rife?,  away. 
C/j.  Smiling  in  folitude,  fmiliag  in  woe, 
O  pcaqc  fliall  repofe  in  thy  bofom  of 
fnow. 


Vol.  64. 

So  bind  with  a  fillet  thy  flowing  brown  hair. 
And  pull  the  fweet  rofe  for  thy  bofom  fo  fair, 
And  down  in  yon  meadow,  how  happy 
we'll  be. 

Where  the  flowers  they  will  fpring  for  my 
Peggy  and  me ; 
€6.  Smiling  in  folitude,  fmiling  on  ther, 
And  the  kin^s  of  the  Eaft  fliall  be 
poorer  than  we. 

By  all  that  is  hallowed  on  earth,  or  above. 
Where  fprung  the  firft:  dawning  of  fricnd- 

flilp  and  love, 
By  the  raptures,  ye  angels,  of  yon  funny 

fphere. 

Where  ye  feel  the  foft  ardour,  but  know 
not  the  tear. 
Clf.  Smiling  in  lovclinefs,  fmiling  like 
you. 

Be  kind  to  my  Peggy,  fo  faithful  and 
true. 

For  tho'  lonely  thy  heart,  fliC  fays,  burdened 
with  care, 

Tho'  all  thy  fond  hopes  they  fliould  vanifli 
in  air, 

Though  all  fliould  forfakc  thee,  l.ove,  ne- 
ver repine, 

For  the  fmile  of  thy  Peggy  fliall  always  be 
thine. 

CI.  Smiling  in  tendernefs,  fmiling  at  pain, 
O  we'll  fmile  at  our  fortune,  fo  tickle 
and  vain. 

Edinburgh.  A.  M. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine, 

TO  A  FRIEND  ON  HIS  MARRIAGE, 

Dear  Jack,  in  this  eccentric  age. 
When  each  day  sperts  a  different  ra^e ; 
And  falhions  which  this  hour  we  cherifli. 
The  very  next  grow  ftale  and  perifh  ; 
In  this  eternal  round  of  changing. 
For  fomething  neiv  for  ever  ranging ; 
It  follows,  as  a  thing  of  «ourfe. 
The  o/imuft  come  again  in  force, 
Long  paft,  reviv'd,  we  hail  the  view, 
And  keen  adopt  as  fomething  ue'w  ! 
Thus,  Squat e-ioesy  once  the  name  apply 'd, 
To  old  iUff"  Dons,  is  laid  afide. 
Since  now  in  flioc  carre  is  cas'd. 
Each  tippy  toe  of  any  tafl:e  ! 
And  thus,  what  once  denoted  age, 
A  ivigy  is  nov/  the  fure  prcfage 
That  Fire  and  Fafliion  lodge  below. 
The  covering  which  befpeaks — the  Beau  \ 

In  former  days  when  Hymen  lighted, 
His  torch,  and  two  fond  fouls  united, 
Some  friend  did  ftraight  his  Mufe  invoke. 
And  ev'ry  nuptial  joy  befpoke. 
To  render  blefs'd  the  married  pair, 
And  diftant  from  them  banifli  care  i 


POETRY. 


March  1802. 


Imperial  Parliaments 


259 


This  warm  effufion  of  the  Bard, 

^Vas  call'd— the  word  is  devililh  hard — 

An  Epitha — 'tis  quite  too  long — 

But  in  it  mujl  be,  right  or  wrong — 

Epitbalamiiim  then,  'twas  nam'd, 

And  lonjr  among  the  Greeks  was  fam'd ; 

Who,  juft  as  fure  as  they  were  bedded, 

This  greeting  ^ot,  when  they  were  wedded. 

Now,  lince  old  modes,  in  cinie,backw?y?comf, 

I'll  renovate  this  ancient  cuftom ; 

An  offering  tip  you  fuch  as  no  mdn 

Shall  fay's  unfitting  Greek  or  Roman  ! 

Come  then — what  mufe  (hall  I  invoke, 
To  help  to  carry  on  the  joke  ? 
Which  individual  of  the  Nine  ; 
Or  fliall  they  all  their  aid  combine. 
My  breaft  with  proper  warmth  to  fire, 
And  rhapfody  unheard  infpire  ? 
For  poets  of  each  age  and  nation, 
Muil:  flourifli  off  with  invcdtion  ! 
A  fpeech  to  thefe  fine  dames  they  think, 
As  much  of  courfe  as — pen  and  ink  1 
But  here  the  honor  I'll  decline. 
Of  ranking  with  that  holt  divine ! 
Since  fimple,  downright,  thoughts  are  all, 
That  from  my  heart  fhall  bluntly  fall — 
Then  Gods,  and  Goddefics,  and  Mufes^ 
Your  heathcnilh  aid  my  pen  refufcs ! 
And  in  your  ftead,  to  roufe  your  ftrife, 
I'll  call  on — you  may  ftare — my  wife  I 
For  who  to  ceiebrare  fo  fit, 
Sweet  wedded  love  as  (he  who  it 
Such  foft  endearing  charms  has  giv'n, 
As  fainted  fouls  might  boaft  in  Heav'n  ! 

Come  then,  my  K  — te  ;  and  tell  this  pair. 

For  what  fweet  joys  they  may  prepare ! 


No  grinning,  Jack — the  joys  yoiaVe  had, 
I  much  refpedl;  but  when,  my  lad. 
The  foft  delirious  tumult  ceafes, 
You  then  mnft  look  to  other  bliffes. 
Which  all  the  hours  of  life  will  brighten, 
And  every  human  mifery  lighten; 
Such  are  the  joys  which  love,  when  lowcr'4 
To  friendfhip's  tone  does  fure  afford  ; 
Which,  lefs  extatic,  longer  charm, 
And  with  a  milder  influence  warm. 

It  fometimes  happens,  too  in  marriage, — 
But  do  not  this  event  difparage, 
For  if  the  caufe  we  much  refpec^. 
We  muft  not  fure  dcfpifc  the  efFe6l; — 
WtU  then,  it  is  a  common  cafe, 
Nay,  M — y  do  not  hide  your  face. 
For  many  pretty  ways  there  are, 
Tophrafe  for  what  you  may  prepare- 
A«  "  Dear  mc,  madam,  it  is  faid 

That  Mrs  M.  has  got  her — bed  /" 
Or,  couched  thus,  may  better  pleafe, 

We  hear  her  family's  on  th'increase 
Or,  *'  blefs  me,  charming  news,  O  la  • 

Sweet  Mrs  M.  is  in — the Jlraiv  /" 
But  to  conclude,  this  fame  event. 
To  crown  your  happincfs  is  fent  ! 
What  tender  thoughts,  before  imknown, 
\Vill  then  your  throbbing  bofoms  own  !  - 
What  anxious  cares  will  then  employ 
Your'fond  afFed:ions  to  your — Boy  1 
But  let  me  not  anticipate 
Each  pleafure  of  yonr  happy  date  ; 
JLeft,  when  they  come,  it  mi^ht  arifc. 
You'd  niifs  the  pleafure  of— furprife. 

M.  S.  N. 


IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT. 


HOUSE  OF  LORDS. 

Tuefday,'  March  2.  Four  private 
bills  were  received  from  the  Commons, 
and  lead  a  firft  time*  The  Lord  Chan- 
cellor and  Lord  Reddefdale  fpoke  at 
length  on  the  merits  of  the  appeal. 
M-Clure  v,  Kchlin;,  from  Ireland.  On 
the  motion  of  the  latter,  the  decree  of 
the  Irifli  Court  of  Chancery  was  re- 
vcrfed  with  colt^.  Lord  Auckland 
moved,  that  the  order  of  the  day  for 
the  feccnd  reading  •  of  Woodcock's 
divorce  bill,   fliould    be  difcharged, 

'ch  being  agreed  to,  on  bis  Loid- 


fliip's  farther  motion,  the  fecond  read- 
ing was  fixed  for  Thurfday  next. 
On  Thurfday  4th,  Several  ' private 
bills  were  received  from  the  Com- 
mons and  read  ;  on  the  fecond  read- 
ing of  Woodcock's  divorce  bill,  Lord 
Auckland  role  to  ftate  his  objcvillons, 
which  he  did  at  great  length.  The  Lord 
Chancellor  followed,  and  generally 
coincided  in  his  fentiments.  IVir  Adam 
was  then  called  in  behalf  of  the  bill, 
which,  after  ibme  diicuirion,  was  re- 
ceded. On  Tuefday  pthjThe  Green* 
land  T»hale-lilhery  bounty   bill  was 

brought 


26o 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64, 


brought  up  from  the  Commons  by 
Lord  Glenbervie,  and  read  a  firft  time  ; 
feveral  private  bills  were  likewiie 
brought  up,  ard  read  a  firft  time. 
Crewe's  divorce  bill  was  ag.iin  taken 
into  confideration,  and  its  lurther  dif- 
culTion  poftponed  till  Monday  next. 
On  Wed.  loth,  The  Earl  of  Aboyns, 
one  of  the  Scotch  Repreicntative  Feers 
was  fworn,  and  took  his  feat.  'I'hc 
bills  upon  the  table  were  forwarded, 
and  other  bnfmefs  difpofed  of.  On 
Friday  i?th,  'i'he  fccond  reading  of 
Crewels  divorce  bill  was  appointed  for 
Friday  next.  On  Monday  1 5th,  The 
Bencoolen  Settlement  transfer  bill,  and 
feveral  others  were  bronj^ht  up  from 
the  Commons.  Lord  Pelham  moved 
to  poi^pone  the  confideration  of  his 
Majelt-y's  meffage,  as  to  the  civil  liU, 
till  Monday  next.  Lord  Carliile  c(/uld 
not  help  making  fome  remarks,  with 
refpe^t  to  our  prel'ent  fituation  with 
France,  had  the  terms  of  the  defini  • 
tive  treJity  been  the  moft  favourable 
for  this  country,  the  fubfequent  con- 
dudl  of  France  was  calculated  to  do 
away  its  advantages.  After  dating 
hii  fears  at  fome  length,  he  willied  to 
know  what  meafures  miniliers  had 
taken  in  the  courfe  of  the  negociation  ; 
Lord  Pelham  oblerved,  that  the  noble 
Earl  could  not  cefiie  him  to  difclofe 
thefe  things,  which  ought  to  be  kept 
iecret  ;  at  a  proper  time,  Miniltcrs 
would  come  forward  with  every  in- 
formation :  after  fome  obl'ervations 
from  Lord  Cariifle,  the  converfation 
ended.  Lord  Reddefdale  obferved, 
that  the  a6l  of  union  between  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  did  not  fufficient- 
provide  for  the  manner  of  elefting 
peers  to  reprefent  Ireland  in  Parlia- 
ment, in  cafe  of  a  vacancy.  He  fliould 
therefore,  to-morrow,  m.ove  **  that  a 
com.mittee  ih.ouldbe  appointed,  to  take 
the  fubjetl:  into  confideration."  On 
Tuefday  16th,  Lord  Reddefdale  rofe, 
and  adverted  to  the  ciicumltances 
complained  of  yefterday;he  requefted, 
that  the  4th  claufe  of  the  union  a6t 
Ihould  be  read,  and  moved,  that  a 
committee  be  appointed,  to  obviate 
the  difficulties  Hated.  Lord  Thurlow 
thought  the  committee  (hould  be  au- 
thorifed,  to  dire(^l  their  attention  to 
all  the  claufes  lelativc  to  the  eledlion 
of  peers.  Lord  Auckland  then  ex- 
plained the  motives,  which  influenced 


himfelf  and  others,  who  bad  been  coru 
fulted  in  di awing  up  the  claufes  allud- 
ed to,  aud  agreed  to  the  fuppleraent^ 
ary  meafure  now  propofed.  The  mo- 
tion being  agreed  to,  the  committee 
was  ordered  to  confift  of  all  the  Lords 
who  had  attended  this  ScfTion.  Mr 
Alexander  the  Chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee offupply,  and  wriys  and  miCans, 
brought  up  from  llie  Commons,  the 
bill,  etlabling  his  Majeliy  to  take  off 
the  countervailing  duties  on  American 
velTels,  which  with  feveral  others,  was 
read. 

19th,  The  royal  aflent  was  giver, 
by  commifTion,  to  4  public  and  14  pri- 
vate bills.  Upon  the  order  of  the  day 
for  proceeding  on  Crewe's  divorce  biii. 
Lord  Cathcart  moved,  that  it  be  read 
a  fecond  time,  but  the  Lord  Chancel- 
lor and  Lord  Reddefdale  oppofed  the 
bill.  They  both  thought  the  cafe  a 
cafe  of  coilufion,  and  the  petitioner 
by  no  means  intitled  to  the  relief  pray, 
ed  for.  The  houfe  divided  for  the  ie-. 
cond  reading  4.  ;  againlf  it  ii.  The 
bill  was  confetjuently  loft. 


HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 
Tuefday  March  2.  The  Secretary 
at  War  brought  up  the  Army  eftimates 
for  two  months.  The  Secretary  found  it 
necelTary  to  iay  a  few  words  m  expla- 
nation of  the  meafure.  The  ufuai 
practice  had  been,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  each  Sefiion,  to  move  for  the 
eftimares  of  the  whole  year,  but;  at  the 
beginning  of  the  prefent  feUion,  by 
fome  accident  they  had  been  moved 
only  for  three  months.  Thefe  three 
months  were  expired.  Although,  he 
oblerved,  the  eft im at e«  were  generally 
ordered  for  the  whole  year,  the  necei- 
fary  fum  was  not  called  for  at  once, 
but  the  Minifler  had  it  in  his  power  to 
call  for  fuch  proportions  of  the  money 
as  he  fliould  deem  proper.  This  was 
the  reafon  why  the  eftimates  preiented 
were  only  for  two  months,  from  the 
24th  of  March  to  the  25th  of  May. 
He  hoped  there  would  be  no  objeclion 
to  his  referring  them  to  the  confidera- 
tion of  the  Committee  cf  Supply.  Mr 
A^arfittart  brought  up  the  Qualification 
Imdem.nity  Bill;  read  a  firft  time, 
and  ordered  to  be  read  a  fecond  time 
to-morrow.     On  the  motion  of  Mr 

Van- 


March  1802.  Imperial  Parliament. 


Vanfittart,  the  Houfe  went  into  a  com- 
mittee, to  coiiftder  the  duties  payable 
on  cinnamon,  calFia,  ligrea,  raw  hides, 
and  box-wood.  He  propofed  that  the 
duties  upon  thefe  articles  Inuuld  be  re- 
duced one-half,  and  moved  rei'olutions 
accordingly.  Thci'e  refolutions  weic 
agreed  to,  and  the  report  ordered  to 
be  received  to  morrow.  The  felon 
tranfpoTtation  bill  was  read  a  fecond 
time,  and  ordered  to  be  committed  to- 
morrow- The  Houfe  then  went  into 
a  committee  on  the  bill  extending  the 
piovifions  of  the  Lords'  At\  with  re- 
^•sl\&  to  imprifoncd  debtors.  Several 
amendments  were  made  by  Mr  C. 
AVynne.  As  this  bill  might  be  thcught 
to  fuperfede  the  decifions  of  tlie  Court 
of  Chancery,  he  would  propole  a 
claui'e,  enabling  a  debtor  to  petition  to 
a  juftice-of- peace,  or  quarter- feflions, 
that  application  might  be  made  to  the 
Court  of  Chancery  in  cafe  the  fale  of 
his  eRate  (liould  be  proceeded  in  too 
quickly.  Ti'ie  claufc  was  brought  up 
and  read  a  firft  time.  On  it^  fecond 
reading  Mr  Nichols  objected  to  the 
bill  in  general.  Mr  Burton  thought  it 
odious  to  allow  the  felling  of  the  land- 
ed property  of  every  gentleman  in  the 
country,  with  the  exception  only  of 
Members  of  Farliameat.  He  then 
Jnoved  that  the  lands  of  Members  of 
Parliament  and  Peers,  taken  in  execu- 
tion, fliould  be  fold,  if  execution  was 
allowed  to  remain  for  a  certain  time. 
After  much  defultory  converfadon,  the 
queftion  was  called  for,  but  no  divifion 
took  place.  Wednefday,  3d*  The 
Houfe  having  refolved  itfelf  into  a 
Committee  of  Supply,  the  Secretary 
at  War  moved,  that  the  army  eftimates 
prefcnted  yefterday  be  referred  to  the 
Committee  ;  which  being  ordered,  the 
Secretary  at  War  proceeded  to  liate 
that  the  eflimates  were  only  calculated 
fcr  2  months,  and  related  only  to  cer- 
tain branches  of  the  fervice,  he  fliould 
therefore  (late  the  number  of  forces 
that  would  be  alked  to  be  be  kept  up, 
and  likewife  the  expence  thereby  in- 
curred. The  total  amount  of  forces 
he  eftimated  at  203,237  men.  The 
total  of  the  expence  for  the  faid  two 
months  was  1,270,300!.  On  the  mo- 
tion being  put,  accordingly,  for  the 
firft  of  thefe  refolutions,  Mr  Elliot  rofe, 
and,  calling  the  attention  of  the  Houfe 
to  a  fenfe  of  the  a£tual  flate  of  the  em^ 
Vol.  LXIV, 


pire,  took  a  relrofpedtive  view  of  the 
events  which  had  taken  place  fmce 
the  figning  of  the  preliminaries  of 
peace.  France  had  alfumed  a  menac- 
ing Jifpedt  which  portended  danger  lo 
the  rights  and  liberties  of  Europe.  He 
adverted  to  the  changes  in  the  Italian 
Republic,  the  fwpremacy  of  which  wai 
velted  in  the  Firit  Confitl  of  France. 
If  mini  H  ers  tamely  fubmitt  id  to  fucU 
proceedings,  Bonaparte  might  proba- 
bly wilh  to  extend  his  parental  care  to 
this  country.  He  next  adverted  to  thti 
large  portion  of  the  French  navy  which 
had  failed  to  the  Weft  Indies.  The 
whole  of  the  tranfacf  10ns  wore  an  af- 
pedt  hoftile  to  the  intereits  of  this 
country.  Lord  Hawkfoary  faid,  thsit 
the  committee  would  perceive  that  at 
the  preient  nionierii  it  would  be  high- 
ly improper  to  enter  into  any  difcuf- 
lion.  The  only  ground  of  interference 
would  be  the  certain  knowled^  *  that 
the  negociation  had  been  protracted  to 
an  unufual  length,  and  that  the  confe- 
quences  were  fuch  that  Parliament 
had  a  right  to  call  on  Government  for 
an  explanation.  He  admitted  that  fe- 
rious  confequences  had  aril'en  from  the 
delay,  but  the  important  intcrells  and 
variety  of  points  to  be  diicaffed  ought 
to  be  deeply  confidered  ;  and  gentle- 
men mii^ht  refer  to  the  time  which  the 
concluhcn  of  former  treaties  had  oc- 
cupied. At  the  peace  of  17 S3  the 
preliminary  treaty  was  figned  on  the 
20th  of  January,  and  the  definitive 
treaty  the  3d  of  December.  Having 
Itated  this,  he  added,  it  might  be  fup- 
pofed  his  Majefty's  Miniffers  were  as 
anxious  to  bring  the  negociation  to  a 
conclufion  as  any  fubje^l  in  the  king-- 
dom.  He  iliould  only  add,  that  what- 
ever might  be  the  event  of  the  nego- 
ciation, he  lliould  never  regret  any 
thing  he  had  done  to  promote  it. 
Mr  Cornwallis  remarked,  that  the 
French  expedition  might  have  a 
fair  objedt  in  view,  but  fuppohn^^  the 
intentions  of  the*  French  government 
to  be  holtile,  this  country  had  nothing 
to  fear.  Mr  Windham,  in  a  long 
fpeech,  oppofed  the  arguments  tif 
Lord  Hawkefbury,  and  feconded  Mr 
Elliot's  delire  of  making  the  negocia- 
tion a  fubjed:  of  parliamentary  inquiry, 
after  a  great  deal  of  extravagdui  am- 
madverfion  on  the  dangerous  ftaie  of 
the  country,  r\Ir  Windham  drew  his 
M  m  ob- 


26z 


Imperial  Parliament, 


VoL  64. 


obfervatlons  to  a  conclufion  in  the 
following  words.    **  The  lubjeil  is  lb 
flicadiul,  Ihe  profpcdt  fo  dreary,  that 
it  uppdls  me  with  its  magnitude.  It 
is  ib  pregnant  with  apprciicnlion  and 
terror,   that  I  Ihall  not  now  enlarge 
upon  it.    My  Hon.  friend  (Mr  Elliot) 
Las  a£led  with  peculiar  propiiety  ;  his 
obfcrvations  are  julliikd  by  the  criiis 
to  wliich  the  country  is  reduced,  and 
his  IMajefty's  miniilers  may  treat  them 
as  the)  pleafc.    But  I  fear  every  ncv/ 
occafion  will  furnilh  frelh  topics  for 
fimilar  obfervations."  Mr  Baker  made 
fomc  obiervatiunb,  after  which,  Lord 
Cafilereagh,  tnough  he  cunfeiVed  he 
was  not  in  the  conhdence  ot  Miniiters, 
trulled  fully  to  the  happy  tcrminaiiou 
of  the  licgociation  at  Amiens.  He 
iaid  the  tenor  ot  the  arguments  were 
uf  a  nature  to  throw  a  uefpondency 
over  the  public  mind.    He  faw  no 
falarm  that  could  arile  for  the  fafety  of 
our  \Velt  India  poll' iTions,  fiom  the 
jailing  of  the  French  fleet  ^  on  the  con- 
trary, France  would  linu  it  difficult  to 
iubdue  her  colonies  to  obedience.  E- 
\en  if  Toufiiant  ihouid  iubmii  to  the 
j,)0wer  of  France  it  would  be  difficult 
to  eflablifii  I'uch  a  goveinmcnt  as  would 
keep  the  Blacks  in  f abjection.    As  to 
the  queliion,  whether  this  expedition 
Ihould  hiive  been  ibiTcrcd  to  fail  or 
TiOt,  it  might  appear  that  minifiers  hnd 
a(fted  wifely  in  not  interfering  in  the 
ibuhr.cfs.    We  ought  to  remain  (laid 
Lord  Caftlereagh)  in  fuch  a  ftiite  of 
mind  as  not  to  repofe  any  unwife  con- 
fidence in  miniflcrs,  but  as  if  miniftcrs 
had  left  the  country  expofed  to  danger 
which  they  could  ealily  extricate  it 
from.    Such  a  condudt  ought,  at  this 
moment,  to  be  obfervcd  by  Britain, 
ihat  if,  unfortunately,   the  definitive 
treaty  fliould  not  be  concluded,  and 
war  ihiould  be  the  conlequence,  F.u- 
jope  and  the  world  might  know  that 
this  country  was  not  anf-.v  eiable  for  it. 
X)r  Lawrence  commented  on  the  words 
of  the  lafl  ipeaker  witk  iome  acutenels. 
After  which,  the  Attorney  General 
faid,    if  Miniders   had   abufed  the 
power  veiled  in  them,  with  regard  to 
iLe   treaty   of.  peace,  it   wouid  be 
inoft  manly  in  thofe  gentlemen  who 
thought  fo,  to  move  an  adareis  to  his 
Majeicy,  to  recall  his  negociator  at 
Am.iens,  and  not  'ventilaU  the  air  of 
that  houfe  in  declamation  againft  the 
peace  itfelf.  The  following  rcfolutioas 


were  then  agreed  to :  the  fuin  of 
300,577!.  to  be  voted  for  the  iervicc 
of  the  regular  army  ot  Great  Britain; 
1^0,423!.  for  the  regular  army  in  Ire- 
land ;  386,6571.  for  the  forces  in  the 
plantations,  including  thofe  of  Gib.* 
raitdr,  Malta,  Miuorca,  Fgypt,  and 
New  , South-Wales  ^  ^3Sii-  tor  four 
troops  of  dragoons  and  Icvcnteen  coni^ 
panics  of  toot  fupported  in  Crrcat  Bri- 
tain, fur  recruiting  tne  force  in  the 
Laii  Indies  ;  41,1  S9I.  for  the  fcncible 
corps  ill  Great  Briiain ;  a4,oi3l.  for 
the  fcncible  curps  in  Leland  j  99,0(^41. 
for  the  barrack  department  in  Great 
Britain  j  59,307!.  lor  the  barrack  de- 
partment of  Ireland;  75,5111.  for  the 
luppoit  of  tlie  foreign  corps  in  the  fer- 
vice  of  Great  Britain.  The  Moufe  re- 
lumed iti'elf,  and  the  report  was  order- 
ed to  be  received  to-morrow.  The 
lioulc  having  reiblvcd  itlclf  into  a 
Committee  of  ways  and  means,  the 
Chancellor  of  the  tixchcquei  faid,  that 
as  (t  wculd  be  inexpedient  to  enter  in- 
to any  contract  for  the  whole  year, 
that  the  moll  eligible  mode  of  iupply 
of^^rcfcnt  exigencies,  would  be  by  a 
further  iAbc  of  exchequer  bills.  He 
therefore  moved,  '*  thai  it  be  the  opi- 
nion of  the  committee,  that,  towards 
providing  th«  fupply  for  the  lervice 
of  his  Majrlty,  there  be  raifed  the  fum 
of  one  million,  by  loan  on  exchequer 
bills  agreed  to.  The  Chancellor  of 
the  Exchequer  appeared  at  the  bar,* 
and  liatcd,  that  he  was  commanded 
by  his  Maiefcy  to  prefent  an  account, 
(hewing  the  amount  of  fuch  penfions 
as  had  been  charged  on  the  civil  lift 
for  ieveral  ye<irs  ;  for  the  falaries  of 
late  minitfers  j  for  the  ambafTadors  to 
foreign  Courts,  £cc.  compared  with 
the  flatemcnt  laid  before  the  houfe  in 
1 7 06.  Referred  to  the  committee,  ap- 
pointed to  examine  the  expenditure 
of  the  civil  lift.  Thurfday  4th,  Mr 
Bond  obtained  leave  to  bring  in  a  bill 
for  building  bridges  over  Conway  and 
Bangor  ferries,  to  facilitate  the  inter- 
course with  Leland.  Mr  G.  Rofe  was 
added  to  the  committee  on  the  Book- 
fellers'  and  hrinters'  petition.  Mr 
Hudibn  from  the  CommilTioners  of 
Excife,  prefented  an  account  of  the 
grofs  amount  of  the  duty  paid  on  pa- 
per, mill-board,  pafteboard,  demy,  &,c. 
for  three  quarters  of  an  year,  ending 
5th  January  1802,  and  for  feveral  an- 
tecedent periods  ^  rcfezred  to  the  com- 

iQitte^!. 


March  1802. 


Imperial  Parliajnent 


tnittce.  Mr  Dickinfon  flated,  that 
laft  Seflion  he  had  brought  in  a  bill, 

i  for  the  purpofe  of  protcdling  clergy- 

1  men  from  adlions  for  non-relidence  in 
certain  circumftances.  That  bill  had 
expired  on  the  25th  of  March.  While 
it  was  in  force,  he  had  hopes  that  fome 
meafure  of  a  permanent  nature  might 
have  been  devifed,  and  he  had  the  fa- 
tisfadtion  to  ilate,  that  a  meafure  of 
the  above  nature  was  in  the  contem- 
plation of  a  gentleman  of  very  high  cha- 
rader.  Until,  hov/ever,  that  plan  could 
be  digefted,  he  hoped  that  the  Houfe 
would  give  him  leave  to  bring  in  a  bill 
for  continuing  the  a6l  of  lait  Seffion, 

'  for  a  time  to  be  limited.  Leave  given. 
On  the  motion  of  Mr  Lulhington,  the 
report  of  the  committee,  on  the  peti- 
tition  from  the  merchants  of  Grenada 
and  St  V^inccnts,  was  ordered  to  be  ta- 
ken into  confideration  in  a  committee 
of  the  whole  Houfe  on  Monday  next. 
Mr  W.  Dundas  moved,  that  the  Ben- 
coolen  fettlemejat  bill  be  read  a  fccond 
time  ;  an  hon.  member  had  faid,  this 
bill  was  a  breach  of  faith.  The  princi- 
pal obje6l  of  it  was,  that  it  would  fave 
8o,oool.  to  the  company.  Mr  John- 
itone  faid,  that  if  the  real  objed  of  the 
bill  was  to  fave  money,  he  Ihould  not 
objedt  to  it.  He  wifhed,  that  the  eom- 
paay's  fervants  at  Bencoolen  iliould  be 
fent  to  Ceylon,  in  place  of  Madras, 
-where^they  might  rile  in  feniority  ;  he 
concluded  by  l:^ying,  that  when  the 
hili  came  before  the  committee,  he 
fl^ould  propofe  fume  amendments.  Mr 
Wallace  replied  to  Mr  Jobnfton,  and 
was  followed  by  Mr  Metcalf  and  Mr 
D.Scot,  in  favour  of  the  bill.  After 
fome  remiatks  from  Mr  Tierney,  Mr 
W.  Dundas  explained.  The  bill  was 
then  read  a  fecond  timiC,  and  ordered 
to  "be  conjmitted  on  Monday.  Mr 
Alexander  brought  up  the  report  of 
the  com.mittee  of  fupply.  The  refolu- 
tions  were  read  a  full  time  ;  upon  the 
motion  for  their  fecond  reading,  Mr 
Robfon  faid,  thrit  before  he  voted  a- 
way  the  public  money,  he  mult  be  fa- 
tistied,  that  it  went  mto  the  hands  of 
'  ^fe  who  would  expend  it  with  pro- 
cty.  The  minilter  h?id  obtained  no 
>  than  n,coo,ocs>l.  fmce  the  prell- 
-  inarjes  wvrc  fgned.  This  was  the 
.  .,:h  month  of  the  hon.  genlieman's 
adminHhation,  and  he  wiliied  to  know 

X  from  him,  fomething  of  the  (late  of 
Ireland,  as  there  was  not  a  Hngle  pa- 


per on  the  tabic  relative  to  that  part 
of  the  Empire,  and  yet  the  houfe  was 
called  upon  to  vote  a  fam  foi  the  Irifh 
army,  i  he  fpeakei  begged  the  hon. 
gentleman  to  confme  his  cbjec-.tions  to 
fome^fpecific  refolution  on  the  report. 
The  refoiutions  were  then  read  ;  and, 
upon  voting  a  fum  for  the  barrark>;, 
Mr  R.  again  rofe,  he  thought  the  item 
of  io,oool.  for  coals  and  candle  reprc- 
henfible.  He  then  enumerated  a  num- 
ber of  charges,  which  he  thought  ex- 
travagant, and  ought  not  to  be  allow- 
ed, eipecially  when  he  ftated,  that 
government  acceptances  were  refufed 
payment  in  a  public  office.  Mr  Dent 
fpoke  to  order.  IMr  Robfon  appealed 
to  the  chair,  to  know  whether  he  was 
diforderly  or  not.  The  Speaker  re- 
plied, that  any  ilatements  of  a  mem- 
ber, tending  to  queiiion  the  folvency 
of  his  Majefiy's  government,  were 
highly  dilordKriy,  Mr  R.  was  forry 
fo.r  what  he  had  faid,  but  it  was  true. 
Mr  Alexander  thought,  that  the  hon. 
gentleman  Ihould  have  been  more 
guarded  in  his  language.  Mr  R,  re- 
plied, that  if  he  was  preiTed,  he  would 
bring  proof  to-morrow.  Mr  Adding- 
ton  faid,  if  it  was  proper  that  the  hon. 
gentleman  fliouldmakc  an  aiTcritlon,  it 
was  more  proper  that  he  fliould  bring 
proof  of  it.  The  Secretary  at  War  wifu- 
ed  Mr  R.  to  ftate  the  cafe  fully.  Mr 
Addiiigton  wiihed  to  know  the  name 
t.f  the  office,  (a  loud  cry  of  nam.e  ! 
naiT.e  I)  Mr  Robfon  faid,  the  ofRcc 
w^as  the  fick  and  wounded.  Mr  Ad- 
dington  faid,  that  the  fa 61  fhouid  be 
enquired  into,  and  he  pledged  himfcif 
to  Hate  the  refult  to  the  houfe.  Mr 
Robfon  hoped  there  was  an  end  to  the? 
converfation,  though  not  to  the  en- 
quiry. The  other  refoiutions  were 
then  read  and  agreed  to.  Leave  was 
given  to  bring  in  a  bill  to  prevent  mu- 
tiny and  defertion. 

Friday,  March  5.  A  bill  was  brought 
up,  and  read  a  ftrft  tiT.e,  for  the  im- 
provement of  the  harbour  of  White- 
haven. Mr  Johnfton  moved  for  an  ac- 
count of  the  covenants  with  the  Ea(l 
India  Company's  fervants  at  Fort  Mari- 
bro* ;  agreed  to-  Mr  Dickinfon  brought 
in  a  bili  for  protecting  Clergy  (for  a  li- 
mited time,  from  penal  action?,  for 
holding  pluraliiieOj  which  was  read  a 
a  firft  time.  The  Secretary  at  War 
brought  up  the  mi:tiny  bill,  which  wa.<i 
read  a  full  time,  and  ordered  to  be 
M  m  2  read 


Imperial  Parliament.  Vol  64. 


read  a  fecond  time  on  Monday.  The 
bill  for  raiting  one  million  by  loan,  on 
Exchequer  bills,  was  brought  in,  read 
a  firft  time,  and  ordered  to  be  read 
a  fecond  time  on  Monday.  The 
cinnamon  and  caffia  duty  repeal  bill 
was  read  a  fecond  time,  anil  commit- 
ted for  Monday.  On  the  order  of  the 
day,  for  the  fecond  reading  of  the  A- 
inerican  tieaty  bill,  Col.Gafcoigne  roff, 
and  Hated  fcveral  objedions  to  it,  and 
argued,  that  it  would  enable  the  Ame- 
ricans to  injure  us,  and  Ripply  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe  evtn  with  the  pro- 
duce of  our  own  colonies  at  a  lower  rate 
than  ourfelves.  Mr  Vanfittart  replied, 
and  conteniied  that,  infiead  of  giving 
any  exclufive  advantage  to  American 
traders,  it  would  only  place  them  on 
the  fame  footing  with  ofhc  r  nations. 
Dr  Lawrence  made  fome  obfervations, 
and  argued,  that  America  had  been 
gradually  gaining  ground,  and  this 
would  accelerate  it.  Lord  ILiwktfoury 
faid,  without  intending  to  throw  any 
reflections  on  thofe  who  oppoftd  the 
bill,  lie  would  fay,  that  it  was  one 
which  no  man  of  common  fcnfe,  who 
iindeiftood  it,  could  objecl  to.  He  af- 
terwards explained  the  nature  of  the 
bill,  and  Ihewed  the  adv  •  tages  which 
Great  Britain  enjoyed  from  her  com- 
mercial greatncfs.  Mr  Windham  im- 
puted the  fuperiority  of  Great  Britain 
*  to  a  proud  and  martial  fpirit.'  It 
was  this  fpirit  which  always  maintain- 
ed us,  and  it  was  the  power  of  our 
arrn:,  and  not  the  pun^ualiry  of  our 
payments,  which  raifed  us  fo  high  in 
the  fcale  of  nations.  Viewing,  as  he 
did,  the  dangers  w  hich  threatened  this 
country,  he  was  far  from  feeling  def- 
pondency,  which  indeed  he  would  feel 
if  he  was  to  underftand  that  our  com- 
mercial profperity  was  to  bear  Us  up 
p.gainft  the  dominteiirg  power  of 
France.  The  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chequer obferved,  that  it  a  ppeared  too 
faibionable  of  late  toconfider  cotrimcr- 
cial  pLrfuits,  as  incompatible  with  na- 
tional glory.  Ke  agre  ed  with  Mr  W., 
that  tlie  power  of  France  was  immenfe, 
and  he  could  not  contemplate  it  with 
indifierence ;  but  our  fituation  would 
not  juftify  defpondency.  The  reafon- 
ings  of  Mr  W.  he  admitted  to  be  Rr(H  g, 
but  they  did  not  apply  to  the  biii  in 
qyeftion.  After  fome  farther  cUbate, 
the  bill  was  read  a  fccond  time,  and 
ordered  to  be  committed  on  Tucfday, 
Monday  8.,  many  private  bills  were 


brought  up  and  forwarded.  After 
which,  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exche- 
quer faid,  he  would  requeft  the  indul- 
ence  of  the  Houfe,  while  he  adverted 
to  a  converfation  which  took  place  oo 
Thurfday  night.  The  Houfe  would  re- 
col!e(^,  that  an  hon.  fnembcr(Mr  Roh<> 
fon)  had  chcfen  to  ftatc  a  circun  fiance, 
from  which  he  aderted  that  govrrninent 
was  in  a  ftate  of  iiifolvcncy.  Up(jri  in- 
quiry into  the  truth  of  this,  he  fcnmd 
Mr  Robfon's  obfervation  couUl  apply 
only  to  one  office,  and  one  bill.  I'he 
foi  mer,  the  hek  and  hurt  office,  and  the 
amoimt  of  the  bill  in  queUion  only 
19I.  ly-  4d.  So  far  from  government 
being  infolvent,  the  very  proof  he  could 
bring  would  Hiew  the  falfity  of  his  af- 
fertion.  He  would  appeal  to  every 
merchant  and  banker  in  the  H(mfe, 
whether  they  did  not  covet  treafury 
paper,  in  preference  to  every  other. 
Here  fome  converfation  followed  be- 
tween Mr  James  Martin  and  Mr  Ad- 
dington,  aTur  which  Mr  Robfon  enter- 
ed, and,  immediately  *^rmg,  faid,  that, 
in  conlequence  of  what  had  palfed  on 
on  a  former  night,  he  attended  in  his 
place  on  Friday,  to  hear  the, report  of 
the  converfation  which  had  been  held  ; 
he  again  attended  this  day  for  the  fame 
purpofe,  and  learnt  it  had  been  gone 
through  before  he  came  into  the  Houfe. 
He  fel:  great  inconvenience  from  this 
mode  of  proceeding,  as  he  wfhtd  to 
do  au  ay  tlie  imprefTion  which  had  gf)ne 
forth,  that  what  he  alferttd  was  not 
true,  and  would  make  a  moiiori  on 
that  fubjed ;  fo  far  from  that  being 
the  caie,  he  was  prepared  with  many 
thoufand  proofs.  (Here  the  Speaker 
reminded  him  that  h^  wa^  irregular). 
After  which  the  debate  grew  rall^er 
tumultuonso  being  often  interrupted 
wi:h  the  cry  of  Order-  Ordtr  \^c, 
Tne  Houfe  then  went  ' through  a  com- 
miftee  on  the  cinnamon  and  hide  im- 
portation bill.  The  report  ofdered  to 
be  received  to-morrow.  Tu:  fday  9. 
After  fome  private  bufinefa  was  dif- 
pofed  of,  Mr  Robfon  rofe,  purfuant  to 
notice,  to  offer  a  m.otion,  which  he 
confidered  of  the  uimoft'  importance. 
Mr  Robfon,  in  vain,  attempted  to  free 
liimfelf  from  the  fituntion  into  which 
his  intemperance  had  throv^  n  him  ;  and, 
though  anfwered  with  the  greateft  can- 
ciour  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exche- 
quer, he  yet  perfevered  in  liis  motion, 
which  was,  to  have  an  account  of  all 
bills  drawn  upon  the  fick  and  wound- 
ed 


March  1802. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


265 


cd  office,  with  their  dates,  amounts, 
&c.  from  ift  September  1801,  to  the 
prefcnt  period  ;  when,  after  much  de- 
fuitory  debate,  the  Honfe  divided,  for 
Mr  Addingtqn's   motion  79 ;  for  JNlr 
Robfon's  motion  a.     The  reports  of 
the  indemnity  qnalification  bill,  ar?d 
the  cinnamon  duty  repeal  bill,  were 
bronght  up  aiid  agreed  to.  Oidercd 
to  be  lead  a  third  time  to-mor;  ow. 
Mr  0\»en,  frcm   the   India  .  Houft , 
hronj^ht  in  an  account  of  the  Corr- 
pany's  f.^rvants  at  Fort  Marlborough, 
with  the  datts  of  their  commiflions  anci 
laUries.     I.aid  on  the  tribic.    Wcd  ief- 
I  day  loth,  Mr  Hodgefon,  from  the  ex- 
;  rife  olliCC,  prefented  an  account  of  the 
duties  paid  upon  printed  books  im- 
ported for  the  three  years,  ending  5tfi 
of  April  1795,  and  the  three  quarters, 
ending  5th  of  January  j%oi.    Sir  W. 
I  Elliot  ptcfented  accounts  of  the  ordi- 
I  nary  and  extraordinary  expences  of 
the'  navy  and  tranfport  offices,  for  the 
j  two  months  ending  5th  Of  February 
I  1802.    An  account  was  ordered  to  be 
I  prefentfd,  of  the  charges  on  the  *:on- 
!  iblifiated  fund  in  Ireland  for  the  laft 
i  year,  atul  as  much  of  the  prefent  as  can 
,  be  made  up.    The  felon  tranfportation 
bill  went  through  a  committee  ;  re- 
!  ported   progVcfs.     The   mutiny  bill 
(  alfo  went  through  a  committee,  report 
1  to-morrow.    Mr  Jones,  on  account  of 
1  the  al  fence  of  the  Ciianctilor  of  tlie 
;  Exche({iier,  dcfi  rred  his  motion  rela- 
tive td  The  income-tax,  till  Friday  next. 
Jn  a  committee  of  fupply,  the  fum  of 
4805OCC  I.  was  voted  for  ihc  payment  of 
j  130,00c  landmen,  for  the  two  months 
I  ending  ,-:5th  of  May  i8c2.    The  navy 
!  and  ordnanct  fu pplief  wtre  alfo  vjted 
for  the  fame  time.    On  the  report  of 
;  the  million  loan  bill,  Mr  Joj^es  rec<;)m- 
mended;  on  account  of  tht  poftuie  of 
atfairs   with    France,    that  miniflers 
would  apply  f>r  fupplies  adequate  for 
the  expcnccs  ol  the  whole  year,  initead 
fmali  fums.     Mr  Robf;)n  moved, 
thtrt^  be  laid  before  the  Houfe,  an 
'^'^  L:ount  of  the  dillribution  of  the  fam 
of6eo,ccol.  granted  for  the  army  ex- 
traordiiianes  in  ^ Ireland  for  i8ci  ;  a- 
greed   to.     The    Houfe   then  went 
^h'v'iUgh  the  American  treaty  bill  in  a 
•  'inittce,  and  ordered  the  report  to 
received  to-morrow.     Mr  Foller 
Cthe  late  Irifti  Speaker)  moved  for  an 
account  of  the  exports  and  imports  of 
;  Ireland  to  the  5th  January  1802;  a 
i  number  of  other  accounts  were  alfo 


ordered  to  be  pref^nted,  which  arc 
fuppofcd  to  be  preparatory  to  fomtf 
motion  of  importance.  ThurfJay  11. 
Tfie  Exchequer  bills'  bill,  and  the  in- 
demnity qualification  bill,  wrre  fevt- 
rally  read  a  third  time,  and  patTi'd. 
The  report  of  the  mutiny  bill  was 
brought  up  and  agreed  to,  and  ordered 
to  be  read  a  third  time  to-morrow. 
Mr  Alexander  brought  up  the  report 
of  the  coiiiUiittce  of  fupply  ;  refolutiona 
read  and  agreed  to.  Mr  Dicliinfoii 
moved  the  order  of  the  day,  for  the 
Houfe  j^oing  into  a  committee  on  the 
bill  tor  proieding  clergymen  from  ac- 
tions of  non-refidcnce ;  after  lome  ob- 
fervatioiiS  from  Mr  Hobhoufe,  Mr  Si- 
meon, and  Sir  W.  Scott,  the  refolu- 
tions  were  agreed  to,  and  the  blank  for 
the  continuance  of  the  bill  was  filled 
up  to  the  25th  of  July  ;  report  ordered 
to  be  received  to-morrow.  Friday  12. 
The  mutiny,  and  fome  other  bills  were 
read  a  third  time,  and  paficd.  Several 
of  the  papers  refprdting  Iri(h  accounts, 
moved  for  ycfterday,  were  brought  up 
and  laid  on  the  table.  The  Houfe  rt- 
folved  itfelf  into  a  committee  on  the 
papers  refpe-ding  the  Irifii  revenue. 
After  fome  converfaiion,  the  refolution 
for  continuing  the  duties  tiil  25th  of 
March  1803  was  agreed  to,  ai  d  the  re- 
port ordered  to  be  received  to  morrow. 
Mr  Canning  gave  notice,  that  he  would, 
on  this  day  fc'ennigh.t,  movtr  for  fome 
information  refpedting  the  cultivation 
and  population  of  the  illind  of  Trina- 
dad,  preparatory  to  his  intended  mix- 
tion refpe<^^ing  the  fale  of  the  crown 
lands  in  the  VVe(t  Indies.  Mr  Jone-s 
difclaimcd  the  intention,  at  prefent,  of 
going  into  the  hiltory  of  the  income- 
tax.  His  m.otion  was,  that  there  be; 
laid  befv)re  the  Houfe,  an  account  of 
the  total  produce  of  the  tax  upon  in- 
come, up  to  the  5th  of  April  1801,  dif- 
tinguiihing  that  paid  to  the  commer- 
cial commilTioners.  Mr  Addington 
wifhed  the  motion  to  be  po'^poned,  a* 
he  meant  ro  fubmit  fcveral  motions 
with  refpe(^  to  the  pu')lic  income.  Mr 
Jones  conftrnted.  Mr  Elliot  moved^ 
that  a  fum,  not  exceeding  140.304!.,  be 
voted  as  the  ordinary  and  extraoroi;7a- 
ry  eftabliihment  of  the  navy  for  two 
months  ;  upon  which  Mr  Roblba  took 
occafion  to  make  fome  remarks  on  the 
non-attendance  of  fcveral  of  the  mem- 
bers at  fueh  time?,  when  iinmenfe  fums 
were  voted  ;  and,  difapproved  of  th'ii 
fliort  niethod  of  railing  fupplies,  as  it 

lUirked 


266 


Imperial  Parliament, 


Vol.  64. 


marked  a  weak  and  ineffic^enr  admi- 
niftration,     Mr    Addingion  rtplicd. 
And  Mr  Jones  and  A\  Kc  1  >n  Icveral- 
ly  delayed  the  putting  the  queltions  of 
fupply,  by  remaiks,  attacking  the  mi- 
Diltry  on  the  head  of  ecoriomy  ;  at 
length,  the   Chairm-^n   proceeded  to 
put  the  queftions  of  fiipply  as  follows: 
Ordinary  eftabliOiments  for  the  navy 
fjr  two  month.s  from   the   25th  of 
March  initant,  140,4031-  ExUaordi- 
naries  of  the  navy  for  the  fanie  period, 
255,756!.     Tranfports,  &c.  240>oooi. 
Prifoners  of  war,  14,000!.;  vvoich  ivcre 
agreed  to,  and  ordered  to  be  reported 
on  Monday.    Saturdr,y  13U1,  Mr  But- 
ler took  the  oaths  and  his  feat.  Toe 
Benccolen  fervants'  transfer  bill  read  a 
thh-d  time,  p  aled  and  carried  to  the 
Lords.    The  marine  mutiny  bill  was 
read  a  fccoud  time,  .nd  cominitted  for 
Monday.    Monday  15th,  The  county 
of  Wigton  road  bill  was  read  a  fccond 
time,  and  referred  to  a  commitit  e.  The 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchtquer  rnovcd 
for  a  committee,  to  take  ii.to  confider- 
ation  the  corn  tradj  of  GtLai  Britain 
and  Ireland.    He  obfaved,  that  it  was 
riecefiary  the  two  countries  fhould  have 
the  means  ot   rtiieving  tach  other's 
wants,  and  that  thtr  rtiiri^^tions  on  the^ 
trade  ihould  be  of  a  general  and  not  of 
a  partial  nature.  Sir  William  Pultenty, 
Lord  Hawkefbnry,  and  Mr  Vandcleur, 
followed  MrAddington,  and  the  mo- 
tion was  agreed  to,  and  the  commiitte 
appointed.    The  Houfe  then  refolved 
tlVclfinto  a  committee,  on  the  report 
concerning  the  petition  of  the  mer- 
chants of  Grenada  and   St  Vincent. 
Tuefday  i6th,  Mr  Fox  rofe,  for  tfee 
purpofe  of  moving  a  new  writ  for  Ta- 
viftock,  in  room  of  Lord  J.  RulTtl,  now 
Duke  of  Bedford.    In  makmg  his  mo- 
tion, he  made  a  beautiful  and  highly 
finilhed  p^megyric  on  the  late  lamented 
Duke  of  Bedford  ;  a  perfonage  who, 
in  public  and  private  life,  conduced 
himfell-  with  hngular  propriety,  and 
whofe  prematurt  death,  Mr  Fox  la- 
mented as  a  national  mii^fortune.  Mo- 
lion  put  and  carried.    The  Iriih  ex- 
piring laws  bill  svas  read  a  fecond  time. 
Wedntfday  17th,  the  marine  muti  ny 
bill  was  read  a  third  time,  and  ordered 
up  to  the  Lords.    A  new  writ  was 
ordered,  on  motion  of  Mr  Follcr,  for  a 
member  to  ferve  for  Queen's  county, 
in  room  of  C.  Cook,  Elq;  now  a  peer. 
The  Irifli  expiring    laws  bill  went 


through  the  committee,  report  to  be 
received  to-morrow.  Admiral  Berkeley 
brought  up  a  petition  from  Dr  Ed. 
Jcnner,  author  of  tlte  vaccine  inocula- 
tion,   praying  fuch  remuneration  for  ' 
the  difcovery,  as  the  Houfe  might  feem 
meet.    Referred  to  a  comm.ittee.  Mr 
Corry  put  oft',  till  Monday,  his  motion 
for  certain  fupplies  for  the  fervices  of 
Ireland.    The  Hot^fe  then  refolved  into 
a  committee  of  fupply.    Mr  Serjeant 
moved,  that  the  fum  of  266,666!.  13s. 
4d.  be  granted  for  the  office  of  ord- 
nance of  Great  Britain,  for  the  months 
of  April  and  May.    He  alfo  moved, 
that  aoo,cool.  be  granted  for  the  office 
of  ordnance  of  Ireland,  for  the  fame 
period.    After  a  few  remarks  from  Mr 
Robfon,  the  refohU*ons  were  agreed  to, 
and  the  report  ordered  to  be  received 
to-morrow,    Thurfday  i8lh,  on  the 
motion  of  Sir  Wiiliam  Young,  leave 
was  granted,  foi  the  committee  on  the 
petition  of  the  London  bookfellers,  to 
report  their  proceedings,  with  obfer- 
vations  on  the  evidence  laid  before  them. 
Mr  Addington  gave   notice,  that  he 
fhould  poftpone  till  Monday  next,  the 
fcvera!  motions  which  he  had  prtviouf- 
ly  ftated  it  was  his  intention  to  make. 
Mr  Alexander  brought  up  the  report 
of  the  committee  of  fupply,  which 
was  agreed  to,  and  bills  were  ordered 
to  be  brought  in.    The  report  of  the 
committee  on  the  Irifh  tax  bi!l  was 
brought  up,  and  agreed  to.  Friday 
19th,  on  the  quellion  for  the  third 
reading  of  the  Inih  duty  bill,  Mr  Jones 
and  Mr  Robfon  o|.pofed   it«     1  he 
Houfe  divided.   For  it  82  ;   Again  ft  it 
I,    Mi  Canning  poftponed  his  motion 
refpeeHing  Trinadad,  to  a  future  day. 
A  new  writ  was  ordered  for  Petersfield, 
in  room  of  W.  Jollifte,  Efq;  dtceafed. 
Mr  Addington  then  moved,  a  filing  of 
accounts  relative  to  the  income  tax, 
viz.  an  account  of  the  grofs  aflliFment 
and  neat  produce  of  the  income  tax  for 
1801  ;  an  account  of  the  grofs  aifefT- 
ment  for  the  year  ending  April  5.  1801  ; 
account  of  the  afllflment  for  1802  ; 
dillinguilhing  England  from  Scotland. 
Mr  Jones  rcquclted  to  know,  if  the 
Chancellor  cf  the  Exchequer  meant  to 
ground  any  motion  on  the  accounts  he 
had  moved  for ;  but  Mr  Addington 
replied,  that  no  propofuion  Ihould  be 
brought  forward  on  that  fubje^^l  till 
after  the  opening  of  the  Budget. 

MONTHLY 


March  1802. 


267 


MONTHLY  REGISTER. 


POREIGN  INTELLIGENCE. 

FKANCE. 

The  condudt  of  the  Chief  Conful  has 
%>f  late  tended  to  ca^^  a  gloom  over  the 
political  horizon.  After  the  acctlfion 
of  power,  produced  by  hia  being  vclttd 
with  the  Picfidency  of  the  Italian  Re- 
j  ublic,  his  overgrown  greatnefb  could 
rot  but  be  contemplated  by  furrounding 
States,  without  fome  degree  of  confter- 
nation.  Great  Britain,  trom  the  liiua- 
tion  in  which  Ihe  ftood,  had  the  moll 
to  fear  from  the  ambition  ol  B^^u^^parte. 
The  long  interval  which  elapfcd  from 
the  figning  of  the  preliminaries  of 
peace  till  the  prelent  time,  has  ^iven 
juft  caufe  for  alarm  ;  but  we  are  hap- 
py in  having  it  in  our  power  to  record, 
that  all  caufe  for  our  fears  is  now  done 
away,  and  the  fufpeiffe  and  alirm 
which  have  been  fo  long  yiiible  in  al- 
jjioft  every  countenance,  have  iiow  giv- 
en place  to  exprt/Tious  of  exultaiion 
and  joy.  intelligence  received  from 
Amienb  (tatei,  that  the  definitive  treaty 
was  ligned  on  Saturday  27th. 

Among  other  tr.infadions,  the 
French  government  has  required  the 
King  of  Etruria  to  take  4000  French 
troops  into  his  pay,  and  to  cede 
the  Ifle  of  Elba  to  France.  A  conven- 
tion has  been  hgned  aho  between  Ruf- 
fia  and  France,  by  which  the  latter  is 
to  occupy  the  Brifgau  with  her  troop?, 
till  the  fate  of  the  country  is  fettled, 
Tallyrand  Perigord,  has  written  to  Ci- 
tizen Bacher,  charge  des  affaires,  from 
the  French  Republic  to  the  Germanic 
Empire,  deliiing  him  to  annource  to 
the  diet,  the  election  of  Bonaparte,  to 
the  prehdency  of  the  Italian  Repubh'c* 
he  adds,  the  Empire  will  f  e,  in  this 
meafure,  the  wiih  of  the  French  Go- 
vernment to  coniolidate,  by  every  means 
in  its  power,  the  general  tranquility  of 
Europe !"  ^ 

RUSSIA. 

The  Emperor  feeing,  perl.aps,  with 
fome  conlternation,  the  atfairat  Lyons, 
lias  been  induced  to  augment  hh  army 
confidcrably.  A  letter  from  Hamburgh, 
lays,  "  the  Emperor  Alexander,  has  ia- 


vited  the  Courtr  of  Vienna,  Ecrlic, 
London,  Mauriil,  Naples  Drc  Iden,  Mu- 
nich, and  Lifbon  toj(ji(i  him,  ifi  the 
tndtavourh  to  (  btain  a  luitnble  fettle- 
n.ent  for  the  rei*  aining  piinces  of  tlK: 
houfe  of  Bourbon." 

CERMANY. 

The  Emperor  has  foen,  wiih  furprife, 
the  definitive  organif  ition  uf  the  Italian 
Republic,  yet  Kemt,  iea<!y  to  receive 
ambdlTidorb  ftom  the  Italian,  Batavian, 
and  Helvetic  Republics.  An  article 
frjm  Vienna,  March  3,  ftates  a  report 
fiom  various  parts  of  Romagna,  that 
four  French  ha^f-bngades  arc  to  be  fta- 
tioned  in  that  country.  This  has  gi- 
ven rife-  to  a  variety  of  coi  jectures. 
Bonaparte,  immediately  after  the  brea- 
king  up  uf  the  confuita  at  Lyons,  com- 
municated his  new  appointment  to 
the  court  of  Vienna.  It  produced  a 
deep  fenfalion,  and  a  council  of  ftatc 
was  immediately  he^d  upun  uu  impor- 
tant inteliij^ence.  ir.  i.t;  1,  that  the 
Auftrian  cabinet  has  made  a  itrong  re- 
piefcntation  upon  the  luujcct  to'  the 
Chief  Conful. 

PRUSSIA. 

The  court  of  Berlin  has  pub!ifT:e(^  a 
ftate  paper,  purporting  to  be  an  anf- 
wer  to  a  reprt fuilaii- ;n,  on  the  part  of 
the  Eltdor  of  Hanover,  refpeding  the 
ftcularifation  ot  Olnaburgh,  and  fome 
other  places  depenclent  on  the  EleeHo- 
rate  and  the  houfe  e>f  Lunenburgh. 
This  aniwer  is,  in  fubftance,  tf  at  his 
PruHian  majeiiy  thinks,  that  thofe  prin- 
ces  who  have  loit  fo  much  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  Ihonld  receive  com^ 
penfation,  and  p?iiicularly  the  houfes 
of  Tuicany  and  Orange;  and  he  hopes, 
his  Britannic  majtUy  will  interpofe  no 
obftacles  lo  the  ieeularif.itions,  which 
are  the  only  means  of  procuring  thcfe 
indemnities.  There  is  alfo  a  note  of 
the  Hanoverian  envoy,  in  reply  to  this 
I^ate  paper,  Ifating,  that  his  court  in- 
tends, by  no  n)ea«!S,  to  interpofe  any 
obftacles  to  thefe  fecularif,tions,  but 
only  to  maintain  its  own  rights. 

HOLLAND* 

Letters  from  the  Hague  fpeak  conn- 
dcntly 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


dently  of  a  great  change  about  to  take 
place  in  the  iyfttm  of  the  Batavim  go- 
vernmcnt,  aiid  that  the  chief  migif- 
tracy  will  be  veiled  in  one  perfju. 
Some  Inch  arrangement  asthic^.  has  been 
in  ernbi  yo  for  furne  time,  and  by  coai- 
paring  the  Dutch  and  F  ench  reports 
on  the  fubjei^rt,  it  appears,  that  the  f  - 
nily  of  Orange  may  once  more  fill  the 
place  of  chitf  magi/hate  of  Hoiland. 
I'he  Publicilte  of  the  23d  nit.  fayp, 
We  are  afinred  that  tiie  Prince  of 
Oiange  is  dil*pof:d  to  rcfign  his  rights 
>!i  favour  of  his  eldeft  fon,  and  this  is 
reafon  of  the  Prince's  viiit  to  the 
Firft  Conful  at  Paris/'  At  this  vifit 
the  Prince  was  f.ivourab'y  received. 
By  letters  frt)m  the  Hagu<j,  which  ar- 
jivcd  in  London  on  Mondriy  8 eh,  we 
are  informed,  tiiat  the  Daich  govern- 
ntent  are  doing  tv^ry  thing  in  their 
power,  with  tlieir  miniitcr  at  the  con- 
^^rcf^v  to  obtain  the  rt-fliiitting  of  the 
Scheldt :  to  this  and  othtr  propolitions 
of  a  fimilar  n  iturt,  we  fufpcd  Bona- 
parte wiii  I  ot  acct  dt.  The  Dutch  p  i- 
pers of  a  recent  date,  announce  the 
arrival  of  a  number  of  riierch.'ntmen 
from  vari  jus  ports  of  England  into  the 
Texel,  a  id  other  harboi.rs  of  the  Bj- 
tavian  Repi-blic.  'i  hey  fpeak  with  ex- 
ultation of  the  revival  of  commerce, 
tnd  the  budle  which  begins  to  recom- 
mence in  the  fea-ports  around  the 
Zayder-zce.  Accounts  from  the 
Hague  ftate,  that  the  Legillative  Body 
has  (Ordered  the  fum  of  65,991,569  A'^- 
rins  to  be  appropriated  for  particular 
fei vices  of  the  curruit  year. 

VENICE. 

The  Venetian  States  are,  il:  is  faid, 
to  be  given  to  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuf- 
cany,  as  his  indemnity,  and  the  terri- 
tories in  Germany,  Sahzburg,  Paflau, 
and  other  diftrids,  which  wtie  to  have 
been  given  to  his  Rbyal  liighnefs,  arc 
to  be  united  to  the  Auhrian  monarchy. 

SWITZERLAND. 

An  article  from  Btrne  of  the  24th 
nit.  Itatcs,  that  a  divilica  of  French 
tr(x)ps  was  advancing  into  the  Valais; 
and,  that  10,000  men  were  cxpedtd  in 
the  Pays  de  Vaud.  The  Svvifs  Senate 
have,  at  length,  terminated  their  htting 
upon  the  Swifs  conltitution  ;  the  Re- 
public is  declared  one  and  indiviiible, 
and  is  divided  into  21  Cantons.  The 
Valais  is  among  the  number,  but  the 
French  government  ftxins  determined 


to  annex  that  country  to  France.  The 
conduct  of  the  French  general  in  the 
Valais  has  produced  confiderable  un- 
cafinefs ;  he  has  ordered  part  of  the 
troops  under  his  command  to  proceed 
as  far  as  Aigle, 

TURKEY. 

An  article  from  Conftantinople,  Jan. 
II.  fays,  that  there  remained  in  Egypt 
7C00  Englilh  troops,  including  Sepoys. 
The  garrifon  of  Alexandria  conhfts  of 
2500  men.  The  remainder  are  at  Da- 
mietta  and  Routta,  Another  article 
from  the  fime  place,  dated  Jan.  25. 
ftate?,  that  an  en»bargo  laid,  by  tlic 
EngliHi,  on  all  the  fhips  about  to  f^il 
with  merchandize  from  Egypt,  had  gi- 
ven occafion  to  much  converfation 
there.  An  article  of  a  later  date  fays, 
the  Englifh  troops  ftill  continue  to  oc- 
cupy Alexandria.  B/  another  letter 
from  Condantirtople,  Jan.  8.  we  are  in- 
formed, that  fome  of  the  Egyptian 
Beys  are  mediating  rcfiftance  to  the 
Grand  Vizier,  and  that  their  oppofuiou 
is  likely  to  become  formidable,  from, 
the  difpofuion  of  the  inhabitants  of  tli< 
country,  who  are  more  attached  to  th^ 
government  of  the  Beys  than  to  tiiat  ol 
the  Porte. 


INDIA. 

A  letter  from  Byjapome,  dated  Sept, 
20,  ttateiJ,  that  Dirga  Sing  had  20a 
men  in  arms,  who  had  caufed  the 
greateft  alarm  in  thofe  parts,  and 
laid  many  of  the  Ryots  under  con^ 
tribution  ;  and,  in  fome  places,  in  or-^ 
dtr  to  carry  his  meafures  into  effe<ft| 
had  taken  away  the  children  of  the^ 
priiuipal  Zemindars,  who  had  beerv 
obliged  to  ranfom  them  at  the  mod  ex- 
orbitant rates.  Accounts  from  Poonahr 
ftate,  that  the  diftrict  of  Boodhauna, 
which  was  fometime  fince  attacked  and 
plundered  by  the  Seich  Gourdut  Sing^ 
has  again  been  reduced  by  the  Mah-' 
rattas  by  whom  it  has  been  a  fecond 
tiine  almott  entirely  defolated  ;  a  va- 
keel having  firft  been  fent  demanding 
tribute,  which  the  natives  found  it  im- 
poftible  to  collect.  The  preliing  oc«^ 
cafions  of  Scindea  for  money  hav^ 
been  fo  great,  that  many  of  the  South-^ 
crn  provinces  have  been  almoft  depo- 
pulated by  the  INIahratta  army,  in  con- 
fequence  of  their  inability  to  anfwer 
to  the  extent  of  their  exorbitant  de^ 
mandf. 


March  i8c2. 


Foreign  Inttlligence. 


THE  FRENCH  COLONIES  IN  TH£  WEST 
INDIES 

Have  become,  of  late,  a  fabje(5l  of  im- 
P'^>rtaticc.    Since  our  lalt,  the  French 
fleet  which  failed  from  Brett  under  Ad- 
miral Villaret,  has  anivcd  in  the  read 
to  the  Cape  Town,  St  Domingo.  He 
^iives  an  account  of  his  voyage,  and 
ihey  made  Cape  Samana  in  46  days. 
The  General  in  Chief,  Le  Clerc,  in 
his  letter  dated  February  loth,  gives 
a  detail  of  his  operations  iubiequent  to 
his  landing,  which  was  accompl idled 
with  great  difficulty  ;  and  it  ieems  pro- 
bable, that  the  refiitance  which  Toui- 
Jaint  and  his  adherents  will  oppofe,  muft 
make  the  fettlerneot  of  the  iflund  a  dif- 
ficult and  a  tedious  operation.  Some 
think  that  the  oppofition  which  the 
French  forces  have  experienced  in  St 
Domingo  is  favourable  to  peace.  Had 
Touffamt  fubmiited  to  the  army  of  Le 
Clerc,  Bonaparte  would  have  acquired 
a  preponderance  of  power  in  the  Well 
Indies,  which  would  have  incrcafed  his 
pretenlions  at  Amiens.    It  is  certainly 
not  unreafonable  to  fuppofe  that,  for 
the  hrft  few  weeks,  the  troops  under 
J^e  Clerc  will  be  to  a  certain  degree 
fuccefsful.  While  their  ardour  is  unim- 
piiiired,  and  before  they  begin  to  feel 
the  eiTe6ls  of  the  climate,  they  may  be 
fure  to  fucceed  in  an  attion  fought  ac- 
cording to  European  tadlics  ;  but  the 
obvious  policy  of  Touffaint  will  be  to 
protradl  the  deciTive  contelt  as  long  as 
he  can,  which  the  lituation  of  the  coun- 
try and  the  periodical  rains  will  enable 
him  to  do.    Tuuflaint  is  defcribed  as 
an  elderly  man,  Ihort,  remarkably  ilU 
looking,  poffefiing  talents  not  of  the 
ftrlt  rate  ;   but  he  is  allowed,  at  the 
fame  time  to  be  a  man  of  uncommon 
Ihrev.  dneis  and  fagacity,  and  has  a  con- 
fiderribie  influence  over  the  minds  of 
his  adherents.    To  the  rebellious  ad- 
h(» rents  of  Toufiaint,   Bonapaue  has 
.  J relied  the  following 

Proclamation, 
'  First  Cunsul^    to  tbi  Inhabitants  cf 
St  DoTningo, 
V2i\\s,  Nov.  8.  iSoi, 
Inhabitants  of  St  Domingo, 
■*  Whatever  may  be  your  origin  and 
colour,  you  are  all  Frenchmen,  all  free, 
all  equal  before  God,and.ihe  Republic. 
Vol.  LXiV. 


France,  like  St  Domingo,  has  been 
the  prey  of  factions,  and  torn  by  civil 
and  foreign  war.  But  now  all  is  chan- 
ged. All  nations  have  embraced  the 
Ficpch,  and  fworn  to  them  peace  and 
friendOiip.  All  the  French  are  hkcwifr 
reconciled  to  one  another,  and  hare 
fworn  to  be  friends  and  brothers.  Come 
you  alfo  to  embrace  the  French,  and 
to  giatify  yourfclves  with  a  fight  of 
your  friends  and  brethren  of  Europe. 

'*  Government  fends  you  Capt.-Ge- 
neral  Le  Clerc;  he  leads  with  him  great 
forces  to  protect  you  againlt  your  ene-« 
mies,  and  againlt  the  enemies  of  th? 
Republic. 

**  If  it  be  faid  to  you,  **  thefe  forces 
are  dedined  to  deprive  you  ot  your  li- 
berty," do  you  reply,  "The  Republic 
wii'i  not  futfer  i  t  to  be  take  a  from  us." 

Rally  round  yourCaptain-General. 
He  brings  you  abundance  and  peace — 
rally  round  him.  He  who  dares  to  fe- 
parate  himfelf  from  the  Capt.-General, 
is  a  traitor  to  his  country,  and  the 
wrath  of  the  Republic  ihall  devour  him, 
as  the  fire  devours  your  dry  canes. 
(Signed)  *'  Bonaparte,  Firft  Conful 
*'  H.  B.  Maret,  Sec.  of  St/ 


LONDON. 

FROM  THE  LONDON  GAZETTE- 
Whitehall^  March  1 6, 
The  King  h.is  b?en  pleafed  to  2;rant 
the  dignity  of  a  Earon  of  the  united 
kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
to  the  Right  Hon.  George  Lord 
Rivers,  and  to  the  heirs  ma'e  of  his 
body  lawfully  be;jotten,  by  the  name, 
ft  lie,  and  tit  le  of  Baron  Rivers,  of 
Sudeley  Caille,  in  the  county  of  C-lou- 
celier;  with  remainders  to  the  Right 
Hon.  Sir  William  AugutlusPitt,  Knight 
cf  the  Moft  Honourable  order  of  the 
Bath,  a;^  Gcneril  of  his  ^Majefty's 
forces  (brother  of  the  faid  Geo/ge 
Lord  Rivers),  and  tl.e  heirs  male  ot 
his  body  lawfully  begotten  ;  and  t^ 
the  iiTue  male  lucceflively  of  Peter 
Beckford,  of  Staplcton,  in  the  countr 
of  Doilet,  Efq.  by  Louifa  Beckford, 
hiS  late  wife,  deceafed  (daughter  of  the 
faid  George  Lord  Rivers),  and  to  the 
heirs  male  of  their  refpcCtive  bodi&s 
lawfully  begotten. 

N  n  miif^ 


270 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


Whitehall  J  March  10. 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  prc- 
fent  the  Rev.  [ames  Macqueen  to  the 
Chuich  and  Pariih  of  North. Uift,  in 
the  prefbytery  and  ifland  of  Uift,  va- 
cant by  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Allan 
Macqueen,  late  Minifler  there. 

The  King  has  alio  been  pleafed  to 
prefcnt  the  Rev.  John  Macqueen  to 
the  Church  and  Paridi  of  Gairloch,  in 
the  pielbytery  of  Lochcarionand  coun- 
ty of  Rois,  vacant  by  the  death  of  the 
Rev.  Donald  Macintofli,  late  Miniiter 
there. 

The  Kinj?  has  alfo  been  pleafed  to 
prelent  the  Rev.  James  Snnith  to  the 
Church  and  Parifh  of  Lymouth,  in 
the  prefbytery  of  Chirnfide  and  county 
of  Berwick,  vacant  by  the  death  of 
the  Rev.  George  Todd,  late  Minifter 
there. 

And  the  Rev.  Patrick  M'lfaac  to 
the  ChiiTch  and  Pariih  of  Comiie,  in 
the  prefoytery  of  Auchteiarder  and 
county  of  Perth,  vacant  by  the  death 
of  Mr'M*Diaimed,  late  Miniftcr  there. 

An  Older  was  received  on  Monday, 
Feb.  ill,  at  Portfmouth,  to  ht  out  fevc- 
jal  fliips  of  war' with  all  poflibie  expe- 
dition ;  each  ihip  is  to  trake  a  nunriber 
cf  troops  oti  board,  and  to  be  vit:lual- 
led  for  four  months.  The  lhip§  aie, 
theTexcl64,  Alkmaar  56,  Truft'y  5c, 
Ceres  32,  and  the  Tldfbe  2S  guns. 

On  IVJarch  ift,  Lord  Somcrville's 
dinner  was  held  at  the  Crown  and 
Anchor  tavern,  his  Lordfl\ip  in  the 
chair;  after  dinner,  a  mirnbcr  of  loyal 
and  conditutional  toafts.were  drank. 

On  Tuefday  2d,  died  at  his  feat  at 
Wooburn  Abbey,  in  the  37th  year  of 
his  age,  Francis,  Duke  of  Bedford, 
Marquis  ofTaviilock,  &c.  His  Grace, 
till  about  a  fortnight  before,  had  en- 
joyed an  uninterrupted  ftate  of  health  ; 
when  on  a  fuddtn,  he  became  10  vio- 
lently affeded  with  a  difordcr,  termed 
by  the  faculty,  a  llrangiilated  heiiiia  ; 
that  it  was  found  neceiTaiy  to  call  in 
the  faculty,  who  perfoimcd  an  opera- 
tron  on  his  Grace,  but  with.oLit  the 
hoped  for  fuccefs.  His  Grace's  cha- 
rader  is  defcribed  in  the^  following 
manner  by  Dr  Gregory  of  London,  in 
2  letter  to  the  Right  Honourable,  the 
Earl  of  Buchan.  *'  Perhaps,  no  man 
who  ever  occupied  a  public  Itation 
wa«  ever  equally  regretted.  The  pub- 


lic now  feel  the  worth  of  the  much  in- 
jured, and  ciilumniated  Duke  of  Bed- 
ford ; — of  a  man  who  exided  for  the 
public;  and  whofe  little  attention  to 
himfelf,  was  the  caufe  of  his  death  : 
from  one  of  the  happieit  of  tempers, 
his  Grace  had  no  fuch  thing  as  a  pri- 
vate enemy  ;  and  his  judgment  was  fo 
found,  that  in  public  matters,  he  never 
committed  a  milfake.  His  property 
and  his  exertions  were  devoted  to  the 
good  of  his  country ;  and  as  he  could 
not  re^lifv,  by  his  counlels,  the  errors 
of  its  government,  he  (trove  by  his  in- 
duftry,  his  genius,  and  acfivity,  to  a- 
vcrt  its  ruin,  by  direthng  the  atten- 
tion of  the  great,  by  his  example,  and 
the  poor,  by  his  encouragement  to  pa- 
triotic improvements  in  agriculture, 
and  the  arts.  Perhaps,  I  nay  iive  to 
found  publicly,  the  worth  of  this  truly 
great  man  ;  and  the  talk  will  be  pl«  a- 
fing,  though  melancholy,  where  the 
voice  of  gratitude  will  harmonize  with 
the  tones  of  truth." 

6.  In  coniequence  of  an  exprefs  which 
reached  Torbay  on  Monday.  Admiral 
Cornwall ii  ordered  the  Fdgar,  Excel- 
lent, Magnificent,  Bellerophon,  Ro- 
bulf,  and  Audacious,  all  of  74  guns,  to 
be  victualled  and  ftored  for  five  months, 
and  to  proceed  immed-iaiely  to  Tea. 
Their  deliination  is  unknown.  The 
wildom  and  a(^tivity  of  government; 
in  taking  thefe  precautions,  cannot  b'i 
too  highly  praifed.  ' 

About  L.  I:)©  have  been  raifed  by 
fubfcription  at  Margate,  for  the  relief 
cf  the  families  of  fome  of, the  poor 
people  who  penfhed  in  the  Margate 
lioy.  ■  '       .  <■ 

We  are  happy  to  learn,  that  her 
Royal  Highnefs,  the  Duchefs  of  York 
is  receiving  much  benefit  from  the 
Bath  waters.  Thoug-h  her  health  does 
not  permit  her  to  attend  places 'of  pub- 
lic amufement,  yet  fome  of  :therir  de- 
rive confiderable  advantage  from  the 
patronage  with  which  fhc  honours 
tliem. 

15.  Mifs  Wilkes,  the  daughter  of  the 
celebrated  John  Wilkes  Efq;  inviied  a 
large  party  vefterday  to  her  houfe. 
South  Audley  (treet,  Grofvenor Square; 
but  melancholy  to  relate,  in  the  after- 
noon, fhe  was  fuddenly  taken  ill,  and 
be  fore  fix  o'<:lock  expired.  Mifs  Wilkes 
was  a  very  amiable  and  accompiifhed 
lady,  and  poficfltd  of  a  very  handfome 
fortune. 

Wc 


March  l3o2. 


British  Intelligence. 


271 


We  are  happy  to  have  it  in  our 
power  to  ftate,  that  Loid  Kenyon  is 
rapidly  recovering  from  his  late  i'eveie 
indifpoiition. 

15.  Henry  Cock  an  attorney,  for 
whof(^  apprt- henfion,  a  reward  of  L.  100 
has  been  advertiied,  as  having  commit- 
ted forgeries  on  the  bank  ,  was  in  confe- 
quence  of  private  information,  appre- 
hended near  Cambridge,  when  he  was 
returning  from  a  hunting  party;  and 
iearly  on  Friday  morning  brought  to 
the  public  office  Bow  Itreet,  where  he 
underwent  an  examination  before  N. 
Bond  iElq;  when  he  admitted  he  was 
the  perfon  defcribed. 

The  fpccdy  execution  of  James 
Snook,  (  rh  irfday  morning)  who  was 
convij^ed  at  Hertford  on  Tuefday, 
ViiW  tend  more  to  lellen  the  crime  of 
mail-robbing,  than  any  other  method 
whatever. 

17.  Mr  D.Scott  has  refolved  tobecome 
the  chief  partner  in  his  ion's  houfe  in 
the  city.  The  late  Mr  Lenox  whole 
lofs  is  much  lamented,  has  left  proper- 
ty to  the  amount  of  L.  Sc,ooo  in  Mr 
Scott's  houCe,  in  which  he  was  a  part- 
rer. 

Gantheaume's  fquadron,  which  paf- 
fed  the  gut  of  Gibraltar  fome  time 
fince,  has  been  feen  fleering  its  courfc 
to  the  Weft  Indies. 

20.  At  the  aflizes,  held  at  Winchefter,^ 
13  prifoncrs  received  fentence  of  death. 
Lieut.  Kewctt  of  the  navy  was  found 
guilty  of  defrauding  government  to  a 
large  amount,  in  the  purchafe  of  pro- 
vifions.  Lieut  Lutwldge  was  like  wife 
found  guilty  of  man-fiaughter,  in  kill- 
ing and  Haying  Thomas  Fagan,  fea- 
noan.  He  was  lentenced  to  pay  a  fine 
"of  L.  100,  and  to  be  imprifoned  three 
months. 

The  55th  Regiment  of  Foot  embar- 
ked on  Wednefday  morning  at  Portf- 
mouth,  on  boatd  the  Texel  and  Delft 
of  64  guns.  The  Ceres  frigate  is  going 
to  Cowes,  to  take  more  troops  on 
board.  The  Weft  Indies  are  iappoled 
to  be  their  deftination. 

Admiral  Totty  has  iucceded  Admi- 
ral Duckworth  in  the  command  of  the 
fquadron  on  the  Leeward  Illand  Ra- 
tion. The  latter  has  fucceeded  Lord 
H.  Seymour  on  the  Jamaica  ftation. 

22.  On  Saturday,  Capt.  Gatefkell  of 
the  Cambrian  Rangers,  Aid-du-Camp 
to  Gen.  O'Hara,  arrived  at  the  Secre- 


tary of  State's  oliice,  from  Gibraltar, 
with  the  account  of  the  death  of  that 
gallant  veteran  on  the  21ft  ult.,  after 
an  illnefs  of  fix  months.  During  which, 
he  fuffered  the  moft  excruciating  tor- 
tures, from  his  wounds  breaking  ou* 
afrelh,  and  a  dreadful  ftrangury  v/hich 
followed. 

By  his  death  there  is  alfo  a  vacancy 
in  the  74th  Regiment,  of  which  he 
was  Colonel.  It  is  generally  fuppofcd, 
that  the  Duke  of  Kent  will  fucceed  to 
the  vacant  government  of  that  impor- 
tant fortreis. 

23.  At  Nottingham  affizeSjMary  Voice 
was  convided  of  having  poifoned  her 
infant  child,  and  hanged  on  Tuefday, 

SCOTLrVND; 

March  4.  The  Rev.  Sydney  Smith 
preached  .in  elegant  and  appropriate  fer- 
men  on  Sunday  evening,  in  the  New 
Chapel,  Cowgate,  Edinburgh,  before  a 
very  gentt  c  I  aiidience,  tor  the  benefit  of 
thai  excellent  ioftitution  the  Edinburgh 
Lying  in  tlofpital.  A  handfome  col- 
ledion  was  received. 

On  Sunday  night,  about  nine  o'clock, 
as  a  gentleman  was  pafling  down  Lady 
Stairs'  clofe,  Edinburgh,  and  near  the 
foot  of  it,  he  was  attacked  by  two  lads, 
and,  as  if  by  fignal  given,  a  number  of 
others  immediately  joined  them,  who 
all  abufed  and  ftru(  k  him  very  fevertly 
with  bludgeons  and  with  their  fifts. 
We  undcrdand  that  proceedings  arc 
adopted  for  a  difcovery  of  them. 

Monday  morning,  the  following  fe- 
lons broke  out  of  Glafgow  j  iil,  George 
Ran k hie  'dwd  Alexander  Andcrfon^  under 
fentence  of  tranfportritior!,  and  Allan 
Henderfon  and  John  Smithf  who  were 
to  have  been  tried  for  thett  at  the  enfu- 
ing  Circuit  Court  there. 

6.  Alarming  arcidefii- — Laft  Sunday^ 
the  Lord's  Supper  having  been  difpenf- 
ed  in  the  Burgher  Mecting-houfe  at 
Newton,  betwixt  Melrofe  and  Jed- 
burgh, it  was  more  than  ufually  crowd- 
ed, in  the  middle  of  the  fcrsnon  one 
of  the  galleries  gave  way.  Pioviden- 
tially  no  Jives  were  loft,  but  many  we-e 
conliderably  hurt,  and  one  woman  fo 
feverely,  that  little  hopes  of  her  reco- 
very are  entertained.  Matters  were, 
however,  at  lair  got  adjuiied,  and  the 
fervioe  proceeded  ;  although  ti  e  mi"i- 
fter,  Mr  Eider,  was  fo  much  agitated 
as  to  be  unable  to  tiinlh  his  d'fcourfe. 

N  n  2  8.  Fri. 


British  JnteUigence. 


Vol.  64. 


8.  Friday  the  M:^ginrates  fcntenccd 
Henry  Moody  to  Bridewell  for  two 
moijlhs,  for  throwing  a  bottle  on  the 
llage  of  the  theatre. 

II.  The  Univerfity  of  Edinburgh, 
have  conferred  the  degree  of  Dodor  in 
Divinity  upon  the  Rev.  Mi  James  Cii- 
rie,  minilkr  of  the  gofpcl  in  the  parilh 
of  Daltoii,  Dumfrics-ftiire. 

Lord  Carrington,  Prelid(  nt  of  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  has  intimated  to 
Mr  Charles  Dncat,  f  irmer  at  Fuilarton. 
PerthOiire,  that  a  filver  nwdal,  with  an 
appropriate  ir.fcription,  has  been  voted 
to  him  by  the  Hon.  Board,  for  his  elTay 
on  the  heft  mode  of  cultivating  and 
laying  out  ley  grounds.  Mr  Ducat's 
lucccfs  as  an  improver  and  pra^iitical 
farmer  entitles  him  to  this  mark  of  ap- 
probation. 

—  The  Court  of  Stflion  rofe  this 
day  for  the  fpring  vacatiow. 

Yeiterday  the  fale  of  fundry  lots  of 
ground,  pait  of  Bellevue,  belonging  to 
the  city  of  Edinburgh,  took  place  in 
the  Council  Chamber,  v\hen  five  of 
the  lots  were  fold  from  123.  to  15s  9d. 
Sterling,  per  foot  in  front.  The  Itables 
and  other  offices  on  the  premilKS  were 
aifo  fold,  and  brought  very  high  prices. 

Monday  there  was  a  full  meeting 
held  in  the  Marchants'  Hail,  to  con- 
iidcr  the  plans  of  the  intended  canal, 
from  the  weft  country  to  Edinburgh. 
Diifcrent  opinions  prevailed  with  re- 
gard to  the  line  of  ground  through 
Wiiich  the  canal  was  to  be  bi  ought. 
The  Hon.  Henry  Erfkine  made  a  mo- 
tion, which  was  unanimouily  agreed  to, 
tne  fubitar.ce  of  which  was,  that  dif- 
ferent fubfcriptions  fiiould  be  opened 
for  the  different  plans  propofed,  and 
the  plan  to  be  decided  by  the  majori- 
ly  of  fubfcriptions. 

The  Society  for  Encouragement  of 
Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Commerce,  in 
LondoH,  have  offered  prcuiiums  for  the 
culture  of  hemp  in  Scotland. 

This  day  the  Rev.  Mr  Anderfon  was 
admitted  miniiter  of  the  »panih  of  Col- 
lege Church,  in  the  room  of  the  R  v. 
Mr  Dickfon,  tranflated  to  the  New 
North  Church. 

13th  Lalt  Sunday  morning,  between 
one  and  two  o'clock,  an  ah^rmin^  fire 
broke  oui  in  the  lliop  of  Robert  Dun- 
can, Merchant  in  Cupar  Fife  ;  and  we 
are  forry  lo  learn,  that  almoft  the  whole 
c  f  his  ihop  and  goods,  were  confum- 
cd. 


13th.  Wednefday  laft,  about  3  in  the 
morning,  a  young  man  going  by  South  St 
David's  Street,  was  attacked  by  a  per- 
Ibn  of  genteel  appearance  with  a  flick, 
who  demanded  his  money  and  watch, 
or,  in  cafe  of  refufal,  his  life,  the  young 
man,  unwilling  to  p^rt  with  his  mo- 
ney, &c.  putting  hirnfelfin  a  polhire  of 
defence,  a  fevere  fcuffle  enfued,  which 
terminated  in  his  favour;  and  he  left 
his  antagonift  lying  on  the  ttreet  much 
bruifed. 

Friday  the  Magiftrates  and  Town 
Council  of  Glafgow  unanimouily  made 
choice  of  the  Rev  Dr  R.itciiie  of  Kil- 
winning to  fill  the  vacancy  in  St  And- 
rew's  Church  there. 

The  Univerfity  of  Aberdeen  have 
been  pleal'ed  to  confer  on  Alexander 
Stev.  art,  ETq.  of  the  Hofpital  Staff,  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medieme. 

15th  Lill  Wednefday  morning,  be- 
tween nine  and  ten  o'clot  k,  while  the 
the  clerk  was  gone  to  brcakfalt,  a 
counting-houfe  near  the  Exchange, 
Glafgow,  was  broken  into,  a  defk  for- 
ced open,  and  about  firty  ihillings  car- 
ried off,  nothifig  cjfe  has  yet  been  mil- 
fed. 

1 8th.  On  Thurfday  laft,  an  alarming 
fire  broke  out  in  the  premifes  of  Mr 
George  Hogarth,  farmer  at  Sunlaws 
Hill,  in  the  neighourhood  of  Kelfo : 
Owing  to  the  violence  of  the  wind, 
the  barn-yard,  barn,  byres,  cottagej^, 
&c.  were  entirely  confumed  before  af- 
fiitance  could  be  procured.  The  pro- 
perty is  fortunately  infured  in  tht"  Sun 
Fire  Office. 

aoth.  On  Friday  lafl,  and  early  on 
Saturday  morning,  there  were  forae 
very  loud  peals  of  thunder  at  Durrifries, 
preceded  by  vivid  flaftics  of  lightning. 
Heavy  fliowers  of  hail  fell  at  the  fame 
time. 

His  Majefty  has  prefented  the  Rev.  Dr 
John  Trotter,  Profeflbr  of  Hebrew  in 
Divinity  College  of  Si  Andrew's,  to  be 
Profcffor  of  Church  Hiftory  in  that 
College,  vacant  by  tlie  death  of  Dr 
Charles  Wilfon, 

His  Majefty  has  alfo  prefented  the 
Rev.  John  Cook,  Minifier  of  Kilmany, 
to  be  Profeffor  of  Hebrew  in  the  Col- 
lege of  St  Andrew's,  in  room  of  Dr 
IVottcr,  promoted. 

The  Univerfity  of  St  Andrew^s  have 
conferred  the  degree  of  Dodor  of  Me- 
dicine on  the  Rev.  J.  Patcun,  Fife. 

Laft 


March  1802. 


British  Intelligence, 


^73 


Laft  Monday  evening,  j^I/an  Herrder- 
ion,  ont  of  the  perfons  who  lately  hnjke 
Glafgow  jail,  was  apprehended  by  three 
Coiintrynr^en  between  Falkirk  and  Car- 
ron,  and  lodged  in  the  prifon  of  Stir- 
ling.  The  people  who  took  him  have 
applied  for  and  will  receive  the  reward 
of  ao  guineas. 

A  new  early  potatoe,  called  the 
Chinefe  Kidney,  which  is  extremely 
prolific,  and  free  from  the  curl,  has 
been  introduced  into  this  country. 

High  Court  of  Jmiiciarj, 

In  the  trial  of  George  Lindsay^  for  the 
murder  of  John  Allan,  after  reading  the 
indidtment,  the  pannel  pleaded  Not 
Uuilty. 

No  objedion  was  made  to  the  rele^ 
vancy  of  the  libel,  the  pannel  reaing  his 
defence  on  having  no  premeditated  ma- 
lice. 

It  appeared  fiom  the  evidence,  that 
the  deceafed,  who  was  a  foldier  in  the 
23d  dragoons,  and  had  been  abftnt 
from  Edinburgh  about  eight  years, 
came  home  on  a  furiough  to  fee  his 

friends  about  the  end  of  December  

That  his  foi  lough  being  nearly  expired, 
he  intended  to  have  gone  av^ay  on  the 
aift  of  January.  On  the  2cth  of  that 
month,  he  received  feveral  letters  to 
carry  to  the  regiment,  and  went  borne 
to  his  father's  houfe  in  Ponton  Street, 
about  eight  at  night.  His  fiRer  was 
looking  out  of  a  window,  anxioufiy  ex- 
pecting his  return  ;  and,  as  he  was  com- 
ing up  the  ftreet,  fije  faw  the  prifoner 
to  into  the  entry  which  leads  to  her 
father's  houfe,  about  a  minute  or  two 
before  Allan.  The  prifoner  feemed 
rather  the  worfe  of  hquor.  That  ^vhen 
Allan  came  to  the  entry,  he  called  out, 
"  Who  is  there  The  prifone r  faid, 
"  >k>body/'  "  Who  i.  nobody  was 
Allan's  reply,  when  the  prifoner  knock- 
ed off  his  helmet,  which  was  thrown 
out  of  the  mouth  of  the  entry,  and 
while  Allan  was  endeavouring  to  pick 
up  his  helmet,  which  was  lying  on  the 
ground,  the  prifoner  knocked  him 
down,  and  got  above  him.  Allan's  fa- 
ther, mother,  and  liRer,  came  down 
ftau's,  and  te^ok  him  away  with  them, 
jua  as  he  was  going  to  ilrike  the  pril 
loner.  Durmg  the  fcuffle  in  the  entry, 
Allan  hnd  dirtied  his  regmiental  bix**ch- 
cs,  which  put  him  rather  in  a  p,  mon. 
In  about  five  minutes  after,  the  pri^jiicr 


came  back  to  Allan^s  door,  witll  a 

knife  in  his  hand,  fwearing  that  he 
would  ftab  the  foldier.  A  neighbour, 
who  lived  next  door,  came  out,  and 
endeavoured  to  get  the  prifoner  away, 
but  he  would  not  go,  faying,  *'  ht 
would  run  Allan  through'  before  he 
Went  home,"  and  flill  conrinutd  knock- 
ing at  the  door.  At  laft  the  door  wat 
opened,  and  Allan  ftepped  forward  to 
ftrike  the  prifoner,  wh  )  retired,  but 
immediately  ran  forward,  and  ftabbed 
Allan,  firft  in  the  breaft,  and  then  ia 
the  groin.  , 

Upon  receiving  the  wound?,  Allan 
fprung  back,  and  hi.,  faiher  prevented 
him  falling,  and  placed  him  in  a  chair, 
when  he  faid,  "  Father,  I  am  ttabbed 
to  the  heart — the  fellow  has  got  jl 
knife."  Allan's  door  was  rhut>  and 
the  prifoner  and  Aberdeen  (the  neigh- 
bour) left  ftruggMng  on  the  ftair-head, 
when  Aberdeen  took  the  knife  out  of 
the  priloner's  hand,  who  went  down 
0 aires  and  wa^  taken  home  by  a  Mrs 
Patrick,  who  alkeo  him  if  he  was  hurt  ? 
He  faid  **  No  ;  hut  by  God  I  have  done 
for  him  ?"  In  the  mean  time  Allan  was 
put  to  bed,  and  afliitance  fc^nt  for;  and 
about  eleven  o'clock  his  wounds  were 
drefTed  by  MeOrs  Faiquharfon  and  BelU 
furgeons,  who  declared,  th:it\^ad^^.^alt 
in  the  groin  was  about  an  inciyhc  wound 
in  length,  and,  when  they  came  to 
drefs  it,  nearly  24  inches  of  the  mttf- 
tines  were  hanging  out  ;  that  the 
wound  in  the  breaft  was  of  kfs  confe- 
quence,  as  the  knife  had  Aruck  on  the 
ribs,  otherwife  it  would  have  occafior.- 
ed  inltant  death,  being  nearly  oppofnc 
to  the  heart;  and  both  the'fe  geniie- 
men  declared,  that  Allan's  deafh  was 
occafioned  by  the  wound  in  the  groin. 
Allan  lived  nine  nights  and  eight  days 
after  receiving  the  vvounds  ;  and,  about 
two  hours  before  his  death,  he  declar- 
ed to  his  fifter,  that  the  affiir  happened 
juil  as  abc;ve  dtfcnhed,  bat  laid,  he 
forgave  the  prifoner,  and  that  he  had" 
never  llruck  him. 

The  i)rifoner  was  foon  apprehended, 
and,  before  being  put  into  jail,  faid  to 
one  of  the  men  who  took  him,  he  was 
*'  forry  he  had  not  killed  him  (Allan) 
on  the  fpot."  In  his  declaration  be- 
fore the  Sheriff  he  adm.itted  he  had 
gone  home  for  a  knite,  reiurned  to  Al- 
lan's houfe,  and  !\abbed  the  fuidier  with 
it,  who,  he  faid,  had  knocked  him 
down,  and  hurt  him.  He  aifj  faid  he 
was  Xiol  diur.k,  bu:  a  lit;le  hearty. 

Three 


274 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


Three  vvifnffTes  were  called  in  cx- 
clilp.iHon,  but  their  evidtDce  proved 
nothing  but  that  the  panuel  had  been 
dnnking  that  day. 

l^he  Lord  Advocate  dnrged  the 
Jury  the  Crown,  in  a  fliorr,  candid, 
and  humane  fpeech  ;  as  did  Mr  Jardine 
for  the  pannel,  and  difplavcd  much  in- 
[>enuiiy  iii  hi?  bch;ilf.  Lord  Ju.'tice  Clerk 
iurnmtd  ui»  the  whole  in  an  accurate 
/iiaL'ner  ;  and,  a  little  after  four  o'clock, 
the  Jyry  were  iuclofed,  and  appointed 
TO  return  their  verdict  next  day  ai  two 
o  \  lock. 

Tutfday,  the  Jury  returned  their 
verdic^t,  finding,  by  a  great  plurality 
of  voic'j?,  the  pannel  Guilty^  on  which 
fc^nterce  Wrt?  pronounced,  ordainii/g 
hitn  to  be  ♦•  urged  at  the  welt  end  ot 
the  Tolhonth,  un  Wed^^^;lAy  the  yAx 
of  Apr  1  next,  and  his  bix^v  to  be  de- 
livered to  I)r  Alexander  Munro  to  be 
difll^c^cd,  in  ttrms  of  the  atft  of  Parlia- 
ment to  prevt  'it  iru'dtT. 

The  Lord  Junicc  Clcikg  ive  the  pan- 
nel a  vtiy  fuitahle  and  foK  mn  exhorta- 
tion before  pronouncirig:  frnt*  net,  en- 
treating hina  to  make  his  peace  with 
God,  and  repent  of  the  heinous  crime 
he  had  committed,  as  he  couid  not 
poflibly  cxpcd  any  mitigation  of  his 
fentence. 

Couniel  f  )r  the  Crown,  the  Lord  Ad- 
vocate and  John  Burnet,  Ei'c;;  Agent, 
Hugh  Warrender,  Efq-  For  the  pan- 
nel, John  Jardine  and  Alexander  Cope- 
l^nd,  Efqrs.  Agent  John  Livingflt>n, 
Efq. 

Public  Atnujc'ments, 
THEATRE  ROYAL. 

March  ].  Macbeth— Review. 

3.  As  You  Like  It — Paul  and 
Virc^inia. 

4.  School  for  Scandal — Of  Age 
To-morrow. 

6.  The  Heir  at  Law — Inkle 

and  Yarico. 
€.  Othello— The  Review. 
II.  The  Weft  Indian — Paul  and 

Virginia. 
13.  Trie  Sufpicious  Hufband — 

Raymond  and  Agnes. 
15.  Atfonsc —  The  Review. 

17.  The  Good  Matured  Man- 
Devil  to  Pay.  (For  the  be- 
nent  of  Mr  Rock.) 

18.  Alfomo — Of  Age  To-mor- 
row, 


March  2c.  Tern pefl-— Follies  of  a  Day. 

(For  ti)e  benefit  of  Mr  Mat* 
tocks.) 

22.  Wonder— Old  Maid.  (For 
the  benefit  of  Mifs  Biggs.) 

24.  Falhionable  Lover — Animal 
Magneiifin.  (For  the  bene- 
fit of  Mr  Grant.) 

a5.  ^ybwjo— Follies  of  a  Day. 

27.  Care  for  the  Heart  Ache — 
Critic.  (For  the  benefit  of 
Mr  Young  ) 

31.  Rule  a  VVife  and  Have 
a  Wite — Maid  of  the  Miiu 
(For  the  benefit  of  Mr  and 
Mrs  Furpin.) 

Mtitih  25. 
Tht^re  was  a  brilliant  AfTembly  for 
the  benefit  of  the  Royal  Inhrmary,  and 
Charity  Woikhoufe  of  Edinbuigh, — 
under  t'he  Patronage  of  hct  Grace  the 
Duchelis  of  Buccleugh, — the  Countei's 
of  Dalkeith, — ihe  Couutcfs  of  Buchan, 
— the  Counteis  of  Balcirras, —  Lady 
Grace  Douglas,  and  Lady  Helen  Hali« 


MARRIAGES. 

Ftf>.  27.  At  Lifnegar,  Lieut.-Col.  Bairdy 
111  battalion  of  the  62d  rcgiinciit,  to  the 
Hon.  Either  Charlotte  Tonfon,  eldcft  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Lord  Rivcrfdalc. 

March  4.  In  Mary-le-bonne-Church, 
G.  O    Ferry,  Efq;  to  Lady  Jane  Halliday, 

widow  of  Halliday,  Efq;  and  filler  [o 

the  Earl  of  Dyfarc. 

II.  At  St  Michael's,  Bafilhaw,  Thomas 
Cadell,jun.  Efq;  of  Upper  Charlottee- Street, 
Fitzroy  Iquarc  (fon  of  Mr  Alderman  Cadell) 
to  Mils  Smirh,  daughter  of  Robert  Smith,- 
Efq; 'of  Bafinghall-ftrcet. 

17.  James  Graham,  Efq;  .A^dvoc^tc,  to 
Mils  Janet  Graham,  daughter  of  Richard 
Graham,  Efq;  of  Btatwood. 

At  Greenock,  Walter  V/.  Buchannan, 
M.  D.  of  the  city  of  New  York,  to  Mifs 
Annabella  Browniie,  of  Glafgow. 

At  Dumfries,  Major  Ncvvall,  late  of  the 
62d  legiinent,  to  Mifs  Jean  M.  Welfh 
Maxvi'ell,  of  Sreeifton,  on'y  daughter  of  the 
late  William  Welfh,  Efq;  of  Scart. 

At  Glaigovv,  the  Rev.  Mr  Mathew 
Graham,  miniiter  in  Johnftone,  to  Mif» 
Margaret  Simfon,  daughter  of  the  deceafcd 
Mr  Robert  Simfon,  iurgeon  in  Glafgow. 

At  Plymouth,  Daniel  Eyre,  Efq;  to  Mifs 
P.  B.  Klnneer,  fecond  daughter  of  Captaia 
Kiiuicsr,  of  the  Royal  Navy. 


March  iSoi. 


Births,  Deaths. 


^75 


BIRTHS. 
22.  Mrs  Buchanan  of  Auchmacoy, 

a  Ton. 

24.  At  Edinburgh,  the  Hon.  Mrs  Colo- 
nel Cameron  of  Locheil,  a  daughter. 

?8.  The  Lady  of  James  Hadden,  Efq; 
X-ord  Provoft  of  Aberdeen,  a  fon. 

Marcb  7.  At  Hoiiand  Hdufc,  the  Lady 
of  Lord  Holland,  a  fon. 

8.  The  l,ady  of  William  Maxwell  of 
(Caridden,  Efq;  a  fon. 

16,  At  Privy  Gardens,  Whitehall,  Lady 
Sheffield,  a  fon. 

22.  At  Spot  Houfe,  Mrs  Hay  of  Law- 
field,  a  fon. 

At  Greenock,  Mrs  Hutchefon,  wife  of 
JVIr  David  Hurchcfon,  Sheri0'-fubftiture  of 
the  county  of  Renfrew,  a  Icin. 

In  Pali- Mall,  Lady  Stirling,  a  fon. 

DEATHS. 
Feb.  8.  At  Edinburgh,  Mifa  Grace  Bo- 
jrle,  after  a  long  and  tedious  illnefs,  which 
ftic  lufftred  with  Bu>ft  uncommon  refigna- 
tion.  She  was  daughter  to  Mr  John  Bogle 
of  the  family  of  Hutchifon,  near  Glnfgow, 
and  nit  ce  to  the  late  William  Eari  of  Mon-* 
tcith,  who  died  in  I7f?3.  His  Lordfhip  fuc- 
cceded  in  the  dignity  and  titles  of  Monteith 
his  Lbrdfhip's  great-grand- uncle,  who  died 
"in  id(;4,  and  was  inrolled  at  Holly rood- 
h  )ufe  in  the  Peerage  of  Scotland  in  1742. 

—  After  a  fhort  illntfs,  the  Rev.  Dr  Wm 
1  rcjchart,  miniflcr  of  St  Andrew's  church, 
Glaf^ow,  ill  the  5Sth  year  ©f  his  age,  and 

130th  of  his  miniih  y.    While  highly  eileem- 
■jcd  and  beloved  by  his  congregation,  the  in- 
tegrity of  his  private  character,  and  unwca- 
n  '  '  afilduity  in  doing  good,  gained  him  the 
n  of  all  ranks,  and  endeared  him  in  a 
ular  manner  to   the  poor  and  needy, 
vv:  .)  wa^  tiie  daily  objeas  of  his  charity 
Aiiu  beik;  ficcnce. 

—  At  Perth,  Hugh  FrallT,Efq;  Captain 
land  Adjutant  of  the  North  Lowland  Fen- 

Cibks,  much  and  juitly  re^reted  by  a  nume- 
rous military  acquaintance.    He  was  hx- 
f'-en  >ears  Lieutenaut  and  Adjutant  of  the 
or  Royal  Highiand  Regiment,  and 
-d  with  that  corps  during  its  many  and 
c  campaigns  in  America. 

-  At  Btconsficld,  Buckinghanilhirc^, 
rurner,  Efq.  of  l  urnerhali,  aged  77. 
At  Glalgow,  Mrs  AnnLaraonr,  fp^ufe 

<Ir  Huniphrey  Coiquhoun,  merchant 

At  Cl.fton,  near  Briflol,  Mrs  M'Lcan 

-  At  Blairhall,  Mrs  Aim  Ronaldfon, 
w  of  Andrew  Ronaidion,  Jbiq.  of  Biair- 

At  Loudon,  Lieut.  James  M'Har<r, 


of  the  67th  regiment,  fon  of  the  deceafed 
Mr  Anthony  M*Harg,  writer  in  Ayr. 

—  At  the  Tower  of  J^ondon,  Canngtoa 
Paterfon,  Efq;  youngeft  fon  of  Colonel  Pa^ 
tcrfon.  Commandant  of  the  Roy  li  Tower 
Invalids  ;  an  amiable  young  man,  much 
and  juftjy  reti^retfrd. 

Died,  at  Honifcy,  William  Lennox,  Efq. 
of  Brtfadftreet  Buildings,  London. 

12.  At  Glafgow,  in  the  69th  year  of  hit 
■age,  Mr  John  Maclanchlan,  of  Kilchoua. 

14.  At  Dumfries,  Mr  Patri;k  M*DowaI 
writer,  ' 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Mrs  Dcnoon,  widow 
of  the  iate  Rev.  David  Dcnoon,  minifter  of 
Kiilearnan,  Rofslhire. 

At  the  Dcanry  Houfe,  York,  in  the 
38th  year  of  hi«*  age,  the  vcrv  Rev.  John 
Fountayne,  D.  D,  nnd  Dean  of  York. 

—  At  GInfgow,  Mr  William  Millar, 
iate  of  Newbury  Port,  New  England. 

—  At  Forgien  fdoufe,  Mrs  Grac-  Hay 
widow  of  James  Gordon,  Efq;  of  Bauen* 
fcoth,  and  daughter  of  the  late  Andrew 
Hay,  Elq;  of  Mountblairy. 

15.  At  Aberdeen,  Mr  Alexander  Mit- 
qhcll,  merchant. 

—  At  Cafton,  Major  M*Niven,  late  o£ 
the  63d  regiment  of  foot. 

17.  At  Glafgow,  William  French,  Efq- 
formerly  Lord  Provoft  of  that  city. 

—  In  Harley  Street,  London,  ar  an  ad- 
vanced age,  Lady  Anftrnther.  She  was 
wife  to  the  late  Sir  John  Anftruther,  and 
mother  to  the  prefent  Chief  Juflice  of  B  n- 
gal. 

—  At  Greenhill,  rear  Edinburgh,  Mrj 
Euphemia  Fortune,  wife  of  Mr  Alexander 
Fortune,  late  leather-merchant,  Edinburgh. 

—  At  Aberdeen,  Mr  Robert  Innes,  merl 
chant. 

—  At  Glafgow,  in  the  8o>h  year  of  his 
age,  Mr  Robert  Strang,  merchant. 

At  Newhal!,  near  Aberdeen,  William 
Barclay,  Eiq;  of  Pittachop,  late  Captain  in 
the  9och  re;^im<:nt. 

18.  At  Edinburgh,  ATrs  Ann  Martin, 
wile  of  Mr  Francis  Metcdf,  v  ritner. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Mrs  Bruce,  miilirer. 
widow  of  the  lare  Mr  Klobtrt  Bruce,  write-. 

—  At  London,  George  innes,  iifq;  iaf 
of  Madras. 

20.  At  Winchefter  Barracks,  Captain 
Coll  Lamonr,  of  the  gaiLnt  ^id  regiment, 
he  was  interred  in  the  Cathedral  with  mi- 
litary honours,  much  regrctteu  by  the  whole 
regiiueiir,  as  an  old  dcferving  officer,  he 
mod  fir. cere  fnend. 

—  Mr*  Campbell,  Leith  Terrace. 

21.  In  his  houfe,  St  John  Scrcet,  Mr 
Tho.nas  Gibfon.  7fh  fon  of  .\Ir  William 
Gibfon,  merchant  in  Edinburgh. 


47 


76 


Deaths,  hfc. 


Vol.  64. 


21.  In  Freilerkk  Street,  Edinburgh,  Mifs 
"Williamina  Dobbie,  daughter  of  the  late 
Richard  Dobbie,  Efq;  of  Muffelburgh. 

23.  At  Alloa,  Mrs  Blaw,  mother-in-law 
to  Patrick  Begbie  of  Caftlchill,  Hfq. 

24.  Jamts  Heggic,  Efq;  younger  of  Pit- 

lefiic.  ,  ,  , 

>-  At  Edinhurjrh,  in  the  66th  year  ot 
her  age,  Mrs  Henrietta  Baillie. 

25.  At  Bath,  in  the  741!)  year  of  her  age, 
Mrs  Sufai.n^h  Gord.^n,  lifter  to  the  late 
Sir  Williani  Gordon,  K.  B. 

—  Ac  GAivotk,  Mis  Grsemc  of  Garvock. 

16.  At  hishoule,  in  the  New  Road,  Maiy- 
la. Bonne,  at  an  uovanced  period  of  lite, 
Alexai.tler  Geddts,  L.L.D.  a  gentleman  of 
great  Hterary  acquii enients, li  crudity  lilea- 
timent,  and  beutvoleme  ot  heart.  He  was 
liighly  ai  d  jvdlly  efteemed  by  a  numerous 
circle  of  fiienos,  with  whom  he  lived  in 
habits  of  intimacy,  which  enabled  them  to 
know  his  virtues  and  to  apv^eciate  his  ta. 
kntt.  If  his  death  will  be  deeply  legreLtcd 
by  thofe  who  had  the  pleatui  (^f  hi>  ac- 
quaintance, it  will  be  n^ore  Itnfii  1,  felt  by 
merit  in  oblcurity,  which  he  oltcn  iciicved 
when  in  diftrtfs,  and  which  he  endeavour- 
ed  as  far,  and  perhc>ps  farther  than  his  fuu- 
s.tion  would  peimit,  to  paironile  and  bring 
forward  to  notice.  Tlic  D(.6lor  never  re- 
covered  the  fhock  which  he  received  by  the 
death  of  his  pation  and  friend,  the  Ute 
l^ord  Perrc. 

  Ac  Earlft<  un,  Mr  Thomas  Wnfon, 

merchant  there. 

—  At  Greenock,  Mr  Robert  M'Conochy, 
grocer. 

27.  At  Inveraray,  William  M^Kenzie, 
Efq;  Provoit  of  Inveraray. 

28.  At  Coleraine,  in  Ireland,  m  the  87th 
^ear  of  her  age,  Mrs  Kennedy,  fifter  of  Sir 
Archibald  Edmonilone  of  Uuntreath  Bart. 

—  At  Aberdeen,  Mifs  Barbara  Somer- 
ville,  third  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Mr  Somer- 
viile,  ot  Stirlme:. 

March  I.  At  Strawberry-HiU,  near  Co- 
)umpton,  Devonfluie,  the  Right  Hon. 
Chi.ries  Hervey,  Eari  of  Mountrath,  in  the 
78th  year  of  hiS  age. 

—  Mr  James  Murray  of  Daldowie,  aged 

87. 

^.  At  Shobdcn  Court,  Herefordfhire,  in 
the*  Sift  year  of  his  age,  the  Right  Hon. 
John  Loid  Vifcount  Buteman,  i.ord  Lieu- 
tenant and  Cuftos  Rotulorum  of  that  couhty. 

5.  At  Dunbar,  Mrs  Jean  Mackie,  rcliCl 
the  Rev.  Mr  Patiick  Meik,  late  mmi- 

ftcr  of  Kinnoul. 

6.  After  a  fhort  illnefs,  aged  27,  much 
rec-retted,  Mr  Dun,  of  the  Theatre-Royal, 
yovk,  highly  refpedfcd  as  a  performer,  and 
a  worthy  man. 

—  At  Auchterarder,  the  Rev.  WUiiam 


Kemp,  B.  D.  of  the  Univcrfity  of  Cam- 
briuge. 

10.  Mrs  Juliana  Stcvenfon,  reli<^  of  Df  ^ 
John  Hope,  ProfefTor  of  Botau)  in  the  U-ll 
iiivtrfity  of  Edinburgh.  ^ 

i:.  Mrs  Mary  Nifbct,  rcliA  of  the  Rev, 
Dr  Williani  Robertfon,  Principal  of  the  Ul 
niveifity  of  Edinburgh,  aged  80  years. 

13.  At  Edinburgh,  Mrs  Margaret  Dun^ 
das,  fifter  to  the  deceaftd  Robert  DundasJ 
Elq;  of  Arnifton,  late  Prtfident  of  thi 
Court  of  SefTion. 

—  At  Margate,  James  Hamilton,  EfqJ 
rnly  fon  of  Col.  Hamilton,  late  of  the 
CoidOream  regiment  of  foot  guards. 

  At  Delvine  Houfe,  Mrs  Macke'nzicJ 

widfAvof  the  dcceafed  John  Mackenzie, Efq 
of  Dclvinc,  in  the  86th  year  of  her  age. 

At  Sr  George's  Grenada,  John  MiUcrJ 
Efq;  a  refpt<5fable  merchant,  aftd  univerfalJ 
ly  efteemed  member  of  the  comniunityJ 
He  was  a  native  of  Port  Glaigow.  Hi| 
remains  were  attended  to  the  grave  by 
num.erous  ufl'emblapc  of  the  inoft  refptA-J 
able  inhabitants  of  the  town  antl  ncighbourj 
hood,  and  by  the  St  George**  regiment  (ij^ 
in  which  Mr  Miller  held  the  rank  of  Cap 
tain,)  and  were  interred  with  military  hq 
nours. 

At  Worcefter,  aged  70,  Mrs  Johnfton<|i 
wife  of  Dr  Johi.ftonc  of  Worctfter,  anfl 
mother  of  Dr  JorinUfMic  of  Birmingham. 

At  the  Invalid  Barracks,  Dublin,  Cap 
William  Abeicromby,  of  the  invali()s, 

JHauatn^ion,  March  27. 
Beft  Wiieat,42b.  Barley,  28s.  6d.  Oats,l7| 
Peale,  i6s.  Beans,  16s.  per  boil. 

F.dinburg     March  26.  Oat-meal,  is.  i\ 
Bear-meai,  is.     Peale-meal,  icd. 


\  RILATA 

In  the  lajt  Number  oj  the  Scots  Maga%ii 

Page  ic4,rigbtcoiumn,  line  5th  frui 
the  bottom,  for  1802,  read  iSoi.  • 
For  ftocd  page  115,  right  coluroi 
line  9ih  from  the  bottom,  read  itocM 
—  For  receivek,  line  Sth,  read  receiv- 
ed—For Wmikw,  line  laft,  read  Win- 
flow. 

For  Winflew  p.  ii^>,  left  colnTT!^. 
line  3d  from  top,  read  Winftov/  : 
13th,  read  alio  Winilow  ;  line  !alt,  :  ' 
ni^thematiccalcaiculation,  read  matht* 
matical  calculation. 

Page  117,  right  colurrn,  line  9t|| 
for  her  read  his,  line  7th,  for  the 
thefe.  ,  . 

Fao-e  118,  right  co.umn,  iine  i^^n 
from1)ottom,  for  Ludurg,  read  Lu<l< 


I 


THE 

SCOTS  MAGAZINE. 

For    APRIL  1802. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Page 

Biographical  Sketch  of  the  late 
i  Alexander  Webfier,  D,  D.  277 
John  Nafmyth's  epitaph  285 
yule,  or  a  Lay  ot"  Papifh  times  2S6 
The  Pedagogue,  No  II.  287 
An  Examination  of  the  arguments 

againft  the  authenticity  of  Of- 

fian*s  Poems,  concluded  "  2 go 
Adventures  of  a  Wig  25)5 
General  Remarks  on  the  life  and 

chara6ler  of  Burns  300 
On  Female  Eloquence  303 
On  the  bad  tendency  of  the  amufe- 

ments  of  Fafluojiable  Life  305 
Obfervations  an  the  criminal  law 

of  Scotland,  with  regard  to  a- 

dultery,  concluded  310 
On  Ruftrc  Happinefs  314 
Stridures  on  the  life  and  writings 

of  Baron  Haller,  continued  318 
Additional  Stanzas  to  the  Siller 
'Gun  324 

LITERARY  EXTRACTS  AND 
NOTICES, 

Cabanis  on  the  Temperaipents  of 
1  the  Ancients  325 
Oriental  Apologues,  from  the  Per- 
-  fic  331 
-  Of  the  RufTian  Annals,  continued  333 
Foreign  Literary  Notices  339 
Scotiih  Literary  Notices  342 
POElRY. 

Ode  to  Jehovah,  from  the  Hebrew 

•  of  Moies  344 


Chinefe  Ode,,  from  Bayer*s  Latia 

veriion  ^j^^ 
Stanzas  on  leaving  Bavaria  345 
Sonnet 

The  Lafs  o'  Ilia  347 
Eulogy  on  the  late  Duke  of  Bed- 
ford, by  Mr  Fox  34^ 

Imperial  PARtiAMENx. 
Proceedmgs  in  Houfe  of  Lords  351 
Proceedings  in  Houic  of  Commons  35  j 

MONTHLY  PvEGISTER. 
Foreign  Intelligence. 

France 

French  Colonics  ia  the  Weil  In- 
dies 35  J 

Holland,  Geimany,  Switzerland, 
Turkey,  America,  India  ^63 

Definitive  Treaty  of  Peace  364 

British  Intelligence. 
Gazette  Intelligence 

London. 

Death  of  the  Earl  01  Fauconberg 
Meeiing  of  the  Hiohland  Society 
Death  of  Lord  Kenyon 
Incidental  Intelligence 

Scotland. 
A  difcovery  communicated  to  the 

Board  of  Agriculture 
Rejoicings  on  the  Peace 
_ Incidental  Intelligence 
i  Public  Amufemenis 
iLISTS—Marnages,  &lc-. 


363 
368 

^-3 


371 

37> 
37* 


EDINBURGH: 

Printed  by  Alex.  Chapman,  &  Co.  Forrester^s  Wynd^ 
For  the  Proprietors  : 
And  Sold  by  Archibald  Constable,  High  Street,  Edinburgh. 
And  to  be  had  of  the  Princip^  Bookfellers  in  the  United  Kingdom. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 


A.  B.'s  verfes  have  confiderable  fmoothnefs  and  facility  of  expreffioHi 
and  fometimes  verge  on  elegance  ;  but  the  fubjed  is  not  treated  in  a  very- 
original  manner,  and  as  the  autlior  feems  capable  of  fomething  much 
better,  we  apprehe.»d,  that  on  attaining  greater  maturity  of  tafte,  he 
might  not  be  difpofed  to  thank  U3  for  inferting  the  prefent  poem. 

Pomokia's  Eifay  on  the  Flatterer  and  Slanderer,  does  appear  to  be 

in  forae  degree  myjlcriousy^  and  we  perufed  it,  uncertain  whether  it 
would  "  turn  out  a  fong  or  a  fermon,''  whether  it  was  intended  to  be 
underftood  literally,  allegorically,  paragogically,  anagogically,  or  prag- 
matically ;  we  admit,  that  the  Flatterer  **  does  not  aim  to  do  good  to  o- 
thers,  but  rather  vvi  v:rsa  but  we  do  not  think  that  Pomonia  has 
**  looked  into  the  characfter  with  deep  penetration." 

Adam  Ienisier's  Solution  of  the  Matli  matical  Queftion  in  our  laft, 
will  be  inferted  in  our  nexi  number.  We  beg  leave  to  affure  him,  and 
fome  of  our  other  phyfical  and  mathematical  correfpondents,  that  valua- 
ble papers  on  chemical,  matliematical,  and  mechanical  fubjeds,  will  be 
n  jected  for  want  of  diagrams. 

I^s  Solution  of  the  fame  Queftion  is  received,  and  would  have  been  in- 
ferted, had  not  the  other  already  mentioned  come  to  hand  firll  in  order. 

Uri's  verfes  on  Felicity,  are  under  confideration. 

The  Pidure  of  Solitude  from  the  Italian,  will  be  inferted  in  our 
next. 

Dr  Millar's  ingenious  paper  on  the  Natural  Hiftory  and  Theory  of 
Vertical  Strata,  will  be  concluded  in  our  next. 

The  Hiftorical  Sketch  of  the  Zabii,  will  be  concluded  in  our  nex.t. 

pRECisio  on  Preciiion  in  writing,  is  received,  and  though  fomewhat 
laconic,  will  be  inferted  in  our  next.  We  beg  leave  however,  to  ftate, 
that  by  pruning  the  excrefcences  of  their  logic,  and  lopping  off  the  exu- 
berances of  their  rhetoric,  as  he  propofes,  fome  of  our  correfpondents  in- 
cur the  danger  of  becoming  ftarched  inftead  of  precife. 

The  Editors  of  the  Scots  Magazine,  requeft  the  farther  corrcfpondence 
of  the  ingenious  author  of  the  Lay  of  Papi^h  Times j  which  has  been  acci- 
dentally inferted  in  the  body  of  the  Magazine,  inftead  of  the  poetry. 

The  Elfay  on  Novels  and  Romances  is  received,  and  will  appear  in  our 
next ;  but  it  is  too  much  to  afk  the  infertion  of  a  long  paper  in  one  num- 
ber, when  our  correfpondents  are  apprifed,  that  it  is  inconftftent  with  the 
nature  of  a  mifcellaneous  publication. 

The  Ode  to  Spring,  with  a  few  cor  regions,  muft  appear  ;  it  contains 
feveral  fweet  lines,  and  as  it  feems  to  be  a  maiden  produdion,  it  were 
inconfiftent  with  the  love  of  genius  to  rejed  it. 

The  Verfes  to  Mifs  A.  D.,  on  her  refuftng  to  fpeak  to  the  Author,  are 
rather  too  tame  to  intereft  many  of  our  readers.  To  make  love  in  an 
ordinary  manner  is  common  to  all  men  ;  to  feel  the  infpiration  of  beauty, 
and  write  in  the  bright  ardour  of  paffion  and  fancy,  are  not  the  qualities 
which  diftinguifh  thefe  verfes. 

Willie's  Ghaift,  a  Tale,  in  the  Scotifh  language,  a  language  accept- 
able of  itfelf  to  our  Mifcellany,  refembles  Burns' Death,  and  Dodor 
Hornbook,  but  has  nothing  of  the  energy  of  Tam  O'Shaunter  to  recom- 
mend it. 

Many  other  poetical  and  profe  favours  are  received^  to  which  we  v,'ill 
do  all  the  juftice  in  our  power. 


Di  ed  jan  .A'^-iyS/f. 


I  tiif  ojioiji.ij  ]'/niiii  iio"  1  n  Martin miSieHfilL of. tKe  Tmistees  ^oi'"Sr\\acloHS  Ix^ 


SCOTS  MAGAZINE, 

For  APR  I L  i8o2^ 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH  of  the  late  ALEX.  WEBSTER,D.D, 

ONE  OF  THE  MINISTERS  OF  THE  CITY  OF  EDINBURGH  ; 
AND  CHAPLAIN  IN  ORDINARY  TO  HIS  MAJESTY. 
WITU    A  PORTRAIT. 


THE  benefa^ors  of  matikmd, 
efpecially  thole  whole  exer- 
tions conthiue  to  operate  beyond  the 
term  affigned  by  nature  to  human 
life,  fhould  always  live  in  the  me- 
mory of  pofterity.    Among  thefe 
the  fubjea  of  the  following  memoir 
holds  a  very  diftinguilhed  rank.  If 
the  fhort  and  imperfed  narrative, 
vvhich  we  are  now  to  lay  before  the 
public,  fail  in  conveying  an  accu- 
rate, full,  and  complete  account  of 
I  man  to  whom  Human  Nature  is 
nuch  indebted,  we  can  only  plead 
he  narrow  limits,  both  of  time  and 
:)bce,  affigned  to  the  preparation 
md  reception  of  fuch  articles,  in  a 
nifcellaneous  monthly  publication  ; 
.nd  that  we  have  undertaken  to 
^^rite  the  hiftory  of  an  eminent  cha- 
aaer,  which,  at  the   diftance  of 
early  twenty  years,  his  brethren 
ave  left  entirely  unrecorded. 
Dr  Alexander.  Webster  was 
lie  fon  of  tlie  reverend  James  Web- 
ei,minifter  of  the  Tolbooth  Church 
1  Edinburgh,  and  born  in  that  city 
bout  the  year  1707.    His  father 
as  dclcended  of  an  aucient  family 
1^.  LXIV.  ^ 


in  Fife,  and  educated  at  the  Uni- 
verfity  of  St  Andrews.    His  bright 
natural  abilities,  and  rapid  progrefs 
in  the  literature  of  thofe  days,  were 
not  more  confpicuous  than  a  fer- 
vent early  piety,  and  warm  zeal 
for  the  prefbyterian  church  govern- 
ment  and  forms  of  w^orlliip.  St 
Andrews  was  then  the  nrll:  femi- 
nary  of  learning  in  Scotland,  and 
the  feat  of  an  Archbiihop.  Bat 
the  generality  of  the  nation,  and, 
particularly,  thofe  who  had  any  cor- 
reel  notions  of  civil  and  religious 
liberty,  deteiled  the  pertidy  of  the 
man,  who  had  fold  the  intereits  of 
his  native  church  for  the  fplendour 
of  a  mitre.    James  Wehlier  incur 
red  the  refentment  of  Archbiihop 
Sharp,  and  was  obliged  to  liy  from 
college,  in  his  ma^istra  idytcxr^  with- 
out a  degree.    He  afibciated  him- 
felf  with  that  party  which  iiad  all 
along  refufed  to  abjure  the  cove- 
nant, accept    the   Epifcopal  eila- 
blilhment,  or  acknowledge,  as  t'leir 
fovereign,  the  king  who  iiad  imr.o- 
fed' it  on  the  nation*  Coniequen:ly 
he  underwent  the  perfecution  of  the 


Sketch  of  the  late  Dr  Webster.  Vol.  64, 


poniurant  clergy;  he  was  apprc 
hended  and  imprifoned  for  eighteen 
inonths  in  Dundee,  m  a  place  obyi- 
oufly  intended  for  condemned  male- 
faaors,  by  which  his  conftitution 
was  brok  ^n,  and  his  health  render- 
,  ed  inHrnu  and  precarious. 

He  was  foon  after  licenced  to 
preach  by  the  wandering  volancs 
of  prefbytery  ;  and  again  conhned 
in  a  dungeon  in  Dumtries,  whence 
he  was  probably  liberated  by  Kuig 
Tames' s  a6l  of  toleration. 

The   defigns    of  government 
were   at   lail   clearly  underltood. 
The  voice  of  reafon,  of  freedom, 
and  religion,  expelled  the  ancr.nt 
family  of  Stuart  from  a  throne, 
which,  for  many  ages,  it  had  pollcl- 
fed  under  the  lhadow  of  divmc  riRht. 
Prefbytcry  was  inftantly  re-ellablilh- 
ed  in  Scotland,according  to  the  wiilies 
of  the  nation.    James  Webfter  was 
ordained  minifter,  firft  at  Lj^b^rton 
near  Edinburgh,  then  at  White- 
kirk,  and,  lallly,  about  the  year 
1693,  in  the  Tolbooth  Church  m 
the  city,  where  he  remained  near- 
ly twenty-feven  years,  and  died  on 
the  17th  day  of  May  1720.  His 
funeral  was  attended  by  a  valt  con- 
couife  of  people,  and  m.any  of  the 
members  of  the  General  Allembly 
of  the  Church,  then  fitting.    As  he 
was  extremely  popular,  he  was  ge- 
nerally  ar.d  deeply  lamented.  ^  Ma- 
ny elegies  *  were  compoied  m  ho- 
nour of  his  memory,  which  fliew, 
at  the  fame  time,  the  rude  ftate  ot 
Scotilh  tafte  in  the  beginning  of  the 
1 8th  century. 


His  fon,  Alexarider,  wms  only 
thirteen  years  of  age  at  the  death 
of  his  father;  and  confequently4i 
could  'derive  little  from  parental  in- 
ftrudtion  or  example.    It  was  ex- 
pedted,  however,  that  he  would  re- 
femble  him  in  piety,  abihties.  and 
zeal  for  religion  ;  and  the  people 
were  not  deceived.    He  ftudied  at 
the  Uaiverfity  of  Edinburgh,  the 
feveral  branches  of  college  learn- 
ing,  with  great  approbation,  parti- 
cularly thofe  connedted  with  the 
mathematics,  for  which  he  Ihewed 
an  early  predeliaion.     He  after- 
wards attended  the  le(5lures  of  the 
ProfclTor  cf  Divinity  in  that  Uni-, 
verfity ;  but  it  is  not  ^certain  whe- 
ther lie  was  licenfed  to  preach  by 
the  prelbytery  of  Edinburgh.  A 
Minute  appears  in  the  Records  of 
Frefbytery,  in  the  year  1732,  men^ 
tionini^  a  certificate  and  tellimoniaL 
granted  in  the  ufual  form  to  AlexJ 
ander  Webfter,  Siudvnt  in  Divinity. 

In  the  year  1733,  Mr  Webfter 
was  ordained  Minifter  of  the  GoUf 
pel  in  the  parifti  of  Culrofs,  in  thdj 
prefbytery  of  Dunfermhne.  Hiij 
firft  appearance,  as  a  preacher,  waJT^ 
uncommonly  flattering.  His  elo- 
quence was  noble  and  manly  ; 
piety  confpicuous ;  his  difcharge  c| 
all  the  duties  of  the  paftoral  offic^ 
faithful  and  laborious.  To  the^ 
effential  qualities  of  a  clergymai^ 
he  added  an  ardent,  but  enlighte^ 
ed  zeal  for  the  external  interefts  m 
the  church,  a  jealoufy  of  corra; 
tion,  a  hatred  of  falfe  pohtic 
and  tyrannical  meafures  whi< 
fometimes  expcfed  him  to  calumny 
from  the  guilty,  but  fecure^d  him 
the  unbounded  efteem  of  all  whc 


*  A  curious  pamphlet,  containing: 
three  of  thefe,  and  a  kind  of  hKtorical 
charader  in  profe,  printed  in  the  year 
of  his  death,  h^R  partly  furniOud  this 
account.  Mr  Wcblxcr's  manner  ot 
preaching,  maybe  gathtrcd  fium  his 
ieledt  fcia:ons  on  particular  texts, 
printed,  a(ier  his  death,  in  1723.  It 
vva^  plain  and  homtly  to  excels;  his 
ftyle  was  fitted  to  the  capacity  of  his 
hearers,  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  moft  of 


April  1 802.        Sketch  of  the  late  Dr  Webster. 


279 


could  value  independence  of  foul 
and  integrity  of  heart. 

A  DOUBLE  portion  of  the  popu 
l.irity  of  the  father  now  relied  on 
the  fon.    The  congregation  of  the 
l\jh'Dooth  Church  beheld,  with  de- 
light, the  hopes  of  former  times 
cDmoletely  realized,  and,  byaa  u- 
niiurnoas  call,  elefted  Mr  Webiler 
their  miniiler,  in  the  place  of  tlie 
Reverend  John  Taylor,  formerly  de- 
ceafed.    Mr  Webfter  was  accord- 
ingly ordained  2d  June  1737.  Mr 
Robert  Wallace,  of  the  Tron  church, 
who  had  been  brought  into  the  ci- 
ty  in  the  fame  year  with  the  cele- 
brated Dr  William  Robertfon,  ( Au- 
gufi  29,  1733),  preached  the  ordi- 
nation  fermon  from  Daniel,  Chap, 
iii,  verfe  3. 

The  profperity  of  fortune  which 
placed  Mr  Webber  in  his  father's 
church  ;  and  reftored  him  to  the  li- 
terary  and  poliihed  fociety  of  his 
native  city,  was  not  confined  to 
thefe  favours.     Eleven  days  after 
his  fettlement  in  Edinburgh,  he  ob- 
tained the  hand  of  Mary  Erlkine, 
a  young  lady  of  confiderable  for- 
tune,  and  nearly  related   to  the 
noble  family  of  Dundonald.  As 
Mr  Webfter  was  minifter  at  Culrofs, 
and  the  lady  refided  at  Valleyfield 
m  Fiklhire,  it  is  probable,  that  the 
marriage  was  arranged  before  his 
preferment.     He  is  faid  to  have 
been  at  firft  employed  by  a  gentle- 
man of  his  acquaintance  to  gain 
Mifs  ErOcine  for  an  abfent  lover. 
The  fuit  of  that  lover,  he  urged 
With  uncommon  eloquence,  and  re- 
ceived a  complete  rcfufal,  to  which 
the  lady  ndivJy  added  ;  "  Had  you 
fpoken  as  well  for  yourfelf,  perhaps 
you  might  have  fucceeded  better.'' 
1  he  huit  was  too  obvious  to  be  mif- 
taken.     Few  could  have  refifted 
mvitation  which  was  evidently 
[prompted   by  the  contempt  of  a 
'nan,  who  could  entertain  the  fri- 
'  idea  of  making  love  by  proxy. 
;  marriage  was  hazily  <:clebra. 
*  0L.  LXIV. 


ted,  and  fome  verfes  of  gVeat  beauty 
and  feeling,  are  faid  to  have  been 
produced  on  the  occa  ion.  * 

The  genius  of  Mr  Web.ter  now 
be^an  to  unfold  itfclf.  Family 
connections  extended  his  acquain- 
tance with  the  nobihty.  Edinburp-h, 
at  that  period,  po'Teffed  a  number 
of  mjn,  both  in  civil  and  eccle/iaf- 
tical  Itations,  who  have  faved  or 
adorned  their  country.  With  thefe, 
he  was  foon  to  co-operate,  in  de- 
fending the  Prote.^ani  mterelts,  both 
civil  and  religious,  from  the  arms 
and  artifices  of  lebellion. 

.  In  the  year  1733,  ^ve  or  u-  mi- 
nillers  feceded  froiii  the  National 
Church,    on    real,    or  pretended 
grounds  of  corruption  in  that  elta- 
bliHiment.    Anxious  to  draw  away 
as  many  people  as  poiTible  from 
the  communion  which  they  had  re- 
nounced, in  the  year  ij^iy  they 
invited   down    to   Scotland,  Mr 
George  Whitefield,  a  young  Eng. 
hlh  preacher  of  great  piety,  and 
extraordinary  puipit  abilities.  Mr 
Whitefield,  on  his  journey  to  Dun- 
fermline,  the  principal  abode  of  the 
SecefHon,  was  met,  and  entertained 
at  Edinburgh,  by  Mr  Webfter,  and 
fome  of  his  bretiiren.    From  them 
he  learned  the  ifate  of  church  pre- 
judices and  parties  in  Scotland,  and 
though   he   kept   his   promife  of 
preaching  firft  in  Fife,  he  openly  re- 
fufed  to  conned himfelfv.  ith  any  par- 
ticular feci.    The  ailonil'hing  effeds 
of  Mr  Whitefield's  preaching  were 
accordingly  afcribed  by  the  Sece- 
ders,  to  a  very  diiFerent  cau/e  troni 
what  was  generally  fuppofed.  Mr 
Webfter   had   an   opportunitv  of 
viewing  thefe  effeds  in  their  am'pleft 
extent  at  Cambuilang,  near  Giaf- 
gow,  about  the  middle  of  February 
1 742  ;  and  convinced,  not  more  by 
the  convulfive  and  extraordir.ary 
impreffions  which  that  celebrated 

*  Several  patriotic  fongs  have  like- 
wife  been  attributed  to  the  fame  hand. 


pp 


gofpel 


Sketch  of  the  lafe  Dr  Webster. 


Vol.  64. 


gofpel  orator  made  on  his  audience, 
than  by  ihe  future  lives  of  many 
that  were  prefent ;  he  wrote  a  fmall 
pamphlet,  afcrihing  the  caufc  of 
their  converfion  to  the  influcuee  of 
the  Holy  Spirit.  This  account  of 
Xhe  matter  was  ftrangely  contrafled 
by  that  of  the  Seceihon,  w^hich  im- 
puted the  whole  to  forcery  and  the 
devil,  excluded  from  the  communi- 
on-table, thole  who  maintained  the 
contrary,  and  held  a  folenin  fait  for 
the  unlpcakable  wickcdnefs  goirig 
on  in  the  laud^. 

During  thefe  exertions  in  the 
caufe  of  practical  religion,  Mr  Web- 
fter  was  not  forgetful  of  \rnrks  of 
benevolence  and  mercy.  His  natu- 
ral abilities,  as  a  profound  calcula- 
tor, he  had  now  improved,  by  a  di- 
ligent attention  to  the  mathemati- 
cal chances  of  human  life,  as  found- 
ed on  the  beii:  printed  accounts  of 
pcpul  ition,  the  hiftory  of  annuities, 
and  a  careful  obfervation  of  the 
Hate  of  particular  pari  (lies.  This 
information,  he  refolvcd  to  apply 
to  a  benevolent  purpofe,  in  the  exe- 
cution of  wiiich,  perfeverance  was 
not  lefs  requifite  than  intelle^. 

The  Scotiih  clergy,  at  the  refon 
mation,  obtained  for  the  fupport  of 
themfelves.  and  the  new  eibiblilh- 
ment,  a  very  fcanty  portion  of  the 
revenues  of  the  ancient  church.  The 
rapacity  of  the  nobles  and  crown 
fcized  on  the  reit,  and  promoted 
the  inteveils  of  religion  and  liberty, 
from  motives  that  Icarcely  acknow- 
ledge the  fliadow  of  virtue.  Tine 
clergy  were,  howevei*,  content  Vx'ith 
their  conduvft ;  many  of  that  body, 
being  as  auftere  and  f  mple  in  their 
lives,  as  the  moil  reciufe  religicux. 
As  they  were  moftly  of  plebeian 
origin,  and  ignorant  of  the  luxury, 
as  well  as  the  learning  of  the  better 
fort,  they  eafily  fubmitted  to  a  po- 
veny,  Vv^hich  v/as  not  to  them  pri- 
vation. The  confequence  of  this 
was  ;  while  ccotiand  remained  with- 
out trade,  and  without  improve- 
ment, they  exp<irienced  no  difficul- 


ty ;  when  the  kingdom  began  to 
advance  in  both  of  tJie  foremention- 
ed  refpeds,  the  nominal  value  of 
money  changed,  and  the  minifter^ 
of  the  feveral  pariihes  were  reduced 
to  indigence.  What  they  received 
from  the  Exchequer  or  teind  lands, 
was  not  fu.'jficient  to  fupport  their 
families,  much  lefs  provide  for  thefe 
after  their  death.  Their  widows 
and  children  were  commonly  left 
dellitute  of  every  refource,  a  fitua- 
tion  the  more  diftrefsful,  as  it  was 
often  novel  to  the  fuflerers. 

Mr  Webster  matured  hisfcheme 
of  a  perpetual  fund,  to  relieve  thefe 
contingencies,  foon  after  his  fettle- 
menc  in  EJi^  burgh.    From  an  ac- 
curate lilt  of  the  miniders  of  the 
church,  and  the  members  of  the 
three  Southern  Univerfities  com- 
pared with  the  ordinary  ratio  of 
births,  marriages,  and  deaths,  in 
this  and  other  kingdoms ;  he  was 
enabled  to  fix  on  a  feries  of  rates  to 
be  paid  annually  by  the  members 
of  thefe    two    departments,  the 
amount  of  which  rates  was  to  fup- 
ply  a  fpecific  annuity  to  every  wi- 
dow, whofe  hufband  ihould  be  a 
contributor,  and  a  proportional  fum 
for  the  children  of  the  fame.  To  for- 
ward this  fcheme,  he  opened  a  co> 
refpondence  with  the  different  pref- 
byteries  in  the  kingdom;  and,  in  the 
year  1742,  received  for  it  the  fanc- 
tion  of  the  general  Alfembly  of  the 
church,  which,  after  fuitable  exa- 
mination, approved  of  the  whole 
plan,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
•immaterial  particulars.  According- 
ly, the  feveral  pYcfbyteries  and  uni- 
verfities concurred  with  the  Affemj 
bly,  in  petitioning  Parliament  for 
an  ad:,  enabling  them  to  raife,  and 
elfablifli  the  fund,  ajid  obliging  "the 
miniiters  of  the  church,  with  the 
heads,  principals,  and  mafters  of 
St  Andrew's,  Glafgow,  and  Edin- 
burgh, to  pay  annually,  each,  ac* 
cording  to  his  option,  one  of  the 
following  rates,  viz.  either  L.2:i2:6; 


April  1802.        Sketch  of  the  late  Dr  Webster. 


281 


L.3  ;  18  :  9  ;  L.J  :  5  ;  or  £.6:11:3; 

to  be  repaid  in  proportional  annui- 
ties of  JO,  15,  20,  or  25I,  to  their 
widows,  or  in  fimilar  provifions  of 
100,  150,  20D,  or  25^1  to  their 
children.  The  ad  was  obtained  in 
terms  of  the  petition,  ( 17  Geo.  If.) 
v  iih  liberty  to  employ  tlie  furplus 
of  the  annual  pay  meals  and  expen- 
ces  in  loans  of  30I.  a-piece  among 
the  contributors,  and  to  put  out  the 
remainder  at  intercft,  on  proper 
fecurity.  A  fecoud  a«fi:,  amenuiiig 
the  former,  was  procured  on  the 
2 2d  year  of  the  fame  reign.  ( 174H) 
regulating  the  fever al  parts  of  the 
management,  and  granting  liberty 
to  raiie  the  capital  to  L.  80,000,  in- 
cluding the  fums  lent  to  contribu- 
tors The  commencement  of  the 
fund  is  reckoRcd  from  the  25  th  of 
March  1744.  The  whole  trouble  of 
planning,  arranging,  and  of  colle(^- 
ingthe  revenues,  and  applying  them 
to  their  immediate  purpofes,  devolv- 
ed on  the  original  propofer,  who  with, 
a  patience  and  perleverance  nearly 
equal  to  the  extreme  accuracy  of 
his  calculations,  at  lail  completed 
the  fcheme.  In  the  year  1770, 
a  new  act  of  Parliament,  procured 
by  advice  of  i)f  Webiler,  prefcri- 
bed  the  ,full  form,  in  which  the 
fund  is  at  prefent  condudtcd.  The 
loans  granted  to  contributors  were 
difcontinued,  as  prejudicial  to  the 
pariies  concerned  ;  liberty  was 
granted  to  extend  the  capital  to 
L.  100,000;  the  methods  of  reco- 
vering payments,  the  nomination 
and  duties  of  truRees  ;  the  falaries 
of  the  colledor  and  clerk  ;  in  fliort, 
the  vv'hole  oeconomy  of  the  inititu- 
tion,  v/ere  fixed  and  deteimined. 
A  tax  on  the  marriage  of  each  con- 
tributor, amounting  to  one  year's 
annual  rate  of  his  particular  op- 
tion ;  and,  if  he  were  40  years  of  age 
at  his  acceihon  to  his  benelice,  and 


*  By  this  ad,  the  UniverfUy  of  A- 
berdeen  was  included  on  requeft. 


had  children,  the  fum  of  tv/o  years 
and  a  half  of  his  rate,  befides  his 
ordinary  dues  and  marriage,  were 
added  to  the  revenues.  Further,  a 
fum  of  half  his  particular  rate  was 
declared  due  to  the  fund,  out  of 
the  arm, ;  or,  in  cafe  of  its  not 
falling,  out  of  his  real  or  perfonal 
eftate,  on  the  death  of  a  miniller ; 
and  patrons  were  ^  affe/fcd  in  the 
fum  of  L.  3  :  2s.  for  every  half  year's 
vacancy. 

A  RE  POUT  of  the  date  of  the 
fund  was  ordered  to  be  made  an- 
nually  to  the-  General  Aifembly  by 
the  trullecs,  and  tliis  aftei  wards  to 
be  printed. 

1)r  VV£bst  :r,  in  the  year  1748, 
had  hnifhed  a  feries  of  calculations, 
in  which  he  not  only  afcertainei 
the  probable  number  of  minifters 
that  w^ould  die  annually,  of  widows 
and  children  that  would  be  left,  of 
annuitants  drawing  whole  or  half 
annuities,  and  the  medium  of  the 
annuities  and  annual  rates,  but  al- 
fo  the  diifeient  annual  ftates  of  the 
fund,  in  its  progrefs  to  completing 
the  capital  ilock.  Thele  calcula- 
tions have  approached  the  fad  with 
aftoniiiiing  precifion.  It  ^\'ould  ex- 
ceed our  limits  to  infert,the  compa- 
rifons  between  the  calcu  ations  and 
the  fads  llated  in  the  reports  for  tlie 
years  1762,  1765,  and  1779,  and 
printed  again  in  thofe  for  1790,  &c. 
butwe  lhall  only  mention,  that  in 
the  fecond  of  thefe  ^  ftatements,  the 
companion  ran  as  follows  :  Tliirty 
miniilers  were  calculated  to  die  an- 
nually, //.v/i^  for  21  yeais,  from  1744- 
to  1765,  the  number  by  calculation^ 
is  630,  the  fad  was  615,  being  on- 
ly 15  ot  total  diiterence.  Twenty 
widows  were  calculated  to  be  left: 
annually ;  in  the  fore-mentioned 
period,  there  were  left  41;  the 
calulation  was  420,  and  the  differ- 
ence 9.  It  was  calculated,  tliat  fix 
families  of  childien,  without  a  wi- 
dow, would  l)e  left  annually  ;  the 
calculated  amount,  for  the  above 
period,  was  126,  the  fad  124  ;  the 
P  p  i  dif- 


Sketch  of  the  late  Dr  Webster. 


Vol.  64. 


difFerence  2.  Four  minifters  or  pro- 
feiTors  were  calculated  to  die  annu- 
ally, without  either  widows  or  chil- 
dren ;  the  calculaced  number  for 
the  firft  21  years,  was  84,  the  fad: 
was  82.  The  differences  {or  that 
period,  between  the  calculated  me- 
diums of  the  whole  number  of  an- 
nuities, and  of  the  annual  rates, 
compared  each  with  its  rcfpedive 
fad,  were,  for  the  number  of  an- 
nuities, is.  2d.  6-i2ths,  and  for  the 
rates  3s.  od.  6  I2lhs.  On  the  2 2d 
of  November  1799,  in  the  56ih 
year  of  the  fund  and  the  year  which 
completed  tlie  capital  ftock  fixed 
by  ad  of  Parliament,  Dr  Webllcr's 
calculations,  after  having  approach- 
ed the  truth  for  a  long  feries  of 
years  with  furprizing  accuracy, 
flood  in  the  following  manner  :  The 
llock  and  furplus  for  that  year  were 
L.  105,504  :  2  :  I  id.  3-i2tbs,  and 
the  calculated  flock  was  L. 86,44s  : 
12  :  icd.  8-i2ths;  coniequcntl) ,  the 
diiVevence  was  L.  19,055  :  10  :  cd. 
7-i2ths. 

Such  was  the  progrefs  of  the 
moil  benevolent  inftiuition  which 
Scotland  has  ever  eilabiilhed.  The 
infant  fcheme  had  fcaicely  com- 
menced, when  Mr  WebRcr  was 
called  upon  to  take  an  intereft  in 
an  event,  which  had  it  fiicceeded 
according  to  the  vviflies  of  one  of 
the  parties  concerned,  would  pro- 
bably have,  again  baniihed  prefoy- 
tery  to  the  mountains.  This  was 
the  attempt  of  the  houfe  of  Stuart 
in  I74^>  to  recover  its  ancient 
Icingdoms.  Mr  WebRer  was.  re- 
markable for  his  hatred  and  open 
cenfure  of  vice  in  all  parties.  In 
the  year  1740,  he  preaclied  a  fer- 
mon  at  the  eledion  of  the  city  ma- 
giflrates,  on  the  charader  and  fate 
of  Haman,  in  which  a  great  and 
very  corrupt  Minifler  of  State  vva$  - 
io  clearly  alluded  to,  and  the  cor-, 
ruption  of  his  politics  fo  fhongly 
expofed,  that  it  has  even  been  re- 
printed, to  ferve  the  purpofe  of 
perpetual  cenfure.  Sir  Robert  Wal- 


pole  had  now  loft  the  confidence  of 
the  nation.  A  new  race  of  fiatef- 
men  had  mounted  into  his  place, 
v/ith  charaders  iefs  obnoxious,  be- 
caufe  they  were  not  known. 

In  the  year  1745,  Mr  Webflet 
remained  in  the  city  when  it  was 
taken  by  the  rebels,  and  employed 
his  univerfal  popularity  and  vigo- 
rf^us  eloquence  in  retaining  the 
minds  vf  the  people  in  the  intercils 
of  the  houfe  of  Hanover.  His  ex- 
ertions in  this  particular  were  not 
overlooked  by  mo(t  of  the  f'pirited 
gentlemen  who  aded  in  quelling  the 
rebellion.  He  became  an  iniiinatc 
friend 'of  Duncan  Forbes  of  Cullo- 
dcn,  Lord  Milton,  Prefton  of  V^al- 
leyfield,  the  Dundaifcs  of  Arnillon  ; 
and,  in  fhort,  of  every  patriotic 
name,  about  or  within  the  city. 

On  the  2  5d  of  June  174^),  the  day 
appointed  by  the  General  Aflembly 
for  a  thankfgiving  foi  the  vidory  of 
Culloden,  he  preached  the  longeR  of 
all  his  printed  fermons.  The  pallHge, 
of  Scripture,  was  Either  viii.  17. 
which,  with  his  uiual  facility  of  adap- 
tation, he  applied  to  the  general  pro- 
ft  (lions  .  of  loyalty  t/jcn  made  by 
the  Tory  party  throughout  the 
knigdom..  He  compared  the  new- 
born  zeal  of  this  party  to  that  of 
tlie  Heathens  in  the  Perfian  Em-- 
pire  ;  who,,  awed  by  the  influence 
gf  the  Jews  at  Court,  mad^  an  ex- 
ternal profefTion  of  Judaifm.,  ,  This 
'difcourfe  is  entirely  a  hiitory  of  the 
fucceaive  events  of  the  rebellion, 
delivered  in  flrong,  animated,  and 
imprefiive  language,  with  appio- 
priate  comments  on  the  cruelty  of 
the  rebel  chiefs,  and  dark,  maflerly 
fKetches  of  the  effeds  of  pcpery. 
The  parallel  between  the  Heathens 
and  Tories,  the  Jews  and  the  loyal 
party,  is  generally  kept  in  view, 
by  occafional  recurrence  to  the  con- 
text ;  yet,  the  author  though  pro- 
per to  defert  his  fubjed  for  a  con- 
fiderable  time,  to  pronounce,  with 
all  the  ardour  of  patriotifm  and 
friendlhip,   the    eulogium  of  the 


April  1802.         Sketch  of  the  late  Dr  Webster. 


•f^ing,  the  Duke  of  CiimT>erlahr!, 
llie  Earl  Leven,  the  Duke  of 
Argyle,  Prefident  Forbes,  and  fe- 
veral  others  of  the  loyalills.  On 
this  particuhir  mode  of  preaching, 
it  is  only  neceffary  to  remark,  tliat 
the  propriety  of  ufmg  it  varies  ex- 
ceedingly with  the  trircumftances  of 
the  times.  -Mr  Webttcr  eagerly 
followed  the  cuttom  fan<5}ioned  by 
mniifter^  of  all  denominations,  of 
making  •  the  pulpit  the  rodrum, 
where  politics  are  blended  with 
the  facred  truths  of  religibn.  Had 
the  rebellion  profpcred,  the  eulogi- 
ura  of  the  oppolite  leaders  would 
have  been  pronounced  from  the 
fame  place. 

Mr  Hugh  Blair,  afterwards  fo 
celebrated  in  the  literary  world,  in 
tlie  f^ime  jcar,  before  ,  the  General 
Affembly,  drew  a  fimilar  charafler  * 
of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  which 
the  dcfolated  cottages  of  the  High- 
landers, the  fmall  number  of  his 
military  achievements,  and  the  im- 
becihty  of  his  future  life,  proved  to 
he  only  a  piece  of  oratory.. 

Mr  Webster, now  was  equally 
carelled  by  the  people,  the  govern- 
ment and  the  nobility.  His  great  ta- 
lents, as  a  dcvifer  of  new  fchemes 


When  the  proper  feafon  was 
come  for  God  to  afl'ert  his  own  cauftf, 
then  he  raifed  up  an.illuftiious  deliyei^ 
er,  whom,  for  a  bleffing  to  his  coun- 
^ly,  he  had  prepared  againlt  this  time 
oi  nted.  Him,  he.  crowijed  with  the 
graces  of  hasright  hand; 'to.,  the  con- 
Ipiruciis  brave. y  of  early  youth,  he 
^dded  that  condudt  and  wifdom,  which 
Ki  othtrs,  is  the  frait  only  ofloni^  ex. 
perience  i  and  diilinguiihed  him\vich 
tlioic  qualities  which  render  the  Man 
ainia'alc  as  well  as  the  ilERo  great, 
tie  lent  him  forth  to  be  the  terror 
of  his  foes,  the  confidence  and  loye  of 
bis  tnends,  and  in  the  day  of  death, 
I  commanded  the  fnields  of  angels  to  be 
\  Ipread  around  him."  Vid.  Sermun 
preached  before  the  Commiilioncr, 
Way  iSLh  1740.  Page  33. 


and  *  improvements  in  the  city  of 
Edinburgh,   and   the  kingdom  *t 
large,  joined  to  tlie  unerring  accu- 
racy  of  his  calculations,"  foon  ren- 
dered him  a  neceffary  attendant  trt 
all  meetings,  where  public  or  pri- 
vate good  was  to  be  projeded.  He 
entered  with  cnthufiafminto  the  plan 
of  civilizing,  and  propagating  the 
gofpel,  in  the  Highlanc<s.'    Moit  of 
the  meafures  were  either  concerted, 
or  amended  by  himfelf.    He  was 
the  intimate   friend    of  Pravoft 
George  Drummond,  to  whom  E- 
dinburgh  is  indebted  for  a  new  ci. 
ty,  and  the  poor  and  deftiiute  for  an 
afylum.   In  the  year  1755,  drew 
up,  at  the  defire  of  the  late  Prefident 
Dundas,  for  the  information  and 
fervice  of  governmeiltr  ar.  account 
of  the  num.ber  of  people  in  Scot- 
land.   This  'Jie  was  enabled  to  do, 
by  a  genera,!  correfpondence  v/hicii 
ho  had  opened  in  1743,  ^^'-^  ^^'ii-h 
clergy  and  laity,  for  the  purpofes 
of  the  fund.    «  Dr  Webfter's  well 
known    charader   for  accuracy,** 
fays  the  honourable  and  patriotic 
baronet  wdio  drew  up  the  Statiilical 
Account  of  Scotland,  "and  thefuc- 
cefs  with  which   his   calculatioi  s 
have    been    uniformly  attended, 
ought  to  fatisfy  every  one  that  the 
report  he  drew  up  may  be  fafely 
rched  upon.''     In  the  year  1753, 
he  pubiifned  a  fermon,  preached  at 
the  opening  of  the  General  Ailcm- 
bly  in  that  year,  entitled,  Ze  il  for 
the  civil  and  religious  intermits  of 
Mankind  recommended.      In  this 
difcourie,  he  mentions  with  great 
warmth  and  eloquence,  the  Rjyal 
exertions  for  the  improvemenc' cU' 
the  north,  and  points  out,  the  va- 
rious branches  of  a  duty  which,  du- 
ring his  whole  hfe,  was  ever  nearjft 
his  heart. 

Our  limits  v/ili  not  allow  us,  nor 


*  He  is  reported  to  have  given  the 
firft  plan  of  the  New  Town,  and  even 
of  the  public  places  of  amufement. 

our 


i2>4 


Sketch  of  the  late  Dr  Webster. 


Vol. 


our  ihforination  fuffice,  to  enume- 
rate all  the  charicabie  inllituiions, 
or  projedls  of  public  welfare,  tempo- 
rary or  lafting,  in  which  Dr  .Web- 
fter  was  eng;)ged.  As  he  lived  to  an 
advanced  age,  he  had  the  pleafure  of 
feeing  many  of  them,  arrive  at  their 
maturity  of  ufefulncfs ;  and,  of  re- 
ceiving the  blcfhngs  of  the  widow 
and  orphan,  the  noble  ft  reward  of 
living  merit.  He  preferved,  to  the 
late  It  period  of  his  courfe,  that  ac- 
tivity both  of  mind  and  body,  which  * 
diftinguifiied  him  in  the  prime  of 
life  :  and  ripe,  like  the  fiieaf  in  au- 
tumn, obtained  hisfrcquent  wilhand 
prayer,  an  eafy  and  peaceiul  deatli, 
after  a  very  Ihort  indil'pofiiion,  on 
Sunday,  the  25th  of  January  17H4. 
in  a  few  days  after,  his  remains 
were  depofited  in  the  Gray-friars' 
church-yard,  in  that  common  mafs, 
where  the  allies  of  Buchanan,  Ro- 
bcrtfon,  and  Black,  with  thofe  of 
many  other  illul-lrious  dead,  are 
lolt  among  vulgar  dull:,  without  a 
monument  or  a  name.  His  funeral 
^  fermon  was  preached  by  the  Reve- 
rend Dr  Gloag,  of  which  the  cha- 
raderiilic  pait,  was  printed  in  the 
Scots  Magazine  for  February  i  784. 
His  grave  was,  for  fc-me  time,  in- 
ciofcd  with  wood  ;  and  a  project  of 
a  monument  to  his  memory,  was 
moved  in  the  General  1:  iFembly, 
which,  not  much  to  the  honour  of 
the  country,  has  not  been  executed. 

Mary  Erskine,  Dr  Webiier's 
only  wife,  died  on  the  28th  day  of 
November,  1766.  By  her,  he  had 
feven  children  alive  in  the  year 
1759,  the  year,  in  which  their 
names  and  dates  of  birth  wxre  en- 
tered in  the  regifter  of  the  preihy- 
tery,,  kept  for  the  widow's  tund, 
and  atteited  by  himfelf.  Of  hx  Ions, 
only  the  eldeit.  Major  Webfter,  is 
now  2.1ive.  One  of  them.  Colonel 
Webfter,  fell  gallantly  hghting  in 
the  fervice  of  his  councry,  in  the 
conteft  with  America.  His  only 
daughter  Anne,  was  married  to  a 
Captain  Mingo,  and  is  now  dead  alfo. 


To  give  a  complete  chara(51cr 
Dr  Webfter,  is  almoft  beyond  t 
power  of  writing.    Nature  had  e  ' 
dowed  him  at  his  birth,  with  ftr*" 
and  gigantic  faculties,  w  hich  a 
confiderabla  fhare  of  learning 
matured  and  improved.  For 
tent  of  comprchenfion,  depth 
thinking,  and  accuracy  in  the  p  • 
foundelt  refearchcs,  he  Ifood  uni 
vailed.    In  the  knowledge  of  t^c 
world,  and  of  human  nature,  i  - 
was  a  mailer.    It  was  not  wonder- 
ful, tjiat  the  b(?fl:  focieties  in  the 
kingdom  were  perpetually  anxic/  is 
to  |;oiiefs  a  man,  who  knew  liow  to 
foften  the  rancour  of  public  theolo- 
gical  contelf,  with  the  liberality  and 
manners  of  a  gentltman.    His  ad- 
drefs  was  engaging;  his  wit  ftrong 
as  his  mind  ;  his  convivial  powers, 
as  they  are  called,  enchanting.  Ho 
had  a  conllitutional  itrength  againft 
intoxication,  which  made  it  dange- 
rous in  moft  men  to  attempt  bring- 
ing him  into  fuch  a  ftate  ;  often, 
when  they  were.unht  for  litting  at 
table,  he  remained  clear,  regular^ 
and  unaffecled. 

Asa  miniiter  of  the  everlafting 
Golpel,  his  chara<fter  was  popular 
in  the  extreme.  His  voice  was 
harmonious,  his  figure  noble  ;  the 
dignity  of  his  look,  the  rapture  of 
his  eye,  conveyed  an  eledtric  im. 
preffion  of  the  fervent  devotior. 
which  engroifed  his  fcul.  In  pray- 
er, and  in  I'acramiental  addreffes,  his 
Rianner  was  particularly  noble  and 
auguft.  The  ilyle  of  his  preacning 
was  deeply  evangelical ;  his  lan- 
guage ftrong  and  animated,  rather 
than  polilhed,  and  fomcwhat  lower- 
ed to  the  capacity  of  his  hearers,  to 
whofe  fituation  in  life,  he  always 
was  attentive.  His  church  was 
crowded  by  the  com.mon  people, 
who  ran  in  multitudes  to  hear  a  mi- 
nifter,  w^ho  preached  the  great  doc* 
trines  of  religion  without  corrup- 
tion, as  they  are  found  in  the  Vy- ord 
of  God. 

To 


April  1802. 


John  Nasmyd/s  Epitaph. 


To  the  poor,  Dr  Webfter  was  a 
father  and  a  friend.    To  mention 
•  his  name,  is  to  mention  charity 
'  ''itfelf.     He  was  a  liberal  patron 
'  -of  poor  theological  ftudents ;  the 
'  fpark  of  genius,  and  the  bud  of 
^  piety  he  cheriflied,  where  ever  he 
found  them,  without  vanity  or  of- 
tentation.    As  a  hulband,  father, 
and  head  of  a  family,  his  heart  was 
naturally  too  good,  his  feelings  too 
ftrong,  and  his  fenfe  of  religion  too 
great,  to  be  in  any  refped  defi- 
cient. 

His  political  fentlments,  both 
civil  and  ecclefiaftical  were  thofe  of 
a  Whig,  firm,  independent,  manly, 
and  conftitutional.  He  was  jealous 
of  corruption  and  error,  and  ex- 
prclfed  his  unqualified  cenfure  of 
both,  with  equal  fpirit  and  abhor- 
rence. Popular  in  the  extreme  him- 
felf,  he  highly  difapproved  of  the 
conduct  of  thofe  mini  Hers,  who, 
when  forced  upon  a  congregation, 
neglecft  to  cultivate  the  acquaint- 
ance of  its  members  ;  and,  by  either 
preaching  not  evangelically,  or  a- 
bove  the  capacity  of  the  audience, 
fcatter  it  up  and  down,  among  the 


different  fe(n:aries.  His  particular 
fhare  in  the  government  of  the 
church,  was  accordingly  managed 
for  the  intereils  of  the  people. 

In  his  perfon,  Dr  Webfter  v/as 
tall,  of  a  thin  and  meagre  habit. 
The  feveral  features  of  his  face 
were  ftrongly  marked  ;  the  confor- 
mation of  the  whole,  indicated 
genius  and  independence.  The  dig- 
nity of  his  eye,  and  the  natural 
grandeur  of  his  look,  were  never 
employed  to  intimidate  the  poor  or 
the  humble.  He  v/as  affable  to  all, 
liberal  both  of  his  money  and  his 
intereft  ;  acceffible  to  the  voice  of 
diilrefs,  under  whatever  form.  To- 
wards the  end  of  his  life,  he  ftooped 
much,  under  the  prelTure  of  age. 
During  the  long  period  of  feventy- 
fix  years,  he  maintained  a  uniform 
reputation  as  a  man,  a  patriot,  and  a 
minifter;  and  the  effects  of  his  genius 
and  benevolence  will  record  his  me- 
mory in  the  breaft  of  the  v/idow  and 
the  orphan,  as  long,  ( to  ufe  the  a- 
nimated  language  of  his  funeral 
eulogium,)  as  an  univeifity  lhall 
flourilh,  or  the  veftige  of  a  church 
fiiall  be  feen  in  his  native  land. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


Sir, 

YOU  may  inform  CurFofus,  that 
the  epitaph  he  takes  notice  of,  in 
Maitland's  Hiftory  of  Edinburgh^ 
on  John  Nafmyth's  monument, 
1614,  in  the  Gray  Friar's  Church- 
yard, in  Edinburgh,  was  fir  ft  print- 
ed in  Monteith's  Theatre  of  Morta- 
tality,  by  the  heirs  of  Andrew  An- 
derfon  at  Edinburgh,  1704,  thus  : 

Aismihi,  vim  contra  forturae ;  tar- 
tara  contra, 
Eft  dat;i,  divino  munerc,  fi  ma 
fides. 

Grata  fait  regi  caslorum  haec,  ilia 
monarchae 
Supremo,  in  tcrris;  plura  ego  nec 
volui. 


Englished, 
'Gainft  fortune's  frown?,  my  art ; 

fiith  firm  and  furc, 
'Gainfl  ht-ll,  by  divine  gift,  did  me 

fccure- 

This  pleMfrd  God  ;  thU  c^rth^s  great 

Sovereij^:n  : 
Further  to  wifli,  I  jnd  red  w  rv  vain. 

The  reft  you  have  printed  in  the 
Scots  Magazine  for  February  1802, 
but  with  this  diirerence,  *  bedeived 
nvi'h  sistiT'tc irsj  not  fifter's  tears. 

I  AM  mclined  to  think,  that  your 
friend  is  in  a  miftake,  in  fuppofmg 
this  to  be  two  epitaphs  ;  this  is  the 
only  one  in  the  book  alluded  to 
upon  the  name  of  Nafmyth. 

Yours,  &c.         P.  W. 
Glasgow y  March  2^th  1802. 


•  86  A  Lay  ofPapish  Times.  Vol.  64. 


For  the  Scots  Magazijie. 


YULE. 


A  LAY  OF  PAPISH  TIMES* 


SEE  ye  whar  on  the  Cowal  Cairns  * 
Nature's  monk,  auld  winter,  fits? 
His  grufome  grow]  may  danton  bairns, 
Ami  tra(ifrs  dread  his  furly  fits. 
But  iho*  his  gown  be  mift  fac  gray, 
His  cowl  a  cloud,  his  belt  be  froft, 
Haillianes  the  heed?,  his  crofs  difplaic 
A  founder' J  velTel's  yard  and  mart, 

HeMl  cow  na*  us.  What !  fave's !  'tis  true  ! 
He  hirfles  down  the  height,  and  fte, 
Even  the  wide  Clyde  he's  wading  through  • 
The  white  waves  curl  aboo:i  his  knccf . 
But  bar  the  door  !  the  ingle  ftir  ! 
He  chaps  already  at  the  door, — 
The  cafement  jirgles  wi'  his  bir, 
**  Aye,  down  the  lum,  gruf  carle,  roar. 

Fu*  wcel  wc  ken,  your  prieftly  menfc 
"  Gin  ancf  within,  would  j^ife  a  rout, 
"  And  drive  the  glailm  pleafures  hence  ; — 
"  B'our  lady,  fir,  yeVe  beft  without." 
But  leuk,  our  glaffes  gaiz'ning  llan*, 
Like  gaping  cuifs,  w'hen  wifdom's  nigh; 
The  glcefu'  floup  hads  out  her  ban*  ; 
We  canna  weel  her  fuit  deny. 


♦  The  mountains  of  that  part  of  Argylc 
which-  front  the  weftern  promontories  of 
Renfrew  (hire. 

f  Perhaps  fome  degree  of  apology  is  ne» 
cefTary  for  the  extravagance  of  this  jjcjfoni- 
fication  ;  but  to  thofe  who  are  acquainted 
with  the  fuddcn  fhowery  blafts  (or  as  the 
feamen  call  it,  the  feud)  that  often  defccnd 
from  high  lands,  it  will  not  appear  altogc- 


WhrneVr  wi'  irie  thoughts  opprefl. 
And  fulky  forr(^w  glooms  our  mind, 
O*  mortal  friends  (judc  Drink's  the  beft^ 
O  try  him  :  heh  !  but  he  be  kind. 
He  wakes  the  flichttring  heart  to  joy, 
The  door  he  blaws  frae  aff  the  brain, 
Till  Hope  and  Fancy  fnfk  and  toy, 
And  a'  your  pulfes  dance  again. 

What  tho'  he  often  fliift  his  (hapc  ; — 

In  ttHy  lodevic*  fae  fuel. 

Douce  ale,  proud  fack,  or  gallant  grapc^ 

His  faithful  heart  continues  leil. 

When  fullen  fpirits,  dour  and  flow. 
Sough  o'er  the  foul  in  grim  array, 
A  red  fea,  deep  and  wide,  he'll  flow. 
That  Father  Glafs  the  cows  may  lay. 

But  maift  wi'  twa  three  cronies  met. 

His  winfome  temper  I  admire. 

While  in  a  eafy  corner  fct, 

Faft  bye  a  blithe  fhin-feafting  fire. 

Come,  then,  our  paukie  fiiend  embrace; 

The  year,  ye  ken,  brings  but  ae  Yule  ; 

Our  life  is  wearing  faft  apace  j  

Care  ! — hoot,  awa',  auld  doited  fule  ! 

G.  J.  G. 


ther  unintelligible.  In  local  poetry  men 
fhould  avail  themfelves  of  local  peculiari- 
ties. 

*  L'eau  du  vie — brandy,  firfl  introduc- 
ed by  the  French,  who  ufed  to  vifit  Scot- 
land during  the  alliance  of  the  courts  of 
Scotland  and  France. 

For 


nril  i8c2. 


287 


For  the  Scots  Magazine, 


THE  PED  AGOGUE.—No.  II. 


SEVEN  cities  difputc  the  ho- 
nour of  having  given  birth  to  Ho- 
mer ;  feven  hundred  that  of  having 
given  birth  to  St  Patrick.  Is 
there  a  commentator  who  takes  up 
the  one,  or  an  Irilh  Catholic, 
who  repeats  the  prayers  of  the 
other,  that  would  not  think  himfelf 
the  wifer,  or  the  better,  were  he 
pofitively  certain,  as  to  the  place  of 
nativity  of  the  poet,  or  the  faint  I 
There  are  two  rerfedions  which  oc- 
cur to  me  upon  this  fubjed,  in  re- 
gard to  myfeif.  In  the  tirft  place, 
were  I  to  let  the  world  into  the 
whole  fecret  of  my  birth,  paren- 
tage, education,  and  feveral  other 
points  of  a  fimilar,  and  no  lefs  im- 
portant nature  ;  as  by  that  means, 
there  would  be  no  room  left  for  the 
difquifitions  of  the  learned  ;  what 
volumes  of  notes,  commentaries, 
dilfertations  in  folio,  on  the  life  and 
writings  of  the  Pedagogue,  might 
be  loft  to  future  generations  ?  But 
on  the  other  hand,  were  I  to  keep 
them  entirely  in  the  dark,  upon  this 
head,  from  leaving  too  large  a  field 
for  ingenuity,  what  conlequences 
mi^ht  not  follow  to  myfeif?  I  have 
oblerved,  that  we  are  never  fo  fruit- 
ful in  conje(5tures,  as  when  we  have 
no  grounds  to  go  upon ;  for  the 
i  lame  reafon,  that  a  man,  who  tra- 
1  vels  in  an  unknown  road,  in  the. 
j  dead  of  night,  will  have  a  chance 
I  to  run  over  fifty  times  more  ground, 
than  he  who  travels  the  fame  road 
in  broad  day.  A  hundred  years 
hence,  fome  would  have  it,  that 
T  was  by  birth,  the  fon  of  a  gipfey, 


by  trade,  a  hawker,  and  a  beggar ; 
others,  that  I  was  of  a  noble  fami- 
ly, and  arrived  at  the  firll  dignities 
of  the  flate.  One  pretending  to 
have  difcovered  a  lifl  of  fome  of 
the  greatefl  noblemen,  and  mofl 
profligate  villains  of  this  age,  with 
the  figures  L.  3000,  L.  2000, 
L.  looQ,  L.  500,  and  the  like, 
placed  oppofice  to  their  names, 
would  gi'/e  it  out,  that  he  had 
difcovered  one  of  the  great  penfion 
lifts  of  the  1 8th  century;  tliat  he 
had  found  my  name  among  the 
reft ;  and  that  I  had  received  from 
a  minifter,  a  penfion  of  L.  500  a 
year,  as  a  reward,  for  fapporting 
him  with  nonfenfe  and  lies.  Ano- 
ther, by  arguments  no  lefs  folid 
and  convincing,  would  put  it  be- 
yond a  doubi:,  that  I  took  a  bribe 
from  a  French  conful,  for  being  a 
blockhead  and  a  liar  of  another 
defcription.  This  man  proves  me 
to  have  been  a  cripple,  the  nexr. 
that  I  was  blind  from  my  infancy 
and  laft  of  all  comes  he,  who  be- 
caufe  it  does  not  appear  from  my 
writings,  which  ought  to  be.  the 
pidiures  of  the  times  ;  that  the  peo- 
ple of  Scotland  were  the  moft  rude> 
the  moft:  illiterate,  and  the  moil: 
barbarous  people  that  ever  exifted  ; 
very  gravely  demonftrates  by  argu- 
ments drawn  a  prioriy  et  a  posteriorly 
ex  concCiSUy  et  ex  non  concessis,  ex  tcrris 
Helveticisy  et  Hibernicisy  that  I  did 
not  exift  at  the  time  I  am  now 
writing ;  if  1  did  exift,  that  I  am 
not  the  author  of  the  following 
fheets ;  tliat  tliey  are  tli2  produc 

tioa 


The  Tedagogue. 


Vol. 


tion  of  a  man  then  living,  or  juft 
dead,  who  affumcd  my  venerable 
name,  in  order  to  farwftion  his  ov/n 
fpurious  bombaft  with  the  flamp  of 
antiquity,  of  confequence,  as  the 
merit  of  a  compofition  muft  depend 
upon  the  period  in  which  it  is  writ- 
4:en,  that  they  are  dcHiLute  of  all 
merit  whatever,  and  that  I,  tliough 
admired  by  all  the  men  of  genius 
and  literature  then  alive,  am  the 
moft  Icupid,  paltry,  infulferable 
fcribbler,  that  ever  difgraced  or 
perrerCcd  the  tafte  of  a  nation. 

Now  it  were  eafy  for  me  to  give 
a  full  account  of  myfelf,  and  by  re- 
ferring for  the  truth  of  it,  as  I  could 
eafily  do,  to  fuch  authorities,  as  no 
man  in  his  fenfes  would  difpute, 
at  one  bjow,  to  crufh  all  thefe  dif- 
ferent fyflems  m  embryo.  But  as 
I  am  a  lover  of  fcience,  in  what- 
ever fhape  fhe  appear,  whether  as 
a  pamphlet  or  a  folio,  a  dwarf  or 
a  giantefs,  I  would  rather  promote 
than  deftroy  themx.  Far  be  it  from 
me,  to  wifh  to  difcourage,  much 
lefs  to  extinguifli  that  noble  fpirit 
of  enquiry,  which  leads  the  man  of 
genius,  when  occafion,  or  a  parti- 
cular fyftem  requires,  to  doubt  the 
exilknce  of  God  or  man ;  but 
when  from  falfe  premilTes,  he  draws 
the  conclufion,  that  I  am  but  a 
blockhead  ;  a  conclufion,  which,  if 
the  promifes  were  true,  would  follow 
as  naturally,  as  a  lie  from  a  lawyer. 
I  muft  be  excufed,  if  1  endeavour 
to  ftrike  at  the  root  of  his  argu- 
ment, by  demnnftrating  the  falfe- 
hood  of  thefe  premiifes,  as  well  as 
my  own  adual  exigence  at  this  mo- 
ment. For  this  purpofe,  I  propofe 
to  give  a  fhort  Iketch  of  my  own 
life,  in  which,  from  the  motive  hint- 
ed at  above,  namely,  a  regard  for 
pofterity,  I  will  be  as  dark,  as  a  re« 
gard-  for  my  prefent  exiftence  and 
future  fame  will  permit.  If  any 
man  (hall  have  the  audacity  to  call 
it  in  queftion,  I  fhall  only  refer  him 
to  the  Empercr  of  China's  library 


i 

rkf 


at  Pekin,  where  he  will  find  it  co 
firmed  in  every  particular,  by 
accouHt  of  me,   and  my  wor 
drawn  up  at  the  exprefs  defire  c4 
his  Chinefe  Majefty,  by  his 
biographer,  and  prefixed  to  a  tranf 
lation  into  th-e  Chinefe  language  o 
a  Treatife  of  Suarez,  *  de  iilastrafido 
ohscurum  per  obscurius, 

I  v/As  born  in  the  year  1740,  in 
a  country  parjih  in  the  north  of 
Scotland.  My  f  ither  was  Ichool- 
ma/ler  of  the  parirti,  and  if  I  except 
myfeif,  the  moil  hained  man  l  ever 
knew.  He  was  much  given  to  con' 
troverfy,  and  being  at  heart,  a 
ftaunch  tory  in  his  principles,  as 
well  political,  as  religious,  was  fnf- 
peded  by  fome,  to  be  at  bottom 
a  papift.  He  might  have  been 
with  as  much  jultice,  fufpedled  of 
atheifm.  My  mother,  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  apothecary  of  the 
fame  pariih,  was  a  woman  of  un- 
common fenfe ;  and  in  every  quel- 
tion  relating  to  the  fmall  pox,  or 
a  broken  Ihin,  the  oracle  of  the 
neighbourhood.  For  two  things 
flie  was  remarkable.  Firft,  fhe  was 
never  known  to  fpeak  an  ill  word 
of  her  neighbour,  and  2dly,  Ihe 
practifed  midwifery,  as  did  the  mo- 
ther of  Socrates.  I  fhall  pafs  over 
a  great  many  furprifmg  occurren- 
ces, which,  as  they  always  wait 
upon  great  men  at  their  birth  ; 
could  not  be  a  wanting  at  mine  ; 
and  lhali  mention  only  one.  On 
my  forehead,  which,  as  in  other  men 
was  the  firll:  part  of  me  that  entere 
the  world,  there  was  written  in  larg 
legible  characters,  the  word  garrtt 
The  midwife  liarted ;  my  fathe 
was  alarmed,  and  rejoiced ;  m 
mother  heard   with  ailonilhment 


.^4 
1 


*  Of  this  Tre-^tife,  the  Pcdagogu 
fublifhed  an  eduian  with  a  Commc 
tary,  and  large  Appendix  of  his  own 
which  he  dedicated  to  the  Facuhy 
Advocates  iri  this  city. 


j April  i8c2. 


The  Pedagogue. 


4>iit  underftood  nothing.  In  other 
relpeds,  fne  was  uncommonly  pe- 
''^netrating,  but  had  never  been  at 
London.  I  knew  very  well  the  of- 
ficious midwife  afterwards  gave  it 
out,  that  it  was  the  word  a/Zc/wj-, 
which  was  written  upon  my  front. 
But  this  report  was  never  generally 
credited  ;  Ihe  only,  by  that  means, 
ruined  her  own  bufinefs,  by  difo- 
bliglng  my  grand -father  the  apo- 
thecary, and  gratified  the  malice  of, 
one  woman,  the  procurator's  wife. 

Does  that  man  exiil,  who  will 
now  maintain,  that  in  the  charader 
I  gave  of  myfelf  in  my  firfl  paper, 
f  have  in  the  leail  over-rated  my 
abilities,  when  he  hears  the  manner 
in  which  I  was  announced  10  the 
world,  as  the  king  of  that  race  of 
mankind,  who  monopolize  among 
them  all  the  fenfe  in  the  kingdom. 
Who  but  a  garreteer  can  prove  one 
thing  to-day,  and  difprove  it  to- 
morrow ?  can  this  moment  make 
it  plain  to  the  nation,  that  the  mi- 
niiler  has  brought  them  to  the  very 
brink  of  deftrudion,  and  the  next, 
that  he  has  conduced  them  to  the 
higheft  point  of  profperity.  Who 
can  lay  claim  to  three  ounces  of 
pure  braiL,  if  he  has  not  fablimated 
and  refined  awa)^  the  more  grofs 
particles  of  his  underftanding,  by 
living  as  many  years  in  a  garret  ? 
Who  then  can  term  it  vanity  in 
a  man  fo  iingularly  marked  out,  as 
the  prince  of  this  people,  upon  his 
liril  appearance,  if  he  has  only 
tfvlcd  himlelf  the  firft  genius  that 
ever  appeared. 

Besides,  I  have  glanced  over 
fifty  thoutand  prefaces  of  my  fulj- 
iccis  the  garreteers,  and  have  not 
found  one  fmgle  introdudion  among 
them  fo  modefl:  as  my  own.  i  re- 
turn to  my  ftory. 

None  but  my  mother  was  ever 
allowed  to  uncovpr  my  forehead, 
nor  lo  iiiuch  as  to  comb  my  hair; 
which  being  remarkably  thick  and 
bufhy,  completely  ihaded  my  brow. 
By  this  means,  though  t-he  midwife 
'   Vol.  LXIV. 


to  ingratiate  herfclf  with  my  grand- 
father, contradicted  her  firft  report 
and  circulated  the  true  one,  the 
whole  ftory  wore  av/ay  by  degrees. 
As  I  grew  up,  my  father  v/as  at 
great  pains  to  have  the  hair  of  my 
head  combed  down  upon  my  front, 
fo  as  to  conceal  the  myfterious 
term  from  the  eye  of  the  vulgar. 
For  he  did  not  wiili  to  divulge  the 
fecret  to  the  world,  until  fuch  time 
as  he  Ihould  have  ftocked  me  v/ith 
every  kind  of  knov.dedge  ;  when  he 
doubted  not,  that  with  the  genius  he 
forefaw  I  would  poilefs,  and  the  in- 
troduclion  wich  which  I  could  uiher 
myfelf  upon  the  public,  I  would  at 
once  bear  down  all  that  oppofition 
wiiich  malice  and  envy  generally 
create  to  the  Hril  ciforts  of  rinng 
merit. 

Sensible,  that  the  fureft  way  of 
making  another  keep  a  fecret,  is  to 
interelt  him  in  it ;  he  had  revealed 
the  meaning  of  the  prophecy,  (I  can 
call  it  by  no  other  name,)  to  my 
mother,  not  many  hoursy  (or  fay 
months after  1  was  born,  and  left 
it,  to  herfelf  to  make  it  public  or 
not,  as  fhe  thould  think  proper. 

My  mother  was  no  fool,  and 
yet  Vv'ould  have  been  well  pleafed, 
had  my  father  been  lefs  among  his 
books  "than  he  v/as.  But  fhe  trem- 
bled at  the  idea  of  a  fon,  ftill  more 
bookifh  than  the  father.  Her  mind, 
anxious  for  the  fate  of  her  firft  born, 
and  once  fet  upon  the  pioper  tra(rt, 
purfued  me  from  the  garret  to  the 
jail,  and  from  the  yail  to  the  pil- 
lory;  fometimes  reprefented  me 
without  a  mouthful  of  bread,  at 
other  times  without  my  ears ;  in 
a  word,  forefaw  a  thouland  terrible 
coniequences,  all  which  efcaped  the 
attention  of  my  father,  who  condder- 
ed  nothing  but  the  figure  I  was  one 
day  to  make  in  the  literary  world* 
I  leave  you  to  judge,  whether  Hie 
kept  the  fecret.  She  dreaded  the 
deiliny  which  Ihe  thought  awaited 
me,  and  was  determined  to  attempt 
every  thing,  in  order,  if  pciUble,  to 
Q^q  aver 


290 

a/ert  it.  The  progrefs  which  I  was 
every  day  making  in  my  ftudies,  to 
the  aftonifhmcnt  of  all  who  knew 
me,  only  redoubled  her  anxiety ; 
and,  in  place  of  beholding  me  with 
that  rapture  which  tranfported  my 
father  upon  fuch  occafions,  ihe 
mourned  over  my  triumphs  in  fe  - 
rret filence.  At  length,  when  I  was 
entering  my  feventh  year,  I  pub- 
lilhed  the  Treatlfe,  with  the  Com- 
mentary and  Appendix  of  my  own, 
which  I  formerly  mentioned,  and 
which  I  have  fmce  learned  have 
been  tranflated  into  all  the  langua- 
ges of  the  globe.  Nothing  could 
equal  the  joy  of  my  father,  but  the 
defpondency  which  overwhelmed 
my  mother.  It  gave  the  finilhing 
ftroke  to* her  misfortunes,  and  threw 
her,  for  fome  time,  into  a  lethargic 
flupor,  from  which  fhe  was  only 
awakened  by  a  refolution  to  make, 


Vol.  64. 

ere  it  was  too  late,  one  bold  at- 
tempt to  fave  me  from  what  fhe 
conceived  would  prove  my  ruin. 
For  this  purpofe,  flie  determined  to 
lay  open  to  my  father  the  fecret 
anguifh  of  her  mind,  and  to  expo- 
ftulate  with  him  on  the  confequen- 
ces  which  fhe  thought  would  una- 
voidably enfue,  from  my  being  en- 
couraged in  following  purfuits  of 
that  nature.  She  was  a  prudent 
woman,  and  as  the  poet  fays,  very 
wifely 

Prized  folid  pudding  above  empty 
praife. 

And  accordingly,  fhe  took  an  early 
opportunity  of  breaking  the  matter 
to  my  father,  in  the  manner  that 
may  be  feen  in  the  next,  or  fome 
following  number. 

Pedagogus. 


On  the  Poems  of  Ossian. 


An  examination  of  the  ARGUMENTS  against  the 
AUTHENTICITY  of  OSSIAN'S  POEMS, 

founded  on  the  MANNEilS  OF  THE  CALEDONIAN  CELTS. 


Concluded  from  Page  23^. 


IN  the  lift  of  thofe  few  hiftorians, 
on  whofe  teftimony  we  can  rely, 
and  in  whofe  judgement  we  are  in 
a  manner  conftrained  to  confide, 
"wt  muft  particularly  mention  Ta- 
citus. We  do  this,  not  from  the 
high  opinion  we  entcrtam  of  his  in- 
comparable talents -as  a  writer  and 
a  philofopher  ;  but  from  a  convic- 
tion, that  what  he  has  defcribed  fo 
accurately,  he  muft  have  feen ;  and 
what  he  has  difculleti  fo  fully,  he 
jnuft  have  inveftigated.  Tacitus, 
unlike  ordinary  hiftorians,  contents 
not  himfelf  with  fimple  narrations 
p{  events— the  dcfcription  of  battles^, 


and  the  fubjugation  of  ftates :  his 
views  are  in  a  particular  manner 
direded  to  a  th'  rough  inveftigation 
of  the  laws,  and  inftitutions,  cuf- 
toms,  character,  and  appearances 
of  thofe  who  oppofed,  or  who  were 
fubdued  by  the  Roman  power  in 
Germany.  This  he  accompliftied, 
not  from  vague  and  circulating  re- 
port, or  from  idle  theories,  founded 
on  fpeculative  reafonings  in  the 
clofet ;  but  by  a  patient  examina- 
tion of  fa(51s,  previous  to  narration  ; 
by  an  intimate  acquaintance  with 
every  thing  relative  to  chara<5^er  ; 
from  a  long  refidence  among  thofe 
^  whom 


April  i8o2. 


On  the  Poems  ofOssian. 


291 


whom  he  defciibes  ;  and  by  accu- 
rate obfervation,  comparifon,  and 
^appreciation  of  their  virtues,  vices, 
and  habitudes.  It  is  to  this  admi- 
rable writer  we  mull  therefore  look 
up  for  an  undifguifed  pidure  of 
manners  at  a  very  diftant  period  ; 
and  during  a  ftate  of  fociety  which 
he,  and  all  the  other  Roman  hido- 
rians  accounted  barbarous.  We 
mean  not  to  argue  the  origin  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Britain  and  Ireland 
from  this  ftock,  nor  fliall  we  even 
advance  an  opinion  that  their 
manners  and  cutloms  muft  have 
originally  been  the  fame.  We  fnall 
only  compare  the  Germans  before 
thty  left  their  <woods^  with  the  Cale- 
donians in  a  fimilar  ftate  of  fociety 
during  the  fame  aera ;  and  if  we 
are  enabled  to  trace  a  coincidence 
of  charader,  and  a  conformity  of 
manners  between  the  two  people, 
we  certainly  may  at  leaft  be  allow- 
ed to  draw  this  natural  conclufion, 
that  if  the  one  poffeffed  virtues  to 
entitle  them  to  praife,  the  other  can 
hardly  be  accounted  favage  or  vi- 
cious. 

In  defcribing  the  diiFerent  tribes 
that  compofed  the  vaft  Germanic 
empire,  previous  to  their  leaving 
their  w^oods ;  Tacitus  is  ftudious  to 
prefent  not  only  a  general  pidlure  of 
their  laws  and  form  of  government, 
but  to  analyfe  and  mark  every  impor- 
tant circumftance  that  dift inguiflied 
each  clafb  or  tribe  individually.  By 
this  means,  we  are  enabled  to  dis- 
cover laws  and  inftitutions  very  dif- 
ferent from  what  we  fhould  exped 
among  men  in  a  ftate  of  complete 
barbarifm.  In  feme  of  thefe  we 
difcover  jurifprudence  and  polity 
that  would  not  difgrace  the  moft 
civilized  nations,  "  The  office  of 
a  magiftrate,"  to  ufe  the  words  of 
a  late  ingenious  and  profound 
writer  ;  *  was  known  and  relpeded 
among  thefe  nations.  The  prince  or 
chieftain  of  a  diftrid,  wuth  a  body 

*  Df  Gilbert  Stuart's  View  of  So- 
ciety, 


of  his  retainers  ot  followers,  confti- 
tuted  a  court,  which  heard  accufa- 
tionsj  and  determined  concerning 
crimes.  Traitors  and  deferters  were 
hanged  on  trees.  Cowardice,  and 
the  crime  againft  nature,  were  con- 
lidered  as  of  equal  atrocity.  Cor- 
poral punilhment,  and  compenfa- 
tions  in  corn  and  cattle,  were  the 
atonements  of  leffer  delinquen- 
cies, f  Noble  birth,  but  more  fre- 
quently the  pofjcftion  of  fuperior 
qualities,  entitled  to  the  office  and 
jurifdiction  of  a  chief :  and  the  ge- 
neral of  an  army  was  to  command, 
lefs  by  authority,  than  from  ex- 
ample— He  drew  refpedl  and  obfer- 
vation by  his  ability,  his  addrefs^ 
and  the  fplendour  of  his  exploits. ;}: 
Even  the  hopes  and  ambition  of  the 
fimple  warrior  were  made  to  depend 
on  his  perfonal  honour  and  cou- 
rage. Every  perfon  who  w^as  free> 
confidered  hiififelf  in  the  light  of  a 
legiftator.  The  people  prelcribed 
the  regulations  they  were  to  obey. 
Stated  and  regular  terms  were  ap- 
pointed for  the  convention  of  publia 
council;  and  a  freedom  of  fpeech,en« 
tire  and  unlimited,  was  permittedo 
His  age,  his  eloquence,  his  rank,  and 
the  honours  he  had  acquired  in  v/ar> 
were  the  qualities  which  procured 
attention  to  the  fpeaker  ;  and  the. 
people  were  influenced  by  perfua- 
fion,  not  by  authority.  ||  Of  the 
women,  the  w^arrior  and  the  citizen 
confidered  hlmfelf  as  the  friend  and 
prote6lor  ;  and  their  weaknefs  only 
ierved  to  render  the  atLachment 
more  lafting  and  tender.  Even  the 
Have  was  expofed  to  110  ftudied  in- 
fult  or  opprefiion.  *    The  allembly 


f  Tacit,  de  Mor.  Germ.  c.  iz.  Clu- 
ver.  Germ.  Antiq.  hb.  i. 

\  Duces  exempio  potlus  quam  im- 
perio,  fi  pronipti,  fi  conlpicui,  li  arte 
aciem  aguat  admiratione  prajiunt.  I'a- 
cit.  c.  vii, 

|j  Tacit,  c.  7.  1 1. 

*  **  Verberare  iervum,  ac  vinculis  et 
opere  coercerc,  raium."    Tacit,  c.  25. 
«'  Quu'Ji  ex  capiivis  qusereret  Caviar, 
Qjl  2  which 


2C)2 


On  the  Poems  cf  Ossian. 


Vol.  64. 


winch  adjufted  alliances  and  trea- 
ties, managed  alfo  the  objeds  of  in- 
ternal concern.  It  extended  its  ju- 
rifdi<$tion  over  the  women,  as  well 
as  over  the  other  parts  of  the  com- 
munity, and  afcertaincd  the  cere- 
monial of  m^^rrhTre.  Tlie  fidelity  of 
the  married  women,  and  the  con 
flancy  and  tendfrntfs  of  their  at- 
tachment, expreis  alfo  their  etjuality 
with  the  men,  and  their  impor- 
tance. A  ftrid  obfcrvance  of  the 
marriage  bed  was  required  of  them. 
The  crime  of  adultery  was  rare  ; 
:^nd,  in  the  feverity  of  its  punilh- 
ment,  the  refpec^  is  to  be  traced, 
which  was  paid  to  modefty.  It 
was  immediate,  and  inflicfted  by  the 
hufband.  f  Of  the  young  women, 
the  moft  powerful  recommendation 
was  the  refer  re  and  coynefs  of  their 
demeanour  :  a  violation  of  modefty 
was  never  pardoned.  Neither  youth, 
*\or  beauty  could  procure  a  huf* 
hand.  Vice  was  not  here  fported 
with  ;  and  to  corrupt  and  to  be  cor- 
rupted were  not  termed  the  fafliion 
of  the  times.  % 

These  inftitutions  alone  are  fuf- 
ikient  proofs,  that  the  people  by 
whom  they  were  adopted,  could 
not  have  been  either  favage  or  bar- 
barous ;  but  when  we  take  a  review 
of  their  manners,  morals  and  eleva- 
ted fentiments,  and  compare  them 
"with  modern  times,  v/e  are  almoft 
tempted  to  pronounce  them  refined. 
**  The  German'^  fays  the  fame  au- 


^uamobrem  Arioviuus  proelio  non  de- 
ccrtciret  ?  banc  reperiebat  caufam  ;  quod 
apud  Germancs,  ea  confuetudo  elier,. 
lit  maties  faniilias  earam  foitibus  ct 
vaticinationibus  deglararent,utrum  pr  oe- 
iium  committi  cx  ufu  efict,  r.eciK;  :  eas 
ita  dicere:iVc«  ejfefas  Gemian-ys  fuperai  e ^ 
JianZe  nouani  Lunam  prcclio  cojitendijfenty 
Cefar  de  Bell.  i;b.  i.  c.  I. 

t  Accifis  crinibus,  nudatam,  coram 
propinqais,  cxpellit  domo  maritas,  ac 
per  omDem  vicum  verbeie  agit.  Tacit, 
c,  18.  19. 

i  Tacit.  Q.  xp. 


thor,  whom  we  liavc  already 
quoted,  "  being  unacquainted  with 
particular  profeflions,  and  mer- 
cenary purfuits,  was  animated  with 
high  fentiments  and  greatnefs. 
He  was  guided  by  afTei^lion  and  ap* 
petite,  and  tliough  fierce  in  the 
field,  and  terrible  to  an  enemy,  was 
ofwle  in  his  {for^rffic  capacity ^  and 
found  a  pleafure  in  afc  of  benefi- 
cence, magnanimity,  and  friend- 
Ihip."  The  afFe6tion  with  which 
they  embraced  their  friends,  was  ar- 
dent and  generous.  *  In  hofpita- 
lity  they  indulged  in  the  mod  un- 
bounded freedom  ;  on  thefe  occa- 
fions,  giving  way  to  the  movements 
of  the  heart,  they  delighted  in 
prefents,  but  they  neither  thought 
themfelyes  entitled  to  a  return  for 
what  they  gave,  nor  laid  under  an 
obligation  by  what  they  received. 
They  yielded  to  the  impulfe  of  paf- 
iion,  and  the  pleafure  they  felt,  wa^ 
their  recompence.  Their  gifts  were 
directed  to  no  view  of  an  immediate 
or  dillant  advantage  ;  their  genero- 
fity  was  no  traffic  of  interelt,  and 
proceeded  from  no  motive  of  de- 
fign.  f  The  women  and  the  infirm 
difcharged  the  office  of  the  houfe. 
The  warrior  did  not  fubmit  to  any 
domefiic  occupation;  his  admiration 
offortitude,  and  his  contemptofdrud- 
gery,  v.  ere  at  the  fame  time  calcu- 
lated to  produce  a  flat elinefs  in  his  be- 
haviour. He  was  not  to  lofe  his  vir- 
tues, or  to  weaken  the  vigour  of  hi? 
mind,  in  the  pradice  of  mechanic 
or  unworthy  purfuits.  When  he 
walked,  he  was  confcious  of  impor- 
tance ;  he  ca'fl  his  eyes  to  the 
ground,  and  looked  not  around  him 
for  the  objc6l  of  a  vain  and  frivo- 
lous curiofity.*'*  The  Chauci  were 
an  improved  and  an  illuftrious  na- 


*  Tacit,  de  Mor.  c.  15,  a i.  24.  Stra- 
vii  Corpus  Hilt  Germ, 
f  Tacit,  c.  21. 

*Tacit.  c.  13.  Struvii  Corpus  Hiil, 
Germ.  Cluver,  lib»  i. 


April  1802. 


On  the  Poems  of  Ossian. 


tlor.  They  were  lovers  of  peace 
*nd  quiet,  and  contemners  of  avarice 
and  ambition.  They  provoked  no 
wars  engaged  in  no  incurfions  or 
robberies,  and  what  may  be  confi- 
dered  as  a  certain  proof  of  their 
power  and  valour,  preferved  their 
luperiority,  without  having  recourfe 
to  injuries  and  oppreffions." 

But  the  circumftance,  the  moft 
valuable  and  the  moft  remarkable, 
in  the  cuftoms  and  manners  of  thefe 
nations,  is  the  general  attention 
paid  to  the  women,  and  the  con- 
comitant propriety,  chaftity  and  de- 
licacy of  their  behaviour.  The 
manners  of  the  German  women, 
and  their  confequence  in  public,  as 
well  as  in  private  affairs,  is  altoge- 
ther extraordinary  "  They  felt, 
as  well  as  the  noble  and  the  war- 
rior, the  cares  of  the  community. 
They  watched  over  its  intereft,  con- 
fidered  its  connedion  with  other 
ftates,  and  thought  of  improving  its 
policy,  and  extending  its  dominions. 
They  went  to  the  public  councils  or 
alfemblies  of  their  nations,  heard  the 
debates  of  the  ftatefmen,  and  were 
called  on  to  deliver  their  fentiments. 
And,  w^hat  is  worthy  of  particular 
notice,  this  confequence  in  adive 
fcenes  they  tranimitted  to  their  pof- 
terityf.''      The  ftate  of  fociety, 


f  Nec  aut  confilia  eaium  afpernan- 
tur,  aut  refponfa  negiigunt.  Tacit,  c.  8. 
lo  deliberate  on  public  or  national 
concerns,  was  a  privilege  common  to 
the  wonien,  in  all  the  Gothic  and  Cel- 
tic tnhts.  Piutarch,  de  Vutut.  Mulier. 
Polyaenus  in  Stratagem. lib,  7-  This  ad- 
vantjge  they  enjoyed  alio  in  old  times, 
in  Greece.  Goguet.  Part  ii.  Book  i. 
ch.  iv.  And,  at  this  hour,  in  Anicrica, 
they  are  called  to  the  national  meet- 
ings, to  give  their  advice  and  counfel. 
Charlevoix  Joarn.  His.  lib.  13.  iS. 
•*  Lcs  fenrimes,"  fays  Lahtau,  **  font 
toujours  les  premieres  qui  deliberent, 
t>u  qui  doivent  deliberer,  felon  leur 
principes,  fur  les  affairs  paiticulieres  on 
con\munes.  Elle  ticnnent  leur  conieil 
apart,  et  en  confequence  de  leur  deli- 


Dr  Stuart  juflly  obfcrves,  which 
precedes  the  knowledge  of  an  ex- 
tenfive  property,  and  the  meanneffes 
which  flow  from  refinement  and 
commerce,  is  in  a  high  degree  fa- 
vourable to  women.  Among  the  Ger- 
mans, while  courage  and  ftrength 
and  feats  of  prowefs  gave  glory  to 
the  men,  the  women  were  judged  of 
by  a  different  flandird.  They 
were  ftudious  to  recommend  them- 
felves  by  the  performance  of  do- 
meffic  duties.  They  attended  to 
the  cares  of  the  family  and  the 
houfe ;  and  the  mother  found  a 
long  and  ferious  occupation  in  the 
rearing  of  her  children,  who  were 
not  allowed  to  approach  the  father, 
in  public,  till  a  certain  age.  ^  To 
her  daughters  fhe  endeavoured  to 
give  the  accomplifhments,  which 
might  win  to  them  the  chiefs  who 
were  moft  celebrated  and  powerful. 
To  her  fons  fhe  recited  the  exploits  of 
tfj^rr  ancestorsy  and  formed  them  to 
valour.  The  mother  fuckled  her 
own  children  ;  and,  in  difcharging 
this  tafk,  anticipated  the  greatnefs 
and  the  felicity  Ihe  was  to  acquire 
and  experience,  from  their  virtues^ 
and  in  their  gratitude.  \  To  at- 
tend to  the  quality  of  plants,  and 
to  the  curing  of  wounds,  was  ano- 
ther branch  of  their  occupation ; 
and,  in  times  of  war  and  depreda- 
tion, it  is  difficult  to  conceiv6  a 
circumftance  which  could  recom- 


beration,  elles  donnent  avis  aax  chefs 
de  matieres  qui  font  far  le  tapis,  afin 
qu'ils  en  deliberent  a  leur  tour.  Les 
chefs  far  ces  avis,  font  a{r:;mbler  les 
anciens  de  leur  tribus  ;  et  li  la  choie 
dont  on  doit  traiter  iuterelTe  ie  bien 
comnmne,  tous  fe  reuniffcnt  dans  le 
confeil  geiierale  de  la  nation,"  Tome  i. 

p.  477- 

*  L'acit.  c.  iS.  19. 

f  Tacit. c.  ZD,  rheRoman  virtue  was 
at  an  end,  fays  the  author  of  the  Dia- 
logue concerning  Orators,  when  the 
women  gave  their  children  to  be  fuck- 
led, and  educated  by  Greek  r.urfes  and 
flaves.  cap,  2^. 

mend 


On  the  Poems  of  Ossian. 


Vol.  64. 


jnend  them  tnore.  |  Nor  were 
they  mattentivc  to  adorn  their  per- 
fons.  The  linen  which  made  the 
principal  article  of  their  drefs,  was 
of  their  own  manufa<5turo,  and  they 
bad  a  pride  in  intermixing  it  with 
purple ;  %  they  went  frequently 
into  the  bath  ;  their  hair  flowed  in 
ringlets  ;  a  part  of  their  charrns  was 
indullrioufiy  difphiyed  ;  and,  in  evi- 
dence of  their  beauty,  there  may  be 
brought  the  ttfwniony  of  the  hillo- 
lian,  and  the  fong  of  the  poet.  || 
In  the  more  ferious  and  iniportant 
Avar.s  in  which  their  nation  engaged, 
the  chiefs  and  warriors  fecni  con- 
ftantly  to  have  carried  their  wives 
and  female  relations  along  with 
them.  Thefe  objects  of  their  atfedion 
they  plucid  i\t  a  small  ciist  ihc.  frnm  the 
fic/d  vf  La(tl:'\^xiii  the  moll  terrible  ca- 
lamity which  could  bcfal  them  uas 
their  captivity.  By  tlieir  importunity 
and  wailing,  it  is  recorded,  that  ar- 
mies, in  the  moment  of  fubmiffion, 
have  been  recovered,  and  the  iiipu- 
lations  of  ftates  were  never  fo  cer- 
tainly fecured,  as  when  fonae  virgins 
of  rank  were  delivered  among  the 
hofiages.  *    In  the  blood  of  their 


t  Ad  matres.  ad  conjugcs,  vulnera 
ferunt ;  Ntc  iliie  numeiare,  aut  exla- 
gere  piagss  pavcnt."  Tacit  c.  7.  Clu- 
ver,  lib.  1. 

X  Cadurci,  Caleli,  Ruteni,  Biruiiges 
ultimique  hominum  cxiiijmati  IMoriiii, 
imo  <vero  Galii<.v  timnjerji  veia  texuiit. 
Jam  quidem  et  Transrherjani  hoftes ; 
Ktc  puichriorem  aliam  veitem  eoraai 
femince  novere."  Plin.  Kiit.  Nat.  lib. 
J5>.  CI. 

II  Tacit,  c.  22,  Mart.  Epig.  lib.  i, 
Diodoras  Siculus,  lib.  5.  record  the 
conielinefs  both  of  the  Gallic  and  Ger- 
man women. 

*  Tacit.  Hid.  lib.  4.  Id.  dc  Mor. 
Ger.  c.  7.  8.  6ee  alfo  Cefar  de  Eeil.  lib. 
Gal.  I.  c.  51.  Suetonius,  fpeaking-  of 
the  tranfadions  of  Augu(ius  againlt 
the  barbarians,  has  thefe  remarkable 
•y^'ords.  '*  A  quibufdam  novum  genus 
obiidum    feminaf    exigeie  tentavit  j 


women  it  was  conceived,  that  there 
was  a  charm  and  a  virtue ;  and 
hence  it  proceeded,  that  to  their 
uncles  by  the  mothtry  and  to  their 
fathers,  children  were  the  objeds 
of  an  equal  alTedion  and  tender- 
ncfs.  f 

Such  in  general,  fays  the  fame 
writer,  was  the  condition  of  women 
among  our  ancellors ;  iL^hiie  th>  y 
n.vert  ydt  in  their  woods,  and  fuch, 
continues  h:,  1  fhould  think,  is  in 
a  great  meafare  their  ftate  in  every 
country  in  the  globe,  in  an  age  of 
fociety  and  manners,  which  knov/ 
not  the  cares,  the  occupations,  and 
the  diilindtions  of  property. 

We  have  quoted  thefe  authorities*' 
as  being  more  dire^flly  in  point,  to 
prove  a  limilarity  in  manners  be- 
tween the  Germanic  tribes  and  the 
ancient  Celts,  during  svnilar  ara^  and 
sHvatLons.  But  in  addition  to  thefe, 
it  were  eafy  to  adduce  numberlefs 
tedimonies,  that  the  antiquity  of 
nations  is  no  data  on  which  to 
found  a  confequent  barbarity  of 
manners,  or  that  in  the  fimple 
and  unpolilhed  (late  of  early  fo- 
ciety many  prominent  and  amiable 
virtues  may  not  appear.  If  there- 
fore, we  may  be  allowed  to 
draw  any  conclufions  from  what 
has  thus  been  adduced,  to  fhew 
that  not  only  laws,  inftitutions,  and 
manners,  but  that  fentiments  and 
paffions  which  would  not  difgrace 
a  polifhed  people,  have  a^fluaily  ex- 
ifted  in  the  eaiher  ftages  of  fociety  ; 
by  v/hat  arguments,  may  we  not 
alk,  can  it  be  proved,  or  on  what  da- 
ta is  it  fo  pertinacioufly  denied,  that 


quod  ne^Jigere  mariuvi  pignora  fentie- 
bat."    Vit.  Aug.  c.  21. 

f  Tacit,  de  Mor.  Ger,  c.  20.  Hence  it 
is,  fays  Montefquieu,  that  our  earliclt 
hiftorians  fpeak  m  fuch  flrong  terms 
of  the  iove  of  the  kings  of  the  Franks 
for  the  children  of  thtirfijieri,  L'elpnt 
des  Loix.  I'b.  i^.  c.  i2. 

none 


April  1802 


Adventures  of  a  Wig. 


-95 


none  fuch  could  have pofsihly  exHled 
during  the  Offianic  xra  ?  What  the 
extraordinary  peculiarities  in  the 
nature  of  the  haplefs  Caledonian 
Celts  are,  which  ftiould  thua  exclu- 
fively  debar  them  from  the  ufual 
privileges  of  humanity,  we  have  yet 
to  learn.  We  can  only  fay,  that 
hitherto  we  have  feen  nothing  to 
induce  us  to  draw  any  fuch  inferen- 


ces, as  have  been  cxnltingly 
brought  forward  againft  them;  noV 
have  we  yet  met  with  any  v/ell 
eftablifhed  fad,  or  any  argument, 
founded  on  juft  philofophical  prin- 
ciples, that  proves  the  impoffibility 
of  any  fuch  poems,  as  are  afcribed 
to  OtHan,  being  the  produdions  of 
that  asra. 


ADVENTURES  OF  A 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


IT  is  the  fond  wifli  of  all  thofe, 
who  have  made  any  figure  in  the 
world,  that  their  names  be  tranfmit- 
ted  down  to  future  ages.  We  cannot 
endure  the  thought,  that  when  we 
have  left  that  theatre,  on  which  v>e 
have  acrted  a  diftinguifned  part,  our 
adtiohs  Ihould  be  no  longer  remem- 
bered. It  is  this  principle  which 
animates  the  philofopher  to  toil 
through  life,  that  he  may  enjoy  a 
pofthumous  reputation.  He,  whofe 
misfortunes  meet  not  with  the  fym- 
pathy  of  one  generation,  fondly  ex- 
perts it  from  another  ;  and  is  there- 
fore, folicitous  to  record  the  events 
of  his  life.  Some  have  denomina- 
ted this  an  abfurd  and  illufive  prin- 
ciple :  abfurd  it  perhaps  is,  yet  it  is 
confelfedly  natural  to  the  mind,  and 
is  one  chief  fource  of  its  improve- 
ment and  happinefs. 

Now  fir,  as  your  magazine  is 
a  fort  of  a  conduit-pipe,  for  convey- 
ing inftruaion  to  the  public ;  I  con- 
fider  it  an  excellent  medium  for 
communicating  to  them,  the  narra- 
tive  of  a  life,  memorable  for  its  re- 
volutions. I  am  one  of  the  nume- 
family  of  the  IVigs^  and  though 


many  of  my  anceftors  have  had  the 
honour  of  wearing  a  crown,  the  au- 
thor of  this  Iketch  was  never  raifed 
to  ftich  diftinguifhed  pre-eminence^ 
Mucli  have  philofophers  difputed, 
whether  difference  amongft  men  be 
more  owing  to  education,  or  to  origi- 
nal conftitution ;  but  whatever  be 
the  truth,  with  regard  to  men,  cer- 
tain it  is,  that  our  family  received 
their  diftindive  charader,'  not  from: 
nature,  but  art  alone.  "  To  adorn 
the  head  of  man/'  was  the  peculiar 
province  affigned  us  by  our  maker, 
though  wives  fometimes,  'tis  faid, 
find  ways  of  doing  that  to  their' 
hufbands  v/ithout  our  affiftance.  It 
is  commonly  obferved  of  thofe,  v/ho 
have  rnade  a  celebrated  figure  in 
focietyi  that  they  have  rifen  into 
eminence ,  by  their  own  exertions, 
a  fad,  for  which  miany  reafons 
might  be  given.  My  fate,  fir,  was 
the  very  rcverfe  of  this  ;  as  from 
a  fituation  of  great  publicity  and 
honour,  I  gradually  fank  into  the 
meaneft  obfcurity,  till  at  length 
I  became  as  little  regarded,  as  I 
was  once  renowned  and  venerated. 
Know  then,  gentle  reader,  that  the 

firll 


ic)6 


Adventures  of  a  Wig^ 


Vol.  64. 


firft  fituatlon  I  was  called  to  oc 
cupy  was,  to  cover  the  fage  head 
of  a  ienator,  in  a  high  deparment 
of  the  law.    Were  I  to  analyle  the 
brain,  (after  the  manner  oi  anato- 
mifls,)  over  v^'hich  I  had  now  the 
honour  to  hold  fo  confpicuous  a 
place,  ]  Iho.Md  divide  it  into  three 
rcjiions,  filled  with  three  diflcrcnt 
cUlies  of  ideas.    The  lower  region 
may  be  denominated  the  rcgKn  uj 
pr^rcdmts,  above  thi^,  was  the  n-^tm 
of  laws,  and  that  of  forms  was  at 
the  top.    Over  this.  Sir,  was  the 
oarret  ilory  (^f  the  head,  (for  here 
there  waa  no  brain,)  which  in  moil 
men  is  a  lumber  room,  filled  with 
the  dreams  and  illufions  ot  fancy, 
which  from  their   natural  levity, 
keep  at  the  top ;  but  as  imagina- 
tion  which  "  leads  to  bewilder,  and 
dazzles  to  blind,''  is  a  defed  m  the 
mind  of  a  judge  ;  fo  nature  had  ve- 
ry wifely  made  this  region  ot  the 
head  a  perfea  vacuum.   When  any 
cafes  came  under  the  decifion  ot 
this  leanred  perfon,  as  to  which 
there  were  precife  ftatutes,  thele 
were  eailly  folved  in  that  middle 
portion  of  the  brain,   which  we 
liave  ftiled  the  region  of  la^vs  ;  but, 
when  thefe  ilatutes  were  defective, 
then  did  thefe  cafes  fink  down  for 
their  determination  to  that  which  we 
have  ililed  the  reghm  of  precedents. 
When  an  unlucky  cafe  however,  oc- 
curred,  to  which  neither  exiilmglaws 
nor  ftatutes  could  be  apphed,  thefe 
cafes  aicended  up  to  that  region  ot 
the  head,  where  there  was  a  perfecl 
vacuum  ;— and  here  my  friend  the 
iudp-e  was  completely  non-pluhed. 
It  is  the  excellence  of  a  conftitution, 
matured  by  time,  and  experience, 
that  thefe  cafes  feidom  occur,  tor  it 
has  frequently  been  remarked,  that 
men  who  from  early  life  have  been 
accuftomed  to  receive  their  opinions 
on  the  defpotic  authority  of  laws, 
precedents,  and  ads  of  Parhament, 
rarely  think  for  themlelves ;  and 
are,  therefore,  apt  to  be  puzzled  m 


the  folution  of  thofe  queftions  which 
merely  require  the  independent  ei- 
ercifc  of  a  vigorous  and  enhghtcneJ 
underftanding.  To  this  reniark, 
however,  Mr  Editor,  fo  many  illuA 
trious  exceptions  there  arc,  that 
it  cannot  be  admitted  as  a  general 

During  my  fituation  upon  the 
head  of  this  venerable  judge,  I  fre- 
quently commanded  a  refpc^  and 
veneration,  which  could  not  other- 
wife  have  been  extorted  ;  and  when 
criminals  were  brought  to  the  bar, 
it  was  the  wig  more  frequently  than 
the  judge,  which  penetrated  them 
with  av/e  and  reverence.    Hence  it 
became  proverbial  to  fay,  "  that  the 
wifdom  i  ,  in  the  wig."  Among 
the  abiurd  and  unaccountable  prejii> 
dices  fanaioned  by  cuftom,  one  is, 
that  the  wig  of  a  fenator  muft  con- 
fill  of  a  certain  determinate  num- 
ber of  curls.  Now,  Sir,  as  the  dev^il 
would  have  it,  one  night  hanging, 
as  was  my  ufual  cuftom,  on  a  peg. 
in  a  hall  of  the  court,  a  hungry 
moufe,  attracted  by  the  aromatic 
odours  I  diffufcd  around  me,  eat 
otF  two  of  my  principal  curls  ;  fo 
without  regard  to  my  former  fervi- 
ces,  (for  ingratitude  has  no  memo- 
ry,) was,  I  difmilfed  from  the  au- 
guft  hall  of  the  college  of  julHce, 
to  the  obfcure  fhop  of  a  city  frizeur. 
Much  were  I  to  blame  for  troubhng 
you  Sir,  and  the  public,  with  an  in- 
cident  fo  minute  as  this,  w^ere  it  noi 
fo  frequently  remarked  by  philcfo 
phers  and  hidorians,  that  upon  ver} 
minute  and  trivial  occurrences,  the 
fate  of  empires,  as  well  as  wigs,  ha 
been  found  to  depend. 

Soon  after  this,  I  fell  into  tht 
hands,  or  rather  upon  the  head  0 
a  celebrated  profeiTor  of  the  healmf 
art.  This  man  had  acquired  hi 
medical  information  by  his  own  in 
genuity,  and  not  in  the  fnaii-pace( 
manner  of  attending  fchools,  hofpi 
tals,  and  univerfities.  In  a  wor( 
Sir  he  was  the  inventor  of  one  0 
'  thof 


April  iSoz.         Adventures  of  a  Wig. 


297 


thofc  unlverfal  fpecifics,  fo  famous  in 
modern  times,  for  the  cure  of  all 
tiftempers,  and  particularly  for  the 
cure  of  that  fatal  and  epidemical 
complaint  "  poverty,"  as  the  fame 
of  tliis  invention  had  raifed  him 
from  the  rank  of  a  fhoe-black  to 
run  his  coach  and  four.    Such  was 
the  omnipotence  of  this  medicine, 
that  all  the  curfed  train  of  evils 
which  ever  flew  out  of  the  box  of 
Pandora  to  afHid  the  human  con- 
llitution,  yielded  to  its  happy  influ- 
ence.   Spafm  and  relaxation,  the 
phlogiftic  flate,  the  antiphlcgiftic, 
the  fynocha,    and   the  fynochus, 
ioofenefs,  and  aftringency,  &c.  &c. 
in  Ihort,  all  contraries  were  recon- 
ciled by  this  wonder-working  fpeci- 
fic.    Add  to  this,  thofe  many  claf- 
fes  of  myilerious  diforders,  vulgar- 
ly ftiled  nervous,  as  palpitations, 
flutterings,  yawnings,  heart-aches, 
antipathies,  hypochondria,  lazinefs, 
the  fpleen,  the  vapours,  the  fidgets, 
the  hyllierics  ;  even  all  that  nume- 
rous offspring  begot  by  luxury  up- 
on idlenefs,  were  difpelled  by  a  few 
dozes  of  this  magical  powder.  Nor, 
was  it  fuppofed  to  produce  thefe 
iurprizing  efFeds,  by  ading  on  the 
brain,  that  great  fource  of  nervous 
energy ;  as  it  was  known  to  operate 
moft  fuceefsfully  upon  thofe,  who 
were  moft  deficient  in  that  particu- 
ki ! !    My  reader  will  be  folicitous, 
no  dotibt,  to  know  its  compofition, 
^and  happy  I  am,  that  my  peculiar 
opportunities  enable  me  to  f^itisfy 
his.  curiofity.    The  doctor  ufed  to 
prepare  it  in  his  v/ater  clofet,  to 
which  I  have  often  been  witnefs. 
Know  then,  impatient  reader,  that 
this  famous  fpecific  was  compofed 
of  three   very  fimplc    materials ; 
fnuff,  aifafostida,  and  brick  duft ; 
and  thefe,  by  their  combination,  af- 
iillcd  by  that  very  accomodating 
.faculty,  the  imagination,  produced 
effects,  which  might  in  vain  have 
been  looked  for  from  the  feparate 
Vol.  LXIV, 


operation  of  the  principles  of  which 
tlicy  were  compofed. 

To  the  inquifitive  and  philofo- 
phical,  furpriling  it  may  perhaps 
appear,  that,  at  the  concluiion  of 
the  18th  century,  in  an  age  of  un- 
paralelled  civilization,  men  fhould 
be   fo   nocorioufly   the    dupes  of 
quacks,  impoTtors,  and  pretenders. 
But  men  have  a  wonderful  appetite 
for  the  marvellous,  and  thefe  medi- 
cal cheats  impofe  upon  the  public, 
by  higher  preteniions  to  fkili  and 
ability,  than  men  of  character  and 
refpeclability  would    ever  alTumc* 
Thus,  by  their  impudence,  do  they 
make  amends  for  tiieir  want  of  real 
information  ;  their  confidence  is  be- 
lieved to  arife  from  their  Ikill,  and 
their  obftinacy  from  their  convic- 
tion.   It  is  to  be  remarked  alfo, 
that  efFcds  apparently  unaccount- 
able are  frequently  obferved,  while 
their  caufes  remain  in  obfcurity ; 
and  hence  there  is  a  credulity,  which 
fprings  from  fcience  as  well  as  from 
ignorance  iifelf.  Nor  will  it  appear 
very  remarkable,  that  thofe,  whofe 
conftitutions  are  ihattered  by  difTi- 
pation  and  difeafe  ;  and  have  found 
every  application  of  the  faculty  to 
fail,  are  glad  to  have  recourfe  to 
whatever  may  cheriOi  hope,  and 
free  tlie  mind  from  the  horrors  of 
defpair.    Hope  is  too  fweet  to  be 
relinquifhed,  even  when  their  fi- 
tuation    is    defperate ;    flill  they 
fondly  feize  every  means  of  encou- 
raging it,  as  a  man  drowning  grafps 
at  every  twig  that  comes  in  his 
way.    Add  to  all  this,  hov/  often 
does  villainy  take  the  ft^^p  of  mo- 
deft  merit  in  tjie  world,  by  having 
recourfe  to  means,  which  confciencc 
mull:  indignantly  difiivow  ?  How 
many  are  there  in  large  towns,  whc, 
for    five    lliillings,    will  fubfcribj 
their  teftimony  to  the  moft  wonder- 
ful cures,  befides  thoie,  whofe  **  po- 
verty, but  not  their  will  confents." 
Thefe  v/onderful  cures,  never  pcr- 
R  r  formed 


298 


Ad'ventures  of  a  Wig. 


Vol.  64. 


formed,  blazed  forth  from  all  the 
newfpapers  in  the  kingdom,  make 
a  ftrong  impreflion  on  the  piihl'c 
inind  ;  and  the  riches  which  they 
produce  to  their  authors,  are  a  tax 
raifed  by  fraud  upon  credulity  and 
ignorance.  "  How  comes  it  about," 
faid  a  phyfician  to  a  famous  quack, 
**  that  the  number  of  your  patients 
is  fo  fuperior  to  mine,  while  you  al- 
low my  abilities,  education,  and 
opportunities,  to  be  fo  fuperior  to 
yours."  "  That  is  not  difFxCuk 
to  explain,"  rejoined  the  quack. 
*'  Pray,  how  many  individuals  may 
have  paffcd  us  upon  the  ftreet  fincc 
we  have  met  ?"  "  Twenty  per- 
haps," replied  tfie  phyfician.  "And 
af  thefe,"    continues   the  quack, 

what  do  you  fuppofe  to  be  the 
proportion  of  perlons  of  intelli- 
gence and  good  fenfe  ?"  "  Ab(mt 
five  perhaps,"  faid  the  phyfician. 

Well,"  faid  the  quack,  you  are 
employed  by  the  five  pcrlbns  of 
fenfe,  and  the  fifteen  fools  are  the 
patients  of  your  humble  fervant  ; 
which  affords  a  very  eafy  folution 
of  the  problem." 

From  this  long  degreffion,  I  now 
haften  to  return  to  my  narrative. 
By  the  caprice  of  this  baftard  fon 
of  Efculapius,  M'ho  felt  as  little  re- 
gret to  part  with  a  wig,  as  to  cheat 
a  patient,  I  was  again  fent  to  the 
ergafterion  of  the  frizeur.  Not 
however,  to  detain  you  with  unin- 
terelHng  mimuise,  I  muft  inform 
you,  Sir,  that  I  fcon  found  myfelf 
in  the  poiTefTicn  of  a  phyfician  re- 
gularly bred  ;  and  one,  tec,  of 
the  mcft  eminent  in  the  me- 
tropolis. To  this  gentleman,  pa- 
tients flocked  as  thick,  as  crowds 
10  an  Italian  fedival.  As  it  was 
evidently  impoiEbh,  in  this  fitua- 
lion,  to  devote  that  time  and  atten- 
tion, for  completely  underftanding 
the  diforders  of  each,  which  their 
peculiar,  and  often  complicated, 
cafes  required;  he  therefore,  in- 
vented a  moft  convenient  method 
of  judging  of  difcafcs  by  the  com^ 


pli  &itin  and  feainres  of  the  face  ;  and 
this  happy  union  of  phyfiognomy 
with  medicine,  enabled  him  to  de^ 
out  his  recipes  with  the  fame  cxpcdi-  2; 
tion,  as  a  grocer  his  parcels.  Some  t 
indeed,  might  think  this  method  1 
too  rafh,  but  a  fortune  mud  be  rea- 
lized in  a  commercial  age,  when 
every  pleafure  has  its  price.  Be- 
I'ldes,  if  men  died  by  his  prefcrip- 
ti©n?i,  they  were  thus  freed  from 
a  great  deal  of  pain  and  anxiety, 
and  were  happily  exempted  from  the 
vrnecessary  trouble  of  dying  a  fecond 
time.  Nor  could  any  prejudice 
arife  to  the  phyfician  from  thefe  oe- 
cafional  slips  nf  the  pen  ;  for  in  every 
cafe,  where  the  patient  dies  under 
the  care  of  the  dodor,  it  is  an  inva- 
riable maxim  of  the  profeffion,  to 
alcribe  that  event  to  the  decrees  of 
heaven,  which  no  phyfician  pretends 
to  refill  ;  while  his  recovery,  on  the 
contrary,  is  but  juftly  afcribed  to  | 
the  wonderful  powers  of  the  healing  I 
art.  By  a  fimilar  way  of  thinking, 
men  place  all  their  fins  to  the  ac- 
count of  the  devil ;  and  their  good 
ai^ions  to  that  of  their  own  virtue  y 
and  thus,  by  a  little  well-timed  fo- 
phiftry,  filence  any  fcruples  which 
may  arife  in  that  very  dehcate  fa- 
culty, confcience. 

As  the  wig  and  cane  of  a  phyfi- 
cian are  effenlial  badges  of  the  pro- 
fefiion,  long  Ihould  I  have  rem.ained 
with  my  prefent  polFefTor,  if  age, 
and  hard  fervice,  had  not,  ere  now, 
made  my  appearance  fomewhat  an- 
tiquated and  piiSlurefque,  My  def- 
tinies  however,  led  me  again,  after 
many  revolutions,  into  the  depart- 
ment of  the  law;  fo  that  I  now 
found  myfelf  upon  the  formal  head 
of  a  Scotch  juftice  of  the  peace* 
I  fhall  not  detain  you  Sir,  by  men* 
tioning  that  additional  refped  and 
authority  which  this  gentleman  ac- 
quired, through  my  affiftance.  Men 
are  much  influenced  by  appearances, 
they  confult  their  eyes  rather  than 
their  ears ;  and  xaany  have  owed 

their 


April  1802, 


Adventures  of  a  Wig. 


299 


their  refpedability  lefs  to  the  frame 
of  their  underilandings,  than  to  the 
prefent  cost  ami'  of  a  periwig.  Long 
time  I   remained   not   with  this 
gentleman,  ere  an  incident  occur- 
red, which  compelled  me  to  bid 
a  final  adieu  to  the  law.    It  hap- 
pened one  evening,  while  the  juf- 
tice>  (for  fo  he  was  vulgarly  cal- 
led,) v/as  taking  his  bottle  at  a 
country  alc-houfe,  with  the  landlord 
of  the  inn,  and  the  parfon  of  the 
parifh ;  a  fudden  rap  was  heard  at 
the  door,  and  two  perfons  bolted 
into  the  room,  with  mutual  accufa- 
tions  againft  each  other.    One  of 
thefe,  an  Irilhman,  who  was  the  de- 
fendant in  this  cafe,  had  taken  a 
palTage    for  himfelf,   in   a  boat, 
from  Donochadee  to  Port-patrick, 
fraughted  with  a  number  of  Iheep, 
which  belonged  to   the  plaintilF; 
and  happening  to  fall  afleep,  dur- 
ing   the   voyage,    and   his  head 
moving  to  and  fro  upon  his  Ihould- 
crs,  a  ram  much  addided  to  pulh- 
ing,  coiiceiving  this  very  unufual 
motion  of  the  head  to  be  a  chal- 
lenge, on  the  part  of  the  paffenger, 
having  firfl  retired  back,  gave  the 
doling  Hibernian   fo   dreadful  a 
blow,  on  the  Oo-fronti^^  as  almoft  to 
excite  a  concuffion  of  the  brain ;  ,and, 
if  his  head  had  not  been  of  furpri- 
fmg  thicknefs,  muil  certainly  have 
cracked  it.    Suddenly  roufed  from 
his  deep  by  the  force  of  the  blov/, 
he  beftowed  upon  the  ram  fo  fmart 
return  with  a  good  fliilelah  which 
he  held  in  his  hand,  that  he  imme- 
diately jumped  over  the  boat  into 
the  channel,  and,  after  the  manner 
of  thofe  animals,  was  ibon  followed 
by  all  the  red  ;  fo  that  to  this  ter- 
rible blow  of  the  IrifKman,  the  lofs 
of  the  Iheep  was  afcribed.    An  ac- 
tion for  damages  was  therefore  laid 
r3n  the  part  of  the  plaintiif,  againfl: 
his  drowfy  fellow  paffenger,  who 
"  took  the  Virgin  Mary  to  witnefs, 
that  the  ram  was  the  firft  agtelTor, 


and  that  felf- prefer vation  is  the  firft 
law  of  nature.'' 

During  the  difcuflion  of  this 
cafs>  in  which  the  parfon  and  inn* 
keeper  had  taken  different  fides, 
and  had  thrown  more  heat  than 
light  upon  it;  the  juftice  of  the 
peace,  uninterefted  in  what  fell  not 
within  his  jurifdidtion,  or  having 
drunk  more  than  his  ufual  modi- 
cum, fell  faft  afleep,  (for  he  too 
was  much  giving  to  dofmg,)  in  the 
midfl  of  the  debate ; — the  candle 
in  the  mean  tim»e,  catching  hold  of 
me,  I  was  dreadfully  fcorched,  ere 
any  of  the  company,  too  keenly 
engaged  as  they  were  in  the  quef- 
tion,  perceived  my  jeopardy.  So 
true  it  is,  "  that  wit^s  as  well  as 
men  are  born  to  trouble,  as  the 
fparks  fly  upwards'.'' 

With  infinite  regret,  therefore, 
the  juilice  of  the  peace  was  compel- 
led  to  difmifs  me  from  his  fervice  ; 
and  falling  again  into  the  hands  of 
the  hair-drelfer,  I  v/as  foon  new- 
modelled,  and  the  parfon  (landing  in 
great  need  of  a  wig  about  this  time, 
my  deftiny  led  me  from  the  profef^ 
hon  of  the  law,  to  acft  a  dilHno^uifh- 
ed  part  m  the  church.  The  fitua- 
tion  I  now  held  was,  I  confefs,  the 
moll  perilous  one  I  had  ever  been 
called  to  £11 ;  for  the  parfon  was 
addided,  during  his  Sunday  ora- 
tions, to  fuch  violent  geRiculations, 
and  toflings  of  the  head,  tliat  [  found 
it  extrem^ely  difficult  to  keep  my 
place,  and  whilft,  in  the  heat  of  an 
argument,  "  he  Ihook  his  ambrofial 
curls  and  gave  the  nod,"  I  was  moie 
terrified  than  the  inhabitants  of  vol- 
canic countries  are  at  the  ihock  of 
an  earth-quake.  Chrgymen,  'tis 
faid,  are  apt  to  become  impatient 
of  contradidtjon,  becaufe  they  are 
accudomed,  in  the  pulpit,  to  fay  the 
mod  violent  things  without  oppc- 
fition.  Whether  this  be  found  true 
on  experience,  I  pretend  not  to  de* 
termiue,  I  lhall  onlv  add,  that  by 
R  r  2  this 


300 


Adventures  of  a  Wig. 


Vol.  64. 


this  violence  of  temper,  I  was  phm- 
ged  into  a  "fea  of  troubles."  For 
one  day,  while  furioully  exclaiming 
againft  the  indulgences  of  pafIion,he 
gave  fo  dreadful  a  tofs  of  his  head, 
that   your    humble    fervant  was 
thrown  off  into  the  middle  of  the 
congregation,  to  the  great  annoy- 
ance of  the  faints,  and  the  great 
laughter  of  the  ungodly.  7'his 
impaffioned  body  of  diviinty,  how- 
ever, happened  to  be  entirely  ruled, 
not  by  the  kirk,  but  by  his  own 
Vv'ife,  who  had  acquired  the  laud- 
able habit  of  giving    him  every 
night,  a  curtain  lecture  on  the  ex- 
treme abfurdity  of  milhiking  the 
fumes  of  the  bottle  for  the  genuine 
fymptoms  of  converfion,  and  of  de- 
ciding his  difputcs  lefs  frecjuently  in 
the  church  than  the  alciioufe,  to 
the  great  ncgledl  of  his  family  con- 
cerns.   It  was  by  her  perfuafion, 
that  he  was  prevailed  on  to  adorn 
his  t':;mples  with  a  wig  more  firmly 
attached  to  tliem,  fo  I  \^as  again 
difmiifed  from  my  public,  and  dan- 
gerous fituation   on    the  parfon's 
head,  to  be  fufpended  in  the  retire- 
ment of  his  ftudy.    Nor  did  I  re- 
main long  here,  mantled  over  with 
cobwebs  and  duil:,  in  the  company 
of  Homer,  Plato,    and  Ar^llotle, 
and  others  of  the  illuilrious  though 
now  negleded  heathens ;   for  the 
clerk  of  the  parilh  liaving  an  in- 
trigue one  evening  in  this  place,  with 
the  fervant -maid,  while  his  minider 


was  at  family-worfhip  below  ftairs, 
I  was  carried  off  from  the  com- 
pany of  poets  and  philofopliers,  to 
adorn  the  empty  head  of  this  finger 
of  pfalms.    Unfortunately  for  me, 
never  was  Socrates  more  blefi:  with 
a  fcolding  wife,  than  my  new  friend 
the  clerk,  whofe  bettcr-lialf  carried 
her  rcfcntment  farther  ibmctimcs, 
than  even  Xantippe  herfeif.  Once,- 
])cing  hard  preiled  by  licr  hufband, 
in  an  argument,  llie  laid  iiold  of 
me  with   her  talons,  which,  like 
thofe  of  the  ea^le,  were  the  wea- 
pons with  which  llie  a/failed  her 
prey,  that  it  wa^  a  long  time  ere 
I  was  in  a  fit  condition,  to  appear 
in  public.    After  iDany  otlier  revo- 
lutions, which,   to  mention,  were 
**  infaudum  renovat  e  do/oi'cnjy^  I  came 
at  laft  to  be  the  property  of  a  fiioe- 
maker,    and  it  is  from  his  fiall, 
that  I  now  fend  you  this  mclan- 
cholly  narrative  of  my  adventures. 

Such,  Sir,  is  the  tragi-comic 
ftory  of  my  imfortunate  life.  Long 
have  1  fitten  in  judgment  upon  the 
head  of  man,  and  I  muR  pronounce 
it  a  heterogeneous  compolition  of 
piejudice,  folly,  and  crime.  I  have 
lound  that  men  are  the  continual 
dupes  of  fpecious  appearances,  and 
that  many  in  the  world  are  giad  to' 
jhelter  the  emptinefs  of  their  under- 
flandings  under  the  impofing  and 
awe-infpiring  fhade  of  - 
Your  humble  fervant, 

A  WIG„ 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 


GENERAL    REMARKS    ON    THE    LIFE    AND  CLIA'^ 
RACTER  OF  BURNS. 

Continaed  frona  p.  133. 

It  has  been  a  difpute  among  the  ing  attention  to  the  life  and  chi- 
learned,  whether  a  poet  be  moil  the  rader  of  a  man  of  genius,  the  quef- 
child  of  nature  or  of  art.    By  pay-    lion  perhaps  may  be  folved.  If 

Burns 


April  1S02.         Remarks  on  the  Life  of  Burns. 


Burns  had  been  more  indebted  to 
art  than  to  nature,  his  works  would 
have  encreafed  in  excellence,  in  pro- 
portion as  his  mind  became  more 
poliihed  and  enlightened  by  educa- 
tion. This,  I  believe,  was  not  the 
X/ife.  Some  of  his  earlieft  produc- 
tions will  ftand  as  high  in  the  fcale 
of  merit  as  any.  The  Cctier^s  Su- 
turd.iy  Night,  the  Vi^  ion,  iht  Mount  am 
Juisey,  and  feveral  others,  of  Buins' 
early  productions,  are  ftill  among 
his  mafter-picces. 

These  were  written  under  every 
diiadvantage.  i\fter  the  inceflant 
labours  of  the  day,  they  were  fre- 
fjucntly  compofed  by  the  fire  fide, 
.at  night.  Or  what  is  ftill  more  ex- 
traordinary, they  were  compofed 
ilunng  the  toils  of  the  day,  and 
committed  to  memory.  Vv^e  are 
informed,  by  his  brother,  Mr  Gil- 
bert, that  the  ve'rfes  to  the  Mou^e  and 
Alountai'i  daiseyyWtrt  compofed  while 
the  author  was  holding  the  plough  ! 
"  Holding  the  plough,"  fays  he, 
**  was  a  favourable  iituation  with 
Robert  for  poetic  compofitions,  and 
k)me  of  his  heft  verfes  were  pro- 
duced while  he  was  at  that  exer- 
cife;'' 

Take  any  of  our  greateft  fcholars, 
with  all  the  tools  of  learning  before 
them,  and  requireof  themfuch  verfes 
as  thofe  addreifed  to  the  Moufe  or 
Mountain  daifey  ;  give  them  weeks 
in  place  of  honrs  ;  yet  I  fear  much  if 
their  productions  will  be  equal  to 
thofe  of  our  poet,  compofed  during 
ihard  labour,  in  the  courfe  of  an  af- 
ternoon^ It  is  vain  to  contend,  that 
learning  v/ill  liipply  the  want  of  a 
natural  turn  of  mind.  A  man,  by 
3  ule,  may  conif  ruift  fmooth  verfes, 
he  iuay  imitate  what  has  been  done 
before  him  ;  but  it  is  original  genius 
'  I  that  can  produce  a  work  of 
•  ine  excellence. 

Genius,"  fays  Dr  Young,  is 
uler  workman,  learning  ts  but 
mllrument.     Heaven  will  not 

"  of  a  partner  in  the  accom- 


pli fiiment  of  fom.e  favourite  fpirit, 
but,  rejecting  all  human  means,  af- 
fumes  the  whole  glory  to  itfelf. 
Have  not  fome,  though  not  famed 
for  erudition,  fo  written,  as  almoft 
to  perfuade  us  that  they  Ihone 
brighter  and  foared  higher,  by  ef- 
caping  the  aid  of  that  proud  ally  ? 
—  As  riches  are  moft  wanted  where 
there  is  lead  virtue,  fo  leaming  is  not 
requifite  where  there  is  Icall  genius  ; 
as  virtue  without  m.uch  iiche*s  can 
give  happinefs,  fo  genius  v/lthout 
much  learning  can  give  renown." 

By  obferving  the  earlier  and  la- 
ter })rodu(51ions  of  Burns,  we  ob- 
ierve  a  gradual  improvement  in  t]:e 
verfitication  ;  bat  if  his  later  works 
Iiave  this,  th.^y  perhaps  want  fom^^ 
of  that  original  tire  Vvliich  his  earlier 
ones  polfcfs.  Verfification  is  more 
the  production  of  art  than  of  genius, 
and  conttitutes  only  an  inferior  part 
of  poetical  merit.  It  is  uni^^erfarr/- 
allowed,  that  the  intrinfic  value  of 
poetry  does  not  confift  in  the  fervile 
nicety  with  which  the  verfes  are  con- 
firudcd,  but  rather  ia  the  abun- 
dance and  propriety  of  the  irna^^ery 
employed  in  defcribing  the  fubjedt 
of  tiie  poem.  To  excel  in  this,  is 
not  the  work  of  imitation  but  of  y-e- 

o 

nius. 

80 ME  contend,  that  an  im.itator 
may  fometimes  excel  the  origin:iL 
I  grant  'lis  true  that  Pope,  in  many 
of  his  imitations  of  the  earlier  poets, 
has  far  excelled  the  original ;  but 
Pope  was  an  original  genius  him- 
felf,  and  when  we  conflder  him  as 
imitating  his  predecelfors,  he  was 
frequently  doing  nothing  more  than 
borrowing  a  hint,  and  dreiiing  it  up 
in  his  own  way.  A  man  v*ho  hjs 
given  ample  proof  of  his  original 
genius,  will  feldom  fubmnt  to  be- 
come a  fervile  imitator.  Burns,  no 
doubt,  borrowed  the  idea  ot  his 
Cotter's  Saturday  night  and  Holy 
Fair,  from  fimilar  poems  of  Ferguf- 
fon  ;  but  ftill  they  are  fo  diffeicrit 
in  many  rcfpev5ts.  :?s  to  fi  ee  him  en- 

T.  y^Iy 


302 


Remarks  on  the  Life  of  Burns.        Vol.  64. 


tirely  from  the  charge  of  fervile 
imitation.  It  is  evident,  however, 
in  thefe  two  poems,  that  the  farther 
Burns  removed  from  imitation,  the 
nearer  he  approached  to  excellence. 
This  fhows.  thai  imitation  is  apt  to 
fetter  men  of  the  bnghteft  talents. 

It  may,  perhaps,  amufe  fome  of 
your  readers,  to  point  out  a  few  of 
thefe  verfes,  in  which  Burns  has 
imitated  his  favourite  Ferguffon. 

"  Upon  a  fummer  Sunday  morn, 

When  nature's  face  is  fair, 
I  walked  forth  to  view  the'  corn, 

And  fn. iff  the  caller  air." 

In  thefe  lines  there  is  nothing  but 
mere  verfification.  To  fay  that  na- 
ture's face  is  fair  in  a  funlhiny  fum- 
mer  morning  is  trite  ;  and  the  two 
fucceeding  lines  anfwer  no  other 
purpofe  than  to  fill  up  the  ftanza. 
Thofeof  Fcrguiron,from  which  chey 
are  evidently  copied,  though  perhaps 
not  fo  fmooth  in  the  verlitication, 
are  infinitely  fuperior  in  the  poetical 
"imagery. 

Feygusson, 
In  July's  month  ae  bunny  n  orn, 
When  nature's  rokely  green, 
Was  fpread  o'er  ilka  rigg  o'  c  orn, 
To  charm  our  roving  cen." 

The  idea  of  nature  fpreading 
forth  her  green  mantle  over  the  earth 
to  charm  the  roving  eyes  of  its  in- 
habitants, is  a  beautiful  figure,  and 
worthy  of  the  fine  imagination  of  a 
poet.  It  at  once  points  out  the 
beauty  of  nature,  and  the  Aii-beni- 
ficent  hand  of  Providence,  who,  not 
only  furuilhes  us  with  what  is  ne- 
cellary  to  our  exiflence,  but  alfo 
with  fuch  things  as  charm  and  de- 
light us. 

Burns, 

"  The  rifing  fun  o'er  Galfion  muirs, 
Wi'  glorious  light  was  glentin. 

The  harts  were  hirplin  down  the  fur 
The  lav'rocks  they  were  chantin.'' 

The  two  fir  ft  lines  of  this  ftanza 
are  copied  from  Ferguffon.  They 


are  more  fonorous,  but  I  queftion 
if  they  are  equally  defcriptive  oi 
the  objedts  to  which  they  refer. 

Yergussortj 
"  Upo'  the  tap  o'  ilka  lum, 
The  fun  ht^du  to  kr  tk." 

This  is  very  defcriptive  of  th< 
rifing  fun  in  a  great  town.  Th< 
words  are  fimple,  but  nevertheleli 
very  appropriate.  To  fay,  the  suf 
"  wi'  glorious  light  was  glentin,'' 
founds  rather  harfh.  Gientin,  O) 
petpingy  as  it  is  explained  in  the  Glof 
fary,  does  not  affociate  well  wit> 
glorious.  We  do  not  fay  any  thin| 
peeps  glorioufly.  The  two  laft  line: 
of  the  ftanza  are  much  better.  Th( 
word  hirplin,  is  very  defcriptive  6 
the  manner  in  which  hares  move 
when  they  confider  themfelves  ou 
of  danger. 

Burns, 

As  h'ghtfomtly  1  glour'd  abroad. 

To  fee  a  fcene  fo  gay ; 
Three  hizzies  early  at  the  joi'J, 

Came  fkclpin'  up  the  way. 
Twa  had  marteels  o'  dultfu'  blacfe 

But  anc  wi'  lyart  lining  ;  , 
The  third,  that  ga'ed  a  wee  a-back^ 

Was  in  the  fafhion  Ihining, 

Fu'  gay  that  day.** 

There  is  fome  kind  of  confufio^ 
with  regard  to  the  number  of  hi% 
%ies  ;  he  firft  fays  there  were  three 
but,  from  the  defcription,  we  woult 
naturally  conclude  there  had  bea 
four. 

Twa  had  manteels  o'  dulfu'  black 
But  ane  wi'  lyart  lining.'^ 

Here  we  have  got  three,  but  ftil 
there  is  another. 

The  third,  that  gacd  a  wee  a-badi 
Was  in  the  fafhion  fhining." 

The  meaning  will  no  doubt  b 
gathered,  but  the  fentence  is  fa 
from  being  perfpicuous.  Of  th 
manteels  of  the  two  firft,  one  ha< 
white  lining,  is  the  idea  he  wifl^ 
to  exprefs.  This  ftanza,  too,  ia|] 
imitation  of  the  foUowmg  :         i , 


April  1802.        Remarks  on  the  Life  of  Burns. 


"  Glownng  about  I  faw  a  queen, 
The  faireft  'iieath  the  lift ; 

Her  een  wereo'  the  filler  fheen, 
Her  Ikin  like  fnawy  drift." 

The  twi  appeared  like  fifters  twin* 

In  feature,  form  and  claes ! 
Their  vifage  withered  long  and  thin. 

And  four  as  ony  flaes. 
The  third  came  up  hap-ftep-anMoup, 

As  light  as  ony  lambie ; 
And  wi'  a  curchie  low  did  (loop, 

As  foon  as  e'tr  ftie  faw  me ; 

Fu'  kind  that  day." 

This  ftanza  is  infinitely  better 
than  any  of  the  preceding.  The  de- 
fcription  is  clear,  and  flowing  like 
the  other  verfes  of  Burns,  where  his 
genius  was  not  cramp'd  by  imita- 
tion. 

**  Their  vifage  withered  long  and  thin. 
An'  four  like  ony  flaes." 

Is  a  very  jufl:  pi(5lure  of  hypocri- 
fy  and  fuperftition.  The  gay  man- 
ner in  which  he  defcribes  fun,  in  the 
four  fucceeding  lines,  is  equally  cha- 
raderiftic  and  beautiful.  The  fame 
may  be  faid  of  the  following  inter- 
view  with  his  favourite  lady. 

Burnt, 

"  Wi'  bonnet  aff,  quoth  I,  fweet  lafs, 
^  I  think  ye  feem  to  ken  me  ; 
I'm  fure  I've  fcen  that  bonny  face, 
An*  yet  J  cafina'  name  ye. 


Quo  (he,  an' bughin' as  fhc  fpak'. 

An'  tak*s  me  by  the  hands, 
Ye,  for  my  fake,  hae  gi'en'  the  feck 
O'  a'  the  ttn  commands, 

A  friTe  i  fomeday." 
This  is  evidently  an  imitation  or 
copy  of  the  following  lines  : 

An'  wha  are  ye,  my  winfome  dear, 
That  tak's  the  gate  fae  early  ? 
Whare  do  ye  win,  ^in'  ane  may  fpear» 

For  I  right  mt  ikie  farlie, 
That  fic  braw  bufkit  l:ii];>jhia'  lafs, 

Thir  bonny  blinks  fhould  gie, 
An'  loup,  like  Hebe,  o'er  the  graft. 
As  wanton  and  as  free, 

Frae  dule  this  day. 
I  dwall  amang  the  caller  fprin^s, 

That  weet  the  land  o'  cakes"; 
And  aften  tune  my  canty  fprings. 

At  bridals  and  laU-waJtes : 
They  ca'  me  Mirth  ;  J  ne'er  was  kend 

To  grumble  or  look  four ; 
But  blyth  wad  be  a  lift  to  lend, 
Gif  ye  wad  try  my  power 

An'  nith  this  day.'* 
Whether  Burns' defcription  of 
his  interview  with  Fun,  or  Fero-uf- 
fon's  with  Mirth  be  beft  drawn,  I 
lhall  not  determine.  With  re^^ard 
to  originality,  Ferguffon  undoubt- 
edly has  the  beft  claim.  In  no  part 
of  Burns'  works  is  there  fo  great  a 
propenfity  to  imitation,  as  appears 
m  diirerent  parts  of  this  poem.  He 
was  enthufiaftically  fond  of  fome  of 
Ferguffon's  poems,  and  I  have  no 
doubt  but  the  Haho^.Falr  and  Le'uh 
Races  were  of  the  number. 

(  To  be  continued, ) 


ON  FEMALE  ELOQUENCE. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine, 

Dear  Sir,  ture  by  the  Rev.  C.  Vincent,  upon 

A  Difference  which  happened  female  education,  the  crreater  part 

l)ctween  my  hufband  and  me  laft  of  which,  my  hufoand' highly  ap- 

[ight,  IS  the  occafion  of  this  ad-  proved  of;  I  too,  approved  of  it, 

jir^ft.    We  had  been  hearing  a  lee-  with  a  few  exceptions.    But,  fays 

! 


304 


On  Tmnk  Eloquence. 


Vol.  64. 


he,  there  was  one  admonition  which 
might  well  have  been  fpared.  Yes, 
fays  I,  where  he  recommended  a 
certain  degree  of  diffidence  and  mo- 
defty  ;  for  thefe  qualities  are  natu- 
ral to  our  fcx.  No,  fays  he,  that 
is  not  what  I  refer  to  ;  h  was  where 
he  admoniflied  you  to  cultivate,  with 
diligence,  the  ufe  of  your  tongues 
as  being  your  proper  weapons  of 
defence.  Now,  continues  he,  I  ap- 
peal to  all  the  married  gentlemen 
in  Chriftendom,  it  this  admonition 
might  not  well  have  been  fpared. 
'  Sir,  to  me,  cherc  is  nothing  in  the 
world  fo  agreeable  as  a  little  chit- 
chat v/ith  our  friends  and  neigh- 
bours. It  is  the  very  soul  of  life. 
With  Mifs  Rattle,  how  nrany  days 
and  nights  have  I  fpent  in  fweet 
converfation  !  The  only  reflexion  I 
had,  was,  that  fometimcs  Ihe  en- 
groded  too  much  of  it ;  and,  when 
I  had  thought  of  fome  fmart  thing 
to  fay  of  our  rivals,  Ihe  fometimes 
anticipated  me;  or,  what  was  worfe, 
her  eloquence  coming  upon  her  in 
fuch  a  fubllme  torrent,  knocked  e- 
very  idea  out  of  my  head  ;  and, 
for  half-a-feccnd,  I  have  feen  me 
flare  in  vacant  ailonilhment.  But, 
(dear  Sir,  could  you  tell  me,  or  any 
of  your  learned  leaders,  wliat  is  the 
rcafon  we  like  better  to  hear  our- 
felves  talking  than  any  other  body  ? 
I  have  fometimes  thought,  tliut 
fmce  this  is  the  cafe,  we  might  be 
as  happy  to  talk  to  ourfelves  as 
when  another  was  prefent,  but  this 
is  not  true-  What  can  be  tlie  cauf^ 
of  it  ?■ 

Conversation,  with  any  body 
but  my  huiband,  is  moll:  deiightfuL 
With  him?  hovrever,  it  is  fometimes 


not  of  the  mofl:  agreeable  kind  ; 
but.  you  know,  a  little  fait  is.  necel- 
fary  to  keep  the  conftitution  from 
putrifadion.  Were  life  to  flow  in 
one  lufcious  ftream  of  pleafure,  we 
might  become  iatiated,  ii:  is  there- 
fore proper  to  have  a  llight  degree 
of  mixture,  to  preferve  our  rclilh. 
So,,  after  an  hour  with  him,  I  can 
enjoy  a  day's  converfation  with  thole 
darlings  of  my  heart. 

Now,  Sir,  I  do  not  appeal  to  you, 
becaufe  you  are,  probably,  of  the 
fame  opinion  with  my  hufband  ;  but 
1  appeal  to  your  female  readers, 
who,  1  am  certain,  will  join  with 
me  in  fentimcnt.  As  a  public  au*. 
thority  is  of  much  ufe  in  arguments, 
I  could  not  rellrain  myfelf  from 
making  this  fublime  fentimcnt  of 
the  Reverend  Gentleman  as  public 
as  poffd^le.  I  hope  you  will,  there- 
fore, give  it  a  place  in  your  next 
Number and,  by  fo  doing,  yoa 
cannot  fail  to  gratify  your  female 
readers,  and  particulafy,  dear  Sir, 
your  moft  obedient  fervant, 

Barbara  Sprightly.  . 

lolh  March  1802.  J 

P.  S.  As  I  have  never  been  ac-»' 
cuftomed  to  write  for  the  prels,  I 
liope  you  will  correal  any  gramma- 
tical errors,  or  wrong  fpellings,  fo 
that  my  produftion  may  come  forth* 
as  perfc«5t  as  polfible.  I  fuppofe  my 
hufband  has  taken  the  hmt-;  I  have, 
feen  him  fcrawling  thefe  two  or 
three  days  paft,  perhaps  you  may 
hear  from  him  too  ;  but,  I  hope, 
not  before  I  have  prepofTelFed  you 
in  my  favour. 

B.  S. 


.April  1802.     Ammements  of  Fashionable  Life* 


3^5 


On  the  bad   tendency  of  the   AMUSEMENTS  o? 
FASHIONABLE  LIFE. 


To  the  Editor  of  i 

-SIR, 

I  4M  a  young  man,  who  have, 
from  the  earlieit  dawn  of  reafon, 
been  inceffantly  employed  in  intel- 
iedual  improvement.  The  firil  wilh 
of  which  my  heart  was  feiifible,  was 
an  imperious  defire  to  excel  in  li- 
terary attainments,  and  my  b^eall 
dilated  with  enthufiafm  at  the  idea  of 
treading  in  the  fteps  of  the  ancient 
phiiofophers.  For  this  purpofe,  I 
devoted  my  hours  to  iblitude  and 
iludy ;  and  my  parents,  being  in 
opulent  circumftances,  indulged 
me  wich  every  thing  that  could  fa- 
cilitate my  purpofes.  i  was,  early 
in  life,  placed  under  the  infpection 
of  a  fage,  who  was  himfelf  veifed 
in  all  the  fubtilties  of  philofophy, 
v/hofe  mind  was  beautified  by  all 
the  riches  of  ancient  literature,  and 
whofe  fancy  w^as  rendered  peculiar- 
ly brilliant,  by  an  acquaintance 
with  the  bed  poets.  Literature 
certainly  never  app..:red  more  tru- 
ly fafcinating  than  in  my  '  beloved 
preceptor,  w^ho  was  a  fcholar  with- 
out pedantry,  and  evinced,  moil 
powerfully,  by  his  adions,  how 
pure  were  the  principles  of  his  phi- 
lofophy. After  I  had  acquired  the 
knowledge  of  languages,  I  was  in- 
itrudled  in  the  principles  of  phyfi- 
cal  and  moral  fciencc,  and  I  display- 
ed luch  an  eager nefs  to  acquire 
knowledge,  that  I  acquired  tlie 
warmeft  alfection  of  my  tutor, 
who  beheld  the  expanfion  of  n-y 
mind  with  furprife  and  delight.  My 
early  compofitions  were  fubmittcd 
10  his  mature  judgment ;  and 
though  they  never  efcapcd  correc- 
itf^OL.  LXIV. 


'6  Scots  Magazine^ 

tion,  yet  I  generally  received  praife. 
The  family  nianiion  of  my  father, 
was  peculiarly  adapted  for  a  ici- 
eniiiic  education,  htuated  in  a 
beautiful  and  romantic  country,  at 
a  convenient  diftarice  from  an  opu- 
lent city,  whence  we  could  be  readi- 
ly fupplied  with  every  article  which 
tended  to  ihe  advancement  of  my 
lludies.  The  hours  that  were  not 
fpent  in  my  iludy,  were  generally 
paffed  in  the  molt  agreeable  man- 
ner. Evander  my  tutor,  and  I, 
w^andered  among  the  extenfive  wood-* 
lands,  which  lurrounded  my  fa- 
ther's maniion,  and  remarked,  with 
a  kind  of  poetical  enthufialm,  the 
effects  of  the  different  feafons  on 
thefe  pleafnig  and  romantic  fcenes, 
"We  traced  the  mazy -current  to 
its  fource,  climbed  the  wooded 
hill,  and  gazed  with  extacy  oa 
the  brilliancy  of  the  fetting  fun  ; 
and  vifited  the  cottages  of  my 
father's  tenants,  where  m.y  boibin 
expanded  with  that  philanthrcpy, 
which  had  been  initiiled  into  my 
very  fyilem,  by  my  amiable  pre- 
ceptor. 

One  fine  evening  in  October,  we 
walked  out  into  the  woods,  to 
enjoy  the  beauties  of  autumnal 
nature,  after  a  day's  fevere  appli- 
cation 3  w^hen  we  wandered  to  a 
height,  which  commanded  a  dif- 
tant  profpecl  ol  the  principal  city 
in  the  neighbourhood.  My  vifus 
to  it  had  been  frequent,  but  they 
w^ere  always  of  lliort  duiation,  and" 
my  mode  of  life  bad  oifered  me  no 
opportunity  of  iurveying  the  habits 
S  s    '  and 


AiUuscments  of  Pashionable  Lijc. 


Vol.  6^ 


and  manners  of  m;inkind,  as  dif- 
played  in  Society.  I  hinted  a  wifh 
to  viiit  the  refidcnce  of  commerce 
and  wealth,  when  my  preceptor 
thus  addrclfed  me  :  "  My  deiir 
Armin,  you  have  no  idea  to  wliat 
H  clafs  of  beings  you  belong.  Your 
opinions  have  been  formed  in  fuch 
a  m.'.inner  as  to  render  you  eager 
t  ;  e.xpetfi:,  in  a  chiiilian  communi- 
ty, honoilr,  integrity,  and  ingenu- 
oufnefs.  From  the  autliors  which 
I  have  put  into  your  hands,  you 
will  imagine  your  countrymen  are 
patriotic,  generous,  liberal,  and  in- 
genious. I  expe<5l  that  che  rich  fund 
which  you  have  drawn  from  the 
ancient  philofophers,  is  not  mere- 
ly theoretic.  I  would  have  you 
to  hope,  that  their  writings  are 
precepts  which  the  commerce  of 
mankind  will  teach  you  to  ap- 
ply. Mark  the  event  ;  we  will 
make  a  fhort  viiit  to  this  fe- 
cond  metropolis ;  I  will  ad  as  your 
guide;  Twill  lead  you  into  litna^ 
tions  where  y^  u  will  fee  the  habits 
and  manners  of  ycur  fellow-crea- 
tures difplayed,  and  I  venture 
to  predid^,  tliat  you  will  return  to 
folitude,  difgulled  with  fociety,  and 
fired  with  new  ardour  to  profecute 
your  ftudies." 

I  heard  him  with  eagernefs,  but 
in  fiknce,  and  agreed  to  put  his 
propof.il  in  practice,  as  foon  as  pof- 
iible  ;  my  age,  figure,  and  expeda- 
lions,  rendered  me  vvorthy  of  the 
rlrd  companies,  and  I  anticipated 
cur  intended  perambulaiion,  with  a 
very  plealrng  anxiety.  My  ingenu- 
ouineis  made  me  hope,  that  I  ihould 
lind  every  iLing  the  ic-vcrle  <>i  what 
was  itated  ;  bar  a-  I  had  no  rea* 
fon  to  doubt  the  penetrating  fa- 
culties of  it.f  luiijv,  I  thought  this 
was  a  myik  :  /  \.]iiAi  a  few  days 
would  explain. 

Four  days  after  the  propofal  was 
agreed  to,  v.e  fct  off  on  horfeback, 
attended  by  one  fervant,  and  took 
Qv.v  lodgings  in  an  hot^l,  in  a 


faHiionable  ftrcet,  which  was  crowd, 
ed  with  people,  whofe  countenancct 
all  indicated  pleafure  and  expec^ta 
tion.    The  houfe  wh/fch  we  mad  . 
one  temporary  home,  during  thi 
fuccelFion  of  th-  iwcnty-four  hours, 
was  agitated  by  a  noife  and  buftle, 
which  almofi:  annihilated  my  cog"- 
taiive  faculties.    The  palfages  we!  t 
crowded  by  people,  who  v.ere  a' 
ways  running  oppofite  ways,  and 
who  feemed  to  have  no  fi\ed  pur- 
pofe  for  their  motions,    'ihe  into- 
lerable cQnfufion  of  voices,  bells, 
&c.  did  not  feem  to  be  fo  difagree- 
alile  to  many  of  our  fellow-inmate 
who,  took  a  pleafure  in  aiding  th^: 
confufion,  by  fmging,  and  imrr 
derate  peals  of  laughter.  My  guu.', 
enquiring  of  the  perfon  who  wait  - 
ed  upon  us  the  reafon  of  fo  much 
c(jmpany  being  affembled,  v/e  were 
quickly  informed,    that   this  was 
Thf  Hunt  and  Race  IVeek.    I  had  for- 
merly been  abfent,  or  fick,  when  thii 
fpecies  of  amufement  took  place  ; 
and  I  was  told,    I  might  expect 
the  recommendation  of  novelty,  at 
lealt,  in  the  variety  of  diveriions, 
which  the  ingenuity  of  feme  people 
contrive  to  concentrate  in  the  fpace 
of  one  Ihort  week.    We  were  infor- 
med, that  this  inftitution  owed  its 
origin  to  the  puLllc  spirit  of  tlic 
gentlemen,  who  reprefented  the  ci- 
ty in  Parliament,  and  that  th  ^y 
owed  a  confiderable  ffiare  of  their 
popularity,  to  their  thus  promoting 
the  welfare  and  amustmem  of  the  in- 
habitants— O  ilulfel  and  Sydney, 
faid  1  to  myfelf,  was  it  thus  that  j  e 
aded  ? — Hunting,  from  its  cruelty, 
was  never  a  favourite  amufement 
with  me,  fo  that  I  could  not  hope 
much  from  this  part  of  the  enter- 
tainment ;  but  I  was  induced  by  the 
perfuafion  of  Evander,  to  flep  euc 
to  fee  what  a  grand  figure  the 
jolly  fportfmen  made,  when  collec- 
ted together,   with  French  horps 
playing  before  them,  and  a  nu.mber 


Api'il  jHos.       Amusements  of  Fashionable  Life. 


3^7 


of  the  half-clad  "  rabble  at  their 
heels."  I  looked  at  moft  of  this 
with  indifference,  but  could  not 
help  admiring  the  peculiar  agility, 
and  wonderful  powers  of  the  whip- 
per-in, Vv\ho  feemed  to  be  a  mafter 
'of  his  art.  I  obfcrved  this  to  my 
lutor,  who  gravely  anfwered,  that, 
'*  xhaX.  gcnf/i^wan  was  Sir  Harry  Cecil, 
a  young  man  of  immenfe  property, 
and  great  family ;  a  legiilator,  whofe 
influence  could  command  a  peerage 
at  any  tim.e."  That  perlbn  with 
llie  plulh  jacket,  half  a-dozen  waiil- 
coat  capes,  and  enormous  whip,  Sir 
Harry  Cecil  1  Spiri'.  of  old  Bur. 
leigh,  uttered  I,  how  art  thou  de- 
bafed."  I  c^uld  fcarce  wait  to  fee 
any  more,  but  begged  of  my  tutor 
to  retire,  when  I  gave  v/ay  to  my 
refledlions.  Evander  told  me,  that 
the  next  day's  amufeinents  would 
probably  repay  me  for  my  pre- 
sent difappointment ;  but  in  the 
i,nean  time,  vre  would  vifit  a 
place  of  very  faftionable  refort. 
1  accompanied  my  friend  to  a 
neighbouring  (Ireet,  where  I  was 
led  up  a  flaircafe,  in  a  very  elegant 
houfe,  and  uihered  into  a  fpacious 
apartment  ;  in  which  were  placed 
two  large  tables,  covered  with 
green  cloth,  and  furrounded  by 
gentlemen,  V\^ho  appeared  by  their 
drefs,  to  be  of  the  tiril  quality.  Se- 
veral of  thele  were  feparated  into 
f)arties,  and  were  amuling  them- 
Iclves  with  converfation,  in  which 
I  could  diiliniflly  hear  the  words, 
nuizy  hoixy  and  a  number  of  ex- 
preliions,  which  I  could  not  dif- 
cover  to  belong  to  any  language 
with  which  I  was  acquainted.  My 
attention  was  nov.^  called  to  the 
gentlemen  at  the  tables,  who  pulh- 
ed  about  with  a  club,  with  brond 
and  pointed  ends,  two  ivory  balls 
which  were  accompanied  by  ano- 
ther  cf  a  darker  hue ;  thefe,  as 
they  camiC  in  conta^l:  with  each 
other  feparated,  and  fometimes 
Hroppcd  into  little  bags,  append- 


ed to  the   corners  of  the  table. 
Thefe  motions  affedcd  the  adverfa- 
ries  with  confiderable  intereft,  and 
each  ftroke  was  follov/ed  by  expref- 
fions  of  pleafure  or  difappointment. 
One  of  the  players,  v/ho  feemed  to 
be  about  rpy  own  age,  was  fo  intent 
upon  the  game,  that  he  was  totally 
indifferent  to  the   objeds  around 
him  ;  and,  after  trying  various  pof- 
tures  for  taking  an  aim,  chucked 
his  ball  with  a  force,  that  precipitn-, 
ted  his  adverfiry's  frequently  into 
^the  pocket ;  when  he  did  this,  he 
marched  a  few  iteps  with  an  exult* 
ing  air,    auvi  feerned  confident  of 
dilplaying  more  powers,  than  if  he 
had  folved  the  niofl:  difficult  pro- 
blem of  Euclid.    I  turned  to  my 
preceptor,   and   obferved,   that  I 
thought  it  remarkable,  that  think- 
ing beings  could  find  amufement  in 
what  feemed  to  me,  fo  palpably 
childifh  ;  but  he  added  to  my  fur- 
prife,  when  he  informed  me,  that 
many  continue  at  this  game  for 
feveral  hours  to  the  total  exclufiori 
of  bufmefs  or  of  pleaiure.  Upon 
enquiring   the   name    of  this  faf- 
cinating  game,   J.  was  anfwered. 
Billiards:'    Tliis  vifit  clcfed  cur 
obfervaticns  of  the  firft  day,  and 
I  felt  myfelf  fo  entirely  incapable 
of  receiving  any  pleafure  from  the 
participation  of  what  vras  going 
forward,  that  I  refolvcd  to  return 
liome  again  inilantly  ;  but  my  fag<i 
fi  iend  detained  me,  and  kept  up  my 
fpirits,   by  faggefting  to-morrow's 
amufement  would  amply  compen- 
fate  the   failure    of  thi>.  Sums 
which  were  almod  incredible;  fums 
in  fweep-ftakes,  matches,  and  king's 
plate,  which  would,  if  duly  appro- 
priated,  have  difpcnfx.d  the  bleliings 
of  plenty  to  thoufands,  who  nov^: 
want  the  neceffaries  of  life,  were  to  h  i 
conteRed  for,  by  horfes,  to  morrow. 
Hov/  a  horfe-race,  by  any  effort  of 
lumian  ingenuity,   could  be  made 
the  means  of  drawing  together  iuch 
a   midtitride    of  rich    and  poor^ 
S  s  2  young 


3o8 


Amusements  cf  Fashionable  Life.        Vol.  64. 


young  and  old,  I  could  not  ima- 
gine ;  or  what  amufement  worthy 
tf  a  rational  being,  could  be  ex- 
tra6led  from  this  fpecies  of  cruelty, 
I  could  not  conceive  :  but  the  next 
day  at  noon,  when  I  accompanied 
my  tutor  to  the  courfe,  my  won- 
dei  increafed,  upon  feeing  dukes, 
grooms,  and  gamefters,  ladies  in 
gigs,  cliairs,  and  coaches,  inter- 
mixed in  one  common  company* 
After  fome  delay,  the  animals  in- 
tended for  the  conteft,  were  mount- 
ed by  fmall  people,  whofe  natural 
growth  muR  have  been  interrupted 
by  fome  extraordinary  means.  Thefe 
people  were  dreifed  in  filken  jack- 
ets, and  caps  of  diverfe  colours  ; 
and  I  now  perceived  it  was  almoft 
folely  owing  to  this  mode  of 
embelli(hment,  that  the  amufe- 
ment created  any  curioiity  in  the 
multitude.  The  race  now  com- 
menced, and  the  croud  was  inftant- 
ly  in  motion  ;  each  circuit  occafion- 
ed  the  moft  unmeaning,  and  withal, 
the  moft  intolt?rable  uproar,  I  had 
ever  heard ;  the  vociferation  en- 
crcafed,  till  the  heats  were  completed, 
and  generally  finilhed  each  of  them 
with  a  loud  and  re-iterated  huzza. 
Completely  tired  of  this  worfe  than 
Babel,  1  begged  of  my  tatoi  to  de- 
part; he  accompanied  m.e,  aiid  vre 
left  this  fcene  of  confuuon,  before 
half  the  entertainments  were  gone 
through.  As  we  did  net  dine  in 
public,  nor  choofe  to  mix  among 
the  members  of  this  laudable  in- 
ftitution,  we  enjoyed  a  tete  a-tete 
dinner  at  home,  abftraded  from 
folly,  noife,  and  diforoer.  As  we 
were  fitting  after  dinner,  an  invita- 
tion to  the  card-aiiemhly,  wiiich 
happened  to  be  that  evening,-  was 
handed  in  to  us  from  the  ilewards, 
one  of  whom  had  knov/n  my  tu- 
tor at  college,  I  had  no  wifh  to 
comply  Vv'ith  the  requefl,  but  was 
induced  by  Evander  to  accompany 
him,  as  I  might,  without  m.uch 
<peremony,  acl  as  I  thcuglit  proper. 


Jri  the  evening,  we  repaired  to  the 
aifembly-room,  and  were  introdu- 
ced to  a  brilliant  company,  the 
greateft  part  of  which  was  feated 
at  different  tables  at  quadrille, 
picquet,  loo,  and  whifi.  In  a  cor- 
ner of  the  room,  a  party  of  gentle- ' 
men  was  engaged  at  cribbage  ;  to 
thefe  I  was  introduced  by  Evander, 
and'  was  afked  by  one,  to  make 
a  party  in  tlie  game,  as  one  of  the 
gentlemen  was  going  to  a  loo-table, 
but  I  declined  it  for  a  very  fiiffici- 
ent  reafon  ;  for  it  happened,  I  dont 
know  whether  unfoi  tunatcly  or 
not,  that  in  the  whole  courfe  of  my 
reading,  I  never  met  VMth  an 
author,  that  treated  of  pairs,  double 
pryals,  and  fequences.  I  paifed  an 
hour  looking  on,  and  favv  by  the 
countenance  of  the  players,  thac 
all  their  defires  were  abforbed  in 
the  imperious  one  of  getting  a  few 
pegs  to  the  end  of  a  nptched  Hick  ! 
I  foon  grew  tired  of  contemplating^ 
my  fellow  creatures  fo  unprofitably 
and  unworthily  employed,  and 
made  a  fign  of  a  wiih  to  depart  ; 
as  we  came  along  the  rows  of 
tables,  \  obferved,  that  many  of  the 
ladies,  w^ho  feemed  the  moft  grati- 
fied, were  thofe,  whofe  hair  was 
quite  gray,  and  whofe  fight  had 
failed  them  fo  much,  that  to  diftin- 
guilh  between  one  kind  and  another, 
they  were  under  the  difagre^able 
nece/Tity  of  wearing  fpe<fLacIes. 

This  was  the  conciution  of  the 
fecond  day  ;  and,  fo  extreme  w^is 
my  difcippointment,  that  I  begged 
cf  Evander  to  quit  the  town  eariy 
the  next  morning;  but  he  replied^ 
that  he  had  yet  avictlier  exhibition^ 
v-v^hich  would  take  ph^ce  the  follow- 
ing morning,  and  after  that  wc 
would  depart  from  this  affem- 
blage  of  the  raoic  detellable  fol- 
ly, and  lofe  the  recollect  ion  of  f  > 
■  h^rny  abfurdities,'  by  the  contem- 
platica  of  nature,  and  the  Audy  of 
the  works  of  the  moft  admired  phi- 
lofophers.     The  thought    thac  I 


April  iSC2.      ,  Amusements  of  Fashionable  Life. 


fliould  {hoxxlj  again  be  in  mj  be- 
loved retreat  furroundcd  by  my  fa- 
vourite authors,  kept  me  in  good 
humour  .  and  I  parted  with  Evan- 
der,  and  retired  to  reft. 

After  an  early  breakfaft,  the 
next  morning,  we  fallied  out,  but 
as  my  tutor  thought  it  would  be 
rather  too  early  for  the  diversion 
we  v/ere  going  to  partake  of,  we 
took  a  lounge  ifi  a  bookfeller's  fhop 
whic'h  was  on  our  way.  In  look- 
ing round,  among  ,a  number  of 
things  diijplayed  to  attradi:  notice, 
we  difcovcred  a  fubfcription  paper 
for  the  relief  of  a  poor  foldier's  wi- 
dow, whofe  hufband  and  child  had 
died  of  a  putrid  fever,  and  who 
was  then  Tick  in  the  diforder  herfelf, 
in  a  miferable  little  cabin  in  one  of 
the  fuburbs  of  the  town.  In  look- 
irig  over  the  lift,  I  could  not  find 
the  names  of  .  any  of  the  gentlemen 
who  were  fo  lavifh  of  their  money 
in  promoting  the  deledlable  amufe- 
ments  of  balls,  hunts,  and  races* 
It  is  fuch  as  thefe,  thought  I,  that 
have  fu^:{gefted  to  the  inimitable 
poet,  this  fevere  cenfure, 

i  ficrj  is  nci  flclh  in  Mali's  obdurate 
hcarl."  • 

While,  I  vras  me  dilating  on  this,  an 
elderly  gentlewoman  entered  the 
fhop,  who  gave  the  mailer  of  it 
about  half  a  guinea,  which  Ihe  had 
colledcd  in  bcli.ilr  of  the  unfortunate 
fufierer.  It  appear  cd,  upon  inquiry, 
that  this  fame  genrlc woman  was  re- 
puted to  be  a  great  method i ft ;  what- 
ever Ihe  was  I  could  not  help  ad- 
niiiing  her  benevolent  feehngs,  and 
I  v»'as  happy  that  1  had  it  in  my 
power  to  add  my  donation  to  her's. 
From  the  bookfellcr's  Ihop,  we  paf- 
fed  along  oneof  the  principalftreets, 
but  we  prefently  Icfttliis,  and  fteer- 
ing  up  a  dark  alley,  were  prefently 
near  the  outlets  of  the  town.  Here 
a  building  of  a  particular  Uruc- 
turc  came  in  viev/,  from  which, 
not  expelling  much  good,  I  was 


not  anxious  to  enter  it.  F.v>::i. 
der,  cried  I,  whether  are  you  lead- 
ing me."  To  yonder  hexagonal 
building,  furmounted  by  a  Lion 
paffant;  ic  is  a  cock-pit,  and  belongs 
to  the  firft  Duke  in  thefe  realms.'* 
"  ImpofTible,  cried  I,  the  amuf'?- 
ment  of  cock-fighting,  (if  amufe- 
ment  it  can  be  called),  u  confined  l.-^ 
the  very  loweft  clafs  of  the  vulgar 
bur  he  put  an  end  to  my  doubts,  by 
lliewing  me  a  printed  advertifement, 
v/herein  it  was  ftated,  that  "  a  long 
main  ol  cocks  would  be  fought  be- 
tween Sir  Harry  Cecil  and  Evelyn 
Henry  Parkhurft,  Efq.''  "  Oh  ! 
intolerable  lhame,  thac  legiflators, 
that  thole  who  direcl  the  manners 
of  the  people,  fhould  partake  in 
thofe  cruel  amufements,  wjiich  ic 
fhould  be  the  bufinefs  of  the  Legis- 
lature t9  render  unpopular  to  th^ 
meaneft  rabble.';' — I  followed  him 
implicitly  into  this  vortex  of  vice  and 
degeneracy,  and  a  little  v/hlle  fuf- 
ficed  to  ficken  me  ;  the  low  bruta- 
lity and  cant  of  the  feeders  ;  die 
blafphemy  and  unmeaning  oaths  of 
thofe  who  farroun ded  thj  bleeding 
combatants,  foon  rendered  the  phice 
unht  for  me  or  my  philofophic 
guide.  Vexed  at  the  follies  of  my 
fcUow-men,  I  turned  out  of  it.  aiji 
refolved  no  longer  to  be  a  witneJs 
of  purlin ts,  which  have  for  their  ob- 
jed,  the  deftrudion  of  all  virtue^ 
humanity,  and  true  greatnefs. 

Incensed  at  tlie  profligacy  which 
jjppears  but  too  palpably  in  almo.l 
all  the  departments  of  what  is  im- 
pertinently termed  polished  lifc^  al- 
low me  Sir,  to  addrsfs  my  fjllovv'^ 
m.^n  from  the  digniiied  retirement: 
of  a  Icholar,  ivi  tlie  language  with 
which  the  ftudy  of  philofophy  and 
religion  fupplies  him.  — If  thefe 
are  my  fellow-creatures,  I  am  every- 
way unqualified  to  aifociate  wiiih 
them,  our  purfuits  have  been  fo  de- 
cidedly ditterent,  that  it  is  eafy  to 
perceive,  that  one  of  the  parties  niuit 
be  in  an  error; — Have  I,  faid  I  to 
myfelf,  contemplated  genius  in  ail 

ages. 


310 


Amusements  of  Fashionable  Life. 


Vol.  64. 


aj2;es,  iTiade  myfelf  acquainted  with 
the  principles  of  ahnoll  every  art 
and  fcience,  for  the  piirpofe  only, 
when  I  come  into  the  world,  of 
rendering  myfelf  unfit  for  the  fo- 
ciety  of  my  fellow^creatures  ?  From 
the  amufements  which  claim  tlie 
jnceffant  devotion  of  the  fafliionable 
world,  what  in(lru6tion,  what  bene- 
fit can  he  drawn  ?  1  learn,  that 
their  great  art  is  to  hailen  or  i)c- 
ji;uile  the  progrefs  of  time,  it  is  my 
on  the  contrary,  to  arrert:  it. 

0  Divine  Providence,  can  thy  plans 
be  vindicated,  in  a  world,  vlierc 

1  fee  the  one  part  of  mankind  ut- 
tcrly  unacquainted  with  the  wants 
and  fufferings  of  the  other ;  iu 
a  world,  where  the  phyfical  evils  of 
our  conftitntion  are  encrcafed,  not 
leffencd,  by  the  ingenuity  of  man. 
I  fee,  that  fy Items  however  pnrc, 
morality  however  exalted,  are  mere- 
ly paflcd  over  in  the  great  biid- 
nefs  of  human  life  ;  and  each  acts 
more  with  a  view  of  making  lite  a 
fcene  of  perpetual  amufemcut,  ra- 
ther than  with  a  wilh  to  promote 
the  peace  or  the  happinefs  (>f  others. 
1  furely  have  not  nuich  to  regret 


in  forfaking  a  community,  which  as 
it  is  at  prefent  conftituted,  may 
wound  my  fenfibility,  but  never 
promote  my  happinefs  :  fecluded  in 
lettered  retirement,  how  dignified 
are  my  enjoyments !  how  worthy 
the  purfuit  of  an  immortal  fpirit ! 

How  mean, 'improper,  and  falfe, 
are  thofe  enjoyments,  to  which 
you  facrifice  your  days  and  nights, 
and  live  but  for  yourfelves,  the 
mcreft  logician  could  eafily  de- 
monitrate.  Members  of  a  commu- 
nity which  arrogantly  boafts  the 
name  of  the  moll  civilized  in  the 
world — how  nn'fcrably  do  ye  dc- 
bafe  the  glory  your  anceftors  have 
won  !  The  vail  of  ignorance  and 
vice  has  too  long  Ihroudcd  the  pur- 
fuits  of  the  rich  :  it  is  time,  that  ig- 
norance flioiild  give  way  to  wifdom; 
it  is  time,  that  the  cant,  and  the 
laxity  of  i-ific'elity  Ihould  be  over- 
turned, and  that  morality  fubicitu. 
ted  in  its  place,  which  acknow- 
ledges for  its  bafis,  a  fimple  and 
pure  religion.  —  I  am, 
Sir,  Yours,  &:c. 

Armin  Montgo?4ery. 


OBSERVATIONS  on  the  CPvIMINAL  LAW  of  SCOTLAND 
With  regard  to  ADULTERY. 


THE  idea,  that  marriage  is  the 
didate  of  nature,  and  its  indifpen- 
ftble  neceiTity  to  man  in  a  ftate  of 
focicty,  might  be  corroborated,  by 
regarding  it  as  a  religious  ordi- 
nance ;  and  efpecially,  by  fhewing 
how  clearly  it  is  recognifed  as  fuch, 
in  the  diipcnfations  both  of  the 
Old  and  Ncv/  Tcihiments.  I  am 
averfc,  how2vcr:  from  entering  on 


a  difquifition,  to  which  I  feel  my- 
felf unable  to  do  complete  juuice 

It  is  the  tendency  of  adultery 
to  ftrike  at  the  root  of  this  in- 
ftitution,  whrch  has  been  fliewn  to 
be  fo  natural  and  neceifary  to  man. 
For  it  is  exTential  to  its  exiftence, 
that  the  obligation  of  marriage,  fi- 
delity, and  adherence,  fhould  be  re- 
Ipefi-ed.    Every  inPiancc  in  which 

they 


April  i8o2.      On  the  Scoiish  Adultery  Laws. 


they  are  violated,  is  a  diredl  out- 
rage  againft  that  law  of  oui  nature, 
which  prefcribes  marriage  as  ne- 
cclliiry  to  the  exigence  of  fociety; 
and,  confequently,  againft  fociety 
itfelf. 

1m  this  firft  and  ftriking  point  of 
view,  it  would  be  difficult  to  find 
any  crime,  which  can  juftly  be  com- 
pared with  adultery ;  excepting, 
perhaps,  thofe  which  tend  to  the 
total  overthrow  of  fociety  itfelf. 
Even  thofe  crimes,  which  confiil  ia 
the  invafion  of  property  or  life,  do 
not  infer  the  violation  of  a  more 
pofitive  or  better  defined  natural 
law,  than  that  whofe  ex i  Hence  lias 
jaft  been  eftabliflied. 

In  the  second  place,  adultery  is, 
in  its  confequences,  Jiighly  perni- 
cious to  fociety.  Thefe  con-equen- 
ces  admit  of  fome  immaterial  varia- 
tion, according  as  it  is  the  wife,  or 
the  hufband,  who  has  forfaken  the 
path  of  duty.  It  is  the  former  cafe 
which  I  fhall  employ  in  illuftrating 
them.  The  difference  between  the 
two  cafes  is  too  inconfidenible  to 
require  a  feparate  view  of  the  lat- 
ter. 

Generally  fpeaking,  a  man  fe- 
lef^s  a  woman  as  his  partner  for 
life,  becaufe  he  finds,  in  her  cha- 
rader,  more  eftimable  qualities,  and 
a  greater  capal>ility  of  conferring 
happinefs  upon  him,  than  he  has 
ever  difcovered  in  any  other  indivi- 
dual of  her  fex.  Unlefs  he  has  er- 
red in  this  eftimate,  he  finds  the 
more  to  admire  in  her  charadler, 
the  longer  he  has  an  opportunity  of 
obferving  it.  His  virtuous  endea- 
vours are  exerted,  to  render  this 
fentiment  reciprocal ;  and  every 
original  and  alfociated  feeling  of 
his  nature,  confpires  to  make  the 
fociety  of  his  wife  an  elTential  part 
4if  his  fcheme  of  happinefs. 

How  bitter  is  the  pang  which 
Tends  the  heart  of  fuch  a  hufband, 
i  when  death  bereaves  him  of  the 
j  Ikucc  vf  all  his  enjoyment!  He  f-els 


himfclf  alone  in  the  world  ;  lie  had 
known  no  happinefs  which  ihe  did 
not  participate;  he  had  borne  no 
calamity  which  fhe  did  nut  fliarr 
and  foothe  ;  all  the  cares  and  anxi- 
eties of  his  life,  ho  had  been  accul^ 
tomed  freely  to  rcpofe  in  her  faiih- 
ful  bofom.  Of  fuch  enjoyments,  and 
fuch  confolations,  hath  this  fatal 
event  deprived  him. 

But  light  is  the  afiliftion  even  of 
a  widov/ed  hulband,  in  comparifor* 
of  his,  who  has  been  robbed  of  hap- 
pinefs, by  the  wiles  of  a  feducer. 
There  is  not  one  circumstance  i:i 
the  diilrelfes  of  the  former,  which 
the  latter  does  not  fulfer  without 
palliation.  He  has  furlained  irre- 
trievably the  fame  lofs  ;  he  has  been 
bereaved  of  the  objecl  of  his  dearell 
affections ;  and  of  all  the  fympa- 
thies,  all  the  mutual  confidence,  all 
the  tender  endearments,  which  in 
her  fociety  he  had  enjoyed.  But  hi^ 
lofs  is  attended  with  cruel  aggra- 
vations. Of  the  future  happinel"^ 
which  he  had  promifed  himLif,  hj 
has  been  miferably  difappointed  : 
he  is  mortified,  and  ftung  to  thtj 
quick,  by  the  conviition,  tliat 
his  beft  endeavours,  and  even 
the  fuper- added  motive  of  thi 
marriage  vow,  could  not  fee  are  to 
him  the  aifedions  of  his  wife  ;  and 
his  heart  is  wrung,  when  fancy 
paints  the  excellence  to  which  he 
had  confided  all  his  hopes  of  Lifting 
happinefs,  now  betrayed,  under- 
mined, and  at  the  mercy  of  a  vil- 
lain. Such  are  the  confequences 
which  accrue  from  the  wife's  crime 
to  the  injured  hulband  ;  perhaps, 
a  more  m.ingled  and  more  bitter 
cup  of  mifery  than  his,  it  can 
fcarcely  ever  be  tlie  let  of  huma- 
nity to  drink. 

And  what  are  its  .confequences 
to  the  vliflim  cf  treachery  herieif  ? 
Does  Ihe  receive  a  compenf  ition  for 
honour,  and  happinefs,  in  the  aifec- 
tions  of  her  feJucer  ?  Alas !  it 
wretchednefs  can  be  figiired,  which 

nearly 


On  the  Scot'ish  Adultery  Laws. 


Vol.  64. 


Tiearly  iipproachcs  to  that  of  her 
much-wronged  hufband,  it  is  that 
whlo^;  ihe  herfelf  is  doomed  to  fuf- 
f  ::i ,  when  patiion  yields  up  its  ufur- 
ped  fway  to  rcRe(5tion  and  to  re- 
morfe.  The  I'^ic^ture  which  memory 
and  fancy  then  combine  their  pow- 
cis  to  draw,  it  is  f»:.arcely  for  human 
nacure  to  fuftain. 

Nor  do  the  fatal  confcquences 
of  tliis  crime  ftop  here.  Of  the 
marriage,  whofe  oShgations  have 
thus  been  violated,  there  exifts,  per- 
haps, an  innocent  oiispring.  They 
alfo  arc  materially  ii'/jpiicated  in  the 
f  uilt  of  their  mother.  Their  com- 
fort in  fociety,  and  many  of  their 
lights  as  members  of  it,  depend  on 
their  legiiiniacy;  and  her  condll^St 
amply  jiiftifies  a  fiiipicion  on  that 
head.  They  too,  muit  deeply  fhare 
in  the  commt  n  domeilic  calamity  ; 
'  in  the  alienation  of  a  mother's  af- 
fections, they  fullain  an  irrepa:  able 
iofs  ;  in  contemplating  the  wretch 
tdnefs  of  both^parents,  happinefs  is 
removed  far  from  them. 

Let  thefe  infallible  confequences 
of  adultery  be  duly  weighed ;  and  let 
it  be  aiked,  is  tlierc  any  one  crime 
which  is  prodiidlve  of  fo  extreme 
:i  degree  ofmifeiy?  The  criines  of 
robbery  and  murder  are  diredcd 
a^^ainil  propert}'"  and  life.  Why  do 
we  value  thefe  ?  Becaufe  they  fur- 
niili  means  and  opportunities  of  en- 
joyment.  We  inHidt  the  higheil: 
poiiible  puniihment  on  the  robber 
and  murderer,  becaufe  they  have 
taken  a  way  from  one  human  being 
the  mieans  and  opportunities  of  en- 
joyment. ;  and  their  punilhmeiit  is, 
upon  every  principle,  irrefragabiy 
juil.  Yet  the  adulterer  poifons  the 
fountains  of  the  pureii  of  all  enjoy- 
ments ;  and  we  permit  him  to  ef- 
cape  with  impunity  ! 

In  th^  third  place,  adultery  infers 
fuch  a  degree  of  depravity  in  the 
mhid  of  the  criminal,  as  to  diminilh 
the  idea  of  fecurity  which  is  necef- 
fary  to  the  ccmfoit  of  focicty. 


The  motives  of  adions  are  hid^ 
den  from  every  human  eye.  hike 
all  other  caufes,  their  qualities  be- 
come known  to  us,  only  from  the 
etrc(!^s  which  they  produce.  If  a 
man  does  good  to  fociety,  we  pro- 
nounce his  motive  to  be  virtuous; 
if  he  iiijures  it,  we  afcrihe  to  his 
motive,  the  qualities  of  vice,  or  de- 
pravity. 

It  has  appeared,  that  muc  i 
mifciiief  rcfults  from  the  crime 
of  adultery.  According  to  the 
preceding  rules,  theref(ue,  we  mu  t 
unavijidably  hold,  that  the  crimin:d 
willed  to  infli6l  that  injury  ;  and 
w'j  muft  impute  to  his  motive, 
the  correfponding  chara<5lcr  of  dc- 
pravity. 

It  has,  indeed,  been  urged  in  ex- 
tenuation of  his  guilt,  that  he  has 
adled  -jn  obedience  to  a  powerful 
phyfical  impulfe  ;.  at  a  time  when 
paflion  had  obtained  an  afcendancy 
over  reafon,  and  when  the  remote 
confequences  cf  his  crime  could  not 
be  prefent  to  his  mind.  This  is 
a  plea  which  requires  a  particu- 
lar examination.  It  involves  one 
of  the  moil  intereiiing  queftions  in 
criminal  law  ;  namely,  whetlier 
the  feverity  with  which  a  crime 
is  punilhed,  ought  to  increaie 
with  the  temptations  to  its  coni- 
miffion. 

The  affirmative  of  that  queftica 
has  been  adopted  in  fundry  inftan- 
ces,  even  in  our  own  law ;  and  ap- 
parently with  much  reafon.  If  a 
crime  is  very  dangerous  to  fociety, 
the  danger  muft  be  only  the  greater, 
that  it  can  be  committed  without 
dcing  violence  to  any  paffion  or 
feeling.  Murder  is  a  dangerous 
crime  ;  but  it  is  the  lefs  dangerous, 
that  nature  has  implanted  in  every 
man,  a  ftrong  abhorrence  of  ihed- 
ding  his  neighbour's  blood.  That 
feeling  of  abhorrence  muft  be  over- 
come before  the  adt  is  committed ; 
and  hence  the  crime  is  compara- 

tirelT 


April  1802.     On  the  Scotish  Adultery  Laws. 


313 


tively  iinfrequent.  *  In  like  man- 
ner, the  certainty  of  detection  is 
a  powerful  motive  to  abftain  from 
the  commiffion  of  any  crime — be- 
caufe  the  fear  of  punifhment  mufl: 
fiiH  be  conquered.  Crimes,  there- 
fore, are  unfrequent,  which  can  on- 
ly be  committed  in  fituations  where 
deteClion  and  efcape  are  difficult ; 
fuch  as  robberies  by  day,  in  a  Ttreet, 
or  thorough-fare. 

Thofe  crimes,  therefore,  are  the 
moft  dangerous,  which,  at  the  lame 
time  that   they  deeply  injure  fo- 
cicty,  may  be  perpetrated  without  ^ 
any  previous  ftruggle  with  paflion 
or  feeling ;  and  in  circumftances 
which  render  detedlion  difficult,  and 
punilhment  doubtful.    Thus,  reve- 
nue laws  impofe  reftraints  on  the 
rights  of  property  ,  and  the  freedom 
of  trade :    offences  againft  them, 
therefore,  not  only  occafion  no  con- 
teft  between  juftice  and  feeling,  but 
have  the  natural  feelings  of  the  cri- 
minal on  their  fide.    Thus  alfo,  in 
a  commercial  country,  forgery  is 
not  only  a  crime  moft  dangerous  in 
itfelf ;    but,  from  the  undifturbed 
caution   and   circumfpedlion  with 
which  it  is  committed,  and  the  diffi- 
culty of  procuring  evidence  againft 
the  criminal,  there  are  powerful 
temptations  to  try  the  fuccefs  of  it. 
Such  crimes,  accordingly,  are  fre- 
quent ;  and,  when  detected,  are  ah 
ways  punifhed  with  the  moft  unre- 
lenting rigour. 

Adulters  is  a  crime  of  this  laft 
clafs.  It  unites  all  the  qualities 
I  have  enumerated.  It  is  in  its 
confequences  moft  injurious  and 
antifocial;  it  may  be  oppofed  by 
ieafon,  but  it  is  aided  by  paflion  ;  it 
is  of  an  occult  nature,  and  there- 


*  The  remark  raight  be  ftill  better  il- 
luftratc.i,  by  an  allLifion  to  the  more 
atrocious  and  more  rare  deCcriptions  of 
this  crime  ;  as  the  murJei  of  4  parent, 
a  wife,  or  a  child. 

Vol.  LXIV. 


fore  difficult  of  dete(5lion.  Why 
then,  diitinguilh  betwixt  it  and  the 
other  offences  of  the  fame  clafs 
with  refpec^  to  the  feverity  with 
wJiich  it  is  punifhed  ?  " 

On  tliis  head,  ( the  depravity  of  the 
criminal,)  I  have  only  to  add,  that 
the  crime  of  adultery  implies  ano- 
ther, of  no  mean  enormity,  name- 
ly, pfrjury  ;  a  crime,  which  our  law 
punifnes,  in  fimple  cafes,  with  con- 
fiderable  rigour.  It  is  only  when 
complicated  with  the  ftill  more 
atrocious  offence  of  adultery,  that 
it  efcapes  with  impunity  ! 

In  every  point  of  view,  therefore, 
the  guilt  of  adultery  is  manifeftly 
moft  malignant  and  enormous.  The 
conclufion  is  fo  obvious,  as  to  be 
fcarcely  worth  ftating  ;  not  merely 
that  it  ought  to  be  punifhed,  but 
that  it  ought  to  be  punifhed,  in 
every  inftance,  witli  exem.piary  fe- 
verity. 

Let  me  add  a  fingle  word  with 
refpedf  to  the  confequences  of  the 
impunity  which  at  prefent  attends 
this  crime.    Of  thefe,  the  moft  ob- 
vious is,  the  frequency  of  its  occur- 
rence ;  a  fa^l  to  v/hich  the  record 
of  our  Confiftorial  Court  bears  am^ 
pie  and  melancholy  teftimony.  This 
f-td  ought  to  create  no  furprife ; 
confidering  with  what  feelings  the 
crime   is    beheld    by  the  people. 
When  an  example  of  it  is  mention^ 
ed,  do  they  fhudder  at  the  complin 
cated  wretchednefs  which  it  prOa 
duces?  No;  the  criminal  lofes  in 
no  refped  his  ftation  in  fociety  ;  his 
reception  among  his  equals  is  not 
lefs  favourable  than  formerly  :  per* 
haps,  he  is  envied  for  the  vi-flory  he 
has  gained,  or  for  the  attiatflions 
vrhich  atchieved  it.    Is  it  poilible, 
that  this  is  the  light  in  which  the 
crime  would,  be  viewed,  if  a  difs. 
graceful  puniiliment  were  its  certain 
confequence  ? 

The  only  inquiry  which  remains 
is.  What  punilhment  is  peculi- 
arly commcnfurate  to  the  o:Q:ence  ? 

Tt  Oa 


On  the  Scotisb  Adultery  Laws. 


Vol.  64. 


On  this  qnefli  n,  I  flrall  (aj  hut  a 
few  words.  Perhaps  the  prccccding 
remarks  on  the  comparative  atro- 
city of  the  Clime,  might  waiiaut 
the  recommendation  of  employing 
in  every  inltance,  the  feveic  punifh- 
/nent  which  our  hiw  has  exprelsly 
jiointed  out.  *  At  the  fame  time, 
it  is  not  the  feverity,  but  the  in- 
famy, and  certainty,  -of  punilh- 
meucS,  in  which  their  terror  con- 
fifts.  Whaiever  correction  is  thought 
the  mod  apphcable ;   let  it  with 


*  Mr  Hume,  who  dii"approvcs  of  the 
fcvtrit-y  of  the  puniihmtnt  of  adultery 
by  our  law,  iufj  ccts,  th.it  the  a<^t  156;,, 
which  vvas  piirr;::d  in  the  very  heat  oi  ihe 
llcforniation,  may  have  chieiV/  origi- 
nated m  that  morofc  and  auilere  tam- 
per which  the  people  of  Scotland 
were  ihen  irifcded.  I  ft  el  ionie  heii- 
tati^.'ii  to  adoiU  this  opinion  ;  conli- 
dering,  that  during  the  reign  of  po- 
jiery,  raaniajre  was  legaidcJ  as  a  ft- 
crament  ;  and  all  vioLtions  of  the 
marriage  vow  would  accordingly  be 
accounted  facrilegious.  Tnc  crime 
fhouUl  ralhcr  have  appeared  lei'i  .atro- 
cious, when  the  Reformation  dmn- 
Uilhcd  the  iacrednei'^  01  niarria^rr. 


unerring  certainty  overtake  ihc  cri- 
minal;  and  the  ends  ofpubhcjuf- 
tice  will  be  fansfied.  Yet  the  law 
ouglit  to  be  confident  with  itfelf,  ia 
proportioning  the  feverity  of  the 
p^milhment  to  the  enormity  of  the 
crime.  *'  It  is  an  cffential  point," 
faysMontei'quieu,  "that  there  fliould 
be  .a  ceriain  proportion  in  putiilh- 
ments  ;  bccaufc  it  is  elfcntial,  that 
a  great  ciime  fhould  be  avoided, 
rather  than  a  leffer  ;  and  that  which 
is  more  pernicious  to  fociety,  than 
that  which  is  leis.  * 

The  object  of  the  proceeding  re- 
marks will  have  been  attained,  if 
tliey  lhall  be  fo  fortunate  as  to  ex- 
cite the  attention  of  the  public  to 
the  fubjcdt  to  which  they  relate.  It 
is  a  fubje»5l,  which  cannot  be  indif- 
ferent to  any  wife  and  good  man  ; 
lor  no  good  man,  and  no  real  friend 
to  his  country  and  his  kind,  can 
view  with  indiifercnce,  the  evidence 
which  an  invcfiigation  of  it  affords, 
of  the  decay  of  morals,  and  .of  vir- 
tue among  his  countrymen. 

X.  Y. 

^  Sp.  of  Laws  E.  vi.  c.  16. 


the 


EdiiQis  rf  ihc  Scots  Magazine. 


Gen  TLF.MHN, 

IN  looking  into  your  Ma.n^azine 
for  February,  I  was  confiderMply 
Uru'ck  with  the  obfervaiiionsof  OrtL- 
Lus  on  Ruftic  Happinefs  and  Iiide- 
pendnence;  which  delineate,  vrdi 
equal  truth  and  energy,  a  charac- 
ter new  to  the  rnoraliil,  and  highly 
worthy  of  his  attentive  examlna- 
ilor.  A  man  of  genuis,  in  humble 
life,  condemned  by  iicceffity  to  me- 
chanical labour  ;  v/ho  yet  conceals, 
under  the  difguife  of  a  homely 
garb  and  ruftic  manners,  an  ele- 


gance of  tafte  and  feeling,  a  con- 
fcious  dignity  of  mind,  and  an 
eager  obfervation  cf  mankind,  is 
an  cbjecft  not  lefs  of  admiration  than 
of  fympathy ;  for  in  few  fituations  is 
the  moral  rifque  greater.  Your  cor- 
refpondent  has  flvetched,  con  umo^-e^ 
a  lyllem  of  happinefs  for  fuch  a 
character  ;  buchis  views  of  the  fub- 
ject  appear  to  me  fo  erroneous  in 
principle,  and  fo  dangerous  in  their 
practical  tendency,  that  I  am  indu- 
ced to  offer  a  few  refledi-^ns,  as  a 
ccrredive  to  the  imprefSons  which 

they 


April.  1802. 


On  Rustic  Happiness, 


they  may  have  left  on  the  minds  of 
ibme  of  your  leaders. 

It  is  a  maxim  of  undifputed  au- 
thority, that,  in  all  queilions  rela- 
ting to  human  condud:,  the  teU  of 
rxperiencc,  whenever  it  can  be  fair- 
ly applied,  is  final  and  decillve  ;  and 
'-onilitutes  the  highefl  degree  of 
probability,  which  is  attainable  on 
fuch  fa bjeds.  Accordingly,  the 
great  uie  of  liiftory,  and  efpeciallr 
of  its  mofl;  interefting  branch,  Bio- 
graphy, is  to  furnifh  mankind  with 
a  ftock  of  moral  fadls  ;  and  thus 
to  give  to  the  principles  of  pradlical 
wifdcm,  the  certainty  and  ftabiiiry 
of  a  fcicnce,  founded  on  experiment. 
From  the  intricacy  of  the  confider- 
ations  involved  in  an  eilimate  of 
character,  it  may  often,  indeed,  be 
difficult  to  produce  a  calefo  exa<ftly 
in  point,  that  all  parties  fnall  agree 
in  confidenng  it  as  a  juft  example. 
In  the  pfefent  inftance,  hovv^ever, 
there  can  be  no  hefitation.  The 
hi  (lory  of  Burns  mult  prelcnt  itfelf 
to  every  mind  ;  and  fo  clofe  is  the 
refemblance  between  the  well-known 
charafter  of  that  unfortunate  vic- 
tim of  genius  and  paffion,  and  the 
ideal  portrait  drawn  by  your  cor- 
rcfpondent,  that  not  the  fhghtell 
diifcrence  of  feature  or  Hneament  is 
difcernible.  The  fame  unhmitcd  in- 
dulgence of  enlhufiaftic  feeHngs,and 
keen  contempt  of  common  minds, 
are  charaderiiHc  of  both.  It  is 
certainly  no  very  prepoffeffing  cir- 
cumftance  of  your  correfpondent's 
theory,  that  it  points  diredly  to  a 
chara(fi:er,  whofe  misfortunes  and 
errors,  however  li:rongly  they  excite 
our  regret  and  pity,  muii:  form  tlie 
ftro]igell  poilible  objcdion  to  an  i- 

itation  of  his  condudl. 

In  fuggeiling  this  remark,  howe- 
ver, it  is  Jar  from  being  my  inten- 
tion to  depreciate  thofe  enjoyments, 
which  men,  framed  like  Burns,  de- 
rive from  the  ardour  of  their  af- 
fedions,  and  the  peculiar  force  and 
vivacity  of  their  imagination.  My 


objed  is  merely  to  fiiew,  from  ex- 
perience, the  danger  of  fetting  up 
feeling  or  fentimcnt  as  the  rule  of 
adlion  ;  and  of  confidcring  an  un- 
fettled  enthufiafm  as  a  more  ho- 
nourable (juality  than  that  firm  and 
manly  reafon,  which,  without  im- 
pairing the  inherent  vigour  of  the 
mind,  checks  its  caprices,  and  di- 
reds  its  powers,  v/ith  (leadinefs  and 
effed:  to  their  proper  objeds.  I^ 
reality,  your  correfpondent's  fyfiem 
is  reprehenfible,  not  fo  much  on  ac- 
count of  wliat  he  has  f.iid  on  the 
pleafures  of  tafte,  as  of  wliat  he  has 
cm' .fed  to  sny  on  the  necefiity  of  e- 
flabliiliing  habits  of  felf  command, 
the  great  fundamental  principle  of 
happinefs  to  all  mankind  ;  but,  to 
perfons  of  the  charader  he  defcribe.s, 
peculiarly  and  eminently  requifite. 
Thofe  who  are  acquainted  with  the 
general  principles  of  human  nature, 
niufl:  be  convinced,  that,  in  no  fpe- 
cies  of  charader  is  a  fyftematical 
oppofition  to  the  prevailing  bias 
more  neceffary.  The  tv/o  leading 
faculties  of  the  mind,  as  all  knov/^ 
are  Reafon  and  Imagination  ;  and 
the  chief  fee  ret  of  mental  regula- 
tion, confifls  in  maintaining  between 
them  fuch  a  due  equilibrium  and 
balance  of  power,  as  that  neither 
may  fubjugatc  the  other,  or  impede 
its  adivity  in  its  own  peculiar  p>ro- 
vince.  In  men  of  genius,  the  ima- 
gination is  naturally  predominant ; 
a  diilindion  elfential  to  their  intel- 
ledual  fuperiority,  but  often  de- 
ftrudive  of  that  folid  felicity  which 
is  more  defireable  than  eminence. 
Nature,  in  the  produdion  of  exalt- 
ed minds,  feems  to  depart  from  her 
general  principle,  and  to  form  the 
individual,  lefs  for  himfelf  than  for 
the  fpecies.  It  ought,  thereforCj^^.to 
be  the  firlt  and  the  lail:  recommenda- 
tion to  thofe  who  feel  in  themfclvesi 
fymptoms  of  this  charader,  to  cul- 
tivate and  Ifrcngthen  tlieir  reafon, 
on  a  principle  of  duty  ;  as  the  only 
means  of  prcferving  t^at  power  o- 
T  t  2  vex- 


3i6 


On  Rustic  Happiifss. 


Vol.  64. 


Ter  their  oXvn  minds,  which  is  alike 
neceflary  to  IiappineA,  to  ulcfuhiefs, 
and  to  real  rerpc(fl:ability  in  lociety. 

But  if  this  dilciplinc  be  ufeful  in 
general,  even  where  affluence  and 
rank  allow  Ibmc  fcope  for  eccentiic 
i:il'ic.s,  how  nnich  more  is  it  rcqiii- 
fite  where  poverty  has  drawn  the 
line  of  prudence  fo  clofely  round 
the  individual,  that  it  touches  him 
on  all  fides,  and  leaves  no  fpace 
for  the  play  of  the  imagination  ? 

It  is  not  my  defign  to  deduce 
any  iyflem  of  condud  from  thefe 
principles ;  but  if  I  wcr^  difpofed 
to  follow  your  correfpondent's  ex- 
ample in  this  rcfpcd,  I  Ihould  by 
110  mear.s,  leave  out  of  my  Ibheme, 
the  pleafures  of  tafte  and  I'ympatliy, 
much  Icfs  thofe  which  arile  from 
the  purfuit  of  knowledge ;  but 
I  would  with  con deuce  lay  down 
an  t-  Jv^hte  cd  disrhar:ie  oj  the  nintive 
dutiis  of  life^  as  the  bafis  and 
ground  work  of  liappinrfs,  to  the 
clafs  of  men  for  whom  his  obferva- 
tions  are  intended.  I^ell:  I  Ihould 
appear,  however,  to  be  indulging 
a  fpirit  of  indifcriminate,  common- 
place morality,  than  wliich,  I  am 
lenfiblc,  nothing  is  more  irkfome  to 
a  rcfleding  perlbn  ;  I  fhall  add  a  re- 
mark or  two  to  iiluftrate  my  idea. 
Though  the  obligations  of  duty  are 
common  to  all,  yet  it  is  eafy  to  per- 
ceive, that  a  fcheme  of  life,  in  which 
thepurfuitof  moral  excellence  fhould 
form  the  leading  principle,  would 
not  be  adapted  to  the  generality 
of  mankind.  They  would  neither 
underftand  it  in  its  true  meaning, 
nor  are  they  capable  of  putting  it 
in  execution.  They  lequire  an  ob- 
jed  more  fuited  to  the  grcfsnefs  of 
their  conceptions ;  and  the  acquifi- 
tion  of  money,  as  demanding  regu- 
lar induflry ;  and  the  exercife  of 
fome  of  the  virtues  is  perhaps,  the 
beft  that  could  be  deviled  for  them. 
I  have  in  view,  only  the  fmall  num- 
ber of  thofe,  who,  pofTeffing  a  cul- 
tivated underftanding,  and  placed 
in  a  humble  fphere,  ,difdain  to  be 


engro/Ted  by  fo  fordid  a  paflion,  as 
the  third  of  gain.  To  fuch  then, 
I  would  rtcomniend  a  philofophic 
attention  to  the  moral  offices  of 
life,  as  furnilhing  them  with  that 
wliich  they  want  molt,  a  purfuit  of 
fufficient  intercll  and  importance  to 
engage  their  thoughts,  and  to  fup- 
])ly  them  with  practical  occafions 
iV)r  the  exertion  of  their  faculties. 
Nothing  can  Ihew  greater  igno- 
rance, than  to  fuppofe,  that  the  ta- 
lents of  any  individual  can  i)e 
above  the  duties  which  he  owes  in 
liis  focial  capacity.  Whoever  con^ 
liders  attentively,  the  degree  of  in- 
formation and  ability  nccft^fary  to 
the  judicious  diicharge  of  a  finglc 
domellic  duty,  the  education  of 
children,  will  be  far  from  enter- 
taining tin's  opinion. 

I  CANNOT  but  think  likewifc,  thai: 
by  viewing  his  domeliic  relations  in 
their  proper  light,  a  poor  man  may 
allimulate  Iiimfelf  to  thofe  illuftri- 
ous  chara(51ers  whom  he  admires  in 
hillory,  much  better  than  by  read- 
ing the  detail  of  their  adions, 
which,  by  the  conftant  mention  of 
fplendid  employments,  muft  of- 
ten fuggelt  the  mortifying  con- 
traft  of  his  own  obfcure  condi- 
tion. In  the  bofom  of  the  family 
fcene,  every  man  acts  the  fame 
part ;  rank  and  fortune  create  no 
difference ;  the  only  diftinction  is 
virtue,  or  intelligence.  It  is  here, 
therefore,  that  the  moral  equality 
of  the  fpecies  is  mioft  ftrongly  im- 
preifed,  and  it  is  on  re-entering  this 
fcene,  that  he  whofe  mind  has  been 
dcpreffed  during  the  day  by  a  fer- 
vile  employment,  refumes,  at  once, 
the  natural  dignity,  of  man,  and 
may  contemplate  himfelf  on  a  level 
with  the  moil  diftinguilhed  of  his 
fuperiors.  The  patriarchal  func*. 
tions  are  in  their  own  nature, 
grave  and  venerable  ;  and  even  in 
the  humbleft  circumihmces,  when 
undebafed  by  ignorance  and  ftupi- 
dity,  will  excite  refped  in  every  vir- 
tuous mind. 

From 


April  i8o2. 


0//  Rustic  Happiness^ 


From  domeftic  life,  the  next  ftep 
Ks,   to    the  intercourfe  which  we 
hold  with  our  fellows  in  fociety ; 
and  it  may  be  faid,  that  at  this 
point,  the  particular  duties  of  men 
of  talents  properly  commence.  They 
ought  to  confidcr   themfelves  as 
formed  fpecially  for   the  public ; 
^and  as  their  natural  influence  over 
"  mankind  is  powerful,  they  are  un- 
der a  moral  obligation  to  employ  it 
for  their  improvement  and  advan- 
tage.   The  love  of  honourable  dif- 
tindlion,  which,  in  men  of  this  cha- 
rader,  is  a  principle  of  great  vi- 
.gour,  is  of  the  higheft  utility  in 
prompting  them  to  a  full  exertion 
of  their  powers.    But  hov/,  it  will 
be  afked,  is  this  pa(fion  to  be  grati- 
fied by  thofe,  who  have  not  the 
means  of  gaining  the  attention  of 
their  fuperiors,  and  whofe  equals  in 
rank  are  incapable  of  eftimating 
their  qualities  :  The  latter  remark, 
however,  is  true  only  in  a  limited, 
and  that  the  leafl:  important  fenfe. 
The  common  people  are  indeed  no 
judges  of  refined  fentiment ;  confe- 
quently  it  will  be  requifite  for  fuch 
as  vvift  to  obtain  their  refped  and 
confidence,  to  referve  the  unchaf- 
tifedfallies  of  fancy,  for  that  fmall 
circle  of  congenial  minds,  in  which 
all  love  to  unbend  themfelves.  Is 
not  this  caution  neceifary  in  every 
Nation?  But  they  are  not  mcompe-  " 
tent  judges  of  reafon  and  good 
fenfe,  applied    to   fubje^fts  within 
their  comprehenfion ;  and  it  may 
be  truly  afiirmed,  that  among  no 
clafs  of  men  will  an  ufeful  luperi- 
^nty   of  undcrftanding,  create  a 
more  decided  influence.    Their  fuf- 
.^age  cannot  indeed  beftow  wealth 
>r  political  authority  ;  but  the  na- 
:^-r?.l  reward  of  genius,  which  it 


3^7 

will  always  attain  when  it  appears 
under  its  proper  vifible  form  of 
^irhdoniy  is  not  emolument,  but  con- 
fideration  ;  and  that  afcendant  over 
the  minds  of  men,  of  whicli  rank 
and  ofHce  are  chiefly  to  be  valued 
as  the  oftenfiblc  figns,  and  authen- 
tic  indications.    Inftead,  however, 
of  enlarging  on  this  topic,  I  fhall 
take   the    liberty   to   refer  your 
readers  to  the  life  of  Dr  Robert- 
fon,  by  Profeifor  Stewart;  where 
they    will    find     the  principles 
on  which  fpeculative  talents  may 
be  accommodated   to    adlive  life, 
exemplified  in  the  condud  of  a  man 
of  acknowledged  genius,  and  iWni'. 
trated  by  the  remarks  of  a  writer, 
whofe  captivating  eloquence  of  ftyle 
IS  not  more  fitted  to  feize  the  atten- 
tion, than  the  philofophic  compre- 
henfion of  his  views  to  reward  it 
with  important  inftrudion.    It  has 
long  been  to  me  a  matter  of  fur- 
prife,  that  the  admirable  work  of 
this  writer  on  the  Human  Mind  is 
not  more  popular.     This  is  ua- 
doubtedly  owing,  in  a  confiderable 
degree,  to  the  expenfive  form  in 
which  It  is  publifhed  ;  and  I  here 
take  the  firft  opportunitv  of  pub- 
hckly  entering  my  individual  'pro- 
teft  againit  the  injudicious  cuftoiti, 
Uiil  too  prevalent  am.ong  v/riters  of 
-eminence,  of  printing  works  of  o-e- 
neral  utility  in  quarto ;  which  is^'in 
effect,  transferring  their  inftrudtions 
from  thofe  numerous  claiTes  who 
would  receive  them  with  deference 
and  gratitude,  to  the  opulent  and 
diiiipated,  who  ne^lecl  and  defpife 
them.  Authors  fhould  be  acquaint- 
ed, that  the  great  m.ajority  of  read- 
ers  make  it  a  rule,  never  to  uurchafe 
a  quarto  book. 

r.  G. 


3x8 


Stri^ures  on  the  Life  of  Holler. 


Vol.  64, 


STRICTURES  on  the  LIFE  and  WRITINGS  of  the  Cclebratcdi* 
BARON  HALLER. 


Continued  from  p^ge  207. 


PHYSIOLOGY  then,  Sir,  i.>  a 
brand)  of  medical  knowledge, 
which,  penCLraiing  into  the  inLimatre 
ftrn(n:ure  of  the  various  parts  ot  the 
body,  inquires  into  thole  laws  by 
v-Lich  man  is  formed,  and  develop- 
ed, and  grows,  and  lives,  and  decays 
and  dies;  in  what  manner  each  organ 
performs  its  proper  motions,  and  re-. 
gu»atos  the  olxices  to  which  it  is  def- 
tined  ;  hy  Avhat  means  the  organs, 
Avhoic  neccifary  fim^ions  continual- 
ly tend  to  their  own  dcdruc'lion,  arc 
capable  of  being  repaired  by  nou- 
rifhment  and  fleep  ;  by  what  me- 
chanifm,  a.pow^r,  the  principle  of 
wliich  is  unknown  to  us,  fometimcs 
executes,'  at  the  command  of  the 
V'iil;  adions  which  are  neceiTary  to 
die  prefervation  and  prolperity  of 
man  ;  and,  at  other  times  produces, 
independently  of  the  will,  opera- 
tions which  are  eifential  to  his  exif- 
t^nccc 

Physiology  alfo  inveftigates  the 
the  mode  in  which  the  changes  in 
thefe  organs,  at  one  time  are  the 
cauic,  and  at  another  time  the  ef- 
fecl:,  of  diforders  in  the  vital  func- 
tions ;  wdiat  connexion  exilh  be- 
tween the  alterations  in  thefe  func- 
tions, and  the  difeafes  of  the  parts 
which  execute  them  ;  and  lailly,  in 
what  manner  remedies  of  every 
kind,  by  their  aclions  on  thefe  or- 
gans, poffefs  the  power  of  re-efta- 
biifhing  order  in  the  animal  oecono- 
my. 

This  mofl  important  fciencc,  the 
great  and  good  Haller,  as  was  ob- 
I'erved  above,  made  the  principal 


ob}e<fl:  of  his  ftndy.  In  making  thi 
choice,  he  was  well  aware,  tliat  th- 
fubje6t  of  his  invefiigation,  ]>avmj 
been  long  devoted  to  the  fpiritof  fyl 
tern,  had  become  fufpicious  amoh^ 
philofophical  phyiicians.  No  mal 
knew  better,  that  phyfiology  ha< 
for  ages  been  involved  in  hypothe 
tical  j'ubtlety,  and  incumbered  witj 
metaphyfical,  and  mechanical,  an< 
chemical  hypothefes.  But  thefe  obj 
je<5tions  were  what  he  propofed,  an^ 
hoped  to  obviate.  By  elfablilhin^ 
phyfiology  on  its  only  folid  founda 
tion,  anatomical  knowledge,  he  eri 
tertained  the  hope  of  rendering  1 
as  certain  as  any  other  phyiicji 
fcience  ;  a  fcicnce  by  w^hicli  ]>hiic 
fophers  might  learn  the  knowledg! 
of  nature,  and  where  phyliciaii 
might  find  a  bafis  on  whicli  the;* 
might  fupport  their  practice.  ] 
Such  then  was  the  arduous  tail 
in  which  this  great  m after  of  fcienc 
engaged  ;  to  eftablilh  phyfiology  0: 
an  exa<fl  anatomy  of  man,  and  o 
other  animals,  the  latter  of  v/hicl 
has  been  fuccefsfuUy  applied  to  elu 
cidate  many  of  the  laws  of  the  ani 
mal  oeconomy  :  To  banifh  fron 
phyfiology  both  that  metaphyfica 
jargon,  w^hich  has  fo  long  ferved  ii 
all  the  fciences  to  cover  real  igno 
ranee  under  fcientitic  words ;  aR< 
thofe  theories,  wdiether  mathemati 
cal  or  chemical,  wdiich  have  beei 
doubted  of,  even  by  mathematj 
cians  and  chem-ifts  themfelves,  an< 
w^hich  are  "conftantly  made  ufe  0 
w^ith  fo  much  more  confidence,  0 
adopted  with  greater  rcfped,  in  pro 

poi 


April 


StriEluYes  on  thB  Life  of  Halkr. 


portion  as  the  mafters  or  fcholars, 
are  more  completely  ignorant  of  the 
foundations,  on  which  they  have 
been  ereded.    And  to  fubRitute,  in 
room  of  all  thele  fyftems,  genera/ 
Jads,  confirmed  by  obfervation  and 
experiment.  To  atchieve  this  great 
reformation  in  phyfiology,  it  was 
nece/Tary  to  poiFefs  fagacity  to  lay 
hold  of  fuch  general  fadis  as  expe- 
riment, on  an  extenfivc  fcale,  had 
eilabliihed,  to  try  to  afcortain  their 
caufes,   and  yet  to  acknowledge, 
that  in  all  the  fcienccs,  there  are 
bounds,  beyond  which  it  is  doubtful 
whether  the  husnan  mind  will  ever 
penetrate,  but  v^^hkh  it  aiTuredly 
cannot  pafs,  but  by  the  a/Iiftance  of 
time,  and  a  long  courle  of  laborious 
rcfearch. 

Such  was  the  plan   which  the 
greac  Haller  had  formed  ;  ana  he 
purfued  it  with  that  indefatigable 
diligence  with  which  he  profccuted 
all  his  other  labours,  as  an  accu- 
rate and  profound  natural  philofo- 
pher.    He  was  fo  truly  original  in 
phyfiology,  that  even  in  his  own 
time,  his  cotemporaries  and  rivals, 
did  not  pretend  to  difpute  the  palm 
with  him,  excepting  in  a  few  fubor- 
dmate  mftances,  and  unreluaantly 
placed  him  in  the  fir/t  rank  of  wri- 
ters on  the  fubjeds  which  he  dif- 
:u/red. 

^Extensively    acquainted  with 
he  fentimcnts  of  others  refpeain<. 
he  oeconomy  of  the  human  body"! 
^ruck  with  that  diverfity  of  opinion 
^hich  they  held  on  this  fubjei  and 
on^^nced,  that  the  only  means  of 
■^veuigatmg  truth,  was  by  careful 
aa  candid  experiment,  the  immor- 
a  author  of  the  Ekmenta  Phy.io. 
f^y  undertook  the  arduous  tafk 
exploring  the  phenomena  of  hu- 
»an  nature  for  himfclf,  and  of  tra- 
ng  them  to  their  original  fource. 
i  thefe  purfuits,  he  was  no  lefs  in- 
jiftnous  thanfuccefsful ;  and,  there 

^viiich  Ins  experiment,  c^u^ 


3^9 


reHccT:  either  a  new  or  a  ftron^r 
light 

Ik  this  great  work,  all  the  parts 
of  the  human  body  are  defcribed  ; 
and,  the  reader  has  an  opportunity 
of  examining  the  opinions  which 
have  been  recommended'  by  cele- 
brated  authors,  w:;o,  prior  to,  or 
cotemporary  wi  th  I  Jailer,  had  attri- 
butcd  different  ufes  to  the  fame 
parts.    Haller  does  no*:  always  de- 
cide betv/een  thefe  opinions;  but, 
fometimes  he  fatisfadorily  proves, 
that  they  ought  all  to  be  rejected! 
Nothing,  of  importance,  that  hsud 
been  previoufly  pubiifhed,  efcaped 
his  oblerv;ition,  and  he  almoft  Mii. 
formly  added  remarks  of  his  own, 
to  the  intelligence  wliich  he  had 
received  from  books  or  iToni  coa^ 
verfation. 

We  have  already  declined  to  dsT- 
cufs  at  large  the  merits  of,  the  Ele^ 
mtr^ta  ;  but  we  cannot,  in  jufticc, 
take  leave  of  them  without  cbfer- 
ving,  that  the  exquifite  knowledge 
re-aljvc  to  the  human  frame;  which 
:  has  diiplayed,  his  inde- 

iatigabie  refearches  into  the  fads 
and  opinions  of  all  his  predeceiTors  ; 
his  profound  fkili  h/companttive 
anatomy,  and  the  application  of  the 
whole  to  illiillrate  the  laws  and 
iunctions  of  the  various  organs  of 
tne  human  frame,  exhibit  fuch  .an 
ahemblage  of  bright  talents,  of 
iearmng,  of  induftry,  of  penetm- 
tion,  and  of  genius,  as  will  undoubt. 
edly  tranfmit  the  autlior's  name  to 
Liteft  polterity,  as  one  of  the  n^oit 
luccelsful    contributcrs    to  ukrol 
knowledo-e. 

Nfithsr  n-.all  we  here  enter  into 
*^,™^en!e  dttail  cf  errors  which 
Waller  has  ddir-oyed  in  phyfiGlo^v  ; 
ol  the  neu'  parts  which  he  has'ad- 
ded;  of  the  ingenious  and  deep 
vievys  which  he  has  opened  ;  of  the 
doubts  which  he  has  cleared  up  ; 
and  of  the  theories  which  he  h..s 
perfedled  or  reformed.  Tliis  VvouJd 
would  be  to  copy  near  die  whole 

of 


Striaurcs  on  the  Life  of  Haller.         Vol.  64- 


320 

of  his  work.  We  will  diimifs  the 
fubje^t  with  obrerving,  that  it  was 
not  long  neceflUry  for  him  to  labour 
alone  in  this  arduous  inquiry.  ^  The 
example  of  the  preceptor  infpired 
his  pupils  with  the  fpirit  of  induf- 
trious  exertion.  Zinn,  Zimmerman, 
Caldani  of  Pavia,  and  many  others, 
animated  by  a  generous  emulation, 
laboured  with  indefatigable  induf- 
try  to  profecute  and  to  perfcd:  the 
difcoveries  of  their  great  maftcr. 
And  the  mutual  exertions  of  the 
teacher  and  of  his  iludcnts,  not  on- 
ly tended  to  forward  the  progrcfs 
of  medical  fcience,  but  placed  the 
philoibphy  of  the  human  body  on  a 
more  fure,  and  on  an  almoft  entirely 
new  foundation. 

The  intrinfic  excellence  of  the 
Elementa,  has  betrayed  us  into  a 
longer  digreflion  tlian  we  intended  ; 
but  a  detailed  account  of  fo  cele- 
brated a  performance,  may  not 
prove  unintcrelting  to  fome  of  your 
readers,  and  the  remaining  incidents 
of  Haller's  life,  we  fliall  endeavour 
to  condenf-ite  within  the  narroweil 
pofhble  compafs. 

On  his  return  from  La  Roche, 
the  citizens  of  Berne  eleded  Haller 
a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Ap- 
peal for  the  German  diilria,  of  the 
committees  for  matrimonial  affairs,^ 
and  for  bettering  the  fituation  of 
the  clergy  in  the  French  diilric^  of 
the  Canton.  He  was  alfo  appoint- 
ed perpetual  aiielfor  of  the  Council 
of  Health,  with  an  annual  falary 
of  L.  xoo,  as  a  token  of  the  gra- 
titude  of  his  country,  for  having 
declined  fo  many  fplendid  offers 
from  foreign  courts,  and  for  pre- 
ferring the  intereil  of  his  native  ci- 
ty, to  the  advancement  of  his  for- 
tune. 

In  thefe  various  offices  and  fitua- 
tions,  he  performed  the  moft  effen- 
tial  fervices  to  the  ftate,  by  planning 
and  promoting  ufeful  inftitutions  ; 
by  fuggelHng  neceffary  alterations 
ia  the  police  j  and  by  enaaing  new 


laws  and  regulations.  In  his  official 
capacity  of  affeffor  to  the  Council 
of  Health,  he  more  efpccially  fub- 
ferved  the  interells  of  humanity,  a^ 
the  inflitutor  and  patron  of  th  j  molt 
important  regulations.  Among 
thefe,  may  be  mentioned,  the  pro- 
hibition of  emperics,  the  recovery 
of  drowned  perfons,  and  the  means 
of  checking  the  progrefs  of  an  in- 
fe6tious  diltemper,  which  at  that 
time  raged  among  the  cattle  in  va- 
rious parts  of  Europe.  ; 

On  another  occafion,  he  evmced 
himfelf  the  friend  of  the  poor  and 
the  deftltute,  by  his  a^ive  interfer- 
ence to  obtain  from  government  a 
public  eftabliihment  for  orphans," 
by  his  ardent  zeal  in  making  provi- 
fion  for  that  inftitution,   and  by 
drawing  up  the  plan  by  which  its 
internal*  ceconomy  lliould  be  regu- 
lated.    As  a  metnber  of  the  cecono- 
mical  focicty,  he  laboured  much  to^ 
improve  the  ftate  of  agricukure, 
and  performed  many  experiments 
with  the  view  of  obtaining  fo  de- 
firable  an  end.    In  the  meetings  of  , 
the  great  council,  when  important 
points  were  under  dehberation,  he . 
delivered  his  opinion  with  a  manly; 
freedom,  and  with  a  glowing  elo-; 
quence,  uftered  the  faggeftions  of  a; 
found  judgment  and  of  a  feehng 

heart.  . 

Hitherto  we  have  cniefly  con^ 
templated  this  great  man  enlarging 
the  boundaries  of  fcience,  and  en- 
lightening her  hori^ion  from  his  clo- 
fet ;  we  have  now  to  reprefent  hii» 
difplaying  the  talents  of  a  patriot 
and  of  a  politician,  on  the  theatie  ol: 
pubhc  lite.  In  the  year  1766,  wo^ 
find  him  engaged  as  a.  mediator, 
fome  territorial  differences,  whic% 
had  interrupted  the  harmony  iov^ 
merly  fubfifting  between  the  Vallai^ 
and  the  Canton  of  Berne.  Tran| 
quiility  was  eftablilhed  by  a  fuj 
cefsful  negociation,  in  which  he  W 
ed  the  new  boundaries  of  thefe 
jacent  ftates.    He  was  afterwa^ 


April  1S02.       Sir  inures  cn  the  Life      Udller.  321 


aflbciated  with  feme  of  the  moft 
enh'ghtened  charaders  of  the  Re- 
public, in  arbitrating  on  the  diffen- 
lions,  when  thefe  took  place  at  Ge- 
neva. The  principal  papers  ad- 
drefftd  to  the  then  powerful  court 
of  Verfailles,  regarding  a  certain 
change  projected  at  Vevay,  came 
from  his  pen  ;  and,  refpecling  the 
fame  arrangement,  he  had  a  perfon- 
al  interview  with  the  French  am- 
ha/Fador.  We  find  him  alfo  em- 
plo}'ed  in  framing  the  articles  of  a 
treaty,  relative  to  the  purchafe  of 
fait,  which  the  Canton  of  Berne  con- 
traded  with  the  Eledor  of  Bavaria. 

At  the  clofe  of  thefe  public  func- 
tions, Haller,  who  had  now  attained 
his  fixty  fecond  year,  refigned  his 
political  character,  and  retired  to 
the  private  walks  of  life.  The  re- 
mainder of  his  days  he  fpent  in  the 
bofom  of  his  family,  and  in  the  dif- 
charge  of  his  relative  duty  to  every 
individual  with  whom  he  flood  con- 
neded. .  And,  although  his  health 
was  apparently  on  the  decline,  the 
vigour  of  his  intelleds  remained  un- 
diminifhed. 

He  now  refumed  his  literary  la- 
hours,  which  his  avocations,  as  a 
public  fundionary,  had  neceiTarily 
interrupted.  In  the  year  1768,  he 
publifhed  his  hiilory  of  the  Swifs 
plants,  of  which  mention  is  made 
above;  and,  in  I77i»  fcience  was 
enriched  wii:h  the  firft  part  of  his 
Bihlmhcca  Mcdicinaj  or  Medical  Li- 
brary. Than  this  interelting  per- 
formance, no  work  of  Haller  makes 
a  more  decided  appreciation  of  the 
vail  importance  of  early  and  peri'e- 
vering  application.  We  have  ad- 
verted to  his  early  habit  of  com- 
mitting to  VvTiting  his  opinion  of 
the  books  which  he  peruled,  and  of 
their refpedive authors.  Thismodeof 
reading  which  he  adopted  in  the  1 8th 
y^ar  ol  his  life,  and  rigidly  adhered 
to,  necelfarily  accumulated  a  great 
naafsof  materials,  which  conftituted 
•the  foundation  of  the  Medical  Li- 
VoL.  LXIV, 


brary  ;  a  work  which  he  feems  to 
have  planned,  and  in  part  executed, 
even  previous  to  his  improved  edi- 
tion of  Boerhaave*s  Mathodus  Studii 
Medici^  wilich  appeared  in  the  year 
1751. 

BoerhAave  was  in  the  habir  of 
recommending  to  his  ftudents,  the 
books  neceffary  to  be  confulted  on 
every  fubjed  difcuifed  in  his  prelec- 
tions.   Of  thefe  authors  an  inaccu- 
rate and    furreptitious  catalogue 
v/as  printed  in  the  year  1726,  com- 
prifed  within  the  compafs  of  a  frnall 
8vo  volume.    In  this  piratical  vo- 
lume, many  intereRing  obfervations 
on  the  merits  of  the  refpedive  wri- 
ters were  forgotten,  and  the  names 
of  many  authors,  both  ancient  and 
modern,  entirely  omitted.  Thefe 
deficiencies  in  the  furreptitious  edi- 
tions, Haller  engaged  to  remedy  ; 
and,  in  his  hands,  the  publication 
extended  to  two  4to  volumes.  That 
the  merit  of  this  excellent  com^pila- 
tion  may  be  duly  appreciated,  it  is 
requiiite  to  obferve,  that,  in  the  va- 
rious  lexicons  and  ca^logues  of 
medical  authors  then  extant,  no- 
tldng  was  to  be  found  but  a  detail- 
ed li<l:  of  names,  and  of  perform- 
ances, widiouL  any  ailuiion  to  the 
authors'  fcope  or  delign.    But,  in 
the  volumes  before  us,  the  notice  of 
each  work  is  accompanied  Vf  ith  an 
able  cri  ical  eftimate  of  ics  doc- 
trines, of  its  tendency,  and  of  the 
merits  of  its  execution.    A  depart- 
ment of  Halier's  labours,  as  an  e- 
ditor,  which  ftamps  the  higheil:  va- 
lue upon  the  booic.    In  this  man- 
ner, Haller,  purfuant  to  the  claf- 
fical  method  adopted  by  Boerhaave, 
has  commented  on  more  than  four 
thoufand  volumes. 

The  fame  plan  was  extended  in 
his  Tjww  great  work,  the  BihiioiDtca  ; 
but  here,  the  details  are  more  mi- 
nute and  circumftantial.  In  this 
performance,  the  following  arrange- 
ment is  obferved  ;  the  author  exhi- 
bits a  fuccind,  but  accurate  hiilory 
U  u      .  ef 


323 


Stri£lures  on  the  Life  of  Haller.  Vol.  64. 


of  every  department  of  medicine, 
from  its  eiirlicft  origin  to  his  own 
times  ;  and,  by  a  conneded  view 
of  the  fads,  indicating  the  flage  of 
its  progrefs  in  the  other  branches, 
during  each  intervening  period,  he 
has  rendered  his  publication  in  fome 
meafure  a  compend  of  the  general 
hiftory  of  medicine,  in  its  rife,  pro- 
grefs, and  fucceflive  revolutions. 
Haller's  complete  knowledge  of  an- 
cient and  modern  languages,  ena- 
bled him  to  furvey,  with  accuracy, 
the  extenfive  field  before  him  ;  and 
his  indefatigable  indulh  y,  conjoin- 
ed with  acute  difcernment,  enabled 
him  to  develope  and  to  exhibit,  in  a 
luminous  detail,  the  ftate  of  phytic 
among  the  anciaits,  in  its  twofold 
departments  of  theory  and  prac- 
tice. Indeed,  the  great  erudition 
and  the  found  judgment  difplayed 
in  his  able  appreciation  of  the  ref- 
pedive  merits  of  ihefe  fages  in  me- 
dicine, render  this  department  of 
his  performance  in  the  highell  de- 
gree interefling  and  iiiflrudive. 

In  ellimating  the  labours  of  mo- 
dern phyficians,  he  is  candid  and 
impartial.  His  intimate  knowledge 
of  every  fubjedi  which  came  under 
his  review,  eminently  qualihed  him 
to  draw^  the  line  ot  didindion  be- 
tw^een  hypothetical  reafoning  and 
found  obfervatlon,  and  to  guard  the 
young  and  incautious  phyfician  a- 
gainit  fuch  theoretical  errors  and 
partial  prejudices,  as  are  but  too 
apt  to  influence  his  pradice,  and  to 
warp  his  judgment.  The  mieiit  of 
this  great  performance  is  flill  far- 
ther enhanced,  by  the  biographical 
notices  of  the  authors  fubjoin- 
ed  to  his  account  of  celebriUed 
works.  He  makes  mention  of  ail 
the  different  editions  which  came 
under  his  knowledge,  and  he  gives 
fpecific  notices  of  fuch  as  were  in 
his  own  pofTefTion. 

Such  is  the  plan  adopted  in  the 
BiblK.iheca,  and  fuch  the  manner  of 
ezecntiou.    The  indolent  may 


blufh,  and  even  the  laborious  muft 
hear  with  altonifhment,  that  this 
treatife  of  medical  information  con- 
tains either  brief  or  more  detailed 
accounts,  of  no  fewer  than  14,000 
volumes  !  The  literary  hiftory  of 
phyfic,  ranked  high  among  the  fa- 
vourite purluits  of  Haller.  This 
publication  muA,  of  courfe,  prove 
highly  acceptable  to  fuch  as  poflcfs 
a  congenial  taite  for  the  fame  libe- 
ral inquiiies,  and  indeed,  it  will 
merit,  and  richly  reward,  the  atten- 
tion of  every  perfbn  attached  to  cu- 
rious and  interefUng  information. 

Eight  4to  volumes  of  this  work 
appeared  during  the  author's  life, 
between  the  years  1771  and  177B. 
The  anatomical,  including  the  phy. 
iiological,  the  botanical,  and  the 
chirurgical  hiilories,  occupy  two 
volumes  each,  and  comprift  a  can- 
did nairativc  of  thefe  refpedivedc- 
paitments  of  medicine  from  the  ear- 
liefl  date  to  the  period  of  publica- 
tion. Two  volumes  on  the  pradice 
of  phyfic,  were  pul)lifhed  by  Hal- 
ler himfelf,  a  third  alter  his  deceafe 
by  Dr  Tribelot,  and  a  fourth  by  Dr 
Braides  of  Childenfheim,  from  the 
author's  manufcript,  to  which  the 
learned  editor  has  made  interelling 
additions. 

Independent  of  this  laborious 
work,  Haller,  during  the  latter  pe- 
riod of  his  life,  occalionally  furnilh- 
ed  the  editors  of  the  Bihliotheque 
Roisonnefy  with  extrads  from  emi- 
nent publications.  He  alio  furniili^ 
ed  many  valuable  contributions  to 
the  fupplement  of  die  French  Ency- 
ci"ptd:y  and  to  the  improved  4to 
edition  of  the  fame  work,  publilL- 
ed  at  Yerdun,  and  for  the  Didion^ 
ary  of  Natural  Hiitory,  printed  at 
the  fame  place.  He  had  alio  refol- 
ved  on  a  new  edition  of  his  great 
work  on  Phyfiology,  the  firlt  vo- 
lume of  which  appeared  in  1777, 
only  a  few  months  before  his  death. 

Of  Haller's  labours  as  an  editor, 
we  have  only  nientioned  his  edition 


April  iSo2,       Strii^ures  on  the  IJf^  of  Hdller.  323 


the  Flora  Senensis  of  C,  Henricus 
Rvpphsy  and  of  the  Methodus  Studit 
Medici  rf  Boerhaci've,  Thefe  wc  con- 
iifidered  as  particularly  entitled  to 
jbpnourable  mention  ;  becaule,  from 
the  numerous  improvements,  and 
the  enlargements  by  the  editor,  they 
inay  l:»e  confidered  as  new  works. 
We  however,  intended  to  notice, 
;is  we  went  along,  many  other 
works  which  he  fent  abroad  in- 
to the  world,  accompanied  with 
learned  prefaces,  critical  annota- 
tions, or  valuable  corredions.  But 
on  infpeding  a  catalogue  of  his 
works,  we  found  the  number  of 
books  edited  by  him  fo  very  great, 
tliat  merely  to  fpecify  them  would 
be  furnilhing  an  article  of  no  in- 
confiderable  length.  We  muil:  there- 
fore content  ourfelves  with  referring 
your  readers  for  information  on  this 
fubje(5i:,  to  the  catalogue  of  his 
works,  printed  under  his  own  di- 
re(rcion,  and  publifhed  at  the  end  of 
the  fixth  volunie  of  the  Litera  ah 
JLruditis  vtra  ad  Alb,  Hallerum 
scr'if)ti2. 

Of  one  other  book,  however, 
which  he  edited  we  feel  inclined  to 
take  fome  notice  ;  his  edition  of  the 
Prale8'tanes  Academics  in  prnprias  in- 
stilutiones  ret  Medici  Hirmannt  Boer- 
haave  cum  nctis^  publifhed  in  feven 
volumes  at  Goltingen,  from  the 
year  1740  to  1744.  Of  the  merits 
of  the  inftitutes  of  Boerhaave,  which 
•contain  the  heads  of  thefe  ledures, 
this  is  not  the  place  to  enter  on  a 
critical  difcuffion  ;  fuffice  it  to  fay, 
en  pajfanty  that  the  plan  on  which 
they  are  written  is  very  methodical 
and  very  diftind  ;  that  fome  of  the 
moft  interelling  difcoveries  in  ana- 
tomy and  phyfiology,  previous  to 
their  appearance,  are  recorded  in  a 
Itile  remarkably  clofe  and  concife ; 
that  many  of  the  laws  of  the  ani^ 
mal  oeconomy  are  explained  ;  and 
that,  interfperfed  indeed  with  no 
fmall  portion  of  hypothetical  con- 
jedure,  they  contain  many  interell- 
ing obferVations  relative  to  the  ac- 


tion of  medicines  on  the  human 
body. 

Indeofndv^t,  however,  of  the 
merit  of  the  original  inftitutes.  Mai- 
ler's edition  of  the  P.  cclc'ciiones  is  pe- 
culiarly valuable,  on  account  of  the 
wonderful  aifcmblage  of  interefHng 
fads,  relative  to  the  oeconomy  of 
the  human  frame,  as  well  as  to  that 
of  the  lower  animals,  contained  in 
his  notes,  by  Vv^hich  he  illuftrates, 
confirms,  or  corrects,  the  pofitions 
and  conclufions  of  his  great  mader. 
The  application  of  all  thefe  fads, 
may  not  always  be  very  obvious  ; 
but,  the  clatlicai  reader  will  be  ailo- 
nilhed  at  the  learning  and  ingenui- 
ty difplayed  in  theie  profound  il- 
luftrations  ;  and,  he  will  be  parti- 
cularly pleafed  at  the  manner  in 
which  they  bear  upon  the  great  ar- 
gument of  Fin  d  Causes  y  for  the  exif- 
tence  of  a  Supremely  Good  and  In- 
telligent Being. 

To  the  perufal  of  the  Prds'td'onesf 
the  writer  of  this  article  is  indebted 
for  much  valuable  pliyfiological  in- 
formation. The  book  is  by  no 
means  duly  known  to  the  junior 
part  of  the  medical  men  of  this 
place,  and  he  has  fpoken  of  it  to 
not  a  few,  who  weie  perfecl  ftran- 
gers  to  its  merits,  having  never 
turned  over  a  fingle  page  of  it. 
One  great  caufe  of  the  undeferved 
neglect  of  this  excellent  perform- 
ance, may  be  the  language  in  which 
it  is  written.  Although  often  claf. 
fically  pure,  Haller's  Latin,  it  muft 
be  confeifed,  like  that  of  mo  it  other 
German  writers,  is  occahonally 
harlli  and  grating  to  the  eat  ;  (al- 
though by  no  means  fo  much  fo,  a» 
\hAl  of  fome  later  authors  of  that 
country.)  But,  to  a  perfon  ac- 
quainted with  the  language,  and 
who  underilands  the  fubjed,  he  is 
abundantly  intelligible.  Infomuch, 
that  a  tranflation  of  this  work  would 
be  no  infuperable  talk,  and  certain- 
ly it  would  conftitute  a  valuable  ac- 
quifition  to  Engliih  literature. 

The  adive  imagination  of  Hal- 
U  u  2  icr, 


StrifJiires  on  the  L\fc  of  Halkr.         Vol.  64. 1 


ler,  taking  a  retrofpccflivc  furvey  of 
tliofe  civil  and  po'itical  concenT^, 
which  lb  lately  engrofied  a  confidcr- 
able  lhare  ol  his  attention,  produ- 
ced, between  the  years  1771  and 
1774,  three  political  romances,  in 
which  he  has  dilciiffed  the  rerpe<f>ive 
principles  ot  dcipotic,  monarchical, 
and  republican  governments.  In 
one  of  thefe,  he  delineates,  with  a 
mafterly  hand,  the  glaring  abufes 
of  uncontrouled  authority,  while  the 
hero  of  his  narrative,  eviiKCs,  by 
his  condudt,  that  a  virtuous  and  in- 
telligent fovereign  may  promote  the 
h'.ippinefs  of  Jiis  dependents,  even 
amid  tlie  horrors  of  oriental  dei'po- 
tifm.  In  anotlier  of  thefe  pieces, 
lie  expatiates  on  the  advantages  of 
a  limited  monarchy,  where  the  ba- 
lance of  power  is  juIUy  poized,  e- 
qually  remote  from  the  extremes  of 
abfolute  power,  ^nd  of  ungovern- 
able anarchy.  In  the  third,  he  def- 
cants  with  the  animation  and  fpirit 
of  an  ancient  Roman  ;  cn  the  fupc- 
rior  advantages  of  a  reprefentative 
government  ;  and  proves  its  friend- 
ly tendency  to  foUer  the  virtue  of 
patriotii'm,  and  to  call  forth  the  ex- 
ertions of  genius.  In  thefe  roman- 
ces, he  difcovers  found  principles  of 
legiilalion,  great  political  fagacity, 
iiu  intimate  acquaintance  with  Im- 


man  nature,  and  an  cxtcnfive  know* 
ledg^e  of  hiflory. 

Hitherto  wc  have  contempla- 
ted this  great  man,  chiefly  in  his 
charadcr  of  a  moft  erudite  fcholar, 
and  of  an  able  politician  ;  it  re- 
mains, that  wc  fliould  view  him  i» 
the  Hill  more  interclling  light  of  a 
piousman,  and  of  a  found  Chriftian. 
And  here,  we  obferve  him  arguing 
tlie  ncccfTiiy  of  the  exiftencc  of 
Supreme  Being,  and  contending  for 
the  other  fundamental  principles  of 
natural  religion,  from  a  comprehen- 
five  view  of  creation,  in  its  greateft 
effects,  as  well  as  in  its  minuted  ar- 
rangements. But  he  has  not  (top- 
ped here,  for  in  following  him  far- 
ther, we  find  him  dcmonilrating  the 
divine  origin  of  the  Chriilian  Inftitu- 
tion,  from  a  profound  ftudy  of  that 
book  in  which  its  do(5lrines,  and  the 
hiftory  of  its  Founder  are  recorded; 
from  the  excellency  of  its  morality; 
from  its  adaptation  to  the  circum- 
ftances  of  mankind  ;  and,  from  its 
tendency  to  ameliorate  the  condi- 
tion of  human  nature.  In  Ihort,  we 
find  him  proving  himfelf,  both  by 
the  tenor  of  his  life,  and  by  the 
fcope  of  his  writings,  tlie  zealoui 
friend  and  the  able  advocate  of  re- 
velation. 

( To  he  concluded  in  our  next, ) 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine^ 

THE  follovv'ing  verfe3  were  defigned  to  be  inferted  in  a  new  edition  of 
the  Siller  Gun,  a  poem  written  by  a  Llr  Mayne,  to  cnmmemorate,  in  a 
burlefque  ftylc,  an  ancient  practice  ftill  continued  at  Dumfries.  One  of 
tlie  Scotilli  kings  gave  a  fJver  gun  to  the  Trades  of  that  city,  to  be  a 
prize  to  whoever  among  them  ftould  excel  in  fhooting.  The  filver  gun 
??  ftill  Ihot  for  by  the  citizens,  who  keep  a  holiday  on  the  occaficn.  Enur 
luerating  the  fiddlers  prefent,  he  adds, 


BUT  wha's  this  liltir/  in  the  rear, 
a^e  iaft,  fae  bonie,  and  fae  clear  ? 
it's  Dingwall  ro  Apollo  dear 

W haie  modeft  merit, 
G'cr-clouded  a'  hiS  hopes  v-ii  fear, 

And  cow'd  his  fpirit. 

Aft  when  the  Waits  were  playiu'  by, 
I've  heard  his  Viol  wi*  a  figh, 
JDear  d9  the  founds  that  never  die 
0*  parting  fweet. 


Saft  as  a  Mither's  lullabie 

When  babies  greet, 

1'he  bonie  Bu(h  aboon  Traquair, 
And  Mary  Scott  o*  Yarrow  fair. 
The  Broom, — and~0  I  wifo  I  were 

Where  Helen  lies, 
He  play'd  in  tones  that  fuit  defpaljf 

When  beauty  di^^ 


April  i802. 


3^5 


LITERARY  EXTRACTS 

AND 

NOTICES. 


CABANIS  ON  THE  TEMPER. 

AMONGST  the  various  branches 
,  of  Icitnce  that  have  occupied  the  at- 
tention of  the  French  National  Infti- 
tute,  few  arc  of  more  importance  to 
the  philoTophical  world,  than  its  re- 
learches  into  the  human  conftitution. 
As  France  has  long  excelled  in  chemi- 
cal and  other  phyfical  knowledge,  it  has 
been  obferved  with  regiet,  that  the 
clfedls  of  a  continual  application  to  the 
inanimate  parts  of  nature  have  been  fa- 
tal to  the  progrefs  of  moral  fciencc  ; 
that  while  her  difcoveiies  in  the  arts 
have  promoted  the  happinefs  of  thou- 
fands,  her  reveries  in  morality  have 
undermined  the  pillars  of  virtue,  and 
expiated  the  errors  of  philofophy  with 
.  blood.    On  the  other  hand,  thole  fpe- 
culative  men  who  are  friendly  to  the 
real  interefts  of  humanity,  have  been 
iefs  acquainted  with  the  phyfical  prin- 
ciples of  our  nature,  than  is  conliftent 
with  the  accuracy  of  true  inveftiga- 
tion.    Initead  of  confidering  man  as  a 
-compound  of  body  and  mind,  they 
have  viewed  him  as  a  pure  intelligence. 
Entirely  forgetful  of  the  influence  of 
the  material  part  of  his  conditution, 
ever  his  inteliedtual  and  moral  facul- 
ties, their  obfervations  have  been  vague 
and  general ;   in  the  horrors  of  ma- 
terialifm,  they  have  abandoned  truth. 
In  reality,  it  is  only  by  a  union  of 
>j  moral  and  phyfical  icience,  that  the 
[  laws  of  human  nature  can  be  fully  af- 
r  certained.    The  character  of  the  in- 
dividual is  radically  formed  by  the  con- 
i  if  itution  of  his  body.     His  acuteneis 
I  of  lenfation,  his  accuracy  of  percep- 
tion,  his   Itrength   of  memory,  the 
ilivclineis  of  his  fancy,  the  ciearneis 
[of  his  judgment,  arife  from  the  origi- 
Inal  itrudture  of  his  frame,  which  ope- 
jjates  even  on  circumftanccs  apparent- 
ly adventitious. 

I'  It  cannot  be  denied,  that  habit  and 
'widcntal  fuuation  have  great  influ- 


!lMENTS  of  THE  ANCIENTS. 

cnce  or^  the  human  mind  ;  but  then  *v 
muit  be  confidcred,  that  habits  are  the 
offspring  of  conititutional  bi^is  j  and  fi- 
tuation  thdugh  it  may  ft rengthcn  forae 
particular  exertion  of  the  powers,  can- 
not of  ^'.ielf  create  a  faculty. 

So  far  may  the  influence  of  con- 
ftitution  be  obferved  in  every  fituatioa 
of  life,  that  nothing  is  more  conimaa 
than  to  obferve  fimilar  effetts  arifc 
from  fimilar  bodily  conformations,  la 
every  rank  of  fociety.    There  are  cer- 
tain conformations  that  incline  to  vani- 
ty, infipidity,  flcklenefs,  boldnefs  ;  in 
fliort  to  every  thing  virtuous  or  vi^;ioas, 
if  left  to  their  own  natural  operation. 
It  is  not  however  affirmed,  that  m.ea 
are  obliged  to  be  either,  from  any  par- 
ticular conformation  of  body.    The  in- 
tellcclual  faculties  are  generally  more 
alFecled  by  this  than  the  moral.  Me 
who  is  able  to  diftinguilh  right  from 
wrong,  in  any  (hape,  is  without  cxcufe, 
though  the    ardent  fenllbility  whic?i 
promotes  and  encouiages  the  difchargc 
of  duty  be  ahnoft    unknown  to  his 
breaft.  Nothing  is  more  common  than 
to  fee  men  v.'ith  a  conft itutional  apathy 
of  feeling.    Had  Augullus  been  a  man 
of  ftrong  feelings,  hcj  could  never  have 
been  the  cool  cleared  headed  tyrant 
that  enilaved  his  country  without  on« 
paiTion,  except  that  of  intereli.  The 
firft  Cseiar  was  a  man  of  great  and  evca 
generous  qualities,  which  he  rendc-red 
fubfervient  to  his  love  of  glory.  Power 
not  fame,  was  the  objed  of  the  feci»ud, 
an  objedl  nearly  allied  in  its  acquifi- 
lion  and  nature  to  that  of  avarice,  for 
which  he  facrihced  love,  friendlhip, 
gratitude  and  duty,  without  the  Icalt 
rcmorfe. 

Riches  and  fuperior  education,  may 
difguife,  but  cannot  dell roy  the  influ- 
ence of  natural  conftituiion.  Nothing 
is  more  common  than  to  fee  butchers, 
ploughraexi,  and  others  fitted  by  na- 

trur 


326 


Cabanis  on  Temperaments. 


Vol.  64. 


tiM-e  oTilv  for  the  lowf:ft  offices  in  life, 
treading  the  paths  of  honour  and  for- 
tune.  Nero  was  by  nature  a  fuller; 
t.f  verfatile  abilitits,  vain,  incapable 
cither  of  faith  or  friendlhip.  Collot 
a'Herbois,  the  tyrant  of  Lyons,  was  an 
ador  and  mufician  of  the  iame  clais  ; 
and  ultimately  of  the  fame  charader. 
There  is  a  near  refemblance  between 
the  charad-^rs  of  Aj^ticola  and  VVaih- 
ington;  which  appears  to  have  been 
founded  in  a  fimilarity  of  conii  itution. 
I'he  <vultus  deccntior  qi^um  fublm.inr  ;  the 
gratia  orif  of  the  Roman  General,  we.o 
certainly  poft'eired  by  the  American. 

The  high  and  low  vulgar  are  ofljn 
exadt  counterparts  ;  while  the  la.iy 
breaks  her  faith,  Iquanders  ht:r  fortune, 
or  ruins  the  good  name  of  her  neigh- 
bour, the  chambermaid  of  the  ianr^ 
comolexion,  runs  a  fimilar  career,  on 
a  little  fcale,  with  a  few  modifications. 
Had  the  fervant  been  born  to  the 
liigh  rank  of  the  miltrefs  ;  had  for- 
tune placed  the  latter  in  the  itate  of 
{"ervitude,  ar.d  raifed  the  former,  the 
difference  had  been  trivial  Both  ^re 
chara6lers  of  no  real  value  to  fociety  ; 
but  the  one  is  confined  to  its  due  level, 
the  other  is  elevated  above  it,  to  hi 
the  contempt  of  equals,  the  fcourge  of 
induftry  and  merit,  and  the  dil^race  of 
an  unfortunate  family.  No  fpeculation 
is  more  amufmg  or  inlhudwe  to  a  phi- 
lofophcr  than  that  of  inverting  lociety 
itfelf,  and  yiewmcr  the  great  divclted 
of  their  adventitious  fplendor.  A  con- 
{lirutional  paffion  may  be  gratified  by 
various  means,  according  to  the  moral 
iniormation  of  the  poffelTor  ;  the  prm- 
ciple  of  ambition  may  be  diverted  into 
the  channel  of  intclledual  acquirement 
or  public  fpirit,  the  amorous  ciilpoinion 
which  leads  to  licentioufnefs  may  be 
confined  to  the  generous  bofom  of  do- 
me flic  love  ;  ft  ill  it  is  from  the  con^i- 
tution,  that  the  ftamina  of  charader 
take  their  birth.  It  would  have  been  m 
vain  for  the  Romans,  to  have  expected 
in  Claudius  rhe  gallant  fpirit  and  ele- 
oant  fjul  of  Scipio  Africanus.  Gcmus 
ind  idiotifm  are  the  produce  of  the 
body,  no  lefs  than  of  the  mind. 

The  French  philoiophers  have  of  late 
deeply  inveftigated  the  conncdtion  of 
phyfical  organization,  with  the  intel- 
ledual  and  moral  faculties  of  man. 
Cabanis,  a  member  of  the  Inaitute,has 
read  fevtral  very  valuable  papeis  on 
this  fubjed.    The  order  of  his  obferva^ 


tions  cannot  be  followed  in  this  ab- 
ftrad  ;  but  the  Iketch  whi^h  he  has 
given,  will  convince  the  reader,  that 
fuch  Ipeculations  under  the  diredlion 
of  good  fenie  and  philolbphy,  arc  very  1 
in  te  re  (ting.  ! 

In  the  courfe  of  his  enquiries,  he 
has  carefully  coiiedcd  the  oblervations 
of  the  ancient  Gietrk  phylicnns.  He 
h^s  examined  then  clalhUciation  of  the, 
various  natural  varietit  s  of  the  human 
body,  couimouly  called  tt- mpe'amt:riis 
and  Ihown  that  it  was  taken  from  na 
ture.  The  tt'mpei  a  mentis  are  iuderc 
fiTch  prominent  fads  in  phyhology 
that  they  cannot  efcape  a  common  ob- 
fr  rver.  The  blood,  the  bile,  the  phlegm, 
&CC.  rr.jy  pofTibly  not  be  the  real  caufes 
of  thcic  varieties  ;  but  liili  thtl'e  varie- 
ties adually  exift.  Perhaps  they  ar^ 
oftener  blended  th^n  ftpaiate  ;  but  it  is 
neceiTaiy  for  the  faicc  of  claihfication, 
to  confider  ihem  diltind  from  one  ano. 
ther,  as  we  confider  pure  republic^ 
monarchit^s,  and  ariftocracies  in  th< 
fcience  of  politics,  fox  the  purpofes  oj 
realbnmg. 

This  philofophcr,  while  he  recountt 
the  opinions  of  the  ancient  Greek  phy^ 
ficians,  is  not  to  be  conhdered  as  giv- 
ing a  detail  of  their  medical  abi'urdities, 
but  a  lift  of  primary  fads,  which  every 
perfon  may  verify  by  obiervation,  an4 
from  which,  without  any  controverfy, 
arifes  molt  of  the  ditFe-rencc  remarkaWc 
betv.-een  one  man  and  another.  In 
another  paper,  he  ably  accounts  for 
leading  features  of  the  temperamenrs; 
from  the  original  ftrudure  of  the  btain, 
heart,  lungs,  liver,  and  other  vital  ori- 
gins which  are  very  large  in  feme  indi' 
viduals,andfmall  and  conhnedm others. 
The  difference  of  organization,  he 
maintains,  has  a  direct  influence  on  the 
individual,  and  fits  him  as  naturally  for 
a  particular  character, as  the  large  lungs 
of  the  hare  for  the<:hafe,  or  the  athletic 
arm  and  brawny  mufcles  of  the  pugiliit, 
for  his  iliiberal  art.  It  would  be  unpre- 
cedented in  the  fcience  of  nature,  if 
the  ncftrils  of  the  hound  did  n  ;t  indi- 
cate acutenefs  of  fmell  ;  or  the  long 
legs  of  the  deer  fwiftnefs.  The  differ- 
ence in  the  organs,  even  v.'hen  only  in 
de^jree,  creates  a  fpecitic  difference  m 
in  the  fecretions.  The  fundions  of  tl 
body  receive  a  determinate  characte 
v/fich  has  great  influence  on  the  fenh 
bility.  The  different  ftate  of  the  fame 
crfans  in  the  different  ftages  of  life,  is 
**  rcmarkal. 


April  1802.  Cabanis  on  Temperaments. 


remarkable  inftance  of  what  may  be  ef- 
fedled  by  difiaent  Hates  ot  iiatuial 
conftitution. 

Khylical  fenfibility  is  the  fartheft  li- 
mit that  can  be  attained  in  the  fhudy 
ot  the  phenomena  ot  life,  and  by  a  me- 
thodical  fearch  of  their  true  arrano-e- 
fT>ent;  it  is  alfo  the  lad  refult,  or%.o 
Ipeak  m  the  common  nsanner,  the  moll 
general  principle  that  analyfis  furnilhcs 
or  the  mteliedual  faculties  and  affcc- 
tions  of  the  foul.  Phyhcs  and  mo- 
rals are  therefore  confounded  at  their 
very  fource  ;  morality  is  only  phyficai 
d»lp,:lition,  confidered  under  certain 
points  ot  view. 

If  this  propofition  required  more  ex- 
planation,  it  would  be  fufficient  to  ob- 
ferve,  that  life  is  the  eifecl  of  motions 
tiiat  take  place,  m  coiifequence  of  im- 
f^relTions  received  by  the  different  or- 
g-Hns  ;  that  the  operations  of  the  foul, 
^r  mmd,   relnit  from    motions  exe-' 
:rited  by  the  biain  ;  and  thefe  motions 
rom    iinpreihons   either  received  or 
ranlmittcd  by  the  fentient  extremi- 
les  ot  tne  nerves  in  the  different  parrs, 
)r  excited  in  that  organ  itfelt,  by  means 
hat  appear  to  a^f  on  it  immediately. 
Without  fenfibility,   we  could  not 
mrormedof  the  pi efence  of  external 
bjKis ;  we  would  not  have  any  way 
t  perceiving  our  own  exiftence  ;  or 
ather  we  would  not  exiit.    But  the 
-'oment  that  we  vve  ar. ,  and 

•hen  by  a  companion  cf  the  fenfations 
hich  the  iame  object  make.-  on  our 
■ileient  oioai:s  of  ienfe,  we  have  b^- 
^■ine  certam,  that  their caufe  is  with- 
ut,  we  have  already  an  idea  of  what 
not  ourlelves  ;  wiuch  is  our  fult  Itep 
ithe  ftudy  of  nature. 


U  we  experienced  only  a  fingle  fenfa 
^ni  in  alloranyof  curorgans,  we  would 
've,  in  my  opmion,  only  a  lingle  idea  • 
e  would  know,  that  independent  of 
,  there  exjfts  fomething  ;  we  could 
K)w  nothing  further.  But,  as  ovr 
niarions  dilrer  from  one  another,  and 
e  aitterences  of  thole  received  by 
c  <^rgan,  conefpond  accordme  to 
ipetuM  laws,  With  the  difference  of 
Jle  received  by  one  or  more  of  the 
t,  we  are  allured,  that  Uie  fame  di. 

at  leait  with  regard  to  us  as 
ongour  lenfatior.s.  1  lay  with  re' 
^  to  us  J       ^5       ideas  arc  the  re- 
^  of  ou,  compared  leniations,  they 
'  '  V  be  true,  with  relation  to  the 


general  manner  of  human  fenfation 
^  101  the  pretence  of  knowing  the  ef! 
lences  of  things,  is  an  abfurdity  dif- 
covered  by  the  ilighteft  attention  to 
thelubjea.  It  is  an- obvious  confc. 
qucnce  of  this,  that  no  external  caufes 
can  bs  owned  by  us,  which  do  not  act 
on  our  lenlcs,  and  that  every  obica  to 
which  we  cannot  apply  the  faculty  of 
ieniation,  ought  to  be  excluded  from 
our  reieatches. 

But  the  impreOions  that  the  fame 
objects  make  upon  us,  have  not  al- 
ways rhe  fame  degice  of  inteufity,  nor 
are  equally  laliing.    Sometimes  ih-r 
vanilh  at  times  without  excitina  anv 
tention;  at  others  chey  feize  it  wuh 
mchirible  force,  and  leave  behind  them 
deep  traces.     Mankind  are,  without 
any  poihbiii>y  of  doubt,  very  different 
in  their  powers  of  fenfation  ;  a?f  fex 
temperament,  and  difeafe,  cieafe  a  re- 
maikabic  diverllty;  and,  m  the  fame 
man    different  imprelhons,  ha.-e, 
cording  to  their  nature,  and  many 
t.ier  acceilory  circumitanccs,  a  very 
unequal  degiee  of  force  and  vivacity 
i^ucn  being  the  cafe,  it  is  clear,  that 
certain  ideas  may  happen,  at  times,  ei- 
tner  not  to  be  produced  at  al',  or  nr.r 
become  prevalent;    that  oi.e  perfo-i 
may  be  ftruck,  feizcd,  overpowered 
by  imprefiions,  which  another  fcar^-iy 
oblerves,  or  even  does  not  feel  :  that 
the  image  of  objetts  dilappeais  fome- 
times  at  the  hril  change,  like  figures 
traced  on  the  land,  at  others  acquK-s 
•a  cnaracter  of  the  moft  obltinate  dura- 
bility, 10  much  lb  indeed,  as  to  be  in, 
convenient  and  painful  to  the  memory  ; 
hat  from  thcie  impreffions,  io  varia! 
bie  among  individuals,  muft  refult  very 
^iiuerent  characlers  of  mind  and  foul  • 
2nd  trom  the  different  Itates  cf  affocia! 
tion,or  comp^brifon,  in  the  fame  man. 
and  unequal  impreffions  under  differ- 
ent circumltancesi   very  changeable 
Jdeas,  reaionmgs,  and  determinations, 
whjcn  cannot  be  fixed  under  any  par 
ticuiar  rule,  far  lets  under  one  that 
will  appiy  to  the  whole  human  race 

Not  only  IS  the  degree  of  leniation 
varied  amonglt  men,  by  their  conititu- 
tionai  organization,  and  other  circum- 
iUnces  of  ages  and  fex,  excluhvely 
anlmg  from  nature,  it  is  powerfully 
modihed  by  climale,  which  man  cm 
lomctimes  command  by  change:  by 
regimen ;  the  chara6ler  and  ofdei;  o'f 
employment  ^  in  Ihoit,  by  ail  the  nhy- 

fical 


328 


Cahanis  on  T mperamcnts. 


fical  habits  that  can  fometimcs  be  fab- 
jedted  to  rational  plans  ;  and  the  fci^ncc 
Vif  medicine  in  laying  open  the  diTeHLes, 
Tiiat  particularly  change  the  liatc  of 
fenfibilitv,  and  the  re  ne^Ues  that  can 
recal  it  to  its  natural  order,  affords 
a  powerful  opportunity  of  acting, 
e\tn  on  the  original  fource  of  the 
fcniations* 

It  is  in  this  point  of  view,  that  the 
phyfical  ftudy  of  man  is  particularly 
interefting;  to  this  the  Philoiopher, 
the  Moralilt,  the  Legillator',  ought  to 
rum  their  attention,  where  they  may 
obtain  at  the  fame  time,  new  light  up- 
on human  nature,  and  fundamental 
knowledge,  with  regard  to  itsiraprove- 
iftent. 

Perpetually  attached  to  the  ftudy  of 
nature,  the  ancients  ioon  perceived  a 
canefpondence  of  certain  phyfical 
ilates,  with  certain  caits  of  ideas,  and 
turns  of  charaaer.  Galen,  in  his  cUf- 
iiftcaticn  of  the  temperaments,  wiihed 
to  reduce  theie  primary  facts,  to  hxed 
atid  determined  law*;.  Hippocrarcs 
had  before  given  the  fit  il  nocice  of  this 
in  his  dodrine  of  eUmenfs.  In  the  trea- 
tife  of  waters,  airs  and  pLices,  he  had 
examined  the  influence  of  theie  three 
concomitant  agents  on  the  ;7^^:/Ar  of  in- 
dividuals, and  rhe  manners  of  nations. 
He  had,  in  this  particular,  united  the 
phyfician  and  the  philofophef.  The 
iDoderns  who  have  treated  this  point, 
have  almoft  confined  themfelves  to  co- 
py thefe  two  great  men.  What  they 
ventured  to  fay  on  the  moral  inlluence 
of  diatetic  regimen,  has  more  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  fpirit  of  hypothehs, 
than  found  obfervation.  But,  ftill  it 
is  neverthelefs  evident,  that  the  an- 
cients were  on  the  path  of  truth,  and 
if  they  have  not  always  cleared  it  of 
the  errors  and  oblcurities  by  which  it 
is  befet,  it  was  becaufe  they  wanted 
the  nccelTary  fads.  To  give  an  in- 
llance  of  the  alTertion,  let  us'  review^ 
their  outlines  of  the  phyfical  frame  of 
the  human  race  : 

The  ancients  cbferved,  that  certnm 
external  appearances,  that  is  a  certain 
phyfiognomy,  Ifature,  proportion  of 
the  limbs,  colour  of  the  fkin,  bodily 
habit,  ftate  of  the  blood  velfels,  very 
generally  accompanied  certain  difpofi- 
tions  of  the  mind,  and  certain  particu-^ 
lar  paffions.  They  perceived,  that  the 
phyfical  ftate  of  the  body,  the  charac- 
ter of  the  undcrftanding,  and  the  call 


of  the-  palfions,  were  intimately  con. 
nedted.  They  proceeded  to  a  clalTifi. 
cation  of  thefe  phenomena,  on  the 
fame  principle,  as  different  caufes  arc.' 
feparited,  and  arranged  by  their  dif- 
ferent effects ;  and  although  their  doc- 
trine ot  humours  was  hypothetical,  it 
cannot  invaluljt  i  the  fads  fdr  which 
they  endeavoured  to  actount 


in  the  fir  ft  inftancc,  therefore,  thcy.j 
obferved  that  men  of  a  moderate  fti-  • 
ture  and  luitinefs,  with  well- propor- - 
tioned  limbs,  a  fnniling  and  florid  coua-  • 
tenance,  fparkling  eyes,  chefnat-co 
loured  hair,  a  pliant  and  f  )ft  (kin,  3 
flowing  and  eafy  pulfe,  of  fiee,  attivv- 
deterroineU  movements,  withoui  any 
violence,  enjoy,  in  the  internal  opera- 
tions of  the  mmd,  the  fam-!  eafe,  th'3 
fame  liberty  ;  that  their  a'fedlions  a* 
miable  and  fmiling  ias  their  counted 
nances  mnke  them  men  of  pieafurej 
and  of  agreeable  intercourfe.  In  thelk 
fubjeds.  nerves  always  expanded  raaki 
the  impreiiions  lively  and  rapid  ;  biit 
that  promptitude  and  ftngular  facilitj 
with  which  all  the  parts  of  the  fyftec^ 
communicate  with  one  anothes  caufe 
their  movements  to  be  calmed,  as  ea- 
fily  as  they  are  excited.  There  ii 
therefore  little  conftancy  or  continai^ 
ance  in  their  phyhcal  determinations  ^ 
there  is  little  even  in  the  lenfations  ci 
which  thefe  depend.  For  the  famji 
reafon,  difeafes  with  them  have  th« 
fame  charader  of  inftability  ;  they 
form  and  Ihow  themfelves  inilantly, 
and  terminate  with  hafte.  Their  m<l- 
ral  difeafes,  their  paifions,  their  las^ 
rows,  have  not  deeper  roots.  Thfi>( 
paOions  are  lively,  mftantaneous,  fom^ 
times  impetuous',  but  they  are  foon 
peafed  and  cxtipguilhed.  Sorrow,  tUl 
which  their  turn  for  pleafure  and  haj^ 
pinefs,  makes  them  more  fenfible,  afl^ 
which,  for  that  fame  reafon,  they  avoid 
with  great  care,  takes  a  vivid  pofltf* 
fion  of  their  lively  minds,  but 
traces  are  far  from  being  durable. 

We  may  rely  on  a  habit  of  good-w| 
in  them  \  but  a  confiitcnt  train  of  pr^ 
cedure,  a  fyftem  cf  condud  which  ' 
portunities  of  plealure  can  never 
tra61,  nor  obftacles  derange,  arc 
to  be  expedcd.  They  are  fit  for  wo| 
of  imagination,  particularly  for  thd 
that  require  only  happy  impreiftoj 
and  fuch  a  degree  of  attention  to  tbi* 
circumftances  and  effeds,  as  invol-l 
pleafure  in  the  effort.    Of  that  wl- 
dcmafl 


April  1  So2.        Cal>anis  on  Temperaments. 


demands  great  and  intenfe  ftudy,  with 
n/uch  care  and  perfeverancc,  they  are 
entirely  incapable- 

A  fecond  clafs  of  men,  with  a  more 
bold  and  marked  phyliognomy,.  with 
Ipniklmg  eyes,  a  dry  and  often  yellow 
t(:>unteii?>nce,  jet  black  hair,  Ibmetimes 
cufiy  ;  a  ftroiMi  franne  without  being 
fa^.  vigorous  mufcles  but  of  a  flender 
appear^'nce,  with  a  lean  body,  and  pro- 
ir.inent-  bones,  a  Itrotig  quick  and  hard 
pulfe,  Ihow  a  great  capacity  of  concep- 
tion, receive  and  combine  readily  ma- 
ny different  imprcffions  ;  and  are  drawn 
away  perpetu^iliy  by  the  forrent  of 
their  ImsginaLion,  or  of  their  paifions. 
Rare  taienrs^  great  atchievements, 
gitat  errors,  and  fometimes  great 
*?rimes,  are  the  allotted  portion  of  this 
divifion  of  men,  who  are  equally  fiib- 
hme  and  dangerous.  They  w'iih  to 
carry  all  by  force,  violence  and  impe- 
tuofity  ;  but  their  imagination  that 
kads  them-  conitantly  from  objedl  to 
Dbject,  from  plan  to  plan,  does  not 
permit  them  to  execute  with  patience 
and.  in  detail,  what  they  have  boldly 
and  in  general  conceived.  They  are 
Bot  incapable  of  perfeverance,  but  thev 
only  fli£w  it  when  it  is  necefTary  to 
overcome  great  and  ftrong  obftacles. 
In  other  refpeds,  as  fickle  as  the  pre- 
ceding clafs,  they  appear  lefs  lb  ;  their 
haliy  changes  have,  however,  fome- 
ihing  more  ftriking  ;  for  their  whole 
life,  being  a  ttate  of  palTion,  what  they 
have  rejected  to  day  with  difguft,  they 
had  embraced  yefterday  with  tranfport. 
They  are  g-.eat  caters,'apd  inclined  to 
all  exceffes.  Their  difcaies  have  a 
fingiilar  character  of  vel  emence  ;  and 
belong  almofl  entirely  to  the  acuteft 
cialTes  ;  they  change  appearances  haft- 
>iy,  and  terminate  either  in  fpeedy 
death,  or  fome  other  precipitate  cri- 
fis. 

There  are,  on  the  other  hand,  men, 
V'hefe  loofe  and  foft  complexion,  whofe 
tranquil  and  almoff  inlignificantphyfiog- 
nomy,  whofc  llraight  faintly  coloure^d 
feair,  dead  eyes,  weak  though  large 
iiiulcles,  a  body  loadcn  with  fat,  tardy 
dr^d  meafured  motions,  a  flow  fmall 
uncertain  pulfe,  vanifhing  under  the 
finder,  announce  phyfical  difpohtibns, 
entirely  oppofne  to  thofe  we  have  juit 
now  deicribed.  1  heir  fenfations  aie 
^.tfjcient  in  acutenefs  and  iivelinefs  of 
Jmpreffion ;  their  ideas  are  few  and 
6ot  rapid  in  luccemon,  and  for  that  " 

Vox.  LXIII. 


fame  reafon  confiderably  clear ;  their 
afTe^lions  are  peaceable  and  mild, with- 
out energy.  They  eat  little,  digefl 
llowly,  Heep  much',  and  feck  only  for 
repofe.  Their  difeafes  are  of  the  mii- 
cous  and  catarrhal  kind.  In  thele,  na- 
ture, for  the  moft  part,  makes  only  in- 
complete efK:)rts,  and  it  is  rare  to  find 
any  true  critiral  folutions.  The  fame 
genius  feems  to  prelide  over  the  la- 
bours of  thefe  men.  Such  as  require 
adivity,  boldncfs,  halte,  or 'gre;it  ef- 
forts, frighten  and  difliearten  them;  but 
they  are  pleafed  to  fucceed  in  thofe 
which  can  be  done  at  leifure  and  calm- 
ly, m  which  aitentionand  patience  are 
every  thrng.  7'heir  moral  qualities 
correfprnd  with  the  preceding  defcrip- 
tico.  They  have  a  wife  turn  of  mind, 
a  lure  charafter,  a  moderated  condudi. 
With  opinions  and  tailes,  that  are  eafi- 
ly  bent  into  a  compliance  with  thole  of 
others.  In  a  word,  their  ideas,  their 
fentiments,  their  virtues,  their  vices, 
have  a  char:^6ter  of  mt;diocrity,  that 
fits  them  very  muclj  for  the  bufmefs  of 
liie;  fo  miuch  fo,  that  without  giving 
themfelves  much  trouble  to  court  men, 
they  infenfiblv  become,  in  a  Hiort  time^ 
their  guide.-i  and  counfeilors,  and  end 
in  governing  them  with  an  authority, 
which  more  brilliant  and  more  formed 
qualities  feeni  only  able  to  acquire, 
ihough  tlicv  cannot  long  preierve. 

Lattly,  there  are  men  that  feem  al- 
moft  equal  rangers  to  the  ditT-rent 
external  forms,  and  the  habits  which 
we  have  dcfcril^ed.  Their  phyfiogno* 
my  is  fad,  their  vifage  pale,  their  eyes 
hollow  ?jnd  full  of  a  gloomy  fiVe,  their 
hair  black  and  ftraight,  their  llature 
tall  but  llender,  their  body  lean  and 
^Imoft  without  fleih,  their  extremities 
long.  They  have  a  flow,  fmall,  hard 
pulfe  ;  they  are  fubje^l:  to  chronic  elf- 
eafes,  the  crifis  of  which  comes  on  with 
difliculty,  after  longftruggles  of  nature. 
Ail  rheir  movei?7ents  have  a  character 
of  flownefs  and  circumfpedtion.  Tncy 
walk  bending,  and  v  ith  little  ileps,  to 
as  to  have  an  \\x  of  ftudying  carefully  ; 
their  look  contains  fomething  di Curb- 
ed or  timid.  They  fly  from  men, 
whofe  prefer.ce  ads  on  them  in  an  un- 
pleafant  manner  ;  they  feek  folitude, 
which  eafes  them  of  thefe  painful  im.- 
preflions.  Still  their  phyliognomv  wears 
the  impreis  of  an  interelting  ienfibility  ; 
and  their  manners  have  a  certain 
charm,  which  perhaps  acquires  more 
X  X  in£'jence 


Cabanis  on  T ^mperaments. 


Vol.  64. 


influence  over  the  mind,  frona  a  lligtit 
tinge  of  incipient  i^ity. 

Thefe  nnen,  vvhoie  aTpc^t  is  that  of 
wcaknefs,  have  a  remarkable  force  of 
body  ;  they  can  bear  the  longe tt  and 
mod  laborious  toils  \Yiih  a  patience 
and  peri'cverance  beyond  conD^^aic." 
Their  impr-eirH;ns  arc  in  genernl  nei- 
ther numerous  nor  rapid  ;  but  tbe!c 
have  a  dtpth  ar.d  tenacioufnei's  v/hich 
Xcndeis  it  impoflible  to  v.'ithdraw  fiom 
them,  and  which  conliitute  the  rea- 
ions  why  they  become  pciiniul  and  con- 
futed, when  they  Lue  haitcned  or  mul- 
tiplied, and  account  for  the  confidnt 
defire  which  is  fdt  by  the  melancholy 
man,  .of  retiring  and  meditating  on 
them  in  fecrer,  and  for  that  lingular 
flrength  of  memory  peculiar  to  this 
clafs. 

Their  ideas  are  the  w^ork  of  medita- 
tion, and  bear  the  maiks  of  it.  I'hey 
view 'a  particular  fubjecl  in  all  its  dif- 
ferent ways,  and  commonly  end  in  find- 
ing out  either  new  fa^ls  or  reldtiv)ns. 
Thefe  are,  however,  often  chimerical 
difc'overies.  This  is  the  clais  of  vi- 
iionaries;  as  they  have  meditated  with 
care,  they  have  much  diffi.culty  in  ac- 
knowledging or  difcovcring  their  er- 
rors. Their  lifnguage  is  full  of  force 
jind  imnginaiion.  it  is  that  oi perfuad- 
fd,  confirmed  m.en  ^  and  is  cfitn  made 
Tip  of  nev/  and  original  modes  of  expief- 
iion.  They  are  fit  for  many  things,  but 
xarely  for  thefe  which  re(juire  promp- 
titude, and  determination  of  mind,  as 
•fchey  inherit  a  felf-diftrux*  which  not  on- 
iy  unites  itftlf  with  their  progrtfs  in  the 
Vv'OTid,  but  even  Wiih  the  comparative 
j3if.ift6tion  £:nd  utility  of  their  labours. 

Wirb  regard  to  their  pnGions  the.y 
have  a  charac:tr  of  durabilitV  ;  a  eha- 
ia6ier  aimcfi  of  eterniiy,  which  makes 
them  equal! V  ir^ttreitmg  and  formi- 
dable." As  they  are  ccnliant  fiiends, 
ib  they  are  irr.placaoit:  tueniieSv  'i'heir 
:ratural  tirci^Uv  trakes  thtm  iuipici- 
cus,  their  icli-diftiuil  renders  them 
zealous.  -Thefe  two  difpcfitions  are 
:un]^ularly  aggrayat#:d  by  an  imagina- 
tion that  reiains  obliinately,  and  ccm- 
innes  inceiTantly,  im.preffions  of  the 
j'lighteA,  nature,  with  which  the  fmal- 
Itii  matter  afibiTiCs  the  iraportarce  of 
agieatevent.  When  their  rcfiedtion, 
lhat  ought  to  incline  them  to  habits  of 
prder  and  regulaiity,  fails  to  give  a 
good  diredlion  to  their  fenfibility,  and 
render  them  mCre  moral,  it  often  makes 
them  beings  fo  much  ihs  more  dange- 


rous^ as  nature  has  given  them  great 
powers  of  acting  upon  men,  partici:- 
larly  a  Itubborn  perieven)T;cf ,  which 
rules,  as  it  were,  with  eaie,  diflicui 
ties  unconquerable  by  any  violence  c; 
force. 

I'he  ancients  were  not  contented 
with  arranging  thefe  fadts  ;  thej  pro- 
ceeded to  account  for  them  by  a  hypo- 
thtfis  of  four  prevalent  humours  whici;. 
were  thought  to  ir^fiuence  the  habits  of 
•the  different  organs.  They  traced  a 
fanciful  unalegy  ^between  thefe  hu- 
mours and  rht  leafons  ot  the  year,  and 
the  principal  Itages  of  human  life.  Ail 
this  has  no  foundation  in  truth.  Such 
humours,  if  they  ever  abound  in 
an  extraordinary  degree,  are  figns 
of  difcafe  rather  than  tempcran'ent» 
The  caules  of  the  temperamental  phe- 
nomena mult  be  fought  for  in  the  natu- 
ral Itate  of  particular  organs  ;  they  a- 
riie  from  the  organs  giving  a  particu- 
lar ftate  to  the  nervous  iyitem  ;  and 
this  laft  to  thtniufcles.  The  difference 
of  minds  muH:  be  traced  in  the  difFe- 
lei^ccs  of  fenfibility,  for  on  this  I'eems 
to  dtpcnd  the  chura<^:ter  of  the  fenlii- 
tions*  Strong  conception^  imagination^ 
vjfotiati^n  of  ideany  and  co?ile^ue7it/y 
memory^  are  all  connected  'juith  acutenej? 
of  senfibiliry^  ^ahich  has  its  foundation  in 
tl'C  partial  or  genertil  oiganvtailon  of  ths 
hody,  and  the  pofjioni  Jollonjj  the  fame 
guide. 

It  was  early  obferved  by  t?;e  hrlL 
rriedical  philofopheis  of  Greece,  tliat 
fcarcely  any  one  of  thefe  clafTes  exiits 
i/idvuidvally  in  nature.  They  found 
them^often  compounded  in  a  greater  or 
lels  degiee,  but  feidom  fully  excmpii- 
hed  in  any  one  perfon.  They  even 
imagined  a  clafs  made  up  of  equal 
ftiares  of  the  four  radical-  hnmoui^, 
which  they  called  the  temperated  tern*-- 
perament-  As  this  vv^as  the  clafs  of 
perfe(^Hon,  it  is  needlefs  to  cbierv*' 
lhat  It  IS  never  fcjund  in  nature.  Yet 
nothing  prevents  a  balanced  allemb]"age 
-of  the  principal  qualities  of  each  tem- 
perament in  one  perfon,  and  inliaiices 
of  this  ipecies  certainly  CAifi. 

The  moderns  have  jutfly  called  in 
queftion  "the  arbitrary  limitation  bt 
thefe  clafi'ts.  Hallei,  in  particular, 
who  inquired  deeply  into  this  branch 
of  phyfiology,  remarks,  that  the  /ram- 
bei  might  be  augmented  ;  and  that  the 
mul'cuiofi  quadrati,  or  ihofe  individu- 
als in  whom  th&  feufative  and  moving 


April  1802. 


'  Oriental  Apologues. 


331 


fotces  are  in  cquilibrio,  without  any 
■predominant  phyfical  habit,  caunot  be 
referred  to  any  head  of  the  aocient 
clafiificar.ion. 

The  humours  change  their  quantity 
•and  diredion  in  the  various  Itages  of 
life;  and  th^  proportion  of  the  fluids  and 
folids  which  is  mutabrie,  can  by  no 
means  account  for  thefe  primary  fa6U 
■which  accompany  the  individual  from 
cradle  to  the  grave, ^ 


This  intereftin^  clafs  of  pilivCcal 
phenomena,  though  ever  fo  mmutely 
examined,  cannot  of  itielf afford  com> 
plete  data  for  any  theory  of  moral  and 
phyfical  man,  without  the  alTi (lance  of 
many  other  ciicumftances,  along  with 
which  it  cannot  fail  to  throw  much 
light  both  on  his  ge  neral  and  individual 
conditu'^ion. 


 -^^5:^35^325?^:'—  

ORIENTAL    A  P  O  L  0  G  U  r  S 

FROM  THE  P£RSIC. 


I.  A  YOUTH  entrufted  an  hundred 
Binars  to  the  care  of  an  old  man,  and 
then  went  a  journey.  When  he  return- 
ed, he  wanted  his  money  ;  and  the  old 
man  denied  having  received  if.  Upon 
cemplaining  to  the  Cazy,  he  mmraors- 
cd  the  old  man,  and  afked  wJsethcrthe 
young  man  had  entrufted  him  with  the 
money  ?  and  he  arfwered,  **No-''  The 
Cazy  then  inquired  of  the  young  man, 
whether  he  could  produce  any  witnefs  ? 
but  he  faid,  he  could  not.  Upon  this, 
tlie  Caty  required  the  old  man  to  take 
l^is  oath.  The  young  man  wept,  and 
fiid^  **  Alaf^  I  he  haa  no  dread  of  an 
t)ath  ;  he  has  frequently  periured  him- 
feU?^  The  C^zy  fnid  to  the  youth, 
^■'At  the  tune  that  you  delivered  the 
!noney  to  hirn,  where  vk'ere  you  fnting?'' 
He  replied,  Under  a  tree."  Why, 
then,'*  r'joined  the  Cdzy?  "did  you 
Uy  you  had  no  evidence  ?  The  tree  is 
your  evidence:  go  to  the  tree,  and  fay 
to  it,  the  Cazycitt  s  vou.''  The  old 
man  fmilcd.  Th*e  youth  f/id,  I  fear, 
O  Cr^zy  1  that  the  tree  will  not  co?re 
at  vcur  command.''  The  C^zy  faid, 
"  T;^ke  my  re,d,  and  fay,  this  is  ti.e 
C.'izy's  feal,  when  the  tree  will  certain*- 
1y  come."  The  youth  departed,  car- 
rying with  him  tlie  Caz/'s  feal.  A 
fhort  time  after,  the  Cazv '  afked  the 
old  man,  Can  the  youth  by  tiiis  time 
be  arrived  at  the  tree  V'  He  anfwered, 
"  No."  When  the  youth  came  to  the 
tree,  he  held  forth  the  Cazy's  feal,  and 
faul,  "  The  Cazy  requires  your  atten- 
dance." But,  not  hearing  any  thir)^, 
he  returned,  fadly  dillrefled,  aiid  faid, 


"  I  fhowed  your  feal  to  thf  tree,  but  r* 
did  not  return  any  ani\ver."  The  C.;zy 
f lid,  The  tree  came,  and,  having 
given  evidence^  went  back  again."  The:, 
Old  man  exclaimed,  *'  O  Cazy,  what 
words  are  thefe";  no  tree  came  hert  1'' 
The  Cazy  faid,  you  are  righr,  the 
tree  did  not  com.e  ;  buf  at  the  time, 
when  1  aiked  you  whether  or  not  the 
youth  v.as  arrived  at  the  tree  ?  you  an- 
Avcred  that  he  couid  not  be  then  arriv- 
ed ;  now  if  you  had  not  received  the 
money  under  the  tree,  why  did  no" 
you  fay,  What  tree  is  it  ?  I  do  not 
know  it:"  and,  f>om  circiimriances.  it 
is  evideut  that  the  young  maii  fpeaks 
the  truth."  The  old  man,  being,  c-on- 
vicled,  gave  the  youth  his  money. 

%.  Somebody  feized  a  Dervife's  tur- 
ban, ar.d  ran  awiiy  with  it.  Tn?r 
Dcrvile  repaired  to  the  church-yard, 
and  there  feated  himfeif.  The  people 
faid  to  Kimi,  **  The  m.an  who  took  your 
turban  went  towards  the  orchard  ; 
why  are  you  fitting  in  the  church-yard, 
what  are  you  about  ?"  He  anfwered, 
"He  muil  come  here  at  .laft;  and 
therefore  I  have 'feated  myfelf  in  this 
phce." 

3.  A  King  was*  eating  dates  along 
with  his  Vizier,  afid  fiung  all  the  fioncs 
near  the  latter.  When  thcy^had  done, 
the  King  faid  to  the  Vizier,  "Thou 
art  a  great  glutton,  to  have  fuch  a 
number  of  date  Hones  before  you." 
The  Vizier  anfwered,  '*No,  the  Afy- 
lum  of  the  World  has  a  voiacicus  ap- 
petite, having  left  neither  d^tes  nor 
itone&." 

X  X  J  4.  A 


Oriental  Apologues. 


Vol.  64. 


4.  A  perfon  went  to  a  fcrihe,  and 
tkfired  him  to  write  a  Iftter,    He  fair!, 

I  have  a  pain  in  my  t\^ot.*'  The 
man  replied,  "  I  don't  want  to  fend  you 
to  any  place  that  you  fhould  m.^lcc  fuch 
an  excufe."  Says  the  fci  ihe,  "  Your 
obfervation  is  jiiil  ;  but  whenever  I 
urite  a  letter  for  any  one,  I  am  always 
fent  for  to  read  it,  becaufe  no  other 
perfon  can  make  it  out.*' 

5.  Once  on  a  time  a  hawk  fiid  to  an 
houfe-cock,  You  are  very  ungrateful ; 
for  men  feed  you,  and  provide  you  a 
dwelling  ;  yet  whenever  thty  want  to 
catch  you,  why  do  you  run  away  ?  Al- 
though I  am  a  wild  biid,  ytt,  after 
having  eaten  bread  for  a  few  days  from 
the  hands  of  men,  I  hunt  for  them  ; 
and,  to  whatever  diflance  I  may  go, 
when  l  am  called  I  return."  The  cock, 
in  anfwer,  afked,  *' Did  you  ever  fee 
an  hau  k  upon  a  fpit  ?  I  have  feen 
many  cocks  roafling  on  fpits,  and  a 
great  number  frying  on  the  tirt.  You 
"would  fly  to  a  great  didnnce,  if  you 
were  to  fte  a  hawk  on  a  fpit."  ' 

6.  One  day  a  tyrannic  King  having 
gone  out  of  the  city  unatitnded,  fau  a 
pcifon  fitting  under  a  tree,  of  whom  he 
inquired,  "  What  is  the  char2c\er  of  the 
King  of  this  country  I  is  he  opprtfiive, 
or  juft  He  anfwered,  "A  great  ty- 
rant." The  King  faid,  "Do  yc^u  know 
me  ?"  He  anfwered,  *'  No/'  The  King 
rejoined,  I  am  the  Monarch  ot  this 
place."  The  man  was  terrified,  and 
afked,  Do  you  know  who  1  am  ?" 
The  King  faid,  he  did  not.  He  rtjoin- 
ed,  I  am  the  fon  of  fuch  a  merchant  ; 
three  days  in  every  month  I  h-fe  my 
fenfes,  and  this  is  one  of  thofe  three 
days."  The  King  laughed,  and  ended 
the  convtrfation. 

7.  A  blind  man,  in  a  daik  night,  hav- 
ing taken  a  lamp  in  his  hand,  and  an 
earthen' jar  on  his  ihouidere,  went  into 
the  market-place.  Somebody  f^id  to 
him,  "  You  blockhead,  day  arid  niglit 
are  the  fame  in  your  eyts  ;  of  what  ufe 
can  a  lamp  be  to  you  The  blind  man, 
laughing,  replied,  This  limp  is  not 
intended  for  my  own,  but  for  your  ufe, 
in  order  that  in  thisratk  night  yv^u 
may  not  break  xr  y  jar.'* 


8.  A  certain  man  went  to  a  Dcrvifc 
and  propofed  three  quellions.  Firft, 

Why  do  they  fay  that  God  is  omni- 
prefent  ?  I  do  not  fee  him  in  any  place  ; 
ihow  me  where  he  i .."  Second,  *'*  Why 
is  m.an  puniflicd  for  crimes,  fince  what- 
ever he  docs  proceeds  from  Ciod  ?  Man 
has  no  free  will,  for  he  cannot  do  any 
thing  couLraiy  to  the  will  of  God; 
and,  if  he  had  power,  he  would  do 
every  thing  for  his  own  good."  Third, 
How  can  God  puniih  Satan  ia 
helUftre,  fince  he  is  formed  of  that 
element  anc}  what  imprefiion  can 
fire  make  on  itfelf  ?"  The  Der- 
vife  took  up  a  large  clod  of  earth, 
and  ftruck  him  on  the  head  with  it. 
The  rurin  went  to  ihe  Cazy,  and  faid, 

I  propofed  three  queftions  to  fuch  4 
Dervife,  who  flung  fuch  a  clod  ot' 
earth  at  (Ue,  as  has  made  my  head  ach.*' 
The  Cazy  having  fent  for  the  Dervife, 
aflwL'd,  "  Why  did  you  throw  fuch  a 
clod  of  earth  at  his  head,  inilead  of 
anfwering  his  qucflions  ?"  Tlie  Der- 
vife replied,  **  'x  he  clod  of  eai  th  wa^ 
an  anfwer  to  his  Ipetch  ;  he  fays  he  has 
a  pain  in  his  head ;  let  him  ihew  where 
it  is,  when  I  will  make  God  vifible  to 
him  :  and  why  does  he  exhibit  to  you 
a  complaint  againit  me  :^  whatever  \ 
did  was  the  ad  of  God  ;  I  did  not 
Oilke  him  without  the  will  of  C-ui ; 
v\  hat  power  do  I  poffefs  ?  and  as  ii  ;s 
compounded  of  earih,  how  can  he  iuf- 
ftr  pain  from  that  element  ?"  The 
man  was  confoundLd,  and  the  C^zy 
highly  plcafed  with  the  Dervift^'a  an- 
fwer. 

9.  A  very  poor  man,  who  had  a  horfe, 
tied  him  in  the  liable,  with  his  hea:i 
towards  that  part  where  it  is  ufual  lo 
place  the  taik  He  then  proclaimed 
aloud,  "  p  you  people  come  and  fee  \ 

a  ftrarge  fgin,  a  hoife  with  his  hei<d  < 
where  his  tail  ought  to  be  i"    All  the  ; 
people  of  the  city  cro\Aded  toget'ur.  j 
af.d  fiom  every  one  who  wifh'jd  to  ^o  | 
ijuo  the  fi^ibie  to  fee  tlie  fliow,  he  ex- 
acted  a  fmail  pieei*  of  money,  and  gave 
thtm  admittance  ;  and  they  who  went 
iiuo  the  ftable,  cainc  back  aihaiucu,  and 
faid  nothipr^. 


OF 


Am-il  1S02. 


333 


OF  THE  RUSSIAN  ANNALS. 

iOUR  DISSERTATIONS,  by  AUGUSTUS  LEWIS  SCHLOETZER. 

'(Contii;ued  from  pa^e  15^.) 


DISSER.TATION  II. 

:bj  A;iUe??t  Rnjian  Hijlory  in  general^ 
its  Vujl  Extent y  its  Di'viJionSy  aJid  its 
Importance,  \ 

The  greatnefs  of  Riiffia,  and  the^natu- 
'    ral  ccpiouincfs  of  it^  hiitory,  §  1. — 
Five  preliminary  remarks,   §  2,. — 
Qrigiuai  parentage  of  the"  Ruilians, 
V    ^  3. — CommcRceir.ent  of  the  Ruffian 
Government,  ^  4. — Of  the  Sclavo- 
niuns,  5  5,  6.— Of  the  ir/iiahitants  of 
Ruifia  "^before  the  Sclavi,  §  7, — Of 
the  Varagiaiis,  §  8.— Name  of  the. 
Ruffians,  §  (>. — Divifion  of  their  An- 
■    cient  Hiitory,  §  10.— Five  periods 
•.   of  it,  §  II,  12. — Farther  extent  of 
,   t>ie  whole  Ruffian  Fliftory,  wirh  all 
the  nations  belonging  to  it,  §  13,  14, 
15. — CoLiclufions  from  it,  §  16. — 
Importance  of  the  Antient  Ruffian 
'  litory,  \  17,  &  feq. 

p  I.  RUSSIA'S  ancient  hiilory,— 
ti'hat  a  moniirous  idea  I  I  am  almofi 
loft  in  its  immenfuy. 

The  hiftory  of  a  couiitry  that  com- 
prehends the'i)itith  part  of  the  inhabit- 
ed earth,  and  is  twice  as  large  as  Eu- 
lope  ;  a  country  twice  as  extend ve  as 
the  old  R.oman'  empiie,  though  called 
with  fo  much  propriety  the  radtrefs  of 
the  world  ;  the  hiilory  of  a  nation  that 
already^,  for  nine  hundred  years,  has 
jDlayt'd  a  confpicuous  part  on  the  thea- 
tre of  the  glebe,  and  at  prefeat  extends 
fouth wards  from  the  Frozen  Ocean  to 
the  Baliic,  the  Cafpian,  'and  the  13ai- 
k.d  •  eaftwaids  from  Kvmmene,  the 
I-)win^,  and  the  Dnieper,  to  the  Ana- 
dyr, the  AvvatOiaw,  and  to  the  rifmg 
fun  ; — the  hiilory  of  an  empire,  that 
tinites  under  its  iceptre,  Sclavi,  Gcr- 
maro,  Finns,  Tartars,  Sanr.oyedes, 
Kalmucs,  Tongufes,  and  Kuiillians  i 
nations  of  peculiar  languages,  and  dif- 
I  eliminate  defccnt  ;  and  has  for  its  bor- 
I  dcrs  the  Swedes,  the  Poles,  the  Fer- 
fi- ,  the  Turks,  tiie  Bucharians,  the 
-^le,  Japanefe,  and  IJurons  1 — the 
of  Pvuilia,  the  tru^j  vagina  gen- 


tium o0icina  naVonum'^ ^  whence  fo 
many  nations  have  gone  forth,  who 


*  Ti'.efe  appellations,  Sweden  has 
fo  exciufively  appropriated  to  itfelf 
from  the  time-  of  Jcnandes,  that  I 
have  re':;d  of  an  apology  for  takings 
theru  from  thence  to  belfow  them  on 
Ruina.  I  can  fcarcely  be  fufpedied 
of  partiality  ;  for  \  confeis  tl^at  I  have 
borru\''ed  the  Vv  hole  ailert ion  fiom  Swe- 
den itfeif.  .It  is  to  be  feen  m  a  difpij- 
tation  printed  at  Upfa!,  in  the  year 
1^764,  but  not  yet  publitlied  ;  at  ieaJt 
it  was  not  when  I  WcT<>  there  in  176S. 
The  Chevalier  de  Linre  thinks  that 
the  Goths  camt;  from  the  in'teiior  parts 
of  RuiTia,  particularly  from  the  Uk- 
raine ;  becauie,  about  the  time  of  the 
tmigratiOKS,  fo  onany  culinary  herbs 
were  known  in  Europe  which  grow 
wild  only  in  thofe  paru.  He  goes  yet 
farther,  and  is  :o  think,  that 

the  fcutnern  S;":   -  the  cradle  of 

the  whdie  huiUtiu  lac:,  a^  it  is  there 
aloiie  that  corn  grows  wild.  (This 
hov/eve'r,  Prof.  Pailas  Las  lince  Ihewn 
to  be  a  mi  {take  \  Corn  only  g-ows 
fpontaneoufly  in  the  regions  aoout 
Thibet.)    One  pafTage  is  p.  iS.fedix. 

Humuius  Lupulus,  Spina tia  oleracia^ 
A  triplex  hertenjis,  Artemijia  dt  acunculus^ 
&c.  qui€  hodie  fi  tquentiffimcC  funt  la 
macellis  Europasorum,  ut  ignoiije  fue- 
runt  veteribus,  et  intfoduclae  faeculis 
barbaris,  dum  Gothi  occupabant  Ita- 
liam,  qui  fine  dubio  lecum  attuiere  :u 
Italian!  plantas  fuas  ol.-raceas  iic  cuii- 
nares  ;  ita  a  botanicjs  Ruliicis,  Iponta- 
necs  naicentes  levSlai  funt  Sibiricis  m 
oris."  The  fecond  p^ffiige  is  fcen  m 
p.  19.  fe6t.  xii.  Kane  obferv^aiio- 
ne  n  mecum  dijudicando.  incidi  in  no- 
vam  quandam  ccnje6turtim,  paradcx- 
am  forte,  f^d  quam  tamen  ulteriori 
ledloris  examini  iubdcre  aahm.  Scdi- 
cct  frultra  queritur  regio  ilia  a  dociis, 
quae  prima  poft  diluvium  inhabitata 
fuerit.  Primos  homines  creatos  fuifte 
inter  tsoplcos^  etiatnfi,  tacente  ipfa 


334 


Of  the 'Russian  Annals. 


Vol.  64. 


hive  one  i^'hile  overturned  and  again 
founded  empires  in  Europe.  Turn 
over  the  annals  of  all  ages  and  nations, 
and  name  me  a  hiltory  of  a  larger  corn- 
pals,  or  of  only  an  equal  extent  1  It 
is  not  fo  properly  the  hiltory  of  a  coun- 


fcriptura  facra,  fatis  evincunt  homi- 
num  corpoia  nuda,  cum  pleraque  ani- 
malia  Indica  pellibus  deitituta  prog- 
naicantur,  utpote  clephantes,  rhino- 
cerotes,  canes,  lues,  &:  rdiqaa  ibi  plu- 
lima  occurentia.  In  hifcit:  terris 
ineta  primarium  hominum  ponigunt 
cibum;  ut  femper  vircntes,  len.per 
f.orentes,  femperque  t'ruiitum  narura- 
liiTimum  honruni  vidum  ferentes,  arbo- 
ics.  mittam.  At  vero  deUiudis  ho- 
-minibus  diluvio  illo  Noacbi,  arcam 
conftetifie  in  fummo  monte  alpino  A- 
ravat,  iacra  pagina  docet.  Ab  hoc 
•Konte,  catena  montium  facile  ducit 
vcrfus  rigiones  inter  Sibiriam  Tatari- 
amque  fiias,  quije  omnium  litillimse 
2unt  ;  unde  etiam  exhifce  fluvii  origi- 
nera  ducunt,  qui  decurrunt  in  mare 
Gl'aciale,  in  oceanum  Orientalem,  in 
iTiare  Calpium,  imo  ad  omnes  cir- 
cumjacentts  terras.  Inde  fequitur,  ut, 
clum  ceflaret  diluvium,  prima  &c  aptif- 
femacontinens  fuerit  in  prcdiclis  hifce 
region ibus,  quam  debeicnt  necelTaiio 
qUi^erere  mortales  fuperiiites  nuiltipli- 
candi^  Ut  in  hifce  ie  fuftentarenr,  i'5e, 
qui  previdit  omnia,  feruit  fruHjenta, 
frequeniifiimum  mortalium  aiim^entum 
e:xtfa  tropicos,  quse,  quantum  botani- 
cis  notum,  nonnifi  in  hifce  Rufiicis 
fpontanea  invcniantur  oris.  Ita  Hien- 
i^clmannus  (in  Flora  Samarenfi  Mf6la.) 
invenit  in  cam.pis  BafchV;irorum  ttifi- 
cam  tejii'vum  i:f  H jrdei.?n  difJk ham  ipoutQ 
crefcentia.  Seca/e  cereale  fpoutaneum 
Sibirienfes  coquunt  in  panem.  Vide- 
tur  mihi  itaque  pofie  concludi,  Sibiri- 
am fuieffe  *eam,  ex  qua  forte  omnes 
pcft  deUivium  exivere  mortales  &l  late 
dil'perh  fant,  quoniar*i  his  in  regoni- 
bus  extra  tropicos  primatia  inveniun- 
tur  hominum  alimenta."  The  thought 
is  new,  and  likewife  ingenious,  as  it 
fhevvs  the  utility  of  natural  hiftory  in 
the  hiftorv  of  nations  by  an  unexpedl- 
ed  example.  Let  the  reader  compare 
l;erewith  Michaelis'  opinion  concern- 
ing the  fituation  of  paraJiie  on  the 
Cafpian  fea,  in  his  Com  p.  Theclog. 
Dogmat,  praifat.  page  50. 


try,  as  of  a  divlfion  of  the  globe  ;  not 
of  a  nation,  io  much  as  of  a  multitude 
of  nations,  all  of  them  diftind  in  lan- 
guage, religion,  manners,  and  defcent, 
united  Ui^der  one  government  b^  con- 
quefts,  fate,  and  fortune. 

^  II.  In  this  and  the  following  trea- 
tife,  I  lliall  fpeak.  of  Ruffian  hiitory  ift 
general,  and  Ihew,  that  it  is  prodigi* 
oufly  extenfive,  uncommonly  impor- 
tant, and  highly  to  be  depended  on, 
Exienfive  by  reafon  of  the  multitude 
of  nations,  either  not  at  all  or  defec- 
tively defcribed,  whereof  this  gigant;c 
political  body  is  compofed,  as  of  f?) 
many  "jparts  or  members.  Important, 
on  account  of  the  im.mediatc  uifluencc 
it  has  on  all  other  hiftory,  the  Jb.uro- 
pcan  as  vveil  as*  the  Afiattc,  that  of  tht 
ancient  as  well  as  of  the  middle  ages. 
To  be  relied  on,  from  its  richnefs  ii^. 
credible  chronicles  and  other  hiflorical 
fources.  Bui,  ere  I  enter  upofi  thefe 
conhdeiations  the-nfelves,  allov^-  me  t© 
premife  the  following  remarks. 

I.  I  divide  the  whole  Ruffian  hiftory 
into  two  main  part.*;,  the  ancieu'  and 
the  modern.  The  former  begins  with 
Ruric,  who  founded  the  monarchy  a~ 
bout  the  middle  of  the  ixth  century, 
and  terminates  with  the  end  of  the 
xvith  century,  when  on  the  total  ex-, 
tindion'*^  of  thq  reigning  tamily  ofRu- 


*■  I  call  it  purpofeiy  a  total  extinc* 
tion.  A  great  many  German  genea- 
logical books  arc  wrung  m  this  m^at- 
ter,  by  giving  a  fiP.er  .Maria  to  the 
tzar  Ftodor  Ivanovitfch,  who  is  pre- 
tended to  have  been  married  to  FeodoL- 
Romanof,  afterwards  patriarch,  the  fa^ 
ther  of  the  txar  Michaila.  But  thi^j 
Maria  died  voung  and  unmarried.  The 
patiiarch  Fee  dor,  conlequently  wa? 
not  broth'^r- in-law  to  the  tzar  Feodor, 
but  only  his  coufm  :  for  his  father  N: 
kita,  and  the  tzar  Feodor's  mother 
Anartafia,  were  own  fiiiers.  In  the 
Geim.an  tranflation  of  Lomonofof'-. 
chronicle  of  the  Ruffian  fovereigua, 
printed  at  Copenhagen  in  1765,  8vo. 
for  which  we  are  indebted  to  M.  vor. 
Stsehlin,  fecietary  of  legation,  p.  68, 
he  is  called  by  miftake,  the  tzar  Feo- 
dor's ftep-biother :  but  in  the  Ruf- 
fian original  it  is,  dmoiurodnoi  brat, 
coufm-german. — However,  when  I  iay 
a  total  extindion.  I  mrft  be  iuppofe'? 


April  1802. 


Of  the  Russian  Annals. 


335 


tic,  the'troubles  with  the  falfe  Deme- 
trius arofc,    and  Michaila  Romanof 
cominenced  a  new  race  of  fovereigns. 
It  begins  with  Ruric,  "in  the  year  862. 
Nothing  is  more  natural  than  to  begin 
the  hiftory  of  a  nation  from  the  point 
of  time  when  it  afiumes  a  regular  go- 
vernment, that  is,  when  it  begins  to 
be  a  nation  j  and  precilely  here  begin 
the  Rulhan  annals.    Happily  for  the 
hiitorian,  the  Ruihan  hiliory  has  there- 
fore no  tempus  fAvQiKovy  no  origin  v^rap- 
ped  up  in  fabies,  traditions,  mytholo- 
gies,  and  nonfenie,  in  which,  fome 
learne.d  lunatic  went  in  fearch  of  ad- 
ventures to  furnifli  a  chronicler  .with 
Tories  of  dreams  and  apparitions. — It 
ends  With  the  houfe  gf  Rune,  a?nifj 
1598.    Nature  herfelf  has  here  made 
a  main  divifion  in  the  Ruffian  hiftory: 
A  race  entirely  new  afcends  the  Moi- 
covite  throne  ;  the  generality  of  the 
chronicles  conclude  j  hinory  forlakes 
the  cloilter,  her  former  work  place, 
and  ftrikes  into  the  archives  of  a  royal 
abode  :  here  alfo  Tatifchef  concludes, 
and  here  M.  Muiier  begins  his  noble 
attempt  at  a  new  hiftory  of  Ruffia*. 

a.  My  object  is  foieiy  the  ancient 
hiftory,  according  to  the  plan  Jhhave 
jjjft  laid  down.  Only  where  the  near- 
nefs  conducts  me,  or  necelTity  com- 
pels, only  where  the  antient  impercep- 
tibly flows  into  the  modern,  or  their 
whole  partition  is  but  a  mathematical 
liRe,  ftiall  I  ftray  into  the  province  of 
the  latter,  and  even  then  only  as  mto 
a  foreign  territory.  According  to  the 
ufual  way  of  fpeaking,  what  1  call  the 
ancient  KulTian  hiftory,  fhould  in(;iced 
rather  be  termed  the  middle,  Hiftoria 
^iijfua  Medii  te-ci  :  but,  not  to  mention 
that  this  relates  only  to  the  expreffion 
'  ar^d  not  to  the  matter,  in  that  cai'e  Ruf- 
fia  would  have  almoft  no  ancient  hiftory 
i^t  all.  For  immediately  previous  to 
"i^utlc  the  Rullian  hiftory  is  abforbed  in 


to  mean  only  in  regard  to  the  then 
rci^^ning  family  of  Rurrc.  For  it  is 
well  known,  that  tzar  Michaila  Ro- 
manof dclcended'in  a  right  line,  on  the 
*5ther's  ftde,  from  ihe  Grand-duke 
Alexander  Nefski,  alid  on  that  of  the 
inother,  from  Vladimir  II.  jNlonoma- 
«hus. 

Sammlung  Ruftilche-j^crch.  torn. 
-  3- 


the  chaos  of  the  Finnifh  and  Sclavo- 
man  ;  and  in  RufTia  pro^y^r  fcarcely 
any  thing  remains  to  us  but  a  Umpu^ 

3.1  diftinguifli  the'hiftory  of  the 
Rufiians,  ti)e  predominant  nation,  from 
the  hiftory  of  Ruffia,  tne  whole  govern- 
ment.   'I'he  former  has  its  boundaries, 
which  are  eafily  decerned;  the  latter 
is  ftill  of  immertic  dimenfions  j  and, 
like  the  fcept're  of  Cathaime  ihe  Se- 
cond, extends  over  two  quarters  of  the 
globe.    The  former  may  be  compared 
to  the  main  Icope  of  a  poem  j  and  the 
latter  as  fupplying  the  epifodes.  The 
difference  is  juft  as  great  as  oetwetu 
the  hiftory  of  fCome  and  that  of  the- 
Roman  empire  ;  or  of  the  Romans  and 
of  all  the  nations  in  lubje^tion  to  Rome^ 
from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the  Eu- 
phrates, from  tiie  htbe  and  the  Da^ 
nube  to  th^  banks  of  the  Nile.    In  IV 
veral  modern  ftates,  for  example,  m 
the  Pruffian,  the  fame  diftinclion  takes 
place.    So  the  hiftory  of  Ger.nany  is 
to  be  diftinguiftied  fiom  the  hiftory  of 
the  Germans,  though  in  a  contrary  re- 
lation ;  for  the  Germans,  the  nation/ 
v/ent  into  other  quaiters  of  the  world, 
and  brought  countries  under  them* 
which  never  came  into  connexion  with 
Germany,  the  country  :  confequentlj^ 
the  niftory  of  the  Germans  is  of  ia/ger 
compais.than  the  hiftory  of  Gcrrnany. 
-  4.  What  I  defign  to  communicate 
here,  is  the  ikecch  or  outline  cf  the 
v.-hole  antient  hiftory  of  Rufua,  as  far 
as  it  is  indiipeniibly  necelTary  to  mj 
purpofe  of  delineating  the  extenfive 
circuit  of  it'.    In  doing  this,  Lconcen- 
trate  the  fruit  of  many  toillbme  inre>- 
tigations  J  but  I  mean' to  draw  nothing 
more  than  a  ground  plan,  with  flight 
and  gentle  ftrokes.    Should  any  new 
matters  be  found  among  what  'l  ad- 
vance ;    Ihc.uld  I  fomctimes  be  feen 
in  oppufirion  to  opinions  which  ha\  e 
the  venerable  right  of  prefcription  in 
their  behalf;  it  is  naturaiiv  to  be  im-  ' 
plied  that  I  am  refponftble  for  the  au- 
thorities on  which  I  proceed.  Nor 
have  I  entirely  negleded  rhis  duty  of 
an  hiftorian  ;  I  have  often  crowded 
my  reaibns  into  few  words,  and  oficri 
contented  myfeli  with  mere  citations: 
but  to  produce  them  in  all  their  force 
I  efteem  not  this  the  place.  -Certainty* 
and  conviclion,  in  fo  untrodden  a  p^th 
as  the  aaticnt  RuHiau  hiftory  i-  wbeic 


33«> 

every  {Icp  raifcs  new  doubts  to  the' 
traveller,  arc  no  otherwife  to  be  ex- 
torted thfc  i  b)  piolix  and  particiilar 
dedudions. 

5,  i  hop-  ^.^r  the  candor  and  in- 
dulgence of  liii  reader,  if  1  leern  to 
pult  dtrAii  more  tha%  I  build  up  ;  if  I 
<im  more  giv  -n  to  doubt  than  to  de- 
pde,  and  eia  licare  fu.>fe  fables,  than  I 
plant  and  fettle  truths.  Prima  Ux  hif- 
toriee^  NE  QUID  FAi.c:  riCAT.  I  will 
rather  lubmit  to  Lj.  ig^!>urant  thtin  al- 
low niyft-lf  to  be  deceived  :  and  is  it 
not  of  as  m  ich  conoerr:  to  the  kingdom 
of  icience,  to  overtbrow  an  error  as  'o 
force  a  truth  ? — T'^e  hiliory  of  the 
Sclavi,  as  well  as  that  of  alraoiv  all  the 
northern  nations,  is  interf])e».  ijd  with 
a  multitude  of  nugatory  fabiv.s.  I  law 
the  faults  of  my  predecoflbui,  and  have 
iirove  to  avoid  them.  Raih  and  un- 
fleady,  their  eye  wanders  in  thi^ 
|rIooTny  regjons  beyond  the  Annals :  a 
feeble  ray  of  truth,  a  gleaming  lem- 
blafice  of  hiilory,  an  equivocal  found, 
irnpoie  upon  them  :  they  think  they 
ice  manifeO  objeds,  wheie  I  can  per- 
ceive nothing  real  ;  and  in  matte  is 
v,here  much  is  wanting  for  rendering 
theni  only  probable,  they  inclofe  a 
long  chain  of  furitei^  which  reaches 
fiom  Mag(^g  quite  down  to  their  he- 
ro. How  eafily  could  I  begin  my  R  uf- 
fian hiftory  like  them  :  At  the  time 
when  Noah  came  forth  from  the  ark, 
S<.c.I  How  ealily,  like  D;-.lin,  could  I 
ftt  out  v/ith  faying  :  KulTia  as  yet  lay 
undtr  the  waters,  £ic.  1  How  Cnfily 
could  1  compofe  a  quarto  de  RuJJ'oiuin 
tncijoribin^  ab  orbe  f  ondito  ad  annvin  Chrjii 
559,  as  Martiri  Har.k  has  done  the  bi- 
ienans  I  But,  I  rept:at  it,  I  will  ra- 
ther be  ignorant,  than  be  deceived  : 
and  a  Ihoit  hiflory  of  600  years,  full  of 
truth,  appears  to  me  of  far  more  value, 
than  a  long  account  of  3000  years,  re- 
plete with  fables.  Let  folios  thus  be 
fhriveiled  up  to  pocket-books,  what 
matters  it,  fo  as  truth  maiuiains  her 
rights  ?  Feign,  invent,  and  dream,  and 
write  romances  ;  but  let  them  be  ai- 
•wnys  called  romances  :  the  name  cf 
hiftory  is  Cacred,  profane  it  not.  Every 
fcience  and  therefore  every  hiftory, 
has  its  errors,  its  opinions,  and  its 
truths.  Condemn  the  firfi  without 
mercy,  when  they  can  proved  to 
be  fuch  ;  have  a  regard  for  the  feccnd, 
when  they  arc  any  thing  in^re  than 


Vol.  64. 

the  tranfient  conceits  of  a  maker  of 
hypotheies  :  but  carefully  leparate  thcni 
from  the  third,  till  preponderant  ar-  \ 
gurnenis  lhall  raiie  them  from  pruba- 
bdity  to  the  rank  of  certainty*. 

§  Ui.  7'he  hiitory  of  the  RnlTians 
has  its  fixed  ana  certain  commence- 
ment,  and  uninterruptedly  advances  ) 
through  all  the  luccteding  centuries  to  ' 
the  times  in  which  we  live.  Confider- 
ed  as  Sclavonians,  their  origin  is  Io(t 
in  the  night  of  antiquity.    As  RuiTi- 
ans,  in  tl>e  ixth. century  they  make 
their  appeaiv.nce  on  the  flage  ;  and 
their  very  firlt  entrance  is  at  once  i"o 
fplendid,  that  the  hUtre  of  it  icaches 
even  to  Byzantium,  and  their  deeds  * 
from  thencefor<i  find  their  way  into  the  , 
Liito  les  of  foreign  nations. 

The  name  of  the  Sclavonians  firlf  1 


*  The  reader  of  tafte  will  here  per-  1 
ceive,  that  thefc  five  cautionary  notes  1 
belong  to  the  foregoing  century  :  but  j 
it  is  well  known,  that  there  are  peo-. 
pie,  even  Itill  in  our  days,  who  in  i 
their  hifioiical  mfc^rmation,  are  even 
66  years  behind  ;  and  for  fuch  alone 
this  note    is  here    lubjoined.  Fif- 
ty years  ago,  when  Dalin  wrote  his 
.^wedifli  hiitory,  and  therein  pointed 
out  to  fevcral  unbelievers  the  alVertion 
of  his  predeceiTors,  that  Homer  and 
Orpheus  had  fpoke  of  Sv\eden;  the 
clergy  had.tbought  fit  to  prefent  a  me- 
morial to  the  diet,  on  the  lath  of  No- 
vember 1747,  teftifying  their  difpiea- 
fure  at  Dahn's  innovations  ;  and  pro- 
pofed,  among  others,  M.  GjoranlTou 
(whole  hiitory  of'Swcden,  like  that  oi" 
the  authors  of  the  Univerfai  Hiftory,  | 
begins  with  the  year  195 1  from  the  | 
creation  of  the  world)  Vo  be  the  cor-  | 
rt  Ctor  (;t  them.    How  ill-tieated  wa*  I 
the  excellent  editor  of  the  wretched  | 
Hajtk,  M.  P.  Gelafius  Dobner,  only  a 
fev;  years  ago,  by  the^  R.ev.  M.  Char- 
If  s  Krziz,  for  freeing  the  Bohemian 
hiiiory  froin  ?.  A  range  creature  called 
Czeciv  and  for  almolt  having  called 
Dalemill,  the  creator  of 'this  Czech, 
iiotwithltanding  he  was  a  canon  of  the 
cathedT-al,  a  Tabulator !   Ste  his  Ai> 
uales  Bohem.  torn.  iii.  p.  382,  and 
read    v/ith  pity  the   proof  extorted 
from  him-by  Charles  Krziz,  **  that  a 
man  may  eiv^n  day?,  to  confute  a  ca- 
non." 


Gf  the  Russian  Annals. 


April  1802.  Of  the  Russian  Annals. 


appears  abcMit  the   year  530,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  rcign  of  the  emperor 
Juitinian*.    Jornandes  and  Procopius, 
two  contemporary  billorians,  aie  the 
fir  It  in  whole  wntingi*  we  fi  nd  them  : 
till  then  this  great  people  had  been 
coiTiprtrhended  by  the  ignorant  Greeks 
and  Romans  among  the  herds  of  Scy- 
thians and  Sarmatians.     Two  chief 
Items  of  them  appear  at  once  in  hifto- 
ry  :  the  proper  Sqlavonuna  [XK?^otZmi 
Procop.  et  Sclavini  Jornand.]  and  the 
Antes.    Procopius  fays,  they  had  for- 
merly boie  the  general  name  of  ^tfopoi. 
Jornandes,  however,  adds  to  thele  tiie 
Veneti,  and  fays,  thai:  all  the  three, 
Veneti,  Antes,   and   Sclavini,  were 
then  but  one  people,  when  Hermanric, 
the  powerful  Goth,    about  the  year 
350,  had  extended  his  dominion  from 
the  Euxine  to  the  Baltic,  and  penetrat- 
ed into  the  fartheli  receffes  of  the 
North, 

Hiftory  already  fpeaks  of  them  as  a 
numerous  nation  that  inhabited  the  ex- 
tenfive  Notth  quite  down  to  the  Da- 
nubef.  Jultmian  knew  them  fir'l  as 
friends  before  they  became  his  foes  : 
for  at  the  beginning  they  ferved  among 
his  cavalry  in  It.iiy  ;  and  as  yet  they 
had  never  crofied  'the  Danube  with 
a  military  force,  for  carrying  de- 
vartation  into  the  territoiies  of  the 
Grecian  emperor.  But  as  foon  as  the 
valiant   Chilbudt,  who  had  hitherto 


*  The  Armenian  hiltorian,  Pvlofes 
ofChorone,  who  by  common  report, 
lived  towards  the  middle  of  the  fifth 
century,  has  however  already  the  name 
of  Sclavonians  in  his  geography,  p.  347, 
edit.  London,  1736,  410.  It  appears 
too  m  the  Epitomator  of  .btrabo.  Pto- 
lemaeus  hkewife,  lib.  iii.  cap.  5.  fpeaks 
of  a  people  in  Sarmatia  whom  he  calls 
^Tstr^cciiu  how  e ali  1  y  v.  c  may  fu p po fe 
that  uie  fame  ignorant  trsnfcriber,  who 
has  made  'Evf^cov^cs^ot  out  of  Hermun- 
duri,  and  Aay tcos-a^y^i  out  of  Longo- 
bardi,  may  alio  here  have  put  llrx'^xvoi 
ZXxZxvQi  efpecially  as  the  SA  in  the 
firft  fyllabies  was  quite  unknown  to 
him  and  the  whole  Greek  language?^ 
But  all  thefc  paffages  require"  a  more 
accurate  elucidation. 

t  Ab  ortu  Vululue  fiuminis,  per  im- 
menfa  fpatia.  Jornand. 

t  Mafcof^s  hiftory  of  the  Germans, 
torn.  ii.  p.  141, 

Vol,  LXIV. 


guarded  the  Danube,  had  fallen  in  an 
ad'ion  againft  them,  their  contefts  be- 
gan on  this  lide  of  the  river.  Conftanti- 
nople  had  no  longer  a  general  tha* 
could  diipute  the  pafiage  with  thefe 
powerful  and  incenl'ed  neighbours, 
Chilbud's  death,  their  appearance  Oii 
the  fouthern  fhores  of  the  Danube,  agd 
their  victory  over  the  Greeks,  arc 
therefore  the  commencement  of  th^ir 
authentic  hiftory. 

Here  vv'e  have  the-  firft  home  of  the 
Sclavonians:  I  acknowledge  for  it  none, 
with  any  reliance,  but  the  northern 
fhore  of  the  Danube.  There  my  guide 
Neftor  takes  them  up,  and  brings  thera 
gradually  to  the  Baltic.    That  m  early 
times  they  dwelt  upon  the  Volga,  may 
very  well  be  :  only  it  is  a  pity  that 
no  one  has  yet  adduced  any  proofs  of 
it  !  That  they  are  the  Venedi  of  Taqi- 
tus,  the  'Ovinhii  of  Ptolemy,  and  con- 
fequcntly  that  in  the  firft  ages  of  thti 
chriftian  sera  they  dwelt  in  the  parti 
of  the  Baltic,  has  great  probability  in 
its  favour  :  only  I  cannot  yet  admit  it 
as  a  decided  truth.    Were' it  once  al- 
certamed  that  they  were  the  bor4ering 
Sarmatians,  Sarmatae  Limigantes,  •  oc 
Ammianus  Marcellmus,  who  dwelt  be- 
tween the  Danube,  the  Theifle,  and 
the  Aluta ;  in  tiiat  cafe  the  Sclavoniau 
hiftory  would  be  traced  up,  in  an  un- 
interrupted courfe,  to  the  fourth  cea- 
tuiy  :  but  on  Jordan's  word,  and  lti:!i 
leis  on  his  proof  of  it*,  i  cannot  poi- 
hbly  believe  it. 

§  iV.  Fiom  this  their  original  feat 
on  the  Danube,  the  Scbvonians,  preX- 
fed  by  the  Romansf ,  broke  up  thejr 


^  Oi igines  Siavic93,  torn.  i.  p.  35,  fec^. 
xxii.  The  bordering  Sarmatians,  whe;u 
they  raih  on  to  the  battle,  cry  our, 
Marba  ;  in  the  language  of  the  Cioau 
a  herd  of  cattle  is^cailed  werha  ;  con- 
fequently,  thcfe  Sarmatians  are  Scla- 
vonians.        E.  D. 

t  Thus  hkewiie  Othen  retired  with 
his  Goths  from  the  Black  fea  to  Swe- 
den, becaufe  the  Romans  were  pref- 
fmg  cloiTcr  upon  him.  Hence  v»e  fee 
that  the  power  of  thefe  conquerors  of 
the  world  had  an  influence  even  to 
the  deepeft  receiTes  of  the  North,  whi- 
ther their  arms,  on  account  of  the  dii^ 
tance,  would  never  have  reached.  I 
adopt  the  common  opinion,  till  farther 
informatioii,  that  under  the  term  Wo- 
iochi,  Neftor  here,  as  well  as  in  other 
Y  J  fettle- 


338  ,  Of  the  Russian  Annals.  Vol.  64 


fettlements  towards  the  North,  and 
moved  weii  wards  to  RulTia,  advancing 
quite  up  tQ  the  Baltic.  One  (lock  of 
them  encamped  on  the  plains  of  the 
the  Dnieper,  and  built  Kief :  another 
inarched  higher  up  to  the  Volchof,  and 
built  Novogorod.  All  this  is  affirmed 
by  Neftor. 

The  time  of  this  migration  lam  un- 
able to  fix*.    The  Pulilh  liilloriansf 


places,  means  the  Romans:  for  other- 
•wife  I  am  not  ignorant,  that,  with  Mo- 
ies  the  Armenian,  pag.  355,  and  the 
Abulgafi  the  7  artar,  pag.  43,  a  pecu- 
liar and  hitherto  b  it  little  known  na- 
tion appears  under  the  names  of  Bul- 
chi  and  Ulak,  the  form.er  in  Sarmatia, 
the  latter  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Rufli- 
ans,  the  Madlchares,  and  the  Bafch- 
kirs. 

*  It  is  fingular  enough,  that  the 
time  cannot  be  ;  ointed  out  of  any  mi- 
gration of  the  Sclavonians,  either  to 
Ruffia  or  Poland,  Bohemia,  Silefia,  into 
Lufatia,  the  iMargraviate  of  Bianden- 
burj,  and  intothe  Mecklcnburgand  Lu- 
nenburg territories.  Bat  it  ieems  to 
be  (fill  more  furprifing,  that  no  one 
modern  author  will  confeis  his  igno- 
rance on  this  matter.  The  moit  of 
them  agree  in  this  particular, -that 
thcfe  migrations  happened  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  fixth  c.ntury  :  piobably 
from  the  fole,  but  veiy  infufficient 
reaion,  that  about  this  time  ti.e  name 
of  the  Sclavonians  firft  appears  in  the 
Byzantine  hiftory.  Hanke,  in  his  Ex- 
ercitationes  de  Siltiiorum  rebus  ab  an- 
2^0  550,  p.  17,  ^  Itq.  ('divers  twelve 
opinions,  and  then  fiibjoins  his  own, 

nobis  tanquam  probahili'or  arridet  illo- 
rura  afTertio,  quibus  cenietur  Slavoruin 
adventus  in  Gtimaniam — annoChriiti 
550  adfcribendus,"  wirhout  biin^^ing 
one  particle  of  evidcuce  tor  it.  The 
abovemtr.tioncd  fcttien,tnt  of  tiie  time 
by  NeJ'or  is  not  accurat'.-  enough  :  vre 
find  it  feveral  times  occur  in  hiiu;ry, 
that  the  nations  011  the  Danube  vNcre 
harafled  by  the  I\orcan.s.  The  paf- 
fage  of  moft  confeqaence  is  in  Ammi- 
anus,  at  the  year  375,  un>;!er  the  em- 
peror Valentinian  :  %  ihino^-msL  onc'ra^ 
uetligaLiuinque  auo7nt?ita  inuil iplic^ta^  op- 
timatum  quoldam  aliirnorum  metu 
exagitatos  mutare  compulerunt  fedes. 
Hieronymus  fays  thence  followed  a 
'uafiitas  lllyrici, 

I  See  the  Kievian  Synopfis,  Petrop. 
edit.  Y.  8vo,  p.  jp. 


place  the  conftru6lion  of  Kief  in  th 
year  430  ;  but  events  of  the  fitth  cen 
tury  1  would  not  willingly  take  fro 
Polifh  annals.    Concerning  Novogo 
rod  I  know  jaft  as  little.    That  cit 
mult  be  of  great  antiquity  ;  for  N 
vogorod  [New  Town]  pre  fuppofcs 
Stargard   [Old  Town^    I'he  RulTia 
chronicles,  though  of  later  date,  ac 
taaily  make  menti(jn  of  a  city  Slo  venflc 
from  the  ruins  whereof,  after  it  ha 
been  defolared  by  War,  peftilence,  an 
famine,  Novogorod  i'prung  up.  Bii 
we  find  not  cither  ot  their  names 
hiflory  earlier  than  the  ixth  century 
I  would  willingly  allow  that  it  was  th 
Civitas  Nova  of  Jcrnandes*  :  bat  la 
prevented  by  Jordan'sf  cxplicatio 
which  is  undoubtedly  right. 

This  Novogorodian  itock  of  Scla 
vonians,  in  procefs  of  time,  raifed  th 
head  above  all  its  brethren.  Far  re 
moved  from  the  louthern  regions,  it 
former  rcfulence,  where  wanderin 
hordes  were  perpetually  commitrin 
hofiilities  and  depredations  upon  ihera 
it  had  tin  e  to  grow  up  in  a  happ 
tranquilliiy,  and  to  prepare  itfelt' in  li 
lence  for  that  ilunniag  part,  it  was  a 
terwards,  by  the  decrees  of  Provi-. 
dence  to  perform  111  the  North. 

Yet,  after  fome  time,  two  hollile 
nations  arofe  to  opprd's  the  Rufiian 
Sclavonians  :   the  Chazares,  froiVi  the. 
1  iixine  ;  and  the  Varages  or  Normans 
f'om  the  Baltic.     The  former  hel4 
Kiet  under  the  yoke,  and  Novogoro 
was  forced  to  pay  tribute  to  the  iatte 
This,  however,  was  of  no  long  dur 
tion.    Novogorod  made  a  league  wit 
its  neighbours  the  Finns;  in  a  gener 
infurredtion  drove  out  its  unmvite 
mafiers,  and  chofe  ilfelf  a  iovereig 
from  its  own  inhabitants.  Novogorodt' 
was  now  free  :  but  mteftinc  commc?- 


*  Sammb.  RuiTifch  -  gefchichte,  torn 
V*  p.  3S3.  A-lib  Sch  wartz,  in  Aiidcut 
fclien  CEitereich^  p.  101,  was  already 
of  this  opinion. 

\  Or3..',g.  Slav,  pars  iii.  p.  157,  ^ 
feq.  The  Civitas  Nova  of  Jornandes 
r.i  Mcefia  Suncrior :  The  lacus  Mult, 
anus  is  what  Jornandes  elfewhere  callij^ 
Itagnum  Myfianum  :  P  umunenfe  it 
fiill  remaining  in  Roraunazzi  :  bul; 
Sclavonian  is  a  flip  of  a  pen,  and  i^  not 
in  the  better  Ambrofian  manufcrip^- 
which  Muratori  h^s  given  to  the  pab- 
I1C3 

■  tioni 


April  1802. 


Literary  Notices. 


339 


tions  and  broils  foon  arofe,  the  natuial 
calamities  of  democratical  ftates  ;  and 
the  arm  of  the  native  magiitrate  was 
no  longer  Itrong  enougli  to  prote£l  the 
Jiberties  and  laws  of  the  citizens.  In 
this  emergency,  Gortomuifl,^  a  patri- 
otic eider  of  great  weight  and  refped, 
ftepped  forth  and  adviled  his  fellow  ci- 
tizcns  to  make  choice  of  fome  foreign 
princes  to  be  their  defenders.  As  Vor- 
tigem  propoled  the  .Faxons  to  the  op- 
piclTed  Britons,  fo  Goitomuill  propof- 
ed  to  the  Novo;^orodians  their  former 
enemies  the  Ciiazares  and  Normans  ; 
and  the  fulTr^ges  of  the  people  fell  u- 
nanimoully  on  the  latter.     A  iblenm 


embalTy  was  fent  to  invite  three  Va- 
ragian  brothers  to  Novogorod.  ,  Thi- 
ther came  Raric,  Sineus,  and  Truvor, 
in  the  year  86,4.  Ruric  remained  ia 
the  neighbourhood  of  Novogorod  on 
the  Ladoga  lake,  Sineus  refided  on  the 
White  lea,  and  Truvor  in  Ifborfk. 
Thus  was  a  regtdar  government  eha- 
biiflied  in  northern  Ruffia.  Within  the 
Ipace  of  two  years  Sineus  and  Truvor 
died:  Ruric,  in  864,  took  pon'eifua 
of  the  territories  which  had  been  af- 
figned  to  his  brothers.  Thus  begaa 
the  Fvuluan  monarchy. 

(•2o  Ik  continued,) 


FOREIGN  LITERARY  NOTICES. 


The  acceffion  of  Alexander  I.  to  the 
throne  of  RufFia,  has  been  very  fortu- 
nate for  the  interefls  of  littrature,  as 
well  as  of  mankind  in  general,  in  that 
country.  Under  Paul,  every  book  was 
fubjeCted  to  the  inquetl  of  a  licenftr, 
who  was  not  more  limited  by  the  fe- 
vere  prohibitory  laws  of  the  court,  than 
by  his  own  ignorance.  The  reign  of 
that  prince,  however,  produced  a  few 
uftful  works;  in  particular,  the*'  Ca- 
binet Petia  Vtlikago,*'  or,  Cabinet  of 
Peter  the  Great,  written  in  Ruffian,  by 
Joftph  Bieliajev,  under- librarian  to  the 
Academy  of  Sciences.  Three  large 
quarto  volumes  were  printed  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  the  Academy,  in  1800  ;  and 
the  whole  isdciigncd  to  be  a  Cafalogue 
of  the  Books,  Natural  Curiohties, 
Works  of  Art,  'Medals,  Pi(5tures,  and 
other  treafuies,  contained  in  the  Aca- 
demy of  Pettr  the  Great.  The  Aca- 
demic library  pofiefTes  2964  Ruffian 
Works,  of  which  305  are  Romances ; 
1356  MSS.  of  which  236  are  Chinefe, 
and  410  relate  to  the  hiitory  of  Ruffia. 
The  accumulation  of  literary  treafures 
iii  Ruffia  during  the  reign  of  Catharine 
II.  was  prodigious ;  and  it  is  much  to 
be  lamented,  that  no  good  account  of 
thefe  has  been  prefented  to  the  pub- 
lic. 

The  French  Government  delign  to 
publifli  in  one  work  the  refults  of  all 
the  obfervations  made  by  the  Inftitute 
of  Egypt  and  others  relative  to  the  an- 
tiquities of  that  country,  the  manners, 
the  induftry,  the  government  of  the  in- 
^^l^ant^;  the  natural  prcdudioui) ;  as 


Ifkewife  the  confiderable  colle(5tiond 
made  of  mnicrals,  plants,  infeds,  hOies, 
birds ;  plans  and  dcfign  >  of  architecture, 
perfpeciive  viev/b  and  exa<lt  copies  of  the 
bas  reliefs  which  decorate  the  ancient 
edifices  ;  including  likcwife  a  pretty 
large  quantity  of  engraved  Hones,  me- 
daisi  valuable  manufcripts,  and  vari')us 
other  objeds  of  art  and  of  antiquity. 
The  report  prefcnted  to  the  Confuls, 
by  the  Miiiiiicr  of  Interior,  (Paris,  17th 
Pluvioife)  details  the  particulars  of  the 
plan  v\  hich  it  is  propofed  to  adopt,  in 
this  attempt  to  propagate  a  compleat 
knowledge  of  the  country  fo  obferved, 
by  eftabliffiing  a  reciprocal  dependence 
between  the  faCis  of  aj;cient  h^ttory  of  a 
country,  thofe  of  its  mo/ern  hiliory, 
and  thjfe  which  relate  to  its  prefcnt  ct 
adual  flate.  This  colledlon,  therefore, 
according  to  the  lai: -mentioned  report, 
is  intended  to  comprehend,  i.  The  def- 
cription  of  the  toonuments,  and  me- 
moirs on  the  antiquities.  2.  Memoirs 
on  modern  Egypt.  Aiid.  3.  The  hiftory 
of  the  animals,  of  the  minerals,  and  of 
the  plants.  In  the  firt't  part  of  the  work 
are  to  be  placed  the  refults  or  the  ope- 
rations of  levelling  or  furveying,  which 
have  been  made  to  c!e' ermine  the  rtf- 
pe*^tive  utu.ition  of  t^^e  two  fcas.  The 
dcfcription  of  the  monuments  will  com- 
prehend the  plans  of  the  placts  where 
they  are  hiuaied  •,  views  of  the  iancl- 
fc.ipes  and  of  the  mohuments,  taken  un- 
der different  afpeds  ;  plans  of  the  editi- 
ces,  elevations,  accurate  cuts  and  defigns 
of  the  architedure,  and  of  the  orna- 
ments, and  thofe  of  the  obeliiks  ;  me- 
Y  ^  %  moirs 


Foroign  Literary  Notices.  Vol.  64. 


nioirs  on  the  antiquities  rind  the  dcfi^rns 
of  the  rononiic^l  fciilptures ;  dt  ligns 
of  the  moftinteielnng  ba^-reliefs,  alio  dc- 
figns  of  engraved  Oones,  mtdals  infcrip- 
t'ioris,  and  the  copies  of  maniifcripts;  de- 
fcriptionsof  the  lurial-places  of  the  anci- 
ciJt  Egyptian?,  and  particularly  of  the 
tombs  of  the  King?  of  Thebes  ;  rcfults  of 
1  he  rtfeaFches  iiuide  to  learn  tht  conftruc- 
t  i  o  n ,  a  rui  ci  i  m  f  n  fu)  n  «^ ,  0  f  I  h  r  p  y  I  a  m  i  d  s ,  a  n  d 
the  anrononncal  lituation  of  thole  mo- 
numents. This  coUcdian  v  ill  likewife 
contain,  under  the  name  of  their  rt-f- 
pe(5tive  authors,  memoirs,  doligns,  and 
infATudive  notes  conneded  wiih  the  a- 
}>ricu!ture,  the  commerce,  the  arts,  and, 
in  general,  the  civii  Hate  of  Egypt.  The 
works  written  on  objedt^  of  natural 
hiftory,  will  be  accompanied  with  de- 
figns  or  paintings  which  reprefent  thofe 
objedts.  The  introdudory  difcourfc  will 
add  to  the  intereft  of  this  collrdion,  by 
preferving  in  it  that  principal  of  unity 
which  is  lb efiential  to  the  produdions 
of  the  arts;  it  will  prefent  a  curfory 
view  of  the  general  refiilts  of  the  obfcr- 
vatidns — will  particularly  announce  the 
refpedive  authors,  and  the  circuniftances 
under  which  they  were  made. 

Biblical  literature  has  experienced  a 
great  lofs  by  the  death  of  Di  Alexander 
Geddes.  Though  many  Chriliians  of 
all  denominations,  may  not  acquiefce 
in  the  views  which  that  trai  fl.itor  took 
cffome  particular  dodrires  and  paf- 
lages ;  yet,  even  the  moti  cenforicns 
will  admit  that  the  great  Icarring,  the 
exten  five  knowledge  of  former  vei  hons, 
the  elegaj-ce  of  flyle,  and  the  diflin- 
gniP^ed  liberality  which  adorned  this 
Spirited  man  of  letters,,  are  highly  fa- 
v(iuiablc  t:  czvv.i  of  truth,  even 
when  p  '0.     Whtn  the 

commei'^  vis  firit  appear- 

ed, they  were  aitacked  from  all  quar- 
te.rs.  Time  has,  however,  fnown  that 
they  contain  rrsOre  goid  than  drofs. 
The  mioft  orthodox  divijics  h..ive  ador-r- 
cd  many  of  his  txplar  ■  - 

have  ftparated  tl^e  tr"^. 
roneoiTs   -  t;  ' .  ; 

I)r  Ge  \  ju'l 

rnentiorns  ;  .-e  and 

l^enius  to  a  t  :ot  pleafrd 

rj]lpcrl(>nsir '  ciUion-  His 

ver-ion  '  12  books 

of  the  r  .  -ci  printed 

a  little  beiorc  lUs  dtaih  104  of  the 
Pfalms,  and  prepared  18  more  for  the 
prefs.  It  is  to  be  hoped,  that  fomiC  of 
his  mors  fcituriate  countrymen  will 


imitate  his  love  of  truth  and  literature, 
and  while  they  avoid  his  errors,  aid 
the  acufe  of  religion  by  an  intelligent, 
profound,  and  enlightened  ftudy  of  the 
iacred  fcriptures. 

The  f<:ience  of  Afcronomy  is  at  pre- 
fent cultivated  with  great  vigour  in 
France,  and  othf=r  parts  of  the  Conti- 
nent. The  Hiftory  of  Aftro«H)my  for 
the  year  1801,  given  by  Citizen  La 
Lauile,  presents  a  very  accurate  ac* 
count  of  the  adivity  of  the  French, 
philofophers  in  that  department.  A 
new  planet  was  difcovered  on  the  firft 
day  of  the  I9*h  century,  (January  ift, 
1801),  by  M.  Piazzi,  at  Palermo  in 
Sicily.  After  obferving  it  for  fix  weeks 
he  loO  it,  owing  to  an  accidental  ill- 
ntfson  the  nth  February,  and  the  af- 
tronomers  were  obliged  to  fearch  for 
it,  eight  months  after,  by  elements  of 
its  orbit  derived  from  obfervations.  M. 
Piazzi  had  given  elements  in  a  circu- 
lar orbit;  Dr  Burkhardt  at  Paris,  antl 
Mr  G  ids  of  Brunfwick  in  an  ellipti- 
cal. Calculations  of  its  place  from  the 
elements  of  Dr  Burkhardt,  having 
proved  infufticient  to  point  it  out  to 
aftronomers,  M.  Gaufs  attempted  fome 
more  accurate,  by  which  it  was  againob- 
ferved  by  Baron  Zach  atOotha,  on  the 
6th  Deceniber  jgoi  ;  fince  which  time, 
it  has  been  traced  by  M.  Mechain  of  the 
Roy?l  Obfervatory  at  Paris;  by  Dr 
Herfehel,  and  many  other  aflrono- 
mers  in  England. 

The  firlt  Number  of  an  elegant 
work,  entitled  Hibernia  Epida,  or  the 
Antiquities,  Buildings,  Towns,  and 
Pidurefqiie  Scenery  of  Ireland,  from 
drawings  by  John  Claude  Natter,  Efq; 
and  trgraved  by  Fittler,  will  appear 
on  the  3  ft  of  June  next. 

A  fourth  volume  of  Dr  Shaw's  mag- 
nificent Zoology,  containing  FiOies,  is 
preparing  with  all  fpeed.  Eight  vo- 
lumes more  are  necefl'ary  to  cornpleat 
the  work. 

The  monaflery  of  the  Paraclete  which 
Avasfcunded  by  the  celebrated  Abelard, 
and  contained  at  the  foot  of  the  Great 
Altar,  the  aflies  of  him  and  his  Eloifii, 
is  now  entirely  in  ruins.  In  1791,  the 
tomb  of  Abelard  was  transferred  from 
Paraclete  to  Nogent,  and  thence  to 
Pas  is.  An  univerfal  mania  fince  the  era 
of  ti  e  Revolution  has  taken  place  in 
France  for  ranfacking  the  graves  of  the 
dead,  el'pecially  of  thofe  any  way 
remarkable.  The  bones  of  Roufieau 
have  been  raifcd  from  the  poplar  grove 

of 


April  i8c2. 


Foreign  Literary  Notices. 


34^ 


ofBrmenonville;  the  tombs  of  Corneille, 
Racine,  Turenne,  and  of  every  illuf- 
trious  name  within  the  kingdom,  have 
been  difturbed  for  the  purpofe  of  col- 
]e(5ting  their  du ft,  and  of  crowding  it 
into  the  depots  of  the  National  Mufe- 
um.  In  a  long  and  very  curious  Me- 
moir, by  Citizen  Legrand  d'  Aulfy,  on 
the  modes  of  fepulture  in  France,  he 
propofes  to  make  a  regular  fearch  in 
the  departments  for  tombs  of  the  Gau- 
lic,  Germait,  and  later  eras.  The  re- 
pofitorics  of  St  Cloudy  were  broken  up 
in  the  heat  of  the  revolution,  and  the 
afhes  of  the  laft  race  of  the  French 
kings  fcattered,  through  hatred  of  roy- 
alty. The  tombs  of  the  race  of  Clovis 
and  Pepin,  to  be  found  in  variou-<  parts 
of  the  kingdom,  but  particularly  in  the 
ci-devant  church  of  St  German  des 
Pfcs,  had  been  moftly  rifled  long  be- 
fore, for  the  fake  of  the  ornaments 
buried  in  them.  It  is  difficult  to  f  ly, 
whether  the  fpirit  of  plunder,  or  of  re- 
vohjtionary  folly  be  more  deftrudive. 
What  fiiould  we  think  of  a  fociety 
which  would  propofe  to  open  the 
tomb,  and  remove  the  allies  of  Shak- 
fpcare  1 

Citizen  Fauvel  who  was  in  Greece 
with  M.  Choifeul  Gouffier,-  and  who 
has  been  confined  at  Conltantinople  for 
the  laft  two  years,  during  the  war  be- 
tween France  and  Turkey,  is  returned 
to  his  own  country,  with  m.iny  valuable 
difcoveries  and  defjgns.  He  lived  fome 
years  at  Athens,  employing  himfelf  in 
taking  deiigns  of  the  remaining  monu- 
ments of  the  adjacent  parts  of  antient 
Greece  ;  particularly  of  Mount  Olym- 
pus, of  which  he  has  made  a  plan,  and 
written  a  defcription  of  its  litua- 
tion, 

Dr  Prief^ley  has  of  late  communicat- 
ed to  Mr  Nicholfon,  a  number  of  ex- 
periments on  the  pile  of  Volta,  which 
feem  to  him  favourable  to  the  hypo- 
t  lelis  of  two  ele<::tric  fluids;  the  pqfi- 
ti%>e  contairiing  the  principle  of  oxys^en^ 
and  the  Tiej^ative,  that  of  phhg'ijlon, 
Thefe,  united  to  water,  conititure  the 
two  kinds  of  air,  dephogilticated  and 
inflammable.  He  alfo  fays,  that  they 
tend  to  confirm  a  former  conjec51urc, 
niade  by  him  of  the  fimilarity  of  the 
eltdric  naatter  and  phlogilton,  and  to- 
gether with  the  galvanic  experiments, 
ihtw  that  the  fame  fubftance  elaborat- 
td  from  the  aliment  by  the  brain,  is 
the  caufe  of  mufcular  motion,  the 
ts  being  the  moft  fcnfible  of  all  e- 


ledrometers.  The  German  phllofo- 
phers  and  chemifts  are  univerfally  em- 
ployed at  piefent  on  the  fubjcd  of 
Galvanifm.  An  artificial  mai^net  has- 
been  announced  at  Vienna,  w  hich  de- 
compofes  water  equally  as  well  as 
Volta's  pile,  or  the  ekc'irical  machine; 
whence  the  galvanic,  ele^^tric,  and  mag- 
netic fluids,  are  concluded  to  be  the 
fame. ' 

The  French  National  Library  con- 
tains a  copy  of  the  celebrated  infcrip- 
tjon  of  Ta-Ya,  the  moft  ancient  to  be 
found  in  the  empire  of  China,  and  re- 
markable for  the  Angular  figure  of  its 
letters,  fcnt  from  Pekin,  by  le^  Pere 
Arniot.  This  copy  contains  an  expli- 
cation of  every  one  of  the  a?)cient  cha- 
racters, made  by  the  moft  fiwilful  anti- 
quaries of  the  empire,  in  the  modern 
Chinefe.  Dr  Hager  is  ihortly  to  pub- 
iifh  this,  together  with  the  French 
tranflation  of  Amiot. 

Many  of  the  MSS.  colleded  bv  the 
French  in  Egypt,  have  already  ai'rived 
at  Marfeilles  for  Paris;  and  fo  great  is 
the  adivity  of  the  French,  compared 
with  our  careleiTnefs  and  avaritious  ig- 
norance, both  in  that  country  and  In- 
dia, that  numbers  of  the  young  officers 
who  ferved  in  Egypt,  can  fpeak  the 
Arabic  as  fluently  as  the  natives,  forac 
of  whom  they  have  brought  along  with 
them. 

The  King  of  Sweden,  with  his 
Minifters  ot  State,  have  been  paving 
great  attention  to  the  welfare  of  the 
arts  and  fciences  in  his  dominions.  He 
has  affigned  funds  for  building  anew 
the  Univerfity  of  Aebo  in  Finland,  a 
plan  of  which  has  been  given  in  by  the 
architea  Gjorwell.  He  has  enlarged 
the  falaries  of  the  profelJorlhips  in  that 
ot  Upfil,  and  prefcnted  a  very  valuable 
cabinet  of  natural  cnriofities,  the  joint 
coUedionsof  HafTelquift  and  Solander, 
and  feveralothereminent  Swedes,  to  the 
Stockholm  Academy  of  Sciences.  Lad 
winter,  he  affigned  5000  rix-doiUrs  to 
defray  the  expences  of  meafuring  a  de- 
gree of  latitude  in  the  northern  parts 
of  his  kingdom,  in  order  to  afcertain 
the  true  figure  of  the  earth. 

A  roll  of  linen  has  been  found  in  the 
ancient  hall  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
in  Paris,  divided  into  19  fquares,  which 
contain  each  of  them  a  text  in  Coptic, 
or  ancient  Egyptian  charad-ers.  Eacn 
fquare  has  on  tiie  top  fome  figure,  fup- 
pofed  to  be  hieroglyphical,  the  explan- 
ation of  which  i?  probably  contained  in 

the 


342 


Scotish  Literary  Notices. 


Vol.  64.; 


the  writinjfr.  The  National  Inftitutc 
has  given  orders  to  Cili/ens  Camus  and 
Langlts  to  have  them  engraved  ;^nd 
piiblifhed  for  the  benefit  of  the  literati 
in  this  branch. 

The  ftatue  of  Kofter  whom  the 
Dutch  regard  as  the  invrntor  of  print- 
ing, has  lately  been  raifcd  out  of  the 
Botanical  gardt  n  at  Hat  rieni,  vvht  re  it 
had  lain  for  80  years,  and  fet  up  in  the 
market-place  of  that  city. 

The  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Lon- 
cion,  dtfign  to-  engrave  plates  of  all 
the  churches,  built  m  the  Gothic  ftyle, 
throughout  England.  Th(  y  have  already 
t-orr.mcnced  the  vvoi  kwitli  the  Cathedral 


church  of  Exeter.  The  paintings  lately' 
difcovered  on  the  vi'alls  of  St  Stephen'^ 
Chapel,  have  been  lately  preftutcdtQ 
the  Society,  and  dravi^ings  are  to  bd 
made  of  them 

The  great  work  of  Cattle  plates,  a- 
bout  to  ()e  publiOitd  by  fubfcrrption, 
by  M'.  Ifrs  Boydell,  London,  is  to  con- 
tain upwards  of  200  drawings  of  por- 
traits, painted  from  the  lite,  of  the  va*. 
rious  kinds  of  cattle  in  the  illand,  with 
dclcriptions  charat^teriific  of  each  ge- 
nius, and  its  varieties,  their  merits,  de- 
ft-ets,  ufcs  and  other  particulars.  Lord 
SomerviUe  has  condelccnded  to  under- 
take the  luptrinteiidancc  of  the  whole. 


SCOTISH  LITERARY  NOTICES. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Maga%i/ie, 
Sir, 

I  HE  XlVth  fedion  of  the  fecond  vo- 
himc  of  VVarton*s  Hillory  of  England 
Poetry,  ciofcs  with  the  following  rc- 
m^irkable  paragraph  :  — 

**  A  well  executed  hifiory  of  Scotifh 
Poetry,  from  the  thirteenth  century, 
would  be  a  valuable  acctflion  to  the  ge- 
neral literary  hiltory  of  Britain.  The 
lubjeLH  is  pregnant  with  nuich  curious 
and  inftructivc  information,  and  h  ghly 
fjcLrving  ot  a  luinute  and  rcgulai  rc- 
fcai  ch,  but  has  never  y tt  been  uniformiy 
examined  in  Us  lull  exttnt.  1  hough  the 
materials  are  both  acceftibie  and  ample,, 
even  the  bare  lives  cJ-'  the  vernacular 
poets  of  Scotland  have  ntvtr  yet  been 
•written  with  tolerable  care,  and  at  pre- 
fcnt  are  only  known  from  the  meagre 
outlines  of  Dempfter  and  Mackenzie. 
The  Scotch  appear  to  have  had  an  ear- 
ly propenfity  to  theatrical  leprefenta- 
lions;  and  it  is  probable,  that  m  the 
proitcu.ion  of  fuch  a  drlign,  aaioi,g 
Ic  veral  other  intertfting  and  unexpe<^i- 
ed  tnfcovcriee<,  many  anecdotes,  con- 
ducing  to  iilufirare  the  lilc  and  pro- 
grtfs  of  our  ancient  drama,  might  be 
drawn  from  obfcuriiy." 

From  the  firit  pcrufal  of  this  intereft- 
ing  paffnge,  I  have  never  ceafed  to  think 
of  the  project  it  recommends ;  as  it  is 
r.ow  twelve  years  hnce  I  drew  up  a 
plan  of  the  diflfcrent  particulars  that 
feenied  to  be  requiiite  to  the  complete 


execution  of  fuch  a  work ;  and  which^ 
though  Hated  feparately,  for  the  fake 
of  precihon,  were  meant  to  be  inti«J 
mately  bler:ded  togetntr,  in  thiir  prcH 
per  proportions,  tfirou^hout  the  whole.' 
Of  this  plrW  1  lhail  now  proc  ed  to  lay* 
an  abridgement  before  your  rtadcrs. 

I.  The  fird  of  thefe  uquihtts  I  ihaft 
term  Crittcal  HiRoiy,  which  txhi- 
bits  the  progrefs  of  poetry  and  taftt^ 
through  the  various  ftages  of  iuiprovd 
ment  or  decline,  and  includes,  what  ! 
intimately  conntded  with  the  fubjeJ 
— the  Hate  of  learning  at  eveiy  ditfcf 
ent  peri  Oct. 

II.  The  National  Hif>cry  may  nc 
be  nientioned,  which  dcfcribts  that  coj 
itant  and  powcriul  influence,  wbi<! 
the  adminiltration  of  government,  art 
the  l>ate  of  public  atlairs,  have  ov^ 
the  art  of  conipofuion. 

IIL  The  History  of  Manners  com^ 
next  to  be  confidered,  which  includ<^^ 
an  almoll  infinite  variety  of  obje^ 
down  from  the  revolutions  of  religioj 
opinion,  to  the  changes  in  drefs,  anc|-| 
the  economy  of  the  table. 

IV.  Another  requihte  is  Biographic 
Anecdote,  which  gratifies  thccuvio 
ty  we  naturally  feel  to  be  acquainted 
with  the  fortunes  and  characters 
thofc  whofe  produ^fliuns  pafs  in  review 
before  us. 

V.  Analytical  Crilicifm  may  next  be 
taken  notice  of,  in  which  we  are  pre- 
fcntedy  in  a  fummary  manner,  with  the 

pUn 


April,  1802.  Scotish  Literary  Notices. 


343 


plan  of  every  original  performance, 
-whufe  length  or  importance  fcems  to 
merit  this  dillindion  ;  and  in  which  are 
exhibited  the  thread  of  narration,  the 
train  of  fentimenr,  or  the  fucctlFion  of 
imagery,  frt-ed  from  all  tedious  fuper- 
fluity  of  language,  and  from  all  the  im- 
].ertincnce  of  ufclefs  digrLlIion. 

].  General  Criticifm  (tands  next  in 
r,  which  edimatevS  the  merit  of  e- 
vc;y  different  produdion,  and  fixee, 
with  precilion,  what  degree  of  genius 
each, different  writer  appears  to  have 
pofiVflld  ;  that  he  may  not  receive 
praifes  which  are  not  his  due,  but  be 
affjgned  a  proper  rank  among  his  poe- 
tical brethren. 

VIJ.  Particular  Criticifm  naturally 
follows,  whofe  proyincr  it  is  to  point 
out  to  the  leader  the  beauties  and  ble- 
iTiiflKi  of  every  compolition,  and  to  f-- 
leeH  luch  a  number  and  variety  of  fpe- 
cirnens,  as  may  give  hiui  a  livtly  and 
diitinct  idea  of  the  ttyle  and  manner  in 
which  it  is  executed. 

VIII.  Nur  muii  Comparative  Criti- 
cifm be  forgotten,  which  takes  notice 
of  the  refcmblances,  whether  intf^ndeci, 
or  accidental,  between  our  Scotifli  wri- 
ters and  thofe  of  other  nations,  either 
in  tl.e  general  plan  of  the  performance, 
or  in  any  detached  and  particular  paf- 
Cige. 

.JX.  The  la  ft  of  thefe  requifites  is  ver- 
Ji^i  interpretation,  whereby  every  word, 
which  could  not  be  compreheiided  by 
a  pejfon  unacquainted  wirh  the  dialect 
ot  Scotiaiid,  IS  explained  by  a  fynoni- 
mom  exprellion  m  Englifli. 

With  regard  to  the  more  mechanical 
divihon  of  the*  work,  it  will  naturally 
arrange  itfelf  in  the  following  manner  : 

Tiie  hilt 01  y  of  our  poetry,  from  the 
earlicfl  noliees,  down  to  the  reign  of 
Iwes  IV.  will  conliitute  the  fn'  jed  of 
the  h<  U  book,  which,  with  fome  preli- 
minary d»fll nations  on  the  lat-gua.ire, 
iMli  bt:  an;ply  luflicient  for  the  tiril  vo- 
uaie. 

The  brilliant  reign  of  J  imes  TV.  that 
^uguOan  aera  of  our  veriiacuLir  poetry, 
A'ili  occu]>y  the  f  cond  book  and  the 
econd  volume,  and  w']]  probably,  to 
be  reader  of  clafTical  taue,  be  the  muft 
jnterelling  portion  of  the  wholr. 

The  reign  of  J  uiics  V.  of  the  uiifor- 
I  unate  Mary,  and  J  imes  VL,  till  his  re- 
,  noval  to  England,  will  require  each  of 
I  hem  its  fcpar.ue  book,  but  may  prob- 
Wy  be  compnfedinto  a  fingic;  volume. 


The  fixth  book  will  treat  of  the  fc- 
ventcenth  century,  and  the  feventh  of 
the  one  which  has  juft  clofed  ;  both 
may  be  comprehended  in  a  fourth  vo- 
lunrie  ;  for  although  the  later  of  thefc 
periods  is  richly  di(tinguin)ed  by  the  i}l 
lu/trious  names  of  R.Vmf^y,  Rofs,  Fer- 
gu(ron,and  Burns,  the  former  \i  almoft 
a  mere  blank,  and  fupplies,  to  the  hif- 
torian  of  our  vernacular  poetry,  fcarce- 
ly  any  materials  for  difcuffion. 

Of  fuch  an  exttnuve  and  multifarious 
deiign,  I  h4ve  hitherto  only  been  able 
to  execute  the  critical  part  of  the  firft 
volume  ;  comprehending  an  account  of 
Barbour's  Bruce,  of  the  Original  Chro- 
nicle of  Winton,  the  Poetical  Remair.5 
of  King  James  J.  Blind  Hairy's  Wal- 
lace, the  Houlat  of  Holland,  the  Me- 
trical Romances  erf  Gawan  and  Gola- 
gras,  and  Sir  Gawan  and  Sir  Galaron 
of  Galloway,  and  the  Three  Talcs  of 
the  Three  Prielis  of  Pebiis.  Thefe 
will,  indeed,  conffitute  the  body  of  the 
volume  ;  but  there  are  yet  many  re- 
fearches  to  be  made,  and  much  Libori- 
ous  reading  to  be  gone  throuah,  before 
I  can  be  able  to  fill  up,  properly,  the 
hilloricai,  antiquarian,  and  biographical 
departments. 

The  chief  difcouragement  to  fuch  an 
iindcrtakmg,  is  the  great  fcarcity  of 
Biographical   materials,;  fo  great,  in- 
deed, that  it  may,  perhaps,  be  aflerted, 
that  or  all  our  ancient  vernacular  poets 
the  account  of  Gawan  Bougias  is 
moft  the  only  one  that  has  ever  been 
written  in  a  fatisfadtorv  manner.  Of 
his  great  cotemporary,  Dunbar,  vvhom 
1  have  always  conhdered  as  the  fir/f  of 
them  all,  on  account  of  his  union  of 
fancy  and  humour,  fo  little  is  certainly 
known,  that  even  the  idea  which  had 
been  generally  adopted,  that  he  was  a 
native  ot  Salton,  in  Eaft  Lothian,  upon 
a  more  accurate  i/u^oedion  of  manu- 
f.:riprb,  has  lately  been  difcovered  to  be 
wholly  erroneou.;.    This  want,  howe- 
ver, is  the  lefs  to  be  regretted,  as  a  full 
detail  of  their  lives  and  charac^iers  be- 
longs  more  diredly  to  a  bio.r^raphical 
performance,  arid  is  what,  in  a  work  of 
this  general  nature,  could  fcarcely  have 
been  admitted  with  any  propriety.  It 
is  a  want,  alfo,  which,  though  much  to 
be  lamented,  mufl  not  be'laid  to  the 
charge  of  the  hiftorian,  who  mufl  find 
it  imprad^cable,  in    many  cafes,  to 
throw  much  light  on  the  char^iijers  of 
thofc  about  whom  their  contemporaries 

Were 


344 


POETRY. 


Vol.  64, 


were  fo  carelefs,  or  to  give  any  cer- 
taifity  to  thofe  circuiTiftanL-es  which 
time  has  fo  longcovt^red  with  the  mills 
of  oblivion. 

In  the  proftcution  of  this  undertak- 
ing, I  fliaii  be  much  obliged  to  any  cor- 
refpondcr.t,  who,  throut;h  the /medium 
of  your  ufeful  mifcellany,  may  have  it 
in  his  power  to  furnifli  me  either  with 
notices  of  fcarce  maiiufcripts  or  books, 
or  any  other  hints  connceled  with  the 
fubjed.    1  am  your.s,  dec. 

ALi-x.  Thomson. 

Edinburgh. 

Mr  TulHs,  bookfeller,  in  Cupar-Fife, 
propofes  to  piibhOi,  a  new  Edition, 
much  improved  and  amended,  of  Sir 
Robert  Sibbald's  Hifiory  of  Fife.  This 
work  will  be  ornanknttd  with  plates, 
of  fcvcrnl  natural  and  artifiei.d  curiofi- 
ties  within  the  county.  The  fcarcity 
of  the  book,  and  the  fpirited  attempts 
of  the  publiflicr,  to' condu-it  an  tlegant 
prefs,  at  a  conlulerable  diftance  from 
the  conveniences  of  h  large  city,  tntitie 
him  to  the  patronage  of  all  the  gen- 
tlemen of  the  dillrid,  and  of  the  pub- 
lic at  large. 

Mr  John  Murray,  Le^flmer  on  Che- 
niiihy  and  Pnaimaey  iii  this  city,  ha^5 


laid  before  the  puLlic,  a  very  curious 
and  accurate  lift  of  txperimentb,  to  af* 
certain  whether  fluids  b<'  or  be  not 
condudors  of  caloric  ?  We  underfUnd 
that  thcfe  experiments  are  ftill  continu- 
ed by  the  ingenious  author,  in  order  to 
decide  this  quellion  completely. 

Dr  John  Jamiefon  of  Edinburgh,  tire 
author  of  an  Anfwer  to  Dr  Prieftley^a 
Hiftoj-y  of  Early  Opinions,  and  of  the 
ScotilhDivftionary,  foontobe  publiHicd, 
has  in  tl<e  prefs,  a  Work  on  the  Ule  of 
Sacred  Hiftory,  to  wtiich  will  be  pre- 
fixed two  DiiTertationi ;  the  firlt  on 
the  Authenticity  of  the  Hiftory  con- 
tained in  the  five  books  of  Mofes,  and 
that  of  Jofliua ;  the  fecund,  proving 
the  books,  afcribcd  to  Mofc^s,  to  have 
been  writcen  by  hirn,  under  the  influ* 
ence  of  Divine  infpintion. 

Sir  John  Sinclcdr  has  printed  a  very 
ingenious  pamphlet,  entitled  '^Sketch  of 
an  Intioduction  to  the  Propofed  Ana- 
lyhs  of  the  Statiftical  Account  of  Scot- 
Imd,  as  drawn  up  for  the  conhdcratioti 
of  a  few  intelligent  friends  of  which 
fome  account  will  be  given  in  our  next 
number  ;  and  one  in  F<ench»  tnritled, 
"  Eiiais  fur  la  Longcvite,  ct  Qiie'Uonii 
propole'es  fur  ce  fujet  iiitertllliiii." 


O  E 


R  Y. 


Fcr  the  Scots  J'/[aga:^ine. 
ODE    TO  JEHOVAH. 
From  the  Hebtezo  of  JVLuses, 

IN  high  Jehovah's  praife,  my  flrain 

Of  triumph  fliall  the  Chorus  lead, 
Who  plunged  beneath  the  rolling  main. 

The  hcrieman  with  his  vaumed  fteed. 

Dread  breaker  of  oar  fervile  chains  ! 

By  whom  our  arm  in  llrength  jcmains. 
The  fcented  alguai  forms  thy  car  : 

Our  father's  Cod,  thy  name  we  raife 

Beypnd  the  bounds  of  mortal  praife, 
The  chieftain  and  the  Lord  of  war. 
FiiR,  in  the  caverns  of  the  deep, 

Their  chariots  funk  to  rife  no  more, 
And  Pharaoh's  mighty  warriors  flecp, 

Wh&c  the  Red-fea'i  huge  monilers  roar. 


Plunged  like  a  rock  amid  the  ware, 
Around  chtir  heads  the  billows  lave, 

Down — down  the  yawning  gulph  they 
Dafli'd  by  thy  high  expanded  hand 
To  pieces,  on  the  pointed  fand, 

That  lines  the  Ihelving  rocks  bciowr  > 

W  HAT  lambent  lighteningsround  thee  gkail 
Thy  foes  in  blackeniiig  heaps  to  ftrew ! 

As  o'er  wide  fields  of  fttibble,  flrcani 
The  flames,  in  undulations  blue  *• 
And  lo  !  the  waters  of  the  deep 
Swell  in  one  enorm.ous  heip, 

Cclleiled  at  thy  noftriU  breath  : 
The  bolom  of  the  abyfs  reveal'd, 
\Vall*d  with  huge  chryftal  waves,  co; 
geal'd. 

Yawns  hideous  as  the  gate  of  death. 


April  1802. 


POETRY. 


345 


**  Swift  fteeds  of  Egypt,  fpced  your  courfc, 

"  And  fwift,  ye  fey  thed  chariots,  roll ; 
"  Not  Ocean's  bed  impedes  our  force ; 
"  Red  vengeance  foon  ih^ll  glut  our  foul  ; 
"  Soon  Ihaii  the  fabre  fliarp  embrue 
"  Its  glimmering  « dge  in  gory  dew,** — 
Impatient  cried  the  exulting  foe  ; 
Wiien,  ponderous  as  a  mafs  of  lead, 
They  link,  and  fud(ien  o*er  their  head 
The  buriting  waves  impetuous  flow. 
But  Thou,  in  whofc  fublime  abode 
Heiillkis  niighi  and  mercy  dwell. 
Our  voices,  higi.  o'er  every  God, 
I'o  thee,  the  lofty  lay  lhall  fwell. 
Outftrecch*d,  weiav/^  thy  red  right-hand. 
The  earth  her  folid  jaws  expand  ; 
Down,  down  the  gulph,  alive,  they  fink. 
While  we,  within  the  incumbent  main, 
Beheld  the  tumbling  floods,  in  vain  ' 
Storm  on  our  narrow  pathway's  brink. 
But,  far  as  Fame's  Ihrill  noies  rcfound, 

With  dire  diimay  the  nations  hear ; 
Old  Edom's  foni,  in  war  icnown'd. 
And  Moan*s  warriors  melt  with  fear  ; 
The  petrifying  tale  difarms 
The  might  of  Canaan's  countl^fs  fwarms; 
Appalled  their  heroes  fink  fupine; 
No  mailed  bands  with  thrilling  cry 
The  bannered  Hebrew  hod  defy, 
That  move  to  conquer  Paleiiine. 
NoK  burning  fands  our  courfc  invade, 

Where  Nature's  glowing  embers  lie. 
But  led  by  Thee,  we  fafeiy  tread 
Beneath  the  furnace  of  the  fky. 
To  fields  where  fertile  olives  twine 
Their  branches  with  the  clufleiing  vine. 
Soon  flialt  Thou  Jacob's  armies  bring. 
To  plant  them,  oy  thy  mighty  hand. 
Where  the  pruud  towers  of  Salem  ftand ; 
W^hild  J  AO  reigns  their  warrior  king. 
Low  in  the  dtep's  unfathohied  caves, 
•    The  warriors  rell  of  Mazur's  land. 
Save  when  the  furge  that  idly  raves, 
Heaves  their  cold  corfes  on  the  fand. 
With  courage  unappalied,  in  vain 
They  rulh  d  within  the  chauncl'd  main  ; 
T^cir  heads  the  billows  folded  o*er ; 
Whde  Thou  thy  chofcn  holl  hail  led. 
Through  the  green  Ocean's  corai-bed, 
To  ancient  Edom's  palmy  fhorc. 


*  The  memory  of  the  wonderful  event, 
which  this  Hebrew  Ode  commemorates, 
according  to  Diodorus*  was  long  prelervcd 
by  tradition,  among  the  natives  of  the  Afri- 
can ftiore  of  the  Red  fca,  'l  he  ancient  He- 
brew, or  rather  Arabic  names,  of  '  dif- 
lereiit  mountains  and  palTes  on  th^  Afri- 
can  and  Arabian  fhorcs  of  that  fea,  are  iliil 
'iiitd  with  little  variation, 
OL.  LXiV. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
CHINESE  ODE. 
^  From  Bayer^s  Latin  Version, 

While  mortal  eyes  can  hardly  mark 

Young  Spring's  efcape  from  Winter  keen, 
The  Saul,  along  her  yellow  hark, 
Expands  a  robe  of  vivid  green. 
Her  fimple  garb,  her  fwett  array. 

Soon  as  fhe  proud  Pomegranate  views. 
Her  radiant  floweis,  that  b  00m  io  gay. 
With  envy  on  the  ground  fhc  ftrtv/s. 
Sweet  S.iul !  that  f:il]  precfdeft  the  Spring, 

Thy  liiky  veil  no  inf..  el  weavt-s, 
Thy  felf  a  finer  web  canft  fling 

Around  thy  boughs  and  downy  leaves. 

L. 

STANZAS 

WRITTEN   0>r    LEAVING   A  SCENE  IN 

B  A  r  A  R  I  A, 

BY    Mil  CAMPBELL, 
Author  of  the  Pleasures  of  Hepe, 

ADIEU,  the'woods  and  water's  iide. 

Imperial  Danube's  rich  domain  ; 
Adieu,  the  grotto  wild  and  wide. 

The  rucks  abrupt,  and  grafl'y  plain  ! 

For  pallid  Autumn  once  again 
Hath  ciiiil'd  the  breath  of  every  gale, 
Aud  iweli^d  each  torrent  of  the  hill  • 

Her  clou.is  colicdt,  her  lhadows  fail, 

And  watery  winds  that  fweep  the  vaie. 
Grow  loud  and  louder  fl.ill. 
But  not  the  ftorm,  dethroning  fail 

Yon  monarch  o^k  of  m.Jiy  piie. 
Nor  river  roaring  to  the  blair, 

Around  its  dark  and  defert  ifle. 

Nor  Curfew  toiln  g  to  bcouiic* 
The  cloud-horn  thunder  pailmg  by. 

Can  found  in  diicord  to  n^y  ioul  ; 

Roll  on,  ye  mighty  waters, 'i oil— 
And  rage  thou  darken'a  iky  ! 
Thy  bioffom,  tho'  no  longer  bright, 

1'hy  wither'd  woods  no  longer  green. 
Yet,  Eldun  fnorc,  with  dark  aeiignt 

I  vifit  thy  unlovely  Icenc  ;  * 

For  many  a  iunlcL  hour  icrene. 
My  Aeps  have  trod  tiiy  meLow  o^w, 

When  his  grttn  light  tlic  firc-fl)  gave. 

When  Cynthia  frt^ii  tne  diitant  wave 
Her  twilight  anchor  drew, 


*  During  thunder  florms  in  the  Catho- 
lic countries  of  G<-rn-:any,  it  llrikes  the  ima- 
gination, in  addition  to  tiie  luLiimc  horror 
i)f  the  iccncry,  to  hear  the  pealing  of  bells 
from  the  adjacent  monaiierie."',  wnich  arc 
founded  as  a  religious  ceren-.cny  to  depre- 
cate the  efftd*  of  lightering, 
Z  z 


r  O  E  T  R  Y. 


Y-ol  64 


And  ploughM,  as  with  a  fv/clling  fail. 

The  billowy  clouds  and  lUrry  lea  ; 
Thei),  while  thy  hermit  nighrin^ale 

Sung  on  her  fragrant  apple-trcc, 
.  Romantic,  folitary,  free. 
The  vifitaDt  of  Eldun's  fllore, 

On  fuch  a  moon-bright  mountain  {IrayM, 

As  echoed  to  the  nmfic  made 
By  Druid  liarps  of  yore! 

Around  thy  favage  hills  of  oak. 

Around  thy  waters  bri*:ht  and  bhiCy 

No  hu  iter's  horn  tha  filencc  hrok'" — 
No  dying  Hirich  thine  echo  knew  ! 
But  fafe,  fwtct  Eldun  woods^  to  you 

The  wounded  wild  deer  ever  ran, 

\^''bofe  myrtle  hound,  whofe  graffy  cave. 
Whole  very  rocks  a  flielter  gave 

From  bK)od-purluirig  man ! 

O  heart-effufions,  that  arofe 

By  nightly  wandVing^*  nourifh'd  here  ! 
To  him  that  flies  from  ma^jy  woes, 

E'en  harmlcfs  deftrts  can  be  dear. 

The  laft,  the  folitary  cheer 
Of  them  that  own  no  eartlily  home. 

Say,  is  it  not  ye  banilhM  face. 

In  fuch  a  lov'd  and  lonely  place 
Companionlefs  to  roam  ? 

Yes !  I  have  lovM  thy  wild  abode, 

Unknown,  unplongh'd,  untrodden  fhor<^ ! 

"Where  fc  arce  the  woodman' finds  a  road, 
And  fcarce  the  fi flier  plies  an  oar. 
For  man's  neglc<5l:  I  love  thee  more, 

That  art  nor  avarice  intrude, 

To  tame  the  torrent's  thunder  (hock, 
Or  p;  line  the  vintage  of  the  rock 

Magnilicently  rude. 

Unheeded  fpreads  thy  bloffom'd  lJud 

Its  n;ilky  bolom  to  the  bee, 
Unheeded  falls  along  tlvit  flood 

Thy  defolate  and  aged  tree  ! 

Forfaken  fcene,  how  like  to  thee 
The  fate  of  unhetriended  worth  ! 

Like  thine,  her  fruit  difhonour'd  falls. 

Tike  thee,  in  foiitude  Ihe  calls 
A  thoufand  treafures  forth. 

O  filent  fpirit  of  the  place  1 

If  ling'rmg  with  the  ruln'd  year, 

Thy  hoary  form  and  awful  face, 

1  yet  mjght  watch  and  vvorihip  here. 
Thy  ftorm  were  mufie  to  mine  ear  ; 

Thy  wildeft  walk  a  fhelter  giv*n, 
Sublimer  thoughts  on  earth  to, find, 
And  lhare,  with  no-  uiihallow'd  mind, 

The  majcfty  cf  Heav'n. 

What  tho'  the  bofom  friends  of  fate, 

Profperity'b  unwearied  brood, 
Thy  coijfoiations  cannot  rate, 

O  felf-dependent  foiitude ! 

Yet  with  a  fpirit  unfubdu'd. 


Tho'  darken'd  by  the  clouds  of  care. 
To  worlhip  thy  congenial  gloom. 
Like  pilgrim  to  the  prophet's  tonib, 

M'lsforUine  fhall  repair. 

On  her  the  world  hath  never  fmilM, 
Or  look'd,  but  with  acculing  eye  ; 

Ail-fiient  goddefs  ot  the  wild, 

To  thee  that  mifanthrope  fliall  fly. 
I  hear  her  deep  foliloquy, 

And  mark  her  proud,  but  ravag'd  form, 
A'i  ftern  flie  wraps  her  mantle  round, 
And  bids,  on  Winter  $  bleakeft  ground, 

Defiance  to  the  ftorni ! 

Peace  to  her  banifti'd  heart  at.lafl 
»ln  thy  dominions  lhall  defcend, 

And  {lrot)g  as  beechvvood  in  the  blaft 
Her  fpirit  (hall  refufe  to  bend  ; 
But  bearing  lif^;  without  a  friend 

The  world  and  falfchood  left  behind, 
Tiiy  votary  fliall  bear,  elate, 
In  triumph  o'er  afiliding  fate. 

Her  dark  infpired  mind  1 

But  doft  thou,  Folly,  mock  the  mufe, 
A  w  and'rer's  mountain-walk  to  fin g. 

Who  fhuns  a  warring  world,  nor  woos 
The  vulture  cover  of  its  wing  ? 
Then  fly,  thou  tow'ring,  fliiv'ring  thing, 

Back  to  th^c  foftering  world,  beguil'd 
To  wafte,  in  felf  confuming  llrifc. 
The  lovelels  brotherhood  of  Ufe, 

Reviling  and  revii'd  \ 

Away,  thou  lover  of  the  race. 

That  hither  chas'd  yon  weeping  deer! 
If  Nature's  all-majeftic  face 

More  pitileis  than  man's  appear; 

Or  if  the  wild  winds  feem  more  drear 
Than  man's  cold  charities  below. 

Then  fearch  around  his  peopled  plain^^ 
•  Where'er  the  focial  favage  reigns. 
Exuberance  of  woe  t 

His  arts  and  honours  wilt  thou  feek, 
Embofs'd  on  grandeur's  giant  walls  ; 

Or  hear  his  moral  thunders  fpeak. 
Where  fenates  light  their  airy  halls  } 
Where  man  his  brother  man  enthrall*. 

Or  fends  his  whirlwind  warrants  forth 
To  roufe  the  flumb'ring  fiends  of  war» 
To  dye  the  blood-warm  waves  afar, 

And  defolate  the  earth  \ 

From  clime  to  cHme  purfue  the  fcene. 
And  mark,  on  all  thy  fpacious  way, 

Where'er  the  tyrant  man  hath  been. 
That  Peace,  the  cherub,  cannot  flay  ; 
In  wilds  and  woodhnd^  far  away, 

She  builds  her  folitary  bower — 

Where  none  but  Anchorets  have  trod^ 
Of  friendlefs  men,  to.  worfliip  God 

Have  wander'd  for  an  hour. 


April  1802.  P  O  E  T  R  .Y.  347 


Ih  fuch  a  far  forfaken  vale, 

And  fuch,  fw«et  Eldun  vile,  is  thine, 
Affl'^it.vi  Nature  (hall  inhale 

Heav*n-born  joys  and  thoughts  divine — 

No  longer  wifh — no  more  repine, 
For  man's  regret,  or  woman's  Icorn — 
'  Then  wed  thee  to  an  t-xilM  lot. 

For  if  the  world  hath  iov'd  thee  not, 
Its  abfcuce  may  be  borne. 

For  the  Scots  Magazine* 
SONNET, 

'  JVriiten  immediately  after  reading  professor 
Steivart* s  account  of  Dr  Robertson  s  daily  vi^ 
sits,  during  his  last  illness  at  Grange  House ^ 
to  the  fruit-trees  then  in  blossom  ;  and  of  his 
contrasting  their  progress  luith  the  event  -which 
'Was  to  happen  to  himself  before  their  maturity , 

YE  lovely  bloffoms  of  the  opening  fpring  ! 
That  paint  the  fruit-trees  with  your  biufli- 
ing  hues, 

FannM  by  the  genial   fouth  wind's  humid 
wing. 

And  fofter'd  by  the  evening's  gratefal  dews, 
Each  morning  fun- your  vernal  health  renews,- 
Each  morning  fun  perceives  my  health  de- 
cline ; 

Yours  *tis  to  bloomj  and  round  you  joy  dif- 
fufe, 

To  droop,  to  wither,  and  to  die  is  mine. 
For  fpring,  nor  genial  fun,  nor  frefhcning 

gale 

AVith  youthful  ftrcngth  can  fickly  age  re- 
cruit, 

And  death  (hall  o'er  this  tottering  frame 
prevail,  ' 

Ere  autumn  fkail  mature  your  embryo  fruit. 
And  when  I  us'd  to  view  my  orchard^'s  pride. 
Ah!  then  its  fallen  lord  a  gralTy  turf  lliail 
hide.  ' 

W.  G. 

Banis  of  the  Ken,  Marcb^  %0,  l8oa. 


For  the  Scott  Magazine. 
THE  LASS  O'  ISLA. 

FROM   THE  GAELIC. 

AH  Mary,  fweeteft  maid,  farewell! 

My  hopes  arc  flown,  for  a's  to  wreck; 
Heav'n  guard  you  love  and  heal  your  heart, 

Tho'  mine  alas  !  maun  break — 

Dearcft  lad,  what  ills  betide  ? 

Is  Willie  to  his  love  untrue, 
Engag'd  the  morii  to  be  h-s  bride  ? 

Ah '  hae  ycj  hae  ye  ta*en  the  rue  ? — 

Ye  canna  wear  a  ragged  ^own. 
Or  beggar  wed,  wi'  nought  ava; 

My  kye  are  drown'd,  my  houfe  is  down. 
My  bed  iheep  lyes  aneath  the  fnaw — 

Tel)  na  me  o'  ftorm  or  flood, 

Or  Iheep  a'  fmoor'd  ayont  the  hill. 

For  Vv^'illie's  fake,  I  Willie  io'cd; 
Tho'  poor,  yc  are  my  Willie  ftill — 

Ye  canna  thole  the  wind  or  rain, 
Or  wander  friendiefs^  far  frae  hame  ; 

Chear  chear  your  heart,  fome  other  fwain 
Will  foon  blot  out  loll  Willie's  name — 

I'll  tak  my  bundle  in  my  hand. 

An'  wipe  the  dew  drop  frae  my  ee, 

111  wander  wi'  ye  o'er  the  land, 
I'll  venture  wi'  ye  cbroVthe  fea — 

Forgie  me  love,  'twas  all  a  fnare, 
The  flocks  are  fafe  we  need  na  part, 

I'd  forfeit  them,  and  ten  times  mair. 
To  clafp  thee,  Mary,  to  my  heart 

Could  ye  wi'  my  feelings  fport, 

Or  doubt  a  heart  fae  warm  and  true; 

I  fliould  wilh  mifchief  on  ye  for't, 
But  canna  wifli  ought  ill  to  you. 

Ullin, 


tEULOGY  ON  THE  LATE  DUKE  OF  BEDFORD, 

BY  THE  RIGHT  HON.  C.  J.  FOX. 

Tif liver in  the  House  of  Commons  on  M.u'v'ui^  the  Writ  for  Tavistock, 


IF  the  fad  event  which  has  recently 
occurred  were  only  a  private  misfor- 
tune, however  heavy,  I  lliould  feel  the 
impropriety  of  obtruding  upon  '  the 
Houfe  the  feelings  of  private  frierj^- 
Ihip,  and  v.'ouUl  have  fought  fome  o- 
tber  opportunity  of  exprefling  thole 
fentiments  of  gratitude  and  aiTedion, 
which  muft  be  ever  due,  fron\  me,  to 
the  tpemory  of  the  excellent  perfon, 
vvhofc  lofs  gives  4>ccafion  to  the  fort  of 


motion  of  courfe,  which  I  am  about  to 
make  fo  the  Houfe.  It  is  becaufe  I' 
confider  the  death  of  the  Duke  of  Bed- 
ford as  a  great  public  calamity  ;  be- 
caufe the  public  itfelf  feems  fj  to  con- 
fider it ;  becaufe,  not  in  this  town  on- 
ly, but  in  every  part  of  the  kingdom, 
the  impreflion  made  by  it  feems  to  be 
the  ftrongeft,  and  moll  univerfal,  that 
ever  appeared  upon  the  lofs  of  a  fub-' 
je6l  3  it  is  for  thefe  rcafons  that  I  pre- 
Z  z  \  fume 


348  Eulogy  on  the  late  Duke  of  Bedford.       Vpl.  64^ 


fume  to  hope  for  the  indalgence  of  the 
Houfe,  if  I  deviate,  in  loiiie  degree, 
from  the  common  courfe,  and  intro- 
duce my  motion  in  a  manner  which  I 
muft  confeis  to  be  unufual  on  fnnilar 
occafions.  At  the  fame  time,  I  liu(t. 
Sir,  that  I  ftiall  nut  be  fufpciSted  of 
any  intention  to  abufe  :he  indulgence 
which  I  afk,  by  dwelhng,  with  the 
fondnefs  of  friend  (hip,  upon  the  va- 
rious excellencies  of  the  charadler  to 
■which  I  have  alluded;  much  lels  by  • 
entering  into  a  hiftory  of  the  feveral 
events  of  his  life,  which  might  ferve 
to  iliuftrate  it.  There  was  fomething 
in  that  chara(3:er  io  peculiar  and  fink- 
ing, and  the  jult  admiration  wliich  his 
virtues  commanded,  was  fuch,  that  to 
expatiate  upon  them  in  any  detail  is 
as  unnectfi'ary  as  upon  this  occaiion  it 
would  be  mipropei.  That  he  has  been 
much  lamented  and  generally,  cannot 
be  wondered  at  ;  for  furely  there  never 
was  a  more  juft  occahon  of  public  lor- 
row.  To  lole  fuch  a  m'i\r\  I — at  fuch  a 
time  1 — io  unexpededly  1 — f  he  parti- 
cular 11  age  ot  his  Irfe  tco  in  whicn  we 
iolt  him,  rauli  add  to  every  feeling  of 
regret,  and  make  the  (iii^ppointnient 
more  ie\ere  and  poignant  to  aii  think- 
ing mines.  Had  he  fallen  at  an  eariicr 
peno  J,  the  public,  to  whoni  he  could 
then  (cumparalivcly  fpeakmg  at  le.iit) 
be  but  little  knowii,  would  rather  have 
.  compafiTionated  and  condoled  \^  ith  the 
feelings  of  his  fi  lends  and  relations, 
than  'have  been  themfelves  very  fe- 
verely  aliiicted  by  the  lois.  It  would 
have  been  iuggeiicd,  anu  even  we,  who 
were  the  molt  partial,  muft  have  ad- 
mitted, that  the  expedations  raUed 
by  the  dawn  are  l  Ot  -always  realued 
in  the  meridian  of  life.  If  the  fatal 
event  had  been  poUponed,  the  cala- 
mity might  have  been"  alleviated  by 
the  conlideration,  that  mankind  could 
not  have  looked  forward  foi  any  length 
of  time  to  the  ex.icile  of  his  virtues 
and  talents.  Eut  he  wai  fnatched  a- 
way  at  a  moment  when  iociety  might 
have  been  expected  to  be  lcr.g  bene- 
iited  by  li:s  benevplencc,  hjs  eneigy, 
and  his  wiidom  ;  when  we  had  ootain- 
ed  a  full  ceitainty,  that  the  pragrels  of 
his  life  would  be  more  than  anivvcr.-- 
able  to  the  briglireft  hopes  conceived 
from  its  outlet  y  and  when  it  might 
have  been  leafonably  hoped,  that,  after 
having  accomplilhed  all  the  good  of 
which  it  was  capable,  he  would  have 
defcended,  not  immatutely>  into  the 


tomb..  He  Kad,  on  the  one  hand,  liv- 
ed Igng  enough  to  have  his  character 
fully  confirmed  and  eltablifhed,  while, 
on».the  other,  what  remained  of  life 
feemed,  according  fo  all  human  ex- 
pedations,  to  afford  ample  fpace  and 
l'c(^pe  for  the  exercife  of  the  virtues  of 
whicti  that  charadler  was  compofed. 
I'hc  tree  was  old  enough  to  enable  ua ' 
to  afcertain  the  quality  of  the  fruit 
which  it  would"  bear,  and,  at  the  fame 
time,  young  enough  to  promife  many 
years  of  produce.  The  high  rank  and 
fplcndid  fortune  of  the  great  man  of 
whom  1  am  fpeaking,  though  not  cir- 
cumftances  which,  in  themfelves,  either 
can  or  ought  to  conciliate  the  regard 
andeiieem  of  rational  mind's,  are  yei 
in  io  fai  coniidcrable  as  an  elevated 
lit  nation,  by  making  him  who  is  pla- 
ced in  it  more  powerful  and  confpi- 
cuous,  caufcs  his  vices  or  virtues  to 
be  more'ui'^lul  or  injvirious  to  fociety« 
In  this  cafe,  the  rank  and  wealth  of 
the  perfon  aje  to  be  attended  to  in 
another  and  a  very  different  ^ioint  of 
viev/.  To  i^ppreciate  his  merits  jufilVv 
w  e  muft  confider,  not  only  the  arlvan- 
tagcs,  but  the  diladvantages,  connect- 
ed with  fuch  circumltances.  The  dan^ 
gers  attending  profperity  in  general^ 
and  high  htuations  -in  particular;  the 
corrupting  infiuence  of  flattery,  to 
which  men  in  fuch  fituitfions  are  more 
peculiarly  expofed ;  have  been  the 
theme  of  moialilts  in  aU  ages,  and  in 
all  nations ;  but  hoVi^  are  thefe  dangeri^ 
increaled  with  reipedl  to  him  who 
fucceeds,  in  his  childhood,  to  the  liri: 
rank  and  fortune  iri  a  kingdom  fuch 
as  this,,  and  who,  having  loft  his  pa- 
rents, is  nev<pr  approached  by  any  be- 
ing who  is  not'  r^prefented  to  him  as 
in  fome  degree  his-  inferior  !  Uniel? 
blelTed  with  a  heart  uncommonly  iul- 
ccptible,  and  difpofed;>^to  virtu^^hosv 
ihould  he  who  has  fcarce  ever  feen  ati 
equal,,  have  a  common  'feeling,  and  a 
|Liit  fyrapathy,  for  the.relt  of  mankind^- 
who  feem  to  have  been  formed  rather 
for  him,  and  as  infl:rumenls  of  his  gra- 
tification, than  together  ivith  h'wTx  for 
the  general  purpoiey  of  nature  ?,  Juftly 
has  the  Roman  latirill  remarked, 

Rarus  cnim  fermc  fcnfus  communis  in  1114 

This  was  precifely  the  cafe  of  the 
Duke  of  Bedford,  nor  do  1  know  that 
his  education  was  perfectly  exempt 
f:om  the  defe^ls  ufually  belonging  to 
"  .  iuch' 


April  1 802.      Eulogy  on  the  late  Duke  of  Bedford. 


349 


.  1  fituations  ^  but  virtue  found  her 
own  way,  and  on  the  very  fide  where 
the  danger  was  the  greatelt,  was  her 
tiiamph  the  moft  complete.  From*  the 
blame  of  fclhthnefs  no  man  was  ever 
fo  eminently  free.  No  man  put  his 
own  gratification  fo  low,  that  of  others 
fo  high,  in  his  eftimarion.  To  contri- 
bute to  the  welfare  of  his  fellow  citi- 
z-^ns  was  the  conltant  unremitted  pur- 
fuit  of  b4s  life,  by  his  example  and  his 
beneficei::ce  to  render  them  better, 
wiieri'atld  happier-  He  truly  loved 
the^p'ublic ;  but  not  only  the  public, 
according. to  the  ufuai  acceptation  of 
the  word ;  not  merely  the  body  cor- 
porate (if  1  may  fo  exprefs  m'yfelf) 
which  bears  that  name,  'but  man 'in  his 
ifidividual  capacity  ;  all  who  came 
Within  his  notice  and  delerved  liis  pro- 
"  i;-n,  were  objeds  of  his  generous 
ern.  From  his  Itation  the  fphere 
v-.i  ius  acquaintance  was  larger  than 
that  of  molt  other  men ;  yet  in  this 
extended  circle,  few,  very  few,  could 
be  counted  to  whom  he  had  not  found 
fome  occafion  to  be  ferviceable,  To 
be  ufeful,  whether  to  the  public  at 
lar^e,  whether  to  his  relations  and 
nearer  friends,  or  even  to  any  indivi- 
dual of  his  ipecies,  was  the  ruling  paf-^ 
fion  of  his  hte. 

'  He  died,  it  is  true,  in  a  (fate  of  ce- 
libacy, but  if  they  may  be  called  a 
Iran's  children,  wh'ofe  concerns  are  as 
dear  to' him  as  his  own — to  protect 
whom  from  evil  is  the  d^ily  obje6t  of 
his  care—to  promote  whofe  welfare  he 
exerts  every  faculty  of  which  he  is 
poiTeft  ;  if  fuch,  I  fay,  are  to  be  eileem- 
ed  our  children,  no  man  had  ever  a 
more  numerous  family  than  the  Duke 
of  Bedford. 

Private  friendfliips  arc  not,  I  own,  a 
ftt  topic  for  this  Houie,  or  any  public 
alTembly ;  but  it  is  difficult,for  any  one 
who  n^id  the  honour  and  happineis  to 
bel;  his  friend,,  not  to  advert  (when 
ipeakin.gof  fuch  a  man)  to  his  conduct 
^ind  bchaviour  in  that  intereiting  cha- 
ra^^tet.  1  In  his  friendfhip,  not  only  he 
was  difmterefted  and  fincere,  but  m 
mm  wefe  to  be  found  united  all  the 
Charaaeriltic  excellencies  which  have 
ever  diitinguilhed  the  men  melt  re- 
nowned for  that  moft  amiable  of  ail 
virtues.  Some  ai:e  warm,  but  volatile 
^nd  inconftant ;  he  was  warm  too,  but 
Iteady  and  unchangeable.  Never  once 
^vas  he  known  to  violate  any  of  the 
iaties  of  that  facred  relation.  Where 


his  attachment  was  placed,  there  it  re- 
mained, or  rather  there  it  grew  ;  for 
it  may  be  more  truly  laid  of  this  man 
than  of  any  other  that  ever  cxifted, 
that  if  he  loved  you  at  the  beginning 
of  the  year,  and  you  did  nothing  to 
forfeit  hi»  elteem,  he  would  love  you 
it  ill  more  at  the  end  of  it.  Such  was 
the  uniformly  progrellive  ftate  of  his 
aHections,  no  iefs  than  of  his  virtue 
and  wifdom. 

It  has  happened  Xo  miiny,  a;)d  he 
was  certainly  one  of  the  number,  td 
grov/  wifer  as  they  advanced  in  years. 
Some  have  even  improved  in  virtue, 
hut  it  has  generally  been  in  that  clafs 
of  virtues  onlv,  which  coiiiift  in  refill- 
ing the  allurements  ^»f  vice  ;  and  'too 
-often  have  thefe  advantages  been  coun- 
terbalanced bj  the  lofs,  or  at  leaft  the 
diminution,  of  that  opennels  of  heart, 
that  warmth  of  feeling,  that  readinefs 
of  fympathy,  that  generofity  of  fpirit, 
which  have  been  reckoned  among  the 
charadteriftic  attiibutes  of  youth.  In 
this  cafe  it  was  far  other  wife  ;  endued 
by  nature  with  an  unexampled  firm- 
nefs  of  charader,  he  couM  bring  his 
mind  to  a  more  complete  fta^e  or  dif- 
cipline  than  any  man  I  ever  knew. 
But  he  had,  at  the  fame  time,  fuch  a 
comprehenlive  and  juft  view  of  all  mo- 
ral  queftions,  that  he  well 'knew  to 
diltinguilli  between  thofe  inclinations, 
which,  if  indulged,  muit  be  pcrnicio^is, 
and  the  feeiings  which,  if  cultivated, 
might  prove  beneficial  to  mankind. 
Aii  bad  propenuties  therefore,  if  anv 
fuch  he  had,  he  completely  conquered 
and  fuppreifcd,  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  no  man  ever  ftudied  the  trade 
by  which  he  was^to  get  his  bread— the, 
proftffion  by  which  he  hoped  to  riie  to' 
wealth  aud  honour — nor  even  the  high- 
er arts  of  poetry  or  eloquence,  in  pur- 
fuit  of  a  fancied  immortality,  with 
more  zeal  and  ardour  than  this  excei- 
lent  perfon  cultivated  rhe  noble  art  of 
doiiig  good  to  his  fellow-creaturts. 
In  this  purfuit,  above  all  others,  dili- 
gence IS  fure  of  fuccels,  and  accar- 
din^;ly  it  would  be  didficult  to  find  aa 
example  of  any  other  man  to  v/hom 
fo  many  individuals  are  indebted  for 
happinefs  or  comfjrt,  or  to  whom  the. 
public  at  large  owe  more  eilential  ob-' 
ligation. 

So  far  was  he  from  fiackening  or 
growing  cold  in  ^hefe  generous  pur- 
luits,  that  the  only  danger  was,  leit, 
iiotwitUtandin-  his  admirable  ^ood 

fenfe. 


350  'Eulogy  on  the  late  Duke  of  Bedford.        Vol.  64, 


fcnfe,  and  that  re'nnarkable  fobernefs 
of  chara6ier,  which  diftinguilhed  liim, 
his  munificence  niigrit,  if  he  had  lived, 
have  engaged  him  \\\  expences  to  which 
even  his  princely  tortiine  would  have 
been  found  inadequate.  Tiius,  the 
only  circumftarjce  like  a  failing  m  this 
great  characier,  vvas^  that  \\'J:ale  in- 
dulging his  darling  palTion  for  mwking 
himfelf  ufeful  to  others,  he  might  be 
too  rcgardltfs  ot  future  coniefjuences 
to  himleU"  and  family.  The  love  of 
utility  was  indeed  his  darlmg,  his  rul- 
ing paflion.  jiven  in  his  recreations 
(and  he  was  by  no  mea-ns  natuially  a- 
verfe  to  fuch  as  w^ere  fuitabh:  to  his 
flation  in  life)  no  lefs  than  in  his  graver 
hours,  lie  fo  much  loved  to  keep  this 
grand  object  in  view,  that  he  fcemed 
by  degrees,  to  grow  weary  of  every 
amulement  which  was  not,  in  lome  de- 
gree, conncded  with  it.  Agriculture 
he  judged  rightly  to  be  the  moft  ufe- 
ful of  all  icienccs,  and,  more  particii- 
jarly,  in  the  prefent  jtare  of  affairs,  he 
conceived  it  lo  be  the  deijarrment  in 
which  his  fervices  to  his  country  mi^ht 
be  mod  beneficial.  To  agriculture, 
therefore,  he  pnncipaVy  a])pliv:d  him- 
felf, nor  can  it  be  doubled,  hut  with 
his  great  capacity,  achvity,  and  ener- 
gy, he  mult  have  attamcd  his  obje<fl, 
and  made  himl'elf  eminently  ufeful  in 
that  moit  important  branch  of  politi- 
cal, economy.  Of  the  particular  de- 
gree of  his  m.erit  in  this  rcl'pect,  how 
much  the  public  is  already  indebted  to 
him — how  much  benefit  itm^iv  Itiil  ex- 
pedl  to  derive  from  the  eftecls  of  his 
unwearied  diligence  and  fplendid  ex- 
ample, is  aqueition  upon  which  many 
Members  of  this  houie  can  form  a 
much  more  accurate  juLgment  than  I 
can  pietend  to  do.  But  of  his  motive 
to  thcle  exertions  I  am  competent  to 
judge,  and  can  affirm,  witheut  a  doubt, 
that  it  was  the  iame  which  actuated 
him  throughout — an  ardent  defire  to 
employ  his  faculties  in  the  way,  what- 
ever it  might  be,  in  whicn  he  could 
Hioft  courribute  to  the  good  of  his 
country,  and  the  general  intereits  of 
mankit?d. 

With  regard  to  his  politics,  I  feel  a 
great  un^Aiilingiieis  to  be  wholly  filent 
on  the  fubje6t ;  and,  ar  the  fame  time, 
much  difficulty  in  treating  it  with  pro- 
priety, when  I  confider  to  whom  I 
am  addrefiing  myfelf.  I  am  fenfible 
that  thole  principles,  upon  which,  in 
any  other  place,  I  ihould  not  hefuate 


to  pronounce  an  unqualified  eulogium, 
may  be  thought  by  fome,  perhaps  by 
the  majoriiy  of  this  houfe,  rather  to, 
ftand-in  need  of  apology  and  cxculpa- 
tion,  than  to  form  a  proper  fubjcdl  for 
panegyric.    But  even  in  this  view  I 
may  be  allowed  to  offer  a  few  word^ 
in  favour  of  my  departed  friend.  I 
believe  few,  if  any  of  us,  are  fo  infa- 
tuated with  the  extreme  notions  o^^ 
philofophy     not  to  feel  a  paryal  ve-, 
neration  for  the  principles,  fome  lean-, 
ing  even  to  the  prejudices  of  the  an- 
ceftors,  elpecially  if  they  were  of  any. 
note,  from  whom  we  are  refpedlively"^ 
defcended.   buch  biaflcs  are  always,  aS; 
I  fufpedl,  favoi^irable/  to  the  caule  o^ 
patriotifm  and  public  virtue  ;  I  am 
lure,  at  leaff,  that  in  Athens  and  Rome 
they  were  fo  colifidered.    No  man  had 
ever  lefs  of  family  pride,  in  the  badi 
fenfe,  than  the  Duke  of  Bedford;  but 
he  had  a  great  and  jult  refped:  for  hijf 
anceftors.  Now,  if  upon  the  priaciplc* 
to  which  1  have  alluded,it  was  m  Rome,, 
thought  excuiable  in  one  of  the  Claudii 
to  have,  in  confoiryity  with  the  gene- 
ral manners  of  their  race,  fomcihing, 
loo  much  of  an  ariftocratical  pride  and 
haughtinefs,  furely,  in  this  country, 
it  is  not  unpardonable  in  a  Ruffcil  to- 
be  zcaloully  attached  to  the  lights  of 
the  fubjed,  and  peculiarly  tenacious 
of  the  popular  parts  of  oui:  ccnflitu-' 
tion.    It  IS  excufable  at  leafl,  in  one 
who  numbers  among  his  anceftors  the' 
great  Earl  of  Bedford,  the  patron  of 
Pym,  and  the  friend  of  Hampden,  to* 
be  an  enthufiaftic  lover  of  liberty  ;  nor 
is  it  to  be  wondered  at,  if  a  defcendant 
of  Lord  RulTell  ihould  feel  more  than 
common  horror  for  arbitrary  power, 
and  a  quick,  perhaps  even  a  jealous 
difcernment  cf  any  approach  or  ten- 
dency in  the»fyflem  of  goveinment  to 
that  dreaded  evil.    Bit  whatever  may 
be  our  differences  in  regard  to  prin- 
ciples, I  truil  there  is  no  Member  of 
this  Houfe  who  is  not  liberal  enough 
to  do  juftice  to  upright  conduct  even 
in  a  political  adverfary.  •  VVhatevei 
therefore  may  be  thought   of  thofe 
principles  to  which  I  have  alluded,  the 
political  conduct  of  my  niuch  lament- 
ed friend  mult  be  allowed  by  all  to 
have  been  manly,  confident,  and  fin- 
cefe. 

It  now  remains  for  me  to  touch  upon 
the  laft  melancholy  fcene  in  which  this 
excellent  rcM  was  to  be  exhibited,  and 
to  all  thofe  v/ho  admire  his  character, 

let 


April  i8o2. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


351 


let  it  be  fome  conColation  that  his  exit 
was  in  every  refpedt  conformable  to 
his  paft  life.  I.  have  already  noticed 
that  profperity  could  not  corrupt  him. 
He  had  now  to  undergo  a  trial  of  an 
oppofite  nature.  Eut,  in  every  in- 
ftance,  he  was  alike  true  to  his  cha- 
racter, and  in  moments  of  extreme 
bodily  pain  and  approaching  diffolu- 
tion,  when  it  might  be  expected  that 
a  man^s  every  feeling  would  be  con- 
centrated in  his  perfanal  fufferings — 
his  every  thought  occupied  by  the  aw- 
ful event  impending — even  in  thefe 
moments  he  put  by  all  felfifli  confide- 
rations;  kindnefs  to  his  friends  was 
the  fentiment  ftill  uppermoft  in  his 
mind,  and  he  employed  himfelf,  to 
the  laft  hour  of  his  life,  in  making  the 
raoft  conhderate  arrangements  for  the 
happinefs  and  comfort  of  thofe  who 
were  to  furvive  him.  While  in  the 
enjoyjiient  of  profperity,  he  had  learn- 
ed and  praclifed  all  thofe  milder  vir- 
tues which  adverfity  alone  is  fuppofed 
capable  of  teaching  ;  and  in  the  hour 
ji  pain  and  approaching  death,  he 
:)ad  that  calmneis  and  ferenity  which 
ire  thought  to  belong  exclufiv^ely  to 
lealth  of  body,  and  a^mind  at  ears. 

If  I  have  taken  an  unufual,  and  pof- 
I  jbly  an  iiregular,  courfe  upon  this'ex- 
i  raordinary  occafion,  I  am  confident 
i  he  Houfe  will  pardon  me.  They  will 
lorgive  foraething,  no  doubt,  to  the 
jv^armth  of  private  friendfhip—to  fen- 
liments  of  gratitude,  which  I  muff 
|=el,  and,  whenever  I  have  an  oppor- 
j  unity,  mult  exprefs  to  the  lateft  hour 
:  f  my  life.    But  the  confideratiou  of 

ubhc  utility,  to  which  I  have  fo 
1  luch  adverted  as  the  ruling  principle 
\  \  the  mind  of  my  friend,  will  weif^h 

ir  more  with  them.    They  will,  m 
|ieir  wiidom,  acknowledge,  that  to 
!  ?lebrate  and  perpetuate  the  memory 
great  and  meritorious  individuals. 


is,  in  effedl,  an  eflential  fervice  to  the 
community.  It  was  not  therefore  for 
the  purpofe  of  performing  the  pious 
ofhce  of  friendihip,  by  fondly  Itrew- 
ing  flowers  upon  his  tomb,  that  T  have 
drawn  your  atter;tion  to  the  charader 
of  the  Duke  oi  Bedford  :  the  motive 
that  a6tuates  me,  is  one  more  fuitable 
to  what  were  his  views.  It  is  that  this 
great  chaiadler  may  be  ftrongly  im- 
preiled  upon  the  mmds  of  all  who  hear 
me — that  they  may  fee  it — that  they 
may  feel  it — that  they  may  difcourib 
of  it  in  their  domtftic  circles — that 
they  may  fpeak  of  it  to  their  children, 
and  hold  it  up  to  the  imitation  of 
pofierity.  If  he  could  now  be  fenfible 
to  what  paffds  here  below — fure  I  am, 
that  nothing  could  give  him  fb  much 
faiisfadion  as  to  find  that  we  art  en- 
deavouring to  make  his  memory  and 
example,  as  he  took  care  his  life  Ihould 
be — ui'etul  to  mankind. 

I  will  conclude,  with  supplying  to 
the  piefent  occafion,  a  beautiful  pal- 
fage  from  the  i'peech  of  a  very  young 
orator.*  It  may  be  thought,  perhaps, 
to  favour  too  much  of  the  fanguine 
view^s  of  youth,  to  Hand  the  teff^of  a 
rigid  phiiofophical  inquiry  ;  but  it  is 
at  leait  cheering  and  confolatory,  and 
that  in  this  inliance  it  may  be  exem- 
plified, is,  I' am  confident,  the  finccre 
wiih  of  every  man  who  hears  me. 

Crime,"  fays  he,-*'  is  a  curfe  only 
to  the^  period  in  which  it  is  fucceisful, 
but  virtue,  whether  fortunate  or  other- 
wife,  bleiTes  not  only  its  own  age,  but 
reinotel'i  poiterity,  and  is  as  beneficial 
by  its  example,  as  by  its  immediate  ei- 
feds." 

*  Effayon  the  Progreflive  Improvement* 
of  Mankind  ;  an  oration  delivered  in  the 
Chapel  of  Trinity  College,  Canibridge, 
December  17,  1798,  by  the  Honourable 
William  Lamb. 


IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT. 


HOUSE  OF  LORDS. 
Thurfday,  March  25,  Lord  Holland 
,  ited  that  it  was  his  intention  to  have 
hmittcd  the  motion,  of  which  he  had 
^•^ufly  given  notice,  relative  to  the 
'i''t  arrears  to-morrow  ;  but  find- 
^  Uiatthe  confideration  of  the  mef- 
-'e  had  been  put  off  till  Monday,  he 
)'jld  defer  his  propofition  to  the  fame 
y,  as  it  might  put  fomc  noble  Lords 


to  inconvenience  to  bring  it  on  fooner. 
He  beg;?ed,  however,  to  have  it  imder- 
ttood,  that  he  (Ijould  on  the  day  now 
fixed  move  according  to  circum(f?inces, 
either  that  the  confideration  of  the  mel- 
fage  be  farther  poAponcd,  or  referred 
to  a  committee. — Adjourned.  Mon- 
day, March  29.  The  order  of  the  day 
for  taking  into  confideration  his  Ma- 
jefty's  MtlHige,  relative  to  the  Civil 


Lup^tial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


Lif>,  being  read,  Lord  Pdhani  Rated 
the  nature  of  the  debts  of  the  civil 
during  16  years,  with  the  accounts 
referred  to ;  and  argued  to  Oievv  that 
ihofe  exccedings  were  unavoidable. 
He  truOed  there  u'as  hut  one  opinion 
in  that  Houfe,  rtfpec:lipg  the  propriety 
of  relieving  his  Mcijefty  from,  the  em- 
barrafiment  of  the  civil  lilt  ;  he  con- 
cluded wiih  nfjuving  an  addrefs  to  his 
Majclty  on  the  occalion,  expreflive  of 
the  reacfip.efd  of  their  Lordfhips  to  con- 
cur in  any  meafure  which  may  be 
deemed  reafonable.  Lord  Fitzwilliam 
oppofed  the  addrefb  propofed  by  the 
Right  Hon.  Secretary.  He  then  moved 
an  amendment,  fetting  forth  that  their 
Lordfhips  would  proceed  to  inquire 
iv\Xti  the  caufes  of  the  accumulation  of 
the  debts  of  the  civil  The  quel- 

tion  being  put,  Lord  Hobart  Ipoke 
againlt  the  amendment.  Lord  Hoiland 
fuppotted  the  amendment.  Lord  Mo- 
ira  obferved  he  fhould  vote  for  the  ori- 
ginal addrcfn,  as  it  did  not  "pledge  their 
LordDiips  to  any  f[^ccific  mtafure  ;  but 
that  it  would  kavt:  them  at  liberty  to 
inquire  into  the  fubjti^t,  and  call  for 
further  informati(»n  if-nccelfary.  The 
Houle  divided.  For  the  origii.al  ad- 
drefs 60,  ag;Tinfl  it  4.  Majority  56. 
5djou:ned. — March  30.  Loid  Riddef- 
dale  prcfented  the  report  from  the 
committee  appointed  to  conhder  the 
clauies  of  the  Unior.  acfi^,  rtfpeding  the 
iuccdfion  of  Irifji  Peerages  ;  ordcied 
to  be  taken  into  conlidcration  on  Fri- 
day next.  April  i.  Lord. Holland  aUc- 
ed  Lord  Moira  if  it  was^his  intention  to 
briT  g  forward  his  motion  Vefpecting 
iniolveilt  debtors  this  ftffion.  Lord 
Moira,  after  explainmg  the  nature  of 
his  propofed  motion,  ai  fwered  Lord 
Holland  that  he  would  bring  forward 
the  measure,  of  which  he  had  given 
Fiotice,  as  foon  after  the  Eafter  rtcefs 
as  poUible.  Friday,  April  a.  The  or- 
der of  the  day  for  taking  into  conlidc- 
ration the  'rtfolutions  come  to  laft 
Tuefday, ,  relative  to  the  defcent  of 
Peerages  of.  Ireland,  and  the  claim.s  of 
Peers  to  vote  at  the  eiei^tion  of  tempo- 
ral Peers  of  Ireland,  having  been  mcv- 
td.  The  Marquis  of  Sligo  obferved, 
that  the  inconvenience  oi  the  Peers  of 
Ireland  fullered  in  refped  to  their 
claims,  went  beyond  the  reach  of  the 
refolutions  a\!rec:d  to.  The  refclutioiis 
were  feverally  agreed  to. — Adjourned. 
April  6.  Lord,  Holland  moved,  that 
there  be  laid  before  the  Houfe  an  ac 


tount  of  the  net  produce  of  the  dutitrs 
of  four  and  a  half  per  cent,  payable 
out  of  certain  pofleflious  in  the  Weft: 
Indies,  from  January  1785,  to  January 
1801.  Alfo  an  account  of  the  penfiona 
paid  out  of  the  fame^  together  with 
all  other  penhons  paid  out  of  the  civil 
lilt.  Lord  Pelham  faid,  that  in  acced- 
ing to  the  motion  thus  made,  he  wifli- 
ed  not  to  be  underftood  as  coincidfng 
wMih  the  arguments  of  the  noble  Lord 
who  made  it.  No  penfion  on  the  4I 
per  cents  exceeded  the  lum  of  loocl.  a 
year,  and  thcrefv:»re  Mr  Burke's  brll  was 
not  vi<'iated.  The  Earl  of  Kiniioul 
(Lord  Hay)  faid,  he  rofe  to  vindicate 
himfclf  and  his  anceltors  from  any  im- 
putation of  being  penfioners ;  he  cer- 
tainly had  loooU  a  year  out  of  thefe 
revenues,  but  that  was  an  annuity 
which  had  been  given  to  his  anccdors 
in  exchange  for  a  right  in  the  ifland  of 
Barbadoes,  at  the  time  it  was  purc!«af- 
ed  by  the  Crown.  He  willied  that  a 
diftin^tion  might  be  made  between 
thofe  annuities  which  men  enjoyed  as 
a  jult  right,  and  thofe  which  were  given 
without  any  confidcration  whatever. 
The  feverai  motions  were  then  put, 
awd  carried.  Lord  Hobart  moved, 
that  the  thanks  of 'the^  Houfe  be  given 
to  the  officers  of  the  navy  and  army, 
for  their  fignal  and  meritorious  ftrvicts 
during  the  late  war;  to  the  militia, 
yeomanry,  and  volunteer  corps,  both 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ;  and  that 
the  Houfe^.  do  highly  approve  afid  ac- 
knowledge the  meritorious  fervicts  or 
the  non-com miflioned  officers,  and  pri- 
vates) during  the  fame  period. — Car- 
ried, 7iem,  dijf,  Thurfday,  April  8. 
Lord  Moira  Itated,  that  it  v^'ould  be 
in  their  Lordfhips  recolledion,  that  he 
had  given  notice  of  a  motion  relative 
to  the  depolition  of  the  fon  of  the  late 
Nabob  of  Arcot.  He  underlfood  that 
inoportant  difpatches  were  now  expell- 
ed from  India,  which  would  elucidate 
all-  the  circumftance's  of  that  tranfac- 
tion.  He  therefore  thought  it  was  in- 
cumbent upon  him  not 4:0  bring  for- 
ward the  fubjedt  tor  difcuffion,  till  af- 
ter the  arrival  of  the  documents. 

'  Lord  Grenville  faid,  as  there  was  no 
motion  before  the  Houfe,  it  might  be 
thought  irregular  on  his  part  to  allude 
to  the  tranfaclion  touched  upon  by 
Lord  Moira.  But  he  was  unwilling  to 
let  the  prefent  opportunity  efc^pe,  of 
declaring  that  there  were  many,  among 
whom  he  was  one,  prepared  to  defend 


April  1802. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


353 


the  two  Noblemen  implicated  in  that 
tranfa<5tion.  Lord  Moira  exprefled  his 
regret  that  it  fhould  be  fuppofed  he 
had  faid  any  thing,  which  tended  to 
fix  a  ftain  upon  the  reputation  of  the 
Noble  Lords.  What  he  meant  to  af- 
fert  was,  that  the  depofition  of  the 
Nabob's  fon  was  a  fit  fubjed  of  fufpi- 
cioM,  both  in  and  out  of  the  Houfe. 
Lord  Grenville  acknowledged  the  can- 
dour of  his  Lordftiip's  declaration. 

I'he  Duke  of  Clarence  obtained 
Jeave  to  attend  the  committee  of 
the  Houfe  of  Commons  appointed 
toconfider  Dr  Jcniur's  petition.  Lord 
Grenville,  fteing  Lord  Pelham  in  his 
place,  wiihed  to  be  informed  within 
what'  time  there  was  a  probability  of 
the  definitive  treaty  being  fubmitted  to 
the  Houfe.  Xord  Pelham  replied,  that 
there  could  be  little  probability  of  the 
ratification  being  received  before  the 
end  of  the  week,  during  which,  the 
lecefs  would  take  place,  and  he  fup- 
pofed that  no  communication  would 
be  made  upon  the  fubjedl  before  the 
fucceeding  Monday.  As  to  when  the 
difcuflion  would  take  place,  that  did 
not  reft  with  him,  but  with  the  Houfe. 
Lord  Grenville  thanked  the  noble  Lord 
for  his  information.  Monday,  April 
12.  Lord  Cariille  called  the  attention 
of  the  Houfe  to  the  article  of  the  de- 
finitive treaty,  by  which  the  Houfe  of 
Orange  w'as  to  be  indemnified  in  Ger- 
many. He  faid,  that  it  had  been  the 
intention  of  this  Government,  that 
the  Prince  fiiould  receive  his  indemni- 
ty in  Holland  ;  but  he  underftood  that 
the  French  and  Dutch  Plenipotentiaries 
had,  without  confulting  the  Englifh 
Ambaflador,  agreed  he  fhould  have  it 
in  fome  other  place.  He  wiflied  to 
know  from  what  quarter  thofe  corn- 
pen  fations  were  to  be  drawn.  Lord 
Pelham  replied,  that  till  the  definitive 
treaty  was  adtually  befote  the  Houfe, 
he  fhould  decline  making  any  com- 
ments upon  the  fubjed.  Lord  Gren* 
ville  repeated  the  remarks  he  had  made 
on  a  former  night,  as  to  what  would 
be  the  confequence  of  this  treaty,  if  ail 
former  treaties  between  this  country 
with  Prance,  Spain,  and  Holland  were 
to  be  abrogated. — Adjourned.  Wed- 
nefday,  April  14.  The  further  confidc- 
ration  of  the  Earl  of  Farnham's  peti- 
tion, relative  to  his  right  of  fuccefiion 
to  the  Irifh  Peerage,  was  put  off  until 

1  the  firft  Thurfday  after  the  recefs, 

'      Vol.  LXIV. 


Lord  Holland  afked  if  the  noble  Secre- 
tary of  State  intended  to  lay  before  the 
Houfe  the  Convention  with  the  North- 
ern Powers.  Lord  Pelham  faid,  he  had 
no  reafon  to  fuppofe  that  his  Majefty 
would  not  order  the  treaty  to  be  laid 
before  the  Houfe.  April  15.  The 
Royal  afTent  was  given  by  commiftlon 
to  the  Iriih  revenue  and  corn  trade 
bills,  ;he  loan  bill,  windovr-tax  bill,  and 
29  private  bills. — Adjourned  for  the 
Eaiter  recefb-,  till  Monday,  April  26. 

HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 
Tueiday,  March  23.  The  Secretary 
at  War  brought  up  the  eilimates,  of 
the  charge  of  the  militia  forces  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  from  the 
St 5th  of  March  to  the  Z4rh  of  May  in- 
clulive.  They  were  ordered  to  be  laid 
on  the  table.  Tne  hon.  gentlemari 
then  gave  notice,  that  he  fhould  pro- 
pofe  a  vote  in  terms  of  the  eftimates 
to-morrow,  in  the  committee  of  fup- 
ply.  Mr  Corry  itated,  that  when  he 
had  moved  for  certain  accounts  of  the 
civil  fervices  of  Ireland,  the  order  for 
their  production  had  been  general. 
Upon  this  point,  therefore,  he  wiihed  to 
know  whether  it  would  be  necefTary, 
tliat  he  Ihould  move  for  each  eftimate 
feparately.  Some  converfation  enfued 
between  the  Hon.  Gentlemari  and  the 
Speaker,  w^hich  was  terminated  by  a 
motion,  That  there  be  laid  before  the 
houfe,  eftimates  of  the  feveral  fums^ 
which  may  be  wanted  for  the  mifcel- 
laneous  fervices  of  Ireland,  for  the 
year  1802.  He  then  presented  the 
eftimates,  which  were  laid  upon  the 
table.  He  then  ftated,  that  he  meanc 
to  offer  petitions  from  certain  bodies 
in  Ireland,  praying  for  aid ;  and  if 
thefe  petitions  iliould  be  received,  he 
intended  to  move  for  eftimates,  to  the 
amount  of  the  charge  propofed  to  be 
granted.  Eftimates  were  ai^xed  to 
fevcral  of  the  petitions  ;  and  the  firit 
which  he  had  to  prefent,  was  from  the 
incorporated  Society  of  Dublin^  for 
promoting  the  Proteftant  religion.  Mr 
Addington  had  no  objection  to  the  pe- 
tition being  received  ;  but  in  ftatmg 
his  Malefly's  recommendation  to  it,  he 
was  not  to  be  under ftood  as  pledging 
himfelf,  that  the  fum  would  be  grant- 
ed; however  he  might  agree  to  the 
obje6t  of  the  petition.  A  tew  remarks 
were  then  made  by  Mr  Robfon,  which 
3  A  were 


I 


354 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


were  anfwered  by  Mr  Corry  and  Mr 
AleXfinder.  The  petition  was  then 
brought  up. 

Mr  Tierney  moved  for  an  account  of 
the  grofs  amount  of  the  charges  upon, 
and  net  produce  of  the  four  and  half 
per  cent,  duties,  from  the  5th  April 
1785,  to  the  sib  of  April  1801.  Mr 
Addjnj2[ton  laid,  he  did  not  fee  the  ob- 
jed:  of  this  motion,  fuch  a  motion  was 
inauc  and  carried  m  1786;  and  from 
what  had  pafled  on  that  occalion,  he 
thought  that  every    fatisfa<j'.bon  had 
been  afforded.     Mi  Addington  then 
explained  the  nature  of  the  duty  ;  and 
concluded  by  remarK.n^,   as  he  had 
the  precedent  of  17 S6  betoie  him,  he 
fhou'd  not  objed  to  the  motion.  The 
account  was  tiien  ordered.    Mr  Ad- 
dington  then  faid,   that  his  Majelty 
had  applied  172,000!.  of  that  fund  to 
the  civil  lift.    Mr  Tiemey  then  mov- 
ed for  an  account  of  all  the  charges 
upon  the  faid  fund  unfatislied,  upon 
the  5th  April   1801.    Oidcred.  Mr 
Jones  gave  notice,  that  he  would,  on 
this  day  fortnight,    bring  forward  a 
.Tnotion  lefpeding  the  Polygar  war  in 
India,    Lord  Belgrave  brought  up  a 
bill,  for  repealing  certain  parts  of  the 
treating  a6l,  and    e(labli(hing  other 
provifions  in  lieu  thereof  :   Read  a  firft 
time.    On  the  motion  for  its  fecond 
reading,  Mr  Corry  fuggefted,  that  the 
provifions  of  the  bill  ihould  extend  to 
Ireland.    Mr  Addington  obferved,  as 
feveral  members  had    thought,  that 
fufRcient  time  was  not  allowed  between 
the  diftribution,  and  Friday  the  day 
appointed,  for  the  confideration  of  the 
report  of  the  commitvee,  on  the  ac- 
counts of  the  civil  lift  ;   in  order  to 
give  every  accomodation  to  thofe  gen- 
tlemen, and  the  Houie  in  general,  he 
fhould  befr  leave  to  give  notice,  that 
on  Monday  next,  he  Ihouid  move,  that 
tKe  report  be  taken  into  confidcraticn, 
in  a  committee  of  Supply. 

Mr  LuOiington  brought  up  a  bill,  for 
extending  the  time  allowed  to  the 
merchants  of  Grenada  and  St  '/inceat, 
for  paying  the  inftalments  upon  the 
loan,  which  they  had  received  from 
Governn^ent.    Read  a  firft  time. 

VVedneiday  M-nch  24th,  Mr  Man- 
iiers  Surton  adverting  to  the  Chancel- 
lor of  the  Ixcn^quer,  having  altered 
the  arrangement  of  fome  public  mea- 
fure  be  gave  notice  v«f  for  that  day,  re- 
lative to  the  claims  of  the  Prince  of 


Wales,  to  the  arrears  of  the  le venues 
of  the  Dutchy  of  Cornwall;  but  his 
Royal  Highncfs  had  ordered  him  to 
poftpone  his  motion    to  Wednefday 
next.    Accounts  were  prt-fented  from 
the  exchequer,  of  the  amount  of  the 
duties  paid  upon  the  importation  of  all 
grain,  corn,  flour,  and  rice,  into  Great 
Britain.    Ordered  to  lie  on  the  table. 
Mr  Addington  moved,  that  until  April 
3d  next,  petitions  may  be  allowed  to 
be  preiented,  refpe<i:ting  the  mifceU 
laueous  ferviccs  in  Ireland  ;  which,  af- 
ter fome  converfation,  was  agreed  to. 
The  different    petitions    were  then 
brought  up  by  Mr  Corry,  and  ordered 
to  lie  on  the  table.    To  fome  of  them 
Mr  Robibn  objedfted,  as  faddling  this 
country  with  the  parochial  rates  of 
Ireland,  and  particularly  for  lighting 
and  clea.jing  the  city  of  Dublin  ;  but 
he  was  called  to  order,  and  anfwered 
by  Mr  Alexander  and  Lord  Blaquire. 
The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  mov- 
ed the  order  of  the  day,  for  the  Houfe 
to  refolve  itfelf  into  a  Committee  of 
Supply.    The  Speaker  having  left  the 
chair,  Mr  Addington  laid,  he  rofe  to 
move  certain  rcfolutions,  refpedling 
thofe  branches  of  the  public  fervices, 
which  were  defcribed  under  the  head 
mifcellaneous  fervices,  and  not  pro- 
vided for  by  Parliament.    The  firft  re- 
folution  he  ihould  propofe,  referred  to 
the  intcreft  of   the  Exchequer  bills, 
which  were  funded  laft  year;  the  a- 
mount  of  the  intereft,  for  the  payment 
of  which,  it  was  neceiTary  to  grant  a 
fum  to  his  Majefty,  was  L.$o5,52S) :  9  :  i. 
The  next  head  of  fervice,  applied  to 
the  falaries  and  fees  of  the  commiflion- 
el-s  for  reducing  the   national  debt. 
The  fum  required  for  this  fervice,  was 
2855I.    The  next  lefolution  he  Ihould 
move,  was  relative  to  the  fum  to  be 
paid  to  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  as  the 
confideration  money  for  one  third  of 
his  annuity  ;  the  fum  he  fttould  move 
for,    was    L.  14 ',6 1 1  :  2S.    for  one 
third  of  au  annuity  of  19,000!.  ceded 
bv  the  Duke  of  Richmond  to  his  pre- 
feat  Majefty,  by  adls  of  the  39th  and 
40th  of  his  reigu.    The  fourth  lefolu- 
tion, related  to  the  allowance  to  the 
Clerks  of  the  Exchequer,   for  extra 
trou'jle,  this  amounted  to  $00!.  The 
fifth  refolution,  related  to  the  allow- 
ance to  the  Bank  of  England,  for  dif- 
count  on  prompt  payment,   for  the 
loan  and  lottery  granted  for  the  year 

1%0U 


April  1802. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


355 


1 80 1.     The   amount   of   thi?,  was 
L.458,514  :  8  :  6.  The  fixth  refolution, 
was  forraifing  a  I'um  of  L. 23, 562  .'3:4, 
to-be  paid  to  the  Bank  of  England,  for 
receiving  the   contributions  on  the 
Joan,  and  for  the  incidental  expences 
of  the  lottery  for  the  year  1801.  The 
pext  refolution,    was  for  the  fum  of 
i,ooo,oool.  for  paying  off  the  Exche- 
quer bills,  iflued  by  virtue  of  an  adit  of 
the  laft  Seflion  of  Parliament.    In  ad- 
dition to  theiey  he  Had  only  to  ftate 
three  other  refolutions.    The  hrft  was 
for  grantinor  a  turn  of  money,  to  ena- 
ble his  iMajelty  to  pay  off  the  Exche- 
quer bills,   which  wfre  iifaed  three 
years  ago,  and  were  nbw  in  the  pof- 
leflion  of  the  Bank  of  England,  i'he 
next  refolution  with  which  he  Ihould 
trouble  the  committee,  had  for  its  ob- 
ject,  the  indemnihcation  of  Earl  St 
Vincent  and  Lord  Grey,  from  the  con- 
fequences  of  the  adjudication  againft 
them  in  the  fupreme  Courts  ot  Admi- 
ralty, for  having  detained  neutral  vel- 
fels  at  Martinique,  and  other  of  the 
French  Well  India  iflands.  The  claims 
of  thofe   g^illant  commanders  were 
founded  upon  principles  of  national  ho- 
nour and  iuftice,  which  rendered  it  the 
duty  of  th«  public  to  attend  to  them. 
It  had  happened  that  in  form:^r  felfions 
Parliament  had  been  applied  to,  in  or- 
der to  indemnify  Lofds  St  Vincent  and. 
Gray  from  the  effects  of  thofe  decilioris  j 
other  inliances  had  f.nce  occurred,  in 
confequence  of  which,  thefe  noble  lords 
would  be  obliged  to  pay  large  fums  of 
nioney  for  having  obeycrd  the  inli ruc- 
tions of  government,  if  iJ^arliament  did 
not  interfere.    The  ium  required  was 
45>33''l-  ^7S'  ^d.    The  laft  reiblutioa 
he  had  to  fubmit  to  thd  committee  was 
for  granting  a  fum  of  4ic,oool.,  the 
deficii^icy  in  the  eftimated  duty  of 
i,2oc,oool.  for  goads  exported  ana  im- 
ported, and  for  tonriage  of  lliips  and 
Vcifels,  for*  1801.     He  concluded  by 
Tc\  ving  the  firft  refolution.  After  iome 
obfervations  from  Dr  Laurence  and  Mr 
Robfon,  the  refolutions  were  put,  and 
carried.  The  Secretary  at  War  moved 
the    following    refolution  ;     *'  That 
238,0001.    be   granted   for  defraying 
the  charges  of  the  embodied  militia  iot 
England,  from  March  25.  to  May  24." 
**  That  i3i;,692l.  2s.  3d.  be  granted  for 
defraying  the  charges  of  the  embodied 
militia  for  Ireland,  for  the  fame  pe- 


riod." Report  ordered  to  be  received 
to-morrow. — Adjourned, 

Thurfday,  March  25th.  On  the  mo- 
tion of  Mr  Shaw  Lefevre,  the  confidera- 
tion  of  the  report  of  the  petition,  for 
improving  the  port  of  London,  was 
poitponed  ti^ll  Monday,  Mr  Irvine 
from  the  Cultom-houle,  prefented  an 
account  of  all  grain  and  rice  imported 
into  England  and  Scotland,  from  the 
loth  of  06lober  i8oi,  to  the  5th  of 
January  1802;  diltinguiihing  the  parts 
and  quantities — Laid  on  the  table — 
Mr  Alexander  brou'^rht  up  the  report 
of  the  Committee  of  SiApply;  w^hich,  af- 
ter a  debate  betvveen  Mr  Addin.^ton, 
Mr  Robfon,  Mr  Nicholls,  Captain 
Markham,  and  the  Attorney  General, 
was  read  a  ft^cond  time,  and  agreed 
to. 

Monday,  March  20th,  The  Chan- 
cellor'of  the  i:  xch'  quer  faid^  he  :'nouid 
on  Monday,  Itate  the  terms  of  the 
loan,  and  the  taxes  he  had  to  propofe, 
for  the  purpofe  of  defiaying  the  inte- 
reft.  He  took  this  opportunity  of  in- 
forming the  houfe,  that  it  was  his  in- 
tention to  repeal  the  income  tax.  The 
houfe  refolved  itfelf  into  a  committee 
on  the  civil  lift.  Mr  Addington  raid,that 
before  he  would  enter  into  the  parti- 
culars of  the  report  now  on  the  table, 
he  vv  ilhed  to  call  the  attention  of  the 
committee  to  the  circumftances  which 
attended  kings  of  this  country  in  for- 
mer times.  The  foiUyes  of  revenue 
anciently  enjoyed  by  the  kings  offing- 
land,  not  Only  were  calculated  to  hli 
the  coffers  of  the  monarchs  who  pof- 
felVed  them,  but  alfo,  to  enable  theni 
to  opprefs  their  fu'ojects  ;  for,  when 
their  revenues  were  in  their  own 
hands,  they  had  the  lefs  occafion  to 
apply  to  this  houfe;  and  parliament, 
confequently,  had'  but  feldom  the  op- 
portunity of  exerciiing  that  privile^^e, 
which  can  alone  infarc  our  fafety— the 
privilege  of  impnhng  a  reitraint  on  the 
abufes  of  the  executive  government  of 
the  country.  It  wa^  only  m  tiie  reign 
of  Charles  II  ,  that  cftimates  were  in- 
troduced as  means  of  controui,  on  the 
expenditure  of  the  public  revenue. 
The  right  of  purveyance  and  pre-emp- 
tion vvas  given  up  as  a  fource  of  en- 
riching the  king — for  the  purpofe  of 
relieving  the  people  of  thiS  country 
from  a  prerogative  ib  injurious,  a  price 
was  to  be  paid  for  it  by  Parliament, 
3  A  2  in 


3S6 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64 


in  confequence  of  which,  an  hereditary 
revenue  was  granted  in  lieu  of  it.  la 
1697,  the  civil  lift  was  firlt  permanent- 
ly fettled,  and  the  aggregate  of  it  was, 
at  that  time,     680,000;  at  the  accef- 
fion  of  Queen  Anne,  it  was  L. 700,000. 
In  the  reign  of  George  1,  the  average 
expences  of  the  civil  lift  were  about 
L.  800,00c.    Applications  were  made 
to  Parliament  m  his  reign  'for  relief. 
At  the  acceflion  of  George  II.,  the  va^ 
rious  branches  of  revenue  which  h^d 
been  granted  to  Anne  and  George  I., 
were  then  voted  to  the  king  on  the 
throne,   but    it  was  ftipulated,  that 
Parliament  was    to    make  good  any 
deficiency  below  L.  8oc,ooo.  When 
his  prefent  Majefiy  came  to  the  throne, 
opinions  had  been  entertained,  that 
the  revenue  enjoyed  by  his  late  Msjefty, 
and  which  would  have  been  granted 
by  Parliament  to  his  prefent  Majefty, 
was  his  hereditary  revenue,  which  he 
was  entitled  to  in  right  of  his  crown. 
The  error  was,  that  the  hereditary  re- 
venue confifted  in  nothing  mure,  than 
what  was  given  to  Charles  II.,  in  lieu 
of  the  court  of  wards,  pre-emption, 
tonnage,  and  other  royal  prerogatives. 
There  was  no  doubt  in  the  mind  of 
Parliament,  with  regard  to  giving  his 
Majefty  the  fame  as  had  been  enjoyed 
by  his  predeceHbrs.    His  Mnjeity  in- 
deed, was  fully  perfuaded  there  was 
luch  an  intention  on  the  part  of  Par- 
liament.   In  confequence  of  his  Ma- 
jefty being  aware  of  the  ientiments  of 
Parliament,   a   meflage  was  brought 
foon  after  his  acceihon,  by  the  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer,  ftating,  that 
his  IVJajefty,  deiirous  of  giving  a  proof 
of  regard  for  tlie  weltare  of  his  people, 
left  it  to  his  Commons  in  making  pro- 
vifibn  for  the  fupport  of  the  dignity  ui 
his  crown,  to  arrange  fuch  difpoiitions, 
and  fettle  fuch  a  ium  for  the  expences 
of  his  houfehold   and   civil    lift,  as 
would  beft  fuit  the   interefts  of  the 
public.    The  condu6t  of  his  MajeUy, 
in  giving  up  his  hereditary  rights,  aud 
leaving  it  to  Parliament  to  provide 
the  whole  of  his  revenues,  has  been 
called  a  proof  of  the  moft  difmrerc  [^tt'd 
coridu<5l ;  and,  m  confequencc,  Fariia- 
ment  afiigned  a  revenue  of  L.  900,000, 
fabjedl  to  life  annuities,  to  the  amount 
of  L.  7c, ceo.    It  could  not  otherwife 
happen,  that  in  the  couri'e  of  a  long 
period,  growing  incumbrances  would 
^rifcj  which  would  reader  it  iieceffary 


for  his  Mqjefty  to  refort  to  Parliament, 
Accordingly,  in  1769,  an  application 
was  made  to  this  houfe,  in  confequence 
of  which,  a  grant  of  L.  513,511  waa 
made  to  his  Majerty,  to  make  good 
the  arrears  of  the  civil  lilt.    In  1775, 
L.  100,000  was  granted  for  the  fame 
purpofe.  In  1776,  incumbrances  ariftng 
from  an  increafe  of  expences,  reduced 
his  Mnjcfty  to  the  necelTity  of  tnaking 
another  a|>plication  to  Parliament,  and 
the  fum  of  L.  618,340  was  granted  to 
relieve  him  from  his  ditficulties.  In 
1754,    there    was   another   grant  of 
1/.  60,00®  ;  and  in  1786,  of  L.  210,000. 
The  whole  fum  that  had  been  granted 
at  d  ifferent  periods,  to  pay  ofT  the  ex- 
cels of  the  civil  lift  expences  has  been 
-L'  i»523,5ii.  Wc  have  arrived  at  that 
period,  when  his  Majefty  is  agiiia  un- 
der the  neceOity  of  requiring  the  af-^ 
liftance  of  the  houfe.    After  enlarging 
upon  the  ditTeient  caufes  of  the  accu- 
mulation of  debt,  Mr  Addington  con- 
cluded, by  moving,  '*  That  it  is  the 
opinion  of  this  committee,  the  ium  of 
L.  990,650  be  granted  to  his  Majefty^ 
to  difcharge  the  arrears  on  the  debt 
due,  and  owing  on  the  civil  lift,  on  tho 
5th  of  Januaiy  iSoz."    Mr  Fox  arofe, 
and  itated  his  objections  to  the  Chan, 
cellor  of  the  Exchequer's  motion,  and 
followed  him  in  his  hiftorical  fketch  of 
the  civil   lift,  and   endeavoured  to 
fhew,  that  this  mode  of  running  in 
debt,  and  then  appeahngto  Parliament 
to  remove  the  dithcultits,  was  furnilh- 
irig  a  dangerous  precedent — a  prece- 
dent, which  was  prima  facie  criminal, 
inalinuch,  as  it  is  obvioufly  oppofite  to 
a  pofitive  itatute.      Inftead,"  faid  Mr 
Fox,     of  the  motion  before  the  houfe, 
however  I  may  efteem  the  monarchy, 
or  hovvever  I  may  wnfh  for  eveiy  thing 
that  can  promote  the  eafe,  happinefs, 
fplendour,  and  glorv  of  the  monarch, 
I  fliould  recommend  an  addrefs  to  his 
Majefty,  in  which  the  houfe  ihould, 
uith  becoming  firmncfs  and  decoiuin, 
tell  his  iViajefty,  that  it  would  be  more' 
agreeable  to  the  principles  of  the  C(.;i- 
faiurion,'  more  conducive  to  the  ad- 
vancement of  his  own  reputation,  and 
to  the  interefts  of  his  people,  to  qua^ 
drate  his  expences  by  his  comings  in, 
to  afford  4bme  guarantee  to  the  coun- 
try agamft  any  fuch  applicatiQn  as  the 
prefent ;  and,  not  minding  what  fyco^ 
phants  might  recommend,  reiort,  when-j  ■ 
ever  he  Ihould  have  occafion  for  ad- 


April  t8o2. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


357 


vice,  to  Parliament,  the  only  depofitary 
of  the  public  will."  Mr  Pitt  ani'wered 
Mr  Fox  at  great  length,  and  with 
gieat  ability  ;  after  which  Mr  Tierney 
proceeded  to  make  Ibme  obiervations, 
and  concluded  by  moving,  "  That  the 
chairman  do  report  progrefs,  and  have 
leave  to  fit  again."  The  queltion  be- 
ing loudly  called  for,  a  divifion  took 
place,  when  there  appeared  for  Mr 
Tie.rney's  motion,  46.  Againit.  it,  228, 
A  iecond  diviiion  took  place  on  che 
main  queftion;  in  which  the  numbers 
were,  Ayes,  226— Noes,  51— Majority, 
175' 

Tuefday,  March  30.  The  refolation 
refpe6ling  the  civil  lift  was  agreed  to, 
after  fon>e  oppofition  from  Mr  Roblbn, 
Mr  Jones,  and  Mr  Nicholls. 

March  31.  Mr  Manners  Sutton  rofe, 
in  purluance  of  the  notice  he  had  given, 
to  move  for  the  inveitigation  of  the 
claims  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  to  the 
je venues  of  the  duchy  of  Cornwall, 
from  his  birth,  to  the  period  when  he 
came  of  age.    The  obje<5l  of  his  mo- 
tion would  be,  to  appoint  a  committee 
to  inquire  what  iums  had  been  receiv- 
ed, and.|)y  whom,  from  the  duchy  of 
Cornwall,  lince  the  birth  of  the  Prmc? 
oi  Wales  to  his  coming  of  age  ;  and  to 
what  purpoles  fuch  iuins  had  been  ap- 
plied. There  were  two  piincipal  points 
for  the  examination  of  the  hoafe.  The 
.firit  was,  whether  the  Prince  was,  oi 
was  not,  entitled  to  the  revenues  of 
Cotuvv^all,  from  the   moment   of  his 
biith:  the  feccnd,  whether  thole  re- 
venues had  been  applied,  ib  as  to  be- 
neiit  the  public.    The  firit  point  did 
not  involve  any  abftruie  qucition  of 
law.    The  title'of  the  Prince  of  Wales 
to  the  revenues  of  Cornwall  originated 
in  a  charter,  granted  by  Edward  III. 
to  his  fon  the  Black  Pi  ince.  Before 
ftating  farther,  he  begged  to  be  under- 
ftoud,  that  the  prefent  queftion  by  no 
iricans  lay  between  his  Majelly  and 
the  Prince  of  Whales.    The  king  had 
never  received  any  part  of  the  fums 
accruing  from  the  duchy,  nor  had  they 
been  applied  to  his  ufe.    He  then  (fa- 
ted, what  had  been  the  cafe  in  the 
eaily  periods  of  the  country.  Henry 
VI.  renewed  the  original  giant  to  his 
ion  the  t'rince  of  Wales  in  1455.  In 
147 2,  Edward  IV.  likewife  renewed 
the  grant,  when  the  Prince  of  Wales 
was  only  eight  months  old.    He  next 


ftated  all  the  reigns  down  to  James  T,, 
and  (hewed,  that  the  Prince  had  uni- 
formly enjoyed  the  revenues.  He  then 
came  down  to  George  II.  When  his 
late  Majefly  -afcended    the  throne, 
Frederick  Prince  of  Wales  was  minor, 
but  when  he  came  of  age,  he  received 
an  account  of  the  revenues  of  the  du- 
chy from  h's  father's  accelTion.  Th<i 
prefent  Prince   oi   Wales   was  born 
Duke  of  Cornwall,  there  was  r^o  acl  of 
acceflion  neceflary  on  his  part,  and  if 
there  had,  he  would  have  been  cruelir 
ufed,  had  it  not  been  obtained,  Thefc 
were  the  legal  titles  of  the  Prince,  and 
as  he  knew  of  no  authority  whic^ 
could  overturn  his  flatement,  he  own- 
ed he  felt  iurprifed,  that  this  claim  v/as 
riow,  for  the  firit  time,  dilputed.  Af- 
ter forne  farther  remarks,  he  conclud- 
ed, by  moving  for  the  appointment  of 
a  committee,  for  the  purpofes  Itated 
in  the  commencement  of  liis  fpeech. 
Sir  H.  IVlildmay  feconded  the  motion. 
The  Cl^'^ncellor  of  the  Exchequer  op- 
poied  the  motion.    Powerful,  he  faid, 
as  the  honourable  and  learned  gentle- 
man's Itatement  was,  he  acknowledged 
it  had  not  the  elTedt  of  convincing  him 
of  the  right  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  to 
the  revenue  of  the  duchy  of  Cornwall 
from  the  time  of  his  biith.  If  he  nnder- 
ftood  the  motion,  it  empowered  a  com- 
mittee to  inquire  into  precedents  ;  he 
would  a(k,  whether  fuch  a  motion  was 
ever  fubmitted  to  Parliament.    If  the 
claim  was  juii:,  he  was  lorry  it. had  not 
been  made  foouer.    If  there  was  a 
wrong,  there  were  means  of  redreis, 
but  not  by  inveitigation  in  Parliament 
'in  the  firlt  inllance.    If  the  attempt 
for  obtaining  redrefs  Ihould  not  prove 
fuccefsful,    the    fubject  would  come 
with  a  difterent  afpe^f  before  the  houie. 
Such  a  motion  as  the  prel'ent,  ought 
not  to  be  adopted,  but  upon  the  ground 
of  neceOlty.  He  concluded  by  moving, 
that  the  order  of  the  day  Ihould  be 
read.    Mr  Eifkine  followed  in  favour 
of  the  motion  of  Mr  Sutton  ;  he  ip-^ke 
at  great  length,  in  favour  of  the  right 
of  the  Prince  to  the  revenues,  and  en- 
tered into  a  minute  invelHgation  of 
the  point  of  law,  which  he  traced  back 
to  the  molt  remote  authorities ;  he  ar- 
gued upon  the  admitted  right,  during 
the  whole  period  of  the  hiitory  of  Eng- 
land ;  contending,  that  the  interpreta- 
tion was  not  doubtful,  but  clear  and 

decided 


358 


Imperial  Parliament.  Vol.  64,^ 


decided.  The  Mafter  of  the  Rolls  con- 
ceived, that  the  fubjed:  now  brought 
forward,  was  in  no  rerpe6l  prop  :r  to 
be  agitated  in  that  houie.  Mr  Fox 
lofe,  and  declared,  that  he  underftood 
the  queftion  before  the  houl'e  very  dif- 
ferently from  the  way  in  which  the 
gentlemen  on  the  other  fide  uf  the 
houfe  had  taken  it  up  ;  he  went  on 
with  great  ability,  to  elcab'iih  the 
claims'of  the  Prince,  and  advening  to 
the  a6l  of  Henry  VI  ,  argued,  thai  the 
Prii.ce  was  entitled  to  an  account  of 
the  iffues  of  the  nuchy,  from  tlie  day 
of  his  birth,  till  the  hour  he  came  of 
age.  He  law  the  houfe  in  the  lhapc 
of  a  debtor,  and  the  Prince,  that  ot  a 
creditor,  m  wuich  fliape,  if  any  point 
of  law,  during  the  inveftigation, 
fhould  arife,  and  that  therefore,  if 
the  Prir.ce,  by  exifting  laws,  had  no 
remedy,  furely  it  was  time,  tor  the 
fake  of  the  conliitution,  and  for  the 
fake  of  all  future  Princes  of  Wales, 
that  the  matter  ihould  be  finally  fet- 
tled. The  Attorney  General  went  in- 
to an  hi(torical  account  of  the  eitates 
of  the  duchy  of  Cornwall,  from  Henry 
I.  down  to  the  prefent  day  ;  in  the  de- 
tail of  which,  he  noticed  particularly 
the  events  coneerning  it  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VI.  faying  it  was  found  ex- 
pedient, in  conlequence  of  the  refrac- 
tory fpirit  of  the  then  Duke  of  York, 
to  alter  the  law  of  Edward  on  the  fub- 
jeci,  and  veil  in  the  king,  the  fole  au- 
ihority  over  the  revenues,  during  the 
minority  of  the  Prmce  of  Wales.  (Here 
a  fuggeftion  from  the  oppolite  bench 
fignified,  that  the  alteration  of  the  old 
law  fo  made,  was  afterwards  repealed 
in  the  fame  reign.)  Then  faid  the 
honourable  and  learned  gentlem.an, 
that  was  in  tim.es  of  trouble.  The 
gentleman  of  the  oppolite  fide  of  the 
houfe  are  well  veried  in  the  troubles 
of  their  country,  (a  general  burfl  of 
indignation,  and  a  cry  of  order).  Mr 
Tierney  was  of  opinion,  the  motion 
was  not  a  dry  point  of  law,  but  a  dry 
point  of  form.,  over  which,  the  houie 
had  competent  jurifdiction.  Lord 
Hawkefbury  did  not  conceive,  that 
the  motion  could  come  before  the 
houfe  in  any  other  fhape,  than  as  a 
queltion  for  examining  precedents,  and 
even  that  would  not  remove  the  prin- 
ciple ;  that  the  King  was  the  only  ac- 
countant, and  only  accountable  tp  the 


Prince.  Mr  Sheridan  faid  a  few  word?, 
principally,  in  reply  to  what  had  been 
fo  indecoioufly  advanced  againit  gen- 
tlemen of  the  oppofition  by  the  Attor- 
ney General.  Tne  ChaRc'ellor  of  the 
Exchequer  explained.  Mr  Percival 
fpoke  againll  the  motion.  MrTyr- 
whit,  Mr  Coicroft,  Sir  F.  Burdet,  M^ 
Jones,  and  Mr  D^nt,  in  favour  of  it. 
The  houfe  divided  ;  when  the  numbers 
were,  for  the  previous  queftion  i6o; 
againft  it  103.  The  motion  of  Mr  Sut* 
ton  was  of  courfe  loft. 

Friday,  April  2.  Mr  Canning's  mo- 
tion  for  papers,  refpe6ting  the  flave 
trade,  &-c.  in  the  ifland  of  Trinidad; 
was  agreed  to,  after  fome  obfervationsj* 
from  Colonel  Gafcoigne,  and  Mr  Wil- 
berforce.  ^ 

Morrday,  April  5.  The  Houfe  having 
refolyed  i'fclf  into  a  Committee  of  the  '. 
wh.olc  Houfe,  to  conridcr(^f  Ways  and  ; 
Means  for  raifmg  the  Supply  granted  ' 
to  his  Majelly,  the  Chancellor  of  the'  < 
Exchequer  addrcffed  the  committee ;  he  < 
faid  it  was  his  duty  to  remind  them  of  ? 
the  votes  of  fupply  which  have  been  ; 
already  agreed  to.    The   amount  of 
that  f(/r  the  navy,  is  taken,  ei^clufive  of;, 
ordnance  for  the  fervice,  at  7,^70,896!.  ^ 
The  fupply  for  the  army  of  Gre  it . 
Britain,  6,188,204!  ;  and  for  Ireland,  " 
1,520,1301.  los.  5d.    This  fum  was  to(' 
be  coiihdcred  as  a   fupply    for  five'i 
months  only.    In  the  ordnance  departs ^ 
ment,  tht  fum  voted  for  Great  Britain,'*- 
is  829,1661,  and  for  IieUnd  i25,oool<r' 
Under  the  he^d  of  mifcellaneous  fcr*,^ 
vices,  I  find  that  the  vote  for  Great'j 
Britain  amounts  to  260,482]. ;  that  fof^* 
Ireland  168,207!.  15s.  9I  \^  For  the  re**^ 
dudlion  of  the  natioriai  debt,  the  cuf-^'*^ 
tomary  vote  of  200,000!.;  for  the  c6r»* 
bounties  1,620,218!-;  and  for  the  de-^ 
ficiency  of  malt  duties  for  i8o0>  thc^/ 
fum  of  4Go,oGol. ;  with  ftTpcct  to  the ' 
intereft  of  Exchequer  bills,  the  diP 
courit  on  the  loan,  &c.  I  eilimate  at^. 
1,137,0731.    To  pay  off  the  Lxchequef^ 
bilib  in  the  pcfTcfTion  of  the  Bank,  a  ^u^'^l 
ther  fum,  to  the  amount  of  3  millionsJH 
was  neceflary  ;  and,  in  order  to  fupplyfw 
the  deficiency  of  1,200,000!.  voicd  for'^H 
the  fervice  of  the  year  i8ci,  out  of  the  ■ 
duties  granted  on  goods  exported  3n4,JB 
imported,    there    is    to    be  adde^^lB 
410,000!.  The  exad;  fum  of  the  civil  )ift:.H 
debt  is  990,053!. ;  and,  if  gentlemen  H 
would  take  the  trouble  to  caft:  up  the  jp 


April  1802. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


different  fums  of  fupply,  they  will 
find  them  give  a  total  of  a6,6i4,43ol. 
6s.  t^d.;  and,  of  this  total,  the  arnount 
of  the  fums  voted  for  Great  Britain, 
is  az,8o6,o9zI.  and  that  for  Ireland, 


359 


1,808,3381.  There  remains  to  be  voted 
for  the  deficiency  of  the  confolidatcd 
fund,  to  the  5th  of  April,  the  furn  of 
3>ioo,oool. 


Recapitulation  of  Supplier  1802,  'voted  previous  to  ^th  April. 

L.  7,770,896    o  o 


Navy,  exclufivc  of  Ordnance  for  Sea  Service, 
Army, 

Great  Britain,         -  .         L.  6,188,204  o 

Ordnance, 

Great  Britain,         -  .  . 

Ireland, 

Mifcellane^us. 

Great  Britain, 
Ireland, 

Red  iK^ ion  of  the  National  Debt, 
Corn  Bounties,  . 
Deficiency  of  Malt  Duty,  1800, 

Intereft  on  Exchequer  bills,  difcount  on  loan,  &c.  as  per 
difpofition  paper  ,  .  . 

To  pay  off  Exchequer  bills  in  pofTeffion  of  the  Bank, 

DeficierM:y  of  L.  i,ao 0,000,  voted  for  thp  fervicc  of  1801, 
out  ot  the  duties  on  goods  imported  and  exported. 

Amount  of  Civil  Lift  Debt,  .        ^  "^^j 


829,166  o 
125,000  o 

160,482  o 
i^>3>*07  15 


:} 


7j7o8,334  10    5  J 
954jI66    o  o 
4^2;689  15  9J 


200  000 
i,6zo,oi  8 
400,000 

I'I37»o73 

3,000,000 

410,000 
990,053 


SnT^      amount  of  fums  voted  for  Great  Britain  is 


L.  24,614,430  6 
22,8o6;Oy2  o 
1,808,338  o 


o 
o 
o 

o 
o 

o 
o 

2k 


L.  24>6i4.43o  o 


Ways  and  Means. 
The  firft  article  that  occurs,  is  that 
which  comprehends  the  duties  on  pen- 
fions  and  offices,  and  the  malt-duties 
amounting  to  2,750,000!.  The  next  is 
the  furplus  fubfcription  on  the  Ex- 
:hequer  bills  which  have  been  funded, 
iiiabng  a  fum  of  180,874!.;  and,  the 
oan  made  this  day,  confiltsof  25  mil- 
ions;  of  which,  X3  millions  are  to  be 
provided  for  by  Great  Britain,  and  t^o 


millions  for  Ireland.  Conftquentiy, 
with  the  malt-duties,  with  thufe  on  ot- 
fices  and  penfiqns,  the  furplus  fubfcrip- 
tion on  the  funded  Exchequer  bill^,  and 
the  loan,  the  amount  of  the  ways  and 
means,  voted  on  or  before  this  day, 
will  be  27,930,8741.  The  Chancellor 
next  Hated  the  terms  of  the  loan  ;  and, 
after  dating  the  furplus  remaining 
i2,ooo,oool.  he  avowed  his  intention 
of  repealing  the  tax  on  income. 


Recapitulation  of  JVays  and  Means,  1802. 
)uties  on  Penfions,  Offices,  &c.  and  Malt  Duties, 
surplus  Subfcriptions  on  Exchequer  bills  funded 
^oan  to  be  provided  for     r  Great  Britain    23,000,000  7 
y  t  Ireland  2,000,000  S 

amount  of  Ways  and  Means  voted  on  or  before  cth  Aoril 
lemorandum^Remains  to  be  voted,  ^  ^ 

Surplus  Confolidated  Fund  to  5th  January  1803. 
Lottery''''  Supplies  1803. 

LoaR  to  be  contra(fled  in  Ireland. 


L.  2,750,000 
180,874 

25,000,000 
L*  27,930,874 


Amount 


360 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


Amount  of  Stock  created  by  Loan  x8oa.    Capital  Stock.  InUrefi,  Management, 
.1.  per  Cent.  Confol.  Ann.  14,950,000 
\\.  per  Cent.  Reduced  ditto  13,800,000 
tl  per  Cent.  Deferred  Stock  to  be  added 

toConfols      -         -  -  1.601,375 


L.  30,351*375 

Intereft  on  the  Confols  and  Red. 

Ditto  on  the  Deferred  Stock  from  Jan.  5. 

1800.  - 
Management  on  the  whole 


862,500 

48,041 
13,^58 


924,199 


11,138,06* 


Amount  of  Stock  created  by  Exchequer 

bills  funded 
Intereft  thereon,  together  with  7,799!.  12s. 

lojcj.  Long.  Ann. 
/L  per  Cent,  thereon 
Management 

Amourit  of  Stock  charged  on  Income 

Duties         -         -  -  56.445*000 

Intereft  thereon  -  -  1,713^016 

Management  on  ditto  -  1,738,638 


431,043 

112, 2ZZ 
5,099 
 548,365 


L«97j934'437 


L.  3,211,202 


Neiv  Taxes, 
An  additional  duty  of  is.  4d.  per 
buftiel  on  malt,  and  a  farther  duty  of 
i^d.  per  pound  on  hops  ;  and  an  addi- 
tional duty  of  2S.  per  barrel  on  beer. 
A  tax  of  los.  per  annum  upon  ftiop- 
men  and  journeymen  who  refide  in 
their  maftei's  houfes.    And  a  duty  on 
exports  and  imports.     Thefe  taxes 
were  eOimated  to  produce  an  annual 
fum  of   3,211,6381-     Mr  Whitbrcad 
itrongly  objeatd  to  the  additional  tax 
upon  beer,  and  thought  that  the  ne- 
ccffity  of  railing  beer  to  4id.  per  pot, 
would  decreafe  the  confumption,  as 
the  wages  of  the  labouring  part  ot  the 
community  will  not  permit  them  to 
ufe  it  in  great  quantities  ;  fo  that  the 
brewefs  will  foon  be  in  a  much  worie 
fituafion  than  the  revenue.    Mr  Ad- 
dington  anfwercd  the  objedions  of  Mr 
Whitbread  ;  who  was  followed  by  Mr 
Pitt,  who  juaificd  himfelf,  as  the  mi- 
nifter  who  engaged  in  the  late  war, 
and  as  the  contriver  of  that  folid  fyf- 
tem  of  finance— the  income  tax.  The 
debate  was  further  prolonged  by  the 
obfervations  of  Mr  Burden,  w^ho  an- 
nounced his  intention  of  terminating 
his  parliamentary  career.    Mr  Grey  re- 
plied, at  great  length,  to  Mr  Pitt ;  but, 
after  many  tedious  obfervations  from 
Mr  Jones  and  others,  the  rcfolutions 


were  put  and  agreed  to,  and  the  report 
ordered  to  be  received  to-morrow.-- 
Adjourned. 

Tuefday,  x\piil  6.  Sir  R.  Peele  mo. 
ved  for  leave  to  bring  in  a  bill  for  th< 
prefervation  of  the  health  and  morals  o 
apprentices  in^the  cotton  mills  and  ma 
nufaaorics.  A  converfation  cnfued  be 
tween  Lord  Belgrave,  Sir  R.  Buxtdn 
Mr  Wilberforce,  &c.  who  fuggcft^< 
that  the  bill  might  extend  to  othe; 
manufa(5tories.  Agreed  to,  and  a  bil 
of  a  more  general  nature,  ordered.  ^ 

Mr  Addington  rofe,  and  after  payiO^ 
forae  high  comoliments  to  the  na.^ 
marine:<,  arrr.y,  and  fcncibles,  he  may 
ed  that  the  thanks  of  the  Houfe  be  %i 
ven  to  the  officers  of  the  navy,  army 
and  marines,  &c.  for  their  mentortou 
fervices  to  their  king  and  country  diu 
ing  the  war.  The  thanks  of  the  Hotti 
were  then  voted  nem.  con,  to  the  petT 
officers  of  the  navy,  army,  and  nw 
Tines;  to  the  officers  and  privates  c 
the  militia,  who  have  been  embodies 
fmce  the  war  ;  to  the  yeomanry,  volor 
teer  cavalry  and  infantry  ;  and  to  th 
fea  fencibles.    After  difpofing  ot  tti 
order  of  the  dav,  the  Houfe  adjourner 
Wednefday,  April  7.  Upon  the  m( 
tion  of  Sir  W.  Scott,  the  Houfe  wcr 
into  a  committee  to  conhder  of  the  at 
of  Henry  8th,  relative  to  non-relider 


Foreign  Intelligence.  361 


April  i8c2. 

clergy.  Tbe  motion  w.is  feconded  by 
Mr  Dicktnlbn.  Mr  Simeon  made  a 
few  obfcTvations.  The  Houfe  being 
refumtd,  the  report  of  the  committee 
was  agreed  to,  and  a  bill  ordered. 

Tkurfd;^y,  April  g.  Sir  W.  Scott 
brought  up  a  bill  for  amending  the  a(5l 
of  Henry  8th,  relative  to  the  non-refi- 
jden^e  of  the  clergy.    Read  a  firft  time, 


MONTHLY 


FOREIGN  INTELLIGENCE. 

FRANCE. 

The  Chief  Conful  convoked  the  Le- 
giflMtive  Body  by  proclamation.  They 
corhmenced  their  fittings  on  the  2olh 
ult.  Bonaparte  has  proaiifed  to  lay  a 
number  of  papers  before  thtm,  on  the 
ftate  cjf  the  French  nation.  This  is 
the  only  queftion  of  any  confequence 
that  is  m*:  litioned  ;  and  as  their  appro- 
bation is  all  that  is  txpecfed,  it  will  no 
doubt  be  foon  difpofid  of. 

Paris  papers  were  received  on  Sun- 
day to  the  9lh  inft.  They  contain  the 
Concordat^  as  agreed  upon  between  the 
French  Republic  and  the  Pope  :  They 
alfo  contain  the  report  and  debates 
upon  it  in  the  Legiflative  Body  and 
the  Tribunate.  In  the  latter  it  has 
been  adopted  by  a  majority  of  78  to 

The  Convention  w  ith  the  Pcpe,  with 
the  organic  laws  for  the  regulation  of 
religious  worfhip  throughout  the  Re- 
public, accompanied  by  a  ftattment 
of  the  grounds  on  which  they  are 
founded,  were  laid  before  the  Legifla- 
tive Body  by  Portal  is,  counfdlor  of 
Stale,  at  an  extraordinary  fitting  of 
the  5t:h  inft.  His  fpeech,  which  muit 
be  coDfidered  as  the  declaration  of  the 
fenliments  of  the  Government  upon 
this  important  fnbjedt  (and  is  remark- 
r.ble  for  its  depth  of  information  and 
juftnefs  of  reafoning),  occupies  twenty 
columns  of  the  Moriiteur.  It  traces 
all  the  circumftances,  and  developes 
the  motives,  which  have  led  to  the 
Convention  ;  a  Convention  which  will 

Vol.  LXIV. 


and  ordered  to  be  read  a  fccond  time 
to-morrow.  The  bill  for  granting  ad- 
ditional duties  in  .fcrvants,  carriages, 
horfes,  dogp.,  &c.  was  read  a  firft  time. 
The  houfe-taK  bill  was  read  a  fecond 
time,  and  ordered  to  be  com. "Ti  it  ted  to» 
morrow.  The  beer  and  malt-duty  bill 
was  likewife  read  a  fccond  ticie,  and 
ordered  to  be  committed  on  Monday. 


REGISTER. 


form  one  of  the  moft  memorable 
epochs  that  ever  occurred  in  the  an- 
nals of  ttie  Chiiflian  religion  ;  and  by 
which  the  Supreme  Pontifi' has  m^de 
every  conctfiion  to  which  the  molt 
fanguine  hopes  of  the  Firil  Confii.l 
could  afpire. 

As,  from  its  great  length,  it  is  im- 
poffible  to  detail  any  part  of  it,  we 
can  only  attempt  a  brief  outlme. 

The  Catholic  religion  is  declared  to 
be  the  religion  of  the  great  majority 
of  the  French  people.  The  Chief 
Ci.nful  is  to  prefent  to  ail  Archbilhop- 
rics  and  Biflioprics ;  the  number  of 
which  is  ten  of  the  former  and  fifty  of 
the  latter.  The  falary  of  the  Arch- 
bifliops  is  600I.;  of  the  BHhops  400I, 
a  year.  They  are  to  take  an  oath  of 
fidelity  to  the  Confnlar  Government, 
and  to  pray  for  the  Government  and 
the  Confuls  in  the  foijowing  words— 
Jjomincy  fal'vam  fac  Rempublicam* — 
Domine^  fal'vos  fac  Confules* 

The  celibacy  of  the  Clergy  is  con- 
tinued in  force  ;  biit  all  monaftic  intli- 
tiitions  are  fltidly  prohibited. 

Every  one  mult  rejoice  at  the  refto- 
rationf  of  peace  to  the  Galilean  church, 
and  at  the  titablifiiment  of  a  religion* 
code  in  France.  The  longer  a  mau 
lives,  the  more  deeply  is  he  convinced 
that  neither  the  itate  nor  the  indivi- 
dual can  profper  without  religion.  It 
is  the  confolation  of  ihe  good,  it  is  the 
fcourge  of  the  bad,  it  prompts  to  vir- 
tue by  the  certainty  of  reward,  it  dif- 
courages  vice  by  the  certainty  of  pu- 
nifhment.  The  Atheilt  is  an  obje<ft  of 
almcft  equal  pity  and  difguil  j  he  fac- 
3  B  rifice* 


Foreign  Tntelligence. 


Vol.  64, 


rifices  every  fource  of  prefent  and  fu- 
ture enjoyment.  His  fyftem,  in  the 
ele^rant  lanf:uage  of  Portalis,  tends  as 
much  to  difconned  mankind  as  reli- 
gion to  unite  them.  It  docs  not 
make  them  tolerant,  but  renders  them 
difpofed  to  turn  e  very  thing  ficred  into 
ridicule.  It  diffolves  all  the  ties  which 
unite  men  together;  it  dries  up  the 
fprings  of  fenfibility,  and  (lificsall  the 
fpontaneous  emotions  of  nature ;  it 
hardens  the  heart  ;  ;t  deliroys  every  en- 
dearing tie  ;  it  annihila^s  civil  fociety.'* 
The  French  pipers  alfo  contain  the 
intimation  of  a  treaty  of  peace,  figned 
on  the  35th  of  Mirch,  between  the 
French  Republic  and'  the  Bty  of 
Tunis. 

FRENCH  COLONIES  IN  THE  WEST  INDIES. 

Paris  papf rs  w<  re  received  on  Satur- 
day to  the  23d  ult.  and  on  Sun- lay  to 
the  25lh.  1  he  official  intelligence  from 
St  Domingo  is  extremely  important. 

The  proclamation  of  General  Le 
Clerc  is  defigned  to  enforce  an  exa\it 
difcipline  among  his  t!0(jps;  but  the 
difpatch  from  Admiral  V  illaret-Joyt  ufe 
is  little  more  than  a  duplicate  Of  the 
General's  letter,  as  the  fleet  had  no 
opportunity  of  being  brought  into  ef- 
fective operation. 

By  a  letter  from  Admiral  Linois  to 
the  Admiral  in  Chief,  it  appears,  that 
the  Dcifaix,  a  line  of  battle  Ihip,  com- 
manded by  Captain  Palliere,  who  dif- 
tinguifhed  himielf  near  Aigefira^r,  has 
been  totally  loft. 

Admiral  Villaret  has  addrefTed  a  let- 
ter to  the  Britifh  Commander  in  Chief 
of  Jamaica,  in  which  he  txprelTes  his 
confidence,  that  as  peace  is  reilored 
between  Great  Britain  and  France,  the 
Britifh  Com.mander  will  not  only  re- 
fufe  ail  fucccur  and  refuge  to  t!ie  re- 
bel colonifts,  hut  will  even  alTiil  the 
French  army  with  fuch  ar  iclesof  pro- 
vifion  as  the  neceflity  of  their  circum- 
Itances  may  require. 

Admiral  Gantheaum.e's  ^oiiadron  ;?r- 
rived  at  Cape  Fraiicois  v/o  t  re  lyrh  ulto 

It  was  afferted  at  the  Cape,  on  the 
morning  of  the  30th,  (Feb.  ao.)  that  a 
general  engagement  had  taken  place 
the  preceding  evening  between  the 
Trench  army  and  the  rebels,  and  that 
after  the  enemy  werccompletely  beater. 
General  Lcclerc  got  poiTcffioa  of  Tou  U 
faint's  camp. 


The  letter  containing  thefe  dctaiU 
adds,  that  the  Ocean,  Indivifible,  Pa- 
triote,  Revolution,  and  ConOiiution, 
with  the  Badine  frigate,  were  to  f^iil 
in  eight  days  for  a  ff  cret  detl ination, 
and  that  Admiral  Villaret-Joyeufe  was 
going  to  hoift  his  flag  on  board  the 
Gemappe,  into  which  he  was  to  re- 
move along  with  his  officers. 

The  k^ven  (loop  of  war  arrived  late 
ly  at  Porlunouth  from  St  Domingo, 
with  difpatches  to  Government  from 
Admiral  Duckworth.  She  Icfi  St  Do- 
mingo abi>ut  the  aoth  of  February,  and 
of  courfc  has  brought  later  intelli- 
gence than  tliat  which  has  been  r^cti- 
ved  by  the  French  Government.  We 
hear  that  a  general  battle  ha^  taken 
place,  in  v.hich,  after  a  m.ol  bloody 
and  obOinate  rcliftcincc,  Toufi'iint  vvaa 
defeated,  afrer  fpringing  a  mine,  in 
which  2ooG  of  the  French  troops  were 
blown  up.  The  lofs  on  borh  fidts 
vas  very  great.  ToiiiTiint,  after  his 
defeat,  efftded  his  retreat  into  the  in- 
terior, carrying  with  him  as  many  of 
the  white  inhabitants  as  he  could. 
General  Leclcrc  w-ai.  making  the  necef- 
fary  dilpofitions  to  follow  him  when  the 
Raven  failed'.  ■ 

The  papers  contain  the  expe(fled  dif- 
patches  from  the  army  of  StDommgo, 
dated  the  27th  of  February.  No  de- 
cinvc  ?.^\oi\  has  taken  place;  but  the 
regular  difciplmc  of  the  French  troops 
appears  to  prevail  in  every  encounttr. 
Some  of  ToulTiint's  Generals  have 
fubmitted  ;'the  open  country  has,  af- 
ter a  fhort  refittance,  been  abandoned 
to  the  French;  the  whole  SpaniOi  par: 
of  the  ifland  is  already  in  their  pvl" 
fcffion,  and  thsr  warfare  is  becorne  oi 
that  defultcry  nature  which  is  beft  fuit- 
ed  to  thr  :ir)dilciplineel  ftate  of  Touf- 
faint's  troops,  arid  thofc  parts  of  the 
country  to  which  be  has  retired. 

Thf  difpatches  confilt  of  letters  from 
G  rit  tal  Lecltrc  arid  Admiral  Villaret- 
J;^y;  ut'e  to  the  MiniJler  of  Marine, 
'i'iu  -te  from  the  former  are  dattd  Feb- 
ruary 2^.  and  IViarch  i. ;  and  from  the 
latter  March  4. 

A  letter  from  Vidor  Hughes,  dated 
Guadaioupe  the  i8th  Feb.  ftaies  t>>e 
colony  to  be  in  a  itate  of  perfect  tran- 
quillity ;  it  alfo  contains  a  long,  and 
not  very  modefc  euiogium  upon  the 
ruerits  of  his  own  government. 


April  1802. 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


363 


HOLLAND. 

The  Provifionary  Government  of 
Amarrdam  have  iiTucd  a  proclamatign 
to  all  thofe  under  iis  jurifaiaion,  m- 
formiiiir  them  of  certain  new  regula- 
tions, which  a.re  intended  to  remedy 
tht  Oate  of  pubhc  credit  in  that  city, 
uhich  has  long  been  the  fubjed  ut 
complaint. 

PRUSSIA* 

An  article  from  Berlin  dates,  that 
the  embaffy  of  General  Hedouviilc  to 
Berlin  has  o..ly  tended  to  alTure  the 
Kinp  of  Pruffia  and  the  Firit  Conful 
of  their  mutual  friendly  fentiments, 
but  that  no  buhnet^  has  been  t rani  la- 
cd  diinog  the  courfe  of  the  cmbaffy.  ^ 

'  Kis  Royal  Highncfs  Prince  Frederick 
of  Pi  uma  is  completely  recovered  ot 
his  indifpofition. 

GERMANY- 

The  Vienna  Gazette  announces  the 
death  of  Bnron  Herbert,  the  AuRnan 
Ambaffador  at  Conltantinople. 

SWITZERLAND. 

it  has  been  announced  in  Switzer- 
land, that  all  the  Swifs  officers  who 
were  formerly  in  the  Piedmontefe  ftr- 
'    Vice,  are  to  receive  their  penfions  from 
the  French  Government.  ^ 

It  is  faid,  that  the  integrity  and  in- 
dependence of  Switzerland  were  fecu- 
ved  at  Amiens. 

tURKEr. 

Lately^  a  Hamburgh  mail  arrived. 
The  only  important  intelligence  that 
it  contains  relates  to  Turkey  in  Europe, 
which  is  defcribed  as  one  wide  theatre 
of  commotion  and  diforder.  Romelia 
is  in  a  lUte  oMnfurredion,  Adrianople 
is  befie-ed  by  banditti,  and  the  eftorts 
of  the  Porte  to  fubduc  the  infurgents 
have  hitherto  proved  Iruitlcls. 

It  is  Orongly  rcportcdj  on  the  au- 
thorityof  the  letters  received  by  the 
I  lit  Dutch  mail,  that  the  partition  ot 
the  Tutkiih  Empire  is  meditated  by 
Ruftia,  Auftria,  and  Prulha,  tempted 
folely  bv  the  profpedt  ot  aggrandiie- 
ment-  It  is  faid  Ru^ia  and  AuRria 
will  immediately  invade  the  Turkiih 
dominions. 

AMERICA. 

New-York  papers  to  the  14th,  and 


Bofton  papers  to  the  i6th  ult.  were 
lately  received.  The  detail  fe- 
veral  conliderable  fires  which  have 
taken  place  in  different  parts  of  the 
•United  States ,  eleven  ftcnes  were  de- 
llroyed  in  Bodon  on  the  loth  of  March, 
chiJflv  upon  Lon^  Wharf.  But  the 
tire  which  fecms  to  have  occafioned 
the  molt  general  concern  and  furpnlc, 
is  that  of  Princetown  Gollfge  in  New 
Teif^y,  which  is  reduced  to  ihe  ground. 
It  was  an  elej^ant  edifice,  and  conh- 
dered  one  ot  the  mo^  refpeaal.le  col- 
leges  in  the  United  States.  Tnis  aft 
is  afcribedto  iomc  unknown  incendia^ 
ry. 

INDIA. 

We  learn  bv  a  letter  received  from 
Calcutta  by  the  Ihip  Lord  Thurlow, 
that  the  M^^rquis  Welleflty  was  at  Men- 
chir  on  the  28th  Septembcrj  having  ie.t 
the  Prehdtncy  on  the  ijlh  of  ^Augiift* 
His  Lordihip  was  expected  to  (tay  at 
Monghir  till  fome  arrangements  had 
been  carried  into  eftia.    Monghir  is 
generally  made  a  ftation  for  part  of  the 
h  ngliib  troops,  and  is  only  275  miles 
N.  W.  of  Calcutta.    Wf  fnrther  learn, 
tn'at  it  is  his  Lordfnip's  intention  to 
vifit  all  the  interior  parts  of  the  pro- 
vinces fubiecl  to  Bengal,  and  that  he 
me.ms  to  proceed  to  Lucknow,  in  or- 
der to  make  fome  arrangements  with 
the  Nabob  of  Oude.    The  palace  of 
the  Nabob,  therefore,  which  ib  feated 
on  a  high  bank  near  the  Goomty,  will 
receive  his  Lordihip  dur.ng  his  conti« 
nuance  at  Lncknow.    The  Swallow 
packet  arrived  at  Bengal  on  the  ijtli 
March  i8oi,  after  having  been  eigh- 
teen months  from  England  m  her  paf- 
faee  to  Canton,  and  from  thtnce  to 
Bengal.    This  vcfiTd  is  to  go  nuo  dock 
at  Btngal.    The  Earl  of  Morninuton 
packet,  Capt.  George  Simpfon,  arr^  ved 
at  Calcutta  on  the  iSth  ot  OctcD.r, 
and  was  to  be  difpatchcd  for  E'^S-f  nd 
in  September  following.  Tr.e  Swallow 
was  to  be  difpatched  foo.i  ^Iter  the 
Mornington.  ,   r  u 

The  Marquis  Welle  Hey,  before  be 
left  the  fc^at  of  the  Supreme  Govcro- 
H'.ent  to  viut  the"  inttrio.  j  appointed 
Peter  Speke,  E'q.  to  be  Vice-t'rtfident 
in  Council  at  Foit  WiUiam.  His  Loid- 
fl.ip  was  conveyed  up  the  river  in  a 
yacht,  preceded  by  the  Commander  m 

"^^'^  3B.  CoU 


3^4 


Definitive  Trc^aty  of  Peace. 


Vol.  64. 


Col.  Olircr,  of  the  Madras  Efiablifh- 
ment,  has  been  appointed  Civil  and 
Military-  Governor  at  Amboyna. 

A  orivate  letter  from  Bengil  infr)rms 
us,  that  a  dcfcendant  of  Zemauii  Shah, 
named  Shah  AbdalUh,  had  eniered 
C^'.nd  ihar,  with  a  view  to  enforce  his 
pretenfions  to  the  fuCcefli on  of  the  Go- 
venimenr.  Previous  to  which,  Shah 
Abdullah  had  cut  off  a  vaH  efcort  be- 
lon^viinir  to  the  Sultan  Shah  Fakeer,  and 
dilperfed  his  troops. 


DEFINITIVE  TREATY  OF  PEACE. 
From  the  JVtoTtiteitr, 

The  Firft  Conful  of  the  French  Re- 
public,  in  the  name  of  the  Prench  peo- 
ple, and  his  Majefty,thi  Kiiig  of  the 
Uniteil  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  being  equally  animated  with  a 
defire  to  put  an  end  to  the  calamities 
of  war,  have  laid  the  fv>ur.dalion  of 
peace,  by  the  Piiliminaiy  Articles, 
which  were  figned  in  London  on  the 
9th  Vcndemaire,  an.  10.  (lil  Os^tolxr 
1801). 

And  as  by  the  15th  article  of  the 
preliminaries  it  has  been  agreed  on, 
*'  that  Plenipotentiaries  fliould  be  nam- 
ed on  the  part  of  each  Govrrnment, 
vi'ho  Ihould  repair  to  Amiens,  and  there 
proceed  to  arrange  a  finitive  Treaty, 
in  concert  with  the  allies  of  the  cen- 
tra (fting  Power?." 

The  Firft  Conful  of  the  French  Re- 
pirn1i<:,  in  the  name  of  the  French  peo- 
ple, has  named  as  Plenipotentia4-y  the 
Cuizen  Jolcph  Bonaparte,  Counfeilor 
of  Kate. 

Hio  Majt^fty  the  King  of  the  United 
Kiifgdpm  of  Great.  Britain  and  Ireland 
has  named  the  Marquis  CornvvaMis, 
Knight  of  the  Moft  Noble  of  the  Gir> 
ter,  one  of  his  Maj.f^y's  Privy  Coun- 
cil, General  in  his  Majcfty's  army,  Sec, 
Sec, 

His  Majcfty  the  King  of  Spain  and 
th'  Indies,  ,Tnd  the  Government  of  the 
B  U  n-ian  Rt  pu'.lic,  have  appointed  the 
fjlio^ving  PK  nipotenriaiies,  to  wit,  Iiis 
Ca'holic  Maj.'!*y  has  named  Don  Jo- 
-feph  Nicola^:  d'Azara,  his  Counf.iior  of 
State,  Grand  Crofs  of  the  Order  of 
Charles  ill,  Ambaflador  Extraordinary 
of  his  Majeay  to  the  French  Republic, 
Sec.  &c. 

Ai'd  the  Goverriment  of  the  Batavian 
Republic  has  named  Roger  Jean  Schim- 


melpenninck,  its  AmhafFador  Extraor- 
dinary to  the  French  Ren»ublic,  Sec. 

Winch  faid  Plenipotentiaries  having 
duly  communicated  to  each  other  their 
refpe.nive  powers,  which  are  tranfer-ib- 
ed  at  the  coaclufton  of  the  prefent 
treaty,  have  agreed  upon  the  following 
articles : 

Art.  1.  There  (hall  be  peace,  friend- 
fliip,  and  good  underftanding  between 
the  French  Republic,  his  Majefly  the 
Kinir  of  Spain,  his  heirs  and  fucceiTors, 
and  the  Batavian  Rv-public,  on  the  one 
p;n-t,  and  his  Majefly  the  King  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  his  heirs  and  fuccefrors,  on  the 
other  part. 

The  contracting  parties  fhall  ufe  their 
utmoil  efforts  toprefervea  perfedl  har- 
mony between  their  refpedive  coun- 
tries, without  permitting  any  ad  of 
hoQdity  whatever,  by  fea  or  by  land, 
foi^  ,iny  caufe,  or  under  any  pretext. 

Thty  ihall  carefully  avoid  every  thing 
which  might  for  the  future  dirturb  the 
happy  union  now  re-e(lablilhed  be- 
tween tl)em,and  fhall  not  give  any  fuc- 
cour  or  protedion,  dire(5lly  or  indirec't- 
ly,  to  thofr  who  would  wilh  to  injure 
any  one  of  them. 

II.  All  the  prifoners  made  on  one 
fide  and  the  other,  as  well  by  land  as 
by  fea,  and  the  hoftages  carritd  off  or 
delivered  up  during  the  war  and  up  to 
the  prefv-nt  day,  fliall  be  reftored  with- 
out ranfom,  in  fix  weeks  at  the  lateft, 
to  be  reckoned  from  the  day  raiifica- 
tions  of  the  prttent  ti'eaty  are  exchang- 
ed, and  on  paying  the  debt  which  they 
fhall  have  contraded  during  their  cap- 
tivity.   E.(ch  of  the  contrading  par- 
ties lhall  re  fpectively  difcharge  the  ad- 
vances which  fliall  have  been  made  by 
any  of  the  contracting  parties  for  the 
fupport  and  maintenance  of  prifoners 
in  the  countries  where  they  have  been 
de:ame{l.     There  lhall  be  appointed, 
by  nnitua]  conftrrt  for  this  purpofe,  a 
commiflion,   fpecially  empowered  to 
aicertain  and  determine  the  compenfa- 
ticns  which  may  be  due  to  any  one  of 
the  contracting  parties.    The  time  and 
the  place  ihall  like  wife  be  fixed  by  mu- 
tual corifcnt  for  the  meeting  of  the 
commillioners  who  fliall  be  entrufled 
with  the  execution  of  this  article,  and 
who  ftali  take  into  account,  not  only 
the  exptnces  incurred  on  account  of 
the  prifoners  of  the  refpedive  nations, 
but  likewife  on  account  of  the  foreign 
troops,  who,  before  being  taken,  were 

in 


April  i8c2.         Definitive  Treaty  ofPeade. 


in  the  pay,  and  at  the  difpofal  of  one 
of  the  contradting  panics. 

III.  His  Briiannic  Majedy  reftores  to 
the  French  Republic  and  its  allies,  viz. 
his  Catholic  Maj:  fty  and  the  Bataviaa 
Republic,  all  the  poflTc/rions  and  co- 
lonies which  refpedively  belonged  to 
them,  and  which  have  been  cither  oc- 
cupied or  conquered  by  the  Britifh 
farces  during  the  courfe  of  the  prefent 
war,  with  the  exception  of  the  illand 
of  Trinidad  and  of  the  Dutch  pulfef- 
fions  in  the  illand  of  Ceylon. 

IV.  His  Catholic  Maje/ly  cedes  and 
guarantees  in  full  property  and  fovc- 
reignty  the  ifland  of  Trinidad  to  his 
Britannic  Majefty. 

V.  The  Baiavian  Republic  cedes  and 
guarantees  in  full  property  and  fove- 
feignty  to  his  Britannic  M'^jefty,  all 
the  pofTefTions  and  eftablilhn.ents  in 
the  ifland  of  Ceylon,  which  previous 
to  the  war  belonged  to  the  United 
Provinces,  or  to  the  Dutch  Ealt  India 
Company. 

VI.  The  port  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  remains  to  the  Batavian  Repub- 
lic in  full  fovercignity,  in  the  fame 
manner  as  it  did  previous  to  the  war. 

The  fhips  of  every  kind  belonging 
to  the  other  contrading  parties  fhaH  b^ 
allowed  to  enter  the  faid  port,  and 
there  to  purchafe  what  provifions  they 
may  ftand  in  need  of  as  heretofore, 
without  being  liable  to  pay  any  other 
impotts  than  luch  as  the-  Iiatavian  Re- 
public compels  the  Ihips  of  its  own  na- 
tion to  pay. 

Vir.  The  territories  and  pofTeffions 
ot^  her  Moft  Faithful  Majefty  are  main- 
tained in  their  integrity,  fuch  as  they 
I  ^vere  antecedent  to  the  war.  Howe- 
ver the  boundaries  of  French  and  Por- 
tuguefe  Guiana  are  fixed  by  the  liver 
Arawan,  which  empties  itieir  into  the 
ocean  above  Cape  North,  near  the  if- 
•'jinds  Nuovo  and  Pcnetentia,  about  a 
fJcgree  and  a  third  of  north  latitude, 
i  title  boundaries  Ihall  run  along  the 
river  Arawan,  from  its  nnouth  the  moft 
mutant  from  Cape  North  to  its  fource, 
jnd  afterwards  on  a  right  line,  drawn 
rom  that  louice,  to  tne  Rio-Bauto 
•uwards  the  weft. 

In  confcquence,  the  northern  bank  of 

W  the  territories 

ionn  ^^"-"^'^^  of  the  line  of  the 
boundaries  laid  down  as  above,  Hull 


•  belong  in  full  fovereignty  to  the  French 
Republic. 

The  fouf  hern  bank  of  the  faid  rire-. 
irom  the  lame  mouth,  and  all  the  ter- 
ritories  to  the  fouth  of  the  faid  line, 
ihall  belong  to  her  Moft  Faithful  Ma- 
jeljy. 

The  navigation  of  the  river  Ar;iwari. 
along  the  whole  of  its  courfe,  fhall  be 
common  to  both  nations. 

The  arrangements  which  have  been 
agreed  i:pon  be  ween  the  Courts  of 
Madrid  and  Lifbr>n,  refpe^ting  tht  fet- 
tlemtrnt  of  their  boundaries  in  Europe, 
^all  never? hclcfs  be  adhered  to,  ror! 
tormably  to  the  ftipulations  of  the 
treaty  of  Bidnjos, 

^  yill  The  territories  pomrflions,  and 
nghts  of  the  Sublime  Poi  tt,  are  main- 
tamed  in  their  integrity,  as  they  were 
before  the  war. 

IX.  The  Republic  of  the  Seven  If- 
lands  is  rtcognifcd, 

X.  ^  The  ifl.mds  of  Mqita,  Gozo,  and 
Comino,  fhall  be  reftorcd  to  the  Order 
of  St  John  of  Jerufakin,  to  be  ndd  on 
the  lame  conditions  on  which  it  pulllf- 
ea  them  btfore  the  war,  and  under 

tlie  following'  aicularions: 

I.  The  K'iighls  of  the  Order,  whofe 
languages  faall  continue  to  fubiifl,  after 
the  exchange  of  the  ratific^ltion  of  the 
prdeiU  treaty,  arc  invited  to  return  to 
Malta,  as  loon  as  the  exchantre  lhali 
have  taken  place.  They  will  there 
torm  a  general  chapter,  and  proceed  to 
the  elec^tion  of  a  Grand  Mailer,  chof^^n 
from  among  the  natives  of  the  nations 
which  prtftrve  their  language,  uniefs 
that  eleChon  has  been  already  made 
fince  the  exchange  of  the  prelimina- 
ries. 

It  is  underftood  that  an  eleaioti 
made  fubfcquent  to  that  epoch  ihali 
alone  be  coijlidered  valid,  to  the  exclu- 
hon  of  any  other  that  may  have  takca 
place  at  any  period  prior  that  epoch. 

2.  The  Government  of  the  French 
Republic  and  of  Great  Britain,  deli,  i.ii- 
to  place  the  Order  and  Ifland  of  Malta 
in  a  Itate  of  entire  indeoendence  with 
lefped  to  them,  agree  that  there  lhad 
not  be  either  a  French  or  Englidi  lan- 
guage ;  and  that  no  individual  belong, 
ing  to  either  the  one  or  the  other  of 
thefe  powers  ihall  be  admitted  into  the 
Order. 

3.  There  fliall  be  eftabli/hed  a  Mal- 
tefc  language,  which  ihall  be  fupported 

by 


366 


Definitive  T realy  of  Peace. 


Vol.  64- 


iv  the  territorial  revenues,  and  com- 
lutrcial  duties  of  the  Ifl:ind.  1  tns 
language  ttiail  have  peculiar  d.giu- 
lie^,  ail  eiiabliibmcnt,  anfl  an  hou:i. 

Proofs  of  liobility  (hail  not  be  necel- 
farv  lor  the  ?.dri.iH»on  of  Krui^hts  ot 
iht'laiW.;  and  thcyibail  be  mon^- 
ever  admdiabie  to  ail  otficcs,  and  iball 
.i.joyaU  privileges  in  the  lanje  man- 
ner as  Uie  KnighLs  of  che  other  Ian- 
i?uaec>^-.  At  WA\  bait  of  the  nr.unicipM, 
^0!:,iiutlralive,  civil,  judicial,  and  o- 
fh^r  employments  -depending  on  tl-e 
Government,  lhall  be  ttlUd  by  inhubi- 
t.^nts  of  the  Uiauds  ot  Malta,  Gozo, 
jind  CoinioQ.  • 

4  I'hf  forces  of  his  Britannic  Ma- 
ici(i  liiaii  evacuate  tnc  Iliand.  and  its 
dependencies,  wilhm  three  muiiths 
fufni  the  exchange  of  the  ratitications, 
01  fooner  if  poflibk-  At  that  epoch 
it  Ib.ll  be  given  up  to  Ibe  order  in  us 
prtiunt  aate,  provided  the  Grand  Maf- 
ter,  or  Ccnuniirarics  tuUy  auihoiikd 
accoiding  to  the  Ratutes  of  the  Order, 
lhall  be  m  the  iHand  to  take  pofieliion, 
and  that  the  force  which  is  to  be  pio- 
viacd  by  his  Sicilian  Majeily,  as  is 
hereafter  hipulatcd,  flu^dl  have  arnvtd 

^^VrOne  half  of  the  gP.rrifon,  at  leafr, 
fiail  be  aUays  compoicd  of  native 
Ivialtefe;  for  the  remainder  the  Order 
n^ay  levy  recruits  in  thole  countries 
uluch  contii.ue  topcffelsthe  Ur.^uagts 
(pcjftder  Us  kPigtas).  I'ne  Maltelc 
tioop.<h.l!  f^ave  iV.'Hltefe  cfticer..  I  ne 
Commander  m  Ch.et  of  the  Garnion, 
well  as  the  nummaiion  ot  tne  ot- 
heer«  ihail  pertam  to  the  Grano  xVi^l- 
tcri,  and  this  right  he  cannot  rclign 
even  temporarily,  except  m  Livuur  ot  a 
Knieht,  and  in  concurrence  with  the 
aov.ce  of  the  Council  of  the  Order. 

6.  The  indtpcndcnce  ot  the  Hies  ot 
Malta,  of  Gozo,  and  Comino,  ai>  well 
as  the  preftnt  anan^^ement,  lhall  be 
placed  under  the  pri)teeHion  and  gua- 
rantee of  France,  Great  Britain,  /iul- 
tria,  Spam,  Ruffia,  and  P^ufTia. 

7  The  neutr.hiy  of  tne  Order  and 
of  the  Ifland  of  Malta,  with  us  depen- 
.  dencieb,  lb  proclaimed. 

8.  '1  he  ports  of  Malta  ftiall  be  open  to 
the  commerce  and  the  navigation  of  all 
nations,  who  lhall  there  pay  equal  and 
moderate  dutieii;  thefe  ^^^j^^^^^'^'^^,^ 
.npplied  to  the  cultivation  ot  the  M^l- 
tele  language,  aslpecifiedin  paragraph 
3  to  that  of  the  civd  and  nuhtary  ei- 


tabliiliments  of  the  ifland,  as  well  as  Xo 
that  of  a  general  Lazaretto,  open  to  all 
colours. 

9.  The  dates  of  Barbary  are  excep^ 
ted  from  the  conditions  of  ihe  precede 
ing  paragraph?,  until,  by  rntans  ot 
ai  rangernent  to  b'-  procured  by  the  con^ 
tr:uMing  parties,  the  fydein  of  lioitihtic| 
which  fubftft  between  theSt  itcsof  B.riv 
bary,  and  the  Order  of  St  Johi^  or  th| 
powe r^  pc'fi'-  iTmg  the  langu  or  con. 
curring  in  the  compohtiem  of  th.e  Gra- 
der, lhall  h«ve  coalVdi 

10.  The  Order  Oiall  be  governecf^ 
boih  with  refpta  to  Spirituals  an] 
Temporals,  by  the  fame  fiatutes  vihic 
were  m  force  when  the  Knights  lef, 
the  Ifie,  as  far  <vs  the  pn  l>nt  treat! 
ftiall  not  deiogatc  from  them.  ^ 
II   The  re'>;ul  uions  contamed  in  V\ 
paiagraphs  HI.  V.  VIT.  VllK  and  ^ 
lha!l  be  convcrte<i  into  laws  and  pc^ 
petufll  flatutes  of  the  Order,  in  the  cui 
tomary  manner;  and  the  Grand  Ma< 
ter,  or,  if  lie  iliall  not  be  in  the  lflaj| 
at  the  tirtie  of  its  refloration  to  the 
dcr,  his  Reprejcntative,  as  well  aa 
fuccdfors,  fhall  be  bound  to  take  1 
oath  for  their  pun(5^ual  obfervance- 

12.  His  Sicilian  M.'jeiiy  fhall  be  if 
vited  to  furnilh  two  thoufand  men,  X[ 
lives  of  his  Hate^i,  to  fcive  in  garri|" 
ot  the  different  fortrelTes  of  the  faidj 
ands.    That  force  fhall  remriin  <| 
year,  to  bear  date  from  their  refiitij 
tion  to  th'i  Knights;  and^if,  at  tjicj** 
piraiion  of  this  ttrm,  the  order  fhf 
not  have  railed  a  force  fufiicient,  in| 
judgment  of  the  guaranteeing  power 
to  garj  iioa  the  ifland  and  its  depended 
cies,  fuch  as  is  fpecified  in  t'^ 
graph,  the  Neapolitan  troops  fli 
tinue  there  until  they  lhall  be  v-rpi.. 
ed  by  a  force  deemed  fufScient  by  t 
faid  powers. 

13.  The  different  powers  dchiTnatt 
in  the  6th  paragraph  ;  to  wit,  Franc 
Gieat  Britain,  Aultna,  Spain,  Ruu 
at.d  FrulHa,  lhall  be  invited  to  acc. 
to  the  prefent  hipulaiione* 

XL  The  French  troops  fhall  eyac 
ate  the  kingdom  of  Naples  ami  tb$*| 
man  States;  the  Englilh  forces  ihi#sl 
fo  evacuate  Porto  Ferrajo,  ai)d  ger 
rally  all  the  ports  and  iflands  that  t. 
occupy  ia  tlie  Mediterranean  or 
Adriatic. 

XH.  The  evacuations,  celtions, 
rellitutions,  ftipulated  by  theprtl 
Ueatv,  iiiall  be  executed  in  Jiu' 


April  1802,  Defijikive  Treaty  of  Peace, 


3^7 


within  a  month  ;  on  the  continent  and 
feas  of  America  and  Africa,  in  three 
months ;  on  the  continent  and  ftas  of 
Afi  1  in  the  fix  months  which  ftiall  fol- 
low the  ratification  of  the  pn  fent  defi- 
nitive treaty,  except  in  cafe  of  a  fpecial 
fcArvation. 

XIH.  In  all  cafes  of  l  eftilution  agreed 
upon  by  the  prefent  treaty,  the  fortifi- 
cati(.i)3  fhall  be  rcftored  in  the  condi- 
tion ihey  were  at  the  time  of  the  fi^^n- 
ing  tiie  preliminaries  ;  and  all  the  works 
v\tiich  lhali  have  been  con Ih  u(51ed  fince 
their  occupation  ihall  remain  untouch- 
ed. 

It  is  agreed,  befides,  that  in  all  the 
ftipnlcited  cafes  of  cefiions,  there  fhall 
be  allowed  to  the  inhabitants,  of  what- 
ever rank  or  nation  they  may  be,  a 
term  of  three  years,  reckoning  from 
the  notification  of  the  prefent  treaty 
to  difpofe  of  all  their  properties,  whe- 
ther acquired  or  po/TclTed  by  them  be- 
fore, or  during  the  continuance  of  the 
prcfcnt  war;  during  which  term  of 
thiee  years  they  Ih^ll  have  free  and  en- 
tire liberty  to  cxcrrcife  their  religion, 
and  to  enjoy  their  fortunes.  The  fam.^ 
power  is  granted  in  the  countries  that 
ire  hereby  reftored,  to  all  prrfons,  whe° 
Ihtr  ijihabitants  or  not,  who  fiiall  have 
■ormed  any  eftablifhnunts  there,  dur- 
wg  the  limes  that  thefe  countries  wete 
n  the  rolTlrflion  of  Great  Britain. 

As  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  countries 
eftored  or  ceded,  it  is  heieby  agreed, 
hat  no  pcrfon  fhall,  under  any  prc- 
ence,  be  prolecuted,  diilurbed,  or  mo- 
either  in  pcrfon  or  property,  on 
nt  of  his  political  conduct  or  o- 
1,  or  for  his  attachment  to  any  of 
ntracting  parties,  on  any  account 
ver,  except  for  debts  contraded 
mdividuals,  or  for  aCli  fiibfcquent 

prefent  treaty, 
i  V.  All  the  ftqucftrations  laid  on 
!  lides  on  funds,  revenues,  and  cre- 
of  whatever  nature  foever  they 
!>e,  bvlonging  to  any  of  the  con- 
powers,  or  to  th(  ir  citizens  or 
ts,  fhall  be  taken  off  immediate- 
-r  the  lignature  of  this  definitive 

ie  decifion  of  all  chiims  among  in- 
■  als  of  the  refpcdive  nations,  for 
^,  property,  efft  ^s,  or  rights,  of 
|,  'y  nature  whatfoever,  which  /hould, 
I  :cordmg  to  received  ufage?,,  and  the 
|!  w  of  nations,  be  preferred  at  the  e- 
lltKhof  the  p^acr,  fhall  be  referred  to 
I  JJ<^']."ipctent  tribunals:  In  all  thofe 
■  ^sfpcedy  and  complete  juftice  Iball 


be  done  in  the  countries  wherein  thofc 
claims  fijal!  be  refpe<5tively  preferred. 

XV.  The  fi/heries  on  the  co^ifls  of 
Newfoundland,  and  of  the  adjacent 
iflands,  and  in  the  Gulph  of  St  Lavr- 
rerrc,  are  placed  on  the  fame  footii/g 
as  rhey  were  bf  fr)rc  the  war. 

Th.c  French  Fifherman  of  Newfound- 
land, and  the  inhabitants  of  the  illjndfi 
Q'' St  Pie  rre  and  Miqiielon,  f^iall  have 
liberty  to  cut  fuch  wood  as  may  he  ne- 
ccifary  for  them  in  the  Bays  of  Fortune 
and  Defpair  during  the  fii  ft  year,  rec- 
koning fr(]»m  the  ratification  of  the  pre- 
fent treaty. 

X'VI.  To  prevent  all  grounds  of  cor*-- 
plaint  and  difputes  which  might  arile 
on  account  of  captures  which  may  have 
been  made  at  fea  fubftquent  to  the 
fig-ning  of  the  preliminaries,  it  is  reci- 
procally agreeds  that  the  fhips  and  pro- 
perly which  may  have  been  taken  ia 
t!ie  Ch.mnel,  and  in  the  North  Seas, 
after  a  fpace  of  twelve  days,  ^rcekorj- 
ing  from  the  exchange  of  the  ratifica- 
tions of  the  preliminary  articles,  ihall 
be  rellored  on  the  one  fide  and  on  the 
other;  that  the  term  fliaii  be  one  month 
for  the  fpace  from  theChajnnd  and  the 
North  Seas,  as  far  as  the  Canary  Illands 
inclufively,  as  well  as  in  the  Ocean  as 
in  the  Mediterranean  ;  two  months 
from  the  Canary  Iflands  to  the  Equa- 
tor;  and,  finaiiy,  five  months  in  ail 
the  other  parts  of  the  world,  without 
any  further  exception  or  diflindion  of 
time  or  pi  ace. 

XVII.  The  AmbafTadors,  Minifters, 
and  other  Agents  of  the  Contractir?g 
Povvert],  (hall  enjoy  rcfpeclivelv  in  the 
States  of  the.  feid  Powers  the  fame 
rank,  privileges,  prerogatives,  and  im- 
munities which  were  enjoyed  before 
the  war  by  Agcntt.  of  the  fame  cUU. 

XVni.  The  branches  of  the  Houfe 
of  Nallau  which  were  eltabliihcd  in  the 
ci-divant  Republic  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, now  tlse  BUiivian  Reonblic, 
having  experienced  fome  loffe?,  as 
well  with  refpea  to  private  propertv 
as  by  the  change  of  conllitution  adop- 
ted in  thofe  countries,  an  eqinvalent 
CO  T  penfrition  fhail  be  procured  for  the 
lofles  which  the  lolfes  which  fliall  be 
proved  to  have  fuilained. 

XIX.  Tl.e  prefent  D.fifutive  Treaty 
of  i'eace  is  declared  common  to  the 
Sublime  Ottoman  Porte,  the  Ally  of 
hisBrirannic  Majefty,  ,md  the  SubHm.c 
Porte  fiiail  be  invited  to  tranfa)it  its 
a;^  of  accefiion  as  foon  as  poQibie. 

XX. 


Foreign  and  British  Intelligence.  Vol,  64^ 


XX.  It  is  agreed  that  the  contrac^in;^ 
panics  upon  requ'ritions  madt  by  them 
lefpe^ively,  or  by  their  Minifters  or 
officTTs  duly  athoriftd  for  that  purpofe, 
fliall  be  bound  to  deliver  up  r^^  jultice 
peifons  acdifcd  of  irurder,  f'  rgcry, 
or  fraudulent  bmk-uptcy,  committed 
within  the  jurifclidion  of  the  rcqninng 
party,  provided  that  this  ftiall  only  be 
done  in  cait'i  in  which  the  evidence  of 
the  crime  fUall  her  fuch  that  llie  laws  of 
the  place  in  which  the  accufcd  Hiall  be 
difcovertd  u'ould  have  authorifcd  the 
dttaining  and  bringing  him  to  tri.d,  had 
the  oflVnce  bt  en  committed  thert.  The 
c'y4)ences  of  the  arrtlt  and  the  prcfc- 
cution  (hall  be  defrayed  by  the  party 
making  the  rtqnlniion  ;  but  this  article 
has  no  fort  of  rctert- ncc  to  crimes  of 
murder,  forgtry,  or  fraudulent  bank- 
ruptcy, coir.miUt.u1  before  the  conclu- 
iion  of  this  Definitive  Treaty. 

XXI.  The  contraaii'g  parlies  pro- 
mife  to  obferve  finctrcly  and  faithfully 
all  the  articles  contained  in  the  pn  iVnt 
treaty,  and  will  not  futfcr  any  fort  of 
countciadion,  dircCt  or  indire^>,  to  be 
made  to  it  by  their  cit'zens,  orrefpcc- 
tivt  fubje^^M  and  the  contn  ding  par- 
ties guarantee,  generally  ind  recipro- 
cally, all  the  Itipulations  of  Lheprtfei  t 
treaty. 

XXII-  The  prcftnt  treaty  to  be  rati- 
fied by  the  contracting  parties  in  thirty 
days,  or  fooner,  if  pofiible,  and  the  ra- 
tifications fhall  be  exchanged  in  due 
form  at  Paris. 

In  tcftimony  whereof,  we,  the  un- 
dtrfigned  PkniDotcnliaries,  have  fign- 
cd  with  our  haiidt,  and  in  virtue  of 
our  refpective  full  powers,  the  prefent 
definitive  treaty,  caufing  it  to  be  leal- 
td  with  our  refpective  fcals. 

Done  at  Amiens,  the  4th  Germinal, 
in  the  year  10.  (March  25.  1802.) 
(Signed)    Bonaparte  (Jofeph) 

CORNWALLIS, 

AzARA,  and 

SCHIMELPENNINCK. 

A  corrca  copy,  J.  Bonaparte. 
BRITISH  INTELLIGENCE. 

FROM  THE  LONDON  GAZETTE. 

Whiteknll,  March  23. 
The  King  has  been  pkafed  to  prefent 

the  Rev  Kennedy  to  the  church 

and  parifli  of  Applecrofs,  in  the  pr^fby- 
tery  of  Lochcai  run  and  county  of  Rofs, 
vacant  by  the  tranllution  of  the  Rev 


John  McQueen  to  the  church'and  parifli 
of  Gairloc  h. 

IVarOffice^  March  24. 
His  Maj.  fty  has  been  pleafed  to  ap« 
point  f^iCneral  his  Royal  Highnefs  Ed- 
ward Duke  of  Kent,  K.  G.  to  be  Go- 
vernor of  Gibraltar,  vice  Gen.  Charici 
O'Hara,  deccafed. 

Douunin^  Street,  March  27. 

The  King  ha^  been  pleafed  to  appoint 
Sir  James  Craufutd,  Bart,  to  be  his  M  i- 
jefly's  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minif- 
ter  Plenipotentiary  to  the  King  of  Den- 
mark. 

The  King  has  alfo  been  pleafed  to  ap- 
point Francis  Hill,  Efq;  to  be  his  Ma- 
jel>y's  Sceretary  of  Legation  at  the  fame 
court. 

The  King  has  alfo  been  pleafed  to  ap- 
point Charles  Fcnv»ick,  Kfq;  to  be  his 
MajcOy'^^  Conful  at  EUincur. 

The  King  has  alfo  been  pleafed  to 
approve  of  Andrew  Cafpar  Giefe,  Efq; 
to  be  his  Pruflian  Mijclty's  Vice-Cun- 
ful  at  the  port  of  London. 

Dooming  Street y  March  29. 
Mr  Moore,  AfTidant  Secretary  fo 
Marquis  Cornwalli*;,  arrived  this  morn-r 
ing  a',  nine  o'clock  with  the  Definitive 
Treaty  of  P'face,  which  was  figned  at 
Amiens  at  four  o*cloc  k  in  the  afrernoon 
of  the  27th  intrant,  by  the  Plenipoten- 
tiary  of  hi^l  Mnjcfty,  and  by  the  Pleni- 
potentiaries of  France,  Spain,  and  the 
Batavian  Republic. 

Carletcn-Hou/e,  Jpril  11. 
His  Royal  Highnefs  the  Prince  of 
Wales  has  been  pleafed  to  appoint  the 
Hon.  Thon^as  Eifkine  to  the  office  of 
Chancellor  and  Keeper  of  bis  Royal 
Highnefs's  Great  Seal. 

Whitehall^  April  1'], 
The  King  has  been  p'eafed  to  grant 
the  dignity  of  a  Baron  of  the  U  nte 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
unto  Sir  Edward  Law,  Knight,  Chitt 
Juftice  of  his  Majefty's  Court  of  King's 
Bench,  and  to  the  heirs  male  of  his  bo- 
dy lawfully  bt  gotten,  by  the  name,  ftile, 
and  title  of  Baroi.  Eilenborough,  of  El- 
lenborough,  in  the  county  of  Ciimber- 
land. 

LONDON. 

March  26.  On  Tuefday  afternoon, 
died,  univerfally  regretted,  Henry  Earl 
of  Fauconberg.  His  Lordiliip  was  tak- 
ing a  walk  in  the  New  Road,  and  it  is 

pre- 


April  i8o2. 


British  Intelligence. 


3% 


prt fumed  was  fcizcd  with  an  attack  in 
his  head,  which  compelled  him  to  r^o 
into  a  houfe  on  the  fpot  where  he  was 
taken  ill.  As  (oon  as  he  was  in  the 
houfe,  he  was  jult  able  to  articulate, 
"  Send  for  Mr  Heavilid.,"  whom  ac- 
cidentally i^t  family  knew.  His  Lord- 
Ihip  ciirectly  rtfter  became  fpeeciikfs  and 
fenlcUfs.  Mr  Heavifide  was  feiit  for, 
and  vvcPt  imUiedi^iiely,  and  fou  .d  his 
Lordiljjp  in  an  apopledic  ht :  He  di- 
rectly wrote  to  Lady  Fauconbtrg,  to 
bring  injlantly  a  phyficMi.  ;  and  ni  the 
mean  time  bled  him  in  the  tempoial 
artery,  and  ufcd  other  means  till  rheh' 
arrival ;  buc  unfortunately  his  Lordihip 
furvived  only  an  hour  after. 

By  the  death  of  the  Earl  of  F^i^con- 
ber^,  the  Lord  Lieutenantcy  anu  Cuitos 
RotuloruTii  of  the  Noith  Riding  (.f 
Yorklhire  becomes  vacant.  His  Ljrd- 
fhip  was  alio  one  of  the  Lords  or  his 
Majcfty*s  Bed-chamber.  He  wa&  twice 
married — ^by  Charlotte,  fitter  to  Lo/d 
Vifcount  Melbourne,  his  firlt  wife,  be 
had  four  daughters,  Lidy  Charlotte 
Wynn,  Lady  Anne  Wombwell,  Eliza- 
beth Counttfs  of  Lucan,  now  living, 
anu  L  tdy  Harriet,  who  died  in  h.er  in- 
ianc  v.  He  married,  2dly,  Jean,  tldert 
daughter  of  the  late  John  CheHiyre, 
ETq;  of  Beningcon,  Htrts,  by  whom  he 
has  left  no  ijTue.  The  Earldom,  there- 
fore, becomes  extind  ;  but  the  titles  of 
VifcQUiit  and  B.ironFanconberg  devolve 
on  Rowland  Belafyfc,  Efq.  His  Lord- 
fiiip  was  in  Jhe  58th  year  af  his  age. 

Highland  Society, 

The  third  monthly  meeting  was  held 
on  Tutfday  the  23d,  at  the  Shakefpeare 
Tavern,  Covent  Garden,  Lord  M'Don- 
ald,  Prefident  for  the  year,  in  the  Chair. 

Ihe  meeting  was  very  numerous, 
and  was  attended  by  feveral  officers 
of  diflindtion,  among  whom  appeared 
Lieut. -Colonel  Dickfon,  and  thirteen  of- 
ficers of  the  4zd  regiment  in  their  uni- 
forms, wearing  the  gold  medals  pre- 
fented  to  them  by  the  Grand  Signior. 

An  elegant  dinner  was  ferved  at  half 
paa  fix  o'clock,  during  which  feveral 
national  airs  on  the  pipe  wercpertorm- 
td  by  the  pipers  to  the  Society,  and  a 
few  Pebrachs,  with  wonderful  Ikill  and 
execution,  by  Buchanan,  Piper  Major 
to  the  42d  regiment. 

After  dinner,  feveral  loyal  and  ap- 
propriate toads  were  given  in  the  Gac- 

VoL.  LXIV- 


h'c  language,  and  many  plaintive  and 
martial  Gaelic  fongs  were  fu  ng,  of  which 
one  in  particular,  (the  war  fong  of  the 
ancient  Highlanders,)  with  great  tafte, 
animation,  and  exprellion,  by  Sir  John 
M'Pherfon,  excited  a  peculiar  degree 
of  applaufe  and  enthufiafm.  This  gen- 
tleman, alter  many  rounds  of  toafts 
had  been  given  (too  numerous  to  be 
here  recited,)  propofed  the  Princefs 
Charlotte  of  Wales's  regiment  of  High- 
lander^^,  which  was  received  by  the  ho- 
nours of  three  times  thr^e  ;  and  for 
which  Colonel  M'Lcod  of  Colbeck,  the 
commander  of  that  corps,  in  a  Ihoit 
fpeech,  thauked  uie  St)ciety. 

Thv  great  e(t  harmony  and  convivi- 
ality prevaileei  during  the  evening. 
Oui" 'b  band  of  initrumental  muhc. 
Murphy,  the  Irilli  piper,  together  with 
the  vocal  ftrains  of  Dignum,  and  o- 
thcr  public  fiiigers,  added  much  to  the 
gtncrai  feltivity. 

On  the  complimentary  toad  to  the 
42d  regiment,  and  the  two  other  High- 
land corps  on  the  Ei^f  ptian  fervice,  ha- 
ving been  given,  the  following  itanza, 
the  extempore  compofition  of  a  Mem- 
ber prefent,  was  introduced  by  Dignum, 
iu  the  charactcridic  air  of  "  The  Garb 
(.f  Old  Gaul.'' 

The  Pillar  of  Pompey  and  fam'd  Pyra-. 
niids, 

Have  w^icnefs'd  our  valour  and  triumphant 
deeds ; 

Th'  Invincible  Standard  from  Frenchmen 
we  bore, 

In  the  land  of  the  Beys  the  laureis  we  wore  : 
For  fuch  the  fire  of  Highlanders  when 

brought  into  the  field, 
That  Bonaparte's  Invincibles  mud  pcrifk 

or  mud  yiel  i ! 
VI L  a  bravely  fighc  like  heroes  bold  for 

honour  and  applaufe, 
And  defy  the  Conful  and  the  World  to 

alter  our  Laws. 

29.  The  Temeraire,  and  Formidable, 
of  98  gun.-,  and  The  feus,  Orion,  and 
Verigeance,  of  74,  on  the  zcth  ult.  pall- 
ed Madsjira,  for  the  Wed  Indies,  wiiri 
a  favourable  wind. 

31.  On  Monday,  the  two  mail  rob- 
bers, the  Beaijo/is,  were  convidted  at 
Horfham,  ana  fer.tenced  to  be  execut- 
ed at  Ead  Grindead,  near  the  fpot 
where  the  robbery  was  committed,  but 
not  to  be  hung  in  chains. 

Jpril  I.  In  confequence  of  the  lign- 
jng  of  the  definitive  treaty,  orders  have 
been  ifTucd  for  paying  oiT  the  under- 
2  C  men- 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


metioneH  fliips  at  Sheerneffi  and  Chat- 
bam  :  The  Ardent  of  64  guns,  Glutton 
c4,  Befchernner  cCi.  Li-.  Seine  .^^^  \)<^  hc 
36,  Shannon  36r,Vlitter  36,  Unite  32, 
Dap^^ne  20,  Redoubr  20,  A'iiancc  .nul 
Alrefte  floating  batteries,  B  >reas  re- 
Ceivir?  fliip,  and  Trim  gun  brig. 

7.  On  Sunday  evening  died  at  Buh, 
in  the  69th  ye;^r  oF  hip  a;Te,  Tne  Right 
Hon.  Lloyd,  Lord  Kenyop,  Baron  of 
Credinu'of,  'n  the  c(.U'Uy  or  F;iiU, 
T  Gvd  Ch  rf  Juftice  of  the  Ki'ig'^i  B-ncii. 
Mis  I.ordfhip  was  the  eldeit  fmviving 
for:  of  JJoy-'  Kt.nyon,  of  Bryn,  in  the 
connty  o^  Fl'nt,  Efq.  Hia  gnat  ablli- 
tic  pointed  h?n'  out  as  a  proper  p"rf(>n 
to  be  pppoiiUed  Attorn(  y-Gtncr:d  in 
thf  yePi:-  1782,  ar-^l  at  the  fame  time 
Chief  IiiOice  of  Cheder;  i;i  1784  he 
was  n^.adc^  Mnft-cr  of  the  R  jIIs  anil  in 
lyg?  Lord  Chief  Juf^ice  of  the  Court 
of  K'tct's  Bf  nch,  on  the  rclisnation  of 
the  of  Manf-field  ;  a  [^atioii  which 
he  h::s  filled  with  a  degree  of  integrity 
and  ability,  which  v^ill  hand  his  name 
down  to  pofteriiy  as  one  of  the  mofl 
illuftrions*  ornaments  of  the  profefTiuii 
of  the  law. 

Hr:  Lordfliip'F  death  w;?s  owing  to  a 
conjplete  decay  of  nature— for  many 
weeks  paft  he  had  fcarcdy  taken  any 
nouriO.mcFit,  or  enjt^yed  fk^ep.  Still, 
li(nv.' ver,  he  was  ful^jed  to  little  or  no 
pain,  and  died  per fec'tly  compofcd  and 
reHgncd. 

9.'  Tlie  followiT7g  fiiips  are  ordered  to 
be  pc'id  off,  viz. 

At  }\->rrfmou*Ji — Apollo,  Princtfs 
Royrd,  Ajax,  Arrthufa,  Dido,  Succef-, 
Wolver;.-pe,  ?nd  Terror,  gun-vdkl- 

At  Plymouth—Mars,  Malta,  Impe- 
tueu-M  ano  San  Jnfcf.  « 

Ai  Chatham— VVafp gun- V.  (ft  1, Ruby, 
Standard,  and  Texel- 

At  Sheernefs— BlaziT,  Teazer,  Spark- 
It  r,  Hr.fy,  Swinger,  Pouncer,  Woolte, 
Scourpe,  Griper,  Furious,  Acute,  G  ii- 
lant,  CourfcT,  Attack,  D.  fence,  Manly, 
Safeguard,  Eclipfe,  Crucher  gua-vefilis, 
and  Hermes. 

12.  A  thouiiind  guineas  have  been  a- 
^vqrdtd  at  the  S'.)merfet  aiirzes,  to  Mifs 
Southerton,  of  Wellington,  from  Cap- 
tair  Byne,  for  a  breach  of  promife  of 
marriage. 

I  reported,  that  a  friend  has  late- 
ly paid  all  Mr  Pitt's  debts,  amounting 
to  about  3o,oooh 

19.  A  thundcr-ftorm  prevailed  along 
the  Norfolk  and  Yorkfliire  coafts  cn 


Monday  laft,  and  occafioncd  fome  da- 
rn, age. 

On  the  loth  of  April  a  Court  Mar- 
tial was  held  on  board  the  Barflcur,  in 
Torbay,  on  the  Boatfwaia^j^he  St 
Fioreiizo,  for  emhezzling'ijjBPKjjfty's 

It^ores  j  the  chargeii  bemg  prr)vtrd,  he 
vvac?  L.itenccd  to  be  difmifTcd  liis  Ma- 
jefiy*;*  fervice,  and  mulded  of  all  his 

On  Mond  4y,  April  izih,  VV.Fcnwick, 
Fi«'ft  Lituienant  of  the  St.  Fiorenzo, 
Vv'aB  tried  for  ijeg!e«5t  of  duty  in  per- 
mitting the  faid  (torts  to  be  embezzl- 
ed ;  the  charges  being  proved,  he  was 
fcnancod  to  be  difinifT.^d  his  Majerty'a 
lliip,  and  to  h.fe  !wo  year's  rank. 

Tud'dav,  April  13th,  C.  W.  Pater- 
fon,  Elq;  C  m»mancter  of  the  St  Fioren- 
zo,  was  trie'd  for  negkcS  of  duty,  in 
permittmg  a  boat  to  take  on  fliorc 
f  )me  (lores  belonging  to  his  Majclly  ; 
the  charges  being  only  in  part  proved, 
he  was  fentcnced  to  be  difmilfcd  the 
St  Fiorenzo,  and  mulcted  of  two  months 
pay. 

On  Wednefday  Lieutenant  Gilmore, 
and  the  Gunner,  of  the  fame  Oiip,  were 
tried,  the  fornrier  for  negk(5l  of  duty, 
and  the  latter  fur  embezzlement  ;  ;he 
charges  were  proved  againft  the  Lieu- 
tenant, anel  he  was  dilmifled  the  lliip  ; 
the  Gunner  was  acquitted.  Mr  Milch- 
ell,  a  Midiliipman,  alfo  of  the  fame  fhip, 
was  tried  for  negleCt  of  duty,  and  be- 
ing found  guilty,  was  fentenccd  to  loic 
one  years  rated  time. 

The  Queen  of  Sardinia  died  at  Na- 
ples, on  tne  7th  of  March,  of  a  putriel 
fevrr.  Thi.c  Princefs  was  born  on  the 
23d  of  September  1759. 


SCOTLAND. 

March  27.  We  are  informed  that  Mr 
Robert  Forfyth,  Advocate,  has  lately 
found  out,  and  communicated  to  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  a  cheap  and  ex- 
treiTjely  ealy  procefs  for  converting 
potatoes,  carrots,  parfnips,  turnips,  and 
all  finailar  roots,  into  flour  or  meal, 
which  can  be  tranfported  and  preferv- 
ed  at  all  feafons  with  no  lefi  facility 
than  the  flour  or  meal  of  any  kind  of 
grain.  This  difcovery  promifes  ulti- 
mately to  render  thefe  roots,  which 
nature  produces  in  fuch  profufion,  no 
lefs  valuable  than  the  grain  which 
grows  at  the  top  of  the  corn  plants, 


April  i8o2. 


British  Intelligence. 


but  which  is  inferior  in  quantity,  and 
reared  at  a  greater  expenee.  The  flour 
of  carrots  and  parfnips,  in  particular, 
is  very  fragrant  to  the  fmell,  and  grate^ 
ful  to  the  tafte.  The  fame  gentleman 
has  alfo  difcovered  a  more  cheap  and 
c^Jjjtain  mode  of  lalting  fifli,  than  any 
at  prefent  pradifed,  pufTelling  this  ad- 
vantage,  that  the  quality  of  the  fait, 
and  the  fkill  of  the  workmen  are  of 
little  importance. 

^Mril  r.  This  morning,  when  the 
lAil  arrived  with  the  important  infor- 
mation of  the  figning  of  the  definitive 
i^'^aty,  the  populace,  in  teftimonv  of 
'their  joy,  feized  the  coach,  took  out 
the  horfes,  and  dragged  it  to  various 
PcTts  of  the  city^  the  Lord  Frovolt's, 
Lord  Duncan's,  &,c. 

The  Brigade  of  Volunteers  are  to 
affemble  at  noon  in  the  Meadows,  and 
from  thence  march  to  Frmce's  Street, 
v/hcre,  after  the  great  guns  from  the 
Calile  have  fired  a  royal  falute,  they 
are  to  fire  ^feu  dejoye,  in  a  maaner  li- 
milar  to  what  was  done  on  figning  the 
preliminaries. 

In  the  evening,  the  city  will  be  illu- 
iiiinated,  for  the  proper  regulating  of 
^vhich,  the  Magiftratcs  have  publiOied 
the  following  proclamation 

the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Ft  o'vost  and 
Magisttatts  of  the  City  of  Edinburgh. 

Peace  being  now  eftablifhed  be-, 
tween  the  Briiifh  Empire  and  the  o- 
ther  Nations  w^ith  whom  flie  was  at 
War,  and  the  minds  of  all  being  elated 
with  the  joyful  event,  the  Lord  Provoll 
and  Magiitratcs  recommend  to  th(i  in- 
habitants to  Illuminate  the  Front  Win- 
dows of  their  Houfes,  from  Half  pait 
^even,  till  Ten  o'clock  this  evening  ; 
and  they  further  recommend  peace  and 
good  order  to  all  ranks,  and  prohibit 
the  breaking  of  windows,  under  the 
levereft  punilhment. 
Oiyen  at  Edinburgh,  this  hrft  day  of 

April  i8cz. 
(Signed)    William  Fettes,  Provoft. 
GOD  SAVE  THE  KING. 

3.  On  Thurfday  the  Volunteers  drew 
m  Prince's  Street,  fronting  the  Caf- 
\y       ^^'^i-e  extended  along  the  weft 

f^K  A^l,^^^''^^'  ^''^'^^  battel ies 
-^t  the  Caftle  were  lined  by  the  Loch, 
iocr  ^encibles.  The  firing  w^as  pie- 
-"ciy  limilar  to  what  took  place  on  re. 


ceiving  intelligence  of  the  prelimina- 
ries being  ligned,  and  had  a  very  fine 
effect.  ^ 

The  illuminations  in  the  evening 
were  very  brilliant  and  general.  The 
tranfparcncies  were  nearly  the  fame 
that  were  ufcd  on  the  former  occ'a- 
fion.  The  urmolt  regularity  prevailed 
throughout  the  evening.— The  illumi- 
nations at  Leith  were  alio  very  brilli- 
ant. 

S.  Yefterday  George  Lindsay,  for  the 
murder  of  John  Allan,  late  loldier  in 
the  23d  dragoons,  on  the  20th  of  Janu- 
ary lait,  was  executed  at  the  weft  end 
of  the  Luckeabooths,  purfuant  to  his 
ientence.  He  was  attended  by  the 
Rev.  Mr  Simplbn,  one  of  the  Miniftcrs 
of  the  city,  and  the  Rev.  Mr  Paul,  one 
of  the  minifters  of  St  Cuthberr's.  He 
feemed  to  be  above  fixty  years  of  age, 
and  appeared  to  be  penitent  and  re- 
figned  to  his  fate.— His  body  was  giv- 
en to  the  Pi  ofeflbr  of  Anatomy  for^dif- 
feclion.  _l 

The  Univcrfity  of  Edinburgh 
lately  conferred  the  degree  of  Mafter 
of  Arts  on  Mr  Mathew  Irving,  Mr 
Thomas  Stewart  Tiaill,  Mr  St^eplieu 
Reay,  Mr  Robert  Kennedy,  and  Mr 
Francis  Auguftus  Cox- 

15.  Laft  week  ieveral  attempts  v/erc 
made  to  break  open  and  rob  hjufes  in 
Dumfries.  The  villains  accornpliihed 
their  purpofe  in  one  llijp,  and  took 
near  eight  pounds  from  the  till.  No 
diicovcry  has  yet  been  made. 

On  Tuefday  laft  a  fite  broke  out  in 
an  old  thatched  houfe  in  Dumfries,  but 
was  happily  extinguiihed  before  doin^r 
much  miichief, 

Between  Monday  fe'ennlght,  and 
Tuefday  morning,  a  barn,  containmf»- 
a  connderable  quantity  of  ftraw,  corn^ 
and  timber,  a  ftack  of'ftraw,  and  farm 
fliade  adjoining,  containing  carts  and 
other  faim  utenfils,  on  the  farm  of 
Wefter  Rowan-tree-hill.  in  the  pariih 
of  Kilmalcolm,  poilcftcd  byMrJame:,  » 
Fleming,  were  malicioufly  let  on  fire 
and  confumed.  A  reward  of  twenty 
pounds  is  otTered  by  the  ShcritlDepuie 
of  Renfrewihire  for  the  difcovery  of 
the  diabolical  perpetrators. 

19.  i^riday,  James  Riddel,  a  foldier 
in  the  4th  militia,  and  Alexander  Pa- 
te rfon,  were  com.mitted  to  the  toi booth 
cfthis  city,  accufed  of  attacking  a 
gentleman  on  the  evening  of  the'ptU' 

inft. 


37^ 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


inft.  in  the  Grafsmarket,  and  robbing 
him  of  bis  watch.  Riddel  is  alfo  ac- 
cuied  of  being  concerned  in  fome  rob- 
beries and  houfebreakings  v  hich  have 
lately  taken  place  in  the  neighberhood 
of  Dalkeith.  . 

On  Tuefday,  the  follawing  Noble- 
men  and  Gentlemen  were  unanimouU 
ly  chofcn  Governor,  Deputy  Gover- 
nor, and  Diredors  of  the  Bank  of 
Scotland  ; 

Go^yernor,—i:\\t  Right  Honourable 
Henry  Dundas,  of  Melville  ;  Deputy^ 
Governor,— Vm\c^  IVliUar,  lilq;  ot  Dal- 
i'winton.  Ordimiry  Dirtchfs^ — Lauchiau 
Duif,  Eiq.  Write,  to  the  Sigatt  ;  Tho- 
mas Hog,  olNewiilton,  I'lq  ;  Wjlliam 
Honyraan,  Lord  Arniadalc  ,  Alcxaiuler- 
Keith,  Lfq.,ofRaveiUon,W..S.i  George 
Kinncar,  Llq.  Banker  in  Ldmbur^h  ; 
Alexander  Charles  IVJaitland,  of  Chf 
tonball,  Efq.;  James  Mansfeld,  l  i'^. 
Banker  in  Kdii. burgh  ;  Adam  RollaYiJ, 
Efq.  Advocate  i  Sir  John  Sinclair,  of 
Ulbfter,  Bart.  M.  P. ;  Alexander  Wal- 
lace, Eiq.  Banker  in  Ldniburgl.i  J^mes 
Walker,  Efq.  Writer  to  tire  Signet ; 
Alexander  "Young,  Efq.  Wnter  to  ths 
Signet. 

rUBLTC  AMUSEMENTS. 

Thcaire  Royrl. 
April  3.   Which  is  the  Man— Highland 
Rtrl.    (Fur  the  bciitfit  of  Mifs 
Buncc«n). 
7.  Every  ore  has  his  Fault— Catha- 
rine and  Perruchio.      (For  the 
benefit  of  Mr  Toms.) 
XO.  School  for  W'lSLS — Paul  and  Vir- 
ginia.   (For  the  beDctit  of  Jvlifs 
WaUlein. 

15.  Which  is  the  Man— Hi;ihland 
Reel.  (For  the  benefit  of  the 
Charity  Workhoufe,  Cunong^ate. 

19.  The  way  to  get  Married — Mid- 
night Hour.  (For  the  benefit  of 
Mr  Woods.) 

The  benefits  of  the  theatrical  performers, 
have  this  year  been  produdivc  beyond  all 
precedent  in  this  country,  as  appears  by  the 
foilovving  lift  Mr  Rock  i6il.  Mr  Mat- 
tocks 121I.  Mils  Biggs  80I.  Mr  Grant 
14 2I.  Mr  Young  136I  Mr  and  Mrs  Tur- 
pin  137 1.  Mifs  Duncan  17 7I.  Mr  Toms 
\''\.     Mifs  Waiftein  i6oi.    Mr  Woods 

April  2.  Mr  Urlani  s  Concert. 

20.  Mr  Fraftr*s  Concert. 

The  Amateurs  and  Pubhc  of  Edinburgh 
v;ill  be  gratified  to  learn,  that  Mr  Ornic's 
celebrated  Pidure  of  the  Battle  of  the  Nile^ 


is  now  exhibiting  m  Mary*s  Chapel. — Thisi 
ftriking  reprffentation  <.f  the  events  of  that 
memorable  day,  coinpiifes  portraits  of  Lord 
Neifon,  and  the  other  officers,  as  large  as 
life. 

MARRIAGES. 

03.  I.  At  Birr^ckporc,  near  Calcutta, 
Lieut.  James  Scott,  3d  regiment  native  in- 
fantry, to  Mifs  Eliza  White,  tldeft  daugh-  ' 
ter  of  the  late  Colouel  White  of  that  corps. 

March  5.  Mr  Gtorge  Home,  merchant 
in  Lcith,  to  Mifs  f\'iuMrop,  diughrtr  of 
Thomar,  Muidrop,  Ef'];  Danifti  Confui  for 
Scotland. 

—  Mr  William  Gordon,  ftationcr  in 
Forfar,  to  Mifs  [can  Ure,  daugiuer  01  the 
deceaVtd  Jolm  Urc,  Efy;  late  i^hetiff-Clerk 
of  Foifarlhire. 

.25.  At  Edinbu'-gh,  Mafterton  Roberrfon, 
Efq.  younger  of  ln(?hc  >,  A  Ivocbte,  to  Mi(»  , 
Mary  Shearer,  ddUi;hter  of  the  late  Charles 
Shearer,  ivq;  i  f  Knowhcad. 

Oiivt  r  Le.;key,  Elq;  of  Strabane,  to  Mifs 
B^ird  of  Cifilcfiu. 

.■^pril  13.  Robw  t^Steuak  €fq;  of  Alder- 
Hun,  late  of  Calcutta,  to  Mifs  Margaret 
Jiih.ifton  of  Hihon. 

19.  At  TvvccdQde,  Mr  Charles  Clark, 
writer,  Cupar  Angus,  to  Mifs  Mirj'>ry 
Uarciay,  daughter  of  the  deccafed  Waiter 
Barclay  of  i:'ittachop,  tiq. 

BIRTHS. 

Match  13.  At  Ravelrig,  Mrs  Scotf,  a 
fon. 

25.  At  Clackmannan,   Mrs   Moo  lie,  a 
dauj/hter. 

26.  The  Lady  of  Sir  William  Elliot  of 
Stobs,  Bart,  a  fon.  - 

—  At  Aberdeen,  Mrs  Turner  of  Tur- 
ntrhall,  a  cdu^ilitcr. 

'  2S.  Mr-  Mure  of  Wanifton,  a  fon. 

yJ/r^l  4.  At  bcoticraij^  i^ioufe,  Mrs  DaJ- 
gliefh,  younger  of  Scotfcraig,  ad«ughter,  ' 

9.  Th^  Lady  of  Lieur.  Col.  Burnett,  4 
dau/hcer. 

II.  At  MelvHlc  Caftle,  Mrs  Dundas  of 
Melville;,  a  fon. 

14.  Ar-Meiierf^ain,  Mrs  Baillic  of  Jer- 
vifwoode,  a  fon. 

DEATHS. 
At  CawRpore,  in  the  Eaft  Indie5,  Licot. 
Col.  John  Cierkfon,  of  the  Bengal  eftablilh- 
ment. 

At  Vtllore,  in  the  Eafl  Indies,  Major 
William  Elliot,  eideft  fon  of  Conieiius 
Elliot,  W.  S. 

Haddingtony  April  2J.  '.^"'i 
Beft  Wheat,  4SS.  Barky,  28..  6d.  Oats,  iTt.'! 
Peafe,  168.  Beans,  i6s.  per  boil. 

—  Edinburgh,  Jfril  26.  Oat-meal,  15.  id 
Bear-meaf,  is.     Peafe-meal,  lod. 


T  H  S 

SCOTS    MA  G  A  Z  I  N  E, 

For    MAT  1802. 


375 
384 

3^8 


391 


39^ 
403 


405 


Page 

ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Biographical  Sketch  of  the  l«te 

George  Drummund,  Efq; 
Corrigenda  in  the  life  gf  Dr  Web- 

ftcr 

On  the  Necefiity  of  an  EUablifhed 

Religion 
Piaure  of  Solitude 
Oil  the  advruTtage?;  to  he  derived 

from  Difputing  Societies 
Stridlures  on  the  Life  and  Writings 

of  the  celebrated  Qaron  Haller, 

rcnclnded 
On  Shakefpeare's  Hamlet 
Remarks  on  the  Contro^rerfy  ref- 

peding  the  Poems  of  Rowley 
On  the  Dialed  of  Homer  and  He- 

fiod     '       ^  408 

LITERARY  EXTRACTS  AND 
'  NOTICES. 

Entry  of  Charles  Stuart  into  Edin- 
burgh, in  the  year  1745,  from 
Home's  Hiftoryx^f  the  Rebellion  409 

Tnftance  of  the  f|i1rit  of  the  High- 
land Clans,  from  the  Same  410 

Sketch  ^f  the  Charader  of  the  late 
Dr  Alexander  WebRer,  by  the 
late  Rev.  Dr  Gloag  411 
:count  of  the  Inhabitants  of  Oo- 
nalalhka,  from  Sawer^s  expedi- 
tion to  the  North  of  Fpffia  413 

Literary  Notices  Foreign  and  Do- 

meftic  417 
§Gottifli  Literary  Notices  422 

POETRY. 


On  the  Death  of  Dr  Darwin 


423 


Page 

Verfes  to  Spring  423 

On  the  Peace  424 

To  a  Friend  returning  from  the 

Army  424 

A  Beth  Gclert,  or  the  Grave  of 

the  Greyhound  424 

Imperial  PARLiAMXiNT. 

Proceedings  in  Houfe  of  I^ords  426 
Proceedings  in  Houfe  of  Commons  427 

MONTHLY  REGISTER. 
Foreign  Inteljligexce. 

France,  Holland,  Sweden,  Portugal  435 
Germany,  St  Domingo,  India  436 


437 


437 
43  3 

438 
4^8 


British  Intelligence.4 
From  the  London  Gazette 

LoNDO>f. 

Peace  proclaimed 
A  new  piianet  difcovered 
An  amazing  hretding  ewe 
Fire  at  Woolwich  Warren 

Scotland. 

Proclamation  of  the  peace  at  Edin- 
burgh 438 

Royal  E.  Volunteers  deliver  up 
their  colours  439 

Addrcfs  of  the  city  of  Edinburgh 
on  the  peace  440 

Proceedings  of  General  AfTcmbly  440 

Trials  at  the  difierent  Spring  cir- 
cuits '  44a 

LISTS— Marriages,  Births,  &c.  446-8 


EDINBURGH: 

Printed  by  Alex.  Chapman,  &  Co.  Forrester^ s  IVyndy 
For  the  Proprietors  : 
And  Sold  by  Archibald  Constable,  High  Street,  Edinburgh. 
iVnd  to  be  had  of  the  Principal  Bookfellers  in  the  United  Kingdom. 


NOTES  TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

The  Letter  from  Conviva  is  received,  and  will  appear  in  our  next. 

We  mentioned,  in  oUr  laft,  our  having  received  a  good  many  folutions 
of  the  Mathematical  Queftion  inferted  page  196  of  our  Work  ;  we  have 
further  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  the  verj  elegant  and  general  folu- 
tion  by  Scolus,  with  his  queftion  in  Cofmography,  which  will  appear  in 
t)ur  next.  We,  at  the  fame  time,  beg  of  our  reJlders  to  corredl  an  im- 
portant error  in  our  laft  Notes,  where,  by  the  omiffion  of  the  word  nof^ 
y^c  are  made  to  fay,  that  Mathematical  Papers  will  be  rejcded  for  want 
of  diagrams.  The  dired  contrary  is  the  fadt,  and  communications  of 
that  dcfcription,  will  be  moft  thankfully  received  by  us. 

The  Life  of  Torquato  TafTo,  from  the  Italian,  is  under  confidera- 
tion. 

The  Verfes  on  the  late  unufually  cold  weather  are  received,  and  will 

be  inferted  in  our  next.    Thofe,  by  A.  B.  on  a  young  lady  by  X.  Y. 

on  the  Profped  of  leaving  Edinburgh  On  the  Ways  of  the  World, 

^nd  a  very  great  number  of  other  poetical  pieces  are  received,  in  the  ufe 
of  which,  we  will  go  as  far,  as  the  merit  of  the  communications  will 
allow. 

Other  Numbers  of  the  Pedagogue  are  requefted.  Our  correfpondents 
will  readily  fee,  that  periodical  papers  do  not  admit  of  being  delayed,  or 
continued  irregularly.  The  remainders  of  feveral  papers  in  o\ir  former 
Numbers,  to  be  continued,  are  alfo  refpedfuUy  requefted. 

RemarRs  on  the  Nubes  of  Ariftophanes  in  our  next. 

Communications,  relative  to  the  ftate  of  trades  and  manufadures,  in 
different  parts  of  Scotland,  with  ftatiftical  accounts  of  particular  places, 
are  earneftly  folicited. 


One  of  i^is  ]Majcstvs    CoimuH'sio nors  oi'l'rsiciseS^S 


E.liii/'nnif,  2'ul'/i.^-/i',l  In  A.t'eiiMal/e  June  i.iSoa. 


The 


SCOTS  MAGAZINE, 

For  M  A  r  1 802. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH  OF  THE  LATE 
GEORGE  DRUMMOND,  Esq^ 
LORD  PROVOST  OF  EDINBURGH, 


WiTH   A  PORTRAIT, 


'^inHE  lives  of  many  of  che  be- 
X    nefadlors  of  Scotland  during 
the  eighteenth  century   have  not 
been  recorded,  nor  tranfmitted  to 
pofterity,  with  the  laudible  induf- 
try  of  neighbouring  nations,  nor  the 
gratitude  which  their   merit  and 
fervices  deferved.    Few  of  the  lite- 
rary men  of  this  kingdom,  have 
found  a  hiftorian  of  fpirit  aad  in- 
formation, equal  to  the  tafk  of  tra- 
cuig  the  path  which  conducted  them 
to  fame.    The  civil  and  political  or- 
naments of  the  nation,  have  been 
more  generally  negle(?led.  WhiJe 
envy  and  party  prejudice  remained 
to  depreciate  their  adions,  and  dark- 
en the  motives  of  their  condud,  a 
tair  ftatement  of  the  truth  could 
fw'^.^^  ^^Pe<^ed;  and,  when 
tnele  had  expired  with  their  lives, 
Uie  pubhc  was  content  with  enjoy', 
ing  the  benefits  of  their  virtues,  with- 
9ut  remembering  the  fources  of  its 
happmefs.    If  g^eat  abilities,  emi- 
nent   worth,    and    true  effedlive 
^eal  for  the  interefts  of  a  native 
T'^  Lxf     at  all  times,  fecure 


a  place  in  the  attentJpn  of  pofteri- 
ty, the  fubje<5l  of  the  following  me- 
moir would  loon  have  found  a  hif- 
torian. 

^  These  obfervations  may  apolo- 
gize for  the  introdudion  of  this  ar- 
ticle into  the  prefent  publication ; 
for  the  imperfedioA  of  the  account 
itfelf;  and  the  reludlance  with  which 
the  writer  undertakes  a  talk,  v/hich 
awaits  the  juftice  of  more  powerful 
abilities. 

G  E  o  R  G  E  D  R  u  M  M  o  N  D,  t  o  whom  the 
metropolis,  and  the  kingdom  at  large, 
are  indebted  for  fo  many  important 
fervices,  was  born  on  Uie  z^ik  of 
June  1687.        was  the  fon  of  John 
Drummond  of  Newton,  a  branch 
of  the  ancient  and  noble  family  of 
Perth.    As  his  father,  probably,  re- 
fided  jn  Edinburgh,  he  received  his 
education  in  that  city  ;  and  very  ear- 
ly gave  unqueitionable  proofs  of 
the  great  abilities  which  diilinguifh- 
ed  him  through  life.  To  the  fcience 
of  calculation,  and  thofe  ftudies 
which  form  the  principles  of  finance, 
he  Ihowed.  an  obvious  prediledion, 
3  E>  As 


376    Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Drummond,  Esq.  Vol.  04. 


As  he  was  Intended  for  bufinefs,  and 
an  aaive  Ufe,  his  attention  was  early 
direaed  to  the  management  ot  ac- 
counts, andhefoon  attained  a  degree 
of  accuracy,  aud  fkill  in  that  par- 
ticular,  which  few  have  equalled  or 
excelled.  . 

Ok  the  accefTion  of  Queen  Anne 
to  the  BritiOi  throne,  the  projed  ot 
an  union  of  the  two  kingdoms  be- 
gan  to  be  executed.    In  order  to 
prepare  the  way  for  the  arrange- 
ments  on  both  fides,  the  Scotilh 
Parliament  appointed  a  committee 
to  examine  ^md  fettle  the  national 
accounts.    George  Drummond,  m 
the  1 8th  year  of  his  age,  was,  in  con- 
fequence  of  his  cxpcrtnefs  m  bufmcls 
of  that  defcription,  called  m  by  the 
committee  to  affift  its  operations  ; 
and,  it  is  generally  believed,  that 
moft  of  the  calculations  were  made 
by  himfelf. 

The  Ikill  and  diligence  difplayed 
on  this  occafion,  were  not  negle6led 
bv  thofe  who  were  then  at  the  head 
of  Scotilh  affairs.    The  Excile,  a 
new  branch  of  revenue,  and  rather 
unpopular,  was,  about  this  time, 
eftabhlhcd  in  the  kingdom.    In  or- 
der to  manage  it  with  the  requitite 
addrefs,  an  able  Board,  and  perions 
nroperly  quahfied  for  bufmels,  were 
clearly  neceifary.    Mr  Drummond 
was  apDointed  Accomptant  Lren?. 
ral  of  Excife  on  the  i6th  ot  July 
1 707,  foon  after  be  had  reacned  the 
20th  vear  of  his  age  ;  and,  while 
Hp  v:as  employed  in  this  department, 
he  eitablilhed  that  accurate  form 
.and  method  which  ndw  diftmguiih 
the  tranfadions  of  the  Excile  reve- 

^*^^BuT  the  merits  of  Drummond 
were  not  confined  to  thofe  of  a  mere 
accomptant.  The  acutenels  and 
reo-ulaiity  with  which  he  conduced 
bunnels,  were  only  fubordmate 
parts  of  his  charadter.  His  under- 
Lnding  xNas  enlightened  with  great 
and  generous  views  of  the  national 
interefis,  and  of  inankind  in  generaL 


He  had  early  imbibed  the  principles 
of  civil  and  religious  hberty  ;  and, 
as  foon  as  an  opportunity  of  dif- 
playing  thefe  prefented  itfelf,  he 
hailened  into  adion  ;  nor  was  the 
opportunity  far  diftant,  when  the 
prmciples  and  abilities  of  all  the 
friends  of  liberty  were  to  be  fully 
tried. 

It  is  well  known,  that  the  latter 
part  of  the  reign  of  Q^ucen  Anne, 
was  wholly  dlrcded  by  the  Jacobite 
party.    Many  circumftanccs  influ- 
enced the  weaknefs  of  the  Queen, 
which  were  chiefly  arranged,  by 
the  friends  of  the  exiled  family.  In 
Scotland,  the  union  had  been  ef- 
feded,  from  a  rare  co-incidence  of 
difcordant  views  .and  parties,  rather 
than  the  cordial  wifhes  of  the  na- 
tion,  or  the  patriotifm  of  the  nobles. 
Of  thefe,  many  were  attached  to, 
the  houfe  of  Stuart,  from  a  love  of 
the  Popiih  or  Epifcopal  religions; 
from  a  difllke  of  the  men,  who 
aded  in  the  meafure,  and  a  fenfe  of 
the  lofs  of  their  ancient  dignity,  by 
the  limitation  of  the  peerage  and 
rcprefcntation.    Some  too  remem^ 
bered,  with  regret,  the  ancient  inde- 
pendance  of  Scotland,  under  which 
their  anceftors  had  earned  honours 
and  t%ealth;  and  alFociating  with 
the  defcendants  of  P.obert  Bruce, 
feelings  of  higher  importance,  ima^ 
gined"  that  the  articles  of  union, 
were  only  the  chains  of  Enghftt 

But  of  all  the  caufes  of  diifafc 
feclion,  the  greateft,  though  the 
moil:  inglorious,  was  the  dehre 
power.  On  the  acceffion  of  the 
Hanover  family,  the  Tory  intereff 
was  for  ever  broken.  A  king  de- 
cidedly brought  in  by  the  oppofitc 
party  was  bound  by  every  tie  oi 
fafety,  honour,  and  opinion,  to 
in  the  fpirit  of  his  defenders.  EverJ 
fcheme  of  prevention  failed  at  once. 
The  leading  Jacobiteswithdrewfroni 
court  with  the  precipitation  of  fc3ti 
rather  than  of  difguft.    The  En| 


May  1 8c2,  BiograpJjital  Sketch,  of  George  Drummond,  Esq.  3  77 


lifli  party,  who  could  raife  no  for- 
ces, were  obliged  to  retire  to  their 
eftates,or  leave  the  kingdom, accord- 
ing as  they  were  more  or  lefs  in- 
volved in  the  oppofition 

BvT  the  Scotiih  chieftains  were 
not  fo  weak  and  deferted.  They 
had  ftill  thoufands  of  devoted  foL 
lowers,  who  were  ready  to  attend 
them.  The  Earl  of  Mar,  taking 
advantage  of  the  ft  ate  of  afF^iirs  at 
court,  retired  privately  ;  reached 
his  own  country  in  a  few  days,  and 
and  having  colle6ted  a  very  refpe^l- 
able  body  of  Scotifh  nobility  and 
gentry,  who  were  attached  to  the 
fame  party,  reared  the  ftandard  of 
rebellion.  Mr  Drummond  was  the 
firft,  who  gave  the  intelligence  of 
that  nobleman's  arrival  in  Scotland, 
to  the  miniltry ;  and  raifmg  a  com- 
pany of  volunteers,  marched  north- 
ward, to  join  the  Duke  of  Argyle, 
and  the  royal  forces.  He  affifted  at 
the  battle  of  Sheriff-moor,  and  dif- 
patched  to  the  magiftrates  of  Edin- 
burgh, the  earlieft  notice  of  Ar- 
gyle's  vidory,  in  a  letter,  which 
he  dated  from  the  field,  on  horfe- 
back. 

After  the  rebellion  was  fubdued. 
Mr  Drummond  returned  to  the  ci- 
ty, where  his  a<5liviry,  zeal,  and 
abilities,  were  univerfally  acknow- 
ledged; He  had  indeed  been  fingu- 
larly  ufeful,  in  fruftrating  and  pre- 
venting the  fchemes  of  the  oppofite 
party.  In  the  year  1713,  at  a 
meeting  of  well-afFeded  gentlemen, 
who  had  entered  into  a  fociety,  for 
the  purpofe  of  defeating  the  deHgns 
of  the  Jacobites,  he  had  propofed  a 
plan,  which  was  unanimoufly  ap- 
proved, and  adopted,  by  which,  a 
correfpondence  was  eftablifhed  with 
every  county  in  the  kingdom  ;  and 
arms,  imported  from  Holland,  were 
put  into  the  hands  of  the  loyaliils. 

On  the  loth  of  February  17 15, 
Mr  Drummond  was  promoted  to 
a  feat  at  the  Board  of  Excife.  in  the 
room  of  Alexander  Forbes,  Efq:  de- 

Vol.  LXIV. 


ceafed.  He  continued  in  that  de- 
partment, till  the  27th  Apriri7T7, 
when  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
Commiffioners  of  the  Cuftoms,  and 
fat  at  thar.  Board  for  20  y^ears. 
How  much  the  miniftry  were  fen- 
fible  of  the  value  and  affiftance  of 
fo  accompliflied  a  charader,  may 
be  judged  from  the  intimate  corref- 
pondence, which  he  carried  on  with 
feveral  of  them,  in  particular,  v/itl'i 
the  celebrated  Mr  Addifon.  Ta 
that  elegant  fcholar,  jind  upright 
ftatefman,  he  regularly  tranfmitted 
accounts  of  the  aifairs  of  Scotland  ; 
nor  is  it  to  be  doubted,  that  the 
plans  of  future  improvement,  which 
he  purfued  fo  eagerly  through  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  were  firll  un- 
folded on  this  occafion. 

The  relative  ftate  of  the  king- 
dom, torn  by  two  oppofite  fadions, 
and  confequently  expofed    to  all 
the  negledl  of  intefline  difturbance, 
feems  to  have  deeply  attracted  the 
attention  of  Mr  Drummond.  While 
either  party,  the  Whig  or  the  Tory, 
were  rcfpedively  defending  or  re- 
futing the  divine  right  of  kin^s, 
ftruggling  for  individual  interefts, 
or  glorying  in  the  idle  boafl  of  loy- 
alty and  independence,  the  country 
lay  like  a  wiidernefs,  without  cul- 
ture or  improvement.   Many  of  the 
feudal  e Hates,    deferted   by  their 
lords,  who  had  followed  the  court 
into  England,  continued  barren  and 
and  rude  under  every  chain  of  vaf- 
fdagc,  and  only  ferved  to  breed  up 
a  horde  of  illiterate  flaves,  at  the  call 
and  difpofal  of  the  owners.    In  the 
north,  fuperftition  and  the  bigotry 
of  ancient  curtoms,  precluded  every 
hope  of  improvement.  In  the  fouih, 
the  inhabitants  were  poor  and  de- 
jefied  ;  their  fpirit  broken  with  re- 
peated misfortunes    in  trade  and 
commerce  ;  their  minds  deeply  tine- 
tured  with  narrow  fpeculative  pre- 
judices. The  prefence  and  energy  of  a 
court  no  longer  cheered  themetropo- 
lis.  Her  ftreets  were  untrodden ;  her 
3  E  trade 


37^     Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Drummond  Esq.  Vol.  64. 


trade  and  manufadliires  annihilated. 
Even  the  gayeft  abodes  of  the  Scotifli 
inonarchs  and  nobles  were  now  be. 
conie  antiqua'Ted  and  mean.  The 
ftate  of  the  chie^  city  of  the  king- 
dom abundantly  declared  the  gene- 
ral diforder  of  the  whole  political  fyf 
tern  ;  and  that  che  profperity  of  the 
nation  was  impeded  by  a  number  of 
caufes,  which  would  foon  terminate 
in  unavoidable  ruin.  Many  promif- 
ing  fchemes  had  been  formed  i^bout 
this  period,  to  retrieve  the  internal 
induftry,  commerce,  and  manufac- 
tures of  Scotland.  Thefe  were 
moftly  formed  by  real  patriots,  who 
had  viewed  the  various  branches  of 
the  internal  profperity  of  England  ; 
and  were  fully  fenfible,  that  to  copy 
the  feveral  inftitutions  of  that  rival 
nation,  would  be  attended  with 
every  pofLble  advantage.  They  re- 
gretted exceedingly,  that  many 
iburces  of  domeftic  wealth,  which 
the  Englifh  did  not  poffefs,  in  par- 
tie  ular^  the  fillieries,  ihould  be  aban- 
doned through  the  ignorance  of 
their  countrymen  to  foreigners,  who 
came  to  enjoy  them  on  the  very 
fhores  of  the  kingdom. 

Mr  Drummond  was  in  the  ho- 
nourable lift  of  thefe  patriots,  who 
clearly  faw  the  advantages  of  Eng- 
lifh inftitutions.  In  the  arrange- 
ments of  the  revenue,  cfpecially  in 
thofe  of  the  Excife,  he  had  labour- 
ed fuccefsfully  to  introduce  the  En- 
glifh method.  But  tliefe '  laft  were 
objeds  of  inferior  importance  to  the 
views  which  occupied  his  heart. 
"With  the  defign  of  working  on  the 
national  welfare,  by  reviving  the 
fpiiit  of  the  metropolis,  he  becMn'iC 
one  of  the  magirtratcs  of  the  city  ; 
and,  It  rnuit  be  ownedj  tl^at  a  man 
cf  nobler  principles,  of  higher  ho- 
nour, or  fmcerer  integrity,  never 
wore  the  badge  of  ofHce. 

In  the  year  1 7 1 7,  Mr  Drummond 
Avas  elccled  treafurer  to  the  city, 
one  of  the  fubordinate  offices  cf  the 
j!nagifl;racy  ;  and,  iri  this  ftation  he 


continued  for  two  years.  In  thr 
years  1722  and  1723,  he  was  elec 
ted  Dean  of  Guild  ;  and,  in  172V, 
Lord  Provoft,  the  higheft  rank  in 
city  preferment.  The  adminiftra- 
tion  of  this  refpetHiable  office,  which 
he  filled  with  uniform  popularity 
and  credit,  fix  times,  is  beft  record- 
ed by  the  public  ftrudures  which  he 
reared,  the  inftitutions  which  he  e- 
rected,  and  the  flourifhing  appear- 
ance wh,ich,  in  confeqaence  of  his 
exertions,  pervades  almoft  every 
corner  of  the  rnetropolis. 

The  whig  miniftry,  at  the  head  of 
whom  was  Sir  Robert  Walpolc,  were 
now  in  the  plenitude  of  their  power. 
The  Jd'  obite  party  were,  in  a  man- 
ner, fubdued ;  and  the  Pretender, 
after  the  unfuccefsful  attempt  in  the 
year  1715,  had  retired  to  Rome, 
and  lived  there  with  his  family  in 
comparative  ohfcurity.  The  wary, 
peaceable,  corrupting  fyftem  of  the 
minifter,  extended  not  only  to  the 
factious  at  home,  but  even  to  fo- 
reign courts.  With  regard  to  Scot- 
land, rebellion  ftill  lurked  among 
her  me  untains  ;  but,  the  adminifira- 
tion  was  in  the  hands  of  firm  whigs, 
who  faw,  with  pain,  that  the  feudal 
jurifdidioris  and  other  unfarmount- 
able  circumftances  of  tlie  country, 
would  as  certainly  '  pre  difpofe  to 
difaffedion,  as  they  would  efl ac- 
tually fniftrate  every  project  of  im- 
provement. '  The  operations  of  tha 
patriots  were  unavoidably  cramped 
by  this  fituation  of  affairs ;  and  ili^* 
difficulty  with  which  any  wtll-iiv 
tcritioncd  man  retains  the  means, 
his  doing. good  under  unpopular  ad- 
ininiilrations,  certainly  added  to 
their  embarrafl'ment. 
'  The  admiidftration  of  Sir  Ro- 
bert  Walpole,  however  able,  w^a  ; 
extremely  tmpopular.  His  bluir 
contempt  of  honelly,  as  an  article 
of  value  in  the  human  charader,  and 
fall  more  his  pacific  fyikm,  dif.uil- 
ed  the  nation.  The  affairs  of  Scot 
land  were  ia  excellcu:  hands.  Ar- 
chibald, 


May  1802.  Biographical  Sketch  cf  George  Brummond,  Esq.  379 


chibald,  Earl  of  Hay,  the  friend  of 
Walpole;  managed  the  kingdom. 
Lord  Milton,  a  defcendant  of  the  ce- 
lebrated Andrew  Fletcher  of  Salton, 
and  the  Marquis  of  Tweedale  were 
his  affiftants.  Duncan  Forbes  of 
Cullwden,  the  Lord  Prefident,  a 
man  of  the  moft  accomplifhed  and 
adtive  charader*,  narrowly  watched 
the  motions  of  the  North,  while  Mr 
Drummond,  and  feverai  other  gen- 
tlemen of  eftablifhed  reputation  at- 
tended to  the  bufmcfs  of  the  metro- 
polis. Methods  had  even  been  con- 
certed and  propofcd  to  the  minifter, 
by  the  Scotilh  councellors,  which 
tv^ouid  have  efFe(5i:ually  prevented 
any  future  rebellion ;  but,  thefe 
were  reje^ed  through  a  timidity  of 
^  character,  peculiar  to  the  leading 
member  of  that  adminillration. 

After  the  retireriient  of  the  mi- 
fiifter,  Mr  Drummond  continued  to 
hold  his  place  as  a  Commiffioner  of 
the  Cufloms.  On  the  j  5th  of  Oc- 
tober 1737,  he  was  further  promo- 
ted to  be  one  of  the  CommilFioners 
of  Excife,  an  office  which  he  retain- 
ed during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

On  the  5Lh  of  July  1727,  he  had 
been  named  one  of  the  Commiflion- 
ers  and  Truftees  for  improving  Filh- 
eries  and  Manufadures  in  Scotland ; 
as  connedled  with  the  city  of  Edin- 
burgh, he  now  became  the  principal 
agent  in  the  very  benevolent  and 
patriotic  inftitution  of  a  public  in- 
firmary. 

The  poor  of  the  city,  fuch  as 
Xyere  freemen,  had,  before  this  pe- 
riod, been  fupported  by  fiims  from 
tlie  city's  revenues,  and  phyficians 
had  been  appointed  to  attend  them 
gratis,  by  order  of  the  magillrates. 
Their  increalmg  number,  their  un- 
certainty  of  refidence,  Riggefted  the 
advantages  of  a  fixed  place,  where 
the  phyficians  might  vifit  them  re- 
gularly. In  1723,  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Phyficians^  affifted  by  the 


See  Home's  Hiilcry,  p.  21* 


members  of  the  Corporation  of  Sur- 
geon-apothecaries, and  other  chari- 
table perfons,  undertook  to  open  a 
fubfcription  for  an  infirmary,  or 
houfe  for  the  reception  of  fick  poor. 
By  various  methods,  the  fum  of 
L.  2000  was  collected,  which  the 
Corporation  of  Phyficians,  in  the 
year  1729,  by  advice  of  a  commit- 
tee of  tlie  contributors,  applied  to 
the  purpoies  of  the  inftitution.  The 
advantages  of  this  fcheme  were,  in 
a  few  years,  confirmed  by  experi- 
ence, but  the  funds  of  the  contri- 
bution were  inadequate  to  the  fup- 
port  of  it. 

The  mind  of  Drummond  was 
filled  with  a  nobler  project.  He  h  id 
conceived  the  plan  of  erecting  a 
large  and  tromrnodious  fabric,  of  the 
nature  of  an  hofpital,  where  all  the 
fick  poor,  who  might  pofllbly  apply 
for  admittance,  fhould  be  received 
and  attended.  In  order  to  accom- 
plifii  this,  he  fpent  the  better  part 
of  ten  years  in  preparing  the  city 
to  petition  Parliament  for  an  adl, 
by  which  his  Majefty  fiiould  grant 
a  charter,  ereamg,  creaiing,  and 
incoiporaa'ng  the  contributors  to 
this  charitable  defign  into  one  body 
corporate  and  politic,  by  the  name 
of  the  Royal  Infirmary  of  Edin- 
burgh, with  rules  for  a  perpetual 
fuccefiion  and  management,  vx'ith 
power  to  ufe  a  feal  to  fue,  and  be 
fued,  to  purchafe  lands,  to  make 
bye-laws,  and  with  all  other  powers 
lieceifary  for  fuch  a  corporation. 

Twis  aft  Wiis  at  laft  procured; 
and  a  charter,  dated  the  25th  of 
Auguft  £736.  Contributions  flow- 
ed in  from  all  quarters  ;  and,  fo 
great  was  the  influence  of  the  Royal 
fanaion  on  the  funds  of  the  elta- 
blilhment,  that  it  was  judged  expe- 
dient to  begin  the  building.  The 
m.anagers  accordingly  made  choice 
of  an  excellent  plan,  out  of  a  num- 
ber that  were  prefented  for  the  pur- 
pofe  ;  and  the  foundation  Hone  of 
the  eafter  half  of  the  body  of  the 
houfe  Vvas  laid  on  the  2d  of  Auguft 
3E2  1738. 


380    Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Drummond,  Esq.  Vol.  64. 


1738.  From  that  period,  the  build- 
ing was  gradually  continued,  and 
it*. the  courfeof  Ibme  years,  the  edt- 
rice  completed. 

'  To  defcribe  the  difF-rent  parts  of 
this  majeftic  and  commodious  ftruc- 
ture,  is  not  the  bulincfs  of  this  ac- 
count. To  give  fome  idea  of  its  di- 
nienfions,  it  may  be  proper  to  ob- 
serve, that  the  lioufc  confifts  of  a 
body  and  two  wings,  each  of  three 
lull  flories,  and  an  attic  one,  with 
f:;arrets  above.  The  body  of  the 
houfe  is  210  feet  in  length,  from 
each  end  of  which,  and  at  right 
angles,  a  wing  is  extended  70  feet, 
having  vaulted  cellars  below.  The 
middle  of  the  body  is  36  feet  wide, 
and  the  reft  of  the  houfd  is  24. 

The  full  expcnce  of  raifing  this 
building  is,  perhaps,  not  accurately 
known.  In  the  year  1755,  the  ex- 
pence  of  the  fabric,  with  the  adja- 
cent buildings,  and  fome  repairs, 
amounted  to  L.  c  2,294  :  14  :  4.  The 
lums  required  for  defraying,  were 
raifed  by  contiibution  ;  as  the  char- 
ter limited  the  fuu'ls  of  the  Iniir- 
mary  to  the  maintenance  of  fick 
poor  only.  The  Alfembly  of  the 
Church  of  Scotland,  and  many 
other  refpecftable  public  bodies  ex- 
erted their  influence,  in  promoting 
this  purpofe.  The  nobility  and 
gentry,  and  Scotfmen  from  every 
quarter  of  the  globe,  extended  their 
munificence.  The  managers  of  the 
public  amufemenls,  gave  benefit- 
nights,  without  djducling  the  ac- 
tual expenccs.  Societies  of  different 
denominations,  in,  and  about  Edin- 
burgh, fent  money.  Gentlemen 
and  merchants  made  prefents  of 
timber,  ftone,  lime,  fiate,  and  other 
materials.  Farmers  and  carters  fup- 
plied  carriages ;  and  the  poor  be- 
ftowed  with  emulation,  their  ma- 
nual labour.  All  ranks  united  in 
the  accomplifliment  of  a  defign, 
which  charity  herfelf  fo  evidently 
dictated. 

But  of  all  the  bcnefadors  of  the 
Royal  Infirmary,  the  moil  adive 


by  far,  was  Commiffioner  Drum- 
morid.  This  favourite  objed  of  his 
benevolent  and  patriotic  mind,  he 
profecuted  with  unwearied  induf- 
try.  His  labours  in  procuring  the 
charter,  can  only  be  appreciated 
by  thofe,  who  have  undertaken  to 
eltablifh  a  new  and  expcnfive  infti- 
tution  in  a  country,  where  the  na- 
ture of  fuch  infliitutions  is  too  great 
for  the  minds  of  moil  men,  coo  no- 
vel  to  obtain  immediate  credit  with 
the  prudent,  and  too  difmterefled 
to  be  profitable  to  individuals.  His 
exertions  in  procuring  bounties  to 
fet  the  work  a-going  ;  his  ardent  ef- 
forts in  forwarding  it  when  begun, 
were  indefatigable.  He  lived  to  fee 
his  labours  crowned  with  the  great- 
eft  fuccels ;  and  receive  the  higheft 
reward,  which  a  generous  heart  can 
expci^l  from  the  fulfilment  of  its  no- 
biell  intentions. 

The  Royal  Infirmary,  though 
now  accommodated  with  a  houfe, 
which  the  improved  architeflure 
of  the  prefent  day  could  fcarcely 
render  more  convenient,  was  ilill 
poor  in  revenues.  In  the  year 
1748,  the  neat  ftock  was  only 
L.  5000.  This,  however,  was  foon 
increafed  by  feveral  voluntary  cha- 
rities, fo  that,  in  the  beginning  of 
the  year  1765,  the  flock  of  the 
inilitution,  including  the  invalid- 
fund,  (  L.  8273  :  17  :  3,  bearing 
conditional  intereft  at  3^  per  cent.) 
granted  by  government  for  the  re- 
ception of  foldiers,  amounted  to 
L.  23,426  :  2  :  2.  Though  the  funds 
of  the  Infirmary  thus  exceeded  the 
moft  fanguine  expe(5lations  of  its 
original  founders,  its  prefent  an- 
nual revenue,  is  in  fadl,  no  more 
than  fufficient  for  its  maintenance. 
The  family  and  patients  together, 
have  fometimes  arifen  to  230;  the 
expences  of  provifions  and  lepairs 
have  much  increafed ;  fo  that  the 
public  ought  ftill  to  continue  its 
bounty  to  an  inflitution,  of  v/hich  it 
were  futile  to  detail  the  cb  /ious  ad- 
vantages. 


May  1802.  Biographical  Sketch 

The  Royal  Infirmary  was  not 
completely  finilhed  when  Commif- 
fioner  Drummond  was  called  to  very 
different  employment.  In  the  year 
1745,  while  the  miniftry  and  na- 
tion were  wholly  intent  on  a  foreign 
war,  Charles  Edward  Stuart,  the 
laft  branch  of  fo  many  Scotifh 
kings,  arrived  in  the  Weftern  Illes, 
to  claim  the  throne  of  his  anceilors. 
Though  unfupported  by  any  for- 
ces, except  the  adventrous  intrepi- 
dity of  his  fpirit  and  youth,  the 
Highland  Clans  encircled  his  ftan- 
dard,  and,  infpiteof  the  Royal  army^ 
which  either  fled  or  retreated  be- 
fore them,  reached  the  walls  of  the 
metropolis.  The  unproteded  fita- 
ation  of  Edinburgh,  which  like 
Sparta,  in  the  time  of  Epaminon- 
das,  had  not  feen  an  enemy  for  ma- 
ny years,  rendered  it  totally  inca- 
pable of  defence.  In  the  height  of 
the  conlternation,  a  few  days  be- 
fore the  rebels  approached  the  city, 

•leave  had,  however,  been  obtained, 
to  raife  a  few  companies  of  volun- 
teers, that  the  city  [might  not  fall 
without  fome  fhadow  of  refiftance. 

Six  companies  were  accordingly 
raifed,  confiiling  of  the  the  inhabi- 
tants,  and  ftudents  at  the  Univer- 
fity,  making  in  ail,  about  418 
men.  At  the  head  of  the  firft  of 
thefe  was  Commiffioner  Drummond. 
The  College  Company,  as  it  was 
called,  from  its  containing  about 
20  ftudents,  chfs -fellows,  friends, 
and  companions,  who  had  agreed  to 
join  and  ferve  together,  was  cer- 
tainly the  moft  adventrous  of  the 
whole  ;  but  it  does  not  appear,  that 
it  had  borne  arms  above  a  week, 

;  and  confequently  could  have  little 
knowledge  of  military  affairs.  When 
Charles  was  within  a  few  miles  of 

;  tlie  capital,  all  the  volunteers  were 

i  drawn  up  in  the  College  yards. 

;!  Captain  Diummond  placed  himfelf 
in  the  front  of  his  own  company ; 
i  informed  them  of  the  approach 
lie  rebels,  and  how  it  had  been 
propofcd  to  General  Gueft^  who 


of  Geo  rge  Drummond  Esq.  381 

commanded  in  the  caftle,  to  make 
a  ftand  with  two  regiments  of  dra- 
goons, againft  the  enemy,  if  a  body 
of  foot  could  be  obtained  to  aft 
with  them  ;  that  he  had  afked  th^ 
General,  if  250  volunteers  would 
be  fufficient,  as  he  could  anfwer  for 
fo  many,  if  the  Provoft  would  al- 
low 50  of  the  Town  Guard  to  join 
them.  The  volunteers  inftantly  ac- 
cepted the  propofal.  The  captain 
then  went  through  the  different 
companies,  and  warned  them  of  his 
refolution,  to  march  with  Jiis  party 
againft  the  rebels,  to  conquer  or 
die  ;  and  defired  thofe,  whofe  in- 
ciinations  did  not  rife  to  that  at- 
tempt, to  confult  for  themfeives.' 
Many  of  the  young  men,  who  ferv- 
ed  in  the  College  Company,  having 
by  themfeives,  perceived  the  impof^ 
Ability  of  defending  the  city,  look- 
ed on  this,  as  the  only  refouvce  ; 
and  had  taken  their  meafures  ac- 
cordingly. They  placed  more  re- 
liance on  the  dr.igoons,  than  expe- 
rience  would  have  taught  them  to 
have  done,  confiftent  with  pru- 
dence ;  and  that  tiiey  were  ready 
to  die,  is  all  that  can  be  faid  of 
their  refoluiion. 

Thf.  Provoft  ordered  90  of  the 
Town  Guard,  and  as  many  of  the 
Edinburgh  regiment,  as  would  ferve, 
to  join  the  diagoons.  Hamilton's 
regiment,  then  encamped  at  Leith, 
was  ordered  to  march  through  tlie 
city,  and  join  Gardiner's  at  Cor- 
ftorphine,  three  miles  from  Edin- 
burgh. 

The  Lawn  Market  had  been  ap. 
pointed  as  the  place  of  general  rendez- 
vous. The  fire-bell  being  rung,  the 
volunteers  appeared  under  arms.  As 
foon  as  the  dragoons  arrived,  they 
were  received  lA^th  acclamations, 
and  Mr  Drummond  putting  him- 
felf  at  the  head  of  that  part  Ox  his 
cornpany,  which  was  willing  to  fol- 
low him,  marched  down  the  Bow, 
into  the  Grafs  Market,  tov/ards  the 
Weft  Port  and  Corftorphine.  When 
h<2  and  his  party  came  to  the  Weft 

Port 


Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Drummond,  Esq.  Vol.  64. 


Port,  they  found  themfelves  alone  ; 
none  of  the  other  companies  having 
ioUowcd.  Lieutenant  Lindfay,  one 
of  the  orEccrs,  was  fent  back  to  the 
Lawn  Market,  to  learn  the  cauie, 
where  he  found-  the  companies  in 
jrreat  confufion.  Mod  of  the  pri- 
vate  men,  and  not  a  few  of  tlie  offi- 
cers,  were  unwilling  to  march  out ; 
thofe  officers  who  were  willing, 
were  defcrtcd  by  their  men,  and  a 
confiderable  number  of  tlie  privates 
had  no  body  to  lead  them.  This 
confufion  was  incrciifcd,  by  the  cnn- 
fternaiion  of  a  prodigious  crowd  of 
people  ;  the  panic  had  feized  on  all 
ranks;  old 'men  were  employed  in 
dilfuading  their  fons  and  rtJatiors, 
from  engaging  in  fo  mad  a  project, 
su:d  the  women  v\ith  tears,  expoftu- 
lations,  and  complaints,  cxhlbiling 
every  appearance  of  terror,  affec- 
tion, and  apprehended  deflrudion. 
Forty-two  private  men  of  Capiain 
Drunmiond's  c(^mpany  had  follow- 
ed him  into  the  Grafs  Market. 
Lieutenant  Lindfay  brought  down 
with  hini  about  141  fe]e(fted  volun- 
teers. The  men  of  the  Town 
Guard,  and  of  the  Edinburgh  regi- 
ment, amounted  to  180,  fo  that  the 
whole  body  was  363  foot,  belides 
officers. 

When  thefe  were  all  collcfled  in 
the  Grafs  Market,  Principal  Wifhart 
and  hisi  brother,  with  feveral  other 
clergym.en,  came  down,  and  ad- 
dreffmg  the  volunteers,  conjured 
them  by  whatever  they  held  mofl 
facred,  to  ftay  within  the  walls,  and 
referve  themfelves  for  the  defence 
of  the  city.  His  requeft  was  rejec- 
ted with  dlfdain,  by  feveral  of  the 
young  men  who  flood  near  hiin. 
After  principal  Wifhart  and  his 
friends  v^'ent  away,  Captain  Drum- 
mond,  after  talking  nvirh  his  cjjicers^ 
fent  a  meffage  by  Lieutenant  Or- 
miflon  of  Prefton's  company,  to  ac- 
quaint Provoft  Stewart,  that  unlefs 
he  agreed  to  their  marching  out  of 
town,  the  volunteers  were  deter- 
mined no:  to  proceed,  and  tfeat  they 


waited  his  anfwcr.  The  Provoft 
replied  by  the  fame  gentleman,  that 
he  was  very  much  againit  the  pro- 
pof.il  of  marching  the  volunteers  out 
of  town  ;  and  that  he  was  very  glnd 
of  their  refolution  not  to  march  out 
of  town.  Captain  Drummond,  upon 
this  anfwer,  marched  the  volunteers, 
back  to  the  College  yards  ;  and  the 
Town  Guard,  v/iih  the  party  of  the 
Edinburgh  regiment,  received  or- 
ders from  the  Provofl,  to  join 
Colonel  Gardiner  at  Corftorphine.' 

These  tranfadiions  took  place  oa 
Sunday  the  1 5th  of  September.  On 
the  1 6th,  the  rebels  approached  the 
city  flowly,  and  lent  in  a  threaten, 
ing  letter  to  the  magiilrates.  On 
the  night  of  the  i  5  th,  Coh  *nelGardi. 
ner,  with  his  two  regiments,  and  the 
town-guard,  and  Edinburgh  regi- 
ment, retreated  from  Corftorphine 
to  a  field  between  Leith  and  Edin- 
burgh, leaving  a  party  of  dragoons 
behind  him..  That  night,  General 
Fowkes  arrived  from  London,  and 
received  orders  to  take  the  command 
of  the  two  regiments  and  tlie  in- 
fantry, and  march  them  to  Colt 
Bridge,  about  two  miles  from  Edin- 
burgh on  the  Corftorphine  road. 

The  Highlanders  next  day,  on 
approaching  Corftorphine,  faw  the 
party  of  dragoons  left  by  Colbnel 
Gardiner.  Some  of  their  number 
rode  up  to  them,  and  fired  at  them, 
on  which  they  immediately  took 
flight,  and  retreated  into  the  mairi 
body.  Struck  with  a  kind  of  panic, 
General  Fowkes,  and  the  whole  un- 
der  his  corhm.and,  marched  off  im- 
mediately ;  and,  about  three  or  four 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  retreated 
along  the  fields  where  the  New 
Town  IS  now  fkuated,  in  fight  of 
tlie  inhabitants  of  Edinburgh.  Im,- 
mediately  every  one  defpaired  of 
maintaining  the  defence  of  the  city- 
The  volunteer  companies  were  at 
fembled  in  the  Lawn  Market  unde| 
Captain  Drummond;  while  thl 
council  and  citizens  were  affemblej 


May  i3c2.  Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Drum?^^  33. 


1  Goldfmith's  Kail,  confulting  a- 
.out  the  meafures  which  ftiould  be 
taJcen.    The  people  at  the  meeting 
--cre  in  great  confufion,  and  the  ma- 
^.  ity  of  the  common  fort  were  for 
Mrrendering     without  refilrance. 
Thefe  fentiments  of  the  populace] 
joined  to  the  fituation  of  the  place, 
and  the  condud  of  the  dragoons' 
induced  Captain  Drummond,  after 
communicating  the  reafon  to  tlie 
volunteers,  to  march  them  up  to 
the  callle,  where  they  gave  up  their 
arms.    This  was  done  with  reluc- 
tance hj  a  confiderable  number  in 
thefe  companies,  and  we  are  well 
affured,  with  no  lefs  rcludlance  by 
himfelf.  ^ 
^   About  eight  o'clock  that  night, 
intelligence  arrived  of  the  landing 
of  General  Cope's  army  at  Dun- 
bar.    This  changed  the  face  of  af- 
fairs  ;  the  council  repented  of  hav- 
ing  difmiiTed  the  volunteers;  and, 
having  fent  deputies  to  the  Preten. 
der  about  receiving  him.  Motions 
were  made  to  Itand  again  on  the 
defenfive,  and  deputies  were  fent 
off  about  two  in  the  morning,  to 
beg  a  fufpenfion  of  hc.filities  till 
nine  o'clock,  that  the  magiibates 
might  have  time  to  ccnfuk  the  in- 
Habitants.  Thefe  deputies  were  not 
admitted.     They  returned  to  the 
city;  and,  while  the  coach  which 
condu(5ted  them,  was  let  through 
the  Nether-Bow  port,  800  Came- 
rons,  who  had  entered  the  Canon- 
gate,  probably  by  advice,  rufhed  in, 
and^took  po/I'eflion  of  the  capital. 

Th'  se  circumllanccs,  of  them- 
felves,  would  not  have  been  worthy 
of  detail,  had  it  not  been  that  the  in- 
genious hiltorian  of  the  rebellion  in 
1 745>  who  was  a  volunteer  in  Drum- 
mond's  company,  and  a  fpedator 
ot  all  that  happened  at  the  time, 
relates  them  in  a  manner  which  re- 
tieds  on  Mr  Drummond's  charac 
tcr.  He  imputes  Mr  Drummond's 
propofal  of  marching  out  and  at- 
tiicking  the  Highlanders,  to  a  mo- 


tive  of  gaining  popularity  at  the 
enfumg    city    eledions.  Provoft 
Stewart  and  his  friends,  who,  accor- 
ding to  all  accounts,  were  real  whigs, 
had  been  in  po/LfFion  of  the  macnf- 
tracy  for  fome  years.    Mr  Drum- 
movA  had  the  misfortune  to  be  of 
another^ party  with  regard  to  citr 
improvements,    but  it  was  nev^V 
hmted  by  any  man,  far  lefs  by  anvr 
part  of  his  conduct,  that  he  was  of 
ditfercnt  political  fentiments.  Oa 
the  contrary,  if  the  reft  of  his  cha- 
rader  through  life,  both  before  and 
after,  be  compared  with  his  prono- 
lal  on  that  day,  thev  ^•'dl  be  fonVd 
perfealy  confiftent.    Leaving  ou-^ 
or  confideration  the  marching  back 
ot  the  volunteers,  as  a  proof  (and 
It  is  the  only  one*),  chat  his  propo, 
lal  aroiefrom  party  motives  or  failed' 
for  want  of  courage,  and  viewinr 
the  adion  merely  as  dictated  bv  th- 
bed  of  intentions,  and  then  correct 
ted  by  common  fenfe,  it  is  obvious  to 
any  man,  that  the  premifes  will  not 
warrant  the  former  coneluf^on.  Th- 
natural  dcdudionis,  Mr  Drummond 
determined  to  meet  the  rebel  army, 
and  had  full  courage  to  do  fa.  Eu^ 
on  ccniideiing  the  troops  he  was  to 
join,  and  the  party  of  raw  and  un. 
onciphned  youth  v/hich  he  led,  he 
had  good  realbn  to  defpair  of  fur, 
cefs,  and  what  is  more,  of  doinn- 
aiiy  good  by  a  glorious  death.  Mr 
Drummond  was  not  unacquaint-d 
with  the  world,  as  moft  of  his  fol^ 
lowers  were;    he  probably  knew 
Ibrnethmg  cf  the  Highland  fury, 
and  itiU  more  of  the  courage  of  th- 
dragoons,  who,  a  few  hours  after;; 
tied  with  precipitation  to  Dur.bar, 
at  the  noife  of  one  of  dieir  number 
falhng  mto  an  old  coal-pit  f .  H- 
mm\  alfo  have  conGdered,  that  in 
caie  the  dragoons  Ihould  be  broken, 
and  fiy,  the  handful  of  foot  would 


*  Plome's  Hiilory  of  the  Rcbel'io- 
page  85,  5)7.  t  loid,  p.  ic.  ' 

in 


3^4 


Corrigenda  in  the  Life  of  Br  Webster.       Vol.  64, 


Inftantly  be  cut  in  pieces,  without 
any  other  effedl  than  the  exafpera- 
ting  of  the  enemy,  who,  for  aught 
he  was  able  to  judge  to  the  contrary, 
raight  break  in  and  phmder  the  city. 
Befides,  he  did  not  know  the  num- 
ber of  the  Highland  army,  and  had 
received,  in  common  with  the  other 
inhabitants,  an  account  that  it  was 
16,000  ftrong*.  A  few  of  the  mod 
forward  vohmteers,  with  their  com- 
mander at  their  head,  would  pro- 
bably have  fallen  ;  the  refl  w^ould 
have  fled  in  every  diie(5tion. 

It  may  be  objeded,  that  Captain 
Drummond  muft  have  forefccn  all 
this  before  the  propofal.  Provoft 
Stew^art  himfelf,  was  fo  convinced  of 
the  untenable  nature  of  the  city, 


*  Home's  Hiftory,  p.  91. 


that  he  had  repeatedly  f  difapprov- 
ed  of  the  original  meafure  of  taking 
arms.  Captain  Drummond  was,  of 
the  company  of  burgeffes  w^ho  were 
eager  for  defence,  in  fome  fhapc  or 
other  ;  and  he  aded  a  confpicuous 
part  in  raifmg  the  volunteers.  Need 
we  then  have  recourfe  to  finifter  mo- 
tives to  account  for  the  fii  ft  deter- 
mination of  a  man,  who  difdained 
to  furrender  the  capitial,  without  a 
fingle  attempt  to  defend  it,  in  whofe 
mind,  death  or  the  very  precarj- 
ous  chance  of  vidlory,  fcemed  much 
preferable  to  the  idea  of  yielding, 
till  a  mature  confideration  of  the 
inutility  of  ^he  attempt  forced  him 
to  defift. 

(  To  be  continued  ) 


t  P.  98. 


CORRIGENDA  ik  the  LIFE  of  Dr  WEBSTER. 


IN  the  haile,  in  w^hich  diis  article 
was  draw^n  up,  fome  particulars 
have  been  either  miftated,  or  elfe 
not  clearly  expre'ffed.  ^  The  v\  riier, 
therefore,  begs  of  his  readers,  co 
correa  thefe  pafTages,  as  follows,  ^ 

In  page  279,  for  the  words,  "  in 
the  fame  year  with  the  celebrated 
Dr  William  Ro  ertfon,"  read,  with 
the  father  of  the  celebrated  Dr 
William  Robertfon. 

Dunfermline  was  not  the  pi in- 
cipal  feat  of  the  fccefTion,  it  was  on- 
ly one  of  its  firft  diftrids  ;  nor  w\as 
Mr  Whitefield  at  Cambuflang,  at 
the  time  when  Dr  Webfter  witnef- 
fed  the  effeas  w^hich  he  communi- 
cated to  the  public,  in  his  pamphlet. 


Mr  Whitefield  was,  however,  con- 
fidered  as  one  of  the  principal  in- 
ftruments  of/ the  revival  of  religion 
in  the  weft.  Vide  his  Life  and  Cor- 
refpondence. 

The  Writer  of  this  article  has 
been  underftood  by  fome,  to  afhrm 
page  283,  that  the  clergymen  who 
preached  againft  the  Rebellion,  in 
I  745,  w^ould  have  preached  in  praife 
of  it,  had  it  profpered.  This  is  not 
his  meaning.  Thefe  clergymen 
w^ould  have  been  ejeaed,  and  preach- 
ers of  different  fentiments,  appoint- 
ed in  their  place,  wwild  certainly 
have  aaed  in  the  manner  he  has 
mentioned. 


Mav  i8o2. 


385 


For  the  Sco/s  Magazine. 
ON  THE  NECESSITY  OF  AN  ESTABLISPIED  RELIGION, 


Can  knowledge  have  no  bound,  but  ir.ufl;  advance 
So  far,  to  make  us  wifh  fur  ignoraii-e  ? 


IN  an  age  when  the  fplrlt  of  en- 
quiry predominates  fo  much,  it  'is 
of  public  importance,  that  thofc 
publications,  which  are  periodically 
addre/fed  to  it,  and  greedily  perufed, 
Ihould  not  only  be  communicative 
of  agreeable,  but  ufeful  information ; 
that  it  fhould  be  thtir  airn  not  to 
laxify  and  miflead,  but  to  invigo- 
rate and  inform  ;  not  to  blunt  the 
fenfibilities  of  moral  tafte,  but  to 
awaken  its  perceptions  to  thofe  im- 
portant relations  which  confLitute 
the  order  and  harmony  of  fo- 
ciety. 

The  general  truth  of  this  obfer- 
vation  will  be  more  immediately 
recognifed   by   thofe,    who  have 
turned  the  eye  of  enquiry  upon  the 
literature  of  France,  and  marked 
tlie  pernicious  confequcnces  refult- 
ing  from  the  mifapplied  labours  of 
thofe,  who  rendered  fm^ilar  publi- 
cations" the  vehicle  of  fentiment  and 
fpeculation  equally  debauched  and 
,  erroneous.    With  all  the  talents, 
but  none  of  the  views  of  philofo- 
pherS,  a  junto  amongft  them,  uni- 
led  in  the  wild  enterprife  of  un- 
hinging the  Chriftian  fyftem.  The 
attack  was  commenced,  by  under- 
niining  their  church— a  church,  ty- 
rannical and  corrupted  indeed  --but 
fWl  in  fome  fort  prefervative  of  pub- 
j  lie  morality.   In  this  country,  fome 
I  as  obfequious  to  the  opinions,  as  * 
;  its  fiiihionable':  are  to  the  manners 
of  France,   lookine:   only  to  the 
Vol.  LXIV. 


Den  HAM. 

abufes,  without  reckoning  the  ad- 
vantages of  religious  eftablifhm.ents, 
are  induifrlous  to  aflert  their  in- 
compatibility with  reafon  and  phi- 
lofophy  ;  and  this  they  advance 
with  all  the  air  of  the  mofl:  liberal 
and  expanfive  views.  Far,  how- 
ever, from  afcribing  the  polluted 
motives  of  a  Voltaire  or  a  Weif- 
haupt  to  thofe  who  entertain  tliis 
opinion,  and  who  may  poffibly  juf- 
tify  it  to  themfelves,  upon  what 
they  deem  folid  grounds ;  it  is 
only  meant  to  deprecate  the  evils 
to  which  it  apparently  leads,  to  ex- 
pofe  ils  inconfiilency  with  found 
philofophy,  and  to  exhibit  tlie  con- 
ne(flion  between  prefervation  of  mo- 
rals and  the  liability  of  Hates. 

It  is  almoft  trite  to  obferve, 
that  the  fphere  of  man's  action  is 
a  focial  one  ;  that  he  is  to  move 
with  his  kind,  and  be  affec'led  in  his 
individual  enjoyments,  by  the  ap- 
proaches or  alterations  of  the  col- 
lective mafs  in  its  progrefs  toward 
the  ultimate  ends  of  fociety.  Fierce 
and  lawlefs  in  a  favage  itate,  fiib- 
je6t^  to  the  fway  of  uncontrouled 
paffion,  to  the  privations  of  want, 
to  the  terrors  of  fuperRition  :  the 
advantages  of  civilization  are  want- 
ing to  the  improvement  of  the  mo- 
ral and  intelleJlual  capacities  of 
man.  Even  in  a  flate  of  civiliza- 
tion, however,  fuch  is  the  nature  of 
his  being,  that  education,  knov/- 
ledge,  and  more  enlarged  notions 
3  ^  of 


386       On  the  Necessity  of  an  Established  Religion.    Vol.  64. 


of  expediency,  are  not  of  thcmfelves 
fufficicnt  to  dire(5l  his  courfe,  fiom 
^vhi:h,  in  the  gales  of  pafiinn,  he 
conliiiually  fwerves.'  To  apply  to 
ihc  deviations  the  corredis^e  re- 
medies of  law,  to  provide  for  the 
happincfs  and  improvement  of  the 
Ipecies,  are  the  ends  of  govern- 
ment. 

Such  heing  the  nature  of  the  infti- 
tution,wc  neceirarily  judge  of  its  per- 
fc(5lion,bythe  adaptation  of  its  means 
to  its  ends  ;  and  we  eftimate  the  effi- 
cacy of  particular  means,  from  their 
foundation  in  the  nature  and  confti- 
tution  of  man.  When  liuman  con- 
duifl  is  to  be  influenced  to  what  is 
right,  thofe  means  are  unqueflion- 
abiy  to  be  preferred,  which  afford 
the  ftrongeft  motives  to  retflitude  of 
adion.     If  povcrnment  then  is  in- 

o 

trufted  witli  the  happinefs  of  man, 
and  at  the  fame  time,  leaves  to  con- 
tingency a  powerful  means  of  pro- 
viding for  it,  wc  are  juftitied  upon 
the  principles  which  have  been  Ra- 
ted, in  attributing  to  it  a  great  and 
oftcnfible  defect.  Laws  alone,  how- 
ever wife  in  themfelves,  how^ever 
vigilantly  executed,  however  ford- 
fied  by  penalties',  afford  bat  a  feeblr 
barrier  agaiuft  the  inroads  of  vice. 

Extruitc   Tmrnanes   fcopulos,  attciite 

Cingite  vos  fluviis ;    \<[\\?.i  opponite 
fylvas  ; 

Non  dabitis  muium  fctkri  

Claud!an. 

There  are  nc  temporal  expedients  to 
banifh  the  hope  of  impunity  vrhich 
iurks  in  the  bieaft,  without  impref- 
fmg  the  belief  of  a  Divine  Beiiig, 
armed  with  retributive  attributes. 
This  i^  not  only  neceffary  to  fecond 
the  influence  of  laws  ;  but  alfo,  to 
inforce  their  impartial  and  vigilant 
admlnifliration.  Hence,  the  evident 
ncceffity  in  a  wife  fyilem  of  polit,y, 
of  eftablifliing  permanent  caufes 
-from  which  thefe  effeds  may  rQ- 


If  the  fan(5lions  of  religion  afford 
the  ftrongell:  motives  to  reditude  of 
condudl ;  if  private  and  public  or- 
der be  effential  to  the  vigour  of 
fti^tes ;  and  if  the  happinefs  and  per- 
fetflion  of  progreflive  beings  are  the 
ends  of  government ;  it  follows  not 
only  as  a  matter  of  expediency,  but 
of  obligation  on  the  part  of  every 
w^ell  conllituted  ftate,  to  provide 
and  fupport  an  eftabliflimerit  to  le- 
cure  thofe  momentous  and  falutary 
ends.  No  reafoning  founded  on 
the  abufes  of  fuch  an  eftabliihment 
can  invalidate  a  conclufion  evident- 
ly refulting  from  the  joint  nature 
of  man  and  of  government.  To 
maintain  for  inftance  that  becaufe 
fome  fi'ch  edabhihmentsjiave  proved 
hollllc  to  liberal  inveftigation  — have 
become  fit  engines  of  government 
for  tyrannical  purpofes — there  fliould 
be  no  eflabiilhed  fyftem  of  public 
inftrudlion  whatever,  is  a  mode  of 
inveftigation  which  is  only  reforted 
to  by  thofe,  w^ho  have  a  party  argu- 
ment to  fupport,  over  whofe  intel- 
letftual  vifion,  the  guita  sere^^a  of  pre- 
judice has  defcended.  This  argu- 
ment would  ffrike  at  reafon  itfelf, 
and  all  the  fciences  proceeding  fronj 
it.  Bccaufe  erroneous  fpeculative 
errors  jiave  been  followed  with  per- 
nicious confequences,  does  it  follow 
the  exercife  of  reafon  ILould  be  fuf- 
pended  \  Are  we  to  abandon  medi- 
cine and  chemiftry,  becaufe  of  the 
impudence  of  empiricifm,  the  fol- 
lies of  the  elixir  of  life,  and  the 
gold-converting  ftone  ?  Becaufe  the 
impofitions  of  aftrology  arofe  from 
the  reputed  fcience  of  the  ftars, 
fhall  v/e  not  contemplate  the  har- 
mony and  order  of  the  univerfe  in 
the  fyftem  of  Newton. 

Among  the  mo  ft  profound  poh- 
ticiansj  public  inilruclion  has  al- 
ways been  held  an  effential  part  of 
of  the  duty  of  government.  The 
eflicacy  of  laws,  which  have  no 
force  without  the  belief  of  obliga- 
tion,   almoft  completely  depends 


May  1802.  On  the  Necessity  of  an  Established  Religion.  387 


upon  the  degree  of  inftru<51:ion  pof- 
feifcd  by  the  public.  And  when 
it  is  confidered,  that  in  politics  as 
in  medicine,  it  is  wife  to  prevent 
difeafe,  that  it  is  better  to  render 
punilhment  unnecefTary,  than  to 
pnnifh ;  no  doubt  can  be  enter- 
tained, that  a  wife  government 
ought  to  provide  moral  inftrudors 
to  guard  againll  the  increafe  of 
crime.  To  have  proper  public  in- 
llru<ftors  is,  in  fa<^,  the  great  end  of 
an  eftablilhed  religion  ;  and  hence, 
it  is  abfolutely  inexpedient  to  leave 
that  to  private  difcretion,  which 
ought  to  enjoy  the  wifdom  and 
countenance  of  public  law.  Volun- 
tary contribution  and  precarious 
remuneration,  humble  the  impor- 
tance of  the  inftrudor,  and  beget 
a  fhifting  pliability  to  tlie  humours 
and  prejudices  of  the  vulgar.  What- 
ever dilfenters  poffefs  in  reputation 
or  means,  they  owe  to  the  rivallliip 
excited  by  an  oppofite  eilabliiliment, 
which  once  at  an  end,would  crumble 
as  it  fell,  and  would  be  fucceeded 
only  by  ignorance  and  vulgar  en- 
thufiafm.  The  moral  judgments 
and  moral  taile  of  the  public,  if 
not  entirely  abandoned,  would  be 
fubmitted,  not  to  men  who  could 
"  pour  on  m.ifty  doubt  refiftlefs 
day,"  but  to  the  plaftic  efforts  of 
others,  without  learning  or  capaci- 
ty, affording  an  equal  fund  of  ridi- 
cule with  that  which,  on  the  fubjed 
of  fermonifmg,  led  to  the  difplay  of 
fo  much  Cervantfc  humour  in  the 
"  Hiiloria  del  famofo  predicador 
Fray  Gerundio"  of  the  Spanifn  iefuit 
De  Liila; 

An  eftablifhment  conftantly  pro- 
dudive  of  public  moral  inrtrudion, 
ii»  more  neceffary  perhaps  in  a  free 
country,  than  where  the  fcepter  is 
j  Iwayed  by  an  abfolute  monarch. 
\  In  a  free  llate,  there  will  never  be 
wanting  thofc  whofe  ambition  im- 
pells  them 

To  throw  forth  great  then;cs 
infu;rc(ltion's  arguing. 

Sha:;es?i:af.e, 


Power  in  the  hands  of  the  people, 
without  concomitant  virtues,  dege- 
nerates into  licentioufnefs;  and  even 
under  limited  forms  of  popular  ex- 
crtion,  where  indired  controul  is 
more  exercifed  than  aclual  power, 
an  eftablifhed  fyflem  of  inftrudlion 
is  cffential  to  enforce  upon  the 
minds  of  the  people,  that  moral 
awe,  temperance,  and  love  of  juf- 
tice  neceffary  to  the  beneficial  exer- 
cife  of  authority.  The  rulers  of 
France,  once  fo  hoftile  to  thefe  efla- 
bliihments,  feem  now  fully  f^nfible 
of  the  truih  of  this  conclufion.  In 
the  fervor  of  the  revolutionary  cri- 
fis,  religion  was  abolifhed  as  fub- 
verfive  of  the  rights  of  reafon,  now 
in  triumphant  union  w^ith  the  rights 
of  man;  and  the  pretended  regene- 
rators of  focial  order  thought  its  re- 
lations were  to  he  preferved  among 
25  m.illions  of  people,  by  the  power- 
ful doclrines  of  cofmopolitanifm  ! 

P'jrciis  D-orarn  cultor  et  infreqacns 
Infaniernis  dum  f  ipientias 
Coni'iikus  crro  

Kos..^cs. 

It  mufl  he  confelTed,  that  tlie  fa- 
lutary  purpofes  of  .an  eftribliilied  re- 
ligion, in  producing  and  iupporting 
a  number  of  learned  and  zealou's 
inftrudors,  have  too  often  been  de- 
feated by  internal  and  external  a- 
bufes  and  defedls.  The  rights  of 
private  judgment  have  been  inva- 
ded, unity  of  fentiment  facrificed  to 
polemical  fubtilty,  and  difference  of 
opinion  been  followed  with  politi- 
cal disfranchifement.  Tantum  re- 
ligio  potuit  fuadere  malorum."  But 
thefe  are  violations  of  the  legitimate 
ends  of  an  eilabUiliment — the  en- 
forcing of  the  obligations  of  morality^ 
under  the  poweiful  fandlions  of  re- 
ligion. To  this  end,  it  is  not  ne- 
ceifary  to  amplify  creeds  wnth  con- 
teited  dogmas  of  fpeculutive  theo- 
logy ;  it  is  not  neceffary  to  fortify 
the  national  iyftem  with  partial  po- 
litical privileges,  nor  is  it  neceffary 


358 


Piclure  of  Solitude. 


Vol.  64. 


to  array  it  with  that  external  pomp 
which  is  only  calculated  to  imprefs 
the  "  pale  ftricken  votaries  of  fuper- 
ftition."  To  promote  unity  and 
harmony  is  the  temporal  end  of  re- 
ligion ;  and  this  being  the  cafe,  "  it 
is  a  happy  thing,"  as  the  fagacious 
Bacon  obferves,""  when  itfclf  is  well 
contained  within  the  true  bond  of 
unity." 

It  w^ould  be  chara<^erifl:ic  of  an  en- 
lightened age,  to  devife  the  means  of 
allaying  the.animofities  and  difcords 


fpringing  from  impolitic  religious 
diftindions.  Reform  would  thus 
emanate  from  a  beneficent  wifdom. 
The  fpirit  of  rafli  innovation  would 
be  difappointcd  of  its  fadious  re- 
ward. Without  this,  the  bloifoms 
of  j)eace  cannot  flourilh  amid  the 
frods  of  parry  war.  Without  this, 
the  church  is  not  likely  to  enjoy  the 
\v\ih  of  Burke,  "  that  her  head  may 
reach  that  heaven,  to  v.hich  llio 
would  condud  us," 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
PICTURE  OF  SOLITUDE, 


THE  following  fketch  is  ren- 
dered  from  the  2d  chap.*  of  the 
elegant  little  treatiie,  Sulla  Sen- 
fibilita"  of  Francifco  Zacchirole. 
It  is  to  be  regietted,  that  no  tranf- 
lation  has  yet  appeared  in  our  lan- 
guage, of  a  work,  Vvhich  appears 
every  way  worthy  of  its  avowed 
objed ;  to  prefent  a  humble  of- 
fering at  the  fhrine  of  virtue,  and 
pubhcly  to  render  homage  to 
truth."  f 

The  prefent  fpecime-  will  fcarce- 
ly  convey  the  fainted  idea  of  the 
priginah  There  is  a  peculiar  and  ap- 
propriate, though  namelcfs,  beauty 
in  the  Italian  language,  when  em- 
ployed in  fuch  defcriptions  as  the 
following,  w^liich  never  fills  to  leave 
imitation  far  behind.  The  tranf  a- 
tor's  purpofe  will  be  attair.ed,  if  he 
fhall  attrad  fome  dcqrec  of  atten- 


*  Entitled,  '*DcIl  honjo  ]x-;fcUa~ 
jnente  ilolato." 

t  Reccrch.  Jiulla  Senfib.  ad  iritroau- 


tion  to  the  pages  of  Zacchirole.  Per* 
haps,  too,  the  picture  here  exhibited, 
dim  and  ungraceful  as  the  colour- 
ing may  be,  will  appear  to  fcme^ 
readers  as  tending  more  than  ^ 
thoufand  arguments  to  the  over- 
throw of  a  fyttem,  which  abfard  as 
it  is,  has  not  wanted  its  advocates.j 
the  fyitem,  w^hich  teaches  that  mk^ilj 
is,  by  nature,  a  folitary  being. 

"  Man  ought  to  be  grateful  tQ 
heaven,  for  having  ca(t  his  lot 
among  beings  like  himfelf ;  in  the 
bofcm.  of  an  affediionate  family  ;  in 
the  heart  of  the  endeared  land  pi 
hi^  nativ'ty.  He  cannot  call 
mind,  without  feeling  a  delight 
emotion,  how  m.uch  the  refpe 
authors  of  his  exigence  have  d 
for  him  ; — how  much  he  owes 
a  faithful  wife,  who  affil3:s  him 
fuftaining  the  burdens  of  life  ; 
to  a  virtuous  friend,  in  whofe 
tachmcnt  he  finds  fo  many  refo 
ccs,  in  whofe  fympathy,  he  expeii- 
cnces  fuch  confolation  ;  nor,  finally 
what  ties  bind  him  to  hisJ  cotifitry 


May  i8c2. 


Picture  of  SoVitude. 


3S9 


where  he  enjoys  an  honourable  fub- 
fiftence,  and  where  laws  guard  his 
fafety.  Wherever  he  turns  his  eyes, 
he  fees  collected  around  him,  all 
the  objecls  which  are  moil  dear  to 
him ;  and  he  fees  them  confpiring 
to  promote  his  happinefs. 

What  a  comfortable  picture  is 
thi* ;  whole  accuracy  cannot  be 
called  in  queftion  ;  and  with  whofe 
beauty  we  are  not  llruck  as  we 
ought  to  be,  only  becaufe  it  is  fa- 
.  miliar  to  us ! 

Yet,  what  additional  charms 
will  it  receive,  when  the  condition 
of  man  in  fociety  is  contralted  with 
his  Hate  in  folitude  ! 

Thou,  who  fatiated  with  plea- 
-fures,  or  difguftcd  with  the  crimes 
which  difturb  fociety,  art  weary  of 
its  facred  bonds,  and  longeft  for  fo- 
litude,— accompany  me  to  the  de- 
fert ;  and  obfeive  there,  the  life  of 
a  man,  whom  circumilances  have 
infulated  from  the  refl:  of  the  uni- 
Terfe. 

The  place  breathes  all  that  air 
of  defolation,  which  is  tlie  charac- 
teridic  of  favage  nature,  and  v/hich 
can  only  be  expelled  by  the  hand 
of  ingenuous  induRry.  Black  and 
thick  clouds  reft  on  the  brovv^  of  the 
hill ;  and  are  fufpeuded  in  the  air, 
as  if  threatening  the  fubjacent  val- 
►  ley.  All  nature  feems  buried  in 
a  profound  lethargy — Silence  reigns 
throughout ;  or,  is  interrupted  on- 
ly by  die  tremendous  howling  of 
beads  of  prey,  and  the  diimal 
fcream  of  the  bird  of  night ;  -^whicli 
ferve  to  aggravate  "the  horrors  of 
this  abode  of  wretchednefs.  -Such 
is  the  pUce,  where  a  human  being, 
the  only  one  of  his  fpecies,  has  now 
dragged  out  many  years. 

His  form  had  not  yet  acqtiired 
its  mature  llrength,  nor  were  his 
faculties  completely  developed,  when 
providence  here  abandoned  him  to 
himlelf, — Scarce  can  he  now  be  re- 
cognifed  as  a  man  !  His  frightful 
-1  has  no  other  clothine,  than 


the  leaves  of  a  tree,  or  tlic  fLin  of 
an  animal,  which  he  has  found 
dead ;  his  limbs  are  covered  widi 
dull:  and  fweet  ;  a  terrific  ferocity 
is  expreiTed  by  his  features  ; — a  long 
matted  beard  conceals  his  chin;  — 
his  fliag-  y  hair  falls  partly  on 
llioulders,  partly  on  his  forehead. — 
Society  'would  have  made  this  man 
a  rob u ft  and  vigorous  foiJier  ; 
whofe  ftrength  might  have  aided 
his  country,  while  the  manly  pro- 
portions  of  his  body  might  have 
furnifhed  a  fa bjed  of  innocent  afto- 
niihment  to  the  eyes  of  a  beholder. 
But  the  defert  has  made  him  a  ufe- 
lefs  mafs  of  mufcles  and  flefii :  the 
purpofe  of  natuit^  lias  been  fruflra- 
ted  by  folitude. 

Hi'j  has  no  other  food,  but  fuch 
fruiis  and  wild,  herbs,  as  fo  incle- 
ment a  climate  fupplies ; — he  re- 
tires to  fleep,  in  the  hollow  of  a 
rock,  amid  a  thicket  of  trees.  De- 
graded and  brutified  by  his  forlorri 
condition,  his  mind  remains  ufelefs 
as  his  body.— The  fun  rifes;  his  rays 
throw  a  fplendour  over  the  face  of 
nature,  the  moft  fublime  and  m.ag- 
nificent  that  imxaginalion  can  paint. 
But  this  fcenc,  fo  iuhniiely  produc- 
tive of  erijoyment  to  him  who  is  ca- 
pable of  contem.plation,  is  loft  upon 
our  favage.  His  fcnfelefs  organs 
difcover  not  the  harmony  and  order 
of  the  univeife  ;  his  heart  feels  not 
its  beauty  and  its  richnefs.  The 
fun  fets  ;  —by  little  and  little  it  dil- 
appears  ;  the  torrent  of  light,  which 
inundated  the  univerfe,  is  finally 
loft.  Then  a  fpedacle,  lefs  mag- 
nificent indeed,  but  not  lefs  intei  eft- 
inp-,  ftrikes  the  view.  An  azure 
and  tranfparent  veil  is  fufpended  at 
an  immenfe  height ;  befpangled 
with  millions  of  bright  and  fpark- 
ling  golden  points ;  which  unite 
their  light,  as  if  confpiring  to  ccm- 
penfate  tlie  abfence  of  the  great  lu- 
minary which  hath  juft  difappeared. 
Another  body  of  fweet  and  pallid 
light,  now  rifcs,  to  Ihine  upon  the 

world  i 


Pidlure  of  Solitude. 


Vol.  64, 


world ;  and  fupplies  a  new  and 
peaceful  fubjed  of  contemplation. 
But  the  favage  can  merely  behold 
thefe  objeds  :  he  is  utterfy  incapable 
of  admiring  them. 

It  is  true,  indeed,  that  man  has 
not  to  fear  in  the  idefert,  the  tongue 
of  calumny,  to  ftain  his  honours  ; 
that  he  needs  not  there  meditate 
the  means  of  defending  his  life 
againft  the  alfaults  of  cruelty,  nor 
his  property  againfl:  the  infidlous 
attempts  of  rapacity:  It  is  true  alfo, 
that  the  miniiters  of  the  laws  do 
not  there  mifemploy,  for  his  dcf- 
trudlion,  the  facred  and  aweful  au- 
thority with  which  they  are  entruf- 
ted ;  and  that  he  does  not  fee, 
every,  the  molt  facred  duty  profan- 
ed and  trampled  on. — But  is  he, 
therefore,  the  lefs  wretched  I  Are 
his  days  more  tranquil  ?  his  nights 
Icfs  difturbed  ?  Oh,  what  mull  be 
his  fulFerings  in  this  dwelling  of 
woe,  w^here  no  hand  can  be  Wretch- 
ed forth  to  afiift  him  in  his  neceffi- 
ties,  or  to  fliare  his  intolerable  fa- 
tigues !  How  often  has  he  been 
compelled  to  fabdue  the  beads  of 
the  fored,  before  he  could  fecure 
his  miferable  fuilenance  !  How  of- 
ten has  he  been  fiiiiken  with  terror, 
when  the  defert  relbunded  with  the 
roar  of  the  tyger  !  How^  often  has 
a  hand  of  ice  bound  up  his  heart, 
when  he  has  been  driven  to  feek 
fafety,  in  a  laborious  flight,  from 
the  lion's  hunger ! 

He  has  now^  reached  that  sera  of 
life,  when  nature  admonilhes  him, 
that  he  was  not  born  for  folitude. 
He  feels,  that  fomething  is  wanting 
to  his  happinefs ;  but  what,  he 
knows  not.  A  new,  unfpeakable, 
unknown  defire  torments  him  ;  it 
takes  entire  pofTelljon  of  his  mad- 
dening foul :  his  eyes  wander  reft- 
lefs,  as  if  feaiching  every  where  for 
the  obje(fi:  of  his  inceffant  feelings. 
Miferable  favage  !  abandoned  to  fo- 
litude, he  will  never  enjoy  the 
fweet  delight  of  witneffing  the  re- 


producftion  of  his  being  : — of  feeing 
an  afFedionate  family  rife  and  flou- 
rifli  around  him.  Devoured  by  de- 
fires  which  can  never  be  gratified ; 
tortured  by  the  moft  fatal  of  wants; 
goaded  by  feelings,  the  more  acute, 
from  their  being  undivided  by  other 
objects  ;  ~  he  lauguiflies  through  the 
period  of  youth,  amid  the  horrors 
of  raadnefs,  or  the  poignancy  of  a 
mifery,  a  thoufand  times  more 
dreadful  tlian  even  madnefs. 

Thus  does  he  pafs  thofe  years, 
which,  in  the  life  of  a  fecial  man, 
are  the  years  of  enjoyment,  of  exer- 
tion, of  pardonable  errors.  Thefe 
are  fucceeded  by  the  years  of  pru- 
dence and  tranquility ;  when,  the 
paffions  being  mortified,  things  are 
feen  through  a  different  medium  ; 
and  when  reafon  a/Tumes  the  afcen- 
dancy,  in  proportion,  as  the  domi- 
nion  of  feeling  becomes  weaker. 
But  this  ferene  and  tranquil  age, — 
the  acra  in  w^hich  man  feels,  in  all 
its  extent,  the  dignity  of  his  na- 
ture— is,  to  the  flivage,  anewfource 
of  infupportable  weaknefs.  His  end 
now  approaches.  His  paffions, 
which  fpoke  to  his  heart,  and  Ihook 
his  Ibui,  had  raifed  fome  degree  of 
gratification :  Under  their  influ- 
ence, he  had  been,  (miferable  con- 
folation  ! )  at  leaft  confcious  of  ex- 
igence. But  even  this  confolation, 
the  laft  that  remained,  hath  alfo 
fled :  his  paffions  are  filent :  his 
heart  feels  no  more  :  death  hath  al- 
ready, by  anticipation,  feized  hi^; 
victim  :  what  remains,  is  no  more 
than  a  machine,  whofe  exhauftcd 
organs  tend  llow^ly  to  their  own  dil- 
folution. 

Such  is  the  lite,  and  fuch  the 
death,  of  the  wretched  being,  who 
is  cut  oft  from  the  comforts,  the 
enjoyments,  the  life,  of  ibciety  1 

Once  more,  let  me  addrefs  thee, 
whoever  thou  art,  that  hateft  fo- 
ciety.  If  the  pidure,  Vv^hich  imper- 
fedfly,  and  w^ith  dim  colouring,  I 
have  now  drawn,  dees  not  terrify 

thee  5 


May  1 8c2 .  On  Disputing  Socities  39  x 

thee;  if  thy  whole  foul  is  not  fil-  thou  art  capable  of  defpifing  what^ 

led  with  horror,  on  beholding  the  ever  is  moft  dear  and  delightful  ia 

inevitable  miferies,  which  encompafs  the  world      Go,  thou  art  indQtd 

the  favage  ;  if  the  tender  feelings  of  a  barbarian  ;— thou  dcferveft  t«  hf^ 

i(iature  are  extinA  in  thy  bofom  ;  if  a  favage 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

Om    the    advantages   to   be   DERIVED  from 
DISPUTING  SOCIETIES. 


THE  perfon  who  would  arrive 
at  eminence  in  literature  or  fcience, 
muft  be  attentive  to  the  fteps  by 
which  he  advances.  In  vain  will 
he  attempt,  by  one  bold  effort,  to 
reach  the  fummit  of  Parnaifus. 
The  moft  vigorous  mind  is  limited 
in  its  operations,  and  if  not  proper- 
ly direded,  will  fail  in  the  attain- 
ment of  its  objea.  A  habit  of  per- 
feverance,  and  an  attention  to  the 
minute  parts,  are  indifpenfibly  re- 
quifite  to  him,  who  wilhes  to  com- 
l)rehend  the  whole  of  any  fubjed. 
The  power  of  attention  indeed,,  is 
one  of  the  principal  conftituents  of 
genius.  A  vivid  imagination  may 
reprefent  an  objecl  in  a  thoufmd 
forms,  but  if  the  mind  be  incapable 
of  arrefting  thefe  forms,  they  pafs 
away  like  a  Ihadow,  and  leave  no 
imprelFion  upon  the  memory. 

The  chief  caufe  of  this,  is  a  want 
of  intereft  in  the  fubjeds  which 
come  under  our  confideration.  Re- 
garding them  with  indifference,  we 
are  at  no  pains  to  fix  them  upon 
our  rninds.  Like  a  magical  decep- 
tion, they  pafs  in  review  before  us  ; 
wc  look  upon  them,  and  they  are 
gone.  But,  when  we  feize  them 
with  avidity,  and  dwell  upon  them 
with  delight,  we  can  trace  their  va- 


rious relations,  and  apply  them  to 
the  moft  ufeful  purpofes. 

^  Literary  and  philofophical  fo- 
cieties,  w^hen  properly  conftituted, 
feem  to  be  one  of  the  beft  means 
for  promoting  thefe  ends.  They 
are  the  nurferies  of  knowledge,  and 
the  fource  from  which  many  impor- 
tant difcoveries  have  proceeded. 
In  the  principal  nations  of  Europe, 
they  have  now  exifted  for  almoft 
two  centuries.  The  academy  of 
fcienccs  at  Paris  began  to  meet  in 
1634,  and  was  incorporated  as  a 
fociety  in  1637.  From  its  example, 
the  nations  of  the  continent  caught 
the  fpirit  of  improvement.  Lite- 
rary inftitutions  foon  fprang  up  on 
ail  fides  ;  and  the  labours  of  indivi- 
duals colleded  together,  fapped  the 
foundations  of  the  empire  of  liiper- 
ftition,  and  prepared  the  way  for 
the  important  difcoveries  in  the  arts 
and  fciences,  which  have  fincc  been 
made. 

In  London,  the  Royal  Society 
began  its  meetings  about  the  year 
1645.  Since  -that  time,  focieties 
have  been  inftituted  in  moft  cf  the 
confiderable  cities  in  this  country  : 
fcience  has  advanced  with  accele- 
rated velocity ;  a  fpirit  of  rational 
inveftigation  has  been  widely  diffu- 

fed; 


Chi  Dhputin^  Societies* 


Vol.  C4. 


fed and  men  have  arifcn,  who 
animated  hj  the  defire  of  excel- 
lence, by  the  brilliancy  of  their  ge- 
nius, and  importance  of  their  dilco- 
veties,  have  attra^ed  the  ellcem 
and  admiration  of  mankind. 

The  advantages  of  fucli  foci^ties 
as  rlicfe,  have  been  acknowledged 
by  tlie  praflice  of  all  civilized 
counnles.  But  there  is  a  kind 
ibmevv'liat  different  from  them,  the 
utility  of  which,  I  fnall  endeavour 
to  point  our.  The  focieties  to 
\vhich  I  allude,  are  generally  deno- 
minated  difputing  or  debating  fo- 
cieties. They  are  generally  com- 
pofed  of  ycung  men,  who  have  as 
yet  made  but  little  progrefs  in  the 
prcfccution  of  their  Ihidies.  They 
are  founded,  however,  upon  the 
fame  principles  with  thofe  formerly 
mentioned.  They  are  intended  10 
lav  the  foundation  of  that  know- 
ledge, which  is  to  be  afterward  em- 
ployed for  the  advantage  of  the 
public,  and  to  improve  the  m^em- 
bers  in  compcfitlon ;  but  particu- 
larly in  the  art  of  public  fpeaking, 
whether  at  the  bar,  or  in  the  pul- 
pit. " 

The  chief  method  by  which  they 
promote  this  end  is,  by  a(5ling  as  a 
llimulus  to  the  intelkcliial  powers. 
McJrtOf'ia  exr.(:!ei]d"  iiugeiur^  is  a  fenti- 
ment  as  true,  as  it  is  well  known  ; 
and  it  nlay  be  a.  plied  with  almoil 
equal  propriety  to  the  other  powders 
ot  the  mind.  The  powers  of  reafon 
and  imagination  acquire  energy  by 
repeated  excTticn,  and  become  lan- 
guid and  feeble  when  not  called  in- 
to exercife.  At  the  period  when 
we  firfl  begin  to  thhik,  and  to  rea- 
fon for  ourfelves,  the  tafK  appears 
extremely  irklbmc.  Having  not  yet 
attained  a  habit  of  attention,  our 
thoughts  flit  from  one  objed:  to 
anoliier,  wiihcuL  being  able  to  reft 
•upcr.  any  one  ;  v/e  become  difccu- 
xaged;  diftruit:  our  capacity;  give 
np  the  purfuit ;  and  content  our- 
felves  with    having    made  fome 


feeble  efforts,  in  the  attainment  of 
knov;  ledge. 

It  requires  a  powerful  motive  to 
overcome  the  natural  indolence  of 
the  mind;  and  this  motive  infre- 
quently afforded  by  difputing  fo- 
cieties. Being  under  the  necelhty 
of  writing  and  fpeaking  upon  a  par- 
ticular fubje(5l,  every  member  niu;l 
be  fenfible,  that  his  refpe^tability 
among  liis  companions,  depends 
much,  on  the  appearance  he  makes 
on  fuch  occafions.  No  one  who  was 
not  deftitute  of  every  manly  fcnti- 
micnt,  could  endure  to  be  looked 
upon  with  contempt  by  his  fellow* 
fludcnts  The  very  thought  of  th's 
W(-uld  roufe  him  to  exertion,  and 
make  him  ft  rain  every  faculty  in 
the  acquisition  of  knowledge.  By 
repeated  trials,  his  natural  indolence  , 
would  he  overcome  ;  his  facidties 
would  be  braced,  and  affame  a  pro- 
per tone  ;  hxC  might  acquire  a  fond-  ^ 
ncfs  fur  ftudy,  and  a  habit  of  appli* 
cation,  yvhich  would  grow  with 
every  attempt,  and  peihaps  raife: 
him  to  eminence  in  the  republic  of 
letters.  The  m.otive  which  firft' 
prompted  him  to  diligence,  foon 
vanifhes,  and  gives  place  to  others' 
more  pov/erful  and  permxanent  in 
theirnature.  He  begins  to  feel  a  fenf^ 
of  dignity  and  confcious  w^orth  be- 
fore unknown.  He  acquires  a  con- 
fidence in  his  own  powers,  which  ^ 
fev7  difappointments  cannot  deftroy^^ 
The  treafures  of  fcience  open  to  hi$ 
view,  and  kindle  in  his  mind,  th)(| 
latent  fparks  of  genius. 

A  s PIP. if  of  emulation  keeps  a- 
live  thefe  promlfmg  fentiments.  It 
is  poiTible,  that  a  perfon  may  be 
convinced  of  the  u:;illty  and  excel-j 
lence  of  knowledge  ;  and,  at  tlilll 
famxe  time,  become  remifs  in  ufing 
the  means  Avhich  are  neceiTary  for 
its  attainment.  Some  uncommon 
circiimJlance  may  roufe  his  facul- 
ties, and  infpire  him  with  an  ardour 
for  literary  puifuits;  but,  when 
that  circumftance  is  removed,  his 

ardou! 


May  1802.  On  Disputing  Societies.  393 


ardour  may  cool,  and  he  may  re- 
turn to  the  fame  ftate  of  ina6livity 
as  before.  But  when  he  fees  his 
companions  exerting  themfelves  in 
the  career  of  Ihidy  :  when  he  fees 
praife  and  admiration  the  conftant 
concomitants  of  fuperior  abilities  ; 
and  men  of  the  fame  rank,  and  for- 
merly engaged  in  the  fame  pur- 
fuits  with  himfelf,  now  elevated  by 
perfevering  induil:ry  to  ftations  of 
dignity  and  of  truft  :  with  fuch  in- 
ducements before  him,  is  it  poffible 
that  he  can  remain  unmoved  ?  that 
he  Ihnuld  make  no  efforts  to  follow 
their  fteps  ?  If  'he  were  really  fo 
dull,  and  infenfible  to  fuch  gene- 
rous feelings,  what  other  motives 
to  exertion  could  be  elFedual  ? 
Deftitute  of  thofe  powers  by  which 
men  rife  to  eminence,  he  would  re- 
main for  ever  in  a  ftate  of  obfcu- 
rity. 

The  efFe(5ts  of  emulation  appear 
very  early  in  life.  The  child  is 
anxious  to  furpafs  his  companions 
in  play  ;  and,  to  attain  fupcriority, 
is  frequently  led  to  encounter  diffi- 
culties, from  which  cool  refiledlion 
would  make  him  ftart  back  with 
horror.  The  fame  principle,  in  ma- 
ture years,  continues  to  operate, 
with  fuperior  effedl :  formerly,  it 
was  fluctuating,  now  it  becomes  fix- 
ed and  permanent :  formerly  its 
obje(fl:  was  trifling,  now  it  is  impor- 
tant. Every  exertion  of  our  com- 
panions is  a  call  upon  us  to  do 
likewife ;  and  their  diligence  is  a 
reproof  of  our  indolence.  We,  fure- 
ly,  cannot  reft  fatisfied,  when  we 
fee  them  advancing  in  the  path  of 
improvement,  and  ourfelves  making 
no  progrefs.  On  the  contrary,  when, 
by  our  peifevering  attention  to  the 
tafks  afligned  us,  we  are  honoured 
and  refpcCled  in  the  circle  of  our 
acquaintances,  we  feel  an  inv.ard 
fatisfadion,  which  prompts  us  to 

on  in  the  way  of  improvement. 

i  o  a  mind  thus  awakened  to  a 

'-  of  excellence,  difputing  focic* 

.'OL,  LXIV. 


ties  are  of  great  advantage.  They 

afford  an  opportunity  of  difplaying 
thofe  ftores  of  learning,  which  it  is 
daily  colleding  ;  and  give  a  facility 
in  arranging  them,  in  the  manner 
beft-  fitted  for  co;ivincing  the  under- 
ftandin^>-,  and  directing  the  condu(ft 
of  others. 

Every  one  who  has  made  the 
attempt,  muft  be  fenfible,  how  dif- 
ficult it  is  to  be  a  good  public 
fpeaker.  E-'^n  thofe  who  have 
made  the  greateft  attainments  ia 
knowledge,  through  want  of  early 
practice,  frequently  find  themfelves 
totally  unqaalified  for  fpeaking  in 
public.  They  cannot  arrange  their 
thoughts  in  proper  order ;  they 
feel  themfelves  in  a  fituation  to 
which  they  were  never  accuftomed; 
they  fee  every  eye  turned  towards 
them  ;  they  become  afraid,  and  fit 
down  abafhed  and  confounded.  So- 
cieties, however,  accuftom  us  to  the 
fituation  of  a  public  fpeaker,  and 
enable  us  to  call  up,  and  arrange 
our  ideas  in  proper  order,  when- 
ever there  is  occafion. 

This  habit  of  arranging  our 
ideas,  is  not  only  ufeful  in  public 
fpeaking,  but  in  every  department 
of  knowledge,  to  which  we  may 
turn  our  attention.  The  fyftem  of 
nature,  when  viewed  only  as  a  vaft 
collection  of  individul  objects,  lofes 
a  great  part  of  its  beauty.  It  be- 
comes too  cxtenfive  for  the  facul- 
ties of  man  to  grafp.  Our  thoughts 
arc  conne(^ed  together  by  certain 
laws,  and  follow  one  another  in  a 
regular  order.  When  we  have 
made  ourfelves  acquainted  with  this 
order,  we  have  made  no  fmall  pro- 
grefs in  the  condud:  of  the  under- 
{landing.  We  can  trace  thofe  links 
of  the  chain  by  which  our  ideas  are 
affociated,  and  thus  maintain  a  regu- 
larity and  precifion  in  all  our  rea- 
fonings.  This  haiut  when  applied 
to  the  ftudy  of  nature,  enables  us 
to  embrace  together  its  different 
partS;  to  view  them  as  cue  whole, 
3  G  ^ind 


394 


On  Disputing  Societies. 


Vol.  64. 


and  difcover  the  reLitions  that  fnb- 
fjft  betwixt  them.  In  other  ftadies, 
it  is  of  equal  advantage.  In  all,  it  is 
is  ncceiTary  for  arriving  at  eminence. 

Many  indeed,  have  attained  the 
higheft  celebrity  in  literature  and 
Icience,  who  were  never  conneded 
with  a  diiputing  fociety.  But  it 
would  be  unreaibnable  from  thence 
to  conclude,  that  Inch  focieties  were 
ofnoafeiriacqniring  knowledge.  The 
minds  of  men  arc  v  irions  as  their 
external  forms,  and  confequently 
mnil  require  different  kinds  ot  dif- 
ciphne.  What  may  be  necelTary  to 
one,  may  be  unneceifary  to  another. 
But  if  the  tendency  of  thefe  focie- 
ties in  general,  be  favourable  to  im- 
provement, this  h  all  for  wdiich 
I  contend.  And  when  we  confider 
the  early  period  of  life,  for  which 
fuch  iniiitutions  are  intended,  when 
habits  of  application  are  often  not 
formed,  and  when  the  intclledual  fa- 
culties are  jull  beginning  to  expand, 
their  utility  in  roufmg,  fcrcngthcri- 
inc^,  and  quickening  thefe  iacultics, 
mud  at  once  appear. 

Societies  of  this  kind,  are  like- 
wife  calculated  for  improving  tlie 
compofition  and  taile  of  their  mem- 
b<  T)]'Jeed,  this  is  one  of  the 
principal  ends  of  their  inititution. 

The  Rudy  of  compofition,"  (to 
the  words  of  Blair,)  impor- 
lail^  ip  iticjf  ZiX.  all  times,  has  ac- 
quired addicional  importance  from 
the  taile  and  manners  of  the  pre- 
fent  age.  To  all  the  liberal  arts, 
much  attention  has  been  paid  ;  and 
to  none  more,  than  to  the  beauty 
of  language,  and  the  grace  and 
elegance  of  every  kind  of  writing. 
The  public  ear  is  become  refined. 
It  will  not  eafily  bear  what  is  ilo- 
venly  and  iucorrecl:.''  A  private 
focicLy  m"ay  be  ccnfidered  nearly 
in  the  fame  point  of  view,  as  thai 
in  which  this  elegant  author  repre- 
lents  the  public.  It  will  not  bear 
'-what  is  flovenly  and  incorre<5l. 
When  a  Tiiomber,  therefore,  cgm- 


pofes  a  paper  to  be  read  before  the 
fociety,  he  will  be  induced  to  be-* 
ft-ow  upon  it  all  the  care  of  which 
he  is  capable.  The  thought  of  its 
being  fubjedcd  to  the  criticifms  of 
his  companions,  will  make  him  ftu- 
dious  in  avoiding  every  inaccuracy 
of  exprelFion :  it  will  make  him 
give  a  more  minute  attention  t' 
the  ftrudure  of  fentences,  and  c 
language  in  general,  than  he  woulU 
have  othcrwife  done.  In  this  man- 
ner, he  gradually  improves  in  the 
])rinciples  of  compofition  ;  and  fo 
intimate  is  the  conne6tion  betwixt 
thoughts,  and  the  language  in 
which  they  are  expreffed,  that  the 
improvement  of  the  one  always  fol- 
lows the  impr  vcmcnt  of  the  other. 

Besides,  the  pradlice  of  making 
remarks  upon  the  compofitions  ol 
others,  is  well  calculated    to  im 
prove  the  taile.    It  makes  us  giv 
a  more  clofe   attention  to  ever 
book  that  we  read,  and  to  evei 
difcourfe  that  we  hear.    It  enable- 
us  to  difcern,   and    to  relilh  th<! 
beauties,  of  authors  ;  to  feparai 
tliefe  from  their  blemilhes,  and  t 
avoid  that  fervile  imitation  whic! 
would  confound  their  beauties  an 
their  faults,  in  our  eftimation.  Th; 
exercife  of  criticifm,  alfo  improve 
our  knowledge  of  human  nature. 
It  enables  us  to  follow  the  move 
ments  pf  the  paffions,  to  mark  die 
different    expreffions   of  thought 
and  to  trace  the  windings  of  th 
human  heart.    It  gives  us  an  into 
red  in    examining   the   works  o; 
others,  of  which  we  had  formerl 
no  knowledge.     Study,  inftead  ^ 
being  irkfome,  now  becomes  agree 
able.   Convinced  of  the  importanc 
of  learning,  we  no  longer  refufe  t( 
employ  the  means  neceffary  for  it 
attainment.      We    begin   to  fee 
that  to  be  proficients  in  drefs,  t( 
vie  in  the  ollentatious  difplay  c 
wealth,  and  to  run  the  perpetua 
round  of  frivolous  amufements,  ar 
not  fuch  refpedable  accomplift 

ment 


May  1802.  On  T>isputing  Societies. 


395 


ments  as  we  at  fir  ft  imagined  ;  and 
foon  difcover,  that  fuch  occupa- 
tion?, in  the  eye  of  wife  men,  ren- 
der as  defervedly  contemptible 

This  change  of  fentinients  is  fol- 
lowed by  its  natural  efFeds.  A  love 
of  literature  and  fcience,  of  infor- 
mation and  tafle,  are  qnaliiications 
which  grow  more  and  more  attrac- 
ting, and  are  confidei^cd  as  the 
principal  ingredients  in  the  forma- 
tion of  intimacies.  Such  member^ 
become  ornaments  to  the  inftitudon 
with  which  they  are  conne'c1:cd, 
and  public  blelTings  to  their  coun- 
try. 

In  confirmation  of  the  truth  of 
thefe  remarks,  numerous  examrles 
might  be  adduced.  I  may  menijon, 
as  one,  the  fociety  at  /ibcrdeen, 
of  which  BeatJ:ie,  Reid,  and  Gre- 
gory were  members.  There,  thefe 
men  Liid  the  foundation  of  that 
high  degree  of  celebrity,  which 
they  have  defervedly  attained. 
They  animated  each'  other  in  the 
purfuits  of  literature,  till  they  were 
prepared  to  fill  the  moft  important 
ftations  in  life —  to  initiate  the  in- 
genious  youth  in  the  principles  oi 
fcience — and  to  communicate  to 
the  world,  thofe  valuable  works, 
which  are  univerfally  admired. 

I  MAY  iikcwife  mention,  as  ano- 
ther example,  the  fociety  infiituted 
at  f2dinburgh,  by  the  ingenious 
Mr  Ramfay,  fon  of  the  poet  of  that 
name.  "The  objedl  of  this  fociety,'' 
(as  we  are  informed  by  Dr  Carlyle, 
in  a  letter  to  the  biographer  of  Dr 
Robertfon,)  "was  philofophical  in- 
:^iury,  and  the  improvement  of  the 
members  in  the  art  of  fpeaking. 
Fhey  met,  for  the  fir  ft  time,  in  the 
.-Advocates'  Library-,  in  May  1754, 
md  confifted  only  of  15,  who  had 
^een  nominated,  and  called  together 
)y  Mr  Ramfay,  and  two  or  three  of 
lis  friends  ;  but  they  foon  increafed 
.0  a  very  great  number.  In  this 
ocicty,  Dr  Robertfon  made  a  con- 


fpicuous  figure.  By  his  means,  it 
was,  and  by  the  appearances  made 
by  a  few  of  hi^  brethren,  that  a  new 
luftre  was  thrown  on  their  order.*' 
This  fociety  indeed,  foon  went  into 
decay,  but  while  it  continued  to 
fiouriih,  it  could  claim  as  its  mem- 
bers, the  moft  celebrated  charaders 
of  the  country.  Of  thefe.  fome  have 
attairiod  the  higheft  rank  in  literary 
eminence ;  fome  of  them  are  dis- 
charging, wij:h  honour,  ofiices  of  the 
greateft  refpedability  in  the  admi- 
niftration  of  public  affairs  ;  while 
others  are  rivalling  in  eloquence, 
the  antient  orators  of  Greece  and 
Rome.  That  they  were  confiderably 
indebted  to  the  fociety,  for  the  cele- 
brity they  attained,  can  hardly  ad- 
mit of  a  doubt.  The  avidity  with 
v/hich  they  profecuted  their  favourite 
lludles,  might  perhaps  be  lefs  owing 
to  the  papers  that  were  read,  and 
the  Ipeeches  that  were  delivered, 
than  to  the  valuable  intimacies  which 
were  there  formed.  By  !:hem  they 
would  be  encouraged  and  affifted  in 
all  their  litbours.  But  if  they  were 
profited  in  any  manner,  the  purpofes 
of  the  fociety  were  fully  ferved. 

At  prefent,  within  the  walls  of 
the  college,  there  are  difputing  fo- 
cieties  ot  difi^^rent  kinds ;  Itfs  exten- 
five  perhaps,  in  the  number  of  their 
members,  than  the  one  we'  have 
juft  now  mentioned  ;  but  founded 
upon  the  fame  plan  ;  with  tlie  fame 
view  to  improvem.ent  in  compofition 
and  eloquence,  compofed  too  of 
members  diftinguilhed  for  their  ta« 
lents,  and  attention  to  their  ftudies. 
To  them  their  country  is  lookin?^ 
with  expedation  ;  and  perhaps,  the 
period  is  not  far  diftant,  when  fome 
of  themv  may  dire(ft  the  councils  of 
the  nation;  and  others,  by  the  power 
of  their  eloquence,  may  reform 
and  improve  the  morals  of  their 
brethren. 

ACADEMICUS. 

Edin.  April  iGth  1802. 

3G2 


39^ 


Vol.  64^ 


STRICTURES  on  the  LIFE  and  WRITINGS  of  the  Celebrated 
BARON  HALLER. 


Concluded  from  page  324. 


VERY  early  Indeed,  did  this  ex- 
cellent man  ftand  forth  as  the  cham- 
pion of  natural  and  revealed  reli- 
gion, and  he  embtaced  an  early  op- 
portunity of  coming  forward  in 
in  their  defence.  In  the  ycrir  1732, 
in  his  preface  to  his  poetry,  he  de- 
clared his  firm  convi<^,H()n  of  their 
truth.  In  the  year  1747,  a  French 
atheift,  of  the  name  of  Lame- 
thrie,  publiflied  a  book,  entiiuled, 
UH'>mmt  M.i  hi  e,  and  foli cited  per- 
miffion  to  dedicate  it  to  Haller. 

But  this  great  and  good  man 
revolted  from  the  idea  of  patronif- 
ing  ib  infamous  a  work  ;  rejected 
the  piopofal  with  horror  ;  and 
made  it  known,  through  various  li- 
terary journals,  that  he  difclaimed 
every  intercourfe  with  a  perfon  who 
could  entertain,  or  propagate,  fuch 
impious  conclufions.  In  a  preface 
prefixed  to  Formey's  abridgment  of 
Crru%as^s  Exavien  dii  Py  rh^iunhme^ 
he  expatiates,  in  the  moft  glowing 
defcription,  on  the  baneful  influ- 
ence of  infidelity,  both  on  indivi- 
duals and  on  fociety  About  this 
period,  appeared  in  German,  his 
celebrated  letters  to  his  daughter  on 
the  truth  of  the  Chriftian  religion. 
He,  moreover,  publiflied  an  extracl 
of  Ditton's  admirable:  book,  On 
the  Truth  of  the  Refurreclion  of 
Chrift  a  treatife  replete  with  the 
moft  foiid  leafoning  and  logical  de- 
du(5i:ions,  and  which  Haller  acknow- 
ledges to  have  finally  and  unalter- 
ably confirmied  his  faith,  in  this 
grand  and  leading  article  of  the 
Chriftian's  creed.    We  find  him  al- 


fo  attefiing,  in  the  moft  public  and 
folemn  manner,  the  exquifite  delight  1 
and  fatisfadion  accruing  to  him 
from  the  ftudy  of  the  New  Tefta* 
ment ;  becaufe,  while  he  perufcd  the  ^ 
revelation  of  his  will,  in  that  facred; 
book,  the  idea  of  holding  inter- 
courfe with  the  Divinity,  made  a 
lad  nig  imprefiion  upon  his  mind. 

In  the  year  1775,  he  clofed  h'S 
ftrenuous  exertions  in  behalf  of  re»i 
1  gion,  by  a  publication  in  the  Ger- 
man language,  entitled,  "  Letters 
concerning  fome  late  Attempts  of; 
Free-thinkers  yet  living,  againft  Re- 
velation." In  this  work,  the  author 
impartially  examines,  and  fuccefs-; 
fully  refutes  the  objedions  brought 
forward  againft  Chriftianity,  by 
Voltaire  and  the  other  Infidel  Cy- 
cyclopedifts  of  France,  more  efpc- 
cially  in  the  "  Queftions  fur  L'En- 
cyclopedie"  of  the  former.  "  If  this 
latter  publication,"  fays  Senebiei* 
oi  Geneva,  "  may  be  confidered  as 
an  index  of  the  doubts  and  argu- 
ments againft  the  Chriftian  religion  ; 
the  work  of  Haller  may  be  entitlect 
an  index  to  the  anfwers,  in  favour 
of  the  fame  revelation,  to  be  con- = 
fulted  by  all  thofe,  who  wifti  im- 
partially to  difcufs  both  fides  of 
this  important  queftion."  " 

Religion  i«  unqueftionably,  the 
beft  boon  of  heaven  to  man  ;  and 
the  friend  of  his  fpecies  beholds 
with  delight,  the  learning  and  phi- 
lofophy  of  Haller  employed  in  the 
fupport  of  her  caufe.  To  no  bet- 
ter purpofe  could  he  render  his  vaft 
acquirements  fubfervientj  acquire- 
ments, 


May  1S02.       StriSlures  on  i 

mcnts,  which  impart  additional 
luftre  to  his  charader,  when  con- 
traded  with  talents  perverted  to 
the  pernicious  ufe  of  difFnfmg  fcep- 
ticilm  by  falfe  logic,  and  by  artful 
fophiftry.  The  fuccefs,  in  which 
Hallcr's  labours  as  an  advocate  for 
religion  refulted,  may  be  apprecia- 
ltd  from  the  following  extract  of 
of  a  letter  addre/Ted  him  by  Lud- 
wig,  the  celebrated  botanift  and 
phyfician  of  Leipfic.  Ex  ea  li- 
terarum  colledione,  qua  fundamen- 
ta  religior^is  adeo  egregie  confir- 
mafti,  folatium  optimum  percepi, 
€t  confirmatus  fum  in  ilia  religionis 
ad  vitam  beatam  neceffitate,  ad- 
quam  jam  toto  hyemc  per  tot  nodtes 
infomnes  meditatione  mea  deduc- 
tus  eram,  gratias  igitur  tibi  habeo, 
quas  multi  habebunt,  qui  ignoran- 
tia  vicla  ex  nature  contemplatione 
in  completa  fandas  religionis  fola- 
tia  perveniunt."  (vid.  Lib.  ab 
Erud.  ver.  ad.  Alb.  Hall.  Tom. 
Sext.  No  309.) 

Such  as  are  diffipated  by  vanity^ 
or  hardened  againft  ferious  impref- 
fions,  by  unconcern  for  their  future 
deftiny,  may  be  arouled  to  reflec- 
tion,  when  they  are  informed,  that 
this  great  and  excellent  man,  wlien 
be  approached  the  end  of  his  moil 
ifeful  and  laborious  career,  was 
lot  exempt  from  exceffive  foliciiude 
regarding  his  welfare  in  that  (late, 
:o  which  he  knew,  death  would  ere 
ong  confign  him.  This  depreffion 
^f  fpirit,  wliich  ought  juftly  to  be 
'.onfidered  as  the  etfedl  of  difeafe, 
:onjoined  with  the  warmth  of  his 
magination,  aided  perhaps,  by  thefe 
:news  of  the  divine  adminiilration 
vhich  his  Calviniilic  tenets  incul- 
ated,  led  him  to  rc^ca,  rather  on 
he  juftice,  than  on  -the  mercy  of 
^od,  and  to  bewilder  himfelf  in 
mt  icate  labyrinth  of  predeftina- 
i6n  and  of  grace.  In  one  or  his 
'Cfponding  moments,  anxious  and 
■ncertain  as  to  the  happinefs  which 
waited  him,  he  compares  himfelf 
0  a  man,  (landing  on  the  edge  of 


he  Life  of  Haller.  397 

a  precipice,  without  any  fupport^ 
and  expc<fting  every  moment,  to 
be  plunged  in  the  depth  below. 
Upon  another  occafion,  roufed  by 
his  love  of  fcience,  one  of  his  letters 
to  his  friend  M.  Bonnet  of  Geneva 
contains  the  following  afrecting  ex- 
clamation, fo  emphatically  expref. 
five  of  his  regret  to  quite  a  wci-ld, 
which  he  had  improved  by  his  nu- 
merous difcoveries,  and  which  his 
aaive  induRry  might  ftill  farther 
illuminate.  «  O  my  poor  brain 
which  murt  return  to  dull  !  and  all 
the^  knowledge  and  information 
v/hich  I  have  been  colle6ting  with 
fuch  unwearied  labour,  will  fade 
away,  like  the  dream  of  an  in< 
fant!'' 

In  delineating  this  black  cloud 
of  defpondency,   which  overhung 
a  portion  of  the  evening  of  Haller's 
day,  we  are  far  from  being  aduated 
by  any  flnifter  views.    The  whole 
tenor  of  our  preceeding  nrarrative 
will,  we  truft,  go  fufficiently  to  ex" 
culpate  us  from  any  fach  charge. 
But  a  due  regard  to  truth  did  not: 
leave  us  at  liberty  to  fupprefs  any  fad: 
relating  to  him,  which  came  to  our 
knowledge  ;  and  moreover,  we  are 
firmly  of  opinion,  tliat  the  little  weak- 
nelfes  of  a  great  mind  overpowered 
by  conlHtutional   irritabill^v,  and 
ftruggling  againa  early  prejudices, 
are  more  interefting  to  the  man, 
who  feels   from   experience,  and 
knows  from  obfervation,  that  poor 
human  nature,  even  in  its  moit  ex- 
alted  (late,  is  far  from  exemption 
from  frailties,  and  infirmities,"  and 
imperfections,  than  the  moft  pom- 
pous and   exaggerated  difplay  of 
unitorm  virtue,  of  undaunted  firm- 
nels,    or    of    unerring  wifdom. 
And  it  is  v/ith  pleafure  we  record, 
that  in  the  excellent  perfonage,  the 
clofe  of  whofe  mortal  career,  wo 
are  now  contem.plating,  reafon  and 
reugion  foon  triumphed  over  the 
gloomy  folicitude  and  defpondency 
of  ficknefs;  and  that  Haller  met 
the  laii  foe  of  his  nature,  with  the 

calm 


3t)8  StrWures  on  the  Life  of  Haller.         Vol.  64* 


calm*  cotnpofure  of  a  philofopher, 
and  with  the  firm  faith  and  extatic 
hope  of  a  found  chriftian. 

In  his  laft  letter,  dated  a  few 
days  previous  to  his  diHolution,  he 
fpeaks  indeed  of  the  tremendous 
grandeur  of  that  world  upon  wh(^fe 
threfhold  he  flood  ;  but  it  is  in  a 
/train,  dilated  by  that  fweet  blcf- 
fed  Chriftian  hope  which  is  full  of 
immortality.  After  a  \tw  patient 
references  to  his  fufTerings,  he  ut- 
t  rs  proteftations  of  the  mofl  fer- 
vent affedion  for  his  country;  and 
iimong  his  lafi;  ejaculations,  adopts 
the  patriotic  prayer  of  Father  8ar- 
pi  Paul,  Esto  perpetw''  The 
powers  of  his  intclled:  remained  un- 
impaired ;  and  he  perfevered  in  his 
literary  labours  to  the  laft.  When 
death  approached,  he  poflefTed  his 
foul  in  patience,  and  he  met  the 
pallid  fpedre  without  fear,  and 
without  regret.  "  Sans  peur,  et 
fans  reproche.''  *'My  friend,"  faid 
be  to  the  phyfician  v/ho  attended 
Kim,  **  I  die,  my  pulfe  is  ftopped.'* 
And  then  expiied.  He  died  on  the 
I2th  December  1777,  in  the  70th 
year  of  his  age.  The  fame  year 
terminated  the  valuable  exiftence  of 
his  competitor  for  fame,  the  great 
Linnasus,  ni  the  field  of  natural  fci- 
cnce. 

Thus  lived,  and  thus  died.  Ba- 
ron Von  Haller,  a  man  formed  by 
nature  for  great  defigns,  and  guid- 
ed by  religion  in  the  exerciie  of  his 
faculties ;  a  man,  to  whom  the  late 
celebrated  ProfefTor  Michaelis  of 
Gottingen,  with  great  truth,  ap- 
plied an  obfervation,  the  original 
fubjed  of  which,  was  the  genius  of 
Ariftotle,  "  Neque  cselo,  neque  ter- 
ra, neque  mari  quiquarn  relinquere 
velit  incognitum,  indole  pr^eterea 
adeo  mirabili,  ut  ad  fingula  natum 
pra^cipue  dicas." 

The  perfon  of  Haller  was  tall 
and  majeftic- — His  countenance  fe- 
rious  and  expreffive  ;  but  occafion- 
ally  marked  with  an  open  fmile. 
He  ufually  fpoke   in  a  low  but 


pleafing  tone  of  voice,  wliich  he 
feldom  elevated,  even  v/hen  he  was 
moft  interefted  by  the  fubjedl  in 
difcuflion.  He  was  fond  of  unbend- 
ing his  mind  in  focial  intcrcourfe  ; 
and  when  he  mingled  with  fociety, 
he  was  remarkably  cheerful,  and 
polite,  and  attentive.  He  was,  how- 
ever, fuperior  to  the  affedation  of 
wit ;  difdained  to  make  a  parade  of 
the  knowledge  which  he  poffeffed. 
His  foul  was  gentle,  and  his  heart 
replete  with   fenfibility.  Haller 
wrote  with  equal  facility  German, 
French,  and  Latin  ;  and  had  fnch 
an  extenfive  acquaintance  with  moft 
of  the  European  languages,  that 
he  could  converfe  with  the  natives 
in  their  refpedive  idioms.    He  dif- 
covered  fuch  accurate  and  compre- 
hcnfive  knowledge  on  every  fcien- 
tific  or  literary  fubje<5l  which  came 
under    difcuflion,   that,  ftrangers 
to  the  extent  of  his  powers,  would 
have  thought  that  his  attention  had 
been  wholly  confined  to  the -topic 
which  was  the  immediate  fubje<ft  of 
converfation.    His  works  will  ever 
be  regarded  as  lafting  monuments 
of  his  profound  erudition  in  every 
branch  of  fcience  ;  and  of  the  ver- 
fatility  of  his  genius  and  the  extent 
of  his  information,  fome  idea  may 
be  foimed  from  the  folfowing  quo- 
tation extraOed  from  a  narrative  of 
his  life  by  one  of  his  friends  :  "  He^ 
polTelled  a  fundamental  knowledge 
ol  natural  hiftory,  was  well  read  in 
hiftory,  both  ancient  and  modern, 
univerfal  and  particular  ;  and  un- 
commonly verfed  in  the  ftate  of 
agriculture,    manufa(flures,  trade, 
population,  literature,  and  langua- 
ges of  the    refpective  nations  of 
Europe.    He  had  read  with  atten- 
tion, the  moft  remarkable  voyages 
and  travels,  and  was  particularly 
converfant  in  the  late  difcoveries, 
which  tend  to  iiiuftrate  the  geogra- 
phy of  the  globe.    He  had  even 
perufed  many  thoufand  novels  and 
plays,   and  pofTeffed  fuch  an  afto- 
nifhing   memory,    that  he  could 

detail 


May  i3o2.       Sir  inures  on  the  Life  of  Haller. 


399 


detail  their  contents  with  the  utmofl: 
preclfion.'*  * 

Pursuant  to  his  habit  of  giving 
his  opinion,  and  of  making  extracts 
from  every  book  which  came  in  his 
way,  both  for  his  own  private  life, 
and  for  infertion  in  the  Gottingen 
Review,  fcarcely  any  new  pabHca- 
tion  efcaped  his  notice.  Thefe  he 
perufed  with  fuch  eager  keennefs, 
that  he  not  unfrequently  placed 
them  before  him  on  the  table, 
infpedling  them  occafionally  du- 
ring dinner,  and  marking  with  his 
pencil  thofe  parts,  which  he  after- 
wards extradted  and  reviewed.  He 
was  accuftomed  to  make  his  re-- 
marks  on  fmall  pieces  of  paper,  of 
different  fizes,  which  he  afterwards 
placed  in  order,  and  faflened  toge- 
ther ;  a  mode  of  Rudy  fuggeiled  to 
him  by  Leibnitz.  Haller's  depart- 
ment, in  this  literary  journal,  was  to 
review  all  the  pubHcations  in  hif- 
tory,  medicine,  anatomy,  natural 
hiftory,  and  fcveral  other  mifcella- 
neous  woiks,  particularly  fuch  as 
appeared  in  Italy.  Nature  impart- 
ed to  Itim  that  extreme  fenfibiiity, 
1  had  almoft  faid  irritability,  of  tem- 
per,  which  Die  fo  frequently  bellows 
Vii\  her  favourite  children,  and  is 
indeed  a  char  after!  Hie  of  real  ori- 
ginal genius.  The  following  paf- 
fage  from  one  of  his  letters  to  Vol- 
taire, may  therefore  be  regarded  as 
the  di<3ates  of  his  own  experience. 
*'  II  faut  que  la  Providence  veuilje 
tenir  la  balance  egalle  par  tons  les 
humains.  Elle  vous  a  comble  de 
biens,  elle  vous  a  comble  de  gloire  ; 
mais  il  vous  falloit  du  malheur, 
elle  a  trouvee  P  equilibre,  en  vous 
rendent  fenfible.  Si  les  fouhaits  a- 
voient  du  puvoir,  j'  ajuterois  aix 
bienfaits  du  deftin ;  je  vous  don- 
Jierois  de  la  tranquillcte,  qui  fuit 


H:;  infpircd  his  wife  and  fami'y  with 
a  tafle  for  his  various  purfuits.  They  were 
^tnerally  cmpl-jyed  in  alTilling  his  Lrerary 
avocations.  They  tranfcribed  maaufcripts, 
confuUcd  authors,  gathered  plants,  and  (ic- 
iigucd,  and  coloured,  undsr  his  eye. 


devant  le  genie,  .qui  ne  levant  pas 
par  repport  a  la  fociete  ;  mais  qui 
vaut  bien  davantage  par  rapport  a 
nous  meme  ;  de  lors  Phomme  le 
plus  de  P Europe,  f-ToIt  aufii  le  plus 
henreux."  "  Providence  holds  out, 
with  an  equal  hand,  the  balance  of 
human  happinefs  He  has  loaded 
you  wiih  riches.  He  has  Igaded 
you  v/ith  glory ;  but  misfortune 
was  ncceflary,  and  he  prcferved  the 
equilibrium,  by  giving  you  fenfibi 
lity.  If  my  wifhcs  could  take  ef- 
fect, I  would  bcltow  upon  you  that 
tranquillity,  which  flies  al  the  ap- 
proach of  genius,  which  is  inferior 
to  genius,  in  relation  to  fociety,  but 
far  fuperior  with  regard  to  our- 
felves ;  then  the  mod  celebrated 
man  in  Europe,  Ihould,  at  the  fume 
time,  be  the  moil:  happy." 

His  extreme  fufceptibility  of  pain, 
as  well  as  the  neceffary  interruption 
to  his  literary  purfuits,  rendered 
him  peculiarly  impatient  when  at- 
tacked by  indifpofition.  He,  there- 
fore, had  frequent  recourfe  to  vio- 
lent remedies,  more  calculated  to 
footh  the  immediate  irritation  of 
pain,  and  to  palliate  his  diitemper, 
than  to  effefl  a  radical  cure.  In 
the  latter  part  of  his  life,  he  accuf- 
tomed liimfelf  to  the  ufe  of  opium, 
a  drug,  v/hich  afforded  him  a  tem- 
porary fuipenfion  of  uneafmefs,  buc 
at  the  expence  of  accumulating  his 
natural  impatience,  Plis  friend  and 
pupil  Zimmerman  informs  us,  that 
he  took  daily  fo  large  a  quantity  as 
eight  grains  of  this  ultimately  dele- 
terious aiticle.  This  conilitulional 
irritability  of  temper,  which  occa- 
fionally interrupted  the  peace,  even 
of  his  moft  vigorous  days,  acquired 
additional  force,  as  he  advanced  in 
life,  and  became  the  lefs  fupport- 
able,  as  age,  with  its  concomitant 
iniirmities,  lhattered  his  frame. 

Throughout  the  whole  courfe  of 
his  life,  he  carried  on  an  exten- 
five  correfpondence,  in  the  Engliih, 
French,  German,  Latin,  and  Italian 
languages.    Six  volumes  of  Latin 

epiilles. 


40 o  Strictures  on  the 

cpilHes,  and  three  m  the  German 
tongue,  addreifed  to  him,  from  his 
literary  correfpo^  dents  in  various 
parts^ of  Europe,  have  been  pubiifh- 
ed  ;  but  of  his  own,  none  have  hi- 
therto appeared.  His  two  princi- 
pal correfpondents,  with  whom  he 
coF^unicated  on  every  occafion 
witlv  the'  moft  unreferved  freedom, 
were:  M.  Bonnet  of  Geneva,  and 
I)r  John  Gefner  of  Zurich.  With 
the  latter,  he  correfponded  in  Ger- 
man or  Latin  ;  the  letters  to  Bon- 
net were  written  in  French.  This 
celebrated  friend  of  Haller's,  was  in 
poffjffion  of  fevcn  manufcript  vo- 
lumes of  his  letters,  addreffed  to 
liim,  during  an  uninterrupted  intcr- 
courfe  of  twenty-three  years,  com- 
menced in  March  1 754,  and  clofed 
only  a  few  days  previous  to  liis 
death  in  December  1777.  Thefe 
epiftolary  communications  embraced 
a  vaft  vaiiety  of  fubjedls,  and  con- 
tained difcTiffions  on  phyfiology, 
natural  hiftory,  the  ftrudture  of  the 
globe,  politics,  morality,  and  reli- 
gion. On  every  occafion,  Haller 
Iblicited  counfel  from  the  judgment 
of  his  friend.  He  unbofonicd  to 
him  the  fecrets  of  his  heart,  and 
even  narrated  the  avocations  of  the 
day,  as  it  rolled  over  his  head. 
Thefe  effufions  of  the  moment  mufl^ 
of  courfe,  have  dilclofed  the  fuccef- 
live  train  of  his  ftudies,  the  range 
of  his  difcovcries,  and  the  progref- 
five  accumulation  of  his  intelledual 
(lores. 

These  letters  of  my  refpe61ablc 
friend,"  obfcrves  Bonnet,  **  difplay 
his  genius,  his  underftanding,  and 
the  goodnef.  of  his  heart,  more  ful- 
ly, than  any  of  his  publications. 
His  rtile,  concife,  energetic  yet  pic- 
turefque,  correfponds  with  the 
ftrength  and  originality  of  his  ideas, 
and  lie  fpeaks  with  no  iefs  fublimi- 
ty,  than  convi(51:ion,  of  the  great 
truths  of  natural  and  revealed  re- 
ligion. Though  he  treats  the  nu- 
merous advocates  for  infidelity,  and 


Life  of  Haller.  Vol,  64.1 

particularly  the  Encyclopedlfts  of 
France,  with  fufficicnt  feverity  ;  yet 
his  heat  is  the  ardour  of  convidion,' 
and  did  not  proceed  either  from 
picjue,  or  from  the  fpirit  of  contra- 
didion.  Fie  feemed,  as  if  he  was 
perfonally  interefted  in  all  qucftions 
on  revelation,  and  pled  its  caufe,  as 
if  it  had  been  his  ovrn.  He  is  no 
lefs  fevere  again  ft  thefe  writers, 
who  feem  to  exclude  the  interven- 
tion of  a  Firft  Intelledtual  Caufe  in 
the  creation  and  arrangement  of 
the  uiiiverfc  ;  and  particularly  cen- 
furcs  the  material  ills,  who  endea- 
vour to  deduce,  mechanically,  the 
formation  of  organifed  bodies.  In 
a  word,  his  philofophy  was  entirely 
pr.idical,  becaufe  it  was  entirely 
Cliriftian  ;  and  nothing  received  his 
approbation,  but  what  tended  10^ 
improve  the  underftanding,  or  to 
amend  the  heart." 

The  correfpondence  of  two  fuch 
virtuous  and  enlightened  philofo- 
phers  as  Haller  and  Bonnet,  v/ould 
have  been  a  valuable  legacy  to 
mankind,  and  in  no  inconfiderable 
degree  fubferve  the  interefts  of 
m{)rality,  of  religion,  and  of  philo- 
fophy. Private  reafons  induced 
Bonnet  to  withhold  this  correfpon- 
dence, during  his  lifetime,  from  th« 
world.  Whether  thefe  reafons  ftill 
remain  in  force,  and  whether  Bon- 
net interdicted  the  publication  in 
his  will,  is  unknov/n  to  the  writer 
of  this  memoir. 

Haller's  library,  confifting  of 
13,5 '2  volumes  on  the  fubjecls  of 
anatomy,  furgery,  phyfiology,  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  botany,  natural  hif- 
tory,  and  feveral  other  mifcellaneoag 
work,  including  his  diaries,  herbaria 
ficca,  and  about  150  manufcripts, 
neatly  written  in  his  own  hand, 
was  olfcTed  for  fale  to  the  London 
bookfellers ;  a  number  of  w^honi 
as^reed  to  unite  in  treating  for  it, 
but  before  they  had  taken  any  other 
meafures,  the  whole  was  purchafed 
by  the  late*  Emperor  Jofeph,  for  tte  J 

librarfU 


May  1802.       Stria ures  on  the  Life  of  Haller. 


401 


library  of  .Milan.  What  came  of 
it  during  the  recent  commotions 
and  revolutions  in  that  capital,  the 
writer  has  no  accefs  to  know.  The 
probability,  hciwever,  is,  that  it  has 
not  efcaped  the  rapacious  hands  of 
thofe  robbers  of  whatever  was  va- 
luable in  the  arts  and  fciences,  the 
French  commiffioners  attending 
Bonaparte's  army.  The  collcdion 
was  peculiarly  rich  in  books  on  na- 
tural hiltoiy,  and  its  value  was  in- 
eftimable  from  the  numerous  mar- 
ginal annotations,  with  which  Hal- 
Icr  adorned  his  volumes. 

We  did  not  think  it  proper  to  in- 
terrupt our  narrative,  with  a  cino- 
nological  detail  of  Haller's  poetical 
labours,  they  were  the  produ<rtioDs 
of  his  early  youth,  and  appeared  in 
fucceffion  after  his  poem  on  the 
Alps.     The  whole  of  his  poems 
have  not  come  under  ©ur  review, 
and  fuch  of  them  as  we  have  had 
an  opportunity  of  infpecling,  we 
have  not  examined,  with  fuch  ac- 
curacy, as  to  render  it  competent 
for  us  to  decide  on  their  refpedive 
merits.     That  they  are  not  un- 
worthy of  their  author,  flight  as 
^ur  infpeaion  has  been,  we  feel  no 
^efitation  to  aver,  and  we  are  much 
millaken,  if  a  mere  enumeration  of 
he  moft  celebrated  of  them  will 
lot  deepen  that  aftonifhment  excit- 
■d  by  the  verlaliiy  of  his  powers, 
^le   compofed,    in    verie,  feveral 
Jthic  epiftles,  which  treat  of  the  im- 
)erfcaions  of  hurnan  virtue  ;  of  lii- 
^erftition  and  infidelity  ;  of  the  ori- 
gin of  evil,  and  of  the  vanity  of  ho- 
nours or  of  human  diflin<flions.  He 
Ifo  wrote  various  faiires  ;  Doria  a 
'afloral,  on  his  firft  wife,  and  his 
nuch  admired  elegy  on  her  death, 
^'hich  has  been  tranflated,  with  no 
^ail  portion  of  the  pathetic  tone 
nd  melancholy  grace  of  the  origi- 
al,  into  Englifh  verfe,  by  the  p?e- 
-i^t  Poet  Laureat,  Henry  James 
>e,  Efq. 

The  writer  of  this  article  is  con- 


fident  in  the  belief,  that  an  impar- 
tial eftimate  of  thefe  poems  would 
well  authorife  the  affertion,  that 
the  extraordinary  mental  powers  of 
iialler,  are  eminently  fignalized  in 
his  poetical  attainments,  fmce,  ex- 
cepting in  his  early  youth,  he  had 
always  regarded  poetry  as  an  a- 
mufement,  either  to  footh  him  un- 
der aflliclion,  and  on  the  bed  of 
ficknefs,  or  to  confole  him  for  the 
envy  and  negled  of  his  cotcmpo- 
raries. 

The  founded  German  critics,  in- 
deed, place  Halier  among  the  mofl 
eminent  of  their  poets,  and  confi- 
der  fubh'inity  as  the  charaderiftic 
of  Ills  V  ntin.,;s.   They  acknowledge 
that  he  ii/.pioved  the  harmony  and 
ricbnefs  of  his  native  tongue  ;  that 
he  poffefTed  the  Iiigheft  powers  of 
invention,  and  of  fancy ;  great  ori- 
ginality, both  in  :.is  ideas  and  lan- 
guage ;  that  he  is  the  true  cc Jour- 
eft  of  nature  ;  that  he  founded  the 
depth  of  metaphyseal,  and  of  mo- 
ral fcience;  that  he  naturally  ex- 
cells  in  pidurefque  defcription  ;  in 
foft  and  delightful  imagery  ;  in  e- 
levated  fentiment,  and  in  phiiolb- 
phical  precifton. 

A  few  fupercilious  critics  we  have 
indeed  met  with,  in  coude  of  our 
mvelligation.    who    repr(;ach  the 
poetry  of  Haller,  with  occafional 
obfcurities,  and  accufe  him  of  ha- 
ving introduced  a  new  language, 
aflededly  averfe  from  the  common 
modes  of  di<51ion.    The  llridures  of 
thefe  hypercritics,  we  difmils  with 
this  fmgle  obfervation  :   Cold  criti- 
cilm  may  caip  and  cenfure  ;  but 
twenty-two  fuccelFivc    editions  of 
his  German  poems,  and  the  tranf- 
ladon  of  thtm  into  the  principal 
languages  of  Europe,  prove  that 
they  poifefs  the  great  ends  of  poe- 
try, that  of  pleaihig  and  intereft- 
ing  the  reader.    At  the  flime  time, 
it  may  be  remarked  with  trutli,  that 
although  Haller's   llupendous  la- 
hours,  in  erudition    and  fcience, 
3  H  render 


402 


StriElures  07i  the  Life  of  Holler. 


Vol.  64. 


render  his  poetical  talents  of  infe- 
rior account ;  yet,  had  he  confined 
himfelf  to  poetry,  that  alone  would 
have  immortalized  his  name. 

It  gratifies  the  author  of  thefe 
ftriaures,  that,  in  the  opinion, 
which,  w^ith  due  difSdence,  he  has 
adventured  to  flate,  on  a"  depart- 
ment of  Haller's  labours,  fo  wide- 
ly remote  from  his  own  walks  of 
literature,  is  fandioned  by  the  ver- 
4i<5t  cf  the  intelligent,  acute,  and 
accomplifhed  editor  of  the  Curi^ 
ositus  "J  L^teratur.y'  as  appears  from 
the  following  elegant  critic  ifm, 
prefixed  to  a  tranflation  of  one  of 
Haller's  odes. 

"  The  poet  whom  I  am  now  to 
introduce  to  my  reader,  is  better 
known  in  this  country  lor  his  exten- 
five  learning,  and  recondite  labours 
in  phyfiology,' than  for  thefe  exqui- 
fite  pieces,  which  place  hini  fo  con- 
fpicuoufly  amongft  th^  modern  po- 
ets of  Germany. 

If  England  have  not  beftowed 
upon  him  the  honours  of  a  poet, 
France,  however,  has  not  been  back- 
ward in  this  refpedl.  His  poetry  has 
been  elegantly  tranflated,  and  mul- 
tiplied by  repeated  editions.  There 
are  thofe  who  have  placed  him  on 
an  equality  with  the  celebrated  Gef- 
ner ;  and,  perhaps,  he  is  only  not 
equal  to  him,  in  not  having  pro- 
duced a  poem  of  the  magnitude  of 
the  death  of  Abel. 

"  If  it  is  allowed^  me  to  give  the 
character  of  Haller  as  a  poet,  I  will 
fay,  that  he  does  not  fwell  into  that 
turgid  eloquence  which  wearies  the 
mental  eye  by  a  cumbrous  accumu- 
lation of  fplendour.  It  is  the  cha- 
racteriftic  of  the  German  poets,  tbat 
they  do  not  know  w^hen  to  flop ; 
tTie  ftrength  of  their  genius  tran- 
fports  them  into  obfcurity  ?  by  foar^ 
ing  too  high,  they  drain  the  tem- 
perate eye  of  the  crit'c  ;  judgment 
to  them  is  a  filken  ft  ring,  too  feeble 
to  chain  the  wing  of  an  eagle. 

5^  I  dq  hot  mean  to  couhtetiance 


or  excufe  certain  pieces,  which  they 
inform  us  are  tranflations  from  the 
German  ;  and  which,  indeed,  may 
well  difguft  the  world  with  all  Ger- 
man poetry.  But,  I*  believe,  that 
the  bombad  of  thefe  writers,  is  ra- 
ther to  be  attributed  to  themfelves, 
than  to  the  unfortunate  German  ; 
who  certainly,  had  he  originally 
written  in  fo  aukward  ai  ftyle,  would 
not  have  been  thought  worthy  of  a 
tranflation. 

"  Haller  is  beautiful  in  his  de- 
fcriptions,  fublime  in  his  odes,  and 
tender  in  his  elegies.  He  is  not 
the  lefs  to  be  admired  as  a  fatir- 
eft  ;  and  Berne  once  trembled  at 
the  prefence  of  its  Juvenal.  His 
numbers  are  highly  polilhed  ;  and 
it  is  hard  to  render  julUce  to  the 
delicate  language  of  his  mufe. 

"  The  follov/ing  *  is  not  parti- 
ally chofen,  but  for  its  convenient 
length.  There  is  an  elegant  fim- 
plicity,  add^d  t;0  a  clofenefs  of 
thought ;  which,  if  it  does  not  al- 
ways wear  the  fantaftic  air  of  no- 
velty, impreifes  on  the  feeling 
heart,  that  philofophical  confola- 
tion  worthy  of  the  genius  of  Hal- 
Icrf."  ■ 

D'lsRAELi  has  given  a  profe 
tranflation  of  the  ode  criticifed  in 
the  preceding  pafTage,  and  fubjoin^' 
ed  an  elegant  verfification  of  it  by 
Henryjames  Pye,Efq;  PoetLaureat, 
which  might  be  reprinted  in  the 
Scots  Magazine,  to  the  no  fmall 
gratification,  it  is  prefumed,  of  the" 
lover  of  polite  literature. 

The  completed  lid  of  Haller's 
works,  v/hich  the  author  of  the  pre- 
ceding memon- has  had  an  opportuni- 
ty of  infpedling,  is  to  be  found  at  the 
end  of  the  6th  vol.  of  EpistoU  ad  Hal- 


*  A  defiref  to  regain  his  native 
couDtry,  written  when  the  author  was 
in  Holland. 

t   Sec  Curiof.  of   Lit.   vol.   1.  P» 

krum 


May  1802.       StriSlures  on  the  Life  of  Haller. 


403 


lerim  scripta^  Berne  1775.  ^^^^ 
Senebier's  catalogue,  Tfcharner,  &c. 
p.  87. 

Haller  was  three  times  marri- 
ed :  firfl:  to  Marianne  Wytfen,  in 
the  year  1731,  who  died  in  ^736; 
his  lecond  wife  was  Elizabeth  Bu- 
chers,  whom  he  married  in  1738, 
and  who  foon  aftet  died  in  child- 
bed :  Both  thefe  ladies  were  natives 
of  Berne.  In  the  year  1739,  he 
married  Atnelia  Frederica  Teich- 
merin,  who  furvived  him.  Of  his 
two  firft  wives,  he  wrote  and  pub- 
lifhed  memoirs.  He  left  eight 
children,  four  fons  and  four  daugh- 
ters, all  of  whom  he  lived  to  fee  e- 
ftablifhed  in  the  world.  His  eld- 
eft  fon  Gotleib  Emanuel  Haller, 
who  was  born  in  the  year  1735^ 
traced  his  father's  footfteps,  in  con- 
fecrating  his  talents  to  the  fervice 
of  his  country,  and  to  the  purfuits 
of  literature.  He  was  eleded  mem- 
ber of  the  great  council  of  Berne, 
and  filled  various  official  fituations 
under  government  j  he  died  in  the 
1786. 

As  an  author,  Gotleib  Emanuel 
Haller  enjoyed  confiderable  cmi. 
nence  ;  and  various  publications,  il- 
luftrative  of  the  hiftory  and  litera- 
ture of  Switzerland  ifTued  from  his 
pen.    Of  thefe  the  moft  interefting 


IS  his  Schiveixerisher  Bibhotheiy  or 
Swifs  Library,  in  fix  8vo  volumes, 
of  which  the  firft  only  was  pub- 
lifhed  during  his  life.  in  this 
work,  high  in  reputation,  both  for 
arrangement  and  accuracy ;  the 
author  gives  an  elaborate  enumer- 
ation of  all  the  then  cxifting  trea- 
tifcs  on  the  a^airs  of  Switzerland, 
and  of  the  various  literary  produc- 
tions of  the  country,  analyfmg  the 
contents  of  every  publication  which 
merited  attention,  correcting  the 
erroneous  ftatements  of  the  author, 
and  appreciating  the  value  of  his 
performance 

F. 

Edinburgh i  2  \d  March  1802. 


ERRATA  in  No  JK  of  Scots  Mag. 

Page  30T.  left-hand  column,  line  fourth 
from  top, for,  when  thefe,  read,  which 
then. 

Line  24.  ditto,  for  duty,  read  duties. 

page  320.  right-hand  column,  hne  8. 
from  top,  for  emperics,  read,  empi- 
rics. 

Page  323.  left-hand  column,  line  i. 

for  Hora  S'enensis^  read.  Flora  yc:nensiS 
Line  17.  do.  for  ^vereB,  read  i^zWj. 

ERRA  TA  in  this  Number, 
Pag-e  399  left-hand  column,  line  9th, 
frotn  bottom,    for  a  comb/e,  read  a 
cornblee,  line  8.  read  alio  a  comhlie* 


for  the  Scots  Magazine^ 
ON  SHAKESPEARE'S  HAMLET. 


Shakespeare  is  a  poet,  the  ex- 
panfion  of  whofe  genius  has  been 
reftrained  by  no  arbitrary  laws  or 
cuftoms,  but  which  has  fliot  up  lux- 
uriantly amidft  the  wilds  of  Na- 
ture. From  the  fetters  of  local  pre- 
judice, religious  fyftem,  and  that  u- 
niverfal  refemblance  which  prevails 
fo  much  in  an  age  which  has  made 
confiderable  progrefs  in  refinement, 


his  mind  has  been  entirely  free  and 
at  liberty  to  purfue  its  natural  bent. 
Thefe  foes  to  Nature  and  originali- 
ty, had  not  extended  their  baneful 
influence  to  the  genius  of  Shakef- 
peare,  but  left  him  entirely  to  Na- 
ture and  himfelf.  He  had  adopted 
no  imaginary  opinions  concerning 
mankind  ;  but  his  mind  had  been 
to  receive,  from  an  extenfive  expe- 
3  H  2  rience. 


404 


On  Shakespeare  s  Hamkt. 


Vol,  64. 


riencc,  and  an  eye  of  vigilan 
Nervation,  no  doubt,  that  acute  and 
penetrating^  knowledge  of  human 
nature,  which  we  find  him  ib  emi- 
nently poflefFed  of.   We  find,  in  his 
writings,   none  of  thofe  fanciful 
maxims  which  arife  from  fuperlli- 
tlon  ;  and,  as  fuch  opinions,  in  all 
ages  have  prevailed,  it  mull  have 
required  a  ftrong  mind.to  have  flia- 
ken  them  oif.  Such  unnatural  mon- 
Uers  as  predeRination,  and  the  other 
abfurdities  of  a  fuperltitious  imagi- 
nation, are  never  allowed,  by  him, 
10  difgrace  his  page.    A  man  of 
ienfe,  in  conducting  himfelf  in  the 
world,  is  nevtr  at  a  lofs,  but  does 
that  which  is  alone  fuggcfced  as 
proper,  by  every  variety  of  fitua- 
tion  ;  and,  if  he  is  overj^owcred,  not 
only  is  decent  under  misfortune,  but 
digniHes  difgrace.    With  the  fame 
dignity    of  condudl,  Shakefpcare 
leads  his  adors  through  his  fcenes  ; 
and,  whatever  be  their  fituation,  or 
the  fubje6t,  he  always  produces  fome 
ideas  ftrikingly  charaderillic  of  it. 
Their  pafiions  are  always  appropri- 
ate to  their  f.tuations  and  rcfledions, 
and  fentimcnts  always  arife  from 
thefe  pafTions,  fo  natural,  that  one 
would  think  nothing  elfe  could  have 
been  faid  with  propriety  on  the  fub- 
ied.    Kis  opinions  and  fentimeius 
are  univerfal,  and  unchangeable  as 
thofe  of  nature,  from  which  they 
are  taken,  and  will  continue  to  yield 
the  fame  pleafure  to  mankind,  in 
all  ages,  as  long  as  they  are  read. 

But,  if  we  learn  to  think  from 
Shakefpeare,  we  muft  be  of  opinion, 
that  men  diiTer  little  from  each  o- 
ther  in  all  ages,  and  in  all  countiies  ; 
and,  if  we  m.ake  the  application  to 
himfelf,  that  no  hpman  benig  is 
perfed,  that  no  name  can  grow  fo 
mighty  by  antiquity,  or  ftand  ib 
long  on  the  roll  of  fame,  as  to  pre- 
vent: examination,  more  than  any 
truth  can  be  fo  long  eftablilhed  by 
the  confent  of  mankind,  as  to  pre- 
clude the  necefuty  of  doubt,  Al- 


though  Shakefpeare  is,  in  general, 
enti'*ely  free  from  vulgar  pr^'judice, 
yet,inone  inllance,the  llrengthof  his 
mind  has  yielded  to  it,  in  adopting 
the  vulgar  opinion  of  the  vifibility 
of  fpirlts,  (for  how  can  fpirits  ever 
become  the  objeds  of  fenfe  ?)  and 
occafioned  that  mconfiflency  which 
could  be  lefs  eafily  avoided  by 
Shakefpeare,  than  it  would  have 
been  by  an  inferior  mind.  In  the 
fourth  fcene  of  the  firll:  ad  of  the 
Tragedy  of  Hamlet,  he  is  introdu- 
ced, on  the  appearance  of  his  fa- 
ther's gholl,  faying, 

'  V  hy  \\ciAi  flviuid  be  the  fear  ? 
J  d'.)  not  ftt  iny  lifj  at  a  pin's  fee  ; 
And  for  my  loul,  what  can  it  do  to  that, 
Being  1  •liiny;  '.n.mo'.  tal  as  itirjli". 

And  again,  in  ad  third,  fcene  firfl:, 
Hamlet  makes  the  celebrated  fpeech, 

To  be  or  not  to  be,  Sec. 

Here  Shakefpeare  is  caught  in 
an  awkward  ftruggle  betwixt  na- 
ture and  prejudice,  between  his  own 
ideas,  and  thofe  which  have  been 
forced  upon  him  by  others.  To  one 
who  had  leen  his  father's  ghoit,  and 
had  been  told  by  it,  **  /  am  thy  fa- 
therms  spirit^  doom'jd  for  a  certain  time 
to  ivafk  ihf  flighty  &c."  the  doubt  of 
immortality  was  impoffible  ;  but, 
by  the  time  IShakefpeare  arrives  at 
the  third  ad,  the  prejudice  which 
he  had  laboured  under  in  the  firft, 
had  entirely  vanifhed  from  his  me- 
mory, and  he  recovers  his  wonted 
vigour  in  that  much  admired  fpeech, 
"  To  hey  Sec.''  The  abfurdity  which 
Shakefpeare  has  been  betrayed  into 
does  not  confift  in  fuppofnig,  that 
ghofts  fometimes  a/fume  fubliantial 
forms,  and  become  vifible  to  the  eyes 
of  men,  as  fuch  a  licence  of  ima- 
gination, has  always  been  the  pri- 
vilege of  poetry  ;  but,  in  rcprefent- 
ing  the  fame  perfon,  who  had  feen 
the  gholt,  as  aft.erwards  doubting 
the  eAiilence  of  fpirits. 

The  name  of  Shakefpeare,  how- 
ever powerfully  it  may  prejudice 

our 


May  1802. 


On  the  Poems  of  Rowley. 


405 


our  judgment,  cannot  change  incon-  fcarcely  appear,  and  where  we  find 
fiftency    to    confiflency  ;    but  his  fo  much  to  praife,        can  hardly- 
great   excellence  may  palliate  it.  find  inclination  to  take  notice  of  fo' 
Among  the  many  beauties,  and  uni-  trifling  an  imperfedion. 
verfal  excellence  of  his  writings, 
fuch  an   inconfiderable    fpot  will 


REMARKS  ON   the  CONTROVERSY  respecting  the 
POEMS   OF  ROWLEY. 


To  the  Editors  of  ihe  Scots  Magazine, 


Gentlemen, 
THE  literati  of  Scotland  have 
been  fo  eagerly  engaged  in  difcuf- 
fing  the  authenticity  of  Offian's 
Poems,  that  they  have,  in  a  great 
meafure,  overlooked  the  equally  cu- 
rious controverfy  which  Chatterton 
excited  among  the  Englifh  antiqua- 
ries. As  it  is,  however,  nolefs  wor- 
thy of  their  attention,  I  Ihall  take 
the  liberty  of  olfeving  a  few  deful- 
toiy  refledions  on  the  difcoveries  or 
the  forgeries  of  that  aftonifliing  boy, 
without  pretending  to  enter  regu- 
larly or  deeply  into  a  fubjed  fo  va- 
rious and  extenfive. 

Considering  the  arguments  to 
be  derived  from  internal  evidence, 
with  refped  to  both  of  thefe  con- 
tioverfies,  an  obvious  difference 
prefents  itfelf,  which  feems,  at  firil 
fight,  more  favourable  to  the  Eng- 
lilli,  than  to  the  Celtic  Bard.  The 
poems  of  Offian  delineate,  in  a  pe- 
riod of  the  liiftory  of  mankind, 
which  had  been  alv^ays  regarded  as 
the  reign  of  the  mere  animal  pro- 
perrfities,  a  fublimity  of  manners, 
and  an  etherial  purity  of  fentiment, 
that  beggars  the  effeds  of  laws, 
fcience,  and  civilization,  and  dired- 
ly  the  reverfe  of  what  was  univer- 
flilly  fuppofed  to  belong  to  the  Rate 
of  favage  fociety,  till  Roulfeau  had 
inade  it  fafliionable  to  call  barba- 
rian ignorance  virtue,  and  to  give 


it  an  unjuft  preference  over  the  re- 
finements and  acquiiftions  of  civi- 
lized hfe.  After  the  vait  body  of 
evidence  which  the  admirers  of  Of- 
fian produced,  it  would  be  folly  to 
quefticn  his  exigence  ;  at  the  fame 
time,  it  mull:  be  alfo  allowed,  that  the 
ability  and  ingenuity  of  his  adver- 
faries,  have  reared  a  mafs  of  objec- 
tions of  equal  magnitude.  It  is  not 
my  intention  to  examine  the  me-  ' 
rits  of  either  arguments,  becaufe  I 
think  the  truth  lies  between  them. 
I  think,  that  the  Highlanders  mav 
pofTefs  fome  fragments  of  ancient 
poetry,  which  they  afcribe  to  the 
fon  of  Fingal  ;  and,  that  Macpher- 
fon,  having  gathered  thefe  moulder- 
ing relics,  re-united  them,  made  fub- 
ftitutes  for  what  were  deficient,  co- 
vered the  fkeleton  with  flefii,  tinged 
its  cheeks  with  bloom,  infufed  life 
into  its  blood,  gave  fpeculation  to 
its  eyes  ;  and  obliged  the  greater 
part  of  Europe  to  confefs  the  power 
of  its  beauty  *. 

It  is  at  all  times  amufing  to  trace 
the  fecret  bias  which  the  mind  of*^a 
writer  receives  from  temporary  pub- 
lications. In  the  prefent  inilance, 
it  cannot  be  doubted,  that  Macpher- 
fon  was  determined  and  encourag- 
ed by  the  effe«51:  of  the  Dijfertation 


*  Whitaker. 

on 


On  the  Poms  of  Rowley. 


406 


on  the  Moral  Consequences  of  ihW0tts 
and  Sciences,''  to  give  to  the  heroes  of 
Offian  that  folcmn  dehcacyj  which, 
atanyother  period,  noauthor  would 
have  attempted  to  give.  The  cele- 
brated Pliillipic^  to  which  1  aUude, 
was  publiihed  in  i7«?o,  and  the  fird 
fragments  of  Celtic  poetry,  not  long 
before  1760.  I  do  not  know  if  this 
has  been  noticed..  However,  it  de- 
ferves  notice  5  for^  the  poertis  of  Of- 
fian  have  given  realiiy,  a  local  habi- 
tation,  and  a  name  to  the  vilions  and 
theories  of  Pvouffcau. 

But,  when  we  open  the  volume 
of  Rowley,  we  fmd,  that  the  man- 
ners which  he  exhibits,  coincide  ex- 
adly  with  the  notions  which  tradi- 
tion and  hiftory  have  given  to  us  of 
the  age  in  which,  it  is  alleged,  he 
lived  ;  even  the  language  is  fo  hid- 
den and  incrufted  with  time,  that  it 
isalmoft  impoOihle  to  difcover  the 
meaning  without  the  aid  of  a  glof- 
fary.    Befides,  the  topics  of  many 
of  the  minor  pieces  are  fo  local  and^ 
perfonal,  that  it  is  exceedingly  per- 
plexing, to  conceive  how  they  could 
attract  any  mind  at  the  dillance  of 
three  hundred  years  ;    and  much 
more,  how  they  could  fix  the  obfer- 
vanr  imagmaiion  of  a  youth,  whom, 
from  the  fervour  of  his  charader, 
one  w^ould  rather  have  expecfted  to 
fee  effufrng  his  genius  on  fome  of 
the  great  national  events.    It  is  in- 
deed true,  that  we  are  prefented 
with  a  defcription  of  the  battle  of 
HaiUngs,  which,  on  the  whole,  muft 
be  viewed  as  a  ftupendous,  and  in 
pafTages,  a  fublimc  heroic  poem  ; 
and  which,  whether  confidered  as 
a  produdion  of  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward the  IV.  or  of  George  the  III. 
I  will  venture  to  aflcrt,  for  vivacity 
of  ftyle,  vaiiety  and  grandeur  of 
imagery,  may  rank  with  the  fineft 
efforts  of  poetry. 

The  Battle  of  Kaftings  has,  no 
doubt,  in  common  \^ith  the  other 
poems  and  ballads,  fever al  lines  and 
phrafes,  which  Bifiiop  Ilurd  would 


Vol.  64. 


be  apt  to  condemn,  as  fo  many  in- 
ftances  of  literary  larceny.  But  re- 
femblances  are  not  neceflarily  imi- 
tations. There  is  only  one  perftd 
mode  of  exprelTing  a  thought. 
Hence,  all  authors,  who  have  the 
fame  idea  to  communicate  in  the 
fame  language^  will,  in  their  ex- 
prefting  of  it,  refemble  each  other 
precifely,  in  proportion  to  the  de- 
gree in  which  tliey  approach  to  ex- 
cellence, the  beft  will  always  have 
the  ftrongeft  mutual  likenefs.  This 
law  of  criticifm  is  frequently  ne- 
glected, to  the  injury  of  many  ele- 
gant original  writers  ;  and  was  al- 
together overlooked  by  a  gentle- 
man that  publiihed  in  the  St  James's 
Chronicle  of  the  21ft  of  May  1778, 
a  lift  of  parallel  pafTages  feleded 
from  the  works  of  Rowley.  Before 
I  became  acquainted  with  the  con- 
tents of  that  letter,  I  had  noted  2t 
number  of  thofe  v/hich  he  has  point-^ 
ed  out,  and  alfo  other  equally  cu« 
rious  refemblances.  On  this,  how- 
ever, nothing,  in  my  opinion,  caii 
be  eredled  ;  becaufe  it  fuppofes, 
Chatterton  to  have  read  and  ftudied 
much  more  than  he  had  either  lei-' 
fure  or  opportunity  to  do.  Al-^ 
though  genius  fuperfedes,  to  fome 
extent,  the  neceflity  of  ftudy,  yet< 
in  the  more  mechanical  procefs 
of  carrying  the  fight  over  a  page, 
it  commands  no  advantage. 

There  is  another  object  to  be 
confidered.  If  Chatterton  was  real- 
ly the  author  of  the  contefted  poems, 
his  motive  for  concealment  could 
only  be  to  try  how  far  the  public 
would  relifti  his  produftions  ;  and, 
when  lie  found  them  received  with  a 
degree  of  favour,  commenfurate  at 
leaft  to  his  expectations,  the  motive 
would  naturally  ceafe  to  operate. 
Now,  I  believe  it  is  generally  un- 
derftood  that  he  never  fairly  con- 
fefTed  any  thing  like  a  defign  of  de- 
ceiving the  pubhc.  That  he  was 
able  to  write  poetry  as  good  as 
Rowley's,  I  have  no  doubt ;  for  the 

volume 


May  i8o2- 


On  the  Poems  of  Rowley. 


407 


volume  of  his  mifcellanies  fliow  ma- 
ny tints  (if  original  thoughts,  and 
traces  of  that  feHcitous  pencilling  by 
v^hich  the  creations  of  genius  are 
ever  diflinguilhed.  The  following 
defcription  of  Fancy  is  probably  the 
fineft  perfonification  extant : 

Fancy,  whofe  various  figure-rin»$^ur(  d  veil, 
W-i.*^  ever  changing  to  a  different  hue; 
Her  head  with  varied  bays  and  flow'rcts 
dreft; 

Her  ryes  tiuo  fpangles  of  the  morniug  detv. 
In  dancing  attitude  ihe  fwept  the  ilring, 
And  now  llie  Toars,  and  now  again  del'ccnds. 
And  ntjw  reclii.iug  on  the  Zfphyr*8  wing, 
Unto  the  velvet-vcftcd  mead  fhe  bends. 

His  Winter  is  no  lefs  picflurefque  ; 
,  permit  me  to  contraft  him  with  the 
fprightly  native  of  the  preceding 
ftanzas. 

Pale  rugjjed  Winter  bending  o'er  his  tread, 
His  grizzled  hair  berlropt  with  icy  dew  ; 
His  eyes,  a  duiky  light,  congeaPd  and  dead  ; 
Hip  robe  a  tinpe  of  bright  etheriai  blue  ; 
His  train  a  motly'd  fani^uine  fable  cloud, 
He  limps  along  the  ruflet  dreary  moor  ; 
Whilft  rifingwhirlwinds  blafting,  keen,  and 
loud, 

Roll  the  white  furges  to  the  founding  (here. 

Nor  is  there  any  improbability  in 
the  author  of  this  poetry,  acquiring, 
at  the  age  of  15,  fuch  a  mafterly 
knowledge  of  obfolete  Engiifh,  as 
the  poems  of  Rowley  difplay.  Dr 
johnfon  fays,  that  Banetier  was 
not  only  polTeifed  of  five  languages 
before  he  had  reached  his  ninth 
fear,  but  publiihed,  in  his  eleventh, 
a '  tranflation  from  Hebrew  into 
French,  of  the  travels  of  Rabbi 
Benjamin.  It  may  be  alleged,  how- 
©I'e'r,  that  as  the  acquifition  of  lan- 
guages depends  upon  the  exercife  of 
memory,  a  faculty  moll  effe(ftive  in 
the  opening  of  life,  a  confideration 
of  the  attainments  of  Banetier  can 
only  tend  to  diminifh  our  doubts 
of  Chatterton's  progrefs  in  anciej^t 


EnglHli  literature.  The  magnitude 
of  Rowley's  volume,  the  prolific 
imagination  which  it  difclofcs,  arc 
the  circumftances  that  excite  fufpi- 
cion.  But,  in  oppofition  to  this, 
there  is  one  decifive  obfervation, 
which  the  intelligent  reader  will 
always  make  when  he  rifesfrom  the 
perufalof  it.  And  it  is  this  :  The 
poems  are  remarkable  for  imagina- 
tion of  phrafeology  only  ;  plan,  and 
the  management  of  a  formed  de- 
fign,  the  unfolding  of  charadler, 
and  the  lhading  of  paffion,  they  can 
have  no  diftinguifliable  pret^nfions, 
to.  Therefore,  as  a  regularly  ima- 
gined plan,  and  developement  of 
charaders,  are  the  offspring  of  pa- 
tient and  long  reflection,  and  as  the 
efFufion  of  fimple  fancy  is  one  of 
the  chara(5leriftics  oi"-'  youthful  poets 
we  may  fairly  infer,  that  where  the 
latter  predominates,  and  the  former 
is  faint,  we  fee  only  the  vernal  blof- 
foms  of  a  young  and  growing  mind, 
a  promife  of  fruit  that  niufc  txpe- 
rience  the  fummer  of  manhood,  and 
the  autumn  of  waning  life,  before  it 
will  either  fubftanlially  foiace  or 
exhilarate  mankind. 

In  thefe  obfervations,  I  liave  not 
Hated  the  whole  of  my  opinion  of 
the  authenticity  of  Rowley's  poems, 
as  my  objed  was  chiefly  to  awaken 
the  attention  of  others  to  it,  and 
which,  I  imagine,  is  better  obtained 
by  different  and  oppofite  impref- 
fions,  than  by  impulfes  given  in  on- 
ly one  diredion.  For,  fo  much  of 
the  argument  refts  upon  internal 
evidence,  that  one's  opinion  can- 
not be  well  underitood  wichcut  in- 
fpevfling  quotations,  which  are  inca- 
pable of  being  admitted  into  a  ma- 
gazine, from  the  obfolete  obfcurity 
of  the  language,  and  from  the  im- 
proper length  to  which  they  would, 
necefTarilv,  carry  my  letter. 

G.  J.  G. 


40  8 


Vol.  64. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
On  the  dialect  of  HOMER  and  HESIOD. 


THE  ftyles  cf  Homer  and  He- 
fiod  are  remarkably  limilar.  The 
jQime  words,  the  lame  diale(S,  the 
fame  call  of  verfificaiion,  occur  in 
thefe  two  ccle'orated  writers.  Whe- 
ther ought  we  to  fuppofe,  that  a 
poetical" dialed,  and  certain  tradi- 
ditional  rules  of  cornpofition,  com- 
mon to  all  Greece,  exiited  in  the 
firft  ages  of  her  poetry,  which  in- 
fluenced two  writers,  whom  the  cri- 
tics: have  agreed  in  placing  at  die 
didance  of  centuries  from  one  ano- 
ther ;  or,  that  Keiiod,  who  was  a 
ThclTalian,  went  to  refide  in  Icmia, 
the  native  country  of  Grecian  fan- 
cy, and  there  acquired  the  dialecl 
in  which  Homer  had  written.  Ob- 
folete  words  and  phrafes  are  ufed 
by  learned  poets  to  give  an  heir  of 
dignity  to  their  works,  among  a 
people  who  have  literature  enough 
to  under Irand  them.  This  cannot 
fucceed  with  poets  who  addrefs  the 
multitude.  Homer,  as  well  as  He- 
fiod,  were  'Ao<oo;  Bards,  who  fanc- 
tioned  their  profelhon  by  claims  of 
celeftial  infpiration,  and  fometimes 
ventured  to  give  their  hearers  a 
fpecimen  of  the  language  of  the 
Gods,  (fee  Ihad  paflnn)  ;  but,  ftill 
they  appear  to  have  ufed  the  com- 
mon Ionic  dialed,  as  it  was  verna^ 
cularly  fpoken.  Herodotus,  and 
feveral  others,  wrote  their  HiRories 
in  this  dialed,  not  from  affedation, 
but  becaufe  they  were  natives  of 
Ionia.    Is  not  the  language  of  Ho- 


mer an  exad  fpecimen  of  the  three 
principal  dialeds  of  Greece,  the 
Ionic,  Doric,  and  jEolic,  as  mixed 
together  by  the  colonies,  which  we, 
know,  from  hiftory,  to  hcivc  peopled 
Ionia  \  Can  a  poet,  of  whatever  ge- 
nius, make  a  dialed  for  his  own 
convenience  ?.  Were  not  Homer  and 
Heliod  cotemporary,  and  were  not 
the  poems  of  both  refcued  by  the. 
introdudion  of  writing  from  that 
oblivion  which  had  fwallowed  up 
thofe  whom  they  imitated  ? 

Several  circumftances  concur  ta 
make  the  opinion  of  a  common  poe- 
tical dialed,  in  the  age  of  Homer,' 
very  ijnprobable.    In  after  times,; 
there  was  fomething  of  this  kin^l; 
adopted  by  the  Greeks,  but  it  was* 
certainly  owing  to  the  celebrity  of. 
the  Ionic  and  Doric  poets  which' 
fiamped  a  currency  on  their  lan- 
guage.   It  appears  from  the  wri- 
tings of  Hefiod,  that  his  father  was 
a  native  of  Cuma,  on  the  coaft  of 
Afia.    Need  we  then  feek  another 
caule  for  the  particular  dialed  ufed 
by  himfelf.    If  Homer,  Hefiod,  and 
Herodotus,  v^  ith  many  other  poets 
and  hiilorians,  wrote  in  the  mixid 
dialed  of  Ionia,  there  is  certainly 
no  reafon  to  adopt  the  current  opi- 
nion, that  thefe  authors  culled  th© 
feveral  beauties  of  the  Grecian  dia,4 
leds,  the  Attic,  Ionic,  Doric,  &c. 
to  adorn  their  works. 

B. 


May  1802. 


409 


LITERARY  EXTRACTS 


AND 

NOTICES, 


ENTRY  OF  CHARLES  STUART  INTO  EDINBURGH, 
IN  THE  YEAR  1745. 

From  Home's  Hiftory  of  the  Rebellion. 


ABOUT  ten  o'clock  the  main  body 
of  the  rebels  marching  by  Diidingftpi), 
(to  avoid  being  fired  upon  by  the  Caf- 
tie)  entered  the  King's  Park,'  and  halt- 
ed in  the  hollow  between  the  hills,  un- 
der the  peak  called  Arthur's  Seat.  By 
and  by  Charles  came  down  to  the 
Duke's  walk,  accompanied  by  the 
Highland  Chief's,  and  other  comman- 
ders of  his  arttiy. 

The  park  was  full  of  people,  (amongfl 
whom  was  the  author  of  this  hiOory,) 
all  of  them  impatient  to  fee  this  extra- 
ordinary  pcrfon.  The  figure  and  pre- 
fence  of  C|iarles  Stuart  were  not  ill 
iuittd  to  his  lofty  pretenfions.  He  was 
in  the  prime  of  youth*,  tall  and  hand- 
fpme,  of  a  fair  complexion  ;  he  had  a 
light  coloured  pciiwig  with  his  own 
hair  combed  over  the  front ;  he  wore 
the  Highland  drefs,  that  is  a  tartan 
Ihort  coat  without  t^e  plaid,  a  blue 
bonnet  on  his  head,  and  on  his  breaft 
the  ftar  of  the  order  of  St  Andrew. 
Charles  flood  fome  time  in  the  park 
to  flu'w  himfelf  to  the  people;  and 
then,  though  he  was  v(?ry  near  the  pa- 
lace, mounted  his  horfe,  tit  her  to  ren- 
der himfelf  more  cciifpicuous,  or  be- 


*  Born  at  Rome  on  the  31ft  of  De- 
'cembcr,  he  was  in  the  25th  year  of  his 
age.    Whilft  Charles  was  ftanding  in 
the  Duke's  Walk,  one  of  the  fpedators 
t  ndeavoured  to  meafure  llioulders  with 
;  and  faid  he  was  more  than  c  feet 
o inches  high. 
VoL.LXIV. 


cpufe  he  rode  well,  and  looked  grace- 
ful on  horfeback. 

The  Jacobites  were  charmed  with  his 
appearance :  they  compared  him  to 
Robert  the  Bruce,  whom  he  refembled 
(they  faid)  in  his  figure  as  in  his  for- 
tune. The  Whigs  looked  upon  him 
with  other  eyes.  They  acknowledged 
that  he  was  a  goodly  pcrfon;  but  they 
obferved,  that  even  in  that  triumphant 
hour,  when  he  was  about  to  enter  the 
p.dace  of  his  fathers,  the  air  of  his 
countenance  was  languid  and  melan- 
choly ;  that  he  looked  like  a  gentltman 
and  a  man  of  fafhion,  but  not  bke  a 
hero  or  a  conqueror.  Hence  tliey  form- 
ed their  conclufions  that  the  enterprize 
was  above  the  pitch  of  his  mind  ;  and 
that  his  heart  was  not  great  enouch  for 
the  fphere  in  which  he  moved.  When 
Charles  came  to  the  palace,  he  dif- 
mounied,  and  walked  along  the  piaz- 
za, towards  the  apartment  of  the 
Duke  of  Hamilton.  When  he  was 
near  the  door,  which  ftood  open  to 
receive  him,  a  gentkman  ftepped  out 
of  the  crowd,  drew  his  fword,  and  raif- 
ing  his  arm  aloft,  walked  up  ftairs  be- 
fore Charles.  The  pcrfon  who  enlift- 
ed  himfelf  in  this  manner,  was  James 
Hepburn  ot  Keith,  whofe  name  will  be 
mentiontdagain  mure  thanonce;  he  had 
been  engaged  when  a  very  young  man 
in  the  rebellion  of  the  year  171,-,  and 
from  that  time  (learned  and  intclh'gent 
as  he  was)  had  continued  a  Jacobite, 
But  he  had  compounded  the  fpirit  of 
Jacobitifm  with  another  fpirit ;  for  he 
3  I  dif. 


4IO  Home's  History  of  the  ReheUlon.         Vol.  64 


difclaimed  the  hereditary  ind<^|rofe 
right  of  Kings,  and  condemned  the 
government  of  James  the  Second  ;  but 
he  alfo  condemned  the  Union  between 
England  and  Scotland,  as  injurious, 
and  humiliating  to  his  country  ;  fay- 
iTig?  (to  ufc  his  own  vvord^,)  that  the 
Union  had  made  a  Scotch  gentleman  of 
.fmall  fortune  nobody,  and  that  he 
would  die  a  ihoufand  times  rather  than 
fubmit  to  it. 

Wrapped  up  in  thefe  notions,  he 
kept  himftlf  for  30  years  in  conftant 
readinefs  to  take  arms,  and  was  the 
firft  perfon  who  joined  Charles  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  idolized  by  the  Jacobites,  and 
beloved  by  fonie  of  the  beft  Whigs, 
who  l  egreted  *  that  this  accomplifhed 
gentleman,  the  model  of  ancient  hm- 
plicity,  manlinefs  and  honour,  fliould 
facrifice  himfelf  to  a  vifionaiy  idea  of 
the  independence  of  Scotland. 

The  Highlanders,  uhen  they  enter- 


*  The  Earl  of  Stair,  and  Lord  Mil- 
ton. 


cd  the  town  in  the  morninc:,  had  fe 
cured  the  Heralds  and  the  Purfuivants 
at  mid -day  they  furrounded  the  Crofs 
with  a  body  of  armed  m.en,  .ind  oblig 
ed  the  Heralds  to  proclaim  King  James, 
to  read  the  CommifTion  of  Regency 
and  the  Declaration,  dated  at  Rome, 
December  1743,  with  a  ManifeOo, 
the  name  of  Charles  Prince  Regent 
d.'.'red  at  P  aris»  i6th  of  May  1745.  An 
immenfe  multitude  witntfTcd  this  cer^f 
mony,  which  waj  performed  at  noon 

The  populace  of  a  great  ciiy,  wl 
huzra  tor  any  thing  that  brings  them 
together,  huzzaed  ;  and  a  number 
ladies  in  the  windows  ftrained  their 
voices  with  acclamation,  and  their  armi 
with  waving  Vvhite  handkerchitfi,, 
honour  of  tl»c  day, 

Thtfe  demon  II  rations  of  joy,  amongfl: 
people  of  condition,  were  ciiitfly  con 
fined  to  one  fex  ;  few  gentlemen  wtrc 
to  be  lien  on  the  Rreets,  or  in  thr  win 
d(jws  ;  and  even  amongll  the  infirior 
people,   many  fViewed  their  diflikt 
a  Itubboi  n  filence. 


INSTANCE  OF  THE  SPIRIT  OF  THE  HIGHLAND  CLANS, 
From  the  Same. 


Lord  Kilmarnock,  in  the  morning  of 
the  i8lh,  came  to  Falkirk,  vihich  is 
within  half  a  mile  of  his  houfc  at  Cal- 
lender  (where  he  had  palled  the  ni^ht,) 
bringing  with  h.m  a  party  of  his  men 
to  guard  feme  prifoners  who  had  been 
taken  in  the  retreat,  and  carried  to 
Callender.  Loid  Kilm.arnock  left  the 
prifoners  and  their  guard  ftanding  in 
the  ftreet,  jult  before  the  ho ufe  where 
Charles  lodged,  and  going  up  flairs, 
prefented  to  Charles  a  of  his  pr^fo- 
nerb,  who  were  the  two  officers*  and 


**  William  Macghie,  cnptain  of  the 
Edinburgh  company  of  volunteers,  hav- 
ing gone  in  quell  of  General  Hav^^lty, 
as  has  been  mentioned,  could  not  find 
the  General,  and  juft  before  the  battle 
began,  he  joined  Blakeney's  regiment, 
which  was  one  of  the  regiments  that 
fuffered  moll,  and  being  driven  from 
the  field  of  battle,  rallied  with  the  o- 
ther  regiments  on  the  ground  before 


fome  private  men  of  the  company 
volunteers  mentioned  in  the  accou 
of  the  battle.    Charles  opened  the  wi 


their  camp.    There  Mr  Macghie  four 
the  Lieutenant  and  fevcral  private  me 
of  his  company,  with  whom  he  le 
Fflkirk,  foon  after  the  King's  troop4 
quitted  that  town ;  and  falling  (till  moijip 
behind  the  army  in  their  march  toLit^ 
lithgow,  he  with  his  Lieutenant  afiij 
four  private  men  were  made  prifone? 
by  the  rebels.    Tbc  private  men  weifi 
Thomas  Barrow,  Student  of  Phyfic  ^ 
the  Univerfiiy  of  Ldinburgh ;  Robe)^ 
Douglas,  alfo  Student  of  Phyfic ; 
bert  Alexander,  fon  of  Mr  Alexander, 
afterwards  Provoft  of  Edinburgh  ;  and 
Neil  Macvicar,  Student  of  Law,  Ion  to 
the  Minifter  of  Ilia.    It  feems  proper 
to  mention,  in  this  manner,  the  volun 
teers  who  were  taken  prifoners,  as  there 
will  be  occafion  to  fay  m.ore  of  them 
hereafter. 

dow 


May  1802.       Home's  History  of  the  Rebellion. 


dow  to  look  at  the  prifoners,  and  flood 
for  fome  time  with  the  lift  in  his  hand, 
alking  qutftions  (as  thty  thought)  a- 
bont  them,  of  Lord  Kihnarnock. 

Nfcanwhilc  a  foldicr,  in  the  uniform 
of  one  of  the  King's  regiments,  made 
-Iiis  appearance  in  the  ftieet  of  Falkirk, 
which  was  iull  of  Highlanders :  he  was 
armtd  with  a  mulket  and  bayonet,  and 
had  a  black  cockade  in  his  hat.  When 
the  volunteers  faw  a  foldicr  with  his 
firelock  in  his  hand  coming  towards 
/Charles,  they  were  amazed,  and  fan- 
cied a  thouland  things;  they  expected 
every  moment  to  hear  a  (hot.  Char- 
ges oliferving  that  the  volunteers  (who 
Were  within  a  few  yards  of  him)  look- 
ed all  one  way,  turned  his  head  that 
way  too :  he  feemed  furprifed ;  and  cal- 
ling Lord  Kilmarnock,  pointed  to  the 
foidier.  Lord  Kilmarnock  came  down 
flairs  immediat».ly ;  when  he  got  to  the 
fireet,  the  foldier  was  jml  oppofite  to 
the  window  where  Charles  (tood.  Kil- 
marnock came  up  to  the  fellow,  ftruck 
his  hat  off  his  head,  and  fet  his  foot  on 
.the  black  cockade.  At  chat  inltant  a 
Highlander  came  running  from  the  o- 
Iher  hde  of  the  Itrcet,  laid  hands  on 
Lord  Kilmarnock,  and  puftied  him 
back.  Kilmarnock  pulled  out  a  piftol, 
and  prelentcd  it  at  the  Highlander's 
head;  the  Highlander  drew  his  dirk, 
and  held  it  clofe  to  Kilmarnock's  breaft. 
In  this  pofture  they  ftood  about  half  a 
ir.inute,  when  a  crowd  of  Highlanders 
rufhed  in,  and  drove  away  Lord  Kil- 
Uianiock.    The  man  with  the  dirk  in 


his  hand  took  up  the  hat,  put  it  upon 
the  foldier's  head,  and  the  Highlanders 
oarchc  d  off  with  him  in  tr  umph. 

This  pitcc  of  dumb  fliew,  of  which 
they  undcrftood  nothing,  perplexed  the 
volunteers.  They  expreflld  their  af- 
toriiflHnent  to  a  Highland  ofHcc  r  who 
ftood  near  them  ;  and  entreated  him  to 
expldin  the  meaning  of  what  they  had 
feen.  He  told  them  that  the  foldier  in 
the  uniform  (^f  the  Royal  was  a  Came- 
ron :  "  Yefterday,"  fa.d  he,  "  when 
your  army  was  defeated,  he  joined  his 
clan,  the  Camerons  received  him  with 
great  joy,  and  toid  him  that  he  Ihould 
wear  his  arms,  his  clothes,  and  every 
thing  elfe,  till  he  was  provided  with 
other  clothes  and  other  arms.  The 
Highlander  who  firll  interpofed,  and 
drew  his  dirk  on  Lord  Kilmarnock,  ia 
the  foldier's  brother  ;  the  crowd  who 
rulhtd  in  are  the  Camerons,  many  of 
them  his  near  relations ;  and,  in  my 
opinion,"  continued  the  officer,  **  no 
Colonel  nor  General  in  the  Prince's  ar- 
my can  take  that  cockade  *  out  of  his 
hat,  except  Locheil  himfelf." 


*  This  behaviour  of  the  Highlanders 
to  Lord  Kilmarnock,  in  prefence  of 
Charles,  occafioned  that  iuveftigation 
into  Clanfhip,  made  by  the  Author  of 
this  hiitory,  which  enabled  him  to  write 
that  account  of  the  manners  of  the 
Highlanders  which  is  contained  in  the 
Introdudion, 


SKETCH  OF  THE  CHARACTER  OF  THE  LATE 
'     REV.  DR  ALEXANDER  WEBSTER. 

it  was  given  in  the  Tolbooth  Church  of  Edinburgh,  at  the  clofe  of  a  Sermon 
preached  there  on  the  occafion  of  his  death. 

BY  THE  LATE  RLV.  Da  GLOAG. 


VOU,  my  friends,  of  this  congrega- 
>n,  have  no  donbt  anticipated  me  al- 
i  '-ady ,  in  the  further  profecution  of  this 
fubjedt  ;  and  prevented  me  in  the  appli- 
cation I  intend  to  make  of  it,  to  the 
charatler  of  your  late  mod  valuable 
'  'd  worthy  Paftor,  whofc  death  ycu 


are  now  lamenting.  I  fmcerely  pity, 
and  feel  for  you  on  this  melancholy  oc- 
cafion ;  I  could  even  mingle  my  tears 
with  yours,  as  T  have  but  too  great  rea- 
fon  to  join  with  you  in  your  g;rief,  when 
I  confider  the  many  endearing  (.bliga- 
tioilS  I  received,  from  his  peculiar  at- 
3  I  i  tea- 


412 


Charader  of  the  late  Dr  Webster. 


Vol.  64. 


tention  and  regard  to  myielf.  He  was 
the  firlt  who  introduced  me  to  public 
life  ;  and  from  that  period  till  the  day 
of  his  death,  he  honoured  me  with  a 
Iteady,  invaiiable,  and  moft  affection- 
ate fnendfhip.  His  memory  wiil  there- 
fore be  always  dear  to  me  ;  grati- 
tude calls  on  me  to  fpeak  in  his  praile, 
while  at  the  fame  time  T  mult  acknow- 
ledge with  regret,  how  unequal  1  am 
to  the  painful  talk  which  has  fallen  to 
my  lot  this  day.  They  who  beft  kuew 
his  eminent,  diftinguiHied  worth,  will 
not  hefitate  to  confefs,  that  to  do  full 
justice  to  his  character  would  require 
a  genius  as  great,  a  mind  as  compre- 
henlive,  and  a  tongue  as  eloquent  as  his 
own.  The  lincerity,  however,  of  my 
affedtion  to  him,  and  the  purity  of  my 
intention,  will  compenfate,  I  hope  m 
ibme  meafure,  for  the  imperfection  of 
the  prefent  attempt  to  do  honour  to 
his  memory.  Where  then  lhall  1  be- 
gin ?  or  in  what  point  of  light  fnall  1 
endeavour  to  reprefent  his  molt  inltruc- 
tive  and  ufeful  cnarader  ? 

Shall  I  delire  you  firtt  to  behold  him 
in  the  dear  relation  of  a  kind  and  in- 
dulgent father,  loving,  and  beloved, 
by  his  childien  ?  Aias  I  the  very  men- 
tion of  the  name  may  perhaps  irritate 
thofe  feelings  which,  I  fear,  are  but 
too  painful  already  by  the  fudden  and 
unexpe6i:ed  fhock  they  have  received. 

Conlider  him  next,  if  you  pleafe, 
as  a  miniftcr  of  the  gofpel  of  the  bon 
of  God  ;  leading  the  public  devotions 
of  his  people  ^  and  admonilhing,  in- 
ft rusting,  and  comforting  them,  from 
his  holy  word.  Think  on  the  humility, 
the  earneltnefs,  and  the  fervour  of  his 
prayers,  when  he  poured  out  his  very 
foul  to  God  on  our  behalf,  from  the 
place  where  I  now  ftand  ;  think  on 
the  folem^nity  with  which  he  delivered 
the  meffage  of  his  great  Maflcr,  and 
the  concern  of  fpirit  with  which  he  be- 
ibught  fmners  to  be  reconciled  to  God  ; 
think  on  the  tender,  alTedionate,  and 
mod  encouraging  manner,  in  which  he 
addrefledthe  deiponding  mind,  and  the 
forrowful  heart  j  and  then  fay,  if  he  did 
not  **  watch  for  your  fjuls,  like  one 
that  muft  give  an  account" 

Follow  him  next  to  a  communion- 
table, holding  in  his  hands  the  facra- 
incntal  pledges  of  the  broken  body 
and  fhed  blood  of  the  Redeemer,  and, 
by  prayer  and  fupplication,  with  tharikf- 


giving,  fetting  them  apart  from  a  com- 
mon to  a  facred  ufe.  Say,  for  you  know 
it  well,  did  he  ever  appear  in  fo  grand 
and  augult  an  attitude,  as  on  that  fo- 
Icmn  occafion  ?  Did  not  his  manner^ 
his  voice,  his  countenance,  his  every 
feature,  fl>ow  the  intenfe  devotion  of 
his  heart  ?  Diflicult  it  was  to  tell, 
-whether  admiration,  or  gratitude,  or 
love,  or  joy,  or  humility  and  contri- 
tion of  Ipnit,  d'l^  thf^n  molt  prevail  ; 
or  if  his  i'oul  felt  the  happy  influence 
of  all  thefc  gracious  slTe^tions,  adling 
in  concert  and  harmony  together. 
One  would  have  thought^  that  on  fuch 
a  folemn  occafion  his  faith  was  elevated 
to  an  uncommon  degree,  and  permitt- 
ed to  take  a  view  of  the  gloiy  of  the 
great  Inimanuel  himfelf  within  the 
vail. 

The  heart,  you  may  believe,  that 
was  fo  full  of  devotion  to  God,  could 
not  be  deftitute  of  love  and  charity  to 
men.  Confider  him,  then,  as  an  ad- 
vocate in  the  caufe  of  liberty, as  a  friend 
to  the  facred  rights  ot  confcience,  and 
the  exercife  of  private  judgement  in 
matters  of  religion.  Here  he  made  a 
noble  and  moft  amiable  figure,  difplay- 
ing  at  once  the  quicknefs  of  his  appre- 
htnfion,  the  foiidity  and  fliength  of 
his  underltanding,  and  the  extcnlive 
candour  and  benevolence  of  his  heart. 
He  allowed  with  great  propriety,  to 
others  the  fame  privilege  he  claimed, 
and  exercifed  in  his  own  condu6l  ;  the 
privilege  of  thinking  and  judging  for 
themfelves,  in  the  difcuflion  of  every 
qucltion  wherein  God  and  religion 
weie  concerned.  No  haughty  forbid- 
ing  airs  of  fupcriority  did  he  aillime  ; 
his  fentiments  he  delivered  with  an 
eafy  freedom,  great  temper,  and  m.o-' 
deration  of  fpirit,  paying  a  becoming 
defeience  to  thofe  who  held  opinions 
different  from  his  own ;  and  when 
the  debate  was  clofed,  he  treated  even 
his  keeneft  antagoniiis,  with  all  the 
complaifance  and  agreeable  manners 
of  the  polite  and  accompliftied  gentle- 
man. 

If  you  imagine,  that  the  man  who 
was  lb  well  qualified  to  Ihine  in  pub- 
lic, was  inattentive  to  the  concerns  of 
private  life,  you  mufl  be  ftrangers  in- 
deed to  his  chara6ler.  He  was  a  friend 
to  the  poor.  He  heard  their  com- 
plaints with  the  affection  of  a  man,  and 
relieved  their  wants  with  the  gene-  " 

rofitv 


May  1802.       CharaEler  of  the  late  Dr  Webster.  413 


rofity  of  a  prince.  Well  did  they  know, 
tor  they  knew  it  from  experience,  that 
his  hand  was  as  ready  to  give,  as  his 
heart  was  to  devife  liberal  things. 

From  this  beautiful  part  of  his  cha- 
ra6lcr,  let  me  lead  your  attention  to 
another,  in  which  he  appeared  in  a 
truly  amiable  and  conspicuous  light. 
You  will  ealily  perceive,  that  I  now 
refer  to  the  molt  ingenious,  ufeful, 
and  juftly  admired  Scheme,  which 
the  God  of  all  wifdom  and  grace  en- 
abled him  to  contrive  and  accomplifh, 
for  the  fupport  of  the  widows  and 
children  of  all  the  Minifters  of  the 
church,  and  for  the  fupport  alfo  of  the 
widows  and  children  of  all  the  Princi- 
pals and  Profeflbrs  of  the  fgur  learned 
Univerfities  of  Scotland.  This  is  a 
fcheme  of  fuch  invention,  labour,  ex- 
cellence, and  real  utility,  as  furpaflcth 
all  praile  ;  and  will  tranlmit  the  name 
of  your  late  worthy  paftor,  with  dif- 
tinguiOied  honour  and  refpe6l,  to  the 
lateit  pofteiity.  Suffice  it  only  to  fay 
of  it  in  general,  that  it  is  founded  on 
the  bed  principles  of  calculation,  and 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  human  life  ; 
and  during  the  time  that  it  pleafed  the 
Sovereign  Difpofer  of  all  events  to 
allow  its  moft  ingenious  author  to  re- 
main vrith  us,  to  Superintend  and  dire6l 
its  progrefs,  it  was  put  to  fuch  a  full 
and  fatisfadory  proof,  that,  under  the 
care  and  providence  of  God,  it  will 
continue  to  be  a  fure  and  lafting  fund 
of  relief  to  the  widow  and  the  father- 
lefs,   ib  long  as  an  univeriity  lhall 


flouriQi,  or  the  veftige  of  a  church  fhall 
be  leen,  in  ournative  land.  Many  a  time 
hath  your  late  paflor,  by  means  of  this 
moft  benevolent  fcheme,  "delivered 
the  poor  that  cried,  and  the  fatherlefs, 
and  him  that  had  none  to  help  him. 
The  bleifing  of  him  that  was  ready  to 
perifh  came  upon  him  ;  and  he  caufed 
the  vvidOvv*s  heart  to  fing  for  joy." 
Numbers  already  gone  have  praifed  the 
Lord  on  his  account,  cind  thoufands 
yet  unborn  will  rife  up,  and  bleis  the 
great  Father  of  the  fatherlefs,  and  the 
Hulband  of  the  widow,  for  giving 
them  fuch  a  kind  and  tried  friend,  fuch 
a  humane,  generous,  and  unwearied 
bentfadlor,  as  they  found  in  the  great 
and  good  man  whofe  death  we  are  this 
day  lamenting.  I'hus  you  fee  how  he 
lived  ;  he  lived  to  his  God,  and  to  his 
country  ;  with  much  honour  and  credit 
to  tiimfelf,  and  great  beneht  to  f{\-iety  ; 
and  at  lalt,  according  to  his  own  luiJJ^ 
Sind  prayer,  (if  my  information  be  good, 
and  I  have  reafon  to  believe  it  to  be 
good^,  he  was  blelTcd  with  an  and 
and  peaceful  death  j  and  carried  to  the 
end  of  his  journey  through  lire,  in  a 
good  old  age,  like  as  a  iliock  of  com 
Cometh  in,  in  bis  feafon."  On  the 
morning  of  the  lalt  Sabbath,  while  we 
were  aflembling  for  the  woilhip  of  God 
in  his  courts  below,  his  precious  fpirit 
was  called  to  the  temple  above,  to 
keep  an  endiefs  Sabbath  v/ith  his  God 
and  Father  in  heaven  ;  and  liis  bodv 
was  left  to  reft  in  the  grave,  in  hope  ot 
a  joyful  refurre(;:lion  to  eternal  life« 


ACCOUNT  OF  THE  INHABI 

From  Sawer's  Expedition 

IN  the  morning  of  the  ift  of  June, 
at  4deg.  3omin.  we  rofe  the  ifland  of 
Oonalafnka  in  the  north-eart.  At  8deg. 
5min.  45  fee.  A.  M.  our  longitude  was 
192  deg.  41  min.  15  fee,  latitude  jadeg. 
5irnin.  17  fee,  little  wind  at  north 
itoi  th-welt,  which  died  away  to  a  cairn. 
At  four  P.  M.  had  a  gentle  breeze  from 
the  north  north-weft  again  ;  and  at  60 
dcg.  26  min.  25  fee.  A.  M.  the  time 
keeper  gave  the  longitude  193  dcg.  a 
min.  15  fee.,  latitude  52  deg.  59  min. 
On  the  ad,  variable  light  airs  and  calras. 


TANTS  OF  OONALASIIKA, 

to  the  North  of  RufTia. 

At  noon  our  latitude  obferved  was  55 
dtg.  3  min.  29  fee,  corredcd  longitude 
193  deg-  47  min.  Wc  were  now  wcil 
in  with  the  land  of  Ooiialaihka,  which 
appeared  every  where  high,  formed  of 
projcM^ling  pr'omontories  and  inland 
high  mountains-  In  the  forenoon  of 
the  3d  June,  numbers  of  the  natives 
came  alongfide.  We  threw  our  main 
top- fail  to  the  maft,  and  took  them  on 
board.  At  noon  we  obferved  the  la- 
titude 53  deg.  45  min.  4  fee.  At  four 
P.  M.  a  Ruffian  hunter  of  Tlhircpa- 

noft'i 


414 


Inhabitants  of  OonaJashka. 


Vol.  64. 


noff 'a  company,  came  alongiide  in  a 
haiJer  rowed  by  eight  Alcutes.  lie 
l)ad  been  a1i;ng  the  lliore  in  Icarch  of 
drift  wood  for  firing,  with  a  number 
of  alcutc8,  fome  of  whom  brought  iis 
a  good  fupply  of  Halibut.  Tliey  con- 
i'u6tcd  us  into  a  bay,  which  the  Ruf- 
fians call  Br/brovoi  Gubc,  or  the  Bay 
of  Oltcr^^,  where  we  came  to  anchor 
at  eight  P.  M.  oppolite  the  habitations 
of  the  natives.  We  fcnt  an  officer  to 
found,  ?nd  hauled  into  the  bay  about 
40  fathom  from  lliore. 

Captain  Billings  landed  with  his  a- 
llronomical  tent  ;  Dr  Merk  went  out 
on  an  cxcurlion  for  curiofities;  and 
Captain  SaretHitfT,  with  afifiliants,  was 
Itht  to  furvey  ;  while  I  employed  my- 
felf  in  getting  the  beft  information  that 
3  could  obtain  of  tht-  inhabitants,  who 
with  the  people  of  Oom;)ak,  call  them- 
felvti  Cowhalingcn.  This  h«ibitation 
they  call  Sidankin.  It  is  on  the  fmall 
jfland  Sithanak,  iVvcn  miles  from  north- 
caft  to  foui  h-Wv  P,  wliich  is  fcparated 
from  Oonalalh,ka  by  flraits  of  only  a 
feu  faihoms  wide,  and  appears  to  be 
the  fouih-welt  extremity  of  the  ifland. 
)t  con  fills  of  barren  mountains  of  a 
moderate  height,  coiripofed  of  hard 
Itone  of  a  glafly  nature,  and  generally 
of  a  greenidi  hue  :  fome,  however,  is 
Mack.  Behind  the  huts  is  a  lake  of 
fome  extent  (evidently  lupplied  by  the 
melting  Inow  from  the  mountains), 
with  a  fmall  outkt  or  run  into  the  lea. 
Htre  we  took  a  fuppiy  of  frefti  water, 
V.  hich  was  not  very  good. 

About  five  families  refide  here.  The 
rativts  of  Alakfa  and  all  the  adjacent 
iflands  they  call  Kagataiakung'n,  or 
taftern  peopht :  the  illandcrs  of  Oone- 
agun  (Tfticttiere  Sopoilmoi)  they  call 
Akobgun. 

The  people  are  of  middle  fize :  of 
very  dark  brown  and  healthy  comi- 
plexion  ;  round  face  in  general,  fmall 
riofe,  black  eyes  and  hair,  the  latter  ve- 
ry ftrong  and  wiry.  They  have  fcanty 
bearcs,  but  very  thick  hair  on  the  up- 
per lip.  The  under  lip  is,  in  general, 
perforated,  and  fmall  ornaments  of 
bone  or  beads  inferted ;  as  is  alfo  the 
feptumi  of  the  nofe-  Wom.en  have 
the  chin  pundured  in  fine  lines  ray- 
ed from  the  centre  of  the  lip,  and 
covering  the  whole  of  the  chin.  The 
arms  and  cheeks  of  fome  are  alfo 
pundured.  l\hey  are  very  clean  in 
their  perfons  5  ai:d  the  men  very  adive 


in  their  fmall  baidars.  The  women 
are  chubby,  rather  pretty,  and  very 
kind. 

They  formerly  wore  a  drefs  of  fea. 
ottar  fkins,  but  not  fi nee  the  RufTiang 
have  had  any  intercourfe  with  them. 
At  prefent  they  wear  what  they  can 
gel ;  the  wome\i  a  park  of  kctik,  or 
urfine  feal,  with  the  hair  outward. 
This  is  made  like  a  carter's  frock,  but 
wiclu  ut  a  flit  on  the  breaO,  and  with 
a  round  upright  cellar,  about  three 
inches  hii'h,  made  very  ftiff,  and  or- 
naniented  with  fmall  beads  fewn  on  in 
a  very  pretty  manner.  Slips  of  leather 
are  fewn  to  the  feams  of  this  drefs, 
and  hang  down  about  20  inches  long, 
orn  imentcd  with  the  bill  of  the  fea- 
parrot,  and  beads.  A  flip  of  leather 
thr  .e  or  four  inches  broad  hangs  down 
before  from  the  top  of  the  collar,  co- 
vcKd  fancifully  wiih  different  colour- 
ed gh'ifs  beads-',  and  tafieh  at  the  ends; 
a  fimilar  Hip  hangs  down  the  back. 
Bracelets  of  black  fedl-lkin  arc  worn 
round  their  wrifts  about  half  an  inch 
broad,  and  fimilar  ones  round  their  an- 
kles, for  they  go  barefooted  ;  and  this 
is  all  their  drefs.  Their  ornaments  arc 
rings  on  the  fingers,  ear-rings,  beads 
and  bone;^  fufpended  fiom  the  feptum 
of  the  nofe,  and  bones  in  the  perforat- 
ed holes  in  the  under  lip.  Their  cheeks, 
chin,  and  arms,  are  pundured  in  a 
Tery  neat  manner.  Whtn  thty  go  a«v  , 
walking  on  the  rocky  beach,  they  wear  " 
an  aukward  kind  of  boot,  made  of  the 
throat  of  the  fca-liun,  foled  with  thick 
feal-fkin,  which  they  line  with  dry 
grafs.  The  men  wear  a  park  of  birds* 
fkin,  fometimes  the  feathers  outv.'ard,; 
and  fometimes  inward.  The  fkin  fidei 
is  dyed  red,  and  ornamented  with  fiipa 
of  leather  hanging  dovi-n  a  confiderabie 
length  ;  the  ieam.s  covered  with  thin 
flips  of  fkin,  very  elegantly  embroider- 
ed with  white  deer's  hair,  goatVs  hair, 
and  the  finews  of  fea  animals,  dyed  of 
different  colours.  They  alfo  wear  tight 
pant.^loons  of  white  leather,  and  boota 
as  dcfcribed  to  be  worn  by  the  women 
at  times;  the  men  wear  them  when 
they  go  on  foot ;  but  in  their  baidara 
or  their  huts  they  are  without  eithc%i 
pantaloons  or  boots.  The  men  havj8|' 
their  hair  cut  Ihort  ;  the  women  we^'i 
theirs  ihort  before,  combed  over  X\i%;\ 
forehead,  and  tied  in  a  club  on  the  tot>'^ 
ot  the  back  part  of  the  head.  In  wet 
weatherj  or  when  out  at  fea,  they  we^ 


May  1802.  Inhabitants  if  Oonalashka. 


415 


a  cnmley  ;  which  is  a  drefs  made  in  the 
fhape  of  the  other,  but  formed  of  the 
inteftines  of  fta  animals;  the  bladder 
of  the  halibut,  or  the  llvin  of  the  tongue 
of  a  whale.  It  has  a  hood  to  cover  the 
head,  and  ties  clofe  round  the  neck 
and  wrifls  ;  fo  that  no  water  can  pene- 
trate :  it  is  nearly  tranfparent,  and 
looks  pretty.  The  m.en  wear  a  wood- 
tn  bonnet,  ornamented  with  the  whif- 
ktrs  of  the  fea-lion,  and  with  beads, 
which  make  very  pretty  nodding 
plumes;  and  this^  ferves  to  faften  the 
hood  of  their  camley  the  head. 
The  women's  park  is  called  tfhoktakuk, 
the  men's  iaOi  ;  the  boots  ooleegic']. 
Both  men  and  women  are  very  fond  of 
-amber  for  ornaments,  as  alfo  of  a  thin 
(litlly  fubltas  ce  formed  by  worms  ia 
wood,  about  two  inches  long,  thin, 
taptring,  and  hollow. 

Their  inftruments  and  utenfils  are  all 
n^adc  with  amazing  beauty,  and  the 
rxideii  fymmetry;  the  needles  with 
which  they  few  their  clothes  and  em- 
broider are  mjde  of  the  wing-bone  of 
the  gull,  v\>ith  a  very  nice  cut  round  the 
thicktrerid,  inftead  of  an  eye,  to  which 
they  tic  the  thread  fo  fkilfuily,  that  it 
follows  the  needle  without  any  obftruc- 
tion.  Thread  they  make  of  the  line  ws 
of  the  feal,  and  of  all  fizes,  from  the 
finenefs  of  a  hair  to  the  urength  of  a 
moderate  cord,  both  twided  and  plait- 
!  ed  ;  tht  plaited  cords  of  their  darts,  to 
which  they  tie  tht  gut  of  the  feal  blown 
out  to  ferve  aw  a  float,  are  very  beau- 
tifully ornamented  with  red  clcwny  fea- 
thers, and  goat's  hair;  as  are  alfo  the 
different  Itrings  with  which  they  faOen 
the  wrifts  and  other  parts  of  their 
cloathing,  &c. 

.  Their  darts  are  adapted  with  the 
greateft  judgment  to  the  different  ob- 
i  jeCts  of  the  chafe  ;  for  animals,  a  fingle 
i  barbed  point;  for  birds,  thty  are  with 
:  three  points  of  lig^u  bone,  fpread  and 
;  barbett ;  for  feals,  &c.  they  ufe  a  falfe 
'  point,  ijifcrttd  in  a  focket  at  the  end 
the  dart,  which  parts  on  the  leaft 
rt  of  the  animal  to  dive,  remaining 
Its  body.    A  ftring  of  confiderabic 
^th  is  fdllened  to  this  barbed  point, 
;aid  twiltcd  round  ihe  wooden  part  of 
j  the  dart;  this  ferves  as  a  float  to  direct 
j  them  to  the  ftal,  which,  having  the 
I  ftick  to  drag  after  it,  foon  tires,  and 
becomes  an  eafy  prey.    It,  however, 
icquires  Ikill  to  humour  ir,  pcihaps 
equal  to  our  angling.    The  boards  ufed 


in  throwing  thcfe  darts  arc  equnlly  ju- 
dicious, and  enable  the  natives  to  ca^ 
them  with  great  exadtnefs  to  a  cdnfi- 
derable  diftance. 

The  baidars,  ar  boats,  of  Oonalafh- 
ka,  are  infinitely  fuperior  to  thofe  of 
any  other  ifland.  If  perfed  fymmetry, 
fmoothnefs,  and  proportion,  conitituic 
beauty,  they  are  beautiful;  to  me  tiiey 
appeared  fo  beyond  any  thing  that  ( 
ever  beheld.  I  have  feen  fome  of  them 
as  tranfparent  as  oiled  paper,  through 
vyhicb  you  could  trace  every  formation 
of  the  infide,  and  the  m  inner  of  the 
natives'  lUting  in  it ;  whofe  light  drefs, 
painted  and  plumed  bonnet,  to  ether 
with  his  perfect  eafe  and  activity,  ad- 
ded infinitely  to  its  elegance.  I'hcre 
firlt  appearance  ftruck  me  with  amaze- 
ment beyond  expreiTion.  \7e  were  in 
the  offing,  eight  miles  from  fl)ore,  when 
they  came  about  u"..  There  was  littler 
wind  but  a  great  fwell  of  the  fea  ;  fjme 
we  took  on  board  with  their  boats;  o- 
thers  continued  rowing  about  the  fliip. 
Nearer  in  with  the  land  we  had  a  lirong 
rippling  current  irt  our  favour,  at  the 
rate  of  three  miles  and  a  ha'f,  the  fe.a 
breaking  violently  over  the  ilioals,  and 
on  the  rocks.  The  natives,  obferving 
our  aflonifhment  at  their  agiiity  rnd 
Ikill,  paddled  in  among  the  breakers, 
which  reached  to  their  breads,  and 
carried  tlie  baiders  quite  under  water; 
fporting  about  more  like  arnphibioud 
animals  than  human  beings.  It  imme- 
diately brought  to  my  r  c:ol!eClion,  in 
a  very  forcible  light,  Shakefpeare's  cx- 
preiiion — 

"He  trod  the  water, 
"  Whofe  enmity  he  fiang  afjde,  and  breafted 
"  The  furge  moft  fwoin  that  met  him." 

Thefe  baidars  are  built  in  the  follow- 
ing manner:  A  keel  eighteen  feet  long, 
four  inches  thick  on  the  top,  not  thrtc 
inches  deep,  and  two  inches,  or  iome- 
what  lef^,  at  the  bottopn.  Two  upper 
frames,  one  on  each  Ikle,  about  an  inch 
and  a  half  fquare,  and  lixteeii  feet 
long,  join  to  a  lharp  flat  board  at  thfc 
head,  and  are  about  lixteen  inches 
Ihorter  than  the  ftern,  joined  by  a 
thwart  which  keep?  them  about  twelve 
inches  afuhdcr.  Two  fimilar  frames 
near  the  bottom  of  the  boa:,  fix  inches 
below  the  upper  ones,  about  one  inch 
fquare.  Round  flicks,  thin,  and  about 
fix  inches  diftaiit  from  each  other,  are 
tied  to  thcfe  frames,  and  form  the 

lides ; 


4i6 


Inhabitants  of  Oonalachka. 


Vol.  64. 


fuics;  for  the  top  thwarts,  very  (Irong 
fticks,  and  nearly  as  thick  as  the  up- 
per fraiTits,  curved  fo  :i5  to  raife  the 
middle  of  the  boat  about  two  inchrs 
higher  than  the  Qtles.  There  are  thir- 
teen  of  thefc  tlnvarts  or  beams  :  feven 
feet  from  the  lUrn  Is  one  of  them  ; 
twenty  inches  neater  the  head  is  ano- 
ther; a  hoop  about  two  inches  hij^h  is 
fafteiied  between  tliem,  for  the  rower 
to  lit  in.  This  is  ii^ade  ftrong,  and 
grooved  to  faOen  an  opeii  ikin  to,  which 
thty  tie  round  their  body,  and  it  pre- 
vents any  water  getting  ifito  th.  boat, 
nlthoui^h  it  were  lunk.  This  fr^ime  is 
covered  with  the  (kin  of  the  fea  hon, 
drawn  and  fewn  over  it  like  a  calc. 
The  whole  is  fo  extremely  liglit,  even 
uhen  fodder,  with  water,  th.it  it  may 
be  carried  with  eafein  one  hand.  The 
head  o'  the  boat  is  double,  the  lower 
part  fliarj),  and  the  upper  part  fl.it, 
refLrhbling  the  open  mouth  of  a  fifh, 
but  connived  thus  to  kvepthc  head 
from  liiikin^^  too  deep  in  the  water  ; 
and  they  tie  a  (tick  from  one  to  the 
t)tber  to  prevent  its  entangling  with 
the  fea  weeds.  They  row  with  eafe, 
in  a  fea  moderately  firoolh,  about  ten 
miles  in  the  hour,  and  thty  keep  th;; 
f^a  in  a  frtfli  gale  of  x^ind.  The  pad- 
dles that  thvy  ufc  aie  dt»uhlt,  ft  ven  or 
eight  feet  loj'g,  and  made  tqually  i>eat 
with  the  other  articles. 

The  worrtn  plait  very  neat  Hraw 
mats  and  balkets  ;  the  lormtr  fcrve 
for  curtains,  feats,  beds,  &;c. ;  ilie  lat- 
ter toc(>ntain  thtir  work  and  other  im- 
plements. Their  trinkets  and  coftly 
ornaments  are  ke[>t  in  fmaii  wooden 
boxes  with  dmw  lids. 

I  obfervtd  in  all  the  huts  a  t)afkct 
containing  two  large  pieces  of  quartz, 
a  large  piece  of  native  fulpbur,  and 
fome  dry  grafs  or  mofs.  This  ferves 
them  in  kirfdling  fires  /  for  which  pur- 
pofe  they  rub  the  native  uilphur  on  the 
ftones  over  the  dry  grals,  ftrewed  light- 
ly with  a  few  feathers  in  the  top  whtre 
the  fulphur  fails  ;  then  they  ftrike  the 
two  Jlones  one  againft  the  other;  the 
fine  particles  of  fulphur  immediately 
blaze  like  a  flafli  of  lightning,  ana, 
communicating  with  ibeilraw,  ftts  the 
whole  in  a  flame. 

Their  or.ly  mufic  is  the  tambour,  to 
the  beat  of  which  the  women  dance. 
Their  hoiidayn,  which  are  kept  in  the 
fpring  and  autumn,  are  fpent  in  danc- 
ing and  eating.  In  the  fpring  holidays, 


they  wear  mafks,  neatly  carved  and 
fancil'uUy  ornamented.  I  believe  that 
this  conftitutea  fome  religious  rite, 
which,  however,  I  could  not  perfuade 
them  to  explain  :  I  attribute  this  to  the 
extraordinary  and  fuperititious  zeal  of 
our  ill'ter..te  .rrid  more  fivage  prieft*, 
who,  upon  hearing  that  fome  of  our 
gentlemen  had  feen  a  cave  in  their 
walk'',  where  many  carved  uialks  were 
depohted,  went  and  burnt  tl.cm  all. 
Not  fatihfied  with  this,  he  threatened 
the  natives  for  worlhiping  idols,  and 
1  believe  I  may  fay  forced  many  to  be 
chriflened  by  him,  without  being  able 
to  aflign  to  them  any  other  reafon  than 
that  they  might  ijow  worlliip  the  Tri- 
nity, pray  to  S(  Nicholas  and  a  crof** 
which  was  hung  about  their  neck?^, 
and  that  rhey  would  obtain  whatever 
they  afktd  for;  adding,  that  they  mu'1: 
renounce  the  devil  apd  all  his  work?^, 
to  fecure  them  eternal  happif)efs.  It 
appeared  tome  that  they  regarded  this 
as  an  infult ;  be  that  as  it  may,  how- 
ever, they  were  not  pleafed,  but  ha<l 
not  power  to  rtfeiit. 

They  have  no  marriage  ceremony 
among  them,  but  purchaie  of  father 
and  mother  a^  they  can  keep;  and,  it 
they  repent  of  tluir  bargain,  the  girl 
is  leturned,  r.nd  a  part  of  the  purchafc 
given  back.  They  formerly  ufed  t'> 
.  keep  objcdts  of  unnatural  affedion, 
and  dref>  thefe  boys  lilce  women. 

At  birth.s  alfo,  no  ceremony  is  ufed, 
except  vvaHnng  tlie  ii  fant. 

7'luy  pay  refpe(ft,  however,  to  the 
memory  eft  he  dead  ;  for  they  embalm 
the  bodies  of  the  men  with  dried  mofs 
and  grafs;  bury  them  in  their  beft  at- 
tire, in  a  fitting  pofhire,  in  a  ftroug 
box,  with  their  darts  and  inftruments  ; 


*  I  have  caP.td  the^  prieft  more  than 
favage,  and  (hall  relate  a  circumftancc 
that  happened,  in  proof.  While  he 
w  a  ,1 1  r  a  ve !  1  i  n  g  t  r  o  1  Ya  k  u  I  Ik  t  o  Oc  f  1  u  t  fk, 
he  loft  fome  provision  on  the  road.  On 
a  mere  fu,  pof.tion  that  his  two  Tartar 
guides  had  taken  it,  he  tied  each  of 
them  up  by  an  arm  to  a  tree,  and  hael 
them  flogged  to  fuch  a  degree,  that 
one  of  them  ditd,  'and  the  other  never 
recovered  the  ulc  of  his  arm:  it  was 
afterwards  known,  that  fom.e  runaway 
exiles  hid  in  the  wocxiswere  the  thicvep. 
The  pricft  f*iid,  there  ^vas  no  harm  done  ; 
tbcy  iwere  not  Chrijtians* 

and 


I 

i 


May  1 80*2.  Literary  Notices. 


and  decorate  the  tomb  with  various 
coloured  mats,  embroidery,  and  paint- 
ings. With  women,  indeed,  they 
life  lefb  ceremony.  A  mother  will 
keep  a  dead  child  thus  embalmed  in 
their  huts  for  fome  mojiths,  conftantly 
wiping  it  dry  ;  and  they  bury  it  when 
it  begins  to  futll,  or  when  they  get 
feconciled  to  parting  with  it. 

They  dry  falmon,  cod,  and  halibut, 
for  a  winter'.^  fupply,  and  col]e<^  edi- 
ble roots  :  this,  hov\'evcr,  is  ndt  for 
themfelves,  but  for  fuch  Ruffian  hunt- 
ers as  may  chance  to  vifit  them.  At 
this  time  there  are  twelve  Ruffi  ins  ahd 
one  Kamtfhada),  of  Tfbierpanoff 
company  of  hunters  on  the  iHand. 
They  have  lived  htre  eight  years,  but 
are  going  this  year  b;ick  to  Ochotfic, 
Thefe  people  lord  it  over  the  inhabi- 
tants with  more  defpotifm  than  gene- 
rally falls  to  the  lot  of  prince? ;  keep- 
ing the  iflanders  in  a  tiaie  of  abjec^t 
llavery  ;  fending  parties  of  them  out 


4*7 

on  the  chafe,  and  to  their  vefTc],  which 
now  lies  in  the  ftraits  of  Alakfa  ;  fe- 
lecfting  fuch  women  as  they  like  beft, 
arid  as  many  as  they  choofe-  They 
feem  to  me  to  have  no  defire  to  leave 
this  place,  where  they  enjoy  that  in- 
dolence fo  pleaiiog  to  their  minds;  for, 
by  changing  of  places,  they  change  fi- 
tuations,  and  become  themfeWes  as 
much  the  (laves  of  power,  as  the  poor 
natives  are  to  them. 

1  obferved,  in  croffing  the  mountains^ 
piles  of  (tones.  Thefe  are  not  burying- 
places  as  has  been  fuppofed,  but  ferve 
as  beacons  to  guide  them  in  foggy  and 
fiiowy  weather  from  one  dwelling  to 
the  other  ;  and  every  pf  rlun  pafTing 
adds  one  to  each  heap.  The  only  ob- 
fervations  that  we  made  on  fnore  prov-. 
ed  our  time  keeper  lull  going  as  when 
we  left  Kamtfnatka;  our  latitude  53 
deg.56  m;n.,  longitude  i94deg.  20  min- 
variation  oi  the  compafs  19  deg.  35  min 
eaft» 


LITERARY  NOTICES,  FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC 


AMONG  the  remains  of  antiquity 
which  the  French  collected  in  Egypt, 
and  which,  by  the  ftipulation  between 
Menou  and  Lord  Hutchinfon,  were  de- 
livered up  to  the  Englifhj  the  mod  con- 
fiderable  was  a  Hone  with  three  in- 
fcriptions,  one  in  Hieroglyphic,  ano- 
ther in  the  ancient  Egyptian  charac- 
ter, and  a  third  in  Greek.  This  ftone 
is  now  placed  for  infpe^tton,  in  the  li- 
brary of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in 
London.  The  firft  infcription  is  un- 
fortunately broken,  but  the  other  two 
are  entire,  and  the  la!t  of  them  legi-. 
ble  and  eafy  to  be  explained.  As  thefe 
infcriptions  are  the  fame,  they  v/ill 
I'erve  to  elucidate  one  another  ;  and  per- 
haps throw  fome  light  on  the  hiero- 
glyphical  or  ancient  facred  chara^fter, 
the  knowledge  of  which  has  been  fo 
long  lolt. 

The  Society  for  the  encouragement 
of  the  Arts  has  given  a  gold  medal  to 
General  Bentharn,  fo»  a  new  method 
of  preferying  water  perfedtly  fweet, 
during  long  voyages.  The  method  of 
this  inr  cntion  is  to  ftow  the  water  in 
tanks  or  cafes  adapted  to  the  form  of 
the  hold.  Thefe  are  made  of  wood, 
accurately  lined  with  iheets  of  tinned 
copper,  of  which  the  jundures  are  all 

VoL.LXIV. 


fecured  bv  folder,  fo  that  the  watef 
cannot  be  in  contad  with  any  thing 
but  the  tin;  The  water  had  been  pre- 
ferved  in  thefe,  by  way  of  experiment, 
for  three  years  and  a  half,  aiid  found 
as  pure  as  when  taken  from  the  fpringa 
A  feries  of  letters,  vv^ritten  on  a  late 
fxcurfion  through  Fraiice,  and  printed 
in  a  very  excellent  Englifl-J  periodical 
publication,  gives  the  following  curious 
hiltory  and  particulars  of  the  French 
N^itional  library.  **  The  nioft  cele- 
brated Library  in  France  is  La  Biblio" 
theque  Nutionalci  in  the  rue  de  RichelieUf 
which  traces  its  origin  to  a  very  remote 
aera  :  Charles  V.  added  about  nine 
hundred  Volumes  to  the  little  book- 
ery — if  I  may  coin  fuch  a  word  for 
your  edificarion— lof  his  father  John, 
which  conlitied  of  about  half  a  dozen 
volumes  of  hi(tory  or  fcience,  and 
three  or  four  of  devotion.  This  col- 
ledion  was  placed  in  a  tower  of  the 
Louvre,  which  was  called  l.i  ^oitr  de  la 
Librairte^  and  which. was  lighted  every 
night  by  thirty  little  chandeliers,  and  a 
filver  lamp;  fo  that  the  learned  ftu- 
dents  were  accommodated  here  at  every 
hour.  The  library  vt'as  al'terwards  dif- 
peilcd;  for  when,  in  the  year  1429, 
Paris  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Engidh, 
3  K  under 


4i8 


Literary  Notices.  .  Vol.  64 i 


unrier  tb^  command  of  the  Diike  of 
Bedford,  that  nobleman  bought  the 
hundred  and  fifty  volumes,  of  which 
It  then  conlltled,  for  laoclivres.  Louis 
XL  collected  the  fcattered  remnants  of 
this  library,  and  profited  by  the  re- 
fourccs  with  which  the  invention  of 
printing  prefented  him.  Charles  VlIF. 
added  to  it  what  the  conqutfl  of  Italy 
allowed  him  to  coll^dt ;  Louis  XII.  ad- 
ded the  library  of  Pefr.Mch  :  Francis  L 
enriched  it  with  Greek  MSS.  and  Hen- 
ry 11.  augmented  it,  in  conf  qu-ncc  of 
the  dtcree  of  1556,  which  enjoined 
bookfellers  to  furnilb  the  roynl  libra- 
ries with  a  copy,  on. vellum,  of  every 
Look  publifhed  by  the  king's  licence. 

This  immtnfe  library,  the  pride  of 
Paris,  is  reputed  to  contain  more 
than  three  hundred  thoufind  volumes : 
the  printed  books  alone  occupy  the 
firft  floors  of  three  fide  s  of  the  pielent 
building,  which  is  a  large  quadran^ile, 
including  a  court.  The  gailery  of  M  i- 
nufcripts,  called  La  Galerie  Mazarine^ 
contains  thirty  thoufmd  on  the  Hi(lo- 
ry  of  France,  chiefly  relating  to  events 
iincc  the  reign  of  Louis  XL  of  which 
number  tw^enty-five  thoufand  are  either 
in  learned,  or  in  foreign  langgages. 
Five  large  rooms  on  the  fecond  i^ory, 
contain  titles  and  genealogies,  and  in- 
clude five  thoufand  cafes  or  port-folio.>. 

The  Cabinet  of  Medals  is  decorated 
with  various  paintings,  6cc.  ;  in  the 
Cabinet  of  Antiques,  are  bufts,  vafes, 
infcriptions,  initruments  of  facrifice, 
^cc.  The  Cabintt  of  Engravings  con- 
liOs  of  five  thouiand  volumes,  divided 
into  twelve  ciaflcs : — the  firft  compre- 
hends fculptors,  architectural  engin- 
eers and  engravers,  [archiieftes  ingtme- 
urs  et  grai^eurs)  divided  according  to 
iheir  refpedive  fchools: — the  fecond, 
prints,  emblems,  and  devices  of  piety  : 
— the  third,  fables  and  antiquities, 
Greek  and  Roman  : — the  fourth,  me- 
dals, coins,  and  heraldry: — the  fifth, 
public  ftftivals,  cavalcades,  and  tourna- 
ments:— the  fixth,  arts  and  mathema- 
tics : — the  feventh,  engraviogs  from 
romances  and  jefts  : — the  ei>7hth,  natu- 
ral biOory  ; — the  ninth,  geography  : — 
the  tenth,  plans  and  elevations  of  an- 
cient and  modern  edifices:— the  ele- 
venth, portraits  of  every  defcriptiori 
to  the  number  of  fifty  thoufand  i — the 
twelfth  divifion  of  this  Cabinet  is  the 
celebrated  port- folio  of  Gaignicres,  ex- 
liibiting  a  Colledion,  of  faftiions  and 


coftumes  from  almoft  every  country  ia 
the  world.  It  contains  the  mod  exten- 
five  colleiftion  exlfling  of  .engravings 
illuftrativc  of  French  drelTes,  from  the 
time  of  Cluvis  to  the  prefent  day;  the 
greater  part  arc  coloured,  fome  are  oa 
vellum,  cupicd  from  painted  glafs,  ta- 
peflries  and  tombs  ;  the  portrait  of 
King  John,  one  of  the  firlt  fpecimens 
of  painting  in  France,  is  in  this  collec- 
tion, and  in  tolerable  pre fervation. 

A  pair  of  immenfe  globe*  are  depo- 
fited  in  this  library,  conftiuded  in  the 
year  1683  by  the  Jefuit  Coronelli,  for 
the  Cardinal  d*  £  (trees  :  what  the  dia- 
rheter  of  thcfe  globes  is,  I  know  not ; 
but  you  may  form  fome  idea  of  it,  by 
1;  arning  that  they  occupy  two  rooms, 
part  of  them  being  let  through  the 
Ceiling  of  the  lower  one,  which  thus 
ferves  as  a  foi  t  of  horizon. 

The  '*  Confervatcurs  de  la  Bibliotheque 
Natlorialf*  are  men  of  celebrity  in  the 
Republic  of  Letters  :  fome  prefid'i 
over  the  manufcrips,  fome  over  the 
printed  books,  and  others  over  the  en- 
gravings :  the  colleflion  of  ttie  former, 
numicrous  and  valuable  as  it  was,  has 
been  greatly  increaftfd,  both  in  number 
and  in  value,  by  the  fpoils  of  Venice, 
Florence,  aod  of  Rome  ;  five  hundred 
Greek  and  Latin  MSS.  were  felccfted 
from  the  Vatican,  and  three  hundred 
from  the  Library  of  St  Marc,  at  Ve- 
nice, feventy  of  which  latter,  however, 
were  exchanged  for  the  beautiful  gem 
of  Jupiter  Aigifchu?. 

This  Library  is  open  to  the  public 
from  ten  iu  the  morning  till  two  in  the 
afteinoon,  on  the  third,  fixth,  and 
ninth  day  of  the  decade  ;  ftudenrs  who 
take  notes  have  free  adm.ifiion  between 
the  fame  hours  on  every  day.  A  fchool 
is  annexed  to  this  library  for  the  living 
Oriental  languages.  On  entering  thefc 
fpacious  rooms  the  imagination  repo- 
fes  w^ith  pleafure  on  the  accommodation 
which  is  prepared  for  perfons  of  every 
defci  iption,  who  are  defirous  of  profit- 
ing by  the  rich  literary  treafure  which 
furrounds  him.  A  range  of  tables  forms 
a  central  line  along  the  apartments,  on 
w^hich  are  fcattcred  pens,  ink,  and  pa- 
per. 1'he  many  random  chairs  which 
iland  about  them  fufficiently  indicate 
that  they  have  not  long  been  left.  The 
librarians  fcem  to  be  attentive  :  a  con- 
fiderable  number  of  ftudents  were  em- 
ployed, fome  in  reading,  others  in  tak- 
ing notes,  when  we  perambulated  thefe 

iQoms; 


May  1802. 


Literary  Notices. 


419 


rooms ;  though  ptrt't^  (Irangcrs  we 
had  the  curiofity,  or  alTiirance,  to  re- 
<iueft  that  two  orthice  port-foh'os  of 
engravings  might  be  taken  down  for 
our  infpec^Moii  the  requell  was  in- 
(iantly  con»plied  with. 

The  Engliih  h.ive  to  learn  a  lefTon  of 
liberahty  from  the  French  :  in  England 
every  place  of  public  infpcaion  is  be- 
fet  with  a  horde  of  hungry  fee-beggars  ; 
in  Pans  the  doors  of  every  national 
mufeum  are  thrown  open,  aiid  none  of 
thofc  pick-pockets  are  licenced  or  fuf- 
fered  to  moleft  you.  A  man  who 
would  fee  the  Annual  Exhibition  at 
Somerfet-houfe,  of  our  Englifh  Ar^ifts, 
muft  pay  a  paliiy  and  difgraceful  (hil- 
ling for  admifiion ;  he  may  walk  over 
the  lofty  halls  at  the  Louvre,  examine 
the  Apollo  Belvidere,  theL.U3c6on,  and 
the  Capitoline  Venus — the  works  of 
Raphael,  of  Guido,  and  of  Titian,  as 
often  as  he  pieafes,  without  being  fo- 
licited  for  a  fingie  fous-  This  part  of 
the  Republican  fyftem  is  noble,  and 
well  worthy  the  imitation  of  royalty. 

The  French  National  JiilUtute  has 
lately  publiQied  the  fixth  volume  of 
the  Notice  of  the  Manufcripts  extract-  ' 
ed  from  the  national  library,  and  from 
the  other  great  libraries  of  Paris.  The 
ciafs  of  literatuie  and  fine  arts  is  to 
draw  up  an  account  ot  them.  The 
greater  p^rt  of  the  pieces  which  com- 
pofe  it  a'-e  the  fiuits  of  the  labour  of 
its  members  .  among  the  names  of 
whom  It  allords  pleafure  to  fee  aflbci- 
ated  thofe  of  foix^e  members  of  the 
Academy  of  Belles-lettres,  who  died 
before  the  publication  of  their  no- 
tices. 

The  volumes  of  notices  and  extracts 
of  the  manufcripts  contain  works  of 
three  different  kinds.  Sometimes  they 
are  fimple  notices  or  defcriptions  of 
the  manufcripts,  which  defcnbe  their 
ita^e,  character,  value,  the  ufe  to  be 
made  of  them,  and  fometirhes  variant 
readings.  Sometimes  they  are  extrads 
rather  than  notice  s,  which  give  pub- 
licity either  to  entiie  pieies,  v.lien 
they  are  not  of  too  great  extent,  or  to 
important  pailages,  w^ien  they  are  not 
of  a  nature  to  be  printed  whole.  And, 
laltly,  the  pieces  publifiied  in  iliefe  vo- 
lumes proceed  fometimes  from  the  af- 
fortment  of  pure  notices,  or  of  that  of 
fimple  extiads,  when  the  examen  of 
iTpanufcripts  gives  place  to  the  diilerta- 
tions  on  the  chara^cr  which  is  proper 
to  them,  cn  their  authors,  on  the  mo- 


tives from  which  they  wrote,  and  on 
the  advantage  which  may  refult  from 
their  labouis.  Thefe  preliminary  dif- 
fertations  are  indifpenfai)le,  when  it  is 
neceflary  to  appreciate  the  manufcripts 
preferved  in  our  literary  depots. 

On  the  above  plan  is  a  diflertation 
found  at  the  head  of  a  notice  of  nume- 
rous manufcripts,  v/hich  contain  the 
hihory  of  the  animals  of  Ariftotle,  tran- 
flated  into  Latin,  either  from  the  Ara- 
bic or  the  Hebrew  ;  or  in  other  words, 
and  to  generalize  the  queltion,  it  was 
neceflary  to  enquire  into  and  difcufs 
the  advantaores  which  may  be  expect- 
ed  from  tranflations  of  Greek  authors, 
made  into  Syiiac,  into  Arabic,  or  into 
Hebrew, 

Feware  fo  uninftruded  asnotto know 
that  the  bdt  Greek  clalhcs  have  been 
tranllated  into  Arabic.  But  we  are  not 
fufficiently  acquainted  with  the  hiftory 
of  thefe  tranflations,  and  the  greater  or 
lefs  -advantage  that  may  be  derived 
from  them,  in  conlulting  them.  Citi- 
zen Camus  has  made  profound  re- 
fearches  on  thefe  two  points  ;  he  has 
,  colledted  things  which  will  appear  new 
to  many  readers,  and  even  to  the  learn- 
ed. He  has  proved  that  it  would  be 
dangerous  to  place  too  implicit  a  con- 
fidence in  the  Arabian  tranflations,  and 
to  take  them  only  for  guides  ;  we  mufl 
aid  ourfelves  with  the  lights  of  cr!ii- 
cifm,  when  we* would  follow  them 
without  the  rifque  of  running  into  er- 
rors. This  is  the  only  method  of  mak- 
ing advantageous  ufe 'of  their  vvrritings, 
to  corred  defedive  texts,  or  to  fill  up 
lac  tines, 

Tt)e  fcience  of  agronomy  is  now  cul- 
tivated with  much  zeal  in  Germany. 
The  Duke  of  Gotha  in  particular,  ha9 
greatly  contributed  towards  excitin"' 
this  zeal ;  and  the  obfervatorv,  which 
he  ereded  at  Seeherg,  rear  Gotha,  ii 
under  the  direction  of  M.  Von  Zach, 
the  moft  adivc,  and  one  of  the  beft 
aP.ronomers  in  Europe.  DrOIbc-rs,  of 
Bremen,  was  tht  firft  of  the  G-rmau 
alironomers  who  faw  the  Pinzzi,  at 
Bremen,  on  the  fiift  of  January 
Though  the  honour  of  the  ftrft 
tlifcovery  of  this  planet  is  due  to  Piaz- 
zi,  it  is  t*ut  juftice  to  ftate,  that,  30 
years  a^co,  PiofeiTor  Bode,  of  Berlin, 
maintained  with  great  probability,  that: 
the  wide  fpacc  betwixt  Mars  and  Jupi- 
ter could  not  he  void,  grounding  his 
opinion  on  the  pioportion  which  Kep- 
ler had  found  to  cxift  between  th^  pe- 
J  K  2  riod? 


4^0 


Literary  Notices. 


Vol.  64. 


riods  of  revolution,  and  the  diftances  of 
the  plantts. 

The  library  of  the  Univt  rfity  of  Wit- 
tenberg has  bet  n  lately  enriched  wiih 
about  icoo  volumes,  bequeathrd  to  it 
by  W.  Otto  Wtlhtlm  von  den  B»  ii.ken, 
who  died  in  December  i8oo.  Tht  y 
conhil  of  the  bell  works  on  Hillory, 
Geography,  &c.  ^  ,  r 

M.  TitiLis,  late  profeflor  of  the  iame 
univerhty,  has  alio  bequeathed  to  that 
library  upwards  of  %oco  volunfies,  oa 
Mathemaiics,  Natural  i  hilolophy,Che- 
miitrv,  Materia  ^it-dicd,  Naiurai  Hii- 
tory/m  all  iti  bianchts,  Anatomy,  ^c. 

P.  Mayer,  at  Grazen,  in  Bol^emia, 
has  difcovercd  a  method,  of  makin^r 
large  tables  ot  red  glals,  for  which  he 
has''  been  rewarded  by  the  Lmperor 
with  a  gold  medal. 

Dr  ^chradcr,  one  of  the  moft  cele- 
brated botanifts  of  Germany,  is  pub-- 
lilhing  at  Gottingen  a  Journal  appro- 
priated to  the  moil  imporrant  diicoyt^. 
iries  in  the  fcience  of  vegetables.  This 
journal,  written  in  German  and  Latin, 
appears  every  three  m.niih^j.  Each 
number  or  volume  confiUs  of  about 
450  pages,  i2mo,  and  contains  three 
plates,  which  exhibit  a  number  of  fi- 
gures. Dr  Schrader  divides  each  num- 
ber into  toui  paits.  In  the  firlt  he  pub- 
liflies  the  memoirs  which  are  addrtlVed 
to  him  ;  m  the  fecond  he  gives  an  ex- 
tract of  the  new  works  ;  the  ihird  part 
includes  the  m^oft  important  dilcover- 
ies  and  oblervations  in  the  fcience  ; 
and  the  fourth  prtients  whatever  13 
moft  inteiefting  m  the  corrtfpondencc 
which  the  autfioi  maintains  with  the 
literati  of  Euiope.  Although  ail  the 
parts  of  botany  are  cuitivottd  v.  ilh  the 
molt  brilliant'"  i'Jtceis  :n  tne  north  of 
Jiurope,  ne verlhtieis,  tie  iiu^iv  of 
cryptogamy,  tlibt  is  \q  lay,  cf  the 
plants  the  iexual  oigans  cf  which  aie 
difficult  to  dii'cover,  .i^]  t;!  s  ^  a.  tu  a- 
larly  to  occupy  tiie  £ri'_ntioii  v>^  the 
learned  of  thcie  cointi-is.  It  is  lo 
ttem  we  are  ir.dt-btcd  for  ihc  lighrs 
which  have  betn  ditfuietj  <  n  th^s  part 
of  botany.  '1  he  labouvs  o:  Hedwjg, 
Hoffmanj  Schrader,  Ihin.lold,  Ptr- 
foon,  Fluggc,  Strcmeyu,  c^c.  have 
difpeiled  the  obfcurity  with  which  the 
nature  and  the  reproduction  of  mcJIts 
and  mufh rooms  were  environed.  The 
Journal  heie  announced,  and  of  which 
fix  numbers  have  already  appeared, 
exhibiting,  as  fpeedily  as  pofiible,  new 
4ifcoyeries  and  obfervations  in  all  the 


parts  of  botany,  cannot  fail  to  be  ac- 
ceptable to  all  thole  who  are  interclted 
in  the  progrefs  of  fcience. 

The  Chitf  Conful  N^^poleonc  Bonn- 
partc  dot  s  not  leem  to  have  forgotten 
altogether  his  native  country.  **  It  is 
about  a  year  ago  lince  the  Ftench  Go,- 
vernment  caufcd  to  be  tranfported  to 
Coifica  a  colle<ttion  of  exotic  vepf  t.i- 
bles,  which  were  furnilhtd  by  the  Mu- 
fcurn  of  Paris,  and  feledted  frosn  luch 
as  appeared  the  moft  likely  to  become 
inured  to  tlie  climate  of  that  ifland,  anj 
to  be,  at  the  fame  time,  the  molf  uie- 
fu!  to  the  arts  and  to  the  commerce  of 
the  inhabitants.  Citizen  Noifetle,  gar- 
dener, was  appointed  toritttnd  ihen., 
and  to  fuperinlend  their  culture.  In  a- 
Utter  adOitflld  to  citizen  Thoui;;,  and 
dated  from  Aj-ccio,  the  loth  of  Bru- 
maire  laft,  ht  gives  a  detail  of  his  fiilt 
lucccfleb.  Aunoll  all  thofe  vcgetat)l<  s 
aie  turned  to  good  account ;  they  were 
planted  in. mediately  in  a  piattonn  or 
inoLjnt,  and  this  iranfplanlati(.n  does 
not  appear  to  have  diminiflied  their  vi- 
gour:  on  the  contiary,  their  grovviii 
has  been*  fcnlibb;  bbferved  during  ihi 
firll  year".  Among  the  trees  winch  com- 
pofe  this  vegetablecolony,  we  dillingniih 
the  fweet  acorned-oak,  tl,-.  fallc  acacia; 
the  cytilus  of  the  Alps,  the  jujube-tree. 
{le jujubter)  the  Jucl3ea-tree  {arbre  de  Jw, 
ilee)  \  hc  gGyavitr,  ihe  indit^o- plant  (I'm^ 
ai^otier)  llie  cotton  Ihrub,  tht  lophora 
of  J  ipan,  the  plaque  mihter^  of  Vn  pMhi;;, 
and  the  bean  plaut  of  China  (^ffvur  ds 
la  Chine).  Among  the  plants  we  u  c- 
kon  the  nopal  of  cochineal,  the  pitt- 
aloes,  dificr^nt  ipecies  of  drumy  -  f  ajcle' 
pias^  o\  geranium,  folanuniy  and  ot  bel'^ 
Ui donna  ;  ion\t:  of  w  hich  ,  are  ufefu!  in 
the  arts,  and  others. in  medicine,  The 
multiplication  and  natural-z  Uion  of 
ihtfe  vegetables,  all  foreign  t(^  Coihc;^, 
uill,  cloubtief^,  call  ior  n;vich  care  and, 
conitaite)  ;  but  every  thing  may  be  tx- 
peded  trV^m  the  cxptric-nce  of  ih.e  gar-. 
diDcrto  whom  thty  are  eritruiled,  tf* 
ptciaily  if  he  lliall  obtain  tiorn  the  ad- 
irin.Iiratois  of  that  Ifland,  as  th^re 
no  reafcn  to  doubi,  ti  e  nectdary  a'.- 
fii^ance  10  accompliih  thi?  dehgn. 

The  foilov\irg  is  an  accurate  Till  ef 
the  French  political  newspapers  and 
literary  journals,  which  are  read,  at 
piefent,  in  Faric,  and  may  be  found 
every  day  in  the  principal  reading-roon» 
of  that  mielropohs,  the  Cab'wxt  de  Lec^ 
mre,  ia  the  Palais  Royal. 


May  iSj2 


Literary  Notices. 


421 


Political  Papers. 
Clef  Cabinet  dts  Souveraine,  Citoyea 
jFruiicais,  Courier  des  Spetitaclcs,  Defenleur 
de  la  I'atrie,  viazcttc  de  France,  Journal  dcs 
.  Campa^ncs,  Journiai  dc  Coinmc;rcc,  Journal 
des  Dtbats,  Journal  d'lndication.  Journal 
l.yon,  Jouriial  de  Paris,  Journal  du  Soir, 
J(  urnal  de  Veriaillci>,  Monucur,  Pctitcs  Ai- 
chts,  Publicilh. 

Literary  yournals. 

Annals  de  Chnnie,  Anne'e  I-.itcralre,  Bibli- 
otheque  Britanniquc,  Bibliotheque  Fran- 
'  9aile,  Correfpondencc  centralc  d'Agricul- 
ture.  Decade  Phdolophiquc,  Journal  dc  Li- 
terature, Jourtrrd  Typograpbique,  iVlaga- 
zin  tncyclcjedique,  Mercure  de  Franco 
Recucil  des  Caules  Ceicbres,  Tableau  An- 
nuel de  Literature. 

Among  It  thtfe  the  Miiga^in  Eticrclo- 
.pedique,  edited  by  M.  Mill  in,  is  the  inoit 
eiUenud  in  and  out  of  France,  and  id 
of  fuch  great  credit  an^i  aijthorily,  as 
to  be  conhdt»ed  as  a  reprtlentative  of 
the  celcbi  cittd  Journal  des  bca-vans. 

The  library  of  the  faid  M.  Millin  is 
the  place  where  the  btft  literary  pro- 
dudions  are  to  be  feen  which  appear 
ill  France,  and  which  are  expofcd  tiJ 
the  perufal  of  the  literati,  fomevvhat  in 
the  f^me  way  as  is  done  at  Sir  Jofeph 
Banks'b,  in  London— here,  t  very  Scpti- 
di,  a  ninnbtr  of  literati  aiitinble  juft  as 
on  the  fcvcnth  day,  or  the  Sunday,  iii 
ihe  library  of  that  JEngliih  gtutleiuaiu 
'  The  following  is  itated  to  be  the  faie 
of  newfpapt-rs  ja  Parih.  Tixc  pa  p.  res  in 
Circulation  art — 

Per  Day. 

Tht  l\lomtcuT,ivbkh  publhhss  nearly  2C",oco 
Journal  de  Pans  -  -  16,000 
Publicise  .         -  -  14,000 

Journal  des  Debats  _  12,000 

Journal  des  Dclcnfcurs  de  la  Patrie  io,ooo 
*V   i  du  Cabinet  -  -  6000 

•  ere  are  alfo  the  Journcd  de  Co/n- 
yncacy  Jour?taldu  >oir,  Le  Ciioym  Fran- 
cais,  Gazfhe  de  France,   6c c.  each  of 
which  pubidhcs  but  few.    But  there 
are  Z^j  FcttUs  AJJichcs,  v.hich  is  like  a 
Daily  Auvertile.,   and    for  advcrcifc 
nicJits  only.    It  publifhes  at  leali  30,000 
daily,  and  all  by  Uihlcription,  which  is 
about  30s  a  year.    The  net  piofits  of 
the  Moniteur  is  fupptjfed  to  be  a  iialf- 
penny  (U-rling  on  each  paper,  which 
profif,  owing  to  the  extennve  fak,  13 
'   'mons.     RoedercJr,  the  Counfellor 
'te,  is  part  proprietor  of  the  jour- 
:t  Paris,  and  an  eminent  migilleris 
r-roprittor  of  the  Moniteur,  and 
:  pioprictor  of  the  Journal  de  Paiia. 


Mr  vVallcer.  Lecturer  on  the  Kidovi- 
raniori,  London,  gave  the  following  ac- 
count, on  the  April  lait,  of  a 
New  Planet  diicovercd  by  Dr  Olbers 
of  Bremen  :  *'  The  planet  diicovered 
by  Mr  Olbers,  at  Bremen,  on  the  ^Sth 
ult,  is  now,  in  a  very  fmall  degree, 
higher  than  the  place  of  Ceres,  pa 
the  25th  ot  March— and  will  be  found 
near  this  place  for  fome  evenings  to 
come.  It  is  not  vifible  to  the  naked 
eye,  and  through  a  telefcope  appears 
more  faint  than  Ceres,  and  of  a  paie 
colour.  It  feeins  probable,  that  it  is 
"about  as  far  again  from  the  fun  as  the 
earth — whilit  the  Ceres  is  near  three 
times  as  far  off— but  I'  aclcnowledge, 
that  1  have  much  hefitation  m  believ- 
ing it  a  planet.^  The  Ceres  has  advan- 
ced near  to  Beta  Leonis,  and  each  of 
th e  le  o bj  e ds ,  by  a  night  gl afs j  may 
eailiy  be  difcoveted.       '  "* 

Mr  Vincent  Figginsof  London,  let- 
ter-founder, (who  cut  the  new  Taieek 
fount,  on  vvhijjh  leveial  woi-ks  in  the 
Pcrhaa  Unga^^e  iiave  lately  been  print- 
ed) has  j.i.t  :uiiipbLid  a  io^nt  of  Telegu 
types^  ;ur  a  i.Lic:;nan  high  ia  oSice 
at  Madras^  \vi\o,  we  believe,  intends 
to  pruu  a  Grammar  of  the  Teliuga 
Tongue. 

The  Telinga  or  Telegu  alphabet  is  di- 
vided into  four  clafTes  ui"  characters,  \\u 
initial  vowe!s,moft  of  the  fe  are  wrote  Q-ver 
the  radical  conionants,  which  are  there 
denominated  iyinbolized  coafonants, 
ladical  confonants,  and  combmed  con- 
fonanrs. — Thele  are  aivvays  written  un- 
der the  radicals,  to  the  extent  ot  one, 
two,  three,  and  four,  and  aiTume  a  dif- 
ferent ihape  from  the  radical  conib- 
nants. 

rile  chief  difficulty  in  calling  thefc 
types  anfcs  from  tiie  combined  confo- 
naai.s.  If  a  fepatate  type  were  caft  for 
every  initial  and  connccling  vowel, 
and  combined,  as  they  alfo  are,  with 
thcie  Ihoie  vowels,  and  with  them- 
ielves,  the  number  of  dilhncl  types 
would  amount  to  970c.  By  fimpiuy- 
ing  thele  charaders,  and  reducing  them 
to  their  elements,  they. are  ail  eahiy 
reprefented  with  only  280  types,  in 
which  number  are  included  the  initial 
vowels  and  figures. 

To  deicnbe  this  fmgular  and  molt 
curious  type  is  impoflible  ;  it  is  molt 
fingularly  neat,  and  fpecimens  may  be 
feen  at  the  founder's,  No  17,  \Veit^ 
Itrcct,  Wdt  Smithiield, 

SCOTTISH 


Literary  Notices. 


Vol,  64. 


SCOTTISH  LITE 

Mr  Conftablf ,  Edinburgh,  is  about  to 
publifli  for  Mr  Ritfon  twocurious  MSS., 
theoneeniilled  Memoirs  OF SiK Henry 
Slingsby,  from  1638  to  164^;  thco- 
ther,  "  Memoirs  of  Captain  John 
Hodgson  of  Coal  ley-Mall,  near  Ha- 
lifax, toucbing  his  conduct  in  the  ci- 
vil wars,  and  hisJtroublts  after  tlit  rtf- 
toration  ;  including  ftvcral  remarkHblc 
palTages,  and  a  more  particular  account 
of  many  important  military  actions,  dur- 
ing that  intcrefting  period,  than  has 
hitherto  been  made  public  ;  v.riUen  by 
himfelf."  Captain  Hodgfou  uas  with 
Oliver  Cromwell  in  all  his  ScotiJh  wars, 
and  gives  the  fillowing  curious  ac- 
count of  the  battle  of  Dunbar.  "  Tlie 
day  broke,  and  we  (the  army)  in  dif- 
ordcr,  and  the  Major-General  a-vvant- 
ing,  being  oidering  the  guns;  the  Ge- 
neral (Cromwell)  was  impatient;  the 
Scots  are  preparing  to  make  the  at- 
tempt upon'  us,  founding  a  trumpet, 
but  foon  dehfted.  At  lalt,  the  Major- 
General  came,  and  ordered  Packer,  Ma- 
jor to  the  general's  regiment,  Gough's, 
and  our  two  foot  regiments  to  march 
about  Roxburgh  houfe,  towards  the 
fta,  and  io  to  fall  upon  the  enemies 
flank,  which  was  done  with  a  great 
deal  of  refolution  ;  and  one  of  the  Scots 
brigades  of  foot  would  not  yield,  though 
at  puili  of  pike,  and  but-end  of  the  muf- 
ket,  until  a  troop  of  our  horfc  charged 
from  one  end  to  another  of  theiTi,  and 
fo  left  them  to  the  mercy  of  the  foot.^ 
The  General  him.felf  comes  in  the  rear  of 
our  regiment,  and  commanded  us  to 
incline  to  the  left ;  that  was  to  take 
more  ground,  to  be  clear  of  all  bodys, 
and  wc  did  fo  ;  and  horie  and  foot  were 
engaged  all  over  the  held,  and  the  Scots 
all  in  confufion  ;  and  the  fun  appear- 
ing upon  the  fea,  I  heard  AW  fay,  '*  Let 
God  arife,  and  his  enemies  fhall  be 
flattered:"  and  he  following  us  as  we 
ilovvly  marched,  I  heard  htm  fay,  *'  I 
pioFefs  they  run  and  then  was  the 
3cots  army  all  in  diforder,  and  run- 
ing  both  right  wing  and  left  and  main 
battle.  They  had  routed  one  another, 
after  wc  had  done  their  work  on  the 
light  wing  ;  and  we  coming  up  to  the 
to^p  of  the  hill,  with  the  draggling  par- 
ties that  had  been  engaged,  kept  them 
from  embodying:  and  fo  the  foot  threw 


lARY  NOTICES. 

down  their  arms  and  fled  towards  Dun- 
bar, our  pinfold  ;  and  thefe  were  fur- 
rounded  and  taken.  The  horfe  fl.d 
what  rod  they  could  get ;  ours  purfu- 
ed  toward  Haddington;  and  the  Ge- 
neral made  a  halt,  and  fung  the  hun- 
dred and  fcventetnth  pfalm  ;  and  by 
that  time  they  had  done,  their  party 
was  increafcd  and  advancing  ;  the 
Scots  ran,  and  were  no  more  heard  of 
that  fight.  The  Coirmander  of  our 
army  was  bufy  in  fecuring  prifonerg, 
and  their  whole  bag  and  baggage  ;  and 
afterward  we  returned  to  bkfs  God  in 
our  tents,  like  Jflachar  (Deut.  xxxiii. 
18.)  for  the  great  falvation  alfordcd  us 
that  day." 

Dr  Hirdman,  Fellrtw  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  Edinburgh,  has 
now  in  the  prefs,  a  work  entitled  "  Dif- 
feitations  on  White  Swelling  of  the 
Joints,  and  the  Do(ftrine  of  Ir;flama- 
tion.  In  this  work,  a  new  method  of 
cure  is  propofed  by  the  author,  which 
we  hope  will  prove  more  beneficial, 
than  the  remedies  hitherto  tried,  iu 
this  frequent  and  formidable  difeafe. 

The  Kelfo  prefs  is  about  to  produce 
an  elegant  edition  of  Dodsley's  Eco- 
nomy OF  Human  Life,  a  popular 
work,  which  exhibits  a  fuccefstul  imi- 
tation of  the  Oriental  manner  of  mo- 
ralizing.  Numerous  editions, of  this 
work  have  been  publiflied  ;  but  until 
lately,  none  that  were  entitled  to  the 
appellation  of  claJJicaL  The  eltgance 
and  accuracy  of  isix  Ballantyne's  prefs 
are  well  known  ;  and  the  execution  of 
this  work  is  not  expected  to  be  inferior 
to  that  of  bis  former  publications- 

VtRsts,  Social  and  Domestic, 
by  G.  H.  Drummond,  have  juft  ilfued 
from  the  Mundcll  Prefs  ;  which  is  like- 
wife  about  to  produce  An  Essay  o?i 
Pindaric  Poetry,  with  an  Ode  to 
the  genius  of  Pindar,  by  J.  A.  Cox, 
an  Englifh  Gentleman,  who,  iaft  feflion, 
attended  Mr  Dalz.irs  Greek  clai-, 
where  this  efiay  was  read.  The  more 
frequent  publication  of  fuch  exerciles 
might  operate  as  a  (limulus  on  the 
minds  of  the  fludents  of  this  Univerfity, 
who,  during  their  attendance,  mignt 
certainly  apply  more  afiiduoully  to  the 
pradice  of  literary  compofition. 

POETRY. 


iVTay  1802. 


42? 


O  E 


R 


For  the  Scots  Ma^a%ine. 
ON  THE  DEATH 

OF 

DR  DARWIN. 

ATIVES  of  that  green  ifle,  where  fancy 
ftrays 

O'er  richeft  flowers  that  never  fading 
blow, 

Whofe  (kies  are  ever  bright  with  cloudlefs 
days, 

Whofe  mazy  waters  ever  murmuring  flow, 
Receive  your  D  A  R  wi  N  to  the  hallowed  fliades , 

The  bovver  perennial  Flora  loves  to  rear, 
/Where  never  frozen  breath  of  time  invades 

The  bluihing  fvveetnefs  of  her  virgin  year.' 
O'er  that  green  bower  a  gentle  fpirit  flies, 

And  waves  the  torch  of  welcome  from 
above  ;  / 
While  Vefper,  kindling  in  her  dewy  flties, 

Direds  the  wanderer  to  her  ifle  of  love. 

Nymphs  of  blue  heaven's  dearie  curling 
flame, 

On  wings  of  light'ning  round  your  bard 
repair, 

Twine  your  wreath'd  coronets  of  fire,  to 
frame 

The  circling  glories  of  his  hoary  hair. 
Thou  velvet  earth,  let  thy  dark  fpirit  fmile 
Complacent  kindnefs,  through  the  gather- 
in<r  beam, 

And  reach,  the  ft:ranger's  forrow  to  beguile. 
Oblivious  Lotus  from  her  mantling  ftream. 

Ah  !  vales  of  blifs,  in  what  far  diftant  main. 
Where  fliuddering  tempefts  never  dare  to 
blow. 

Lies  your  retiring,  jealous,  coy  domain. 

Beyond  the  reach  of  forrow  and  of  woe. 
You,  no  faint  moons,  with  waning  fplen- 
dors,  light. 
You,  no  fad  tears  of  heavy  grief  defile, 
Your  happy  fields  are  native  to  delight, 
And  all  your  hours,  and.  all  your  ages 
fmile. 

Ob  your  blcft  plains  no  hungry  grave  re- 
ceives 

The  bitter  tear,  for  love  and  friendiliip 
flied;  ^ 
In  you,  no  widow 'd  bofom  joylefs  grieves ; 
Nor  droops  in  vain  the  unfupportcd  head! 

B. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
VERSES   TO  SPRING, 
SOFT  blows  the  jjale,  ere  yet  the  dewy  Uwq 
His  dried  ii's  tears  amid  the  ambient  air, 
While  o'er  the  woodland  Ikips  the  bounding 
fawn. 

And  homeward,  flartlng,  flies  the  timid 
hare. 

And  now  awakes  the  Genius  of  the  grove^ 
In  found  melodious  ;  each  refponfive  fpri/ 

Awakes  to  fong,  to  harmony  and  love 
The  nymph's  fair  bofom,  and  the  poet'slay. 

If  o'er  the  fcene  yet  Recolledion  weep, 
When  nature  gave  her  beauties  to  the 
blafl, 

When  the  loud  demon  vex'd  the  howling 

deep. 

And  horror  nodded  o'er  the  extended 
wafte, 

Warm  glows  the  breaft,  the  changed  fcene 
to  view: 

Nowfmilesthe  fpring,  now  winter  frowns 
no  more  ; 

The  failor,  thus,  while  wrecking  florms 
purfue. 

Regains,  with  weeping  joy,his  native  fliore. 
All  hail,  thou  feafon  fraught  with  fond  de- 
fire. 

Young  hope,  gay  wiflies,  love,  and  thrlU 
ling  joy. 

'Tis  thine  each  milder  paflion  to  infpire. 
And  in  foft  cares,  the  vviliing  heart  employ. 

Reviving  Nature  feels  thy  genial  power, 
And  varied  meads  thy  gentle  fv/ay  de- 
clare. 

Where  I  will  rove,  and  pluck  their  choiceft 
flower, 

With  eager  hands  the  garland  to  prepare. 
And  if  coo  fierce  the  potent  orb  of  day 
Pours  o'er  the  arid  plain  his  fcorchin«r 
beams, 

I'll  woo  my  mufing  folitary  way. 

Where  yon  lone  grove  fwells  o'er  its  cool- 
ing ftreams. 

Dear  fnlitary  grove  !    in  tliee  dwells  peace. 
With  love,  and  innocence,  and  calm  de- 
light ; 

There  o'er  my  breaft,  while  rude  emotions 
ceafe, 

Shall  tranquil  joy  diffufe  her  mildeft  lig]- 
H.  M. 

Edin,  l^th  J^darch^  lSc2. 


424 


POETRY. 


Vol.  64.. 


For  the  Scots  I^Iagazlne. 
ON  THE  PEACE. 

EARTH,  cover  now  the  Moody  heap! 

Where  Albion's  (T'lllant  warriors  he  ; 
Ye  funeral  tremhrs,  dark  and  dcej), 
Ciofr>  round  rheir  foon  f^rLM^tten  Heep  ; 

'  ris  iclory's  hapL  fs  dtOiny  ! 
Sea,  with  thy  billows,  heave  the  fand 

Around  Aboukir's  ancient  bay,  ■ 
Left  confcious  tenjpefts  wafh  to  land, 
At  an)^ry  Nature's  wihl  command, 

The  ruins  of  her  fatal  day. 
And  fing  your  p.nthems  f.veet,  at  eve, 

Ye  angels  in  rhe  hilcnjui^  iky, 
The  widow's  bofom  to  relieve  ; 
Dcfpair  at  lai:  may  ceafc-  to  grieve. 

And  time  may  conquer  agony. 
Her  virgin  hopes  will  P^ace  repair, 

Her  h.)ve  by  early  forrows  croft  ; 
Her  blooming  youth  confumftl  with  care; 
Her  pallid  cheek  no  longer  fair. 

And  happinefs  for  ever  loft  !  A. 

For  the  Scots  ATagazirte. 
TO  A  FRIEND 

1lt:TUKNINO  FROM  THE  AUMY. 

AT  length,  war'3  bloody  banner?  furl'"d, 
Peace  fpreads  her  influence  o'er  the  world; 
Oreat  Georh?  his  laurel  crown  refigns. 
And,  round  his  brow,  the  olive  twines  ; 
You  from  the  martial  field  retreat. 
To  fi!t  k  your  old  paternal  fear. 
The  ♦■ender  pare  its'  favorite  fon. 
Behold  their  happinefs  begun  : 
No  more  the  Gazette's  glorious  tale 
Now  makes  their  anxious  features  pale  : 
Joyful  they  hail  the  morning  ray. 
And  hope  expectant  gilds  the  day; 
For  fure,  they  cry,  ere  clofe  of  lif?ht. 
Our  abfent  fon  will  biefs  our  fight. 
Till  eve  they  watch  with  aching  eyes. 
Arid  the  next  morn  new  hope  fupplies. 
And  now  the  wifh'd  for  hour  draws  near. 
That  drowns  in  rranfport  every  fear; 
On  either  fide  your  bofoms  glow. 
And  mutual  tears  of  rapture  flow  : 
I  fee,  my  friend!  your  generous  breaft 
With  filial  love  and  joy  poffef»'d  : 
1  fee,,  my  friend  !  that  joy  impart 
Fire  to  my  fympathifing  heart, 
And  hid  my  artlefs  pen  pourtray 
The  fcerse<^  that  fancy's  dreams  difpl^y. 
Soon  as  Aurora's  ruddy  ray, 
Beams  forth  to  cheat  you  on  your  way, 
I  fee  you  fweep,  with  loofen'd  rein. 
O'er  hill  and  dale,  thro*  wood  and  plain  ; 
Now  gallop  down  the  fteep,  and  now 
Cliuibing  the  mountaiu's  lofty  brovv. 


Bend  o'er  the  landfcapc  wide  your  eye, 
Anxious  your  fire's  abode  to  fpy  : 
'I'he  fleeting  fpot  eludfs  your  view. 
And  ffcms  to  fly  as  yon  porfue. — 
At  length,  each  envfous  barrif^r  pnft, 
With  htart-felt  hlifs  you  fee,  at  laft, 
The  turrets  of  the  Gothic  dome, 
Yoi?r  parents'  vctierai)le  home. 
Thii.k  hov/  your  parents'  boforns  burn. 
To  welcome  your  long  wini'cl'rctiun  ; 
Tf)rn  from  their  arms,  by  glory's  povver. 
How  have  they  told  each  tt'diou.^,  hour  ! 
Alrcarly  to  your  eyes  'appear 
The  faiiltcring  voice,  tlie  joyful  tear. 
Arrivrd,  at  laft,  you  touch  once  more. 
Your  father's  hofpitahle  door. 
Your  parents,  filler**,  round  you  throng, 
And  tranfport  loolens  every  tongue  : 
Your  fire  exclairns  *'  Five  years  are  pad 
•*  Since  1  beheld  my  IJelville  hift  : 
"  Your  country  called  you  to  the  field, 
"  When  I  no  more  her  fword  could  wiclJ  * 
Well  haft  thou  fill'd  thy  father^  place, 
Brave  fcvon  of  a  warlike  race: 
**  Nor  ftiall  m.y  nrms  your  fteps  detain, 
"  When  Britain's  glory  calls  again." 
O'er  the  brave  veteran's  furrovv'd  cheek, 
The  bcam.s  of  martial  ardor  break; 
And  from  the  eye  where  courage  glows 
The  tear  of  fond  ajflfeiSlion  flows. 
With  filent  joy  your  mother  ftands. 
And  grafi)S,  with  trembling  bli  A,  your  hands 
Her  prefent  hopc9,  her  future  fears. 
Call  forth  alternate  fmiles  and  tears. 

What  focial  blifs !  what  charming  ties! 
From  parents,  country,  friends,  arife, 
May  they  who  fcorn  their  rights  to  know 
Ne'er  feel  the  tranfporis  they  bcftow  ! 
And  fir  from  nic,  and  thofo  I  love, 
That  ftubborn  brcaft,  kind  Heaven,  remove, 
Who  meets  unmov'd  a  mother's  face; 
Who  tearlefs  feels  a  friend's  embrace  ; 
Nor  fmiles  to  fee  thole  fcenes  rever'd. 
Which  infant  paftimes  h*ive  endear'd, 

Watty 

A  BETH  GELERT; 

OR, 

THE  GRAVE  OF  THE  GREYHOUND. 

The  ftory  of  thi,s  ballad  is  tradi  ional  in  a 
village  at  the  foot  of  Snowdon,  where 
l-.lc Welly n  had  a  houfe.  Tae  Greyhound, 
named  Gelert,  was  given  by  his  father- 
in-law,  King  John,  in  the  year  1Z05, 
and  the  place,  to  this  day,  is  called  Betti 
Gclcrt;  or,  Tiie  Grave  of  Gelert. 

THE  fpearmen  heard  the  bugle  found. 
And  cheerly  fmiled  the  morn, 

And  many  a  brach,  and  many  a  hound, 
Attend  Llewellyn's  horn. 


May  1802. 


POETRY. 


425 


And  ftill  he  blew  a  louder  blaft, 

And  gave  a  louder  cheer ; 
"  Come,  Gelert,  why  art  thou  the  laft 

**  Llewellyn's  horn  to  hear  ? 

"  O  where  does  faithful  Gelert  roam ! 

The  flower  of  all  his  race  ; 
"  So  true,  fo  brave,  a  lamb  at  home, 
**  A  lion  in  the  chace ! 

* Twas  only  at  IJewellyn*s  board 

The  faithful  Gelert  fed  ; 
He  watch'di  he  ferv'd,  he  cheer*d  his  lord, 

And  centinel'd  his  bed. 

In  footh,  he  was  a  peerlcfs  hound. 

The  gift  of  Royal  John  : 
But  now  no  Gelert  could  be  found, 

And  all  the  chace  rode  on. 

And  now,  as  over  rocks  and  dells 

The  gallant  chidings  rife, 
All  Snowden*s  craggy  chaos  yells, 

With  many  mingled  cries. 

That  day  Llewellyn  little  loved 

The  chace  of  hart  or  hare, 
And  fcant,  and  fmail  the  booty  prov*J, 

For  Gelert  was  not  there. 

Unplcas*d  Llewellyn  homeward  hied, 

When  near  the  portal  feat, 
His  truant  Gelert  he  cfpied, 

Bounding  his  lord  to  greet. 

But  when  he  gainM  his  caftle  door, 

Aghaft  the  chieftain  ftood  ; 
The  hound  was  fmear*d  with  gouts  of  gore, 
<    His  lips  and  fangs  ran  blood  ! 

Llewellyn  gazM  with  wild  furprife, 

Unus'd  fuch  looks  to  meet ; 
His  favourite  checkM  his  joyful  guifc, 

And  couch'd,  and  hck'd  his  feet. 

Onward  in  hafte  Llewellyn  paftj 

And  on  went  Gelert  too; 
And  ftill,  where'er  his  eyes  he  caft, 

Frefh  blood-gouts  ihock'd  his  view  ! 

0*erturn*d  his  infant's  bed  he  found. 
The  blood-ftain'd  covert  rent ; 

And  all  around,  the  walls,  and  ground. 
With  recent  blood  befprent. 

He  call'd  his  child,  no  voice  replied, 
He  fearch'd  with  terror  wild  ; 

Blood  1  blood  he  found  on  every  fide, 
But  no  where  found  the  child  1 
Vol.  LXIV. 


"  Hell-hound !  by  thee  my  child's  devoured 

The  frantic  father  cried  ; 
And  to  the  hilt  his  vengeful  fword 

He  plunged  in  Gelert's  fide. 

His  fuppliant,  at  to  earth  he  fell, 

No  pity  could  impart ; 
But  ftill  hig  GeUrt's  dying  yell 

Paft  heavy  o'er  his  heart. 

— ArouzM  by  Gelert's  dying  yell, 
Some  flumbercr  wakened  nigh  ; 
What  words  the  parent's  joy  can  tell. 
To  hear  his  infant  cry ! 

Conceal'd  beneath  a  mangled  heap. 

His  hurried  fearch  had  mill ; 
All  glowing  from  his  rofy  lleep. 

His  cherub  boy  he  kif^'d  • 

Nor  fcratch  had  he,  nor  harm,  nor  dread  ; 

But  the  fame  couch  beneath 
Lay  a  gaunt  Wolf,  all  torn,  and  dead. 

Tremendous  ft.iU  in  death  ! 

Ah,  what  was  then  Lewellyn's  pain, 

For  now  the  truth  was  clear ; 
The  gallant  Hound  the  Wolf  had  flain, 

To  fave  Llewellyn's  heir. 

**  Vain,  vain  is  all  Llewellyn's  woe  ; 

"  Beft  of  thy  kind  adieu  ; 
"  The  frantic  deed  which  laid  thee  low 

"  This  heart  fiiall  ever  rue  T' 

And  now  a  gallant  tomb  they  raife. 

With  coftly  fculpturc  deckt  ; 
And  marbles,  ftoried  with  his  praife. 

Poor  Gelert's  bones  protect. 

Here  never  could  the  Spearman  pafs, 

Or  Forreftcr  unmov'd  ; 
Here  oft  the  tear-bcfprinkled  grafs 

Llewellyn's  forrow  prov'd. 

And  here  he  hung  his  horn  and  fpear ; 

And  oft  as  evening  fell. 
In  Fancy's  piercing  founds,  would  heir 

Poor  Gelert's  eying  yell  I 

And  till  great  Snowdon's  rocks  grow  old, 
And  ceafe  the  ftorm  to  brave. 

That  confecrated  fpot  ihall  hold 
The  name  of  Geleri's  Grave  I 


IMPERIAL 


426 


Vol.  64. 


IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT. 


HOUSE  OF  LORDS. 

Wedncfday,  April  iS.  The  fecond 
reading  of  Lane's  divorce  bill  was  de- 
ferred till  Tuefday  next,— Adjcmrned, 

Monday,  May  3.  Lord  Wallingham 
moved,  that  the  order  which  tlood 
for  the  fecond  reading  ot  Lane's  divorce 
bill  to-morrow  be  finally  difchargcd. — 
Ordered. 

May  4.  The  order  for  fumnnoning 
their  LordQiips,  purfuant  to  a  notice 
of  motion,  upon  the  definitive  treaty, 
being  read,  Lord  Grenville  role  and 
ivged  a  variety  of  arguments  to  Ihew 
the  necclTity  of  appointing  a  day  for 
taking  it  into  their  moft  feiiuus  con- 
fideration.  He  moved,  that  the  defini- 
tive treaty  lliould  be  taken  into  con- 
fideration  on  Friday  fe'tnnight.  Lord 
Pelham  conceived  that  there  was  no 
iiecefiity,  after  the  ample  difcuflion 
which  had  taken  place,  for  poftponing 
the  Noble  Lord's  motion  to  Friday 
fe'enight  J  he  would  thercfoie  move, 
by  way  of  amendment,  that  Wednef- 
day  fhould  be  fubitituted  for  the  day 
mentioned. — Agreed  to. 

Wednefday,  May  5.  Lord  Holland 
gave  notice  that  as  foon  as  the  difcuf- 
fion  of  the  definitive  treaty  lliould  be 
concluded,  he  would  move  for  a  vote  of 
ccnfure  on  thofe  miniiiers  who  had  in- 
volved the  country  in  the  late  war, 
and  who  had  refufed  to  liitcn  to  the 
overtures  of  peace. 

Monday,  May  10.  The  Houie  pro- 
ceeded, upon  the  order  of  the  day, 
for  their  Lordfliips  being  fumraoned 
on  the  motion  of  Lord  Holland,  who 
entered  into  a  detail  of  the  fituation 
of  Portugal  before  the  war,  and  that 
in  which  Ihe  would  be  left  by  the  de- 
finitive treaty.  His  Lordlliip  conclud- 
ed with  moving,  that  an  humble  ad- 
dicfs  be  prefcntcd  to  his  Majefty,  pray- 
ing him  to  order  copies  of  all  the  cor- 
reipondencc  between  his  minifters  and 
the  Court  of  Portugal,  relative  to  the 
treaty  which  that  Court  was  negoci- 
ating  with  France  in  the  year  1797. 
Lord  Pelham  objedled  to  their  pro- 
duaion^  upon  the  plea  of  thofe  papers 


being  of  a  private  nature.  After  a  few 
words  from  Lord  Grenville  and  the 
Maiquis  of  Sligo,  the  quettion  was 
put  and  negatived. 

Thurfday,  May  13.  Lord  Grenville 
rofe  to  make  his  promifed  motion,  and 
fpoke  at  great  length  on  the  difadvan- 
tages  of  the  definitive  treaty  ;  and 
concluded  with  moving,  that  an  ad- 
drefs  be  prefented  to  his  Majefty,  Rat- 
ing that  their  Lordlhips  had  taken  the 
definitive  treaty  into  their  moft  fcri- 
ous  confideration  ;  that  they  fully  ac- 
knowledged his  Majefty's  undoubted 
prerogative  to  make  peace  and  war, 
and  that  they  would  enable  him  to  ful- 
fil the  engagements  he  had  entered  in- 
to, under  the  folemn  pledge  of  the  pu- 
blic faith  ;  but  that  they  could  not  help 
txprefiing  their  regret  at  the  extent  of 
conccfiions  made  by  this  country  ;  that 
they  however  relied  on  his  Majefty's. 
firmnefs  to  reiift  any  attempts  made  on 
the  part  of  the  power  with  whom  we 
had  made  peace,  to  encroach  upon  our 
maritime,  colonial,  or  commercial 
rights  ;  that  they  would  place  at  his 
Majefty's  difpofal,  adequate  means  for 
carrying  this  determination  into  effedt  j 
confidently  hoping,  at  the  fame  time, 
that  by  an  immediate  amicable  expla- 
nation, his  Majefty  would  receive  a 
fatlsfadlory  adjuftment  of  the  various 
points  which  were  the  fubjedls  of 
doubt.  The  Duke  of  Norfolk  faid  a 
few  words  in  reply  to  Lord  Grenville, 
the  addreiis  moved  by  whom,  he  con- 
tended, if  carried,  amounted  to  a  de- 
claration of  war.  He  therefore  pro- 
pofed,  as  an  amendment,  that  all  that 
foUov/ed  the  words  **  public  faith" 
ftiould  be  left  out.  After  a  very  long 
debate,  principally  between  Lord  Pel- 
ham,  Lord  Mulgrave,  Lord  Auckland, 
Lord  Weftmoreland,  Lord  Ellenbo- 
rough,  Lord  Rofslyn,  Lord  Darnley, 
&c.  &cc.  The  Houfe  divided  on  the  a- 
mendment.  Contents  122; non-contents 
16.  Majority  for  the  Duke  of  Norfolk's 
amendment,  106.  The  original  mo- 
tion was  then  put,  and  negatived  with 
out  a  divifion.  The  Houfe  adjourned 
at  half  paft  feven  in  the  morning. 

HOUSE 


May  1802.  Imperial  Parliament.  427 


HOUSE  OF  COMMONS, 

Monday,  April  I2« 

Sir  Francis  Burdet  rofe,  to  propofe  a 
motion  of  inquiry  into  the  condu(ft  of 
the  late  adminiOration  ;  he  proceeded 
at  great  length  to  ftate  the  calannities 
produced  by  the  condn»^t  of  the  late 
Minitler  and  his  colleagues  in  oHicep 
and  oonchided  by  moving  :  that  thd 
Houfe  rtlblve  iticlf  into  a  committee, 
to  inquire  into  tlie  conduct  of  the  lat^ 
adminiftration  at  home  and  abroad, 
during  the  war.  Mr  Sturt  fcconded 
the  motion.  Lord  Temple  faid,  he 
felt  the  nectfjfity  of  apologizing  to  the 
Houfe,  for  occupyng  its  time  in  an- 
fwering  a  fpeech,  perhaps  the  moft  ex- 
traordinary one  ever  delivered  u^ithin 
the  walls  of  the  Houfe.  The  fpeech 
abounded  with  afTertion,  anid  was  dff- 
titute  of  argument.  He  vindicated  the 
condudl  of  minifters  in  prolonging  the 
war,  and  contended,  that  the  income 
tax  had  been  the  falvation  of  the  coun- 
try; after  paying  a  high  compliment 
to  the  integrity  and  talents  of  Mr  Pitt, 
he  concluded  by  giving  his  decided  ne- 
gative to  the  motion.  Mr  Archdale 
reprobated  the  motion  in  the  higheft 
terms,  and  maintained,  that  the  con- 
du<5l  of  the  late  minifters,  was  entitled 
to  the  higheft  applaufe.  Mr  Jones  ani- 
madverted with  fome  feverity,  on  the 
manner  in  which  a  noble  Lord  (Lord 
Temple)  had  thought  proper  to  treat 
the  motion.  It  had  been  laid,  by  the 
noble  Lord,  that  the  fpeech  of  his 
Honourable  Friend  was  full  of  aflcr- 
tion,  without  argument  ;  but  , of  all 
the  fpeeches  he  had  ever  h^srd  deliver- 
ed, the  fpcfch  of  the  noble  Lord  him- 
ftli,  was  the  moft  of  this  defcription. 
After  fome  obfervations  on  the  income 
tax,  he  afked  with  a  more  particular 
f  rtterence  to  the  immediate  queftion, 
whether  there  exifted,  any  man,  pre- 
pared to  fay,  that  an  inquiry  ftiould 
be  inftituted  into  the  ccndud  of  a  mi- 
riftry,  who  had  dilapidated  25 S  mil* 
lions  of  the  public  money;  who  had 
granted  383  pcnfions,  and  created  95 
Peers.  Lord  Btlgrave  faid,  he  had  lit- 
tle to  offer  in  reply  to  the  fpeech  of 
the  Hon.  Baronet,  who,  after  placing 
hi?;  Right  Hob.  Friend  in  point  of  cru- 
.  far  beyond  Robtfpiere,  or  even 
moft  ferocious  of  the  Caefars,  would 
^'^'U  perhaps,  exped  that  any  member 
ftiould  venture  to  Hand  up  in  his  place, 


and  defend,  far  lefs  to  praife  the  con- 
du<5t  of  his  Majefty's  late  Minifters. 
flis  Lordfliip,  by  way  of  amendment, 
propofed,  that  all  the  words  after  tho 
word  that,  be  omitted,  and  that,  in 
placeof  them,  fliould  be  inferted  words 
to  the  following  efteifl :  that  the  thanks 
of  this  houfe  be  returned  to  his  Majefty's 
late  Minifters  for  their  great  and  emi- 
nent fervices  in  the  exertions  they  made 
to  preferve  to  us,  unimpaired,  the  blef- 
fings  we  tnjoy,  during  the  whole  of  the 
lateconteft.  The  motion  being  fecond- 
ed,  was  handed  to  the  chair- 

The  Speaker  ftattd,  that  though  the 
amendment  wab  not  exadlly  contrary  to 
the  order  and  forms  of  the  Houfe,  yet  it 
was  extremely  unufual  to  move  an  a- 
mendment  in  fuch  a  fliape,  and  fug- 
gefted  to  his  Lorciftiip  the  propriety  of 
rather  meeting  the  original  motion  by 
a  negative.  Lord  Belgrave  acquiefced 
in  this  fuggeftion. 

Mr  Pitt  rofe  and  faid,  that  what 
might  be  the  pleafure  of  the  Houfe,  ref- 
pelting  the  original  motion,  it  was  not 
for  him  to  conjedure,  but  he  might 
be  allowed  to  fuggeft  to  his  noble  friend, 
that  an  amendment  which  went  fo  far, 
naturally  made  a  total  alteration  in  the 
ftate  of  the  queftion,  it  would  be  bet- 
ter to  meet  the  original  motion  in  a 
more  dire(5l  form.  But  what  he  wifh- 
ed  moft  to  fuggeft  to  his  noble  friend, 
and  to  the  other  members  who  approv- 
ed of  thcamendnient;  was  that,  however 
flattering  the  opinion  they  exprcffed 
might  be  to  him  perfonally,  there  exilt- 
ed  reafons  why  it  would  be  better  with- 
drawn on  this  occafion.  He  was  anxi- 
ous, that  a  propofition  of  the  nature  of 
the  amendment,  ftiould  not  be  propof- 
ed to  the  Houle  on  a  fudden,  but  that 
h  ftiould  be  brouglit  forward  in  an  un- 
qutftionable  form.  Mr  Fox  ftated, 
that  motions  of  the  kind,  offered  by  the 
Noble  Lord,  wtre  not  altogether  un- 
ufual. After  many  obf  rvations  from 
different  members,  the  Floufe  divided. 
For  the  ori&inal  motion  59,  againlt  it 
246— Majority  207.  The  Chancellor 
ot  the  Exchequtr  moved,  that  the  or- 
ders of  the  day  be  now  read,  which  be- 
ing carried,  the  committees  of  Ways 
and  Means  were  deferred  till  Wedntf- 
day,  and  the  Houfe  adjourned. 

Tuefday,  April  13.  The  clergy  non- 
refident  bill  went  through  a  commit- 
tee. The  report  was  read,  ordered  to 
be  printed,  and  taken  into  farther  con- 
£deration  the  3d  of  May.  Accounts 
3  L  2  of 


Imperial  Parliament,  Vol.  64. 


4^8 

of  the  quantity  of  rum,  fugar,  cotton, 
and  coifce,  imported  from  Surinam, 
were  prefented,  purfuant  to  ,an  order 
of  the  Houfc,  and  laid  on  the  table. 
Sir  R.  Peek  brought  up  a  bill  for  prc- 
ferving  the  health  and  morals  of  ap- 
prentices, employed  in  cotton  manufac- 
tories. Read  a  firft  time,  and  ordered 
to  be  read  a  ftcond  time  to-morrow. 

The  Secretary  of  War  rofe  to  move 
for  leave  to  bring  in  a  bill,  for  amend- 
ing the  laws  rtlative  to  the  militia.  He 
prefaced  his  motion  by  obferving,  that 
minifters  had  upon  the  return  of  peace, 
began  to  reduce  the  army  in  general, 
and  alfo  the  naval  force  of  this  country. 
His  objcd  was,  not  to  reduce  the  m.ili- 
tia  force  entirely  ;  and,  as  it  was  im- 
poflible  to  maintain  a  regular  army  to 
defend  our  extenfive  coafls,  it  was 
highly  neceflary,  that  a  confiderable 
portion  of  the  militia  fliould  be  kept 
up.  The  bill  he  propofed  fhould  be^ 
founded  upon  the  bafis  of  the  militia* 
laws,  and  upon  the  ad  of  the  26th  of 
the  King,  introducing  fome  amend- 
ments. From  the  confidtrations  he 
had  beftowed  on  the  fituation  of  Great 
Britain,  it  appeared,  we  ought  to  be 
able  at  the  commencement  of  a  war, 
to  put  no  lefs  than  ioo,oco  men 
imdcr  arm's.  Of  our  militia  forces, 
the  number  fhould  not  be  lefs  than 
^0,000,  and  he  had  a  pleafure  in 
iiating,  that  the  northern  part  of  ihU 
5fland  would  furnifh  10  or  12,000  for 
its  proportion.  The  next  queftion 
was,  whether  this  number  was  to  be 
raifed  at  once,  or  only  a  part,  vett- 
ing in  his  Majefty,  a  power  to  fummon 
the  remainder  in  cafe  of  emergency. 
In  the  event  of  war,  the  advantage 
of  raiting  them  at  one  time  was  obvL= 
ous  ;  butj  on  the  oU^er  hand  it  would 
impofe  a  very  hard  bnrden  on  the 
counties,  and  would  be  attended  with 
a  very  heavy  expence  to  the  country. 
The  expence  would  be  about  23C?,c©oL 
a  year;  under  this  confideration  it  was 
his  ohjedl,  that  inftead  of  60,000,  or.r/ 
4c,oco  fliould  in  the  firtl  inltarce  he 
raifed.  In  Scotland,  9000  might  in  the 
firft  inftance  be  raifed ;  the  remainder  to 
be  called  out  by  proclamation,  on  any 
fudden  emergency.  Such  was  the  bafisof 
the  plan.  The  amendments  in  the  regu- 
lations were  comprifed  under  a  variety 
of  heads.  The  principal  of  thefe  wer^ 
as  follow  :  The  qualifications  of  offi- 
cers to  remain  as  at  prefent  ;  to  the 
quotas  he  propofed  to  add  one-third. 


Each  man,  before  enrolment,  to  be  ex- 
amined  by  a  furgeon  ;  at  the  enrolment, 
that  the  men  flionld  be  divided  into 
clalTes,  fpecifying  their  ages,  thofe  who 
have  children,  and  thofe  who  have 
none.  That  fubftirutes  be  of  the  fame 
county  as  the  regiment  in  which  they 
fervc.  Having  fliortly  recapitulated 
the  principal  articles  of  the  fyftem,  he 
concluded  by  ftating  that  he  meant  to 
move  to  introduce  a  meauirc  which 
would  produce  an  available  force  of 
72,000  men.  The  motion  being  put, 
Mr  Sheridan  rofe  and  exprefi'.'d  his 
thanks  to  the  Right  lion.  Gentleman, 
for  the  clear  and  comprehenfive  ftate^ 
ment  which  he  had  delivered »  After  a 
few  words  from  MrFolter,  whowifhed 
to  know,  whether  the  regulations  pro- 
pofed were  to  be  extended  to  Ireland, 
to  which  an  anfwer  was  given,  that 
next  feflion  meafures  would  be  adopted 
for  that  purpofe,  the  motion  was  put 
and  leave  given.  Leave  was  alfo  given 
for  a  bill  for  lainng  the  eftablilhment 
of  the  militia  in  Scotland.  The  bill 
refpecfting  the  militia  in  England  was 
then  bioright  in,  read  a  firft  time,  and 
ordered  to  be  read  a  fecond  time  to- 
morrow. The  houfe  went  into  a  com- 
mittee on  the  beer,  malt,  and  hop  du- 
ty bills.  Mr  N.  Vanfittart  brought  in 
a-  bill  for  laying  a  duty  on  goods  ex- 
ported and  imported,  and  on  the  ton- 
nage of  vefTels.  The  b.mk  rtklriclion 
bill  WAS  read  a  fecond  time,  and  order- 
ed to  be  co\nmitte4i.to-morrow  fe'en- 
night. — Adjourned.  : 

Wednefday,  April  14.  The  houfe 
having  rtfolved  itfelf  into  a  committee 
upon  the  bill  for  confolidating  certaia 
adls  of  Parliament,  for  the  redemption 
of  the  national  debt  5  the  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer  took  a  view  of  the 
circamftances  concerning  -the  firiking 
fund.  He  had  the  fatisfadtion  to  tiate, 
that  it  appeared  from  accounts  which 
would  be  laid  on  the  table,  that  in  con- 
f:-;;idating  the  two  eftabliihments  of 
2706  and  1792,  the  whole  of  the  na- 
tional debt  would  be  paid  oft'  in  43 
years;  after  which  a  firing  of  rclolu- 
tions  was  read,  and  ; the  chairman  or- 
dered to  report  progrefs. 

Wednefday,  April. 21.  On  the  mo- 
tion of  Mr  Vanlittart,  the  Houle  re- 
foived  ilfelf  into  a  committee,  to  con* 
fider  the  ads  relative  to  the  importa- 
tion pf  French  wines.  Mr  Vanfittart 
moved  the  following  rcfoluiion — "That 


May  1802. 


Lnperial  Parliament. 


it  is  expedient  to  permit  the  importa- 
tion of  French  wines,  in  bottles  or 
flafks,  purfuant  to  an  a<5t  of  the  27th 
of  hivS  pre  fen  t  Majefty." — Agreed  to. 
Mr  Vaniittart  moved  for  leave  to  bring 
in  a  bill  to  authorifc  the  Commiffioners 
of  the  Treafury  to  ilTue  Exchequer 
tills  on  the  credit  of  fuch  aids  or  fup- 
plies  as  have  been,  orfhall  be  voted  by 
Parhament,  for  the  fervice  of  the  year 
1802. — Leave  given. 

Thiirfday,  April  22.  Lord  Hawkf- 
bury  prefcnted  a  petition  from  the 
Weil:  India'  Wet  Dock  Company, — 
Referred  to  a  committee,  Mr  Dent 
moved  for  leave  to  bring  in  a  bill  for 
extending  the  aCl  34th  Geo.  IH.  ch.  7  j. 
to  all  oaths  which  are  now  required  to 
be  taken  by  voters  at  elections  for 
Members  of  Parliament. — Leave  giveu. 
Mr  Alexander  brought  up  the  report 
of  the  Bank  reftridion  bill — Ordered  to 
be  read  a  third  time  to-morrow.  Mon- 
day, April  The  Irifh  Bank  reftric- 
tion  bill  was  read  a  fecond  time,  and 
committed  for  to-morrow, 

Tnefday,  April  27,  Mr  Addington 
brought  down  a  mefiage  vfrom  his  Ma- 
jefty— "  G.  R.  His  Majeay  being  de- 
firous  of  making  competent  provifion 
for  his  dearly  beloved  fon*^,  the  Duke 
of  Cambri<ige,  and  the  Duke  of  SufTcx, 

,  and  tht!  money  applicable  to  the  fup- 

'  port  of  tlie  civil  liit  being  iofufficient* 

:  )iis  Majefty  defires  the  afiUtance  of  Par- 
liament, and  trufts  that  his  faithful 
Commons  will  make  fuch  provihon  as 
the  circumftances  of  the  cafe  may  feem 

I  to  require."  Upon  the  motion  of  Mr 
Aldington  the  meflage  was  referred  to 

I  the  confideration  of  the  Committee  of 
Supply.  The  Hcufe  then  took  into 
confideration  the  report  of  the  com- 
mittee relative  to  Peers  interfering  in 
elections.  The  Irifh  Bank  refinc^tion 
bill  went  through  the  committee.  The 

I  blanks  was  filled  up  for  three  months 
kfter  the  redriction  expires  on  the  Bank 
of  England.  The  report  ordered  to  be 
rectivcd  to-morrow.  Mr  Alexander 
brou[^hl  up  the  report  of  the  Exche- 
quer bills  bill — ordered  to  be  read  a 
third  time  to-morrow.  Mr  Addington 
moved  the  order  of  the  day  for  the 
Houfe  to  refolve  into  a  committee  on 
the  bill,  granting  certain  duties  on  ex- 
ports and  imports,  and  on  the  ton- 
of  Ihips.  A  long  and  general  con- 
it  ion  took  place  on  the  principle 

«iua  tendency  of  this  bill,  principally 


between  General  GafcoIgnejLord  Shef- 
field, Lord  Caftlereagh,  Mr  V/.  Dun- 
das,  Dr  Laurence,  3cc. ;  after  which, 
the  original  Icale  was  moved  and  a- 
greed  to,  and  the  various  claufes  being 
gone  through,  the  Houfe-  was  refum- 
ed,  and  the  report  ordered  to  be  re- 
ceived to-morrow. 

April  28.  The  Houfe  refolved  Itfelf 
into  a  committee  of  lupply,  to  which 
his  MMjc(ly*s  melFa^e  delivered  ycitcr- 
day  was  referred.  The  Chancellor  of 
the  Exchequer  then  moved  two  refo- 
lutions  for  enabling  his  Majrfty  to  grant 
out  of  the  confolidating  fund  i2;Oool« 
to  the  Duke  of  Suffix,  and  i2,oool.  to 
the  Duke  of  C-^mbridge.  The  refolu- 
tions  were  agreed  to,  and  the  report 
ordered  to  be  received  to-morrow. 

Thurfday,  April  29.  Lord  Hawkf- 
bury,  by  command  of  his  M^ijefty, 
brought  down  the  definitive  treaty  of 
peace;  and  obfcrved,  that  it  could  not 
be  expeded',  that  at  prefent  he  fliould 
fay  any  thing  upon  the  merits  of  the 
treaty,  but  merely  mention,  that  it  was 
not  the  intention  of  his  M  jefty's  Mi- 
niftcrs  to  found  any  procedure  there- 
on. This  determination,  h.>wever,  did 
not  preclude  any  gentleman  from  mak- 
ing whatever  motion  upon  the  fubjedt 
he  might  think  proper,  and,  fhould  a 
day  be  fixed  upon  for  that  purpofe, 
h's  Majelty's  Minilters  would  then  ex-  , 
plain  the  grounds  upon  which  they  had 
concluded  the  treaty.  He  concluded 
by  moving,  that  the  treaty  do  be  on 
the  table. 

Mr  Windham  gave  notice,  that  up- 
on Monday  next,  he  fhould  name  a 
day,  upon  which  be  fliould  wi/h  the 
definitive  treaty  to  be  taken  into  con- 
fideration. 

April  30.  The  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chtquer  Itated  the  contrad  for  a  lot- 
tery, for  the  united  kingdom.  There 
were  to  be  three  lotteries  confined  to 
this  country;  in  point  of  drawing,  that 
the  number  of  days  Ihould  be  dimi- 
nilhcd ;  that  each  of  tiie  three  lot- 
teries ihouid  be  drawn  in  eight  d?.)^^ 
The  benefits  of  the  lottery  to,  the  pub- 
lic, waj  L.  555,000,  two-thirds  of  which 
would  be  for  England,  and  one-third 
for  Ireland — His  motion  was,  that  the 
fum  of  L- 1,455,000  be  raifed  by  way 
of  lottery;  forEi.gland  L.  970,000,  and 
for  Ireland  £..485,000- 

May  3.  A  new  writ  was  ordered  for 
the  bu rough  of  Newurk^   in  confe- 

qucncc 


430 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


quencc  of  Mr  Manners  Sutton,  having 
accepted  the  ofike  of  his  Majefty's  So- 
licitor General— Mr  Windham  called 
the  attention  of  the  houfe  to  the  ar- 
ticles of  the  definitive  treaty  of  peace, 
in  confeqiu  nee  of  its  having  been  in- 
timated by  his  Majefty's  minifters,  that 
it  U'as  not  their  intention  to  move  any 
difcuflron  on  the  fuhiec5t.    This  much 
he  trufted,  he  hoptd  the  revcrfe  did 
not  apply,  and  that  as  the  miiiifters  did 
iiot^  dtem  it  expedient  to  bring  the 
fubjed  under  difcu/Tion  ;  it  was  there- 
fore impiopcr,  and  iireg:ular,  in  other 
gentlemen  to  do  fo.    Li  the  review  he 
propofed  to  take  of  tfec  fubje^t,  on  the 
prefcnt  occafion,  he  confidered  himlelf 
in  the  light  of  a  conncellor,  making  his 
opening  fpeech.    The  minute  inveiti- 
gation  and  detail,  he  fhould  referve  till 
a  future  ftafc.  The  fuhjed  might  juft- 
ly  be  divided  into  four  diflindl  heads. 
The  firft  referred  to  thofe  points,  which, 
though  exifting  at  the  time  of  (igning 
the  preliminaries,  were,  notwithftand- 
ing,  unknown  to  the  houfe.    The  fe- 
cond,  to  tranfidtions  which  took  place, 
fubftquent  to  the  figning  of  the  preli- 
minariei'.    The  third,  to  points,  which 
which  might  be  confulered  as  a  depar- 
ture from  the  provifions  of  the  preli- 
Fninary  treaty.     And  the  fourth,  to 
points  totally  omitted,  which  formed 
.  part  of  the   preliminaries;    he  then 
went  at  great  length,  to  illultrate  his 
four  different  heads— among  the  prin- 
cipal grounds  of  complaint,  was  the 
ceffion  of  the  ifle  of  Elba  to  France, 
and  the  affumption  of  Bonaparte  of 
the  prefidency  of  the  Italian  republic. 
He  concluded  by  moving,  that  the 
houfe  to  morrow  fortnight  go  into  an 
enquiry  on    the   definitive  treaty  of 
peace  with  France,  Spain,  and  the  B^- 
tavian  republic.    Mi  Elliot  feconded 
the  motion.    Mr  Addington  replied  to 
Mr  Windham's  attack,  and  vindicated 
the  condud  of  minifters,  both  with  re- 
fped  to  the  preh'minary  and  definitive 
treaty— he  acknowledged,  that  the  con- 
dua  of  the  chi-f  conful,  in  inverting 
himfelf  with  the  prefidency  of  the  Ita- 
lian republic,  was  threatening  to  the 
independence  of  Europe,  Lut  nothing 
had  happened  on  the  part  of  France, 
of  a  nature  to  provoke  a  renewal  of 
the  calam.ities  of  war— He  concluded 
by  moving,  that  inftead  of  to-morrow 
fortnight,  the  words,  to-morrow  fe'en-- 
night  be  introduced.   Mr  T.  Grenville 


made  fome  obfervations  on  the  impro- 
priety of  the  amendment,  Lord  Hawkf-, 
bury  and  Mr  Pitt  fpoke  in  favour  of 
Mr  Addington's  amendment. 

May  4.   The  Secretary  at  War  rofe, 
with  the  int  ntion  of  moving  for  leave 
to  bring  in  a  bill,  to  enable  his  M,ijefty 
to  avail  himfelf  of  the  offers  of  fervice, 
made  by  certain  corps  of  yeomanry 
and  volunteer  cavalry.     After  fomc 
preliminary  obfervations,  he  went  on 
to  ftate  the  principal  features.  The 
firft  principle    was,    th^    their  fer- 
vices  fhould  be  perfectly  voluntary. 
The  next  principle  was,  that  no  offer 
of  any  corps  fiioiild  be  accepted,  but 
fuch  as  would  ferve  without  pay.  He 
(liould  propofe,  as  indulgences  to  yeo- 
men, to  continue  the  exemption  from 
certain  duties.     He  fhould  propofe, 
that  the  individual  volunteers  fhould  i 
be  exempt  from  the  obligation  to  ferve 
in  the  militia,  by  appearing  in  arms 
and  on  hoifeback  feven  days  in  the 
year,  and  an  exemption  from  the  hair- 
powder  tax  for  appearance  in  arms  one 
day.    With  refpe(5l  to  the  infantry,  the 
fame  principles  of  voluntary  ferviceand 
ferving  without  pay  would  be  adopted. 
The  fervices  of  fmall  corps  in  fmall 
towns  would  be  difpenfed  with.  The 
exemption    from  the   militia  ballot 
would  be  14  days  duty,  and  from  the 
hair-powder  tax  one.    The  expences 
would  be  as  follows  i  A  ferjeant  and  a 
di  ummer  to  each  company,  and  in  tht 
large  corps  of  cavalry,  the  fi^rjeant  to 
be  allowed  the  pay  of  adjutant.   Sir  E." 
Knatchbuli  feconded  the  motion.  Mr 
Spencer  Stanhope  was  forry  he  could 
not  agree  to  the  motion  ;  he  thought  it 
unconftiuitional  to  keep  up  volunteers 
in  time  of  peace.    Sir  W.  Young  fup- 
ported  the  motion,    Mr  Addington 
contended,  that  it  was  perfectly  corfti- 
tutional  to  keep  up  the  volunteers,  as 
thevcry  eftabliaiment  proved,  that  fuch 
a  force  couid  exift  no  where  but  in  a 
free  country.    Leave  given  to  bring  in 
the  bill.    Mr  Dent  rofe  to  bring  for- 
ward his  motion  refpedli/  g  bull-bait- 
ing.   Mr  Windham  faid,  he  fhould  re- 
ferve himfelf  for  the  fecond  rtading  of 
the  bill,  and  he  fliould  then  treat  fe- 
riofly  as  pofiible  a  fubjed  fo  ludicrous. 
Adjourned. 

Wednefday,  May  6-  The  Secretary 
at  WsLr  prefented  eltimatesof  the  army 
fervices  for  one  month,  from  the  2  5d^ 
inftant  to  the  ajth  of  June.    Thefe  cf- 

timates 


May  1 802.  Imperial  Parliament. 


timates  were  precifely  upon  the  fame 
fcale  as  thofc  prefented  to  the  Houfe 
for  three  months  up  to  the  24th  inftant 
It  was  impolEble  to  make  the  eftimates 
for  the  peace  cftablifhment ;  but  he  had 
no  doubt  they  would  be  prepared  be- 
fore  the  expiration  of  the  prefcnt  month. 
Dr  Laurence  gave   notice,   that  he 
ftould,  on  Monday  next,  bring  forward 
a  motion  relative  to  the  French  and 
Dutch  claims  in  the  Eaft  Indies.  The 
controverted  eledion  bill  was  read  a 
fecond  time,  and  committed  for  Mon- 
day.   The  bull-baiting  bill  was  rc^d  a 
firft  time.    Mr  W.  Elliot  faid,  he  rofe 
to  move  for  the  produdion  of  docu- 
ments, which,  in  his  opinion,  were  of 
the  utmoft  importance  to  the  difcufiion 
.^t  the  definitive  treaty.    The  papers 
le  fhould  move  for,  related  to  three 
material  objeds.  The  firft  would  be  the 
treaty  of  Badajos,  concluded  between 
)pnn  and  Portugal.    His  fecond  mo- 
ion  would  be  fur  copies  of  fuch  con- 
ventions or  treaties  of  peace,  entered 
nto  between  Spain  and  Portugal  dur- 
ng  1801 ,  as  had  come  to  the  knowledge 
•fminiftcrs.  And  his  third,  for  copies 
>t  luch  treaties  as  had  been  concluded 
etween  France  and  Spain,  pending  the 
egociation  with   this  country.  He 
oncluded  with  moving,      lhat  an 
ddrefs  Ihould  be  prefented  to  his  Ma- 
^fty,  praying,  that  a  copy  of  the  trea- 
\^  of  Badnjos  between  France  and  Por- 
igal  fhould  be  laid  before  the  Houfc.'' 
l  ord  Hawk/bury  laid,  to  the  firft  motion 
-  the  Hon.  Gentleman,  he  fhould  not 
bjea  ;  nor  to  the  fecond,  if  it  related 
merely  to  the  treaty  of  Madrid,  and 
'as  fo  amended.    To  the  third,  he 
utt  objea;  becaufe  minifters  had  no 
tticial  cognizance  whatever  of  any 
eatics  concluded  between  France  and 
)ain  during  the  negociation.  The  firft 
Id  fecond  motions  were  agreed  to 
It  the  third  was  negatived.  Adjourn- 


431 


Thurfday,  May  6.  Lord  Temple,  in 
mphance  with  his  notice,  rofe  to 
3ve  tor  the  production  of  certain  pa- 
rs conneded  with  the  definitive  trea- 
■  Waving  fpokc  at  fome  length,  he 
nc  uded  by  moving  for  an  account 
ail  territorial  revenues  and  commer- 
\  duties  colleded  in  Malta,  finct  the 
cl  Hland  had  furrendered  to  his  Ma- 
y  s  arms,  diftinguifhing  the  amount 
each  year.  Ordered.  His  LordOiip 
n  moved,  That  an  humble  addrefs 


be  prefented  to  his  Majefty,  praying, 
that  he  would  be  gracioufly  pkafed  to 
order  to  belaid  before  the  Houfe,  a 
copy  of  the  treaty  of  peace  concluded 
at  Luneville,  between  France  and  Auf. 
ti  ia.  LordHawkefburyohjeded  to  the 
motion,  on  the  ground,  that  no  parlia- 
mentary  reafons  had  been  ftated  for 
the  produdion  of  fuch  a  documtni. 
The  treaty  of  Luneville  was  no  way 
alluded  to  in  the  definitive  treaty  of 
peace,  and  this  country  had  no  iharc 

negatived 

fnrmif'^/  ' -^^  ^^^^«"^>  ^"  ^On- 

-/n  '7^  r^''/u'''^'  role  to  move  for 
an  addrefs  of  thanks  to  his  Majefty,  for 
difmifling  the  Right  Hon.  WilLm  Pitt 
from  his  councils/'  Mr  Nicholl^  m  the 
courfe  of  a  long  fpeech,  wtnt  over  the 
ground  fo  often  touched  upon,  the  d\£^ 
aftersof  the  late  war,  and  concluded 
with  making  the  motion,  of  which 
the  preceding  words  are  a  copy.  Th- 
motion  being  feconded.  Lord  ilgrave 
rofe,  and  vindicated  Mr  P.tt  from  the 
Lame  which  had  been  caft  upon  him, 
and  propofed,  that  an  amendment 

-  ui^n  H      '''^''\  ^^'^ 
tnat   in  the  original  motion,  the  foU 

owing:--.-  t  is  the  opinion  of  this 
Huufe  by  the  wifdom,  energy,  and 
fir.rmefs  ot  his  Majchy's  counais  aid- 
ed  by  the  guidance  and  dirt dion  of  the 
late  adminiftration,  our  filets  and  ar- 
mies  have  been  fuccefsful ;  the  intereit 
ot  he  country  promoted;  its  iivcn^th 
Ignited  ;.ts  credit  and  commerce  up! 
hdd;  and  our  invaluahi.  conftitution 
preferved  againft  the  attacks  of  foreign 
and  domeftic  enemies.''  Mr  W  Thorn- 
ton feconded  the  amendment.  This 
amendment  produced  a  long  and  very 
nterefting  debate,  through  thich,  our 
l^^ms  prevent  us  to  go  tt  length  U 
was  rendered  remarkable  by  the  el o. 
qucnce  of  Mr  Erfkine,  Mr  Grey,  Mr 
Fox  and  Lord  Hawkefbury.  At  5  o'l 
clock,  the  motion  was  put,  th^it  thefc 
words  ftand  part  of  the  motion.  The 
motion,  as  amended  by  Lord  Be  Igrave's 
viZi   T  ^^-^--aniedonadi! 

refoiv u^"^  ^^^^  having 

refolycd  itfelf  into  a  Committee  of  Sap! 
ply,  the  neceflary  eftimates  were  refer- 
red to  the  Committee.  Mr  Serieant 
-oved,  That  88,000  men,  indudmg 
ii?;CQo  marines,  be  granted  fur  fea  fert 

vice 


Imperial  Parliament. 


432 


Vice  for  one  lunar  month."  The  fol- 
lowing funos  were  then  roted  for  de- 
fraying the  charges  of  the  faid  men  for 
one  lunar  month,  152,850!.  for  wages ; 
167,200!.  for  viaualling;  264>oool.  for 
wear  and  tear ;  22,000!.  for  ordnance. 
The  Secretary  at  War,  after  a  few  pre- 
fatory obfervations,  faid  it  was  propo- 
fed  to  reduce  the  cavalry  to  6970  men  ; 
the  annual  amount  of  expcnce  of  their 
maintenance,  would  be  296,o€o!.  A 
redudion  would  take  place  m  the  foot- 
j^uards,  of  91  men  in  each  company, 
and  live  battalions  of  infantry,  the 
a8ih  regiment  of  light  dragoons,  nov7 
lerving  in  Ireland,  and  ot  the  s7  regi- 
ments of  fencible  infantry,  the  total 
number  of  which  31,41a  nnen,  and  the 
faving  to  the  pubhc 563,483!.  annuallyo 
'  The  Mediterranean  and  Welt  India  re- 
giments would  be  reduced  6815  men ; 
ihe  expence  favcd,  64)5431'; 
tia  reduction  would  Itand  at  78,189 
men,  and  the  neccflary  expence  wouid 
be  ertimated  at  1,305,500!.  The  total 
Eumber  of  men  reduced,  wouid  be 
121,400,  and  the  faving  to  the  public 
11,004,621!.  The  Secretary  then  mov- 
rd,  that  the  number  of  land-forces  for 
Great  Britain,  be  61,776  men,  includ- 
ing 7000  invalids.  Agreed  to.  23,000 
land-torccs  were  voted  for  the  fervice 
cf  Ireland  ;  and  the  following  fams,  to 
defray  the  charges  for  the  army  in  the 
different  places;  202,555'-  for  gi^ards 
and  garrifons;  61,1981.  for  ditto  Ire- 
land; 196,4981.  for  ditto  plantations  ; 
sio,424l.  for  fcncibles  in  Great  Britain; 
42,695!.  for  ditto  in  Ireland  ;  I33j326I. 
for  ordnance  fervice.  The  Houle  re- 
lumed. Report  to  be  received  to-mor- 
low. 

Wednefday,  May  12.  Dr  Laurence 
rofe  to  make  his  promifed  motion  re- 
lative to  the  produdion  of  fuch  papers, 
as  he  conceived  neceffary  to  be  in  the 
poflefTion  of  the  Houfe.  He  moved 
firft,  for  the  ftatement  or  account  of 
the  feveral  acquilitions  made  by  France 
on  the  ccafts  of  Coromandel  and  Orif- 
fa,  from  the  year  1748  to  the  year  1763  ; 
and,  that  the  Directors  of  the  Eait  In- 
dia Company  be  ordered  to  prefent  the 
fame.  Loid  Temple  feconded  the  mo- 
tion. Mr  Dundas  replied.  After  which, 
Dr  Laurence's  tiring  of  motions  was 
put  and  negatived. 

Thurfd;?y,  May  13.  Sir  H.  Peyton 
took  the  oaths  and  his  feat  for  Cam- 
iridgcfbirc.  Mr  WiiKlham,  purfuant 


Vol.  64. 


to  notice,  rofe  to  call  the  attention  ot 
the  houfe  to  the  definitive  treaty  be- 
tween this  country  and  the  French  Re- 
public.   Mr  Windham  went  at  great 
length  in  difcufTmg  the  fubjed,  and' 
moved,  **  That  an  humble  addrefs  be 
pfefcnted  to  his  M^^jefty,  alluring  him, 
that  the  lloufe  had  fully  conlidered  the 
definitive  treaty  laid  before  them,  and 
acknowledged  the  Royal  Prerogative, 
as  to  the  queflion  of  peace  or  war  ; 
that  they  confidtr  it  their  duty  to  pre- 
ferve  inviolate  the  public  faith,  as  pled- 
ged nn  the  faid  treaty  ;  yet,  notwith- 
llanding,  they  cannot  conceal  from  his 
Majefty,  the  painful  apprchenfions  they 
entertauj,  as  tO  the  confcquences  which, 
to  them,  appear  likely  to  lefult  to 
the  country  from  the  conclufion  of  that 
peace,  nor  withhold  their  advice  to 
their  Sovereign,  in  order  to  avert,  with 
the  afiillance  of  Divine  Providence,  the 
dangers  with  which  this  country  is  fur- 
rounded  ;  as  they  cannot,  without  dread 
and  alarm,  contemplate  the  continued 
and  lyltematic  proje(^ts  of  aggrandize- 
ment on  the  part  of  France,  with  the 
large  acceflion  of  power  and  territory 
made  by  that  country,  at  the  moment 
of  ncgociation.    The  claihing  interefta 
which  had  been  left  unadjufted,  and 
the  unavoidable  difputes  left  open,  and 
above  all,  the  preponderance  left  in  the 
bauds  of  France,  by  relinquifhing  the 
great    bulwarks  of    war;   by  which 
means,  the  Britilh  Government,  in  the 
event  of  the  removal  of  hoftilities, 
would  be  expofed  to  greater  dangers 
and  difficulties  than  the  ncceffiti^s  of 
circumftances  warranted,  or  obliged 
the  country  to  fubmit  to.    The  Houft 
therefore,  relying  on  his  Majefty's  wif- 
dom  and  paternal  affedion  for  his  peo. 
pie,  humbly  recommend  to-  his  Majef- 
ty, to  keep  a  vigilant  eye  over  the  ac- 
tions of  our  late  enemy,  afi'uring  his 
Majefty,  at  the  fame  time,  of  their  rea- 
dinefb  to  co-operate  with  him  in  refitt- 
ing every  encroachment  and  innovatior 
whatever,  which  may  hereafter  be  at- 
tempted  on  the  maritime,  commercial, 
and  colonial  rights  of  the  country,  anc 
they  trult,  that  his  Majefty  will  approve 
of  their  earneft  defire  to  fupport  thofc 
rights,  by  a  fcale  of  naval  awd  mihtary 
defence,  commenfurate  to  the  impead- 
ing  danger,  and  of  their  anxiety  for  ft* 
curing  the  permanency  of  the  tr^* 
quillity  now  accomplilhed  ;  for  tW 
mere    cfFcilual    accompliihment  ^1 

whiclJi 


May  i8c2.  Imperial  Parliament.  433 


yhich,  they  would  recommend  a  fpeedy 
attempt  towards  an  amicable  adju la- 
ment of  thofe  points  not  included  in 
the  treaty,  which  might  furniih  ground 
for  future  doubt  and  difpute;  and 
which  they  have  been  induced  to  offer 
to  his  Majefty's  notice,  from  the  fin- 

-  (ove  and  attachment  they  bear  to 
Sovtrcign,  and  their  earncft  foli- 
ri  .rJf  for  the  liappinefs  and  welfare  of 
the  country  at  large,  by  procuring  (la- 
bility to  a  fafe  and  r^al  peace-"  Lord 
FolkRone  fcconded  the  motion.  Ahtr 
which,  Loid  Ilawkeroury  rofe,  and  in 
a  fpeech,  evincing  great  biitorical  re- 
fearch,  and  the  moR  extenfive  acquain- 
tance with  th^  political  and  commer- 
cial interelts  of  the  country,  complete- 
ly defended  the  prefcnt  treaty  from  all 
attacks  that  had  been  made  upo;i  it. 
His  Lordil^ip  concluded  by  moving 
an  amendment  to  the  following  t1fev5t : 
That  all  the  words  after  the/  word 

that,"  as  it  firft  occurred  in  the  ori- 
ginal motion,  be  omitted.  That  the 
Houfe  do  approve  of  the  definitive  trea- 
ty, as  agreeable  to  the  preiiminary  ar- 
ticles; that,  a^  they  have  viewed,  with 
the  greateft  fatisfadion,  the  defeat  of 
hU  perfidious  attempts  abroad,  and 
traiterous  dcligns  at  home  ;  that  they 
do  congratulate  his  Majefty,  that  his 
dominions  have  been  preferved  entire, 
and  that  the  wealth,  commerce,  and 
trade  of  the  country  have  been  unim- 
piired  and  incrcafed  ;  that  they  are  ear- 
neitly  deiirous  to  concur  witii  his  Ma- 
jeily,  in  promoting  and  rendering  per- 
manent me  bitiTiags  of  peace;  that 
|hey,  however,  perfc^ly  rely  upon  the 
wifdom  and  vigilance  of  his  Majel^Y? 
in.  adopting  every  meafure  which  may 
be  necefAry  to  prepare  tor  any  vicii- 
litude  or  change  in  the  iVue  of  public 
adairs;  and,  that  the  Houie  are  ready 
lo  fupport  his  Majefty  in  thole  aflur- 
ances,  with  their  live^  and  property,  m 
as  ioyai  a  manner  as  during  the  laie 
conteu."  Mr  Pole  Wellefley  feconded 
the  morion. 

Mr  T.  Grenville  mide  fome  obferva- 
tions  on  the  treaty  of  peace,  as  did  Mr 
Duudas  refpeding  fome  millakts  with 
refpect  to  the  renewal  of  the  treaties 
between  this  country  and  France.  Af- 
Ici  he  had  fat  down.  General  Gafcoigne 
moved  the  adjournment  of  the  debate. 
After  a  few  words  from  Mr  Addington 
and  Mr  Pitt,  Mr  Grey  and  Mr  Slieri- 
dan,  the  quell  ion  was  loudly  called 
Vol.  LXIV. 


for,  and  the  houfe  divided  on  Genera! 
Gafcoigne's  motion.  For  the  adjourn- 
ment  185;  Againft  it  .137.  Majority  4 J^. 
Adjourned  about  3  o'clock. 

Friday,  May  14.  The  order  of  the 
day  being  read  for  rt fuming  the  ad- 
journed debate,  on  the  addrcA  to  his 
Majelly,  on  the  concluhon  of  peace — 
Sir  William  Young  faid  it  was  obvious, 
that  the  peace  offered  no  fatisfaciory 
grounds  of  real  fecurity,  fmce  minifters 
themiclves  acknowledged  the  neceflity 
of  keeping  up,  in  the  time  of  tranquilli- 
ty,an  exptnlive  military  dcitniivc  lorce. 
Lord  Caillertragh  faid,  that  in  advert- 
ing to  the  acquilitions  made  by  France, 
the  firll  that  engaged  his  attention, 
was,  the  poffcliiim  of  Louitiana ;  but 
the  poficihon  of  Louifiana  docs  wot  fo 
far  add  to  the  dilfcrence  of  iecurity 
arifing  from  the  change  in  the  prelimi- 
nary articles  and  the  definitive  treaty, 
as  to  reader  it  wife  to  avoid  all  pacifi- 
cation. He  did  rvot  rank  Malta  fo  high, 
as  to  its  commercial  advantages ;  as  to 
ourfclves,  we  Itood  in  a  htuation  of 
great  ftciirityj  we  had  ftrength  and  re- 
fources  lulticient  to  enable  us  to  con- 
tinue the  ftruggle,  if  firch  v/ere  necef- 
fary.  General  Maitland  faid  there  ap- 
peared to  be  great  difference  in  opinion 
amon>^  gentlemen,  refpcding  the  nevsr 
boundaries  of  the  French  and  Porlu- 
guefe  territories  in  South  America.  But 
the  belt  quarter  to  receive  information 
from,  on  this  fubjttft,  was  the  opinion 
of  the  contracting  parties  themfclves, 
who  had  the  greateit  iiitereft  in  the 
bufmefs.  Ttie  more  he  conhdered  the 
fubjedt  before  the  houfe,  and  the  more 
he  viewed  the  conduct  of  hi?  Majefty's 
miniitcrrs  it)  making,  peace,  the  more 
hi  inly  was  he  ptrfuaded,  that  it  was  a. 
peace,  as  good  as  honourable,  and  as 
hkely  to  be  permanent,  as  any  which, 
under  the  prefcnt  circumllarices  of 
Europe,  could  be  obtained  for  this 
country.  Lord  Temple  contended  we 
had  not  gained  any  fecurity  for  the 
future  in  this  peace,  for  he  would  ap- 
peal to  the  commercial  part  of  tnc 
community,  whofe  fentiments  he  was 
wv.ll  'acquainted  with,  whether  the 
treaty  or  peace  fecured  to  'the m  their 
commercial  advantages.  The  Maiitr 
of  the  Rolls  faid  with  refpcet  to  the 
acquifitious  of  France,  he  vvilhed  it  to 
be  underfiood,  that  ntither  peace,  nor 
any  war,  which  it  was  in  the  power  of 
this  country  10  carry  on,  co'JA  wreit 
3  M  thejn 


434 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


them  from  her.  But  it  h^^  been  fiifl, 
there  was  no  abfolute  nectfiity  for  ma- 
king peace  ;  to  that  he  would  reply, 
that  whenever  the  nation  ccafc-d  to 
have  any  rational  profpt(5ts  of  bettering 
her  condition,  by  can  ying  on  the  war, 
fhe  was  then  under  a  moral  necefllty 
of  putting  an  end  to  it — even  if  fhe 
fhould  be  able  to  jro  on  with  it.  With 
regard  to  Louifiara,  the  v.^iue  of  the 
country  was  too  well  knou  n,  to  pre- 
vent anv  alarm,  from  its  getting  into 
the  pofllfllon  of  France — Having  re- 
counted the  principal  grounds  (jf  op- 
pofition  to  the  terms  of  peace,  he  tt  u'l- 
ed,  he  faid,  that  that  ptace  would  be 
found  to  anfwer  all  the  purpofcs  of  pi- 
citication.  Dodlor  Laurence,  Colon*-! 
FuUarton,  ar,.!  Mr  Wyrme,  exprefTed 
themfelve'i  diflatisfied  with  the  terms 
of  the  dcfinitivf  treaty.  The  Chancel- 
lor of  the  Exchequer  faid,  that  at  fo 
late  an  hour,  he  fliould  dwell  upon 
the  points  he  had  to  fpeak  upon,  as 
little  as  poflible.  If  ariy  thing  could 
diminifh  tht  rtgret  he  fcU,  it  was  the 
conliderations  urged  by  his  learned 
friend  ;  that  afltr  a  war,  attended  with 
fo  much  concern  to  the  country,  vve 
Wert  now  debating,  whether  we  Ihould 
conclude  a  definitive  treaty  or  not. 
The  tendencv  of  all  the  arguments  on 
the  oppofite  fide  of  the  houfe,  he  con- 
tended, were  evidently  to  cenfure 
thofe,  who  had  adviftd  his  Majel^y  U) 
in. ike  peace.  He  allowed  the  defini- 
tive treaty  differed  from  the  prelimi- 
nary articles,  in  five  points,  viz.  New- 
foundland, the  prifoners,  Portugal, 
Malta,  and  the  Cape,  but  f.om  the 
two  latter  alone,  all  the  danger,  if  any, 
could  arife.  Mr  Sheridan  reviewed 
the  fubjed",  in  a  fpeech,  fo  replete  wiih 
humour,  as  to  excite  continued  burfts 
of  laughter,  fo  loud,  that  manv  of  the 
points  were  loft  ;  at  the  conclufion,  he 
moved  the  following  amendment.  "We 
humbly  reprefent  to  his  MrjcHy,  that 
the  omifiion  of  various  opportLnities 
of  negociating  a  peace  with  advantage 
to  this  country,  and  more  efpecialiy 
the  rejedion  of  the  overtures,  made  by 
the  chief  conful  of  France  in  January 


1800,  appear  to  this  houfe,  to  have  led* 
to  a  fiate  of  affairs,  which  rendered 
peace  fo  neceffary,  as  to  juOify  the  im- 
portant and  painful  facrificcs  which' 
his  Majefty  has  been  advifrd  to  make 
for  the  attainment  thereof." 

After  fom.e  obfervatioris  from  fcveral 
members,  Mr  Wyndham  faid,  that  af- 
ter fo  full  a  difculfion,  he  would  not 
take  up  the  time  of  the  houfe,  in  en- 
tering into  a  general  reply.  The  gal-' 
k'ly  was  then  cleared,  and  the  houfci 
divided.  For  Mr  Windhan/s  motion, 
10, ■  Againft  it,  276 — 256.  The  aunnd- 
ments  of  Mr  Sheridan  and  Mr  Botive- 
rie  were  negatived,  and  the  amendment 
by  Lord  Ilawkefbury  was  adopted 
without  a  divifion.  Adjourned  at  j 
o'clock  in  the  morning.    *  ' 

May  17.  On  the  n\olion  of  the  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer,  the  houfe  re- 
folvfd  itfcif  into  a  committee  upon  the 
ads  1786  ar  d  1792,  refpeding  the  fink- 
ing fund.  He  tiicn  moved,  that  it  is 
the  opinion  of  the  committee,  that  the 
fever.d  fums,  applicable  to  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  national  debt,  fhall  be  con- 
foliflated  into  one,  together  with  the 
addition  of  L- 200,000  per  annum,  &c. 
Agreed  to,  "  Hf-  then  moved,  that  an 
additional  fum  of  L.  200,000  be  grant- 
ed to  his  Majefty  annually,  from  the 
21  ft  nf  January  1803  ?  verted  \v. 

commifjioners,  under  the  a<5t,  for  the 
redudibn  of  the  national  debt. 

Tuefday,  May  18.  The  houfe  refolv- 
ed  itfelf  into  a  comrnitt^e,  on  the  cot- 
ton apprentice  bill,  Lord  Belgrave 
wifhed,  ih.it  the  provifions  of. the  bill, 
fhould  extend  to  children,  employed  iu 
cotton  nianufa^toricf^,  who  were  ne  t 
ai)prentices.  Sir  R.  Peele  made  fome 
obfervations  upon  this  propolition. 
Lord  Stanley  propofed  an  an^endmenr, 
that  the  words,  or  other  children,  em- 
ployed in  any  of  thefe  manufaLtories, 
fliould  be  added.  After  this  amend- 
ment was  wiihdrawri,  and  fome  others 
of  a  trifling  nature  being  adoptee!,  the 
report  v  as  received,  and  orderic-i  to  be 
further  confidered  on  Thurfday  next. 
JiriouriJtdo         r      ,  . 


MONTHLY 


'  May  1802. 


435 


MONTHLY  REGISTER, 


FOREIGN  INTELLIGENCE. 

FRANCE. 

A  code  of  laws  has  been  fubmitted 
to  the  Legiilative  Body  upon  the  im- 
portant fubjed  of  public  inftrudion. 
I  It  is  propoied  to  eltablifh  primary 
[  fchools,  fecondary  fchocds,  Lyceums, 
*  fpeciai  fchools,  and  a  fpecial  military 
ichool. — The  iiudents  at  32  Lyceums 
:  are  to  be  6400,  of  which  2400  are  to 
be  fent  and  paid  for  by  the  Govern- 
:mentj  the  relt  being  mamtained  and 
r  paid  for  by  their  parenti.  fhefe  itu- 
i  dents,  it  is  to  be  obforved,  are  to  be 
[  boarded  and  taught  at  the  public  ex- 
^  pence,  at  the  rate  of,  on  the  average, 
700  iivres,  upwards  of  30I,  a  piece.— 
I  This  too  is  over  and  above  the  miUtary 
I  colleges,  which  arc  to  have  very  great 
I  advantages,  and  are  altogether  under 
[  the  Confulate.,  The  whole  expence 
I  will  be  about  330,000!.  a-year. 
I  Paris  papers  have  been  received  to 
^  the  5th  inft.  inciuhve.—The  piincipal 
I  article  in  which  relates  to  the  official 
.information  that  has  been  again  given 
to  the  French  public,  of  the  prohibition 
of  Englilh  manufadured  articles,  par- 
ticularly thofe  of  the  potteries. 

One  of  the  reports  of  Paris  is,  that 
'an  Imperial  diadem  is  to  be  offered  to 
Bonaparte,  which  he  will  gracioully 
refufe,  but /)^77/22f  the  Confulate  to  be- 
come hereditary  in  his  family,  or  be  at 
ills  difpofal  by  will! 

HOLLAND. 

The  Dutch  and  Hamburgh  mails 
•hat  were  due  have  arrived.  By 
he  former,  the  intelligence  is  con- 
"med  of  the  Definitive  Treaty  having 
^een  ratified  by  the  Legiilative  Body 
H  the  Batavian  Republic  on  the  i5th  ; 
^ndthe  fame  day  the  ratification  was 
mnounced  amidlt  thunders  of  applauic 
•o  the  Council  of  State.  The  joy 
^vhich  this  event  has  diffufed  among  all 
<  fai^ks  of  people  in  the  Republic  is  uu« 


bounded.  On  the  17th  a  courier  fet 
oft' from  the  Hague  to  Paris  wuh  the 
ratification. 

A  Dutch  mail  arrived  on  Monday 
morning.  The  accounts  frutn  Rotter^ 
dam  talk  of  commercial  treaties  be- 
tween England,  Francs,  and  Holland, 
being  in  gieat  forwardneis. 

SWEDEN. 

The  Gazette  announces  the  fatisfac- 
tory  information  of  the  final  acceffion 
of  the  Coui  ts  of  Copenhagen  and  Stock-^ 
holm  to  the  convenrion  of  St  Peterf- 
burgh  on  the  17th  of  June  laft.— And 
to  ihew  that  the  late  Northern  Con. 
federacy  is  now  finally  and  fully  dif- 
avowed  by  Sweden,  which  is  fuppofed 
to  have  had  the  greatelf  ihare  in  bring- 
ing It  to  maturity,  it  is  diltinaiy  avow^ 
ed,  *'  That  as  the  motives  which  had 
occafioned  the  late  revival  of  the  fyf. 
tem  of  the  armed  neutrality  were  now 
happily  done  away,  that  fyftem  is  con- 
fidered  by  the  Court  of  Sweden  as 
completely  annulled  and  abandoned, 
not  only  as  a  general  code  of  maritime 
law,  but  even  in  its  mure  limited-  mean- 
ing of  a  fpecific  engagcmenc  betweea 
Ruflia  and  the  other  confederates.'' 

PORTUGAL, 

Reports  were  in  circulation  during 
the  lalt  fortnight,  reipeding  advices  ot 
an  unpleaiant  nature,  faid  to  have  bee^i 
received  from  Liibon.  The  arrival  of 
the  Conilance  fiigate  at  Foitfmouth 
has  explained  ibme  of  the  particulars.— 
Captain  Mudge,  of  the  above  fiicrate, 
arrived  in  town  on  Wednefdav^'laft, 
and  on  Friday  a  Privy  Council  was 
held,  to  hear  his  relation  of  the  tranf- 
acfion  m  quellion.  It  appears  that, 
under  the  fuppofition  of  that  officer's 
having  been  concerned  in  the  practice 
of  fmuggling  prohibited  n:erchandize, 
the  Court  of  Liibon  had  haltily  order- 
ed  him  and  the  crews  of  two  barges 
under  confinement.— An  invefiigation 


foreign  Intelligence. 


■  Vol.  64. 


into  the  allejjed  charges  was  inftantly 
detnanded  Ly  our  LVlmiiter,  >2nd  the  re- 
fuit  proved  the  injuflice  of  the  accula- 
tion,  and  Captain  Mudgc  and  his  crews 
'were  liberated.  The  Condance  was 
then  ordered  home,  in  order  that  the 
ciicumttances  miglit  be  fully  explained 
to  oar  Court,  and  a  proper  apology  be 
demanded. 

GERMANY. 

The  Diet  of  Ratifbon  has  anTemblcd, 
and  the  affair  of  the  indemnities  will 
foon  be  finally  arranged. 

The  attention  of  the  Court  of  Vienna 
is  much  occupied  with  the  internal  ii- 
tuation  of  Turl^ey.  Bofnia  continu'.  s 
to  be  the  theatre  of  the  greateit  dif- 
order.  Sarago  and  Trawnick  are  me- 
naced by  the  rebels.  Nor  is  rebellion 
the  only  icourge  that  deiblates  the 
country.  The  horrors  of  the  plague 
aggravate  the  general  milery,  and  at 
barago  the  number  of  daily  victims  to 
that  tremendous  atHi^liion  is  very  great. 
The  ftridltll  meafures  have  been  a- 
tlopted  on  the  Auiirian  frontiers  to 
prevent  all  communication  with  the 
Turks. 

ST  DOMlxsGO. 

TViC  Mcnitrur  contains  long  details 
from  St  Domingo.  Thefe  details,  how- 
ever, arc  curious  and  interelling — 
They  contain  an  account  of  the  beha- 
viour of  Toufiaint  at  the  light  of  his 
two  children,  whom  General  Leclerc 
fent  to  him  under  the  care  of  their  tu- 
tor. He  embraced  them  very  tender- 
ly, and  was  moved  even  to  tears.  The 
tutor  feized  that  opportunity  for  the 
purpoic-  of  prevailing  upon  him  to  fub- 
mit  to  the  nevv'  Governor.  He  afked 
him  v/hether  he  was  the  friend  of 
France  ?  He  replied  that  he  was. — The 
children  then  informed  him  of  the 
g-ood  treatment  tiiey  had  experienced, 
and  of  the  declaration  vvhicn  the  Chief 
Ccnful  had  made  to  them  with  refpeft 
to  their  father.  A  letter  from  the 
Chief  Conful  was  delivered  to  him, 
wiih  which  he  appeared  to  be  much 
pleafed. — The  tutor  then  endeavoured 
to  perfuade  him  to  repair  to  the  Cape. 
His  efforts  were  ineffectual  ;  but  he 
v^as  requeited  by  TouiTaint  to  write  to 
General  Leclerc,  to  fufpend  all  attack, 
and  that  he  would  on  his  part  iffue  h- 
niilar  orders.    The  tutor  at  length  pre- 


vailed upon  him  to  write  himfelf  to 
Leclerc,  and  to  fend  hii  letter  by 
his  two  fons  and  the  perOm  who 
had  the  care  of  another  of  his  chil- 
dren. •  Leclerc  i'ent  an  immediate  anf- 
wer  back  by  the  fons,  affuring  Tou(* 
faint  that  he  would  forget  what  was 
paft,  and  that  he  would  make  him  his 
Firlt  Lieutenant  if  he  would  repair  to 
the  Cape.  Thefe  offers  were  not  pro- 
ductive of  any  effedl,  and  Touffaint's. 
fole  objcdl  in  entering  into  a  corref- 
pondence  with  the  French  General 
ieems  to  have  been  to  gam  time. 

The  Moniteur  contains  a  long  extra6l 
from  the  regirtcr  of  the  deliberations  of 
the  Municipal  Adminidration  of  Capo 
Francois.  This  extract  (liews  that  the 
municipal  ofncejs  and  the  inhabitants 
wiihed  to  receive  the  French  troops  a- 
micably,  but  that  their  wiflies  were 
oppoicd  by  the  black  General  Clnif- 
tophe,  the  Governor  of  the  Cape,  whc 
relilted  the  repeated  entreaties  and  re-i 
prefentations  made  to  him  to  fubmit< 
declaring  that  he  recognized  no  chiel 
but  Touifaint ;  that  he  would  let  fire 
to  the  earth  rather  than  let  the  fled 
anchor  in  the  harbour.  Our  reader; 
already  know  that  Chriftophe  did  fe 
fire  to  Cape  Town,  which  was  burnt 
He  previcully  fent  out  6f  the  town  thf 
old  men,  women,  and  children,  whi 
iuffered  great  hardfhips,  being  withoiv 
a  home  or  relf  ing-place,  their  property 
having  almoft  all  been  confunitd,  an( 
their  lives  in  momentary  danger  of  be 
ing  facrificed  by  the  ferocious  biacl 
General. 

INDIA. 

The  new  arrangement  with  the 
bob  of  Oude  has  not  been  correal 
ft  ate  d.  By  a  treaty  between  Saaddll 
Ally*,  the  prefent  Nabob,  and  the  Hot 
H.  Welk'fly,  concluded  at  Lucknow,  0 
the  loth  of  November,  iSoi,  his  Higt 
nefs  has  ceded  to  the  company,  in  pei 
petual  fovereignty,  a  certain  portion  i 
his  territory,  in  lieu  of  the  subsidy 
ly  granted  by  him  to  the  Compa|rtr 
troops.  The  revenue  of  this  cc^W 
territory  amounts  to  one  million  tb|« 
hundred  thoufand  pounds  fterling.  % 
H.  Wellefly  is  appointed  Lieut.- Goire; 
nor,  Mcff.  Leflie,  M.  Seaton,  and  Ejiii 
belle,  Commiffroncrs  for  the  manage 
merit  of  this  country  ;  and  Meff.  Le; 
cef!:cr,  Deane^  3tc.  colleUi^rs. 


May  1802. 


British  Intelligence. 


437 


BRITISH  INTELLIGENCE. 

FROM  THE  LONDON  GAZETTE, 

At  the  Court  at  St  James's,  April  21. 
1802. 

PRESENT, 

The  King's  Mod  Excellent  Majefty  in 
Council. 

This  day  the  Right  Hon.  Edward 
Lord  Ellcnborough,  Lord  Chief  Juftice 
of  his  Majefty 's  Court  of  King's  Bench, 
was,  by  his  Majetty's  command,  iworn 
one  of  his  Majeily's  Moft  Hon.  Privy 
Council,  and  took  his  place  at  the 
board  accordingly. 

fVhitehall,  April  24. 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  con- 
flitute  and  appoint  the  Right  Hon. 
Francis  Lord  Napier  to  be  his  Majef- 
ty's  High  Commiffioner  to  the  General 
Ailembly  of  the  Church  of  Scotland. 

BY  THE  KING, 

A  PROCLAMATION. 

George  R. 
Whereas  a  Definitive  Treaty  of  Peace 
and  frienddiip  between  us,  the  French 
Republic,  his  Catholic  Majefty,  and 
the  Batavian  Republic,  hath  been  con- 
cluded at  Amiens,  on  the  27th  day  of 
March  lait,  and  the  Ratifications  there- 
of have  been  duly  exchanged  :  In  con- 
formity thereunto,  we  have  thought 
fit  hereby  to  command  that  the  fame 
be  publiiiied  throughout  all  our  domi- 
r;ions  :  And  we  do  declare  to  all  our 
loving  fubjects  our  will  and  pieafure, 
that  the  faid  treaty  of  peace  and  friend- 
ihip  be  obferved  inviolably  as  well  by 
fea  as  land,  and  in  all  places  whatfo- 
ever  ;  ftridtly  charging  and  com.mand- 
ing  all  our  loving  iubjed:s  to  take  no- 
tice hereof,  and  to  conform  thcmfelves 
thereunto  accordingly. 

Given  at  our  Court  at  Wiudfor,  the 
twcnty-fixth  day  of  Apnlone  thou- 
fand  eight  hundred  and  two,  in 
the  forty -fecond  year  of  our  reign. 
GOD  SAVE  THE  KING. 
Admiralty-Office^  April  29, 
This  day,  in  purfuance  of  the  King's 
pieafure,  the  following  Flag  Officers  of 
his  Majcliy's  fleet  were  promoted,  viz. 

Vice- Admirals  of  the  Red — James 
A^igot,  Efq.  Ri^ht  Flon.  William  Lord 


Radftock — To  be  Admirals  of  the  Blue. 

Vicc-Admnrals  of  the-  White — Alex- 
ander Graeme,  Elq.  George  Keppsl, 
Efq. — To  be  Vice- Admirals  of  the  Red, 

Vice- Admirals  ot  the  Blue — Charles 
Chamberlayrie,  Efq.  Peter  Rainier,  Ef<:i« 

—  To  he  Vice- Admirals  of  the  White, 
Rear-Admirals  of  the  Red-— Sir  Geo. 

Home,  Bart.  Sir  Charles  Corton,  Bart. 

—  To  be  Vice- Admirals  of  the  Blue, 
Rcar-Admirals  of  the  White — 'Joha 

Willett  Payne,  Efq.  Sir  Pvobert  Calder, 
\Sd.vt,— -To  be  Rear- Admirals  of  the  Rei. 

Carleton-House,  May  10, 
The  Prince  of  vVales  has  been  pieaf- 
ed  to  appoint  VS'  illiam  Adam,  Efq.one 
of  his  Majefty 'sCounlel,  to  be  ms  Koyad 
Highnefs's  Solicitor  Geneial. 

St  jfumes^s^  JVLay  13, 
The  King  was  this  day  pleafed  to 
confer  the  honour  of  Knighthood  oa 
William  Rawlins,  Efq,  ShciirF of  Lon- 
don. 

St  Jameses  May  1 9 . 

The  King  was  this  day  pleafed  to 
confer  the  honour  of  Knighthood  on 
Thomas  Manners  Sutton,  Efq.  Solici- 
tor-General to  his  Majedy. 

The  King  was  this  day  alfo  pleafed 
to  confer  the  honour  of  Knight  hood  on 
John  Pinhorn,  of  Ningwood-Hjufe,  m 
the  lile  of  Wioht,  Efq. 


LONDON. 

April  24.  The  Hon.  Mr  Plt  rrepoint 
arrived  in  town  at  two  o'clock  on  Wed- 
nefday  morning,  with  the  ratiftcatio:! 
of  the  French  Government  of  the  de- 
finitive treaty.  The  ratification  by  the 
Spaniih  Government  was  received  at 
Paris.  The  ratification  by  the  B  it  ivi- 
an  Government  was  not  arnved  when 
Mr  Pitrrepoint  left  t^aris,  but  was 
hourly  expe^ed. 

28.  Letters  from  Pcter/burgh  ftr.te^ 
that  Lord  Carysfort  is  to  fuccecd  Lord 
Si  Helens  at  that  Court.  General  Ber- 
thier  is  appointed  AmbalTador  from 
France  to  our  Court.  Upon  his  arrival 
in  this  country  M.  Oito  will  depart  for 
America. 

30.  Peace  was  folemnly  proclaimed 
yeiterday,  v.dth  the  ufual  ceremoiiia]^, 
and  with  a  degree  of  pomp,  pernaps 
r:evtr  before  witneflVd  on  fo  joyful  aa 
occafton.    The  aufpicious  da^s 


438 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


truft,  will  be  long  remembered  as  one 
of  the  brightcft  in  the  annals  of  the  Bn- 
tilli  hiftoi  y — a  day  that  has  at  length 
put  an  end  to  the  public  folicitude, 
and  rtftorcd,  thron^,h  the  goodncfs  of 
Divine  Providence,  Ihofcbleflings  which 
can  be  only  appreciated  by  the  depri- 
vation of  theni. 

Mny  7.  A  Third Ne<w  Planet-— By  the 
excellence  of  modern  glaflVs,  arid  the 
<it:i»gt:iictf  of  modern  altronomtr>,  an- 
ott;cr  difcovery  has  now  been  made,  to 
be  added  to  thofc  of  the  Ht  rlchc)  and 
iiiidPiazzi  Planets.  Dr  OlUrs,  ar  Brc- 
nteii,  on  the  28th  of  March,  found  a 
third,  which,  by  a  niagnifving  power 
of  100  times,  appearif  of  afcniible  ma^- 
iiitudc,  but  of  a  feeble,  pale  red  li^ht. 

Tuefday,  R.  Bakr^udly  formerly  a 
cUrk  in  thf  B  ink  of  Eui^dand,  was  in- 
dided  for  fecretmg  and  eiYdnzzling  a 
Bank  Note,  value  50I.  the  property  of 
the  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Bank 
of  England, 

9.  At  meeting  heldyeftcrday  at  Lloyd's 
Coffee-houfe,  toconlider  on  the  money 
raifed  fora  ftatue  to  Mr  Pitt,  it  was  re- 
folved,  that  the  money  Ihould  be  laid 
out  at  intereft  until  after  his  demife. 

11,  On  Tuefday  the  Lord  Mayor  or- 
dered the  price  of  bread  to  be  lower- 
<.J  half  an  aiFiz^:. — The  Quartern  loaf 
wheatcn  will  be  9id,  and  the  Houfe- 
hokl  7^d. 

George  Rofe,  Efq;  fen.  M.  P.  nar- 
rowly cfcaped  drowning  on  Monday 
laft.  Between  three  and  four  o'clock 
be  left  the  Parliament  Houfe,  for  the 
purpcfe  of  cromng  the  Tiianies,  to  the 
lieighbourhood  of  the  Palace,  in  Lam- 
beth, where  his  horfes  were  waiting  for 
him.  With  that  view  he  went  to  the 
Wooden  Wharf^at  Palace  yard,  where 
he  took  a  boat ;  but,  as  it  pulhed  off, 
and  before  he  fat  down,  he  fell  back- 
wards into  the  river.  The  boat  fnot 
away  from  him,  the  tide  was  high,  the 
water  was  ten  feet  deep,  and  from  the 
'incumbrance  of  his  boot^:,  he  was  the 
more  unable  to  make  any  txcrtion  to 
fave  himfelf.  Fortunately  a  barge  was 
paffing  at  the  time,  and  one  of  tiie 
bargemen  feized  hold  of  his  leg,  and 
extricated  him  from  this  perilous  iitu- 
ation.  He  was  very  much  exhauftcd  ; 
and  had  he  been  a  minute  longer  in  the 
water,  the  accident  might  have  proved 
fatal'    He  gave  the  bargcmeu  a  ^uinea^ 


and  a  hackeny  coach  being  called,  he 
was  put  into  it,  and  drove  to  hiahouic 
in  Palacc-yard. 

uin  amaz'w^  Brnd'm^^  E^^e. 

Mr  Tho.  Ward,  at  Oaken,  near  Wol- 
verhampton, has  a  ewe  of  the  true  Lei- 
ctlferfhire  breed,  that  has  brought 
fixteen  lau.bs,  at  three  limes  breeding, 
and  in  kfs  than  two  ytais,  viz.  hx  at 
one  time,  and  tive  at  each  other.  The 
greatell  part  of  them  wrre  lambed  a- 
live,  and  reared.  Thofc  firll  lambtd 
art  now  very  fine  flieep. 

24.  Yefterday  morning,  about  four 
o'clock,  the  foldier  on  guard  difcover- 
ed  that  a  tire  had  broke  out  at  ihe  De- 
pofitory  in  Woolwich  Waireii.  '1  he 
.il.iirn  bells  ^cre  rung,  ti  e  drums  beat 
to  arms,  vrhcn  every  ctfort  was  imme- 
tiiatcly  idld  to  (lop  its  ptogrcfs,  but  it 
was  niit  got  under  till  very  conliderabie 
damage  was  done. 

The  Marquis  Wclkfley  is  expedlcd  to 
proceed  to  iiurope,  immediately  on  his 
retur.i  from  Lucknow,  without  refum- 
ing  his  fundions  at  the  feat  of  Govern- 
ment. Mr  B/irlow,  who  wa^^appoint- 
ed  fucctii'orto  his  Lordfhip  in  cafe  of 
deaih  or  fudden  return,  wiil  of  courie* 
cxticile  the  duties  of  the  high  office  till 
the  appointment  is  fettled  at  home. 


SCOTLAND. 

May  4.  The  proclamation  of  Peace 
took  place  at  Edinburgh  this  day.  The 
following  arc  the  forms  obferved  on  the 
occafion  : — 

The  Officers  of  the  Lord  Lyon  King 
at  Arms  afiembkd  at  the  Parlia- 
ment Houfe,  and  proceeded  from  thence 
to  the  crofs,  at  o'clock  in  the  follow- 
ing order  : 

Four  of  his  Majefty's  Houfchold  Trum- 
peters oii  horfeback. 

The  Purfuivants,  two  and  two. 

THE  HERALDS. 

Albany  Rothfay 
Rofs  March  m  on  t 

Snowdown  iHay 
The  Sheriff  Subftitute  and  his  Atten- 
dants. 

The  flrects  were  lined  by  the  Military 
and  City  Guard.  When  the  proceflion 

reached 


lay  1802. 


British  Intelligence. 


^Ireached  the  crofs  the  Proclam;jtions 
twet^e  read  by  the  Sheriif-Scbaitute 
wirh  the  ufiial  formnlities. 

The  proceHion  then  moved  to  the 
Olehill,  where  they  were  received 
the  Lochaber  regiment  of  Fcnci!)les 
icr  ;irins,  ,ind  the  Proclamatioa.s  be- 
Kig  reat!,    there  u'as  a  difchar^e  of 
j:reaf  guns  from  the  Cnll:le,  and  r'he  rc- 
ment  (.f  Lochaber   Fcnciblcs  fired 
'  '  volh'es. 

i/he  proce/Iion  then  marched  down 
the  High  Street  to  the  PhI  ice  of  Holy- 
roodhoiife,  under  an  cfco)  t  of  the  re- 
giment  of  Lochaber  I-Vnciblcs,  and  were 
received  in  the  Outer  Court  of  the 
Abbey  by  the  4th  Dra^,;o()n  Guard., 
where  the  ProclamationG  being  ag.iin 
read,  the  Heralds  and  their  fuite  V'jt 
into  coaches,  and  proceeded  to  Lt  ith 
Guards''"  "^'-''''^       ^^^^  ^^^^^  Dragoon 

^  When  the  proceffion  reached  the 
fhore  of  Lcith,  the  Heralds,  &c.  h  iv. 
in.i^  alighted  from  their  coaches,  the 
proclamation  was  again  read  on  the 
ihore  and  the  Pitr  of  Leith,  and  there 
the  ceremony  ended. 

P^oyal  Edinburgh  VDluntecrs. 
May  6.  On  Monday,  the  firfl  or  Ror- 
«n<egunent  of  Edinburgh  Volunteer^ 
liine,  weredifembodied.  They  paraded 
ft  twelve  o'clock  on  their  ulual  ground 
ni  the  Meadows,  from  whence  thev 
m^irched  to  Heriot's  Green,  the  place 
where  I  hey  were  firft  paraded  and  re- 
•ccived  their  colours,  eight  years  ago. 

Here  they  formed  a  hollow  fcuare 
tour  deep,  when  the  Lord  Advocate' 
^^•cond  Lieutenant-Colonei,  (Colonel 
xV^aZ  "^.^^^^^nly  ablent),  read 

Lord  Hobart's  circular  letter,  convey- 
H  his  Majefty's  thank.;  alfb,  the 
thanks  of , the  two  H.mfes  of  Parliament. 

alio  read  a  refolution  of  the  Town 
conned  of  Edinburgh, '  omveyir;.,  m 
he  trongelt  .and  moit  tiandfome  terms, 
h^  hanks  of  the  community  to  the 
hnle  volunteers  of  this  cfty  ;  and  a 
c-ry  flattering  letter  from  h.sExcellen- 

L  K ''i'"?'"-^'^'^^^'-    ^^^^-'^  hi3  Lo.-d. 
P  hadaddr.^red  them,-  the  regiment 

as  m.rched  to  the  Parliament  Square, 
ehJ.  formed,  the  colours  were 

^'  vereci  to  the  Magilhares,  who  lodg- 
i  cnr^      ^^^^Council  Chamber,  and 
corps  was  difmifLd. 

iatnJP'-^'l"''^'^''  ^^^^  Students  of 
atomy  ,n  the  Univerhty  of  Glafc^ow 
l^^anunoudy  prefentcd  a  Gold  Snuff 


439 


Box  to.  Mr  Peter  M'Dougall,  di(r-aor 
to  Dr  Jcffray,  m  teftimony  of  the  hi.-Ji 
fenfe  th.y  entertain  of  his  verr  fupg, 
nor  abilifjes,  and  of  his  great  and  /leadr 
exertions  for  their  inaru(^tiotu 
^  Pi  incipil  and  ProfefTors  of  Mi~ 
nfclial  College,  Aberdeen,  have  bVn 
plealed  to  confer  the  degree  of  D  j^^^or 
of  MeJicir.e  on  Mr  Robert  H.aderfo,!. 
lurgeoii,  m  Cupar  of  Angu?. 

On  the  i\\  of  M^y  initant,  the  S  ^. 
nateof  the  UniverfKy  of  Glafgow  e- 
l^cled  Mefil^  J.  &  J.  Scrymgeour  to  be 
U  iiiverluy  Printers,  in  tne  room  of  Mr 
Mundeil,  fieceafed. 

17.  For  thefe  lalt  ten  days,  the  wea- 
tuer  hab  been  uncommonly  cold,  and 
n)ore  refembling  the  feverity  of  De- 
cember,  than  the  genial  warmth  of 
May.    Several  mornings  laft  week  the 
thermometer  was  28  degrees,  there  was 
Jce  hail  an  inch  thick;  and  the  h\\H 
were  covered  with  fnow.  Vegetation 
has  lutfereo  leverely,  particularly  fruit 
early  potatoes,  ^c.  the  leaves  of  a  num! 
ber  of  trees  have  been  completely  bJair 
ed,  and  moft  of  theui  have  acquired  a 
hckiy  hue.    Several  young  birds  hav- 
been  tound  dead  in  their  nerts.^-We  ' 
are  happy  to  ftate,  that  no  efTcntial  in-  ' 
jury  has  been  done  to  the  crops  of 
gram  ;  and  the  return  of  warmth,  w^th 
genial  rains  (which  are  much  wanted^ 
will   we  tru(t,  repair  any  damage  done 
by  this  premature  ciK-ck. 

A  fubfcription  is  opened  at  the  B  ir'-s 
and  Banker,  in  Edi.iburgh,  U^v  i:rci^^. 
^ii^it^,  to  the  Right  Hon.  Wiiham 
I'itc,  tor  the  uilimguiihed  and  v.-J-j ' 
lervi.es  which  he  has  rendered  to  his 
couniry,  dunng  his  upright  adminiiira- 
tion. 

Friday,  James  Ferri^r,  Efq;  W  s 
took  fii.  ieat  at  the  tabic  of  the  Court 
otbcfnon,  asairifta.ntandlucculbr  to 
Robert  Smciair,  Elq  ;  one  of  the  Prm- 
cipai  Clerks  of  Scifion. 

The  Gaz-tte  contains  a  proclamation 
appointmg  the  general  thankigivm^ 
6r.j//W  on  account  of  the  pe.ce  t  fb- 
pcjlponed  from  the  ifi  to  the  i  ith  0  '  '^uS 
as  the  lining  of  the  General  Atr;;nh!; 

the  Church  of  Scotland  wouid  on 
the  former  day  interfere  with  the  ce- 
lebration. 

Ar  the  Levee  on  Wednefd  4 v  th^  in*  h 
the  Right  Honourable  t^e  L  mi  Prov'>.t 
ot  r^omburgh  prefented  the  Citv's  c 
gratulatory  j^^lvcU  to  the  King  on  the 
reitoration  of  the  ble/lings  of  peac- 
which  was  moil  graciouily  received.' 

and 


440 


Briiisb  Intelligence: 


VoL  64, 


;ind  his  Lordfhlp  had  the  honour  to 
kifs  his  Majedy'b  hand. 

To  the  King's  Mofl  Excellent  Majejly. 
We,  your  Majrfty'smoft  dutiful  and  loyal 
fubj'^<fts  thel.ord  Provoft,  Ma^iftrutes  and 
Council  of  the  ciry  of  Edinburgh,  bcjr  leave 
to  approach  the  throne  with  crratctul  ac- 
knowled^emeutsof  yourMajcftyS  parental 
rcrard  for  your  people,  in  reaoring  the 
blciTinjrs  of  peace:  ,    ,    ^  , 

We  cannot,  however,  look  forward  to 
the  enjoyment  of  that  rcpofe  which  your 
MajfOy  has  procured  for  us,  without  cx- 
prciOTin^  our  convldlcn  of  the  unavr)idahle 
iicceft<:y  which  engaired  your  Majd>y  in 
\var,  and  our  admiration  of  the  wildoni  and 
firmnefs  with  which  your  Majedy  lupport^^d 
a  contcft,  involving:  cquaUy  the  iccunty  of 
cf  the  throne  and  of  the  ]  eople. 

U  gives  us  fdtisfaaion  to  think,  that  your 
Majefty's  ancient  and  loyal  city  of  Ldin- 
burtrh  feconded,  to  the  he  11  of  its  power, 
vour  Majefly's«rentrrous  efforts  in  defence  ot 
the  iiarion  ;  ■^^\C\  wc  truft,  and  venture  to 
riffure  your  McjcRy,  that  your  faithlul  fu!)- 
je^sof  this  city  will  endeavour,  by  habjts 
of  induOry  and  jrood  order,  to  employ  to 
.  the  beft  advinta^^e  the  tranquillity  which 
your  Majefly  has  rcOoreJ. 

We  congratulate  your  M.ijefty  on  the 
bravery  and  condud  exhibited  by  your  forces 
by  fca'andby  land,  and  that  determination 
with  which  your  fuhjev^cS  armed  themf/lves 
lit  home,  to  defend  tlieir  country  fn^m  fo- 
reign and  domeRic  foe?.  In  this  Ipirit  we  re- 
coirnife  the  heft  pledge  of  the  permanency 
of  that  invaluable  conftitution,  undefwhich 
-^^is  nation  enjoys  that  liberty  which  others 
%>ve  endeavoured  to  find  in  other  forms  of 
t^overnmcnt.' 

We  pray  to  Almighty  God  that  the  peace 
may  produce  all  the  advantages  which  we 
know  your  Majefty  injended  for  your  peo- 
ple, and  that,  by  its  long  continuance,  it 
may  give  full  fcope  for  your  Majefty  to 
follow  out  thefe  meafures  fi>r  adv^incing  the 
profperity  of  the  empire  which  have  unitonn- 
ly  diftinguifhed  your  reign. 

Long'may  your  MajcRy  live  to  enjoy  the 
thanks  and  bltfungs  of  your  people;  and 
niay  the  evening  of  your  life,  invariably 
dedicated  to  the  fcr^  of  God  and  to  the 
"     happlnefs  of  your  fubj?ds,  be  ut:difturhcd, 
either  by  foreign  war  or  by  dumeilic  fac- 
tion. ^  ,  .  r 
Signed  by  appointment,  and  m  pretence 
of  the  Magiftrates  and  Council,  in  ab- 
sence of  the  Lord  Provoft,  this  twelfth 
day  c)f  May  one  thoufand  eight  hun- 
dred ard  rv^'o. 

By  Neii,  Macticar,  Pre^fcs. 


General  AJfemhly- 
On  irfday,  aoth,  the  Right  Hon 
Franci.  ^ord  Napier,  his  Majtfly^^ 
Con^mihioner,  attended  by  about  fif 
ty  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen,  air^ong 
whom  were  the  Earls  of  Ltven,  Had- 
dington, Hopetoun,  B.ilcarras ;  Lord 
Vifcount  Duncan;  Lordb  Eiibank,  Tor!- 
phichen,  Elcho;  Lord  Chief  Baron, 
Lord  Advocate,  Gtntral  Vyfe, .  Jcc. 
walked  in  procefTion  from  the  Kmg's 
Arms  Tavern, to  the  High  Church  (the 
Lochaber  Fcnciblcs  and  the  City  Guard 
lining  the  Rreels),  where  his  Grace  was 
received  by  the  Magiilrates  in  their 
robes.  The  Rev.  Dr  William  Ritchie, 
MiniRcr  of  Kilwinning,  the  lal\  Mode  - 
rator, preached  an  excellent  difcourff, 
from  2  Cou  ii.  19.  "  For  we  are  not  as 
many,  which  corrupt  the  word  of 
God." 

After  divine  fervice,  his  Grace  the 
ConimilTioner  went  to  the  Aflembly; 
when  the  Members  proceeded  to  chufe 
a  Moderator.  The  Rev.  Profcflor  Fin- 
laylbn  one  of  the  Miniflcrs  of  Edin- 
burgh, was  unanimoufly  eleded.  Ilia 
MajeOy'o  commifTion,  and  letter,  aiui 
the' warrant  for  one  thoufmd  pounds 
lo  be  employed  in  propagating  religion 
in  t|b  highUnds  of  Scotland  were  read. 
After  which  hi?  Grace  the  Commiffion. 
cr  opened  the  Affembly  with  a  very  e- 
'  legavt  fpeech  from  the  throne,  to  which 
the  Moderator  made  a  fuitable  repK . 

The  proceedings  of  the  lail  Com. n.f- 
fion  were  read  and  approved  of  in  ti)e 
General  Aflembly  on  Friday.  Oner  of 
their  refolutions  was  an  addrcfs  of 
thanks  to  the  Right  Horlourabie  the 
Earl  of  Leven  and  Mclviile,  who  had 
fo  long  filled  the  office  of  Hi^^h  Com- 
miffioner.  To  this  addrefs  his  Lord- 
Ihip  returned  a  luitable  anfwer;  both 
w^hich  were,  on  motion,  ordered  to  be 
recorded  in  the  proceedings  of  AfT^m- 
blv. 

Saturday  the  General  AiTembly  ap- 
proved of  an  anfwer  to  his  M-jefty's 
Utter;  and  alfo  an  addrels  to  his  Ma- 
jeRy,  on  the  reftoration  of  the  blcf- 
'lings  of  peace,  prepared  by  their  Comj 
mittee.  They  were  both  uibfcribed  bf 
the  Moderator,  and  weretobe  tranfinitf 
ted  by  his  Grace  the  Commidioner.  i 

22.  The  Aflembly,. upon  motion,  ai| 
thorifed  the  Pi'ocurator  to  pay  to  Mil 
Gloag,  rclia  of  the  Ute  Dr  VVilh3« 
Gloag,  Sub-clerk  of  Aflembly,  the  qua  . 


British  Intelligence. 


441 


I's  falary  of  that  office  due  at  Whi'- 
Linday  laft,  and  a  3^ear*s  falary  as  cle..^ 
o  the  Royal  Bounty,  due  at  f  pe- 
iod,  upon  her  receipt  alone. 

The  overture  relpeding  the  promot- 
ing of  theologial  learning  being  again 
read,  the  AflTembly  adopted  the  fame, 
and  ordained  accordingly. 

The  report  of  the  Committee  on  the 
overtures  refpec^ting  the  improvement 
of  glebes  being  read,  the  AfTembly  ap- 
proved of  the  fame,  and  appointed  a 
Committee  to  take  this  fubjed  into  con- 
fideration,  and  to  report  to  next  AflTem- 
bly. 

There  was  tragfmitted  to  the  AflTem- 
bly, by  the  Committee  of  Bills,  a  peti- 
tion for  Mr  Alexander  Stronach,  mi- 
ni (ter  of  Loch  broom,  praying  that  he 
might  be  reponed  againlt  a  fentence  of 
fufpenfion  pronounced  again  ft  him  by 
the  Prclbytery  of  Lochcarron,  on  a 
charge  of  inebriety.  There  vi^as  alfo 
tranfmitted  a  petition  for  George  Mac- 
kenzie, Efq;  of  Dundonnel,  in  name  of 
himfelf  and  other  parift^ioners  of  the 
parifh  of  Lochbroom.  There  appeared 
for  the  Prefbytery  of  Lochcarron,  Mr 
William  Rae,  Advocate,  as  their  Coun- 
fel ;  and  for  Mr  Stronach,  the  appellant, 
Mr  John  Jardine,  Advocate,  as  his 
counfel.  Parties  being  removed%the 
AflTembly,  after  reafoning  on  the  cafe, 
reverfed  the  fentence  of  the  Prefbytery 
of  Lochcarron,  continuing  the  fufpen- 
fion of  Mr  Stronach,  and  rcpone  him  to 
the  ofliice  of  minifter  of  Lochbroom  ; 
leaving  it  to  the  Prefbytery  to  ferve  him 
with  a  libel,  if  they  lhail  fee  caufe,  and 
to  proceed  therein  according  to  the 
rules  of  the  Church. 

24.  There  was  tranfmitted  by  the 
Committee  of  Bills,  a  petition  from  the 
Kev.  Principal  Hill,  \^ifh  an  extrad 
from  the  minutes  of  the  Synod  of  Fife, 
containing  a  reference  to  the  Aflcmbly 
rcfpeifting  the  fees  of  Synod  and  Ptef- 
byiery  Clerks,  which  reference  being 
confidered,  the  AflTembly  unanimoufly 
.remitted  to  the  Procurator  and  Agent, 
to  fcleCt  from  thofe  cafes  in  which  the 
fees  of  the  Clerks  of  Synods  and  Pref- 
byteries  have  not  been  paid,  one  which 
they  judge  proper  to  be  brought  be- 
fore the  competent  Court,  and  to  take 
the  neceflary  fleps,  at  the  public  ex- 
pence,  for  obtaining  a  decifion. 

A  qucftion  of  great  nicety  of  difcuf- 
fion,  involving  in  its  decifion  the  limits 
pf  civil  and  ecckaallical  jurifdidion, 

VoL.LXlV. 


was  on  Tuefday  heard  by  the  AflTem- 
bly. The  queftion  was  agitated  be- 
tween certain  Heritors  of  the  parifh  of 
Dunipace,  in  Stirlingfhire,  and  the 
Rev.  Mr  Robert  Knox,  Minifterof  the 
united  pariflies  of  Larbert  and  Duni- 
pace ;  and  the  point  to  be  rcfolved  was, 
whether  certain  regulations,  regarding 
the  diftribution  of  the  pailoral  labours 
adopted  by  Mr  Knox,  and  fandioned 
by  the  inferior  courts,  were  legal  and 
proper. 

It  appeared  that  thefe  parifl:ies  had 
been  united  about  the  [jeginning  of  the 
17th  century,  that  they  contained  two 
churches,  and  that  the  predecc-flTors  of 
Mr  Knox  had  performed  public  wor- 
fhip,  by  preaching  each  Sund-iy  alter- 
nately at  Larbet  and  Dunipace,  fince 
that  period.  This  plan  had  alfo  been 
purfued  by  Mr  Knox  for  fome  time  af- 
ter his  incumbency;  but  finding  that 
the  church  of  Dunipace  was  inconve- 
niently lituated  for  the  accommodatioa 
of  the  parilh,  thac  in  coufequence  it 
was  very  thinly  attended,  whilft  that 
of  Larbert,  being  mote  convenient, 
and  in  a  parifli  four  times  more  popu- 
lous than  the  other,  was  attended  by 
the  great  body  of  the  people,  he  in 
fome  meafiire  departed  from  the  ori- 
ginal method,  preaching  t^wice  fuccef- 
fively  at  Larbert  for  once  at  Dunipace, 
conceiving  himfelf  ju ft ificd  in  this  pro-' 
cedure  by  thofe  great  reafuns  of  religi- 
ous expediency,  which  it  is  the  end  of 
an  eftabliftimcnt  to  promote. 

Some  of  the  heritors  of  the  parifl^ 
which  had  thus  been  deprived  of  t^ 
wonted  portion  of  public  worfnip,  con- 
ceiving themfelves  aggrieved,  lodged  a 
complaint  againft  that  Reverend  Gen- 
tleman with  the  Prefbytery  of  Stirling, 
who,  after  fome  procedure,  deciJtd  }a 
favour  of  the  plan  of  pilbhc  inftruc- 
tion  adopted  by  him,  as  moft  condu- 
cive to  the  wehare  of  his  charge.  And 
this  decifion  having  been  brought  un- 
der review  of  the  Synod  of  Perth  and 
Stirling,  that  Court  found  that,  in 
the  judgment  pr^ounced  by  the  Pref- 
bytery, authorifing  Mr  Knox  to  preach 
more  frequently  at  Larbci  t  than  at  Du- 
nipace,  upon  account  of  the  increafcd 
population  cf  the  parifh  of  Lirbert, 
they  have  confined  then  fdves  to  what 
is  purely  ecclcfiai'iical  in  ihe  cafe-,  and 
therefore  unanimoufly  affirm  the  fen- 
#tence  of  the  Prefbytery  "  ^ 

The  heritors  having  appealed  to  the 
•  .      3  N  Gene- 


442 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


General  Aflembly,  an  elaborate  cafe 
WHS  prepared  for  I  hem  by  Mr  Reddie, 
Advocnte^  in  which  it  wns  ftroogly 
inainuiined,  that  they  had  p.cquirtd  a 
f/^i/  right  t(j  the  formtrrniode  of  pr<:rich- 
inv:,  foiihdf'd  upon  the  annexation  of 
the  two  parifhc^.  by  the  Conimirtion  of 
of  7Vinds,-an(!  the  confcqutrit  ul^ige  of 
alternate  Dublic  vvorfliip  for  two  centu- 
ries; ^nd  this  plea  was  alfo  fupporied 
at  the  bar  by  MefT.  ilorncr  and  Cran- 
floun,  Advocates,  on  the  part  of  thtfe 
heritoT.s. 

C'x  ihe  other  hand,  k  was  maint:<in- 
cd  by  Mr  Knox,  that  the  diihibution 
of  the  p^'U)riil  labouif^  was  matter  of 
ecclesiastical^  not  (.f  ciiil  juiifdidion. 
He  rc;!foned  on  the  line  of  di(tin<5tion 
which  ftparates  thefe  two  anthoiilics 
with'  j^reat  force  and  ingenuity,  and 
concluded  a  nr^oO  rrgum mutative  and 
animated  oratiot.  with  a  detail  of  thofe 
reafons  nf  txpt  dicney  which  jufliiied 
the  eccleru^ftical  courts,  in  the  ufe  tliey 
had  rnade  of  their  power  in  the  nrft 
iniiance,  and  which  ftenied  to  make  a 
lively  impreilion  tipot^  the  Hou'c.  In 
this  pira  he  v^as  ably  fupporttd  by  the 
Lord  Prifu'cnt  and  Lord  Advocate; 
and  the  Affcmbly,  without  a  vote,  came 
to  the  relohjtio->  of  difmifling  the  ap- 
peal, and  affirming  the  fentcnce  of  the 
infenor  Crurch  Courts. 

Several  overtures  rtfpedfing  the  im- 
provement of  glebes  were  given  in, 
which  were  remitted  to  a  con  mittee, 
who  are  to  report  to  the  Ailtmbly  to- 
rn or  rov^. 

Wed.  26.  The  AfTemMy'had  tranf- 
mitt^d  to  them  by  their  committee  of 
bi'Is,  a  petition  of  Mr  Angu<  M*Intofh, 
rniiitfter  of  T^in,  appealini:  fn  m  a  fen- 
tence  of  the  Synod  of  Rufs  of  2bth  A- 
p'il  lafl,  reviewing  a  l";'ntence  of  tl^e 
Prefbytery  of  Tain,  refilling  to  take 
Mr  John  M*Kenziei  S'udent  of  Divini- 
ty, upon  trials,  on  arcount  of  an  alleged 
fama  clamosa  ;  Vv^ith  a  petition  f(jr  the 
Synod  of  Rof>,  tranfmitiing  feveral  let- 
ters rej,arding  the  faid  caufe.  There 
was  alfo  trarifmittcd  a  petition  for  the 
Synod  of  llofs  with  a  reference  by 
them  to  the  Afftmibly  (^f  another  point 
in  the  fame  caufe.  Parties  beiwg  call- 
ed, there  appeared  for  the  Synocl  of 
Rofs,  Mr  Robert  Arthur,  Mr  Daniel 
Rofh,  Mr  Robert  Smith,  and  Mr  Robert 
M'Kenzie ;  and  Mr  Cranltoun,  Advo- 
cate, as  their  Counfcl. — For  the  Pref- 
bytery of  Tain,  Mr  Angus  M'Intolh, 


at  Tain;  and  Mr  Francis  Jeffrey,  Ad- 
vocate, as  their  Counfcl. —  i'he  Afllm- 
bly  fivil  proceeded  to  confidrrthe  ap- 
peal from  the  fentence  of  the  Synod  of 
Rofs.  Parties  being  fully  heard,  and 
extra(fls  from  the  minutes  of  Synod 
read,  the  Alfembly,  vviihout  a  vote,  af- 
firmed the  fentence  of  the  Synod  of 
Rofs,  in  as  far  as  it  finds  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Prefbytery  of  Tain,  in  rela- 
tion to  Mr  M*Kenzie,  highly  irregular 
and  injurious  to  him;  re verfed  thofe 
proceedings,  and  ordered  them  to  be 
expunged  from  the  records  of  the  Pref- 
bytery ;  ordained  the  Prefbytery  of 
Tain  to  proceed  forthwith  in  the  trials 
of  Mr  r.**KenLie,  according  to  the 
rules  of  the  Church  ;  and  to  make  a  fpe- 
cial  report  of  their  proceedings  to  the 
Synod  of  Rofs  at  their-next  ordinary 
meeting  ;  anel  ordained  this  fentence  to 
be  Tfiferted  in  tli^.c  records  of  the  Pref- 
bytery of  Tain. — Thereafter  the  Synod 
withdrew  their  reference,  as  it  was  now 
unncceflhry  to  difeufs  it. 

(To  be  concijuded  in  our  next.) 

Circuit  Intelligence, 

March  The  Circuit  Court  of 
JulHciary  was  opened  at  Jedburgh,  on 
Monday  the  22d  current,  by  the  Right 
Hon.  Lord  Jul! ice  Clerk. 

Alison,  Janet  J  and  Margaret  Chirnfidcy, 
were  accufed  ot  theft,  and  relet  of 
theft.  Alison  pled  guilty,  and  a  Jury 
being  impaunelled,  fl^e  adhered  to  her 
confelTion  in  their  prefence,  and  they 
returned  a  verdid,  in  refpsdf  of  heV 
judicial  acknowledgement,  finding  her 
guilty.  Lord  Juftice  Clerk  ordered 
and  adjudged  her  to  be  tranfported  be- 
yond leas  for  the  fpace  of  feven  years. 
Janet  and  Margaret  prefented  a  peti- 
tion, I'ubmitting  to  bariillirnent  frora 
Scotland,  to  which  the  Advocate  De- 
pute contented,  and  the  Lord  Juitice 
Clerk  ordeted  and  adjudged  thtm  to 
be  banidied  from  Scotland  for  the  fpace 
of  feven  years  after  the  20th  ofAprif 
next. 

A.n  appeal  in  a  civil  caufe  was  heard 
and  determined. 

27.  The  Circuit  Court  of  Judiciary 
was  opened  at  Stirling  on  Friday  iaft, 
by  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Cullen. 

John  Rob,  labourer  in  Brighton,  in" 
the  parifh  of  Polmont  and  county  of 
Stirling,  accufed  of  ftealing  cattle. 
The  Advocate  Depute  having-  reft ri(5t- 
td  the  iiLel  againlt  him,  he'^was  found 

guilty  . 


May  iSo2, 


Eritish  Intelligence. 


443 


guilty  by  his  own  confeHion,  and  fen- 
tenccd  to  traniportation  beyond  leas, 
for  fourteen  years  under  the  ufual  cer- 
tification. 

No  other  bufmcfs  depending,  the 
Court  will  proceed  to  Glalgow  on 
Monday. 

29.  The  Circuit  Court  of  Judiciary 
was  opened  at  Dumfries,  on  Saturday 
the  27th  current,  by  the  Right  Hon. 
Lord  Methven. 

J'jbn  M'lltea^vie,  accuied  of  theft, 
was  outlawed  for  not  appearing-.  Gil^ 
hert  Scaly  accufed  alio  of  theft,  was,  on 
his  own  petition,  banillied  from  Scot- 
land for  life,  after  the  22d  April  next. 

The  Court  heard  and  determined  an 
appeal  in  a  civil  caufe. 

On  Tuefday,  April  2.  the  Circuit 
Court  of  Jufticiary  was  opened  at 
Glalgow  by  Lords  Dunfinnan  and  Cul- 
len. 

Dafiiel  Wright,  weaver  in  Gorbals, 
accufed  of  the  murder  of  his  wife,  by 
throwing  her  into  the  Monkiand  ca- 
ral ;  and  William  Walked,  carter  at  Cow- 
caddens,  accuied  of  Healing  wood  from 
Cowcaddens,  were  both  outlawed  for 
non-appearance. 

James  Irnirie,  miner  at  Clyde  Iron 
Works,  was  accufed  of  culpable  homi- 
cide, by  llriking  John  Robertfcn,  mi- 
. tier  at  Ciofsbafket  a  blow  on  the  head, 
on  the  9th  of  November  lait,  wiiich 
occafioned  his  death.  Irvine  pled  Not 
Guilty,  A  Jury  being  impannelled,  a 
number  of  witnefles  were  examined  in 
fupport  of  the  proiecution,  and  two 
for  the  pannel.  From  the  evidence  of 
thefe  witnelll  s,  it  appeared,  that  Ro- 
bertfon  had  received  a  blow  from  Ir- 
vine, which  occafioned  his  death  ;  but 
it  alio  appealed,  that  Irvine  had  re- 
ceived gieat  provocation — that  before 
giving  the  blow,  he  himfelf  had  been 
I  knocked  down  by  a  violent  Itroke  from 
a  pick  axe  on  the  back  of  the  head,  to 
the  tffulhon  of  his  blood  ;  this  blow 
was  not  given  by  the  deteafed,  but  by 
John  Lees,  his  partner  in  jobs  about 
the  work,  in  confequence  of  fome  al- 
tercation having  taken  place  bet wixt 
Irvine  and  Lees,  and  the  deceafed,  re 
lative  to  fome  money  the  two  latter 
were  owing  to  Irvine,  and  other  work- 
men at  the  mine — but  it  appeared  that 
'  Robertfon,  who  had  alfo  a  pick  axe  in 
his  hand,  had  given  Irvine  a  pufli  with 
It,  and  Irvine  vv-ho  was  llupified  with 


the  blow  he  had  received  from  Lees, 
fearing  that  the  like  was  to  be  given 
by  Robertfon,  ftruck.  him  the  fatal 
itroke  with  nis  lilt.  The  lurgeon  who 
infpected  the  body  of  the  deceafed, 
proved  that  his  death  was  occafioi.ed 
l)y  a  contuiion,  proceeding  from  a 
blow  given  by  fome  blunt  inlirumcnt. 

Mr  Erlkinc  add.effed  the  Jury  on 
the  part  ot  the  Ciown,  and  Mr  Jardins 
on  the  part  of  the  prifoner. 

Lord  Dunfinnan  fumrned  up  the 
whole  evidence,  and  recapitulated  tne 
leading  features  of  it  to  the  Jury.  The 
Jury  were  then  enclofed  and  appoir.ted 
to  return  '-heir  verdict  on  Wednefaay. 

\^'edi]elaay  the  Court  met,  when 
the  ]dXY  gave  in  their  verdid,  unani- 
mouUy  hading  the  pannel  not  guilty  of 
niurder  ;  but  by  a  plurality  of  voices, 
finding  inm  guilty  of  culp^.lle  h(^micide, 
in  a  very  flight  degree.  He  was  fsn- 
tenced  to  lix  weeks  imprironmenl, 
when  he  is  to  be  fet  at  liberty. 

The  Court  then  proceeded  to  the 
trial  of  William  Fogo,  refiding  at  Barn- 
head,  accufed  of  theft  from  Fereniz.i 
bleachfi-ld,  and  relet  of  theft,  aggra- 
\  atCvl  b>^  his  being  habit  and  repute  a 
thief  The  Jury  unanimoufly  found 
him  guilty. 

Yelterd  ,y  the  Court  again  met,  when 
Logo  was  fentenced  to  be  tranfportei 
fur  fourteen  years. 

April  6.  Tiie  Circuit  Court  of  Juftici- 
ary was  opened  at  Inverary,  on  Satur- 
day lall,  by  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Dun- 
finnan. 

Theie  was  no  criminal  bufmefs  at 
this  place.  The  Court  gave  judgment: 
in  a  cafe  of  a])pcal  ;  and  this  ends  the 
We  Item  Circuit. 

April  5.  The  Circuit  Court  of  Juftici- 
ary was  opened  at  Ayr,  on  the  2d  curt, 
by  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Methven. 

Napier  Jack/on  was  convided  of  for- 
get y  of  a  bill.  The  Advocate  Depute 
had  reftricted  the  libel  to  an  aibitrary 
puniliiment,  and  the  pannel  was  fen- 
tenced to  traniportation  for  the  term 
of  1 4  years. 

yobn  BarcLiiy,  convidted  of  being  art 
and  part  in  alVaulting  and  beating  Hugh 
Thomfon,  mefienger  in  Kilmarnock, 
in  a  cruel  and  violent  manner  upon  the 
public  high  way,  was  ordered  to  be 
tranfported  for  the  term  of  feven  years. 

William  Stcveiijon  and  others,  were 
accufed  of  deforcing  a  conftable,  in 
3  N  3  cxccut- 


444 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


executing  a  warrant  of  imprifonment 
againft  certain  perfons  in  Bcith.  The 
libel  was  found  lelevant,  and  remitted 
to  the  knowledge  of  the  aflize,  and 
proof  led  on  both  fides  at  confiderable 
length. — In  the  courfe  of  w  hich  it  a  p.. 
peared,  that  the  conftable  and  his  af- 
liftants  had  been  refifled  and  attacked 
by  a  numerous  alTemblagc  of  people 
with  great  violence.  But  in  addref- 
fmg  the  Jury,  the  Counfel  for  the  pan- 
nel  objeded  to  the  form  of  the  wan  ant 
to  the  conftable,  as  being  defedlive  in 
various  particulars ;  and  Lord  Meth- 
"ven  having  fignihed  his  opinion,  that 
the  objcdion  w^as  well  founded,  the 
Jury  retired  and  made  up  their  verdict, 
finding  the  pannels  not  guilty  ;  of 
courfe  they  were  aflbilzied  and  difmif- 
fed  from  the  bar. 

The  diet  againft  Janet  Ritchie^  ac- 
cufed  of  perjury,  was  defertcd o  loco 
€t  tempore^  on  account  of  the  abfence 
of  fome  material  witneffes. 

Several  appeals  from  inferior  Courts, 
in  civil  caufes  were  heard  and  deter- 
mined. 

This  concludes  the  Spring  fouth  cir- 
cuit. 

April  24.  The  Circuit  Court  of  Juf- 
tieiary  was  opened  at  Perth,  the  21ft 
curt,  at  ten  o'clock  in  th?"  morning,  by 
the  Right  Hon.  Lords  Craig  and  Ar- 
madale ;  when  John  Pouglasj  pprter  in 
Montrofe,  accufed  of  committing  an 
afiault  and  battery  upon  an  txc'fe  oflfi- 
CtV'y  Andre<uj  Crofts,  refidenter  at  Scotf- 
town,  in  the  parifh  of  Craig,  and  coun- 
ty of  Forfar,  accufed  of  Healing  a  horfe; 
and  Will? am  Gib/on^  cooper  in  Perth, 
accufed  of  ftealmg  three  hogfheads  of 
lintfeed,  were  all  out-lawed  for  not  ap- 
pearing. 

The  Court  were  then  to  have  pro- 
ceeded to  the  trial  of  John  M'lnnes, 
tenant  in  Eafter  Miggar,  parifn  of  M&ti- 
zievaird,  and  county  of  Perth,  accufed 
of  Iheep  ftealing ;  but  the  trial  could 
not  proceed,  on  account  of  an  objec- 
tion to  the  execution  of  the  indict- 
ment, which  was  fuAained  by  the 
Court. 

John  Burnefst  flax-drefTer  in  Mori- 
trofe,  and  Andretu  Hu^gariy  refidenter 
in  Brechin,  accufed  of  breaking  into 
the  warehoufe  of  William  Low,  rna- 
nufadiurer  in  Montrofe,  and  ftealin^^  a 
quantity  of  yarn,  were  outlawed  for 
not  appearing. 

The  Court  then  proceeded  to  the 


trial  of  James  Trafer,  baker  in  Dun- 
dee, accufed  of  two  ads  of  fhop-break- 
ing  and  theft;  and  after  a  trial  of 
fome  length,  he  was  found  guilty,  and 
condemned  to  he  hanged  at  Dundee, 
the  nth  June  next. 

The  next  trial  wa*?  that  of  Henry 
Reoch,  a  hair-drefler's  apprentice  in 
Perth,  accufed  of  ftealing  a  number  of 
filver  watchts;  and  of  Hannah  Kit chu^ 
widow  of  John  Ritchie,  maUm.in  in 
Perth,  accufed  of  refitting  the  c^fes  of 
faid  watchts — Henry  Reoch  contefied 
the  theft ;  the  evidence,  with  regard  trt 
Hannah  Ritchie  was  concluded,  and 
the  Jury  inclofed  at  nine  o'clock  at 
ni^'ht,  and  next  morning  returned  a 
verdi<it,  finding  Reoch  guilty,  in  confe- 
quence  of  his  confcfiion  but  finding 
tlie  libel  not  proven,  fo  far,  as  r.fped* 
ed  Hannah  Ritchie,  who  Was  therefore 
aifoilz^icd  and  difniilftd,  and  Reoch 
was  fcntenced  to  feveu  years  traufpor- 
taiion. 

The  diet  was  then  defertcd  again^ 
John  Thomfon^  prifoner  in  the  tolbooth 
ot  Perth,  indicted  for  the  forgery  of  five 
fliilling  notes,  on  account  of  the  death 
of  the  principal  witnefs.. 

James  Bell^  fon  of  the  deceafed  John 
Btll,  carrier  in  Cupar-Angus,  was 
found  guilty  of  houfe-brcaking  and 
theft,  upon  his  own  confeflion,  and 
fcntenced  to  fevcQ  years  tranfporta- 
tion. 

The  Court  proceeded  to  the  trial  of 
Robert  Muir,  manufadurer  in  King- 
horn,  accufed  of  culpable  homicide; 
and,  after  a  trial  of  fome  length,  a  ver; 
did  was  returned,  all  in  one  voice', 
finding  the  pannel  not  guilty  ;  in  con- 
fequence,  of  which,  he  was  aflbilzied 
and  difrr.ifTed. 

Janet  Catnach,  daughter  of  the  de» 
ceafcd  ponald  Catnach,  refiding  in 
Braemar,^  accuftd  of  hnuf;:-breaking 
and  theft,  wmf,  in  confequcnce  of  her 
own  petition,  banifhed  from  Scotland 
for  feven  years..  ' 

John  Menzies,  alias  Manners,  prifoner 
in  the  tolbooth  of  Perth,  was  indi(5te(jl 
for  the  crime  of  theft,  and  found  guilty 
upon  his  own  confeflion  ;  he  was  there- 
fore fcntenced  to  feven  years  traufpor- 
tanon.  \  , 

Yefterday  morning,  the  Court  met  at 
ten  o'clock,  and  proceeded  to  the  trial 
of  James  Robertfcn  and  Donald  Robert* 
fon,  yarn-millers  at  Newmill  of  Gray, 
in  the  parifh  of  LifT,  and  Ihire  of  For* 


May  1802. 


British  Intelligence. 


far,  accufed  of  ftcaling  a  quantity  of 
linen  yarn.  The  Jury  were  inclofed  ac 
eight  o'clock  in  the  evening,  and  this 
morning,  at  ten  o'clock,  returned  a 
verdia,  finding  Donald  Robertfon  not 
guilty,  and  fin(h*ng  the  libel  not  proven 
as  to  James  Robertfon^  they  were 
thereupon  aflbilzied  fimpndier. 

The  Court  is  prefently  engaged  hear- 
ing Counfel  on  an  appeal  in  a  civil  ac- 
tion, after  which,  they  fet  out  for  A- 
berdeen. 

^  April  29.  The  Circuit  Court  of  Juf- 
ticiary  was  opened  at  Aberdeen  on 
Tuefday,  by  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord 
Armadale,  when  the  Court  proceeded 
to  the  trial  of  James  ReU,  in  Gilcoai- 
fton,  accufed  of  the  miirder  of  WllliHm 
Reid,  jun.  in  February  lalt.  It  appear- 
ed clearly  from  the  proof,  that  the 
pannel,  when  frequently  attacked  by 
the  deceafed,  without  the  leaR  provo- 
cation, had  a^ed  with  great  coolnefs 
^nd  propriety  towards  him,  while  the 
deceafed,  on  the  other  hand,  was  fero» 
f  lous  to  a  very  great  degree,  entertain- 
ing a  caufelefs  malice  againfl  James 
Keid.  Several  refpedable  witnefTes  bore 
ample  tcdimony  to  the  pannel's  good 
chara(fter,  and  peaceable  behaviour. 
Txr^n.^^^*^  appeared,  that  the  death  of 
Wilham  Reid  was,  in  fadl,  occafioncd 
by  his  ftnking  his  hand  againlt  a  knife, 
which  the  pannel  held  only  for  felf-de- 
fence,  continuing  to  retire,  while  the 
deceafed  was  aiming  blows  at  him. 
1  he  Jury  returned  a  verdia,  all  in  one 
voice,  finding  him  not  guilty. 

The  Chancellor,  in  conftquence  of 
their  recommendation,  ftated  in  open 
Courf  that  the  Jury  were  perfectly  fa- 
tiehcd,  that  James  Reid  had  aded  with 
great  moderation  and  propriety  on 
every  occafion,  before,  and  at  the  time 
the  unfortunate  accident  happened; 
and  he  trufted,  that  if  any  unfavour- 
able reports  had  gone  abroad  againft 
, the  pannel,  they  would  now  be  com- 
pletc'Jy  done  away. 

>  Counfel  for  the  Crown,  Mr  Burnett ; 
Fo'rb^s  '  ^^"""yP^""y  Mr 
'  John  and  Peter  Fremh,  accufed  of 
inop-breakmg,  were  acquitted. 

Catherine  Sutherland,  accufed  of  fet- 
kV"^i  f.peat-ltack,  was  banifhed 

^cotland  for  life,  in  confequence  of  her 

^ajeity  s  Advocate  Depute. 


445 


WtUiam  Tarrosy  from  Strlchcn,  wai 
accufed  of  thefs  aggravated  by  fliop- 
brcaking,  and  of  being  habit  and  re- 
pute a  thief.  After  a  trial  of  fomc 
length,  the  Jury  were  inclofed,  and  re- 
turned a  verdia,  by  a  plurality  of 
voices,  finding  the  pannel  guilty  of  the 
Oiop  breaking  libelled  ;  but  unanimouf- 
ly  finding  the  charge  of  being  habit 
and  repute  a  thief  not  proven.  An  ob- 
jeaion  was  moved  in  arreft  of  judg- 
ment, in  refped  the  Jury  had  only 
fuund  the  fhop»breaking  proven,  with- 
out fpccifying  in  their  verdid,  any 
thing  refpedingthe  theft  libelled;  and 
and  the  Judge  ren^itted  the  aucltioti 
to  the  High  Court  of  Juaiciary  for 
their  con lideration. 

Janet  Black  was  accufed  of  the  mur- 
der of  Jean  Gray,  by  ftriking  her  with 
a  pair  of  iron  tongs,  and  throwing  her 
down  a  ftair  ;  (he  was  acquitted. 

I'he  diet  was  deferted,  pro  loco  et 
tempore^  againft  Akxand-r  Crombie  and 
Thomas  Raebum,  prefent  pnfoners  here, 
accufed  of  theft  and  honfe  breaking, 
and  they  were  re-committed  for  trials 
in  virtue  of  a  new  v/arrant  granted  by 
the  Court. 

There  was  no  farther  buHnef^  to 
come  before  the  Court  at  this  place, 
who  proceed  to-morrow  for  Inver- 
nefs. 

May  5.  The  Circuit  Court  of  Jufti- 
ciary  was  opened  at  Invernefs  yefter- 
day,  by  the  Right  Hon-  the  Lord  Ar- 
madnl,^,  when  Alexander  Grant,  alias 
Glafs^  farmer  in  Reavock,  in  the  pariih 
of  Abernethy,  and  county  of  Elgin,  ac- 
cufed of  murder;  and  Allan  Cameron^ 
meflenger  at  Fort  William,  and  one  of 
the  procurators  ading  before  the  She- 
riff Court  there,  accufed  of  forging  the 
extrad  of  warrant,  were  both  outlawed 
tor  not  appearing. 

^  George  Macdonald,  horfe-hirer  in  El- 
gin, accufed  along  wi  h  Cbri,fl'tan  Su^ 
therland,  his  wife,  and  Helen  MacdonaU. 
his  daughter,  of  the  crime  of  thctt, 
was  alfo  outlawed  for  not  appearing- 
and  Chiiftian  Sutherland  and  Hcka 
Macdonald  having  petitioned  for  ba- 
nifhment,  which  was  confented  to,  hj 
the  Advocate  Depute,  they  were  ba- 
nirticd  from  Scotland  for  life,  under 
the  ufual  certification. ^There  was  no 
further  bufinefs  at  this  place. 


.LISTS. 


Marriages^  Births,  Deaths.  Vol.  64. 


LISTS. 

MARRIAGES. 

jipril  12.  At  Lochmaben,  the  Rev.  Mr 
Ht-nry  Laurie,  miniller  of  the  gofpel  of 
l>ochmabtn,  to  Mils  Robina  Brown,  daui^h- 
ter  of  the  Rev.  Mr  Richard  Brown,  late 
miniftcr  of  Lochniaben,  and  nijce  to  Co- 
lonel Brown,  late  Govt^rnor  of  Guernfey. 

19.  At  Kdinburgii,  Mr  Alexander  Wil- 
fon  of  Perth,  to  Mifs  Elifabeth  Cirlylc, 
<hurgl)tcr  of  Mr  'J'homas  Carlyie,  of  the 
City  ol  (!Iarli£lc. 

At  Meiklcvvood,  Mr  Thomas  M'- 
Millau,  Redor  of  the  Grammar  School, 
Kirkciidbri^^ht,  to  Mifs  M::rgaret  Cam  pl.t  11. 

so.  At  P<  rrh,  Joht)  Lainjr  Elq;  of  Rofc- 
niount,  to  Mifs  Ifahella  Peebles,  dau-^hter 
of  the  Rev.  Adam  Peebles,  minifter  of  the 
Epifcopal  chapel  there. 

2-6.  At  F.diiiburuh,  the  Hon.  George  Verc 
Hobart,  fecoiid  fon  of  rhe  Karl  of  Bucking- 
hanifliire,  to  Mifs  Jauct  Maclean,  eldeft 
<laui.'hter  of  Lieut.  Col.  Alexander  Maclean 
of  Call. 

19.  At  Cockairry  Hoiife,  James  Stuart, 
Ffq;  youn^-er  of  Duneard,  writer  to  the  I'g- 
ijetjto  Mils  EiearA)r  Maria  Aana  Mouhray, 
only  . daughter  of  the  decealed  Dr  Robert 
Moubray  of  Cockairny. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  William  Gordon,  Efq; 
€i\  Argylc-fquarc,  to  Mils  Dunn,  daughter 
cf  Janiis  Dunn,  Efq;  Hill-ftreet. 

The  Rev.  Mr  James  Begg,  of  Faft 
Mor.klaiid,  to  Mrs  Mary  Mathie,  of  Grcc- 
n-.ck. 

Svlny  3.  At  New  Grange,  Lieut.  Col. 
Saudicnian,  iate  of  the  9th  regiment  of 
foot, , to  Mifs  Anne  Moir,  youngeft  daugh- 
ter of  the  deceafed  William  Moir,  Eiq;  of 
New  Grange. 

7.  At  London,  A^ndrew  Hunter,  El^.j; 
orQi^i^en-r:reet,  Edinburgh,  (late  of  Bengal) 
to  Mifs  hiewa^'t  Cunniiigham,  youngeil 
daughter  of  the  late  R-rv.  Robert  Cunuing- 
ham  of  Balgownie. 

8.  At  Morriilon,  rear  Elgin,  James 
Rofeof  Fleen.ingfon,  Itfq;  to  Mds  Duncan, 
daughter  of  Jumts  Duncan  of  MorrUcon, 
lAiq. 

13.  At  Butli,  Colont;!  John  Henderfon 
of  Fofwcli  Bank,  Perthfiiire,  to  Mifs  Eliza 
Pieriy,  eldcit  daughter  of  J.  Pierly,  Eiq; 
dcceafed. 

14.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  Eaftmaiit,  to 
Mils  Hunter,  eldelt  ^nghter  of  Mr  James 
Hunter,  merchanL^p^i  Edinburgh. 

BIRTHS. 

April  %2'  At  his  houfc  in  George- ft reet, 
ti  e  Lady  of  John  Corfc  Scott,  Efq;  of  Sin- 
ton,  a  daughter. 

May  3.  Mrs  Gordon  of  Newton,  a  fon. 


12.  Mrs  Dawfon,  wife  of  John  Dawfon^ 
Efq;  at  Tofts,  a  fon. 

1 5.  Mrs  Graham  of  Leitchtown,  in  Perth- 
fiiire,  a  fon  and  heir. 

16.  The  Lidy  of  Colonel  Robert  Mac- 
kenzie, North  CalHe-ftrect,  a  fon. 

18.  At  her  houfe  in  Charlottc-fquaro, 
Mis  Paton,  a  daughter. 

—  At  Antigua-ftrcet,  Edinburgh,  Mrs 
Duncan  of  Stonywynd,  a  fon. 

DEATHS. 

At  Futtyghur,  in  India,  Captain  John 
Roiland,  of  the  7>h  regiment  Bengal  native 
infantry,  fon  of  the  Rev.  Mr  Roiland,  mi- 
nifter of  Culrofs. 

At  Calcutta,  in  Odlober  lift,  Mr  James 
Logan,  fon  to  John  Logan,  Efq;  of  Knock- 
fhtnnoch,  Ayrlhire. 

In  the  lfl.md  of  Tobago,  on  the  loth  of 
January  laft,  Henry  Pringlc,  Efq. 

At  KmgUon,  Jamaica,  on  the  nth  of 
Februiry  Lll,  Mr  Peter  Thomfon,  eldcit 
Ion  of  Bailie  John  Thomfon,  Bruntifland. 

At  Antigua,  on  the  12th  February  laft, 
Walter  Colquhoun,  Efq;  of  Camftradan. 

At  Tobago,  on  the  13th  of  February, 
much  regretted,  Captain  WiUiam  Mackay, 
of  the  Diana  of  London,  fecond  fon  of  Ma- 
j';r  Wiiham  Mackay  of  Wi.k. 

March  7.  Mr  LauchLn  Martin,  mer- 
c'nant  at  Duntulm,  Iflc  of  Sky. 

14.  At  Wodhaven,  Mr  WiUiam  Gordon, 
of  Woodhaven. 

17.  At  Edinburgh,  after  an  illnefs  of 
four  days,  James  Oiwald,  Ef  i;  younger  of 
Dunnikeir,  Advocate,  in  the  3 2d  year  of 
his  age. 

1 3.  At  Bath,  Mrs  Jane  Graham,  the 
I>ady  of  Lieut.  Col.  Alexander  Park,  after 
a  long  and  painful  illnefs,  which,  whilPc  it 
exhaufted  her  frame,  fecmed  to  invigorate 
the  powers  of  her  mind.  A  found  under- 
ftanding  and  an  afrc<5lionafte  heart  fitted  h;  r 
for  difcharging  the  duties  of  life  ;  and  the 
priiiciples  of  religion,  which  flie  cherjflied 
with  ardour,  enaideJ  her  to  lo  >k  forward 
with  compcfure  to  the  period  of  her  dilTo- 
lution. 

—  At  Irvine,  Mrs  Elizabeth  Alexander, 
wife  cf  Dr  James  Alexander  of  Gialgow. 

.  —  Mrs  Balfour,  rtlid  of  the  late  Mr 
John  Balfour,  bookfeller  m  Edinl  nrgh, 

—  At  Catharine  Bank,  near  Edinburgh, 
the  Right  Hon.  Lady  Ann  Erfkine,  dauvih- 
ter  cf  Alexander,  fifth  Earl  of  Keilie.  One 
whofs  worth  will  long  be  remembered  by 
all  who  can  eftimate  the  female  charader. 
PoiT^lTcd  of  the  finer  feelings  of  the  heart, 
conjoined  with  the  higher  attributes  cf  the 
human  underftanding  ;  her  mildnefs  and 
fimpUcity  of  manners  gave  peculiar  luftre  to 
that  dignified  modefty  of  niein  fo  manifell 


May  1802. 


Deaths. 


447 


in  all  (he  did,  or  exprcfled  by  words.  The 
mecknefs  of  genuine  piety  accompanied  her 
ads  of  devotion  ;  as  did  unaffe^iltd  humility 
ber  alms-giving  deeds;  ftriAly  conformable 
to  th'dt  defcription  of  perfons  whom  the 
pfalmift  mentions  : 

"  And  what  their  charity  impairs, 

"  They  fave  by  prudence  in  affairs.'* 

I'ate  and  Brady  s  njerjlon. 
And,  fuch  was  her  uniform  deportment 
through  lifi^,  that  every  fucceflive  day  feem- 
ed  to  exceed  the  former  in  offices  of  kindnefs, 
friendfliip,  and  benevolence.  But,  the  ac- 
tive fetlings  of  her  difpofuion  were  not  more 
confpicuous,  than  were  the  intellc»5lual  pow- 
ers of  her  mind.  Having  had  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  her  exalted  rank  in  poliftied  fo- 
ciety,  her  conception,  imagination,,  and 
judgment  were  richly  ftored  with  all  they 
were  fufceptihle  of  acquiring  by  means  of 
books,  application  to  the  fine  arts,  and  a- 
bove  ul],  the  ftudy  of  nature.  Her  Ikiii  in 
mufic  reminds  one  of  the  uncommon  excel- 
lence in  that  fcientific  art,  of  her  late  bro- 
ther Thomas  Alexander,  fixth  Earl  of  Kellie. 
Her  tafte  in  poetry  and  painting,  was  con- 
genial to  that  of  her  accomplilhed  and  much 
lamented  brother  the  late  Honourable  An- 
drew Erfkine.  And,  her  nice  difcernmcnt, 
livehnefs  of  fancy,  and  found,  correct  qo- 
tion  of  every  thing  to  which  (he  dire^cd 
her  attention,  were  fuch,  as  to  recall  to  re- 
niembrance,  what  we  are  told  concerning 
the  well-earned  reputation  of  her  maternal 
grandfather,  the  preceptor  of  Bocrhaave, 
and  Mead,  the  founder  of  the  Edinburgh 
Univcriity's  fchool  of  medicine,  the  cele- 
brated Pn  cairn  ;*  whofe  only  furviving 
daughter  died  but  a  few  years  ago,  leaving 
the  greater  part  of  her  fortune  to  her  niece 
L'ady  Anne,  whofe  recent  death  is  here  re- 
corded with  unfeigned  regret. 

X9-  At  Pinnockficld,  near  rnvernefs, 
Mils  Mary  Frafcr,  eldeft  daughter  of  the 
late  bimon  Frafer,  Efq;  of  Daltniich. 

20.  Mr  James  Laing,  merchant,  Perth. 

2:.  At  Leith,  Mr  Alexander  Brand, 
itabler. 

—  Mr  Thomas  Anderfon,  brewer  in 
Dumtermline. 

22.  MiG  Jenny  Wemvfs.  fecond  dauf^h- 
ttr  to  Mr  Wemyfs  of  Cuttlehill. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Mrs  jean  Gordon, 
ipoufc  of  Mr  Buchan,  atcountant  to  the 
General  Foil  Office,  Edinburgh. 

—  Mr  Ruffell,  of  York,  furgcon. 

^  —  At  Ncwmains,  Dr  Robert  Mackinlav, 
in  the  Syth  year  of  his  age. 

23.  At  Edinburgh,  James  Robcrtfon,  Efq; 
ot  Lincoh:'s  Inn,  tldeft  fon  of  William 
i<obertfon,  Efq;  General  Regifter  Houfe. 

■  Vide  Amulsof  Medicine  iSco,  p.  504. 


24.  At  Eckford,  Mrs  Sarah  fTumc. 

25.  At  Edinhurgli,  Mrs  Ann  Robertfou, 
widow  of  Captain  George  Robcrtfon,  Roy- 
al Navy. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  Robert  Tennaor, 
folicitor  at  law. 

—  At  Nairn,  Mrs  Chriftian  RobertfoK, 
relidt  of  the  deccafed  Lieut.  Charles  Robert- 
foil,  of  the  late  76th  regiment  of  foot, 

26.  Ac  Barns,  Mrs  Agnes  Martinc,  wife 
of  Henry  Burt,  Efq;  of  Barns. 

27.  At  Milntown,  Jofeph  Campbell,  Efo; 
of  Kinloch. 

—  At  Cardrofs,  James  Erflclne  of  Cir^ 
drofs,  Efq. 

2S.  At  Dumfries,  Mr  Willium  Corfanof 
Breckonfide,  merchant. 

—  At  Dumfries,  Mr  Leonard  Smith  cf 
Step  ford. 

29.  At  Blackford,  Lieut.  Col.  AlcKandrr 
Trotter  of  tlie  marines. 

30.  At  Edinburgh,  Mrs  Janet  Thomfon, 
wife  of  Mr  Henry  John  Ron  Wylic. 

31.  Robert  Finlay,  Efq;  merchant  in 
Glafgow. 

—  At  Lude,  the  Lady  of  James  Robcrt- 
fon, Efq;  of  Lude,  eldeft  daughter  of  th^ 
late  Hon.  Robert  Nairn  Mercer  of  Aldie. 

—  At  Allangrange,  Mrs  Giilanders,  wi- 
dow of  the  late  George  Gillanders,  Efq;  of 
Hlghfield,  aged  88. 

At  Perth,  Mrs  Donaldfon,  relidl  of  Mr 
John  Donaldfon,  late  at  BIcho. 

At  Barbadoes,  aged  24,  Mr  Alexander 
M'CIure,  late  of  Newry,  Ireland. 

The  Rev.  Samuel  Livingfton,  miniller 
of  the  Prclbyterian  congregation  of  Clare, 
in  the  county  of  Armagh.' 

Lately,  at  Aberd-ci:,  Mifs  Anne  Rofs, 
fchooi-miftrcfs.  Her  death  was  occafioncd 
by  her  cloachs  taking  fire,  and  no  affiflance 
being  at  hand,  ffie  was  dreadfully  burnt. 
Sac  furvivcd  thj  acrident  nearly  three  weeks, 
and  bore  her  fuiTcrings  with  calm  and  dig- 
nified rcfignation. 

April  y  At  Cupar-Fife,  Mrs  Agnes  Ar- 
thur, ipoule  of  Mr  Johnfloi.e  of  Kedlock. 

5.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  James  Collier, 
merchant,  Lawnmarket. 

6-  At  La?iark,  Mr  James  Lind,  furgcon. 

—  At  Kirrymuir,  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Ogilvy,  miniller  of  that  pariHi. 

—  At  Craighead,  Mr  Robert  Nicholfon, 
fador  to  Sir  Hew  Dalrymple  Hamikou  of 
Bargeny  and  North  Berwick,  Bart. 

7.  At  Dean,  near  Edinburgh,  jMifs  He- 
len L*Amy,  youngeft  daughter  of  John  R. 
L*Amy  of  Dunkcnny,  Efq. 

8.  At  liuntlcy,  Mr  Thomas  Stewart,  Su- 
per vifor  of  Excife. 

—  At  Guernfey,  Capt.  Smollct  Campbell, 
of  the  Royal  independent  invalids, 

9.  At  Edinburgh  Mrs  Elizabeth  Cua:- 


448 


Deaths, 


Vol.  64. 


inin,  rclit^t  of  the  dcccafed  Mr  Dalzel,  late 
of  Hartfide. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Mrs  Elizabeth  Find- 
lay,  reUa;  of  Mr  Mathew  Rcid,  minifter 
of  the  gofpel  at  Prcftonpans. 

10.  At  Drynie,  George  Mackenzie,  Efq; 
of  Pitluiiday. 

—  At  the  Manfc  of  Dun,  the  Rev. 
Jan>fs  I.auder,  miniller  of  Dun  ;  a  man 
much  rcfpedcd,  and  regretted  by  all  who 
knew  him. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Mrs  Euphemia  Hep- 
burn  Poole,  aged  79. 

12.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  Samuel  Shaw, 
writer. 

—  In  Devonfliirc,  Mifs  Anna  Cullcn, 
daughter  of  the  latie  Dr  William  Cullcn, 
phyfician  in  iidinbwrgh. 

14.  At  the  Botanic  Garden,  Edinburgh, 
Mr  John  Mackay,  moft  llnccrely  and  dc- 
Icrvedly  regretted.  His  manners  were  gen- 
tle, his  dilpofition  obliging,  his  zeal  for 
knowledge  great,  and  his  (kill  in  botany 
^inconinion.  It  would  be  difficult  to  fay 
"whether  he  was  more  amiable  as  a  man,  or 
liiore  excellent  as  a  botanift. 

16.  At  Kiiij^'s  Crammond,  the  infant 
fon  of  George  Ramfay,  Efq;  younger  of 
liar  n  ton. 

—  Mr  Thomas  Jamiefon,  merchant  in 
Leith.  f 

Ac  Durham,  Mrs  Agnew,  reli<ft  of  the 
late  Captain  Agnew,  of  the  Royal  Navy, 
brother  to  the  late  General  Agnew. 

At  his  Lordihip's  Houfe,  in  Windfor 
Callle,  Mrs  Douglas,  wife  of  the  Right 
Rev.  the  Lord  Bifhop  of  Salifbury. 

At  his  Houfe  in  Grofvenor-place,  after 
a  long  illuefs,  the  Righi  Rev.  Dr  Mofs, 
Bifhop  of  Bath  and  Weils,  Canon  of  Sa- 
rum,  and  F.  R.  S. 

At  his  Houfe  in  Hanover  fquarc,  the 
Kighc  Hon.  Henry  Temple,  Vifcount  Pal- 
merflon,  of  Palmerflon,  in  the  county  of 
Dublin,  and  Baron  Teniple,  of  Mount  Tem- 
pre,  in  the  county  of  Sligo.  Plis  Lordfhip 
-was  married  in  Dec.  1767,  to  Mifs  Poole, 
daughter  of  Sir  Francis  Poole,  Bart,  v/ho 
flying  without  male  iffue,  he  married,  adly, 
1783,  Mifs  Mee,  of  London,  by  whom  he 
has  left  a  fon,  Henry  John,  the  prefcnt 
Xiord,  born  in  1784,  and  who  fuccecds  him 
in  his  honours  and  eilates. 

At  Greenock,  Mr  James  Thomfon,  mu- 
£c  maftcr. 

At  Dumfries,  Simon  M'Kenzie,  Efq; 
writer. 

The  Rev.  Mr  James  Geddcf?,  minifter  of 
the  Relief  congregation  at  Water  beck,  in 
the  parifh  of  Middlcbie. 

At  London,  in  the  45th  year  of  his  age, 
the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Guildford. 
Kis  Lojdfhip  W4S  married  to  a  daughter  of 


Mr  Coutts  the  banker;  but  his  Infant  and 
only  fon  dying  a  few  weeks  ago,  he  is  fuc- 
cecded  in  his  eflate  and  titles  by  his  brother, 
the  Hon.  Lieut.  Col.  Francis  North,  now 
Earl  of  Guildford. 

17.  At  the  Priory,  near  Derby,  the  ce- 
lebrated Dr  Dai  win.  He  had  been  flightly 
indifpofed  for  about  a  week,  in  the  courfe 
of  which  he  had  bled  himfelf  three  times. 
On  th&  morning  of  his  death  he  had  writ- 
ten two  hours  in  his  fludy,  after  which  he 
was  feized  with  a  ibivcring  fit,  and  died  in 
the  courfe  of  an  hour.  The  Dodor  had  a 
very  long  illncfs  fome  months  fince,  from 
which  he  never  perfec^Jy  recovered. 

25.  Mr  John  Tait,  Surveyor  of  the  Cuf- 
toms  at  the  Port  of  Lcith. 

a6.  At  Barn,  in  the  79th  year  of  his 
age,  the  Venerable  and  Rev.  £.  Nelfon, 
Relator  of  Burnham-Thorpe,  Norfolk,  and 
father  of  the  gallant  Lord  Nelfon. 

a8.  At  Bclfaft,  in  his  55th  year,  Alex- 
ander Henry  Halliday,  Eiq;  long  the  moft 
dillinguifhed  phyfician  in  that  part  of  Ire- 
land. ^ 

29.  At  Edinburgh,  William  Wemyfs^ 
Efq.  wriicr  to  the  fignet. 

30.  At  Glafgow,  of  a  lingering  confump- 
tion,  the  Rev.  Mathew  Gait,  A.  M. 

May  I.  At  Ptnchrifc,  Gideon  Pott,  Efq; 
of  Dod.  ^ 

—  At  the  Houfe  of  Muirelk,  Mrs  Hen- 
ry, wife  of  Captain  Henry  Corfe  of  Mo- 
rellie,  and  daughter  of  the  Rev,  Mr  Gor- 
don, minifler  of  Drumblade. 

2.  ' At  Caftitbarns,  Mrs  Jane  Campbell, 
rclid  of  the  dectaled  Archibald  Campbell 
of  Blandford,  Efq.  ' 

3.  At  Glafgow,  Mifs  Jean  Gilmour, 
fchool  miflrefs,  much  and  juftiy  rtgrcted 
by  all  her  friends  and  acquaintance. 

4.  At  Edinburgh,  in  the  50th  year  of 
her  age,  Lady  Forbes  of  Pitfligo. 

5.  On  her  pafTage  fiom  London  to  Leith, 
where  fhe  was  interred  on  the  nth,  Mifs 
Agnes  Kidfton,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Mr 
Kidilon,  Stow. 

—  At  Fort- William,  Dr  John  M*Iiityrc. 
He  was  a  m^a  eminently  diftin^uifhed  for 
his  knowledge  in  botany  ;  which  knowledge 
was  kinded  down  to  him  from  father  to 
fen  for  many  generations. 

—  In  Demarary,  in  the  19th  year  of  his 
age,  Mr  Alexander  Mackenzie,  fecond  foj^ 
of  the  late  George  Mackenzie,  Efq;  of  Pit- 
lundy. 


Haddington^  May  28. 
Wheat,  37s.  6d.    Barley,  22s.  Oats, 
1 6s.  6d.    Peafe,  i6s.  6d.    Beans,  i55. 

Edinburgh,  May  26.   Oat-mcal,  is, 
Bcar-mcai,  ndf .     Peafc-mcal,  pd. 


THE 


SCOTS  MAGAZINE, 

For    JUNE  1802. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Biographical  Sketch  of  the  Life  of 
Sir  John  Clerk  of  Pcnnycuik  451 

£fft:Cts  of  the  Love  of  Coniroverfy  | 
on  the  Underftanding  and  the  I 
Fkart  453; 

Life  of  Thales,  from  the  French  of 
Fentlon  455 

Oa  the  Phrafcology  of  the  High- 
laud  Poetry  459 

Natural  Hiltory  and  Theories  of 
the  Formation  of  Vertical  Stra-  \ 
ta,  by  Dr  Millar,  concluded  461 

Biographical  Sketch  of  the  late 
George  Drurnmond,  Efq.  con- 
clulcd  466 

On  Novels  and  Romances  470. 

Manners  and  Occupations  of  the  ' 
Inhabitants  of  Ghamouni  475  \ 

The  Wanderer  479! 

Q^ieftion  in  Cofrnography  481 ! 

On  Conviviality  481  ' 

On  the  Poetical  Charader  of  Gray  484  ' 

General  Anfwer  to  the  Mathema- 
tical Queftion,  propofcd  in  the 
Scots  Magazine,  for  March  i8oz  486 

LITERARY  EXTRACTS  AND 
NOTICES, 

Some  curious  cuftoms  among  the 
Laplanders,  from  Travels  by  Jo- 
feph  Accrbi  490 
Lapland  CourtHjip  and  Marriages  491 
L:!pl  ind  Sports  and  Amufements  491 
Bifcafes  to  which  the  Laplanders 
are  fubjevft,  and  th^e  remedies 
thty  ule  493 
Sketch  of  the  Character  of  the  late 
llev.  Dr  Thomas  Hardy  494 


Page 
495 
SO  5 


Brvce  on  the  Inocuktion  of  Cow 
Pox 

Literary  Notices,  &tc. 
Scotifh  Literary  Notices 

POETRYo 

Cupid's  IProphecy  506 
Song  507 
On  Health,  hy  a  Lady  507 
Vtrfee;  ocrafioned  by  the  late  unu- 

fual  cold  weather  507 
On  the  Death  of  Mr  John  Mackay  50S 

Imperial  Parliament. 

ProceedingBintheHoufeof  LordsjoS-il 
Proceedings  m  the  Houfe  of  Com 
inons  -  5U-16 

MONTHLY  REGISTER. 
Foreign  Intelligence. 
France,  Spain,  Italy,  Holland,  Pruf- 
fia,  Sviitzerland,  Turkey,  Weft 
Indies,  Sierra  Leoncj  America  516-20 

British  Intelligence. 
From  the  London  Gazette  520 
London. 


King*3  birth-day 
Tiiunder  Storms 


521 


Edinburgh. 
Celebration  of  the  King's  birth- 

^^ay  .^23 
Herri  no  fi/hery  in  the  Forth  523 
Poll  Office  revenue  in  Edi'^burgh  524 
Objecls  of  Society  for  Chrillian 

Knowledge  "5-5 
Proceedings  of  General  AuL-mbly  525-6 

LISTS—Marriages,  Births,  &c.  526-8 


I 


EDINBURGH. 

Printed  by  Alex.  Chapman,  &  Co.  FonesUr^s  IVyrJ^ 
For.  the  Proprietors  : 
.nd  Sold  by  Archibald  Constable,  High  Street,  Edinburgh, 
d  to  be  had  of  the  Princip:U  BookieUers  ia  the  United  Kingdom. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 


The  remamder  of  the  Life  of  Sir  John  Clerk  has  been  poftponcd  till 
next  Number,  that  we  might  have  it  in  our  power  to  give  Ibme  ac- 
count of  his  MS.  papers  on  the  fubjcd  of  the  Union,  and  of  thofe  re- 
lating  to  his  Antiquarian  Rc^fcarches. 

The  Life  of  Fenelon  has  been  received,  and  will  be  inferted  in  our  next. 

Stanzas  on  the  long  protraded  cold  of  laft  Spring  are  under  confider- 
ation.  We  receive  every  favour  of  our  poetical  readers  with  great 
pleafure,  but  cannot  help  expreffing  our  regret,  that  many  of  thefe  rc^ 
quire  more  corrcdion  than  we  can  bellow. 

Our  Correfpondents  who  have  favoured  us  with  papers  defigned  tQ 
be  periodical,  will,  we  hope,  clearly  fee  the  propriety  of  continuing 
thole  which  they  have  begun.  We  have  been  obliged  to  deny  the  prf. 
vikge  of  opening  a  feries  of  papers  of  that  kind,  to  fome  anonymous 
correfpondents  of  great  merit,  from  the  confideration.  that  as  we  have 
not  the  honour  of  knowing  them,  we  cannot  depend  on  a  rep-ular  com- 
anunication. 


We  have  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  a  pretty  large  paper,  entitled 
the  life  of  or,,  David  Lindfay,  M.  A.  written  in  a  flyle  rather  too  heavy 
fo^  the  majority  of  our  readers,  and  exhibiting  a  lame  fpecimen  of  Bio. 
graphy. 

The  paper  on  Taxation,  from  our  Correfpondent,  R.  has  been  re- 
ceived. 

Stiiaures  on  Mr  Laing's  D/ffertation,  on  the  Authenticity  of  the  Poems 
m  Uiiian,  will  probably  appear  in  our  next. 


THE 


SCOTS    M  A  G  A  Z I  N  E, 

For    JUNE  1S02, 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH  of  the  LIFE  of  Sir  JOHN  CLERK, 
of  pennycuik,  baronet; 

One  of  the  barcxs  of  his  majesty's  exchequer  for  Scotland, 

FROM    1705  1755. 


WITH   A  POIITEAIT. 


HE  fubjecl  of  this  imperfe^ 
mcrnoii  is  a  name  celebrated 


:>oth  in  the  civil  liiflory  and  iicera- 
ture  of  Scotland  ;  and  though  no 
accurate  account  of  his  life  has  been 
given  to  the  public,  yet  Sir  John 
Clerk,  from  the  great  extent  of  his 
learning,  his  cultivated  taile,  and 
numerous  perfonal  accomplilhments, 
joined  to  his  a(flive  lharc  in  the  im- 
portant national  tranfacftion  of  the 
■    AJnion  with  England,  would  have 
I     held  a  dii^inguiilied  place  in  the 
hillory  of  any  country.  The  family 
*  Pennycuik,  of  which  Sir  John 
the  fecond  baronet,  can  be  tra- 
d   with   confiderable  certainty, 
ck  to  the  year  JiSo,  and  the 
^gn  of  William  the  Lion.    In  a 
ivk  age,  when  learning  was  as 
>  onderiul,  as  it  was  rare  ;  the  fe- 
:  euries  of  the  legiflatlve  and  judi- 
'  il  courts,  along  with  a  few  of  the 
lergy,  who  were  ou  that  account, 
Vol.  LXIV. 


called  clcrici^  were  alone  pcireiLd  of 
the  arts  of  reading  and  writings 
The  haughty  nobles,  with  their 
martial  king,  were  alike  ignorant 
of  lettei^s.  The  ads  of  Parliament, 
and  the  feveral  deeds  which  con- 
firmed the  will  of  the  executive  go- 
vernment, were  ritten  by  pcrfons 
appointed  for  that  purpofe  ;  the  il- 
literate fovereign  and  his  barons 
applied  their  feals  or  the  fign  of  the 
crois,  to  the  parchment,  and  the 
clerk  added  the  name  of  the  refocc- 
tive  signer^  whether  he  were  pi  inci- 
p;il  or  witnefs  in  the  tranfadlon. 
Yet  the  fccret  of  letters,  as  it  is  em- 
phatically called  by  Tacitus,  when 
fpeaking  of  the  progenitors  of  the 
Eritilli  nation,  acquired  honour  and 
refped  to  the  poifelTors,  even  a- 
mongll  a  nobility  who  were  infen- 
fibie  to  .any  merit  but  the  din  of 
arms,  and  in  the  court  of  a  mo- 
narch, to  whom  learning  would 
3  O  have 


452       Sketch  of  the  Life  cf  Sir  John  Clerk,  Bart.   Vol.  64- 


have  been  difgraceful.  It  is  im- 
polUble  now  to  afcertain  tiic  previ- 
ous rank  of  the  Clerici,  or  what  in- 
fluence they  derived  from  the  fa- 
mihes  of  which  they  were  defcend- 
ed.  In  the  charter  of  a  donation 
by  king  William,  to  the  albnry  of 
Holyroodhoule,  Hugoclericus  regis, 
Hugo  clericus  cancellarli,  Johannes 
clciicus,  and  fcveral  others,  appear 
sus  witnefles.  On  this  circumltancc, 
it  may  be  obferved,  tliat  the  witnef- 
fes  to  fuch  deeds,  were  always  of 
high  rank,  arid  thefe  names  are 
clalleJ  with  others  of  the  firfl:  nobi- 
lity. From  different  fources  it  ap- 
pears, that  there  were  many  Scotiih 
free  barons  and  powerful  men  of 
this  name  in  tlie  earlicft  times.  In 
the  year  1296,  Ricardus  Clerk,  a 
confidcrable  ficeholder,  was  com- 
pelled to  fubmit  to  Edwaid  I.  of 
England,  after  his  invafion  of  Scot- 
land, while  another  baron  of  the 
fame  name,  a  ftrenuous  defender  of 
the  liberties  of  his  country,  fcorncd 
to  comply  with  the  foreign  ufurper, 
and  was  carried  prifoner  to  Lon- 
don. William  Clerk,  dcfcended  of 
a  branch  of  the  himily  fettled  in 
Perth fiiire,  an  emanent  merchant 
and  patriot,  attended  David  II.  in 
his  unfortunate  expedition  into  Eng- 
land. He  was  taken  prifoner  at  the 
battle  of  Durham,  anno  1346,  car- 
lied  up  to  London,  and  retained 
there,  until  he  was  liberated,  along 
avith  his  Sovereign,  eleven  years  af- 
ler.  John  Clerk,  merchant-burgefs 
and  chief  magi iti  ate  of  the  royal 
burgh  of  McRtrofe,  became  one  of 
the  hoftages  for  the  ranfom  of  the 
king  in  1357.  His  opulence,  loyal- 
ty, and  perfonal  abilities,  fixed  liis 
family  in  the  dire<f)ion  of  the  affairs 
of  that  corporation  for  feveral  cen- 
turies ;  the  chief  magi^rate  of  the 
place,  as  appears  fi^om  the  books  of 
council,  being  cf  his  name  and  def- 
cent,  dov/n  to  the  reign  of  Queen 
Mary.  John  Clerk,  fon  of  William 
Clerk;  iTicrchant-burgefs  in  Men* 


trofc,  was  baptized  by  the  Birtiop 
of  Caithnefs  at  Fettercairn,  Decem- 
ber 22d,  161 1.  Being,'  after  the 
manner  of  his  anceltors,  bred  a 
merchant,  he  removed  into  France 
in  the  year  1634  ;  fettled  at  Paris  ; 
and,  in  a  few  years,  acquired  a  con- 
fiderable  fortune.  In  the  year  1647 
he  returned  to  Scotland,  and  pur- 
chafed  the  lands  and  barony  of 
Pennycuik  *. 

Bv 


*  Thk.  barony  of  Penny l  Ook,  as  it  was 
formeiiy  wriifcn,  ohviduily  dt  rt vts  its  name 
{rorw  che  Garlic  words  li  inn  xw  Cuachaiir, 
the  hill  (;f  the  cuckow.  Tiiis  name  is  lu- 
cul,  and  hy  dtgrccs  w;i8  apphcd  to  a  lit^c 
fpacc  of  giound;  it  wus,  however,  very  an- 
cient, and  had  remameil,  alon^  wiuh  a  lew 
mi  ire  of  tht  Ccluc  or  lintilh  jjropcr  nauies 
of  places,  fioin  ihe  time  of  the  expulIio;i  of 
chat  lan-^uajrr  from  the  LotiuaiiS.  The  for- 
mer name  of  the  parilh  of  l^ennycook,  was 
th^it  of  Sc  Kenti^'crn  or  Munj^o,  the;  fame 
to  whom  the  Catliedral  Cnu:  th  of  Giafgov/ 
wis  dedicated.  A  religious  houfe  or  hofpi- 
tal,  near  the  hte  «jf  the  prtfent  NewhaiJ, 
endowed  wich  confidtraMe  landed  property 
ii»  fuppofed  to  have  held  moft  of  tiie 
iurrouijciint^'  diitri*f^.  An  ancient  family 
the  name  of  Pcrinycuik,  one  of  which,  ^ 
phyftcian,  and  a  pojt  of  nifcrior  mciit,  wa^ 
propr  e*or  of  Newhali  In  the  year  1646- 
appears,  to  have  been  the  fiifl  that  gaiued 
a  psrional  appeiidijo;i,  in  the  mauiicr  ot 
the  barons  of  the  ninth  and  tcnr.h  ctnturies^ 
from  the  fpot  of  ground  properly  fo  called. 
Tne  time  when  the  i^ennyccoks  of  that  ilk 
were  obliged  to  alienate  their  paternal  cftato 
is  unknown.  The  Crichtons,  anceftorb  of 
the  family  of  Dumfries,  the  Sinclahs  of 
Rollin,  and  many  other  powerful  familiei', 
hud  luccelTiveiy  lands  in  the  neighbourhood  ; 
ap.d  were  dangerous  rivals  to  a  fmall  barou 
who  was  unaer  the  necc-fiity  either  of  ferv- 
ini^-  or  of  removing.  The  river  Esk  (Uiige) 
Vrhich  tdih  u\  the  Pentland  hills,  runs  by 
thiS  place  through  a  deep  fractured  valley, 
into  the  fea  at  Mufielbaro;h.  The  hollow 
fequelr.ered  glades  through  which  this  cur. 
rent  fiows,  are  roniantic  in  t!ie  excrcme. 
Tiic  whole  of  the  Lothians  being  rather 
hare  of  wood,  and  of  a  ujiiform  appear- 
ance, it  adds  highly  to  the  beauty  of  the 
country,  to  find,  in  the  hofoni  of  a  glen, 
the  vvildefl  work  of  the  harid  of  Nature; 
woods  hanging  over  the  red  cliffs,  fwept  at 
their  bafe  by  a  llrcam,  which,  a;  Toaie  for- 
mer 


June  1802.       Effects  of  the  Love  of  Controversy.  453 


By  a  charter,  dated  March  9th, 
1664,  under  the  Great  Seal,  he  ac- 
quired fronn  Charles  II.  the  lands 
of  Wright- houles,  near  Edinburgh, 
which  his  grand-daughter  carried 
into  the  family  of  Graycrook.  He 
was  fucceeded  in  1674  by  his  fon, 
John  Clerk,  created  the  firft  baron- 
et of  Pennycuik,  by  a  royal  patent 
from  Charles  II.  (illi— et  hseredi- 
bus  mafculis  e  corpore  fuo),  dated 


mcr  time,  feems  to  havp  torn  the  moun- 
tains in  its  courfe.  The  flourifhin^  flare  of 
the  iurrtnimling  diftrids,  crowned  with 
villas,  and  chequered  with  cultivdtion,  form 
a  very  a^sreeabit;  contraft  to  the  wiid  Icenc- 
ry  of  RoHin  and  Hawthornden.  The  en- 
virons of  the  hsk  are  the  Tempe  of  Scot- 
land, where,  if  fanie  and  probabihty  may 
be  credited,  her  poets  have  been  iufpircd, 
and  gained  *  immortality. 

*  See  Ramfay'ii  Preface  to  his  Gentle 
Shepherd. 


24th  March  1679.  ^7  Elizabeth 
Henderfon,  daughter  of  Henderfon 
of  Elvington,  he  had  three  fons  and 
three  daughters  ;  of  whom  Sir  John 
Clerk,  the  fubjedt  of  this  account, 
his  elded  fon  and  heir,  was  born  a- 
bout  the  year  1684,  In  the  year 
1700,  he  acquired  the  lands  and 
barony  of  Lefwade  in  the  fhire  of 
Edinburgh,  and  married  fonie  time 
after  the  death  of  his  firft  wife, 
Chriftian,  daughter  of  the  Reve- 
rend Mr  Kilpatrick,  by  whom  he 
left  four  fons  and  four  daughters. 
The  elder,  Sir  John  Clerk,  was  a 
man  of  confiderable  addrefs,  and 
ferved  more  than  once  in  the  Par- 
liament of  Scotland.  He  died  in 
the  year  1722,  fifteen  years  after  the 
union  of  the  two  kingdoms,  ia 
which  his  fon  adled  a  diftinguifhed 
part. 

{To  bt  continued*) 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

EFFECTS  of  the  LOVE  of  CONTROVERSY  on  the  UNDER;^ 
STANDING  and  the  HEART. 


THE  love  of  controverfy  arifes 
from  a  propenfity  common  to  man, 
with  many  of  the  inferior  animals, 
by  which  they  delight  in  putting 
their  power  to  the  teft,  by  oppofmg 
it  to  that  of  others  in  a  fair  and  e- 
quitable  ftruggle— We  delight  not 
only  to  engage  in  thefe  ftruggles, 
but  to  witnefs  them  —  Hence,  a  fond- 
nefs  for  reading  books  of  controver- 
fy, a  line  of  iludy,  which  gives  a 
man  all  the  qualifications  necelfary 
tor  a  polemic,  and  is,  therefore,  ge- 
nerally fucceeded  by  a  wifh  to  en- 
gage in  difputation.    Hence,  alio, 

Vol.  LXIV, 


the  opinion  that  has  prevailed  among 
fuperficial  judges  in  all  ages  of  the 
ufefulnefs  of  controverfy,  and  the 
great  powers  of  mind  neceifary  for 
conducing  it — A  talent  for  debate  is 
almoft  the  only  kind  of  phiiofophi*. 
cal  genius,  which  the  vulgar  are 
capable  of  admiring,  and  has,  there- 
fore, been  invefted  with  that  falfe 
air  of  importance,  which  ignorance 
throws  over  eve  -y  uncommon  indi- 
cation of  fuperiority. 

A  propenfity  to  indulge  in  con- 
troverfy, is,  indeed,  frequently  the 
earliell  indication  of  fuperior  gc- 
3  P  nius 


454 


Effects  of  the  Love  of  Controversy.         Vol.  64. 


nius — That  curiofity,  which  is  na- 
tural to  a  youth  of  fenfihility  and 
genius,  leads  to  inquiry,  and  termi- 
nates in  kno^wledgc.  From  a  defire 
to  communicate  his  acquifitions, 
to  others,  the  young  philofopher 
propofes  his  opinions,  conHrms  them 
hj  arguments,  and  exults  in  a  fu- 
pcriority  to  his  equals  in  age,  or  his 
opponents  in  debate.— Applaufe  ex- 
cites his  vanity,  oppofjtion  roales 
his  pride,  and  habits  of  eafy  and 
confident  difputation  arc  formed. 

This  propenfity,  however,  ought 
not  to  be  too  mucli  indulged.  This 
would  be  to  add  the  force  of  habit 
to  a  principle  which  nature  has 
made  fufficiently  Ih  ong  for  all  the 
purpofes  it  was  defigned  for ;  and 
to  give  it  an  inlluence  over  the  con- 
fJudl,  dangerous  both  to  the  undcr- 
ftanding  and  to  the  heart. 

Whether  a  difpute  is  confidercd 
merely  as  a  difplay  of  fkill,  or  as  an 
exertion  of  reafon  defigned  to  re- 
commend an  opinion  to  the  under- 
Itanding  of  another,  the  love  of 
controverfy  is  a  great  obtlacle  to 
the  candid  reception  of  truth.  —If 
we  endeavour  to  convince  our  op- 
ponent, it  interefts  our  vanity  in 
the  juftice  of  our  opinions,  fo  that 
we  cannot  yield  to  argument,  with- 
out incurring  mortification  and  dif- 
grace.  Evidence  is  oppofed  by  the 
prevailing  influence  of  prejudice, 
and  confirms  the  errors  it  was  de- 
figned to  refute.  Vomty  being 
wounded  by  oppofition,  degene- 
rates into  pr'ule  ;  an  aitedtion  which 
is  peculiarly  averfe  to  improve- 
ment. 

In  the  prefent  times,  however, 
men  pride  thefnfelves  in  defending 
cither  fide  of  a  queilion,  and  for 
the  moft  part,  confider  controverfy 
merely  as  the  difplay  of  fi<:ill.  A 
pronenefs  to  indulge  a  turn  for  it, 
in  this  fenfe,  is  extremely  dangerous 
to  the  advancement  of  ufefui  know- 
ledge. It  begets  a  habit  of  reading, 
not  to  difcover  what  is  true^  hv^. 


what  is  plansiik — It  deftroys,  or  lef- 
fens,  a  love  of  truth ;  diminifhes 
the  ardour  of  ufefui  ftudy  ;  and  ei-» 
ther  produces  indolence,  or  turns 
the  attention  principally  to  objcds 
of  fuhordinate  importance.  It  gives 
a  man  fuflRcient  knowledge  to  be* 
come  fceptical,  without  thofc  fevere 
habits  of  ftudy,  which  alone  can 
make  him  a  philofopher.  It  pro- 
duces  a  habit  of  viewing  every  ar- 
gument as  a  mere  piodudion  of  in- 
genuity, involving  in  it  fome  con- 
cealed dcfed,  and  ufefui  only  for 
the  purpofes  of  difputation. 

Controversy  is  apt  to  ingrofs 
t(X)  much  of  the  attention,  and  to 
withdraw  it  from  thofe  more  im- 
portant fubjeds  of  ftudy,  vi  hich  are 
too  plain  to  admit  much  divcrfity 
of  fentiment,  and  are  rather  to  bei 
diligently  learned  than  feverely  ex- 
amined.   It  has  alfo  a  contrary  in- 
fluence upon  the  mind  of  thofe,  who 
are  averfe  to  it,  and  has  concurred 
powerfully  with  other  caufes,  in  pro-  , 
ducing  a  prevailing  negle(ft,  even  ; 
among  the  clergy,  of  the  ftudy  of  < 
theology  ;  a  ftudy,  which  is  at  once  \ 
important,   eafy,    and  interefting,  ^ 
and  would  have  appeared  in  a  jufter 
light,  had  it  not  been  involved  in 
metaphyfical  perplexity,  by  the  arts 
of  the  polemic. 

Let  us  now  confider  the  injluence 
of  a  love  of  controverfy  upon  the 
heart. 

It  was  before  obferved,  that  when 
founded  on  conviction,  and  irritated 
by  oppofition,  it  produces  pride. — • 
This  is  fufficient  to  prove  its  bad 
elTedls  on  the  heart,  as  there  is 
hardly  any  temper  of  mind,  which 
increafes  the  violence  of  our  angry 
paifions  fo  much  as  pride.  A  proud 
man,  though  above  forgiving  an  in- 
jury, is  not  fo  high  as  to  At{^\{^  it, 

even  when  he  profeffes  to  do  fo  

He  has  the  fame  mean  felfifhnefs 
with  other  men,  but  it  is  not  as  in 
them,  reftramed  by  any  regard  for 
the  opinions  or  feelings  of  mankind. 


June i8c2. 


Effects  of  the  Love  of  Controversy. 


455 


In  revenging  an  injury,  he  is  fteady 
and  unrelenting — He  has  no  ten- 
dernels  for  another's  feelings,  for  he 
defpifes  them  ;  he  is  re  drained  from 
cruelty  by  no  relentings  of  compaf- 
fion,  for  he  cannot  turn  afide  from 
liis  firft  refolutions.  The  influence 
of  tliis  difpofition  appears  fufBcient- 
ly  in  the  afperity  ol  language  which 
difgraces  almoft  all  books  of  contro- 
verfy. 

But  the  prefent  mode  of  contro- 
verfy  rather  excites  vanity  tlian  pride. 
I'liis  is  indeed  a  little  more  favour- 
able to  the  cultivation  of  the  affedi- 
ons,  although  obfervationfufficiently 
provesf,  that  vanity  Icldom  fcruples 
to  purchafe  applaufe  by  wounding 
the  feelings  of  an  antagoniil. 

CoNTRovERsvr  has  m  general,  a 
tendency  to  lelfen  the  fenlibility  of 
the  mind. — In  difputes,  no  weight 
is  laid  upon  feeling ;  reafon  is  con- 
ftantly  appealed  to.  —  A  habit  of  con- 
troverfy  is  therefore,  a  habit  of  cool 
reafoning,  which  appears  from  the 
writings  of  thole  who  have  excelled 
in  it,  to  be  extremely  unfavourable 
to  fenfibility. 


Religious  controverfy,  in  parti- 
cular, is  dangerous,  by  deftroying 
or  weakening  the  feelings  of  devo- 
tion.—  When  the  fimpie  and  fublime 
truths  of  religion  are  made  fubjecSts 
of  cool  and  familiar  debate,  is  it 
wonderful,  that  they  are  at  laft 
viewed  merely  as  fubjcds  of  barren 
faith,  and  controverlial  difcuffion, 
and  neither  affedt  the  heart  nor  in- 
fluence the  condud  ? 

These  remarks  are  not  defigned 
to  rcilrain  the  exerciie  of  our  natu- 
ral right  of  private  judgment.  A 
fpirit  of  ferious,  cautious,  and  un- 
prejudiced inquiry  is  ealily  diftin- 
guilhed  from  the  love  of  controver- 
fy. It  derives  its  ardour  not  from 
vanity,  but  from  the  love  of  truth. 
It  reits  on  the  firm  bafis  of  an  ho- 
neft  heart,  and  produces  a  firm, 
but  unaiiuming,  independence  of 
fentiment.  While  it  avails  itfelf  of 
every  human  affiftance  and  direc- 
tion, it  looks  up  to  tiiQ  Fhther  of 
mcrcus^  for  the  guidance  of  his 
Spirit. 

A.  Y= 


lor  the  Scots  Magazine. 
LIFE  OF  THALES- 

FROM    THE    FRENCH    OF    FENELON  ; 

Being  the  firft  in  order  of  his     Short  Lives  of  the  Ancient  Philosophers.'* 


THALES  was  born  in  the  firft 
year  of  the  35th  Olympiad,  and  died 
in  the  58th,  aged  ninety-two  years*. 


*  The  life  of  each  philofopher  is 
prtcedcd  by  the  chronology  of  his  birth 
an<J  death,  which,  in  the  ttanilation,  I 
purpofe  to  follow.  The  Olyinpiads 
may  be  eafily  reduced  to  yeais  before 
Chriit^  by  obfervmg,  that'the  ipace  of 


T  HALES  the  Milefian,  was,  by  his 
family,  a  Phccnician  ;  and  was  de- 


tiine  denoted  by  an  Olympiad  is  four 
years  ;  and,  that  the  firit  of  them  began 
776  years  before  the  Chriliian  3era. 
The  tranllator  thinks  it  proper  to  in- 
form his  readers,  that  he  alone  is  anf- 
werable  for  whatever  may  occur  in 
the  way  of  notes. 

3  P  2  fcended 


456 


Life  of  Tbaks. 


Vol.  64. 


fcended  of  Cadmus,  the  fon  of  A- 
genor.  The  indignation  which  his 
parents  had  conceived  againft  the 
tyrants,  by  whom  the  opulent  were 
continually  opprefTed,  induced  them 
to  quit  their  native  country  ;  in  con- 
fequence  of  which,  they  fixed  their 
refidence  at  Miletus,  a  town  of  Io- 
nia, where,  in  the  firft  year  of  the 
35th  Olympiad,  Thales  was  born. 
It  was  he  who  firft  acquired  the 
fplendid  title  of  S  n^f^  and  who  was 
theauthorof  that  philofophy,  which, 
from  the  name  of  the  country  which 
gave  him  birth,  has  been  fliled  the 
Ionian* 

Thales  was,  for  fome  time,  in 
the  magiftracy  ;  and,  after  pafTing, 
with  applaufe,  through  its  feveral 
gradations,  to  the  higheit  offices  of 
the  ftate,  he  was  impelied,  by  his 
ardour  to  become  acquainted  with 
the  fecrets  of  nature,  10  extricate 
himfelf  from  the  embarraflment  of 
public  affairs.  He  fet  off,  accord- 
ingly, for  Egyp.t,  where  the  fcien- 
ces  then  flonrifhed.  There  he  de- 
voted feveral  years  to  converfation 
with  the  prieAs,  the  depo.fitaries  of 
the  knowledge  of  their  country. 
Thus  was  his  mind  informed  in  the 
myfteries  of  their  religion,  whilft  it 
was  to  mathematics  and  aftronomy 
that  his  attention  was  chiefly  direc- 
ted. He  never  attached  himfelf  to 
any  mafter,  and,  excepting  his  in- 
tercourfe  with  the  priefts  of  E^ypt, 
during  his  travels  in  that  country, 
it  was  to  experiment  and  refearch 
alone,  accompanied  with  clofe  men- 
tal application,  that  he  owed  that 
valuable  flock  of  knowledge  v/ith 
which  he  enriched  philofophy. 

Possessed  of  a  noble  elevation 
of  foul,  Thales  fpoke  little,  and 
thought  much.  Of  his  own  intereft 
he  Was  negligent,  but  that  of  the 
ftate  roufed  his  keenefl  efforts. 

Speaking  of  thofc  v/ho  deem  the 
gratification  of  levenge  more  de- 
fir cable  than  life  uielf.  Juvenal 
fay5.,  that  thefc  v/ere  fenti meats  very 


different  from  thofc  of  Cliryfippus, 
or  the  gentle  Thales  : 

Ax  vindifta  bonum  vita  jncundiiiK  ipfa  : 
Chryfippus  non  dicct  idem,  ncc^mite  I'ha- 

Oh  fweet  reveng^e!  th:ui  life  itfclf  more 
dear. 

T'obtain  the  hiifs,  whu  death  itfelf  wotdd 

Not  fo  mild  Thales,  nor  Chryfippus  thoii<rhf, 
Nor  that  good  man  who  drank  the  poilJn'd 
draught.  ' 

Upon  his  return  to  Miletus,  Tha- 
les lived  very  retired,  and  the  con- 
templation of  celcfHal  phaenomena 
engrolfcd  his  whole  attention.  His 
love  of  wifdom  induced  him  to 
prefer  the  repofe  of  celibacy  to  the 
cares  of  matrimony.  When  he  was 
but  twenty^three  years  of  age,  an 
advantageous  match  prefented  it- 
felf, which  his  mother  ClJobulina 
warmly    urged    him    to  accept. 

When  a  man  is  young,"  faid 
Thales,  "  it  is  too  foon  to  marry  ; 
when  old,  too  late  ;  and,  between 
thefe  two  periods,  he  ought  not  to 
have  the  kil'ure  requifite  to  choofe 
a  wife."  By  fome,  however,  it  is 
faid,  that  towards  the  clofe  of  life, 
he  married  an  Egyptian  lady,  by 
whoni  feveral  elegant  works  bad 
been  compofed. 

■  Some  Grangers  at  Miletus,  fail- 
ing ozie  day  by  the  ifland  Coos, 
bought  of  certain  fifhermen,  who 
had  juil  thrown  their  net  into  th^ 
fea,  whatever  they  lliould  catch  at 
that  draught.  They  drew  up  a 
tripod  of  folid  gold,  which,  it  is 
faid,  Helen,  when  returning  from 
Tioy,  h  id  thrown  into  that  place", 
on  account  of  an  ancient  oracl6 
which  Ihe  then  recolleded.  To  de^ 
cide  the  oucilion,  whofe  proper- 
ty the  tripod  fnould  be  confidered  ?" 
gave  rife  to.  fome  altercation  be- 
tween the  fiflier-men  and  the  flran- 
gers.  Tlie  cities  to  which  they  be- 
longed, afterwards  intereRcd  them- 

felves 


June  1802. 


Life  of  tholes. 


457 


felves  in  the  affair,  each  efpoufing 
the  caiife  of  its  own  citizens.  When 
they  were  on  the  eve  of  coming  to 
an  open  nipture,  it  was  on  all  hands 
agreed,  that  the  difputc  IKould  be 
referred  to  the  decifion  of  the  ora- 
cle. They  fent  to  Delphi.  The 
3-efponfe  of  the  oracle  was,  That 
the  tripod  fhould  be  given  to  the 
moft  eminent  of  the  wife.*'  It  was 
immediately  fent  to  Thales,  and  by 
him  to  Bias.  Bias  modeiily  con- 
veyed it  to  a  third,  and  he  to  a 
fourth,  who  fent  it  to  Solon.  "There 
is  no  being  wifer  than  a  god,"  faid 
Solon,  and  fent  the  tripod  to  Del- 
phi, where  it  was  confecrated  to  A- 
pollo. 

Some  young  men  of  Miletus  pre- 
tending,  one  day,  to  ridicule  Tha- 
les, tefling  him,  that  his  fcience 
mufl:  be  very  barren,  fmce  it  had 
left  him  in  indigence,  the  philofo- 
pher  endeavoured  to  fhow  them, 
that  if  wife  men  did  not  amafs  great 
riches,  it  was  through  pure  con- 
tempt of  them  ;  and,  that  it  was 
eafy  for  them  to  acquire  things  on 
.which  they  fet  no  value. 

By  his  aftronomical  obfcrvations, 
he  forefaw,  it  is  faid,  that  the  year 
would  be  very  produ6tive.  He 
bought  up,  before  their  feafon,  all 
the^live-fruitsin  the  neighbourhood 
of  Miletus.  The  crop  proved  very 
abundant,  and  Thales  made  very 
confiderable  profit ;  but,  being  quite 
difmtereiiied,  he  alfembled  the  mer- 
chants of  Miletus,  and  among  them 
dii]:ributed  all  his  clear  gain. 

Thal' s  ufed  to  thank  the  gods 
for  three  things  ;  that  he  was  born 
a  rational  creature,  rather  than  a 
brute  ;  a  man,  rather  than  a  wo- 
man ;  and  a  Greek,  rathei  than  a 
barbarian. 

TnALKS  believed,  that  the  world 
had  been  originally  difpofed  in  the 
manner  in  which  we  at  prefent  fee 
't,  by  an  intelligent  Being  ;  who, 
he  had  no  beginning,  fo  he  fliould 


have  no  end.  He  was  the  firfl: 
Greek  who  taught  the  immortality 
of  the  foul. 

There  came  to  him,  one  day,  a 
man,  afking  him,  whether  we  could 
conceal  our  actions  from  the  gods  ? 
"  To  them,"  replied  the  philofo- 
pher,  "even  our moflfecret  thoughts 
can  never  be  unknown." 

"  The  greated  thing,"  he  ufed 
to  fay,  "  is  fpace  ;  becaufe  in  it,  all 
beings  are  contained  ;  the  flrongefl 
thing,  necefHty  ;  becaufe  it  accom- 
pliihes  every  purpofe  :  The  quickeil 
is  mind  ;  for,  in  an  inftant,  it  runs 
over  the  univerfe  :  And  the  wifeft  is 
time,  fmce  there  is  nothing,  however 
fecret,  which  it  does  not  difcover  ; 
But  of  all  things,  the  moft  agreeable 
and  lovely  is  to  gratify  inclination.^' 
He  frequently  repeated  the  maxim, 
that  to  talk  n}uch,  is  no  mark  of  fu- 
perior  underiianding.  "  Of  our 
ifriends,"  faid  he,  "  we  ought  to  be 
equally  mindful,  whether  prefent  or 
abfent  ;  and  we  ought  to  afTill  oar 
parents,  that  we  may  deferve  the 
afiiflance  of  our  own  children  ;  That 
there  is  nothing  fo  bafe,  as  to  fee  a 
tyrant  allowed  to  grow  old  :  That 
in  n^isfortune,  it  may  be  fome  con- 
folation  to  learn,  that  our  tormen- 
tors are  as  unhappy  as  ourfelves  *  : 
That  a  man  ought  never  to  do  that, 
himfelf,  which  he  would  blame  in 
others  :  That  true  happinefs  confiRj 
in  enjoying  perfed  health,  a  mode- 
rate fortune,  and  in  fpending  a  life 
free  from  effeminacy  and  igno- 
rance. 

To  Thales  nothing  appeared  fo 
difiicult  as  felf-knowledge.  This 
confideration  led  him  to  form  that 
excellent  precept,  which  was  after- 
wards engraved  on  a  plate  of  gold. 


*  We  ought  to  excufe  Tholes,  bat 
not  to  forget  the  more  iubiime  precept 
ot  him»  who  fdid,  Bids  them  fh^c 
curfc  you  ;  do  ;:ood  to  them  that  dcf- 
pitcfury  ufe  and  peil'ocute  you." 

and 


45S 


Life  of  Thaler. 


Vol.  64. 


and  cortfecrated  in  tlie  temple  of 
Apollo,  KNOW  THYSELF* 

He  maintained,  that  there  was 
no  difference  between  life  and  death. 
Having  been  afked,  why  then  did 
he  not  killhirnfelf  ?  He  replied,  that 
fmce  to  Hve  or  to  die  was  the  fame 
thing,  there  was  no  motive  left  to 
induce  hirn  to  choofe  the  one  in  pre- 
ference to  the  othei. 

Thales  fometimes  amufed  him- 
felf  with  poetry,  and  he  is  faid  to 
have  been  the  inventor  of  hexameter 
verfe  f » 

A  MAN  jiiftly  nccufed  of  adul- 
tery came  up  to  him  one  day,  and 
afked  him,  whether  he  might  jufti- 
ly  himfelf  by  oath  ?  Thales,  in 
raillery,  anfwered  his  quellion  by 
propofmg  another,  "  Is  perjury," 
laid  he,  "  a  Icfs  crime  than  adul- 
tery V\ 

Mandretus  of  Priene,  who  had 
been  a  fcholar  of  his,  having  come 
to  Miletus  to  pay  him  a  vifit,  faid 
to  him,  "  What  reward,  Thales, 
would  you  have  me  beRow  upon 
you,  in  teltimony  of  the  gratitude 
w^hich  1  feel  for  all  the  excellent 
precepts  for  which  I  am  indebted  to 
you  ?"  "  When  you  have  an  oppor- 
tunity of  teaching   others,''  faid 


It  is  from  this  circumftance, 
pel  haps,  that  the  precept  was  after- 
-vards  attributed  to  the  god  him  lei  f. 
Juvenal  :       E  coelo  deicendit  yvoQi 

i  i  bis,  however,  cannot  be  true. 
Tor  Homer,  who,  according  to  the  A- 
rundelian  marbles,  ftourilhed  9C7  years 
before  Chiiit;  and,  even  Henod,  whom 
Cicero  places  lomewhat  later,  (vid.  Cic. 
cie  Senectate^  wrote  in  this  meaiute. 
Diogenes  Lccrtius,  however,  mentions 
five  of  tiie  name  of  Thales,  of  whon*, 
two  are  laid  to  have  lived  before  Ho- 
mer ;  and  Fenelon  feems  to  have  at- 
tribuced  to  t\ie  Thales,  whofe  life  is 
now  before  as,  an  invention  which 
might,  poffibly,  belong  to  one  of  the 
fame  name,  who  had  lived  many  cen- 
turies before  han. 


Thales,  "  let  them  know,  that  I  am 
the  author  of  the  dodrine  you  teach. 
In  you,  this  will  difcovcr  a  laudable 
modelly  ;  and  to  me,  it  will  be  a 
very  valuable  reward." 

Thal  s  was  the  firftof  the  Greeks 
who  apphed  to  the  ftudy  of  phytics 
and  aftronomy.  He  fuppofed  wa- 
ter to  be  the  firft  ptf-inciple  of  all 
things.  That  earth  was  condenfed 
water,  and  air  rarificd  water.  That 
all  things  were  continually  under- 
going a  change  into  one  another  ; 
but  that,  at  laif,  all  would  be  re- 
folved  into  water.  That  the  uni- 
verfe  was  animated,  and  full  of  in- 
vifible  beings,  which  inceffantly  ho- 
ver around.  That  the  earth  \v3.s  in 
the  midll  of  the  univerfe  ;  that  it 
revolved  round  its  own  centre, 
wiiich  was  that  of  t^ie  univerfe  al- 
fo  ;  and,  that  the  waters  of  the  fea, 
upon  which  it  was  placed,  agitated 
it,  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  to  produce 
its  motion. 

The  wonderful  effects  of  load- 
flone  and  amber,  and  the  apparent 
fympachy  between  things  of  the 
fame  nature,  led  him  to  fuppofe, 
that  there  is  not  an  obje6l  in  the  u- 
niverfe  which  is  not  animated. 

The  inundation  of  the  Nile  he 
attributed  to  the  Etefian,  or  annual 
winds,  which  blow  from  fouth  to 
north  ;  for  thefe,  faid  he,  mull  re- 
tard the  progrefs  of  the  river,  which, 
confequently,  flowing  fiom  fouth  to 
north,  mufl  overflow  its  banks,  and 
lay  under  water  the  adjacent  cham- 
paign country. 

Thales  v/as  the  firft  who  predic- 
ted eciipfes  of  the  fun  and  moon, 
and  who  made  obfervations  on  the 
different  motions  of  thofe  heavenly 
bodies.  He  fuppofed  the  fun  to  be 
a  luminous  body,  an  hundred  and 
twenty  times  larger  tiian  the  moon. 
The  moon  he  fuppofed  an  opaque 
body,  of  which  one  fide  only  was 
capable  of  relieding  the  light  of  the 
fan ;  and,  on  this  hypothefis,  he 


June  t8o2. 


Life  of  Inhales. 


459 


folved  the  phenomena  of  the  moon's 
different  phafes. 

Thales  firft  inveftigated  the  ori- 
gin of  winds  ;  the  matter  of  which 
thunderbolts  confift,  the  caufe  of 
lightning  and  of  thunder. 

Before  liim,  none  had  difcover- 
ed  the  method  of  meafuring  the 
heights  of  towers  and  pyramids^  by 
their  fliadow  at  noon,  during  the 
equinoxes. 

He  fixed  the  year  to  three  hun- 
dred and  fixty-five  days  ;  ftated  the 
order  of  the  feafons  ;  and  limited 
every  month  to  thirty  days  ;»and, 
at  the  end  of  every  twelfth  month, 
added  five  days  more,  to  complete 
the  folar  year.  This  method  he  had 
learned  from  the  Egyptians. 
.  Thales  was  the  firft  who  made 
any  difcoveries  concerning  the  ursa 
minor  ^  or  lefs  bear,  of  which  the 
Phoenicians  availed  tliemfelves  in 
navigation. 

As  he  was  one  day  going  out  to 
contemplate  the  ftars,  through  in- 
advertency, he  fell  into  a  ditch.  An 
old  female  domeftic  immediately 
ran  up  to  him,  and  having  difen- 
gaged  him,  faid  to  h,im  in  jeft, 
"  What,  Thales,  do  you  fuppofe 
yourfelf  capable  of  difcovering  what 
is  going  on  in  heaven,  when  you 
cannot  fee  what  is  even  at  your 
feetr 

Thales  maintained  a  very  high 
degree  of  refpedlability  during  his 
whole  life.  He  was  confultcd  on 
the  moft  important  affairs  ;  Crcefus 
having  engaged  in  a  war  againft  the 


Perfians,  advanced  at  the  head  of  a 
numerous  army  to  the  banks  of  the 
river  Halys,  he  found  himfelf  much 
embarra/Ted  how  to  pafs  it ;  he  iiad 
neither  bridges  nor  boats,  and  to 
ford  it  v/as  impofiible.  Thales,  who 
happened  at  that  time  to  be  in  his 
camp,  aflured  him,  that  he  could 
enable  his  army  to  pafs  die  river 
without  either  boats  or  a  bridge. 
He  immediately  engaged  the  men 
in  digging  a  large  trench  in  the 
form  of  a  crefcent,  beginning  at  tlie 
one  end  of  the  camp,  and  termina- 
ting at  the  other.  Thus  was  die 
river  divided  into  two  arms,  both  of 
which  were  fordahle,  and  the  army 
palfcd  without  difficulty.  Thales 
would  never  allow  the  Milefians  to 
make  an  alliance  with  Croefus,  who 
earneftly  defired  it.  The  prudence 
of  Thales  was  the  fafety  of  his  coun- 
try ;  for  Cyrus,  having  conquered 
the  Lydians,  facked  ail  the  towns 
w^hich  had  joined  the  confederacy, 
but  fpared  Miletus,  which  had  ta- 
ken no  adive  part  againft  him. 

When  feeble  Vv^ith  age,  Thales 
one  day,  caufed  himfelf  to  be  car- 
ried up  to  a  terrace,  or  heap  of  earth, 
to  fee  the  combats  of  the  amphi- 
theatre. The  exceffive  heat  had 
fuch  a  violent  effed  upon  him,  that 
he  fuddenly  died  on  the  very  fpot 
from  which  he  was  viewing  the 
combats.  This  happened  in  ihe 
fifty-eight  olympiad,  and  in  the 
ninety-iecond  year  of  his  age.  His 
funeral  was  celebrated  the 
greateft  pomp  by  the  Milefians. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

On  the  phraseology  of  the  HIGHLAND  POETRY. 

THE  poedc  1  phrafeology  of  the  two  nations,  the  fables  of  Fingal 

Irlfli,  and  Scotifh  Highlanders,  has  and  Temoia,  he  carefully  imitated 

of  late  become  well  known  over  the  ftyle*  or  manner  of  the  Celtic 

Europe,  by  means  of  the  poems  of  poetry,  which,  from  its  wild  and 

OOian.  As  the  writer  of  thefe  poems  eccentric  graces,  has,  in  his  hands, 

founded  on  the  old  ballads  of  the  been  univerfally   admired.  But, 

whik 


460 


On  the  Highland  Poetry. 


Vol.  64. 


while  the  Tnetaphoncal  language  of 
Macpherfon  has  attradled  the  notice 
of  every  reader,  the  Highland  bal- 
lads, both  ancient  and  modern,  have 
been  totally  neglected.  This  is  the 
more  extraordinary,  as  no  perfon 
can,  injuftice,  pretend  to  judge  of 
the  Olfianic  controverfy,  without  a 
knowledge  of  thefe  fourccs,  and  of 
the  Gaelic  language  itfelf  5  the  toil 
of  acquiring  vrhich,  would  be  am- 
ply conipenfated,  by  the  romantic 
region  into  which  it  would  introduce 
the  ftudent.  The  common  fongs  of 
the  Highlanders  are  full  of  a  wild 
irregular  beauty.  The  mulic  of  that 
country  is  the  produce  of  Nature 
herfelf,  untutored,  unrcftrained  by 
any  modern  rules  of  art  ;  and  fo  de- 
vious from  the  common  path  of  the 
connoifTeurs,  that  they  oi'ten  defpair 
of  playing  and  writing  it.  Of  all 
languages,  the  Gaelic  is  beft  fitted 
to  rival  the  melody  of  the  ancient 
Greek,  from  the  number  of  its 
Towels,  and  the  foftnefs  pf  its  con. 
fonants.  The  gutturals,  which  to 
feme,  may  appear  harih,  in  many 
words  confer  a  fullnefs  of  found 
which  adorns  the  verfe,  particularly 
in  flow  airs,  where  the  effe(5l  is  fur- 
prizing.  The  defcriptions  of  beau- 
ty in  the  Gaelic  love-fongs  are  pecu- 
liar to  the  country,  and  are  certain- 
ly as  poetical  as  the  admired  def- 
criptions of  the  claffic  ages.  A 
Highland  bard  compares  his  mif- 
trds  to  a  fruit-tree,  "  Mar  ghallan 
ur  air  am  fas  ubhlan  lubta  iios  gu 
feur."  Like  a  green  treen  tree,  with 
fruit  bent  down  to  the  ground  ;  her 
breaft  is  mar  -chobhar  traigh  a 
chaoidh'  gach  la,"  the  foam  of  the 
ocean  daily  toffed.  The  following 
verfes  contain  a  defcription,  equal 
to  the  pencil  of  Anacreou : 

Ciochan  corrach  lionta  foluis 

Air  do  bhroiileach  re  glan 
Do  (heang-fliiios  fallain  mar  aii  eaW 

1^0  mar  chaiiacb  flelbhc 


Bos  ionmhuinn  caoin  Hz'n  geal  mheur  caol 
AMcalbh  na'n  craobh  air  peuriain 

'S  tu  fialaigh  glic's  do  chial  gun  tig. 
Air  diamhaireachd  na  reultan. 

Do  bhraiphe  gle-geal  mar  e^hath  grdinc 

T'  aghaidh  rc-ghlan  mh6thar 
Tiunnail  t  eug'ais  tcarc  re  Ihcatuin, 

Gur  tu  rcul  na*n  oighcan  ; 

Gur  bachlach,  dualacb,  cafbhni\  cuachach, 
T'fhalt  m'ancuairt  ann  ordubh 

*S  ann  tha  gach  ciobh  mar  fhain  air  fniamh, 
'S  gach  aon  air  fiamh  an  oir  dhuibh. 

Inghcan  aingil  na  rofg  mails 
*S  na*ngruaigh  glan  tha  narach 

Da  fhuil  ghorm  mheallach,  fuldh  chaol  mala, 
'S  gach  aon  a'  mhealladh  graidh  dhuibh^ 

In  this  portrait  of  beauty,  are  uni- 
ted moll  of  the  comparifons,  which 
charm  in  the  poems  of  Offian.  The 
cxpreilions,  lionta  foluis,  full  of 
light  or  joy,  applied  to  the  breaft, 
the  fide  like  the  fwan,  or  like  the 
canach,  (down  of  the  mofs,  confpi- 
cuous  for  its  whitenefs,)  are  very 
remarkable.  He  compares  her  bo- 
fom  to  the  fun-beam  ;  calls  herfelf 
the  ftar  of  maids,  and  defcribes  the 
ringlets  of  her  hair  with  the  fancy 
of  infpiration.  "  Angelic  maid  of 
the  mildeft  look,  and  the  fair  blufh- 
ing  cheek,  under  each  arched  brow, 
thy  blue  eyes  incline  to  love 
The  author  of  this  eloge  was  a 
William  Mackenzie,  and  the  lady 
was  of  the  family  of  Scatwell,  or 
Kincraig.  The  Gaelic  ballads  in 
a  poetical,  archaeological,  and  hif- 
torical  point  of  view,  deferve  the 
higheil  attention  of  the  Scotifli  li- 
terati. Though  Offian  be  forgot- 
ten on  his  fabled  hills,  thefe  are 
real  monuments  of  genius,  feeling, 
and  hiftory;  their  mufic  and  fimple 
tale  will  be  recognifed  as  its  ge- 
nuine offspring,  by  the  human 
heart,  as  long  as  the  language  of 
nature  (hall  have  power  to  charm. 

X. 


June  i8c2 


461 


NATURAL  HISTORY  AND  THEORIES 

OF    T  H  I* 

FORMATION  OF  VERTICAL  STRATA. 


I^y  James  Millar,  M.  D. 


Goncliidcd  from  page  203, 


AX,  Of  the  Theories  of  the  Formation 
of  p^ertical  Strata. 

IT  is  to  be  regretted  that  ged- 
logifts  have  fo  often  departed  from 
their  own  fcience,  and  have  deviated 
into  the  trac kiefs  wilds  of  cofmo- 
gony.  Attached  to  particular  theo- 
ries, and  trammelled  by  their  prin- 
ciples, it  is  fcarcely  to  be  expeded, 
that  even  the  moft  candidphiiofopher 
will  explore  the  phenomena  v^hich 
arc  the  fubjedl:  of  enquiry,  without 
certain  prepolfeffions  in  favour  of 
thefe  theories.  His  fadls  and  ob- 
fervations  which,  he  thinks,  are  fair- 
ly copied,  and  give  faithful  and  ac- 
curate delineations  of  nature,  have 
received  the  peculiar  colouring  of 
an  imaginary  pidure  which  he  has 
formed  in  his  own  mind.  Thus, 
different  and  oppofite  fyftems,  when 
examined  individually,  or  in  the 
clofet,  are  plaufible  and  often  fa^ 
tisfailory ;  but,  when  compared 
with  the  phenomena  which  they  are 
meant  to  explain,  by  an  unbiaifed 
and  attentive  obferver,  they  are  the 
mere  villous  of  fancy,  /not  the  ra- 
tional deductions  of  philofophical 
inveiligatlon. 

Thefe  digreffive  remarks,  though 
more  applicable  to  general  theo- 
ries of  the  earth,  naturally  lead  us 
to  enquire  how  far  the  theories,  pro- 

Vol.  LXIV. 


pofed  to  aecourit  for  the  formation 
of  vertical  ftrata,  correfpond  with 
the  fads  which  have  been  detailed 
in  the  firil  part  of  this  paper. 

Theory  of  Hut  ton. 

According  to  the  theory  of  Dr 
Hutton,  all  bafaltic  fubilances,  a- 
m.ong  which  he  includes  whin-dykes, 
have  had  an  igneous  origin.  He 
iiippofes,  that  the  matter  of  vrhich 
they  are  compofed,  was  in  a  ftate 
of  fafion  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth  ; 
and,  that  by  the  expanfive  force  of 
elaftic  fluids,  it  bunl  through  the 
fuper-incumbent  llrata,  and  carried 
in  a  current  along  the  furface,  fome- 
times  formed  immenfe  mafles  and 
ranges  of  rocks,  fuch  as  the  rock 
of  Edinburgh  Caftle,  Arthur's  Seat, 
and  Salifbury  Craig  ;  fometimes, 
owing  to  particular  deviations  from 
the  more  terrible  and  convulfive 
eifeds  of  this  fubterraneous  erup- 
tion, a  fmaller  quantity  only  was 
ejected,  interfecting  the  horizontal 
itrata  in  the  form  of  dykes.  It  is 
the  lad  part  of  the  theory,  efpecial- 
ly  the  formation  of  whin  dykes  tra- 
verfmg  coal  ilrata,  that  I  mean  at 
preient  to  confider.  Let  us  then 
iee  whether  it  will  account  for  the 
phenomena. 

The  evidence  w^hich  Dr  Hutton 
3  Q_ 


History  avd  Theories  of  Vertical  Strata.      Vol.  64 


has  adJiTccd  to  prove  the  fubterra- 
rieous  eruption  of  dy4ies,  is  drawn 
from  the  apparent  derangement  of 
the  horizontal  ftrata  at  the  place 
where  they  are  interfecflcd  by  a  dyke, 
and  the  pecuh'ar  appearance  of  the 
coal  in  thjcir  immediate  vicinity, 
vhich  he  fnppofes  to  be  in  a  ftate 
of  calcination,  from  having  been  in 
conta6l  with  the  ejected  matter  of 
tlie  dyke  in  fufion.  Let  us  firft  at- 
tend to  the  elle6t  of  this  eruption 
of  a  dyke,  the  apparent  derange- 
ment of  the  ftrato  ;  and,  let  us  con- 
fider  for  a  moment,  what  mud  be 
the  mechanical  operation  of  a  mafs 
of  this  liquid  matter  bnrfting  up- 
wards through  the  coal  ftrata.  Sup- 
pofe  a  coal  field  of  a  mile  fquare  in 
qxtent ;  fuppofe  that  the  coal  and 
concomitant  flrata  are  perfedly  re- 
gular, having  a  moderate  dip  or  in- 
clination to  the  fouth  ;  and  fup- 
pafe,  that  tliis  coal  fi'dd  is  to  be  in- 
terfec^ed  by  a  dyke,  eje«51ed  in  a  ftate 
of  fufion  from  the  bowels  of  the 
earth.  Confidcring  the  nature  of 
the  ftrata,  which  ufually  accompany 
coal,  fuch  as  fand-ftone,  lime-ltone, 
iron-ftone,  &c.  v/hich  are  very 
hard  and  compa(5i,  we  muft  allovv-, 
that  the  refiilance  from  fuch  fub- 
flances,  would  be  very  great.  In 
this  previous  ftate  of  clrcumftances 
then,  what  would  be  the  efFe(5t  of 
the  eruption  of  a  dyke  in  the  middle 
gf  the  field,  in  a  direvflion  from  north 
to  fouth  ?  Can  it  even  be  imagined 
thatlhls  liquid  mafs  in  its  progrefs 
upwards  thiough  the  fuper-incum- 
fcent  ftrata  to  the  furface  of  the 
earth,  would  merely  deftroy  the 
continuity  of  thefe  ftrata,  and  not 
sn  its  irrefiftible  courfe,  carry  along 
with  it  part  of  all  the  fubftances 
compofing  the  ftrata  through  which 
it  pafTed  ?  But  farther,  one  of  the 
moft  obvious  confcquences  of  fuch 
an  eruption,  would  be  the  elevation 
of  part  of  the  whole  range  of  the 
ftrata  on  both  fides  of  the  dyke, 
"and  the  extent  of  this  elevation, 


will  be  in  proportion  to  the  powei 
or  thicknefs  of  the  dyke  ;  and,  not 
only  is  it  natural  to  expecfb  this  ele- 
vation  of  the  ftrata  to  a  certain  ex. 
tent,  but  from  the  operation  of  an 
agent  ' fo  tremendous  and  irrefilH- 
ble,  that  the  whole  ftrata  fliould  be 
broken,  disjointed  and  confufcd. 
But  does  this  ftatement  correfponj 
with  the  phenomena  ?  From  the 
hiftory  of  dykes  traverfing  coal 
ftrata,  we  know  that  it  does  not. 
On  the  contrary,  the  whole  of  the 
ftrata,  in  moft  cafes,  preferve  the 
fame  thicknefs,  the  fame  parallelifm, 
and  the  fame  inclination  to  the  ho- 
rizon on  both  ftdes  of  the  dyke.  It 
is  true,  the  half  mile  of  coal  field, 
interfered  by  a  dyke,  as  I  have  fup- 
pofed  above,  will  on  one  ftde  of  it 
be  elevated  or  depreffed.  If  the^ 
dyke,  which  runs  north  and  fouth 
in  its  courfe  upwards,  inclines  to 
the  weft,  the  weftern  divifion  willj 
be  elevated.  But  this  is  not  a  par- 
tial elevation,  only  in  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity  of  the  dyke.  It  extends; 
over  the  whole  field  on  the  weft 
fide  of  the  dyke,  and  the  ftrata  con-- 
tinue  fair-  and  regular,  in  all  ref- 
pea:s  correfponding  to  tliofe  from 
which  they  have  been  detached^ 
till  they  are  interfecfled  bv  another 
dyke. 

From  this  reafoning,  I  think  the 
conclufion  fair  and  obvious,  that 
dykes  interfec1:ing  coal  ftrata  have 
not  been  formed  by  fubterraneous^ 
eruption,  and  therefore,  that  the  e- 
levation  or  depreftion  of  tiie  ftra-' 
ta  is  not  owing  to  this  caufe.  Dr 
Hutton's  theory,  in  this  refpecfl,  is 
oppofed  by  the  fa^s  which  it  pro^' 
feifes  to  explain,  and  confcquenUf^ 
it  is  untenable. 

Let  us  now  conflder  the  argu-^ 
ment  drawn  from  tlie  fuppofed  cal-. 
cination  of  the  coal  which  has  been* 
in  contad  with  the  m.atter  of  the 
dyke  in  a  ftate  of  fufion.  Here  Dr 
Hutton  feems  to  have  overleaped 
the  bounds  of  his  own  theory,  and 


June  1802.    History  and  Theories  of  Vertical  Strata.  463 


loft  %5^t  of  his  own  principles, 
which  fuppofe,  that  all  the  ftrata 
and  ilony  matters  of  which  the  globe 
Is  compofed,  have  been  conibhdated 
by  means  of  heat,  that  the  exhibi- 
tion of  the  common  or  ordinary 
phenomena  of  heat  is  not  to  be 
looked  for  in  the  grand  procelJes  of 
nature  ;  becaafe  thcfe  operations 
have  taken  place  at  great  depths  in 
the  bov/els  of  the  eai  ih,  or  under 
immenfe  prcffure  at  the  bottom  of 
the  fea  ;  and,  this  is  the  reafon  that 
coal  and  lime-itrata,  for  inlfance, 
which  have  been  fubjeded  to  this 
intenfe  degree  of  heat,  dilbovei  no 
marks  of  calcination,  the  one  being 
deprived  of  its  carbonic  acid,  and 
the  other  of  its  bitumen.  Now, 
granting  this  hypothetical  argu- 
ment to  be  well  founded,  what  is 
the  reafou  that  the  coal,  which  is 
in  contadt  with  a  dyke,  has  under- 
gone the  proccffes  of  calcination, 
when  this  coal  is  at  as  great  a  depth 
in  the  bov^^eis  of  the  earth,  under  as 
immenfe  prelfure,  and  as  much  ex- 
cluded from  atmofpheiic  air,  as  any 
coal  at  its  original  lormacion.  But 
all  the  coal  in  contact  wiih  a  dyke, 
is  not  in  this  flate.  Clean  coal  is 
fometirnes  found  in  immediate  con- 
tact ;  and,  in  many  places,  clean 
coal  is  alfo  found  intercepted  be- 
tween regular  ranges  of  bafaliic 
columns,  and  this  coal  difcovers  not 
the  fmailelt  mark  of  caicination. 
On  the  other  hand,  coal  in  this  iup- 
poled  ilate  of  calcination,  has  been 
irequentiy  difcovercd,  at  a  great  aif- 
tance  from  any  dyke  or  bafaitic  iub- 
lliince  whatever.  Malfes  of  this  foul 
coal  often  occur,  to  the  regret  and 

;  tiifappumtment  of  the  miner,  in  the 
midlt  of  Itrata,  otherwife  perledly 
clean  and  regular.  This  laii:  taiit 
Ihews  us,  that  we  mult  look  for  the 

;  caule  of  this  fmgular  phei.cmenoa 
chewhere  than  in  the  circumilance 
of  the  coal  having  been  in  contad 

jwith  a  dyke  while  in  fufion  ;  for,  it 
appears,  that  the  effed  does  not  al- 


ways follow  in  the  fame  circumftan- 
ces,  and  that  the  fame  effed  is  pro 
duced  in  very  diiierent  circurnitan  ■ 
ces. 

These  obfervacions  I  confider 
quite  fufficient  to  fhew,  that  this  ar- 
gument, in  proof  of  the  fubterra- 
iieous  eruption  of  dykes,  is  equally 
unfatisfacLory  in  explaining  the  phe- 
nomena ;  and  therefore,  equally  un- 
tenable as  the  former,  both  muft, 
confequcntly,  fall  to  the  ground. 

The  wedge-like  form  of  dykes 
might  be  adauced  as  another  argu- 
ment again il:  their  formation  by 
fubterraneous  eruption.  P"or,  it  ls 
not  eafy  to  conceive,  that  a  dyke  in 
a  ilate  of  fufion,  in  its  eruptive  pro- 
grefs  towards  the  furface  of  the 
earth,  Ihould  enlarge  and  become 
thicker. 

Coujsclure  cf  Kir  wan. 

Mr  Kirwan's  opinion  on  this* 
fubjed,  which  indeed,  he  himfelf 
coniiders  only  as  a  conjedure,  is  the 
following :  He  fuppuies,  that  the 
dyke  exuted  in  tlie  fpot  where  it  is 
found  previous  to  the  formation  of 
the  horizontal  ftrata  ;  that,  during 
the  formation  of  the  latter  by  depo- 
iition,  their  equal  exteniion  on  each 
lide  of  the  dyke,  was  obilruded  by 
its  height  preventing  the  pan  age  of 
the  current  of  waters  ;  that  the  itrata 
on  that  fide  of  the  dyke  which  were 
firll  formed  occafioned  a  much  more 
coniiderabie  preifure,  •*  than  on  the 
fide  on  which  the  itrata  of  later  for- 
malion  repoie,  and  mult  have  pulhed 
the  upper  and  moveable  extremity  of 
the  j//^  gradually  towards  the  iide 
on  whicii  there  was  lea  It  prefTure  ; 
on  that  fide  it  muit,  therefore,  over- 
hang ;  tiiis  preifure  being  of  earlier 
dale  than  tnau  on  the  oppoute  llde, 
muft  have  had  a  more  coniiderable 
cficd  in  deprefiiag  each  particular 
ftratum,  and  forcing  their  integrant: 
particles  into  clofer  contad,  tliaa 
could  have  been  produced  in  thole 
of  later  form.ation,  and  ccnfequent- 
3  ly. 


464       History  and  *Iheories  of  Vertical  Strata.       Vol.  64, 


ly,,  the  ftrata  mufl  be  .lower 
The  ingenious  author  has  added, 
with  good  reafon,  that  he  is  not  Ik- 
tisficd  with  this  explanation.  It  is, 
undoubtedly,  quite  incompatible 
with  the  phenomenon  which  it  at- 
tempts to  explain.  For  it  has  been 
already  oblervcJ,  that  the  coal  and 
contiguous  ftrata  are,  in  every  ref- 
ped:,  the  lame  on*  both  fides  of  a 
dyke,  to  whatever  diftance  they 
may  have  been  elevated  or  depref- 
fed,  which  demonftrates  clearly,  that 
their  formation  muii  have  been  co- 
eval. But  befides,  the  fame  de- 
rangement takes  place  in  a  flip 
%vhere  there  is  merely  a  folution  of 
continuity  of  the  horizontal  ftrata, 
one  fide  being  only  elevated  or  dc- 
prefTed  above  or  below  the  corref- 
ponding  fide  from  w^hich  it  has  been 
detached,  without  having  a  vertical 
ftratum  or  dyke  incerpoied. ' 

Theory  of  IVerne?'. 

The  theory  of  Werner,  the  cele- 
brated German  mineralogift,  comes 
next  to  be  confidered.  This  theory 
fuppofes,  that  the  fpace?,  which  are 
now  occupied  by  vertical  ftrata.  or 
dykes,  including  alfo  metallic"  veinsj 
v/ere  originally  fifiures,  foimed  by 
the  operation  of  different  caiifes. 

I.  The  unequal  height  and  den- 
fity  of  mountains,  are  conlldeied 
as  the  moft  general  caufes  of  fif- 
fures.  When  the  mountains  were 
m  a  foft  and  humid  ftate  ;  that  fide 
which  was  leaft  fiippcrtcd,  ret  only 
Separated  by  its  own  v/cight,  but 
the  v/hole  ftrata  of  that  f  de  gave 
Way,  and  funk  below  their  iorn'cr 
plane.  This  alio  iecms  to  be  the 
opinion  of  Sauiiure,  with  regard  to 
the  formation  of  fxiiiircs  f .  It  is 
not  to  be  expected,  th;;.t  everts  cf 
this  kind  fhould  be  of  frequent  oc- 
currence, now  that  mountains  have 
acquired  fufficient  nrmnefs  and  fta- 
bility  to  reftft  the  force  of  gravity, 


^  Geological  ElTays,  page  335, 
f  Voy»  dans  les  Alpes,  ^  1049. 


operating  in  confequencc  of  the  in- 
equality of  weight,  and  denfity  of 
the  materials  bf  which  they  are 
compofed.  Inftances,  however,  oi 
the  operation  of  fuch  caufes,  ard 
not  altogether  wanting,  even  ii| 
modern  times.  After  a  feafon  oi 
exceflive  rains,  in  tlie  year  1767^ 
fimilar  fiU'ures  were  formed  iu 
mountains  in  Bohemia  and  Lufatia,' 

2.  When  the  waters  covered  the 
furface  of  the  earth,  the  unequal) 
weight  of  the  mouiitains  was  liip-; 
polled  by  their  prclfurc  ;  but  when; 
tlie  waters  retreated,  this  preffure  wasi 
removed,  the  equilibrium  was  de« 
ftroyed,  the  unfupported  hde  of  the 
mountain  feparatcd  and  funk,  and 
in  this  manner  a  fiiiure  v»'as  form- 
ed. 

3.  The  evaporation  of  the  moif- 
ture,  after  the  retreat  of  tbe  waters, 
and  the  confequent  diminution  of 
bulk  by  contradion  of  the  fubr 
ftances,  which  enter  into  the  com- 
pofition  of  mountains,  are  alfo  con- 
lidered  as  the  catifes  of  fiilures. 

4.  Fissures,  too,  derive  their  o- 
rigin  from  other  local  and  accident- 
al  caufes,  and  efpecially  from  eaitlir : 
quakes.  In  tlie  year  1783,  wheii 
Calabria  was  aftlided  with  this  m.ofV 
dreadful  of  all  calamities  which  vi- 
fit  the  earth,  mountains  w^ere  fe« 
parated,  exhibiting  fiifures  lirniiar. 
to  thofe  which  are  novv  occupied  by 
vertical  ftrata.    ' "  " 

The  fecond  part  of  the  the ci 7 
employed  in  proving,  that  the  emp- 
ty ipaces,  occahoned  by  tlie  cpera- 
ticn  of  one'  or  other  of  the  c<.ulej 
which  have  been  enumerated,  v/;^  . 
filled  from  above  ;  that  the  uifter- 
ent  fubitances,  of  which  the  verti- 
cal ilrata  are  compoled,  were  held 
in  folution  by  the  waters  which  co- 
vered the  earth ;  and  that  they 
were  precipitated,  by  dift'eicnt  che- 
mical agents,  according  to  the  laws 
of  chen.icai  affinity,  and  depcfited 
in  the  places  which  they  now  occu- 
py. In  fupport  of  the  opinion,  th^t 
thefe  fiffures  were  filled  from  above, 

the 


June  1802.    History  and  Theories  of  Vertical  Strata, 


the  author  adduces  favfls,  of  angu- 
lar and  rounded  fragments  of  Itones 
of  various  fpccies,  and  organifcd 
bodies,  as  marine  Ihclls  and  veget- 
ables, having  been  found  in  verti- 
cal itrata,  at  tlie  immenfe  depth  of 
J 50  and  200  fathoms. 

It  may  be  doubted,  I  think,  on 
good  grounds,  whether  this  theory, 
iupported  by  all  the  ingenuity  and 
experience  of  its  author,  will  ac- 
count, in  a  fatisfadory  manner,  tor 
that  regularity  of  poiition  and  ar- 
rangement which  are  diicovered  in 
the  vertical  ihata;  for,  notwith- 
ftanding  the  feeming  difordcr  wnich 
a  fuperhcial  view  may  exhibit,  they 
are  not  lei's  regular  and  uniibrni, 
than  the  horizontal  Itrata.  Aad, 
when  our  refearches  are  extended 
beyond  the  narrow  bounds,  within 
which  they  are  at  piefent  limited, 
when  we  are  better  acquamted  with 
their  relative  politions  and  connec- 
tions, this  U!;ifofmity  and  regulari- 
ty will  become  more  conl'picuous. 
It  may  be  doubi:ed,  whedier  tlie 
fortuitous  operation  of  luch  caufts 
as  have  been  ilated,  be  equal  to  the 
effed  of  the  formation  ot  the  verti- 
cal ftrata,  as  they  nov/  appear. 

But,  fuppofmg  that  fiifures  were 
produced  by  fome  of  the  caufes 
which  have  been  mentioned,  few  of 
thele  caufes  could  operate  till  the 
retreat  of  the  waters  left  the  moun- 
tains uncovered.  It  was  only  then, 
that  the  mountains,  by  the  inequality 
of  height  and  denhty,  being  Ictt  un- 
lupported,  feparated  and  funk  trom 
their  former  liiuation ;  ic  was  then 
only  that  the  proceis  of  evaporation 
could  take  place,  iucceeded  by  di- 
"ininution  of  bulk  and  coniequent 
cdntradion.  In  Ihort,  none  of  the 
caufes  which  have  been  Itated,  could 
hiive  any  etfed  before  the  wateis  had 
retreated,  excepting  earthquakes;  of 
the  operauon  c:.f  which,  there  is  no 
prcot,  previous  to  that  period.  The 
materials  which  compofe  the  verti- 
cal itrata,  it  is  fii J,  were  formed 
by  depoiition  from  tlie  w^aters  which 
covered  the   mountains,  holding 


them  in  folution.  But  before  t];^ 
fiffures  could  be  formed,  to  receive 
thefe  materials  by  precipitation  and 
depofition,  the  waters  had  retired. 
A  lecond  deluge  mud  therefor^: 
liave  happened,  from  the  waters  of 
which,  the  various  fubilance^  which 
enter  into  the  compoution  of  vcrit- 
cal  ilrata  have  been  depoiited.  This 
the  theory  does  not  fuppofe'to  hav^ 
taken  place;  and,  witliout  fuch  a 
fuppoli^ion,  it  feems  to  be  attended 
with  coaiiderable-ditficulty. 

But  another  diiHculty  ilill  re- 
mains.  It  does  not  appear  how  the 
peculiarity  of  ftrudure,  whicli  was 
mentioned  in  the  firil  part  of  tliis 
paper,  can  be  "accounted  for  by  the 
prinv:iples  of  this  theory.  If  it  be 
granted,  that  the  horizontal  itrata 
were  formed  ia  the  humid  way, 
the  materials  of  which'  they  arc 
compofed,  mull  have,  been  precipi- 
tated from  the  w^aters  which  held 
them  in  folution,  by  the  laws  of 
chemical  aliiaity.  But  the  vertical 
itrata  are  fuppoied  to  have  been 
formed  in  the  fame  manner,  and 
according  to  the  lame  proceis.  Now, 
this  b;:in^  t.ie  c^fe,  what  is  tlie 
reailjn,  li.**:  .he  v er:ical  itrata  lliouli 
exhibit  a  peculiarity  of  ilruclure 
and  arrangement,  different  from  the 
horizontal  itrata?  Some  of  the  whin- 
dykes  which  have  been  already  def- 
ciibed,  are  very  remarkable  ior  tills 
lingular  ftrudure,  eipecially  thofe 
which  aifume  the  form  of  prilma- 
tic  columns.  Thefe  columns  are  ia 
the  horizontal  poiition,  and,  except- 
ing the  latter  circumilaace,  thefe 
dykes,  in  every  refpect,  reitmblc  a 
baialtic  ilratum,  in  which  tlie  co- 
lumns are  perpendicular.  Now,  I 
know  of  no  law  of  chemical  atrinit/ 
that  vrill  explain  thib  iinguiarity, 
unlcis  we  fuppoie,  that  -  they  vrerc 
formed  in  the  horizontal  poiition, 
and  by  fome  convullion,  were 
brought  into  their  prelent  lituation. 
It  mail  otheVwife  remain  as  a  itroag 
objection,  even  to  the  theory  cf 
VVeruer. 


466 


Vol.  64 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH  OF  THE  LATK 
GEORGE  DRUMMOND,  Esq. 

LORD  PROVOST  OF  EDINBURGH. 


Concluded  from  page  384. 


BUT  what  could  Mr  Dr\inimond 
^ain   by  this   pretertded  bravery. 
'He  was  not  inftrumental  in  making 
Mr  Stuart  be  carried  to  London, 
;ind  detained  there  till  the  city  elec 
lions  were  paft.    As  little  could  he 
fuppofe,  that  if  the  Rebellion  fuc- 
ceeded,  Mr  Stuart,  who  had  dif- 
fuaded  arms,  would  be  iefs  accept 
able  to  the  city  than  himfelt  wiio 
had  borne  them.    The  Edinburgh 
cle«flions  were  prevented,  by  rhe  en- 
'tiance  of  the  rebels  ;  on  application 
to  the  Crown  for  direction  in  this 
liiU'ter,  leave  was  obtained  on  the 
3d  of  November  1 746,  to  eled  the 
ma<>-iltrates  by  a  poll.  Two  diiferent 
liils  were  handed  about,  at  the  head 
of  each  of  which  was  George  Drum- 
mond.  '  If  the  friends  ot  Govern- 
ment, or  Mr  Stuart's  party  in  the 
Council,  had  doubted  in  the  leaft, 
Mr  Drummoud's   real  character, 
they  would  certainly  have  propoi'ed 
fome  other  perfon  for  Provoll.  Mr 
Drummond's  friends  were  indeed 
included  in  the  fir  it  of  thefe,  wl  iile 
Mr  Stuart's  were  inferted  in  the 
lad.    The  poll  was  ended  on  the 
26th  ;  the  hit  which  contained  the 
friends  of  the  new  Provoit  was  vo- 
ted for  by  the  majority  of  pollers  ; 
but  it  is  difficult  to  perceive  how 
Mr  Drummond,  in  September  1 745, 
could  have  forefcen  the  trial  and 
abfcnce  of  Provoii  Stuart,  the  event 
of  a  poU-eleelion,  or  expcded  popu- 
larity among  the  citizens  of  Edm- 


burgh,  for  pretending  to  lead  out 
a  lew  of  their  young  men  againil  a 
fuperior  army,  contrary  to  the 
entreaties  of  every  one  that  was 
related  to  tliem.  In  fliort,  the  whole 
of  this  accufation  is  unfupported  by 
fa<fi-,  by  any  correfpondent  feature 
of  character,  or  any  benefit  which 
could  arife  from  being  guilty.  It 
probably  arofe  in  the  breaits  of 
fome  young  inattentive  volunteers, 
who  thought  themfelvcs  fnicere,  and 
all  who  did  not  adl  in  the  train  of 
their  impetuofity,  otherwife. 

Mk  DruxMmond,  after  all  his  ex-' 
ertions  to  prevent  it,  was  now 
obliged  to  leave  the  metropolis  to' 
the  enemy.  Sir  John  Cope,  and  his 
troops,  diicmbarked  at  Dunbar.,  on 
the  18th  of  September,  and  march- 
ed towards  Edinburgh.  Mr  Drum- 
mond joined  the  army,  along  with  * 
fome  of  his  volunteer  cgmj\ny,  and 
was  prefent  at  the  unfortunate 
batde  of  Prefton.  After  the  defeat 
or  the  Royal  forces,  he  accompanied 
their  General  to  Berwick,  and  re- 
mained Vv^tli  him,  during  his  itay  in 
that  place  ;  procuring  from  time  to 
time,  intelligence  from  the  capital, 
of  the  motions  of  the  rebels,  which 
he  com.municated  to  the  Secretaries 
of  State. 

The  Rebellion  was  totally  quelled 
in  April  1746,  and  Provoit  Drum- 
mond was  elected  chief  magiilrate 
of  the  city,  in  November  loliowing, 
in  the  manner  above  mentioned,  s 

Thc1 


June  1802.  Biographical  Sketch  of  Geo.  Drumm$nd,  Esq.  46 


The  Highlands,  now  filled  with  de- 
vaftation  and  ruin,  were  fecured  by 
Royal   forts,   parties   of  military 
force,  and  a  total  prohibition  of  an- 
cient cuftoms,    drefs,    and  arms. 
The  face  of  the  country  was  chang- 
ed.   The  heritable  jurifdidtions  of 
the  Scotifn  barons  were  abolifhed 
by  ad  of  Parliament  in  1 748  ;  and 
the  chains  of  vaifalage,  if  not  the  ties 
of  kindred,  broken.  It  had  been  pro- 
pofed  either  to  conquer  rebellion  by 
arms,  orelfe  extirpate  her  byar^s  and 
fcicnces.  Happy  would  it  have  been, 
if  the  latter  method  had  always  been 
chiefly  and  efFe(5tually  employed. 
The  moment  was,  however,  favour- 
able; and  improvement  fnice  that  pe- 
riod, has  been  rapid  in  every  part  of 
Scotland.    The  Chief  Magirtrate  of 
the  Metropolis  was  allowed  to  re- 
fume  his  former  affiduity  in  this 
particular.    He  was  elected  for  the 
third  time  in  1750  ;  and  in  the  year 
1752,  appointed  one  of  the  comit- 
tee  for  improving  the  city.   In  con- 
fequence  of  an  act  of  the  Convention 
of  Royal  Boroughs,  July  8.  1752, 
Propofals  for  carrying  on  certain 
public  works  in  the  city  of  Edin- 
burgh were  circulated  throughout 
the  iiland.    Thefe  propofuls  were 
drawn  up  by  Mr  Gilbert  Elliot,  af- 
terwards Lord  Minto,  and  contain- 
ed a  biief  fketch  of  the  hiilory  of 
Scotifh  improvement,  and  the  pro- 
grefs  of  meafures,  taken  for  that 
purpofe,   from   the   time   of  the 
union. 

After  a  general  view  of  the 
encreafmg  profperity  of  the  coun- 
try, they  adverted  to  the  ruinous 
and  negledled  ftate  of  the  capi- 
tal. They  defcribed,  in  particular, 
the  meannefs  and  inconvenience  of 
die  public  Offices ;  the  benefit  that 
^vould  accrue  to  the  nation  from  an 
mlargement  of  tlie  city;  and  the 
ntereft  which  every  Scotfman  ou^ht 
o  feel  in  the  welfare  of  the  princi- 
pal feat  of  juftice,  learning,  and 
alhion  in  the  kingdom.   They  next 


contained  the  plan,  concerted  by  fe- 
led  committees  of  the  Tov/a  Coun- 
cil, Lords  of  Seflion,  Baron?  cf  Ex- 
chequer.  Faculty  of  Advocates,  and 
Clerks  to  the  Signet,  by  which  it 
was  propofed,  to  build  upon  the 
ruins  of  the  north  fide  of  the  High 
Street,  an  Exchange,  with  proper 
accommodations  for  merchants  ;  to 
ere^l  upon  the  ruins  in  the  Parlia^ 
ment  Clofe,  a  large  building,  con^ 
taiaing  fuch  accommodations, 
were  itill  wanting  for  the  Courts  of 
Judice,  the  Roviil  Boroughs  and 
Town  Council  offices  for  the  clerks, 
proper  apartments  for  the  feveral 
regiflers,  and  for  the  Advocates* 
Library;  to  obtain  an  afl  of  Par- 
liament,  for  extending  the  Royalty; 
to  enlarge  and  beautify  the  town, 
by  opening  new  ftreets  to  the  north 
and  fouth,  ^removing  the  markets 
and    fhambles,    and    turning  the 
north  loch  into  a  canal,  with  walks 
and  terraiTes  on  each  fide;  of  which 
public  works,  the  whole  expences 
were  to  be  defrayed  by  a  national 
contribution.  Thefe  Propof  ils,  were 
accompanied  by  a  *  printed  letter, 
figned  with  Provoft  Drnmmond's 
own  hand,  mentioning  the  caufe  of 
their  tranfmimon,   and  requeuing 
the  perfons  addreffed  to  fubfcribe. 
The  fuccefs    which  attended  this  ' 
meafure   wa     very    confiderabie  ; 
chiefly,  through  the  exertions  of  the 
33  members  of  the  committee,  and 
above  all,  through  the  unwearied 
induilry  of  the  Provoft.   Still,  tliere 
were  perfous  of  very  refpcaable 
rank  and  genius    who  affected  to 
defpife  the  enterpriling  fpirit  of  the 
leading  men  in  the  To^Vn  Council, 
and  regarded  the  whole  fcheme  as 
chimerical.  A  very  humourous  Pa- 
rody of  the  propofals,  fiid  to  have 
been  written  by  Lord  Hailes,  dedi- 
cated to  the  pattern  and  patron  of 
all  caftle-builders,  ihewed  his  difap. 


*  Dated  Edin.  Auguft  29.  175:. 

pro- 


4^8      Biographical  Sketch  of  Geo,  Brummvid,  Esq.  Vol.  64, 


probation  of  the  labours  of  the  com- 
inittee.  Others oppofed the  meafurcs, 
not  from  fpeculative  principles,  but 
motives  of  a  lefs  honourable  nature. 
They  difliked  the  men  who  were 
cno-a^red  in  them ;  envied  their 
poweV;  and  thought  only  of  their 
qyjvl  inter e it. 

On  the  3d  of  September  1753, 
Commiflioner  Drummond,  in  the 
character  of  Grand  Mailer  of  the 
fqciety  of  Mafons  in  Scotland,  be- 
^an  the  public  works  propofed  in 
the  city,  by  laying  the  liril  Itone  of 
the  Exchange.  The  proceffion  was 
fplendid  ;  and  that  day  may  be  con- 
fidered  as  the  firil  of  a  fenes  of  active 
years,  which  entirely  changed  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  metropolis.  In  or- 
der to  be  more  at  the  head  of  his 
favourite  improvemenis,  Mr  Drum- 
mond was  for  the  fourth  time,  elec- 
ted ProvoR  in  the  year  1754.  In 
April  17559  he  was  appointed  one 
of  the  truflee^  of  the  forfeited 
cftates,  and  ele^led  a  manager  of 
the  feleft  foclety/or  the  encourage- 
ment of  arts  and  fciences.  In  1758, 
he  again  held  the  office  of  chief 
mag  i  lira te  of  the  city  ;  and  in  Oc- 
tober 1763,  diuing  his  fixth  Pro- 
vollihip,  he  laid  the  firH:  Hone  of 
the  North  Bridge,  which  conneds 
the  New  Tov/n  of  Edinburgh  with 
the  Old. 

Provost  Drummond  v/as  now 
in  the  77th  year  of  his  age  ;  but  the 
fame  activity,  the  fime  earned  de- 
fire  of  doing  good,  attended  him  to 
the  laO:  moments  of  his  life.  He 
had  been  fo  fortunate,  as  to  fee  the 
great  fcheme  of  improvement  which 
he  himfelf  had  concerted,  executed 
to  an  extent  beyond  his  expectation. 
Several  of  the  public  works  had 
been  completed,  others  begun,  and 
the  reft  fet  in  a  train  of  fucceeding 
in  courfe.  Yet  though  he  had  con- 
quered many  obftacles,  he  had  fome 
reafon  to  complain,  of  not  having 
been  fupported  to  the  height  of  his 
wilhcs.   Confcious,  Jtiowever,  gf  ha- 


ving a<5led  his  part  well,  both  in 
pubh'c  and  private  life,  he  retired 
from  bulinefs,  and  died  after  a  ihort 
illnefs,  on  the  4th  of  November 
1 766,  in  the  80th  year  of  his  age. 

The  funeral  oK  Provod  Drum- 
mond was  attended  by  the  Magif 
trates  and  Town  Council,  with  their 
fvvord  and  mace  covered  with  crape; 
by  the  Profelfors  of  the  Uuiverlity 
in  their  gowns,  with  the  Univcrlity 
miice  ;  fcveral  of  the  nobility;  molt, 
of  the  Lords  of  Seiilon  ;  the  Barons 
of  Exchequer ;  Commiffioners  of 
Excife  and  Culloms  ;  the  Minifters 
of  Edinburgh  ;  and  fome  hundreds 
of  the  principal  inhabitants  of  the 
city  and  neighbourhood.  The  bells 
toiled  during  the  proceffion  from 
Leith  wynd  to  theCanongate  church 
yard,  'i  he  crowd  of  fpe(^ators  was 
immenfe. 

Those,  who  would  wlfn  to  ap- 
preciate exaclly,  the  chara(5ter  of 
this  mod  reipedable  and  worthy, 
man,  muil  regret,  that  many  par^ 
ticulars  of  his  condu(5l  and  adminif-^ 
tration,  are  now  forgotten.  Yet  no 
mugiftrate  of  any  city,  ever  left  be- 
hind him  more  lading  monuments 
of  patriotic  fpirit ;  or  held  that^ 
dignity  with  more  adivity  for  the. 
public  good.  The  Royal  Infirma- 
ry, the  Exchange,  the  North  Bridge, 
and  the  New  Town  of  Edinburgh 
itfelf,  were  either  executed,  or  plan- 
ned by  him,  while  in  office.  He 
changed  the  face  of  the  metropolis,, 
and  from  a  mafs  of  almoii  ruinous 
and  negledted  buildings,  brought  it 
into  rivalfhip  with  the  firft  cities  in 
Europe. 

The  high  fenfe,  which  the  G<J* 
vernment  of  this  country  entertained 
of  his  virtues  and  abilities,  made  him 
be  employed  in  various  important 
offices,  by  diiferent  adminiltrationfi, 
during  four  fucceffive  reigns.  Tbft, 
great  popularity  of  his  charadlig^ 
was  eftabhlhed  on  the  bell  of  all 
poffible  foundations,  his  honeft  and 
perpetual  endeavours  for  the  good 


June  1802.  Biographical  Sketch  of  Geo.  Drummond,  Esq.  469 


of  the  city;  his  alFable  manner.^,  and 
well  known  *  principles  of  honour 
aiul  integrity.  He  negledlecl  his  own 
fortune,  to  attend  to  the  interefts  of 
the  public;  he  difcharged  the  differ- 
ent duties  of  his  ftation  with  a  care 
and  zeal,  which  few  have  poiTcfred, 
and  none  have  equalled. 

Endowed,  by  nature,  with  excel- 
lent talents  for  buimefs,  he  was  able 
to  manage  the  revenues  of  the  city 
to  more  advantage  than  any  of 
his  predeceirors.  Though  funds  were 
abfolutely  necefTary  for  the  execu- 
cution  of  fo  many  public  improve- 
ments, he  laid  no  unpopular  or  op- 
preflive  taxes  on  the  inhabitants, 
even  for  the  bcft  of  purpofes. 

A  v/RiTER  of  confiderable  acute- 
nefs  has  juftly  obferved,  that  the 
fcene  in  which  he  a(fl:ed  was  not 
fuiHciently  extenfive  for  his  genius. 
As  he  added  to  his  other  accom- 
plifiiments,  an  eafy  and  graceful 
maimer  of  public  fpeaking,  his  knov/- 
ledge,  adivity,  and  integrity,  would 
have  been  of  eminent  fervice  to  his 
country  in  a  fuperior  ftation. 

In  his  political  principles,  he  was 
firmly  attached  to  the  fpirit  of  the 
revolution,  and  the  caufe  of  civil 
and  religious  liberty.  His  relative 
charadter,  as  an  individual,  was 
firm,  manly,  and  independant.  He 
a(5led  with  the  great,  but  neither 
ferved,  nor  flattered  them.  He  pof- 
fefl'ed  in  a  very  high  degree,  that 
fenfe  of  honour,  or  rather  of  the 
dignity  of  virtue,  which  difplays  it- 
felf  in  the  manners  of  a  gentleman, 
and  leads  the  perfon  who  feels  it,  to 
confider  himfelf,  as  a  member,  not 
as  a  fervant  of  fociety. 

His  conciliating  and  agreeable 
manners,  were  one  of  the  chief 
:aufes,  which  enabled  him  to  carry 
bis  mcafures  into  execution.  Du- 
j  ring  the  years  of  his  Provoftfhip, 

I    ♦  See  the  opinion  of  the  celebrated 
\'\2Vi  Ramfay,  and  perhaps  even  of  the 
)itc  party,  exprefTed  in  Chahneis* 
.   .on  of  his  Work;;.  Vol,  I-  p.  377. 
Vol.  LXIV. 


he  lived  at  Drummond  Lodge,  a 
houfe  on  the  fite  of  the  modem 
Bellcvuc,  where  he  kept  open  table 
on  Hated  days,  and  concerted  with 
his  friends,  the  affairs  of  the  city 
politics. 

The  interefts  of  religion  in  the 
city,  with  regard  to  the  choice  of 
learned  and  pious  clergymen,  he 
warmly  encouraged.  The  interefts 
of  learning,  he  cherilhed  with  pecu- 
liar attention  ;  he  had  hiriifelf  been 
a  member  of  the  Literary  Society, 
which  contributed  to  form  the  hif- 
torian  of  Charles  V.  ;*^  and  to  him, 
the  Univerfity  of  Edinburgh  h 
indebted  for  the  difmtereiled  pro- 
motion of  Dr  Rcbertfon  to  the  rank 
of  Principal  and  the  inftitution  of 
five  f  profeiforlhips. 

Provost  Drummond  vvas  abou" 
the  ordinary  Itature  ;  of  a  dignified 
and  gracefii]  appearance.  Pie  had 
borne  arms,  both  in  1715  and  1745, 
and  retained  fomethlng  of  the  mili- 
tary elegance.  He  was  thrice  mar- 
ried, and  had  feveral  children,  moft 
of  whom  are  now  dead. '  His  only 
furviving  fon,  is  General  Drummond 
of  the  Royal  Artillery.  His  eldefc 
daughter  was  married  to  Dr  Jar- 
dine,  one  of  the  miniflers  of  the 
Tron-church,  Edinburgh.  The  iffue 
by  that  marriage,  are  Henry  Jar- 
dine,  Efq;  one  of  the  Clerks  to  his 
Majefty*s  Signet;  and  Mrs 'Drum- 
mond Home  of  Blair  Drummond. 
His  only  furviving  daughter,  is 
Mrs  Learmonth,  widov/  of  Mr  John 
Lear  month,  merchant  in  Edinburgh. 

A  GRAND  funeral  concert  was 
performed  hi  St  Cecilia's  hall,  on 
the  .?9th  of  December  1766,  to  tlie 
memory  of  Provoff  Drummond,  by 
the  Mufical  Society,  of  which 
was  Deputy  Governor.  A  nume- 
rous and  elegant  affembly  v/ere  pre- 
fent,  all  dreiied  in  mourning.  The 


*  Vide  Stc\v;n-t's  hfc  of  RobtnT^n. 

t  Tliofe  of  Chemiilry,  ihe  Theory 
and  Pr.ioHcc  of  Phy'k,  Miduifei  y,  ihi 
Belles  LcttrcF,  aru'  Rlutcrie.' 

3  R  moa 


On  Novels  and  Romances. 


mod  folcmn  filence  and  attention 
reigned  during  die  whole  perform- 
ance. The  mournful  air  that  im- 
preiTed  every  countenance,  ftrongly, 
marked  the  public  fenfe  of  the  lofs 
which  fociety  had  iultained,  by  the 
death  of  a  man,  to  whom  it  was 
much  indebted.  Similar  honours 
were  paid  to  his  memory  by  •the 
Mafon  J.odge,  of  which  he  had 
been  Mailer.  The  managers  of  the 
Royal  Infirmary,  a  few  years  after, 
creded  a  bull:  of  him  in  their  public 
hall;  and,DrRobcrtfon,  at  their  re- 
quest, wrote  the  following  infcrip- 
ti»on,  to  be  placed  under  the  head 


of  its  benefador.  *«George  Drum- 
MOND,  In  tuhom  this  country  is  in- 
"  dcbted  for  all  the  benefit  which 
*'it  derives  from  the  Royal  Infir- 
"  mary.'* 

We  cannot  clofe  this  account  of 
a  chara(fter  to  whom  the  city  of  E- 
dlnburgh  has  been  fo  eminently  in- 
debted, without  remarking  the  fm- 
gular  circumfhmce  of  there  being' 
no  public  monument  to  his  memory. 
\Ve  truU,  ere  long,  the  gentlemen 
in  the  management  of  the  city  will 
adopt  fome  public  meafures  for  per- 
petiiating  the  remembrance  of  fo 
ufeful  a  magiftrate. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
ON  NOVELS  AND  ROMANCES. 


FEW  works,  in  tlie  prefcnt  day, 
meet  with  greater  encouragement, 
than  thofe  of  imagination.  ,  But, 
whether  this  encouragement  has  en- 
creafed  in  a  more  than  conefpnnd- 
ing  degree,  beyond  tliat,  whicli  has 
been  afforded  to  other  Vs'orki  will, 
at  leafl,  be  doubted.  Forn}er  ages 
have  likewife  their  romances  and 
their  tales ;  and,  although  there 
were  lefs  delicacy  of  manners,  and 
refinement  of  language  difplayed, 
they  po/TefTcd  what  could  not  fail 
to  render  them  more  acceptable  to 
to  the  age  in  which  they  were 
wrote :  they  contained  an  account 
of  feudatory  contentions  and  cour- 
tefies,  or  extolled  the  exploits  and 
adventures  of  chivalrous  knights  ; 
and  fometimes  related  events,  often 
extraordinary  and  marvellous  in- 
deed,  but  which  had  been  accom- 
plifhed,  it  was  believed,  by  the  in- 
tervention of  fupernatural  agency. 

And  if  we  were  to  go  back  to 
the  days  of  the  Troubadours,  we 
would  find,  that  without  the  aid  of 
printing,  fiich  writings  were  circu- 
lated and  read  with  avidity.  War 
and  love,  to  which  thefe  heroes  de- 


dicated  fo  much  of  their  time,  were, 
together  with  religion,  the  themes 
on  which  they  dwelt;  and  from 
them  it  is  eafy  to  difcover  the  cha- 
racter and  manners  of  the  people  of 
the  1 2th  century. 

The  pidlures  of  life,  however, 
whicli  are  given  in  our  days,  by  no 
means  deferve  to  be,  nor  are  they 
fo  univerfally  countenanced.  Flat 
and  infipid — they  fubftitute  v/hin- 
ing  weaknefs  for  paflion ;  and,  in 
place  of  charader  and  manners 
agreeable  to  the  prefent  costume j 
they  Ipeak  of  thefc  which  never  hai 
any  cxilience,  or  which,  in  the  re- 
volutions of  time,  have  long  fmce 
dilappeared.  What  then,  it  may 
be  aflied,  will  be  the  opinion  of  af-; 
ter  ages,  when  they  conie  to  form? 
their  opinion  of  the  prefent,  from  ' 
our  writings  f 

Did  we  not  know,  that  it  isi 
principally  to  the  female  fex,  the 
authors  of  fuch  romances  are  in4 
deb  ted  for  the  favourable  receptionl 
their  works  meet  with  ;  it  might  bel 
a  matter  of  feme  furprife,  to  know'^ 
hov/,  or  by  v/.har  means,  they  arc 
fo  much  encouiaged.    But  without 

wi£hing 


June  1802.  On  Novels  and  Romances. 


All 


wlfhing  to  infinuate,  that  the  minds 
of  the  fair  are  naturally  more  light 
and  imdable  than  our  own,  it  mufl 
be  obferved,  they  are  the  principal 
fupport  of  writings  of  this  kind  ; 
and  that  it  is  the  encouragement 
they  afford,  which  has  given  confi- 
dence to  many  a  young  author,  not 
a  few  of  whom,  are  indeed,  fe- 
males, to  thruft  their  literary  bant- 
lings into  the  w^orld,  in  the  belief, 
that  they  would  amufe,  and  inform 
the  idle  and  uninitiated. 

It  will  not,  however,  be  denied, 
that  no  fmall  degree  of  encourage- 
ment is  likewife.  given  to  thofe 
works  of  fancy  by  fome  men,  whofe 
education  and  habits,  have  rendered 
them  incapable  of  reliftiing  or  ua- 
derftanding  works  of  a  higher  cha- 
ra(5>er;  and,  that  it  is  noL  impro- 
bable, a  ftiil  greater  degree  of  fa- 
vour would  be  fhewn  by  fuch  per- 
fons  to  writings  of  this  kind,  were 
the  means  they  pofFefs  of  engaging 
in  the  affairs  and  amufements  of 
the  world,  circumfcribed  to  the  li- 
mits which  fociety  has  marked  to 
the  other  fex.  But  the  many  op- 
*portuniiies  which  men  have,  of  en- 
tering into  the  buftle  of  life,  pre- 
fent  to  many  of  chem,  pleafures  and 
enjoyments,  far  fuperior,  in  their 
apprehenfions,  to  what  reading  or 
fohtude  can  afford. 

Without  waiting  to  fettle  pre- 
cifely,  the  degree  of  encouragement 
which  is  really  given  by  one  clafs 
of  readers  above  another,  he  may, 
at  lead,  venture  to  affert,  that  the 
female  mind  is  more  readily  affec- 
ted by  the  tendtncy  of  fuch  works  ; 
and  that  the  juftice  of  this  remark, 
it  is  prefamed,   will  be  acknow- 
^  (iged,  when  their  habits  of  life, 
xibility  of  mind,  and  tlieir  quick- 
is  and  delicacy  of  fenflition  are 
nfidered.    When  to  the  perufal, 
icrefore,  of  the  endlefs  v;iriety  of 
u'e-llories,  which  the  authors  of 
'cie  works  detail,   many  hours, 
•  tn  thofe  allotted  to  fleep,  arc 


facrificed,  the  ,^  confequences,  a^ 
they  are  inevitable,  ought  great- 
ly to  be  deprecated  ;  as  f  roni 
thence  arife,  it  will  be  feen,  the 
falfe  eltimate  of  Imman  life,  and 
of  human  enjoyments,  with  whicli 
the  minds  of  thofe  are  endued, 
who  devote  fo  much  of  their 
time  to  entertainments  of  this  kind. 
They  return  with  palled  fenfcs,,  to 
the  world's  concerns,  after  revelling 
in  the  laxurious  and  voluptuou'i 
defer! ptions,  Vv^hich  appear  in  the 
pages  of  a  novel --fcenes  on  which 
their  readers'  enraptured  fancy  is 
ever  found  to  dwell  with  inexpref- 
fible  dellglit ;  but  which,  at  laft,  ir- 
reliflibly  impel  the  tender  and  too 
fufceptible  heaU,  to  yield  to  the  de- 
lufive  fcnfations  of  biifs,  with  w^hich 
the  bofom  is  filled. 

Besides  generating  imbecility  of 
mind,  the  fenfibility  of  readers  of 
novels,  it  will  likewife  be  obferved, 
is  eafily  awakened,  and  the  tear  of 
fympathy  quickly  afforded,  to  an 
imaginary  tale  of  woe,  while,  it  is 
probable,  to  a  fcene  of  real  diftrefs, 
if  it  comes  not  attended  w4th  cir- 
cumltances  fimilar  to  thofe  related 
in  a  romance,  pity  is  denied,  as 
they  knovr  not  how  to  compaflion- 
ate  what  appears  to  them,  to  be 
vulgar  fufferings !  Such  is  the  ef- 
fcsfl  thefe  falfe  reprefentations  of 
life  produce  on  weak  and  youthful 
minds. 

If  any  thing  further  vrere  re- 
quired, in  fupport  of  what  is  here 
faid  to  be  the  confequences  which 
refult  from  an  indifcriminate  peru- 
fal of  fuch  books,  the  opinions  of 
an  author  of  a  medical  treatife 
lately  publiflied,  might  be  referred 
to.  While  attendinj^  to  the  influ- 
ence  Mhich  the  aifedions  and  pai- 
fions  of  the  mind  are  found  to  have 
on  our  fy  fiem,  he  does  not  hefitate 
to  fay,  that  among  the  mournful 
pafiions,  muft  be  included,  an  ex- 
travagant degree  of  love,  and  into 
which  he  fays,  young  females  par- 
3  R  2  ticularly. 


472 


On  Novels  and  Romances. 


Vol.  64, 


ticularly,  are  precipitated,  merely, 
by  reading  improper  novels.  After 
detailing  a  melancholy  catalogue 
of  difeafes,  to  which  this  pafTion 
gives  rife,  he  adds,  That  in  the 
houfes  appropriated  to  the  unhappy 
vidims  of  infanity,  he  gencn  l'.y 
meets  with  three  clafles :  the  firil 
confift  of  men  deprived  of  their  un- 
derftandings  by  pride ;  the  feconcj 
of  girls  by  love  ;  and  the  third  of 
women  by  jealoufy.*' 

With  th('fc  refleclions  on  the 
dangerous  effcds  which  arife  from 
novels,  and  after  offcrinj^  a  few  ob- 
fervations  on  the  general  features 
of  fuch  works,  wc  lliall  proceed  to 
remark,  more  particularly,  rn  the 
merits  of  fome  of  thofe  which  have 
obtained  more  than  ordinary  notice 
on  account  of  the  reputation  of 
their  authors,  or  the  polfelFion  of 
fome  peculiarity  of  fubjev51-. 

To  raife  novels  to  ellimation,  it 
will  not  be  found  necellary,  it  is 
prefumed,  that  they  fiiould  poifefs 
any  real  fuperiority,  or  intrinfic 
worth.  A  ftranger,  indeed,  to  the 
merits  of  works,  which  engage  the 
attention  of  fo  many  readers,  in 
every  rank  of  life,  v/ould  be  ready 
to  imagine  that  they  ftood  recom- 
mended by  the  poUeflion  of  almoft 
every  excellence  ;  or,  at  leafl,  that 
fome  great  moral  would  be  found 
forcibly  inculcated,  in  a  llyle,  where 
both  beauty  and  corrednefs  ap- 
peared ;  ^that  in  thofe  volumes  writ- 
ten avowedly  for  the  purpofe  of  be- 
guiiing  a  tedious  hour,  he  would 
be  certain  of  hndiu'j  fome  pleafing 
tale,  detailed  wilh  fmiplicity  and 
chaftenefs — where  the  cliaracters 
wxre  maintained  with  confifiency, 
and  exhibited  agreeably  to  nature  • 
and  that  the  various  feelings  and 
paffions  which  thefe  chara(5);ers  were 
made  to  poflefs,  fhould  be  found 
exprelFed  in  a  language  fuitable  to 
each  .  but,  alas  !  works  fo  formed 
and  executed,  would  require  powers 
far  beyond  thofe  which  the  gene- 


rality of  novel-writers  arc  known  to 
poflefs.  Inrtead  of  a  judicious  ar- 
rangement of  incident,  and  of  tliis 
juil  delineation  of  manners  and  cha- 
racter, we  meet  only,  for  the  moll 
part,  with  an  incongruous  fi-flion, 
where  perfection  is  ftudied,  or  the 
very  acme  of  vice  reprefentcd,  iri 
diredt  oppofition  to  nature,  it  will 
be  perceived,  as  well  as  to  the  opi- 
nion of  alniofl  every  critic.  We 
arc  told  by  no  contemptible  autlio- 
rity,  *  that  imperfed  charaders  in- 
tereft  us  more  than  perfect  ones ; 
"  that  we  are  doubly  infirudcd, 
when  we  fee,  in  one  and  t)ie  fame 
example,  what  we  ought  to  follow, 
and  what  we  ought  to  avoid.'' 
AVhat  advantage  tlien  can  be  ex- 
pected to  arife  from  works  where 
pcrfcdion  is  aimed  at,  and  wliere 
crimes  are  familiarly  mentioned 
which  had,  or  can  have,  any  ex 
iftence,  in  this  world,  but  jn  the 
di  tempered  fancy  of  an  author, 
who  has  bewildered  himfelf  in  beat- 
ing  about  for  an  untrodden  path. 

These  feeble  performances,  re^ 
commended  only  by  ,  the  readinefs 
of  authors  to  avail  themfelves  of 
the  corrupt  tafte  of  readers,  are  al- 
ways founded  on  fome  ftory  of  gal- 
lantry, in  v/hich  we  meet  only  with 
crude  conceptions,  and  y/ild  reve- 
ries, exprelfed  in  florid  terms,  or 
with  infipid  tritenefs.  To  complete 
the  tale,  there  is  generally  inter- 
woven, indeed,  but  not  in  the  molt 
ingenuous  manner,  fome  marvellous 
tale,  relating  to  a  caftle — a  man  in 
armour — and  probably  a  gholh  f 

Sucii 


*  Dr  \yilkie. 

f  A  bite  writer  ha.s  i^ppily  chmc- 
terifcd  the  turn  of  rrind,  pcrceiv-tble 
in  fuch  arithor«. — "  T^e  novelist,"  he 
bbfer vts,  V'  breaking  loofe  from  fc^ciety, 
wild^  info  foref^s  an({  dcfertR,  in  fie.rn:K 

caves  and  uninhabited  caiUes ;  whert , 
forgetling  every  law  of  nature,  and 
even  every  feature  of  the  human  coun- 
tenanc-f,  he  paints  men  iind  women. 


June  1S02.         .On  Novels  and  Romances. 


473 


Such  literary  abortions,  are,  it  Is 
true,  foon  forgotten,  but  it  is  a  mat- 
ter of  furprife,  they  fliould  ever 
have  been  brought  forward  to  pub- 
lic view. 

The  firft  vi^e  ftall  notice,  is  a 
work  of  four   volumes,  entitled, 

Rinaldo,"'  written  by  Mr  Ire- 
land, the  gentleman,  it  will  be  re- 
collected, who  endeavoured,  at  one 
time,  to  rival  Shakefpeare  himfelf; 
and  who  even  fucceeded  fo  far,  as 
to  deceive  many  of  our  high  lite- 
rary charaders  into  a  belief  of  the 
authenticity  of  papers  which  he  pro- 
duced as  the  works  of  tliat  inimi- 
table genius.  After  giving  him 
credit  for  the  affertion  he  foon  after 
made,  that  thefe  writings  were  en- 
tirely his  own  compofition,  it  fure- 
ly  would  not  be  unreafonable  to  ex- 
pert that  he  fliould  intereft,  at  leaft, 
in  a  novel.  How  far  he  has  been 
fiiccefsful  in  this  branch  of  litera- 
ture, a  difpiay  of  one  or  two  of  his 
numerous  beauties  which  appear  in 
the  prefcnt  publication,  will  belt 
fhew.  The  following  is  the  man- 
ner in  which  he  is  pleafed  to  infoim 
his  readers   of  the    approach  of 

night.  "At  length  the  imperial 

charioteer  of  day  htistened  his  car  of 
blazing  light  toward  Ncptune^s  oc- 
cidental flood-gate  and  concludes 
his  fublime  imagery,  or  real  dil- 
cription,  we  know  not  which,  with 
obferving,  that  now  the. fun's  im- 
petuous courfers  whirkd  the  fpheric 
mafs  through  the  gay  fapphirine 
plain,  and  foon  the  hcry  body  fank 
behind  the  bhie  fummits  of  the  ilu- 
pendous  lleeps— not,  however,  with- 
out giving  emhroiihred  gLamsy  and 
leaving  behind  him  streaming  tracts. 


as  never  were  in  exirtence;  and 
there,  amid  It  the  ibades  of  night  and 
honor,  rattles  his  c!>ains,  and  conjures 
up  his  ghofls,  tiii  having  frightened  his 
reader;,  out  of  their  wits,  he  vainiy  fap- 
pofi?,  he  has  charaied  thcin  iato  ap- 
plaafcl'' 


Again,  "  The  beamy  orb  of  jocund 
day  was  on  the  w^ane,  and  foon 
plunged  Into  the  green  foam  spangled 
deep."  Not  lefs  grand  is  his  dif- 
cription  of  the  darknefs  confequent 
on  lh\s  splash in'T  and  plunging  of  the 
spheric  masu  "  Sometimes,''  he  ob- 
ferves,  «  dark  flieets  of  clouds  flow- 
ly  moving  o'er  the  orb  of  night, 
obfcured  tor  a  time  his  favouring 
beams :  now  they  pafs :  When  the 
darting  gleam  throws  a  chafle  ra- 
diance on  the  floping  edge  of  the 
ebon  mafs,  and  the  clear  light  con- 
traits  with  the  gloomy  cloak  that 
iliil  continu-s  to  mantle  the  moon's 
pale  cheek:  at  length,  fhe  burfts 
forth  from  the  pirrhy  vail,"  &c. 

We  doubt  not,  but  many  a  pretty 
mifs  vvill  be  in  a  n  -^ctafy,  when  they 
read  this;  tha*  ^hey-wili  get  br 
{s\Qh  charm  tenaments  ;  and 
that  they  will  dream  of  "  fparkling 
dew-drops  of  fcn/ihihty  glazing  their 
upreared  eyes/"  or  chat,  "  upon 
opening  their  hps,  the  perjfumed 
breath  of  violets  would  iteai  through 
their  two  even  rows  of  budding  liU 
lies  !"~(iillies,  AnoUce  teeth  i)  We 
would  apprehend,  Iiowever,  that  the 
lillics  and  the  violets  would  be  a  little 
difturbed  when  thefe  Senoras''  come 
to  lisp  "  the  raven's  death  peal  rung 

fnriliy,"  "  rich  red  blood  glow."  

BuL — oh e!  jam  satis  est. 

In  fome  novels,  a  number  of  e- 
vents  of  a  marvellous  nature  are  de- 
tailed, fo  as  to  induce  a  belief,  that 
they  are  the  e.Tea  of  fupernatural 
caufes  ;  but,  by  a  fubfequent  deve- 
lopetnent  of  the  hidden  fprings  of 
aeiion,  which,  it  may  be  fuppofed, 
time  only  could  difcover,  all  of 
them  are,  at  the  end  of  the  volume, 
reconciled  with  probability:  thus 
Ihewing,  hpw  eaiy  it  is  to  impofe 
on  weak  and  fuperilitious  minds, 
v/hen  the  effect  only  is  expofed  to 
vievv\-~The  late  Horace  Walpole, 
although  he  has  Ihocked  credulity 
itfclf,  in  a  romance  of  his  own, 

fpeaks 


474 


On  Novels  and  Romances. 


Vol.  64. 


fpeaks  of  the  mtereft  which  may  be 
excited  in  works  judicioufly  ma- 
naged throughout,  on   this  plan. 
Eut  it  requires  no  fmall  iliare  of 
ability  to  condud  readers,  without 
allowing  them  to  become  languid, 
through  a  number  of  volumes,  amid 
fuch  extraordinary  and  apparently 
miraculous  occurrences.    V/ c  have, 
indeed,  many  romances,  where  the 
author  appears  to  found  a  claim  to 
attention  on  a  recital  only  of  the 
moil  wonderful  incidents  and  mar- 
x^ellous  events  -  a  love  of  which,  it 
is  well  knov^Ti,  has,  in  every  age, 
ch;iraderized  the  greatell  part  of 
mankuid.   But  the  imagination  will 
not  allow  of  being  always  on  the 
ftretch ;  as  we  exped  to  fee,  the  dif- 
ferent occurrences  in  narration,  da- 
ted clearly,  and  with  opennefs,  as 
they  naturally  rife  one  from  the 
other,  we  cannot  but  feel  difFatisfied, 
when  we  perceive  any  part  conceal- 
ed for  the  purpofe  of  holding  the 
mind  in  fufpenfe,  or  referved,  in  or- 
der, that  fome  other  circumilance 
may  bewilder  and  aflonilh  lis  the 
more.     Among  other  novels,  to 
which  thofe  obiervations  will  apply, 
may  be  mentioned  the  "  Mylleries 
of  Udolpho,''  by  Mrs  RadclifFe— 
a  work,  in  which  many  paflages 
occur,  that  cannot  but  ftrike  the 
mod  fuperficial  reader,   as  being 
particularly  objedionable.     In  one 
volume,  after  being  informed  of  the 
injunctions,  which  Emily  received 
from  her  dying  father,  to  burn  fome 
manufcript  papers,  which  were  de- 
pofited  underneath  a  board  in  one 
of  the  rooms  of  his  chateau,  we  are, 
in  the  following,  entertained  with 
the  ftruggle  which* took  place  be- 
tween duty  and  that  curiofity  which 
is  faid  to  be  fo  natural  to  the  fcx ; 
but  not  one  word  is  mentioned  of 


thofe  fentences,  over  which  fhe  hap- 
pened to  glance  her  eye,  that  pro- 
duced fuch  furprife,  and  excited 
fuch  a  tumult  in  her  breaft.  In 
another  paifage,  we  are  informed, 
at  fome  length,  of  Emily's  having 
defcended  into  a  vault  of  the  caille 
of  Udolpho,  and  of  the  horror  with 
which  her  mind  was  filled,  on  fee- 
ing fome  ol^jc^  in  a  niche,  from 
which  (he  had  withdrawn  a  cur- 
tain ;  but  it  is  not,  until  the  con- 
clufion,  we  are  informed,  that  it 
was  a  fkeleton,  which  then  appear- 
ed to  be  made  of  wax,  that  alarmed 
and  terrified  her  fo  much. 

Such  a  method  of  relating  inci- 
dents, in  any  other  book  than  a  no^ 
vel,  would  juftly  render  it  con- 
temptible. It  may  be  neceffary, 
however,  for  fome  writers  of  no- 
vels, to  referve  the  explanation  of 
fome  circumftances  until  the  end, 
for  the  purpofe  of  facilitating  a  re- 
conciliation of  the  numerous  con- 
tradidlions  they  run  into.  But  to 
an  author  of  ordinary  capacity,  the 
power  which  every  writer  of  fuch 
works  pofTeflbs  to  render  fuch  an 
expedient  unnecelfary,  might  be 
thought  fufficient.  As  life  anfl 
death  are  in  their  hands,  the  de- 
nouements could  always,  and  read- 
ily, it  might  be  fuppofed,  be  made 
agreeable  to  their  fancy.  The  ufuil' 
way  to  clofe  a  work  is,  as  in  a  mo- 
dern comedy,  when  the  curtain 
drops,  to  bring  all  the  perfons  into 
view,  v»^hen  retormation  of  manners 
and  marriages  at  once  take  place — 
all  are  made  happy,  that  will  ad- 
mit of  being  lb ;  and  the  incor- 
rigible, either  configned  to  the  pu- 
nilhment  of  their  own  confcience, 
or  "Ulkdotj:' 

(  To  be  continued.) 


June  1802. 


475 


MANNERS  AND  OCCUPATIONS  of  the  INHABITANTS 
OF  CHAMOUNL 

FROM    SAUSSURE's   TRAVELS    IN   THE  ALPS. 


THE  firft  ftrangers,  whom  curi- 
ofity  of  viliting  the  Glacitres  had  at- 
traded  to  Chamouni,  looked  upon 
this  valley  as  a  retreat  for  robbers  ; 
for  they  came  completely  armed, 
and  furrounded  by  armed  domef- 
tics  ;  they  ventured  into  no  houfe, 
but  lodged  in  tents    which  they 
brought  u  ith  them  ;  and,  during 
the  night,  they  kept  fires  lighted  up, 
andfentinelsconftantly  on  the  watch. 
The  children  of  Geneva  and  its  en- 
virons, beftow  on  Mont-Blanc,  and 
the  fnow-covered  mountains  which 
furround  it,  the  appellation  of  /ic- 
cursed  Mrmntnir.s  ;  and,  in  my  early 
youth,  I  have  heard  it  faid  by  the 
peafants,  that  thefe  eternal  fnows 
were  the  effed  of  a  maledidion 
which  the  crimes  of  thefe  mountain- 
eers  had  drawn  down  upon  them. 
Till  this  fimple  people  became  bet- 
ter kno  wn,  as  they  have  been  of  late, 
this  fuperftitious  opinion,  notwith- 
ftanding  its  abfurdity,  was  rhe  foun- 
dation of  a  very  unfavourable  pre- 
poifeffion,  which  was  admitted  and 
beheved  by  thofe  who  might  be  con- 
hdered  far  above  thefe  prejudices. 
I    In  the  year  1741,  Pocock,  the 
:clcbrated  traveller,   and  another 
Enghih  gentleman  of  the  name  of 
VVmdham,  undertook  this  intereiV- 
ng  journey.    The  old  men  of  Cha- 
Itioum  m  recoiled  it,  and  laugh 
,  It  the  groundlefs  fears  and  exceflfve 
I  >recaution  of  thefe  travellers.  For 
• nty  or  twent3'.five  years  after  this 
'^1,  this  journey  was  not  often 
'^pted,  but  m.oa  frequently  by 


Englifhmen  who  lodged  with  the 
clergyman.  For,  when  I  viiited  it 
in  1760,  and  even  fome  years  later, 
there  was  no  inn  fit  for  lodging,  but 
only  one  or  two  miferable  taverns, 
fimilar  to  thofe  that  are  found  in 
the  leail  frequented  villages.  Since 
that  time,  this  journey  has  gradu- 
ally become  fo  falhionable,  that 
three  large  and  excellant  inns  v/hich 
have  been  fucceffively  eftablifted;, 
are  fcarcely  fufficient  for  the  accom^- 
modation  of  the  Grangers  who  vifit 
Chamouni  in  fummer,from  all  quar- 
ters of  the  world. 

This  great  refort  of  ftrang-ers, 
and  the  money  which  they  leave  in 
circulation  at  Chamouni,  have  chan- 
ged a  little  the  ancient  fimplicity, 
and  even  the  purity  of  the  m.anners 
of  the  inhabitants  of  this  valley. 
Strangers,  however,  have  nothing 
to  fear  ;  the  moft  inviolable  fidcHty 
is  obferved  towards  them  ;  they  are 
fometimes  indeed,  expofed  to  impor- 
tunate folicitations,  and  to  little 
tricks,  which  are  fuggefted  by  the 
extreme  eagernefs  of  the  inhabitants 
to  be  employed  as  guides.  If,  for 
inilance,  you  enquire  for  one  who 
has  been  recommended  to  you,  and 
he  happen  not  to  be  immediately 
on  the  fpot,  others,  that  you  mar 
employ  them  in  his  place,  will  tell 
you,  that  he  is  fick  or  abfent.  One 
Peter  Simon  pretends,  that  he  is  the 
perfon  of  whom  I  fpoke  favourably 
in  m.y  firft  volume,  although  that 
excellent  man  has  been  dead" four  or 
five  years.    But,  with  all  this  ap- 

pear- 


Manners  of  the  Inhabitants  of  Chamouni    Vol.  64, 


pcarance  of  avidity,  they  are  honcft 
and  faithful,  and  never  afk  more 
than  you  give  them.  It  is  true, 
indeed,  they  arc,  generally,  very 
handfomely  rewarded. 

The  hope  of  being  eniployed  as 
guides  to  ftrangers,  brings  together 
almoft  all  the  inen  of  the  villages 
through  which  travellers  pafs,  v/hich 
would  lead  one  to  fuppofc,  that  the 
valley  is  very  populous  ;  but  few  of 
the  men  remain  at  Chamouni  dur- 
ing the  fummer.  Novelty,  or  the 
hope  of  making  a  fortune,  draws 
away  many  of  them  to  Paris  or  in- 
to Germany  ;  and,  as  the  (hepherds 
of  Chamouni  have  a  high  chara^er 
for  making  excellent  chcefe,  they 
are  fent  for  to  a  great  diftance,  and 
receive,  during  the  fummer  months 
tliey  are  employed  in  this  way,  very 
confiderable  wages.  The  labours  of 
the  country  thus  fall  almoft:  entire- 
ly on  the  women,  thofe  even  which 
every  vv^here  elfe  belong  exclufively 
to  men,  fuch  as  cutting  wood  and 
reaping  the  harveft.  Nor  are  ani- 
mals  of  the  fame  fex  fpared  in  this 
country  ;  for  cows  are  employed  in 
tilling  the  ground. 

The  f«?arching  for  cryftals  and 
hunting  are  the  only  labours  which 
yet  remain  the  exclufive  portion  of 
the  men.  In  the  firft  of  thefe  la- 
bours, in  which  many  periihed,  for- 
tunately  they  are  now  lefs  engaged 
than  formerly,  he  hope  of  be- 
coming, all  at  cnce,  rich,  by  the 
difcovery  of  a  cavern  filled  with 
beautiful  cryftals,  was  too  power- 
ful  an  attradion,  not  to  expofe  them- 
felves  in  thefe  refearches,  to  the  moft 
terrible  dangers.  Not  a  year  elap- 
fed  without  fome  being  loft  among 
the  fnov7,  or  being  killed  from  the 
precipices. 

The  principal  marks  which  guide 
their  refearches  in  difcovering  grot- 
tos v/hich  contain  cryftals,  are  the 
veins  of  quartz  which  appear  in  the 
face  of  the  granite  rocks.  Thefe 
veins  are  diftinguifaed  at  a  great 


diftance,  and  often  at  immenfc 
heights,  in  places  nearly  perpendicu- 
lar, and  almoft  inacccHible.  They 
endeavour  then,  either  to  make  thoir 
Way  dire<5lly  acrofs  the  face  of  the 
rocks,  or,  being  fufpcnded  from  a-i 
bove,  to  be  let  down  to  the  place, 
by  ropes.  Having  reached  it,  they 
ftrike  the  rock  foftly  ;  and,  when 
the  ftone  gives  an  hollow  found, 
tliey  attempt  to  open  it  by  ftiiking 
with  the  liammer,  or  by  the  force 
of  guii-powder.  This  is  the  princi- 
pal mode  of  fearching  for  cryilals ; 
but,  fonietimes  young  pcrfons,  and , 
even  children  go  to.  look  for  them, 
on  the  glacieres,  and  in  places 
where  tlie  rocks  have  lately  fallen 
down.  But,  whether  it  "  be,  that 
thefe  mountains  are  nearly  cxhauft* 
ed,  or  that  the  quantity  of  cryftal 
brought  from  Madagafcar,  has  re- 
duced the  price  of  this  ftone  too 
much,  fcarcely  any  perfon  at  Cha- 
mouni makes  it  his  fole  occupation. 
They  occafionally  take  excurnons 
for  this  purpofe  as  parties  of  plea- 
fur  e. 

But  the  hunting  of  the  Chamois 
goat,  an  employment  equally  ha- 
zardous, occupies  a  great  propor- 
tion of  the  inhabitants  of  the  moun- 
tains, and  frequently  carries  off,  iii 
the  ftower  of  their  age,  men  the 
moft  valuable  to  their  famihes.  And 
when  the  nature  of  this  hunting  is 
known,  it  is  aftoniftiing,  that  a  mode 
of  life,  fo  painful  and  perilous, 
fhould  have  fuch  irrefiftible  attrac- 
tions for  thofe  who  are  engaged  ia 
it. 

The  chamois  hunter  commonly 
fets  out  in  the  night,  that  he  majf 
reach,  by  day-break,  the  moft  el^* 
vated  paftures,  where  the  goa^s 
come  to  feed,  before  the  arrival 
flocks  of  cattle.  As  foon  as  he  czh 
difcover  the  places  where  he  hopes 
to  find  them,  he  examines  all  rouitd 
with  his  fpy-glafs.  If  he  fee  none, 
he  advances,  ftill  afcending  higher ; 
but,  if  he  difcover  them,  he  endea- 

vourij 


June  1802.    Manners  of  the  Inhabitants  of  Charnouni.  477 


Tours  to  get  above  ihem,  and  to  ap- 
proach nearer,  by  going  along  a  ra- 
vine,  or  by  running  behind  a  rock 
or  rifing  ground.  When  he  is  fo 
near,  that  he  can  diflinguifh  their 
horns,  by  v/hich  he  judges  of  the 
diftance,  he  refts  his  fufee  on  a  rock, 
takes  his  aim  with  great  coolnels, 
and  rarely  miffes.  If  he  has  fhot 
the  chamois,  he  runs  to  his  prey, 
makes  fure  of  it  by  cutting  the  haip- 
ftrings,  and  tlien  thinks  of  the  courfe 
by  which  he  muft  return  to  his  vil- 
lage. If  the  way  be  difficult,  he 
takes  only  the  fKin  along  with  him  ; 
but,  if  it  be  at  all  praflicable,  he 
loads  himfelf  with  his  whole  prize 
and  carries  it  home,  often  from  a 
great  diftance  and  acrofs  dangerous 
precipices.  He  and  his  family  eat 
the  flefti,  which  is  extremely  good, 
efpecially  if  the  animal  be  young; 
^nd  the  fkin  is  dried  and  fold. 

But,  as  it  often  happens,  if  the 
vigilant  animal  perceive    the  ap- 
proach of  the  hunter,  he  Hies  with 
immenfe  fpeed  among  the  glacieres, 
over  fnows  and  the  moft  rugged 
rocks.    When  a  number  are  affem- 
bled  together,  it  becomes  extieme- 
ly  difficult  for  the  hunter  to  come 
near  them.    For  then,  it  is  laid, 
one  of  them,  while  the  reft  are  feed- 
ing, is  placed  as  a  centinel  on  the 
point  of  a  rock  which  commands  a 
view  of  all  the  avenues  of  approach 
to  their  pafture-ground  ;  and,  when 
he  fees  any  objed  of  alarm,  he 
makes  a  kind  of  hifflng  noife,  which 
being  heard  by  the  others,  brings 
them  inftantly  around  him,  to  judge 
I  for  themfelves  of  the  nature  and 
I  caufe  of  the  danger  ;  and,  when 
'  they  difcover  that  it  is  a  wild  beaft 
or  a  hunter,  the  moft  experienced 
'■  puts  himfelf  at  tiieir  head,  and  they 
make  their  cfcape  to  the  moft  inac- 
j  ceffible  places. 

I     Then  commence  the  fatigues  of 
I  the  hunter ;  for,  hurried  away  by 
'  paffion,  he  thinks  no  more  of  dan- 
gers ;  he  pafFes  over  the  fnows,  en- 
Vol.  LXIV. 


tirely  regardlefs  of  the  hidden  abyf- 
fes  which  they  conceal ;  he  runs 
headlong  into  the  moft  perilous 
tracks  ;  afcends,  fprings  from  rock 
to  lock,  without  knowing,  or  reflec- 
ting how  he  fhall  be  able  to  return. 
Often,  in  the  midft  of  the  purfuit, 
night  overtakes  him  ;  but  this,  fo 
far  from  making  him  renounce  the 
game,  flatters  him  with  the  hope, 
that  it  will  alfo  arreft  the  chamois 
in  their  flight,  and  give  him  an  op- 
portunity of  joining  them  in  the 
morning.  Ke  panes  the  night,  not 
at  the  foot  of  a  tree,  like  the  hunt- 
er of  the  plain,  nor  in  a  cave  car- 
peted with  verdure,  but  at  the  fide 
of  a  rock,  often  on  a  heap  cf  ftones 
w^ithout  the  fmalleft  fnelter.  There, 
in  the  midft  of  filence  and  folitude, 
without  fire  and  without  light,  he 
takes  from  his  bag  a  little  cheefe, 
and  a  morfel  of  oaten  bread,  which 
are  his  ordinary  food ;  bread  £> 
hard,  that  he  is  obliged  to  break  it 
between  two  ftones,  or  with  his 
hatchet,  which  he  carries  v/ith  him 
for  cutting  fteps  in  the  ice  ;  thus, 
fadly  he  partakes  of  his  frugal  fare, 
puts  a  ftone  for  a  pillow  under  his 
head,  and  fleeps  till  morn,  purfuing 
in  his  dreams,  the  rout  which  the 
cham.ois  have  taken.  Waked  by 
the  freflmefs  of  the  morning,  he 
ftarts  from  his  hard  couch,  benumb- 
ed with  cold,  furveys  with  his  eyes 
the  dreadful  precipices  which  he 
muft  furmount,  to  reach  the  place 
of  the  chamois,  takes  a  little  fpirit:,, 
which  he  always  carries  with  him, 
re-places  his  bag  on  his  fhoulder, 
and  departs  to  encounter  n^w  dan- 
gers. The  hunter  fometimes  le- 
mains  feveral  days  fucceffively  in 
thefe  folitudes,  during  which  tinie, 
his  family,  but  efpecially  his  unfor- 
tunate wife,  become  the  prey  of  un- 
cealmg  inquietudes.  She  dares  \\ol 
even  allovv  iierfelf  to  fleep,  for  fear 
of  feeing  lier  dead  huiband  ap- 
pear  to  her -in  a  dream  ;  for,  it  is 
a  prevailing  opmion  in  the  country, 
\  S  that 


478        Manners  of  the  Inhabitants  of  Chamomu     Vol.  64. 


that  a  man  who  has  perifhed  either 
in  the  fnow,  or  by  felling  from  a 
precipice,  returns  by  night,  and  pre- 
ients  himfelf  to  the  perfon  who  has 
been  moft  dear  to  him,  to  give  in- 
formation  where  his  body  lies,  and  to 
requeft  the  laft  offices  to  be  perfor- 
med to  it. 

After,  this  fketch  of  the  hfe  of 
the  chamois  hunter,  which  is  by  no 
means  exaggerated,  is  it  conceive- 
able,  that  this  occupation  fhould  be 
the  obje<5l  of  an  unconquerable  paf- 
fion  I  A  fine  young  man,  of  the  pa- 
rifh  of  Sixt,  of  a  very  handfome  fi- 
gure, who  had  married  a  moft  char- 
ming woman,  gave  me  the  follow- 
ing account  of  his  fimily,  and  of 
his  own  ardent  paflion  for  hunting. 
«  My  grand-father,"  fays  he,  "  was 
killed  in  the  chace  ;  this  too,  was 
the  fate  of  my  father  ;  and,  I  am 
fo  perfuadcd  that  it  will  be  my  own 
fate,  that  this  bag  which  you  fee, 
and  which  I  carry  with  me  to  the 
hunting,  I  confider  as  my  winding 
fheet,  for  I  am  fure  I  fliall  have  no 
other  ;  and,  although  you  Ihould 
offer  to  make  my  fortune,  on  con- 
dition of  my  renouncing  the  chace, 
I  would  not  accept  of  it  on  fuch 
terms."  I  performed  feveral  jour- 
xiies  with  this  man  in  the  Alps  ;  his 
ftrength  and  addrefs  were  aitonifh- 
ing ;  but  his  temerity  exceeded  his 
ftrength  ;  for,  I  have  fmce  learned, 
that  two  years  afterwards,  his  foot 
flipped  on  the  brink  of  a  precipice, 
and  he  met  with  that  deftiny,  which 
he  forefaw  awaited  him. 

Among  the  dangers  infeparable 
from  this  mode  of  life,  may  be 
reckoned  the  quarrels  and  contefls, 
which  it  often  occafions  between 
the  hunters  of  diiferent  nations, 
and  even  of  different  pariihes.  I 
was  told  a  remarkable  (lory  of  this 
kind,  by  a  hunter  who  acled  a  prin- 
cipal part  in  it.  He  was  a  man  of 
the  parifh  of  Sixt.  He  was  in  pur- 
fuit  of  a  chamois  which  he  had 
Hiortilly  wounded.    Two  Valaifan 


hunters  fliot  at  the  fame  goat,  and 
killed  it.  But,  according  to  the  laws 
of  the  chace,  the  animal  was  not 
the  Icfs  the  property  of  the  Savoy- 
ard, who  had  wounded  it  firft  ;  and, 
as  he  was  nearefl  it,  he  ran  up,  fei- 
zed  it,  and  put  it  on  his  fhoulders. 
The  Valaifans,  placed  below  him, 
could  not  go  diredtly  to  the  chamois, 
on  account  of  a  deep  ravine  which 
feparated  them  ;  they  called  out  to 
him  to  lay  it  down,  while,  at  the 
fame  time,  a  bullet  whizzed  in  his 
ears.  He  continued,  however,  to 
carry  it  off,  till  a  fecond  bullet  was 
difcharged  nearer  him  ;  but,  not  be- 
ing able  to  efcape  faft  enough  over 
a  rugged  way,  nor  to  defend  him- 
felf for  want  of  powder  and  ball, 
he  threw  down  his  load  and  aban- 
doned it.  Full  of  rage  and  refent- 
ment,  he  concealed  himfelf  in  a 
place  from  which  he  might  obferve 
the  Valaifans.  He  thought,  as  the 
day  was  far  advanced,  that  they 
could  not  return  home,  but  would 
remain,  during  the  night,  in  fome 
hut  m  the  neighbourhood  deferted 
by  the  fhepherds.  What  he  conjec- 
tured adually  happened,  and  he 
marked  the  hut  to  which  they  re- 
tired. He  departed  by  night  for 
the  village,  which  was  two  leagues 
diftant,  furnifhed  himfelf  with  pow- 
der and  ball,  loaded  his  mulket 
with  a  double  (hot,  re-afcended  to 
the  hut,  approached  it,  faw  through 
the  openings,  the  objeds  of  his  ven- 
geance, v/ho  had  lighted  up  a  fire, 
at  which  they  were  warming  them- 
felves,  introduced  his  mufket 
through  an  opening,  and  was  going 
to  difcharge  the  tv/o  fhot  fucceffive- 
ly,  and  kill  both  the  one  and  the 
other,  when  fuddenly  he  refleded, 
that  thefe  men  having  had  no  op- 
portunity of  confeffing  themfelv^s, 
fince  they  had  fired  at  him,  would 
die  with  a  mortal  fin  on  their  head, 
and  would,  confequently,  be  con- 
figned  to  damnation.  This  thought 
made  fo  ftrong  an  impreffion  on  his 

mind,. 


June  1802.  Hie  Wanderer. 


479 


mind,  that  he  renounced,  in  the  mo- 
ment of  execution,  his  plan  of  re- 
venge, rufhed  into  the  hut,  related 
to  them  what  he  intended,  and  the 
danger  they  had  efcaped.  They 
were  fo  ftruck,  that  they  thanked 
him  for  having  generoufly  fpared 
ihem,  acknowledged  their  wrongs, 
and  ftiared  with  him  the  chamois. 

The  very  few,  who  grow  old  in 
this  occupation,  bear  on  their  coun- 
tenance,  the  impreflion  of  the  life 
which  they  have  followed  ;  a  wild 
air,  fomething  fierce  and  haggard 
in  their  looks,  make  them  eafily  re- 
cognifed  in  the  midft  of  a  crowd, 
even  when  they  have  laid  afide  their 
hunting  drefs.  And  it  is,  no  doubt, 
owing  to  the  fame  unfeemlinefs  and 
wildnefs  of  look,  that  the  fuperfti- 
lipus  peafants  believe  them  to  be 
forcerers,  having,  in  thefe  folitudes, 
iatercourfe  with  the   devil,  who 


throws  them  at  laft  from  the  preci* 
pices. 

What  then  can  be  the  attradlion 
for  this  mode  of  life  ?  It  is  not  the 
hope  of  gain.  Such  a  hope,  at  leaft, 
cannot  be  well  founded  ;  for,  the  fi- 
neft  chamois  is  not  worth  more  to 
the  hunter  than  twelve  francs,  in- 
cluding the  value  of  its  flelh.  And 
now,  that  the  number  is  greatly 
diminilhed,  the  time  fpent  in  taking 
one,  is  of  more  value  than  fuch  a 
fum.  But,  it  is  the  dangers  to 
v/liich  they  are  cxpofed,  the  alter- 
nate operations  of  hope  and  fear, 
the  conftant  agitation  kept  up  in 
the  mind  by  thefe  emotions,  which 
roufe  the  hunter,  as  they  animate 
the  gameller,  the  warrior,  the  ma- 
riner, and  even,  to  a  certain  degree, 
the  naturalift  of  the  Alps,  where 
life  refembles,  in  fome  rcfpeds,  that 
of  the  chamois-hunter. 


For  the  Scois  Magazine. 
THE    W  AND  E  RE  R, 


Wc  wander  there,  wc  wander  here, 
We  eye  the  roie  upon  the  brier 
Unnaindfu',  that  the  thorn  is  near 

Ainang  the  leaves. 
An'  tho'  the  puny  wound  appear, 

Short  while  it  grieves. 


Burns. 


THERE  are  few  gifts  that  can 
be  offered  to  us,  which  we  receive 
with  more  reludance,  than  that  of 
advice.  We  look  upon  him  who 
gives  it,  as  afTuming  a  fuperiority 
over  us,  which  we  are  not  inclined 
to  allow,  and  as  offering  an  infult 
to  our  judgment,  which  none  can 
willingly  receive.  Although  there 
is  no  man  too  wife  to  receive  in- 


ftrud^ion,  yet  we  are  fo  apt  to  over- 
rate our  own  abilities,  that  we  be- 
lieve there  are  few  capable  of  giving 
it.  He  who  wifhes  to  become  a 
fuccefsful  inftru<5tor,  fhould  not,  by 
any  means,  pretend  to  be  fo,  but 
fhould  deliver  his  counfels  in  fuch 
a  manner,  as  to  appear  rather  like 
amufement  than  inftrudion. 

3  S  2  Having 


Ihf  Wanderer, 


Vol.  64. 


Having  afTumed  in  my  lucubra- 
tions, the  title  of  Wanderer,  it  fure- 
I7  will  not  be  thought,  that  I  mean 
to  be  an  inftrudlor,  although  vanity 
flatters  mc  that  I  am,  in  every  way, 
qualified.  It  is  my  intention,  to  lay 
before  my  countrymen,  a  faithful 
account  of  all  my  wanderings,  in 
order,  that  they  may  avoid  thofe 
extravagant  follies  and  abfurdities, 
of  vz-hich  I  have  been  fo  often  guil- 

It  may  not  be  improper  to  in- 
form them,  how  applicable  the  title 
is,  not  only  to  my  prefcnt  purpofe, 
but  to  my  whole  character.  Al- 
though I  am  now  bordering  upon 
that  age,  at  which  our  heads  are  ge- 
nerally clothed  wiih  gray  hairs,  yet 
all  my  life  has  been  a  continued 
fcene  of  wanderings.  Never  have 
1  had,  for  the  fpace  of  eight  days 
at  a  time,  any  ftxed  pl^  in  view, 
but  have  been  the  jeft  of  every 
whimfical  padion  and  wayward  fan- 
/cy,  which  my  unfettled  imagination 
fuggefted.  Having  continued  fted- 
falt  to  my  prefent  purpofe  for  two 
weeks  -paft,  am  apt  to  fuppofe  that  it 
is  the  only  bufmefs  I  have  been  de- 
iigned  for;  but  if  I  fail  in  this  alio, 
fhall  very  wifely  conclude,  that  I 
have  been  fent  into  this  world  to 
perform,  in  the  flri<5ie{l  fenfe  of  the 
word,  the  character  of  a  AVanderer. 

However,  taking  it  for  granted, 
that  I  have  at  lafl  fucceeded  in 
finding  out  my  employment,  the 
public  may  expe£l  information,  not 
to  fay  inflruction,  upon  feveral  im- 
portant fubjedts,  which  will  not  be 
at  all  difagreer.ble. 

Curiosity  has  ever  been  my  pre- 
vailing paffion,  and  indeed,  the  on- 
Jy  en.ertainment  of  my  life  ;  and, 
as  no  man  living  is  bleil  with  a 
more  retentive  memory^,  I  think 
myfelf  fufficiently  "able  to  defcribe 
the  manners  and  cuftoms,  as  well 
as  the  failings  and  vices  of  the  pre- 
fent age.  In  the  courfe  of  my  lu- 
oubrations;  I  fljiall  endeavour  to  de- 


fcribe the  chara^lers  of  foolifti, 
proud,  vain,  inquifitive,  and  fimple 
Wanderers  ;  and  what  may  be  the 
reward  and  reflexions  which  their 
fecret  w^anderings  are  likely  to  pro- 
duce. There  is  a  fet  of  men,  who 
will,  in  particular,  attract  my  at- 
tention, and  whom  I  would  deno- 
minate  Hypocritical  Wanderers.  I 
mean  thofe,  who  wander  from  them.- 
fclves,  and  a6t  in  complete  contra- 
diiflion  to  their  own  fentiments : 
v/ho,  in  order  to  avoid  fmgularity, 
never  dare  avow  to  be,  what  they 
are  fully  convinced  they  ought  t« 
be.  I  may  alfo  drop  fome  hints, 
which  will  be  neceffary  for  the  af- 
fdlance  of  young  men,  to  enable 
them  to  furnifli  converfation  fuitable 
for  the  tea-tables  of  balliful  virgins, 
whimfical  widows,  and  fuperftitious 
old  maids.  Notwithftanding:  thefe 
profelFions,  I  make  no  contrail:  that 
thefe  fubjeds  fhall  be  particularly^ 
difcuffed ;  and  much  philofophical 
argument,  and  profound  penetra- 
tration  cannot  be  expeded  from  a 
Wanderer  ;  hos^'ever,  if  I  fhall  be 
able  to  execute  my  own  intentions^ 
fhall  never  gratify  curiofity  at  the 
expence  of  virtue.  As  I  write  un- 
der a  fi«51itious  name,  I  have  de- 
prived myfelf  of  the  privilege  of 
fheltering,  perhaps,  the  oiFspring  of 
ignorance,  under  the  wings  of  a  pa- 
tron, muft  therefore  truft  to  the  in- 
dulgence of  a  difcerning  public.  I 
can  have  no  claim  to  the  praifes 
of  the  learned,  fhould  I  be  fo  lucky 
as  to  merit  them  ;  nor  fliall  I  be  un- 
der the  neceflity  of  receiving  the 
frowns  of  the  critic,  where  they 
may  perhaps  be  juftly  bellowed. 

After  candidly  confeffmg,  that 
I  have  all  my  life,  been  a  true  v/an- 
derer,  who  has  danced  after  mete- 
ors of  happinefs,  and  examine4 
every  thing  but  my  own  ftate,  it 
will  not  be  doubted,  but  fome  have 
been  led  from  the  paths  of  reditude 
by  my  example,  and  furely  the  juft- 
nef^  gf  my  intentio^is  will  not  be 

called 


June  1802.  ^esiion  in  Cosmography^ 


481 


called  in  queilion,  when  I  endea- 
vour to  reform  thofe,  who,  by  ex- 
ample, I  have  depraved.  If  ever  I 
have  the  fatisfa<ftion  of  fupporting 
virtuous  integrity,  of  expofing  hy- 
pocrify,  and  of  finking  periidy  and 


pride  down  to  its  deferved  level,  I 
fhall  not  think,  that  t  hav-  wan- 
dered in  vain. 

i  >  •.  ^Ju 

Ediru  May  15.  x8o2. 


QUESTION  IN  COSMOGRAPHY. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


Sir, 


The  following  queilion,  although 
not  difficult  in  itfelf,  may  exercife 
feme  of  your  young  readers,  who 
may  not  at  firft  fee,  that  it  is  more 
fo,  than  they  imagine.  When  the 
propofer  had  a  queilion,  fimllar  to 
the  firft  part  of  this,  given  him  to 
refolve,  at  the  commencement  of  his 
ftudies,  his  mafter  bid  him  take  care 
not  to  go  wrong,  becaufe  there  was 
a  faife  folution  of  it  in  a  printed 
book. 

How  long,  after  fun-^rifing  at  Je- 
rufalem  in  Paleftine,  latitude  31^ 
55  N.  and  longitude  35^20  E.  from 
the  meridian  of  Greenwich,  is  it  till 
the  fun-rife  at  Edinburgh  in  Scot- 
land, latitude  55^58  N.  and  longi 
tuJe  3^  T2  15  W. ;  on  the  days  of 
the  fummer  and  winter  folllices, 
and  the  autumnal  equinox,  in  the 


prefent  year,  1802  And  that,  on 
the  fuppofition  there  is  no  refrac- 
tion, and  that  the  fun  rifes  at  the 
moment  his  centre  afcends  above 
the  true  horizon  /  and  alfo,  that  the 
computation  fhall  be  made  from 
the  bed  tables  of  the  fun's  declina- 
tion, and  the  times  afcertained  to 
the  neareft  fecond  ? 

Intelligent  young  ladies  may 
folve  this  queftion,  nearly,  by  the 
artificial  globes: — On  the  day  of 
the  equinox,  however,  they  will  net 
be  enabled,  by  the  affi [lance  of  the 
^lohesy  to  afcertain  the  true  ti  les  of 
fan  rifmg ;  which  is  expecled  from 
the  young  co^mooraoher^  who  Iball 
give  the  folution  by  omf^utation^ 
I  am,  Sir,  your  mod 

obedient  Servant, 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


IR, 


Tollite  barbarum 
Morem ;  verecundumque  Bacchum 
Sanguincis  probibtti  rixis- 

Horace. 


■VING  lately  received  a  letter 
:  rom  a  friend,  giving  an  account  of 
.li  entertainment,  at  which  he  was 
Tefenti  I  Uiought,  if  the  plan  of 


your  Magazine  would  admit  of  it, 
the  public  might,  perhaps,  be  profi- 
ted by  its  infertion.  The  letter  pro- 
ceeoed  as  foUov/s. 


482  On  Com 

•*  Dear  Sir, 
"  I  HAVi:  been  frequently  endca- 
voiiring  to  difcover,  how  it  hap- 
pens, that  many,  when  treating  a 
friend,  are  not  fatisfied,  till  they 
have  forced  hin^  to  gorge  fo 
much  liquor,  as  to  prevent  every 
enjoyment  which  he  might  other- 
•wife  feel,  from  the  fociety  and  con- 
veifation  to  which  he  hath  been 
introduced.  I  have  been  led  to  this 
reflec^Hon,  by  a  circumftance,  which 
lately  happened  to  myfelf.  Two 
days  ago,  I  was  invited  to  fup  with 
a  friend  ;  and  I  accepted  of  the  in- 
vitation. Upon  my  arrival  at  his 
lodsj^in^s,  I  was  introduced  to  the 
company  of  two  more,  whom  he 
had  likewife  invited  to  fpend  the 
evening  with  him.  We  foon  enter- 
ed into  a  very  agreeable  converfa- 
tion ;  and  began  to  be  quite  happy 
in  the  company  of  oik  another. 
Supper  was  prefented,  and  inter- 
rupted the  flow  of  converfiition,  on- 
ly to  enable  us  to  relbme  it  with 
more  pleafure.  At  length,  the 
table  was  cleared,  and  fpirits  of 
different  kinds  v/erc  immediately 
produced.  The  focial  glafs  went 
rapidly  round,  and  a  variety  of  loy- 
al and  fentimental  toafts  were  drunk 
with  pleafure  by  every  gueft.  By 
the  force  of  the  liquor,  however,  I 
felt  at  laft,  my  fpirits  beginning  to 
grow^  dull,  and  perceived,  that  one 
of  my  companions  was  in  a  fimilar 
ftate.  This,  you  w^ill  obfer\'e,  is 
not  the  general  cffedl  of  liquor,  but 
it  was  fo,  upon  the  prefent  occa- 
lion.  Accordingly,  1  propofed,  and 
infilled,  that  rny  friend  would  now 
permit  us  to  finilh  the  entertain- 
ment. But  he  had  already  become 
pretty  hearty,  and  would  not  liHen 
to  the  propofal.  He  continued  to 
fill  up  the  glalFes,  till  the  pleafure 
of  converfation  w^as  deftroyed,  till 
nothing  was  to  be  heard,  but  fool- 
ifli  mirth,  or  till  the  mind  was  re- 
duced almoft  to  a  ftate  of  ftupefac- 
tion.  In  fliort,  we  went  to  no  great 


ylviaUty.  Vol.  641 

exceffes,  but  wc  were  rendered  all 
together  incapable  of  rational  enA 
joyment.  You  perhaps,  may  hay 
been  in  a  fimilar  fituation  ;  or,  i 
you  have  not,  you  cannot  but  hav 
heard  of  the  pradice.  Your  opinio 
of  it,  therefore,  will  much  oblige,  ■ 
Yours,  &c.'* 


I  HAVE  frequently  attended  to  thi 
fubjcd  of  my  friend's  letter,  an< 
wondered  at  the  inconfiftency  c 
thofc,  who  indulge  in  fuch  pra(5tices' 
You  will  find  many  attentive  tc 
their  bufmcfs,  and  otherwife  of  aii 
unblemilhed  charader,  who,  wheii 
they  have  finifhed  the  labours  oi 
the  day,  think  it  necelfary  to  theii 
happinefs,  to  have  themfelves  ftupi< 
fied  with  liquor,  once  or  twice 
week,  before  going  to  bed.  Indeed, 
the  pradice  is  fo  general  among 
fome  clafTes  of  people,  that  for  any 
one  to  omit  it,  would  be  thought 
niggardly  and  fcrubby.  Were  \\ 
merely  a  point  of  ceremony,  \\ 
would  at  leafl,  be  entitled  to  in* 
dulgence  ;  but  when  it  enters  deej^ 
into  the  fyftem  of  morals,  it  micrits 
the  attention  of  every  friend  (A 
mankind. 

The  bad  tendency  of  the  prac- 
tice, muft  ftrike  every  one  of  the 
fmallefl:  ref^edion.  It  deftroys  for 
a  tim.e,  the  beft  powers  of  our  na- 
ture ;  it  ftifles  every  generous  feel- 
ing ;  and  degrades  man  to  the  le- 
vel of  the  brutes.  The  principal 
gratification  refulting  from  it,  pro- 
ceeds, I  believe,  from  the  undifturb- 
ed  gratification  of  our  animal  prd- 
penfities.  When  all  the  powers  of 
the  mind  are  found  and  adive,  the 
fuperior  are  a  check  upon  the  inf^» 
rior.  Reafon  and  confcicnce  utteir 
their  voice,  and  their  commands  it 
is  impofTible  to  difobey  with  impu- 
nity. Hence,  from  the  fuperior  and 
inferior  principles  of  our  natui<V 
arifes  a  conilant  ftruggle  for  fupe* 
riority,  and  the  condu<5t  is  either 

vir- 


June  1802. 


On  Conviviality. 


483 


virtuous  or  vicious,  according  as  the 
one  kind  or  the  other  predominates. 
Now,  it  is  evident,  that  no  man 
can  enjoy  pleafure,  in  the  perform- 
ance of  any  adion,  of  which  reafon 
does  not  approve,  till  the  didates 
of  that  power  be  either  fuppreffed 
or  difregarddd.  When  this  objedt 
is  attained,  man  enjoys,  without  in- 
terruption, the  pleafure  refulting 
from  the  gratification  of  his  animal 
propenfities.  If  this  gratification 
be  not  carried  to  fuch  an  excefs,  as 
to  give  a  complete  Ihock  to  the 
moral  feelings,  or  to  the  conftitu- 
tion  of  the  body,  a  repetition  of  it 
is  fought  with  increafing  avidity. 
This  avidity  becomes  fometimes  fo 
great,  as  not  to  be  refifted,  even 
when  dangers  and  difgrace  are  the 
certain  confequences  of  its  indul- 
gence. So  dangerous  is  it  to  trifle 
with  vice,  that  though  fmall  and 
imperceptible  at  firfl,  it  infsnfibly 
increafes  to  fuch  a  degree,  as  to 
pollute  the  whole  moral  fyftem. 

But  is  there  no  happinefs  to  be 
found  in  acting  agreeable  to  reafon 
and  confcience  ?  Is  it  neceifary,  he- 
fore  we  can  enjoy  pleafure,  to  de- 
grade ourfelves  to  the  condition  of 
of  the  brutes  >  If  it  were,  miferable 
indeed,  would  be  the  condition  of 
man.    In  underftanding,  he  would 
^xcel  the  reft  of  the  creatures,  but 
bis  under ftanding  would  only  ferve 
\.o  increafe  his  mifery.  As  the  plea- 
ures  of  the  underflanding  are  great- 
'■r,  fo  they  are  more  lafting  and 
i:)ure,  than  thoie  of  the  fenies  ;  and 
hey  can  be  enjoyed  in  every  fitua- 
I  ion  of  life.    The  perfon,  therefore, 
'•ho  gives  up  the  pleafures  of  the 
rlhmding  for  tliofe  of  the  fen- 
throws  contempt  upon  his  Ma- 
imer, by  abufnig  and  deliroying  thofe 
iM<me  enjoyments,  v/hich  he  hath 
-iililly  given  him. 
buT  befides  the  unreafonablenefs 
Ind  fuifulnefs  of  the  thing  itl'clf,  of 
ll'hich  every  one  muft  be  fenfible, 
Me  diingers  attending  it  are  great 


and  eminent.  When  the  mmd  is 
thrown  off  its  guard,  and  when  the 
animal  fpirits  are  ftrongly  ftlraula- 
ted,  fear  becomes  too  feeble  a  bar- 
rier to  reftrain  the  ebullitions  of 
paiTion  :  fcarcely  can  any  adion  be 
conceived  fo  horrible,  as  not  then 
to  be  perpetrated.  Let  the  mai 
rage  of  Alexander  the  great,  in  dif- 
ferent inilances,  ferve  as  an  example 
of  an  entertainment  carried  too 
far. 

It  is  pleafing  to  obferve  indeed, 
that  focietv,  in  this  refped,  is  every 
day  improving,  tippling  houfes  are 
lefs  numerous,  and  lefs  frequented 
than  formerly  ;  and  the  roar  of  the 
drunkard  is  lefs  frequently  heard  in 
ourftreets.  It  is  to  be  lamented 
however,  that  this  piac^ice,  though 
improved,  is  far  from  being  abolilh- 
ed.  It  is  yet  to  be  found  in  fome 
meafure,  among  men  of  every  rank 
and  condition.  And  its.  effects,  irx 
corrupting  the  morals,  in  wafting 
the  conftitution,  and  in  difturbing 
the  peace  of  families,  are  ftiil,  too 
frequently  to  be  feen. 

Is  it  poifeiied  of  fuch  cliarms, 
that  no  amufement  can  be  found  to 
fupply  its  place  ?  Or  is  it  the  only 
ftimulus  capable  of  roufing  into  ex- 
ertion, the  dormant  powers  of  the 
mind  ?  If  this  were  the  cafe,  it 
might  admit  of  fome  excufe  ^  but 
dull,  indeed,  muft  be  that  mind, 
which  can  only  be  roufed  by  fpiri- 
tuous  liquors.  The  man  who  is  in- 
capable of  relifhing  the  pleafures  of 
converfation,  or  of  fome  innocent 
and  ufeful  amufement,  is  unworthy 
of  the  rank  he  holds  in  the  fcale  of 
exiftence ;  and  ought  to  be  exclud- 
ed from  the  fociety  of  all  thofe, 
wlio  value,  as  they  ought,  the  high 
dignity,  to  which,  as  rational  crea- 
tures, they  have  been  raifed  by  their 
Creator. 

I  WOULD  not  wilh  to  be  under- 
ftood  however,  as  being  an  enemy 
to  entertainments.  Ou  the  contra- 
ry,  when  properly  reguUted,  I  think 

them 


484  On  the  Poetical  CharaEler  of  Gray.       Vol.  64 


them  of  the  greateft  utility.  They 
are  the  fweeteners  of  life,  and  ce- 
ment of  fociety.  They  are  the 
nurferies  of  friendfliip,  and  call  into 
cxercife,  the  benevolent  and  focial 
feelings  of  our  nature.  But  when 
a  perfon,  in  order  to  comply  with 
the  prefflng  folicitations  of  his  en- 
tertainer, is  forced  to  continue  the 
feaft,  when  he  is  completely  cloyed, 
incapable  any  longer  of  feeling  en- 
joyment, from  that  moment,  enter- 
tainments become  hurtful  and  un- 
3  eafonable.  When  the  company  are 
tired  out  with  drinking;  and,  in  t.  e 
mofl  cxphcit  terms,  declare,  that 


they  are  fo ;  how  abfurd  is  it 
by  forcing  their  inclinations,  to  de 
ftroy  all  the  pleafure  they  mighi 
otherwife  have  received.  Perfoni 
of  this  defcription  fhould  not  be  ig 
norant,  that  there  are  many,  whc 
have  participated  in  their  entertain 
ments,  who,  inftead  of  confiderinj 
them  in  a  more  favourable  light 
on  account  of  their  profufion,  ii 
this  refpe(5l,  look  upon  that  vcr] 
circumftance,  as  a  blotch  that  mar: 
entirely  the  beauty  of  their  charac 
ten 

CONVIVA. 

Edin.  May  24.  l8c2. 


ON  THE  POETICAL  CHARACTER  OF  GRAY: 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


Sir, 

Although  fo  many  pages  of  cri- 
ticifm  have  already  oeen  expended 
on  the  poetry  of  Gray,  there  is  one 
view  of  his  poetical  characfler,  which 
has  always  ftruck  me,  as  very  pe- 
culiar ;  but  which  has  never  been 
confidered  with  the  attention  it  de- 
ferves ;  -and  to  which,  through  the 
medium  of  your  ufeful  Mifcellany, 
I  now  beg  leave  to  call  the  atten- 
tion, both  of  your  readers,  and  of 
the  public  in  general. 

A  POET,  fo  full  of  originality  in 
the  plan,  difpofition  and  I'ubftance 
of  his  pieces,  and  at  the  fame  time, 
fo  addided  to  imitation  in  the  ar- 
ticle of  language,  that  moft  of  his 
poems  might  without  injuftice  be 
called  centos,  is  furely  a  phenomxC- 
non  in  the  hiftory  of  literature ;  and 
exhibits  a  contraft  fo  fmgular,  as 
well  defer ves  all  the  diligence  of  a 


:  am 


critic,  to  place  it  in  the  cleareft 
moft  ftriking  hght.  To  this 
dertaking,  I  therefore  applied 
felf  with  that  minutenefs  of  atten" 
tion  which  the  fubjedt  demanded 
a  minutenefs,  however,  which  wa 
rendered  agreeable  by  my  fondnef 
for  the  writings  of  a  favourite  poei 
until  at  laft,  1  completed  what  ma; 
be  confidered  as  a  perpetual  com  . 
mentary  upon  the  verfes  of  Giay. 

The  illuftrations  colleded  by  M 
Wakefield  are  chiefly  from  the  clai 
fics,  aith(Migh,  in  moft  cafes,  it  wa 
quite  needlefs  for  that  learned  con^ 
mentator  to  carry  his  refearches  i 
far  from  home.  •  From  the  page 
of  fix  of  our  own  poets  ;  of  Spcnce 
and  Shakefpeare,  of  Milton  ani 
Dry  den,  and  of  Pope  and  Thomfon 
it  can  eafily  be  prov^ed,  that  tb 
greater  part  of  Gray's  language  i 
derived 


June  1802.      On  the  Poetical  CharaBer  of  Gray.  485 


derived.  Were  each  of  thefc  writers 
to  reclaim  with  ftridnefs,  his  own 
fhare  of  that  poet's  phrafeology,  his 
thoughts,  however  fublime  and  ori- 
ginal, would  remain,  I  am  much 
afraid,  for  the  moft  part,  the  mere 
naked  enunciations  of  his  meaning, 
deftitute  of  all  poetical  embellllh- 
ment. 

I  SHALL  no  doubt  be  cenfured  by 
fome  readers,  for  dwelling  fo  often, 
and  with  fuch  rhinutenefs  on  this 
inquiry  into  the  language  of  Gray. 
But  as  the  compofitions  of  that 
poet  are  fo  few  in  number,  and  of 
fuch  brevity,  that  they  may  be  fup- 
pofed  to  have  obtained  a  place  in 
the  memory  of  every  one  of  ge- 
nuine tafte,  I  truft,  that  fuch  per- 
fons  w^ill  be  far  from  thinking  fuch 
an  inveftigation  too  minute;  as  they 
will  feel  a  certain  degree  of  intereft 
in  tracing  out  the  origin  of  almoft 
every  line  ;  to  which  will  be  added, 
upon  many  occafions,  the  pleafure 
of  beholding,  with  how  much  dex- 
terity^  the  original  atoms  of  didticn 
are  improved,  by  the  arts  of  addi- 
tion, omiflion,  and  combination. 

As  for  tliofe  who  may  think,  that 
many  of  the  inftances,  which  I  have 
to  produce  as  undoubted  imitations, 
are  no  more  than  accidental  refem- 
blances,  I  muft  put  them  in  mind 
of  two  or  three  remarks,  or  rather 
critical  canons  upon  the  fubjed,  by 
the  author  of  the  Effay  on  the 
Marks  of  Imitation.     That  acute 
:ritic  obferves  in  the  firft  place, 
-hat  our  fufpicion  of  Imitation  in  a 
^articular  inllance,  is  confirmed  by 
)ur  knowledge  of  the  writer's  cha- 
after,  and  by  the  certainty  that  he 
lad  read  the  produdion  in  queilion. 
n  the  cafe  of  Gray,  we  have  not 
nly  this  certainty,  but  we  know, 
'  every  one  of  thefe  authors, 
^^rn  he  is  here  fuppofed  to  have 
•rincipally  imitated,  was  his  inti- 
nate,  famiUar,  and  almoft  daily 
ompanion : 

No^urna  verfate  manu,  verfate  diurna. 

Vol.  LXIV. 


It  is  alfo  afferted  by  Dr  Hurd, 
that  the  marks  of  imitation,  in  re- 
gard to  expreflion,  are  much  lefs 
equivocal  than  thofe  of  fentiment ; 
and  leaft  of  all,  where  the  two 
poets  happen  to  WTite  in  the  fame 
language.  Identity  of  expreffion  is 
then  produced  :  upon  which,  in  al- 
moft every  inftance,  we  may  i'^Jt^j 
decide  without  any  hefitation.  Nor 
is  it  of  the  leaft  confequence  here, 
whether  this  identity  be  intended 
or  accidental ;  for  if  there  is  any 
thing  peculiar  in  the  phrafe,  and  it 
has  already  been  pre^occupied  by 
Shakefpeare  or  Milton,  it  can  no 
longer  be  the  property  of  Gray  ; 
in  whofe  pofleffion  it  is  a  borrowed 
ornament,  whether  he  is  confcious 
of  the  obligation  or  not. 

It  is  rather  fingular,  that  Dr  John- 
fon,  v/ho  feems  to  have  been  fo  much 
better  difpofed  to  diicover  the  ble- 
milhes  than  the  beauties  of  Gray, 
Ihould  never  have  hit  upon  this  cb- 
jciStion  of  his  vvant  of  originality  in 
language  ;  although  he  has  obferv- 
ed  upon  another  occaiion,  that 
"  what  is  borrowed  is  not  to  be  en- 
joyed as  our  own,"  and  that  "  it  is 
the  bufmefs  of  critical  juftice,  to 
give  every  bird  of  the  inufes  his 
proper  feather." 

The  mention  of  Johnfon,  natu- 
rally leads  me  to  fpeak  cf  another 
inducement  to  this  work,  \vhich 
arcfe  from  my  not  being  ccmpkat- 
ly  fatisfied  with  any  of  the  anfwers 
I  had  yet  feen,-  to  his  fevere  ihic- 
tures  on  the  poetry  of  Gray.  By 
thefe  ftri^tures  (Scotchman  as  I  am,) 
I  had  felt  myfeif  much  more  mor- 
tified and  offended,  than  by  all  the 
farcaftic  and  illiberal  refleflions  fcat- 
tered  over  his  journey  to  the  He- 
brides. It  was  natural  for  me  with 
fuch  feelings,  frequently  to  medi« 
tate  on  thefe  cavils,  widi  the  dellre 
of  vindicating  my  favoujite  bard; 
efpecially,  as  I  could  not  but  think, 
that  what  had  been  done  in  this 
way  by  Mr  Wakefield,  however 
3  T  iiealous 


4S0  On  the  Poetical  Chara£ler  of  Gray.       Vol.  64. 


zealots  and  v/ell  meant,  confined 
more  of  paffion  than  of  argument. 
j-Iow  far  I  may  have  been  more 
v  nccefsful  in  warduip^  off  the  arrows 
•■>r  malignant  criticifm,  it  mull  re- 
57jain  TvitJi  an  impartial  public  to 
ci'jrcrmine. 

A  THIRD  inducement  to  this  un- 
dertaking, was  the  regret  I  felt  for 
that  undue  preference  ufually  given 
to  feme  of  Gray's  pieces  above 
others,  in  my  opinion^  equally  de- 
fer ving.  When  Gray  is  mentioned 
])y  a  comimon  reader,  I  have  gene- 
rally found,  tliat  by  that  name,  he 
:rieans  only  the  author  of  the 
Church-yard  Elegy,  and  knows  no- 
thing .of  him  in  any  other  charac- 
ter. Even  thofe  of  more  extcnfive 
inforniation,  arc  fometimes  carried 


away  by  the  popular  torrent,  and 
acquiefce  too  readily  in  this  vulgar 
partiality.  But  on  this,  it  is  at  pre- 
fent  needlefs  to  enlarge,  as  the  fen- 
timencs  I  entertain  of  diftributive 
jiiftige,  with  regard  to  the  various 
produdions  of  Gray,  will  be  more 
properly  unfolded  in  the  work  it- 
ielf,  when  thefe  produ<5lions  pafs 
under  examination. 

Such  is  the  nature  and  intention 
of  a  work,  on  which  I  have  medi- 
tated almoft  twenty  years,  and 
v/hich  it  is  nearly  fifteen  fmcc  I' 
began  ;  but  of  which,  the  clofe  of 
the  lafi:  feclion  was  written  only  a 
few  days  ago.  I  remain, 
Sir,  your  obedient  Servant, 

Bucclew'h  Street  1a  rr< 
.:z'         .Q  ^    c  Alex.  1  hom 
June  7.  1802.  J 


GENERAL  ANSWER  to  tlie  MATHEMAttCAL  QUESTION: 
Propofed  in  the  Scots  Magazine  for  March  1802  — Page  196. 


To  the  Editcr  of  the  ScGts  Magazine. 


IF  many  of  your  feliow-labour- 
ers  hate  devoted  a  portion  of  their 
publications  to  quefcione  in  Mathe- 
matics, and  the  T^^vrnoTTiena  of  na- 
ture, no  doubt,  -v-.  were  to 
gratify,  as  far  i  .  ^nvehienlly 
could,  every  clais  of  their  readers 
and  by  this  mean^,  ^K-  i:)dical  pub- 
lications have  h  •  feme  de- 
gree, ukfiil  '  '  '  ''-s 
of  reader ;  .  i, 
that  tlie  ati.  >  'p-^^-^^'^-^ 
has  been  drawn  to  uhjcits  of  conie- 
quence,  folely  from  their  being  led 
to  confjder  them,  wIkju  prefented 
in  a  Magazine  or  Review,  v/ho, 
probably,  never  would  have  given 
themfelves  the  trouble  to  fearch 
■for  tliem  tlfewhere  5    or,  indeed, 


m.ight  not  linow  \^  here  to  find  them. 
Many  a  young  gentleman  may 
have  formed  a  more  favourable 
idea  of  the  Utility  of  fcience,  and 
of  confequence,  mufl:  have  made  a 
much  greater  proficiency  in  it,  than 
he  otheiwife  v/ould  have  done,  had 
he  not  been  ftimulated  by  the  laud 
able  dcfire  of  being  able  to  give  fo 
I'jtions  to  fome  of  the  many  eafy, 
and  ufeful  queftions,  that  have 
appeared  from  time  to  time  in 
publications  of  the  fame  natv^. 
with  the  Scots  Magazine.  *  I  muft, 
therefore,  as  a  lover  of  fcience, 
highly  approve  cf  your  devoting 
fometimes,  a  fmall  portion  of  your 
pages,  to  fuch  queftiojis  as  the  pre- 
fent. 

I 


June  1802.  Answer  to  the  Mathematical  Question,  is'c.  487 

I  LEAVE  you  to  judge,  whether  caufc   every   particular  principal 

the  anfwer  I  now  fend,  may  appear  would  req^uire  a  different  aliquoc 

to  be  fufficiently  intelligible  to  men  part  of  L.  100  to  be  added,  fo  that 

of  bufmefs ;  and,  if  you  think  fo,  the  intereft  of  the  amount,  at  a  gi- 

your  inferting  it  may  oblige  them  ;  vcn  rate  per  cent,  being  deducted 

particularly  the  propofer,  who  mo-  from  the  amount,  fhould  leave  the 

deftly  (Hies  himfelf//rv//-AW:''jw:///^«j',  principal.     Of  this  inaccuracy,  he 

becaufe  he  appears  to  have  fome  feems  to  be  fenfible,  when  he  adds, 

piadical  purpofe  to  ferve  ;  fince  he  if  it  cannot  be  given  in  aKquot 

wifhes,  that  the  foliition  may  be  parts  of  L.  100  ;  what  aliquot  pai  t 

extended  to  the  various  rates  per  of  the  original  fum  you  fet  cut 

cent,  which  he  fpecifies  in  the  quef-  with,  muft  be  added  to  itfelf,  fo  as> 

tioTV  when  5  per  cent,  is  dedu(51ed,  it  may 

In  order,  therefore,  to  anfwer  his  be  reciuced  to  the  original  fum  a- 

views,  and  the  queftion,  in  the  com-  -gain        This  is  the  true  ibite  of 

pleteft  manner,  I  fliall  inveftigate  the  queftion,  a^  is  evident  from  the 

a  general  formula  or  rule,  that  can  firft  part  of  it ;  and  may  be  ftated 

be  eafily  applied  to  'iny  ^-ii  er  rate  of  urilversai/y^s,  follows:  —  QuerejW  hat 

intereft;  and  then  fhew  its  applica-  muft  be  that  rate  of  fimple  intcrefw 

tion  to  the  rates  fpecified  by  your  by  which  the  intereft  of  any  propo- 

correfpondent ;  including  that  of  7-^  fed  fum  of  money  being  cc  mputed 

per  cent,  in  order  that  the  progref-  for  one  year;  and  tlie  piincipai  and 

fion  5,  7-7,  lo,   T2f,  and  15  per  intereft  as  one  fum  being  put  to 

cent,  may  form  a  regular  feries.  intereft  at  any  giveh  rate  per  cent. 

In  the  mean  time,  your  corref-  per  annum    fimple  intereft  ;  and 

pendent  will  have  the  goodnefs,  I  this  laft  intereft  being  deducted  from 

hope,  to  permit  me  to  obferve,  that  the  amount,  lhall  leave  the  original 

the  reason  why,  as  he  properly  men-  fum? 

tions,  25  per  cent,  being  added  to  It  is  proper  to  obferve,  that  the 

any  fum,  and  the  intereft  of  the  intereft  of  the  primipal  at  the  vn- 

amount  at  20  per  cent,  dednded  ktvjwn  ra.e^  is  juft  equal  to  the  in- 

from  it,  leaves  the  original  fum,  is,  tereft  of  the  amount  at  the  oi'vsn 

that  25  percent,  of  any  propofed  rate: — In  other  words,  the  part  to 

ium,  is  one-fourth  part  of  it;  which  be  added  to  the  principal,  muft  be 

beiiig  added  to  the  principal,  four-  pr^cifely  the  fame  with  the  intereft 

fourths,  the  fum  muft  make  live-  of  the  amount  at  the  giv^en  rate  of 

fourths;  but  20  per  cent,  is  the  hith  intereft,  as  5  per  cent,  &c. 

of  any  fum  ;  therefore,  the  fifth  of  '    Let     reprelent  any  given  fum 

,  the  amount  is  precifely  the  fourth  of  money. 

ot  the  principal  at  thefe  rates.    I  Let  .v'  reprefent  the  unknown 

muft  alfo  be  permitted  to  obferve,  rate,  by  Vvhich  the  intereft  of  tlie 

that  your  correfpondent  appears  to  fum    is  to  be  computed,  fo  that  the 

niiftake  the  nature  of  his  queftion,  intereft  of  the  amount,  at  a  known 
when  he  puts  the  quere, — "  What  •  rate,  reprefented  by  a,  fhail  be  equal 

aliquot  part  of  L.I 60  muft  you  add,  to  the  intereft  ot  the  principal 

'  for  example,  to  L.  60,  fo,  when  you  at  the  rate  x. 

dtdudt  5  per  cent,  from  the  lum,  that  It  will  be  convenient,  that  x  and 

you  reduce  it  to  L.  60  again  V    A  r  be  not  only  the  rate  of  intereli, 

!  little  refledion  will  be  fuihcient  to  but,  even  the  intereft  itfelf  of  L.  i  ; 

convince  him,  that  it  is  not  an  ali-  in  order  to  this,  we  have  only  to 

!quot  part  of  L.  100,  which  is  to  be  make  the  fcUowinL;  propoi  tlon,  as 

added  to  a  given  principal  fum,  be-  '                      3  T  3    "  100 


488       Answer  to  the  Mathematical  ^estion,  Vol.  64, 


100  :  I  :  :  5  (for  example)  :  0.05  = 
the  interefl  of  L.  i  at  5  per  cent. 
In  this  manner,  the  mterell  of  the 
fum  at  the  rate  x,  will  be  found 
by  this  proportion  as  i  :  a  :  :  x  :  axy 
the  in te reft  of  (f.  The  amount  oi 
the  principal  and  intereft  is  aJi^as, 

At  the  given  rate  r,  the  inhere  ft 
of  this  amount  is  had  by  ftating, 
I  ;  a^ax  :  :  r  :  ra-\-7'axy  the  intereft 
of  the  am'^unt. 

Now,  from  what  has  been  fliewn, 
that  the  intereft  in  both  cafes,  muft 
be  the  fame  fum,  we  have  axz=.yii^ 
rax  ;  therefore,  nx — raxzz:t\7  ;  that 
is^    X — rA.~r  : — Confequently  x..^ 

the  general  forrpula  or  rule  ; 

which  may  be  expre{red  in  words 
to  the  following  purport^ 

RULE. 

The  unknown  rate  of  intereft  in- 
<quired  for,  is  reprefcnted  by  a  frac- 
tion, which  has  for  its  numerator 
the  given  rate  of  intereft,  by  which 
that  of  the  amount  is  reckoned  ; 
and,  for  its  denominator,  unity  or 
one  diminiftied  by  that  given  rate. 
Obferving  that  the  rate  r  is  alfo  the 
intereft  of  L.  i,  and  therefore,  the 
fradion  is  to  be  cleared  of  decim.als, 
by  multiplying  both  numerator  and 
denominator  by  1 0,1  CO,  8cc\  after 
being  reduced  to  its  loweft  terms. 

In  one  word,  fubftitute  the  given 
valiie  of  r  in  the  forp[uila,  and  the 
value  of  the  unknown  quantity  x  is 
determined;  and  which  will  like- 
wife  give  that  part  of  the  principal 
required  to  be  added,  when  it  is 
multiplied  by  the  pruicipal  a  ;  as 
will  appear  by  the  following  ex- 
amples. 

Example  First. 

What  inuftbe  the  ra^e  of  intereft 
by  which  that  of  L,  60  %ing  found, 
and  the  amount  of  principal  and 
intereft  rated  at  5  per  feent.  for  a 
year;  and  this  Lift  intereft  being  de- 
duced from  the  amc^--    ^  ''leave 


for  remainder  the  original  fum  L.60? 

In  this  cafe  r:ro.o5,  which  being 

fubftituted  in  the  general  formula 

1       •  0.0c  0.0c 

or  rule,  gives  xz=.   ^        =;  — 

I — 0.05  0.95 

-rz:  —  the  rate  cf  intereft 
0.19  19, 

fought ,  ^nd  alfo  the  intereft  of  L.i  j 

therefore,  the  part  to  be  added  tq 

the  principal  is—-      60       —  =r 

L.  3.1579  ;  that  is,  the       part  of 
the  principal,  and  which  is  the  in- 
tereft at  the  fame  —  percent.  But 
19  ^ 

to  know  what  this  rate  is  in  the  u* 
fual  mode  of  fo  much   per  cent. 

m_ake  as  i  :  100  :  :  —  :  — =  L.c-^ 
19     19  ->i9 

per  L.  100. 

Therefore  the  amount  is 
L.63.1579  ;  and  rating  intereft  at  5 
per  cent,  the  intereft  of  the  amount  fot? 
one  year  is  L.  3.1579  ;  and  there- 
fore, deducting  it  fiom  the  amount| 
leaves  L.60,  as  was  required. 

Example  Second. 

Let,  as  above,  L.60  be  propofed, 
to  find  the  rate  of  intereft,  or  thr 
part  to  be  added,  fo  that  the  intereU 
of  the  amount  at  7t  per  cent,  be^ 
ing  deduced  from  the  amount,  fhali 
leave  for  remainder  the  principal 
fum  L.  60* 

Here    we  have  r~o.G75, 
fubftituting  it  in  the  formula,  Vv^e 

1—0.075  0.925 

the  rate  of  intereft  and  intereft  01 
L.I,  as  well  as  the  part  the  priri- 
cip-il  for  every  pound  to  be  added. 

Thus   A  >6oii:L-£^z=  4.8649  the 

37  37 
intereft  ;\  whence  the  amount  1^ 
L.  64.864.9;  the  intereft  of  which, 
at  ']\  per  .cent,  is  L.  4:8649,  the 
farne  with  the  intereft  erf'  the  princi- 
pal at       of  L.  I  or.  L.  itc,  that 


June  1802.    Answer  to  the  Mathematical  ^estion.  485 


1$,  in  the  ordinary  way  of  fpeaking, 
3  X  100  _  ^4 


at 


=  8      per  L.  1 00. 

37        37  . 


Example  Third. 

Principal  funi  L.  60,  what  part 
of  it  muft  be  added,  fo  that  the  in- 
tereft  of  the  amount  at  10  per  cent, 
may  be  equal  to  the  part  added  ? 

In  the  prefent  inftance,  the  value 
of  r::LO.i.  By  fubftitution,  the  for. 

mula  becomes  xz=z   z=  ?~ 

1 — 0.1  0.9 

;=:—  which  is  the  part  to  be  added. 
9 

Therefore,  that  part  is     x  60  — 

60  ^ 

^  =  6.6666'y  and   the  amount 

h.66.6666%  It  is  obvious,  that  the 
jntereft  at  lo  per  cent  is  L.6,6666', 
which,  taken  from  the  amount,  the 
remainder  is  L.  60, 

Example  Fourth.  / 
The  fame  principal  fum,  af;  in 
the  examples  above,  being  propofed; 
to  find  the  additional  part,  fo  that 
the  intereft  of  the  amount  at  1 2\ 
per  cent,  fhall  be  the  fame  with  the 
part  added. 

Here  r,  the  given  rate  of  intereft, 
is  =:  0.125,  and  by  fubftitution,  we 

have    z=L  — £lli£  =  2lL^S  ^  I 
I— 0,12s      0.875  7, 
the  rate  of  intereft  and  part  to  be 

added.  Therefore,  x6o  —  ^? 
_  .7  7 

-~  8-57 »4>  the  intereft  or  part  to 
be  added,  the  amount  L.68.57 14,  of 
vvhich  the  intereft  at  12  ^  per  cent. 
IS  L.  8.5714,  as  was  required. 

Exaviple  Fifth. 

The  fame  things  being  fuppofed 
^  the  foimer  examples,  and  the 


given  rate  6f  intereft  15  per  cent*, 
to  find  the  part  to  be  added  to  L.60. 

In  this  inftance,  rr=o.i5  ^he 
formula,  by  fubftitution,  becomes 

X  =Sl^S  5,-- 3_ thenar^ 

I— 0.15      0.85  -j-tneparc 

to  be  added,  and  the  rate  of  inter- 
eft. 

X 

18 


Therefore  that  part  is  --t  y  Co 
=    10.5882,  wxhich  is  alfo 


^7 

the  mtereft  ;  hence,  the  amount  is 
L.  70.5882  ;  bur,  the  intereft  of  this 
fum  at  15  per  cent,  is  L.  10.C882, 
confequently  the  queftion  is  folved. 
These  examples  are  m.ore  than 
fufficient  to  point  out  to  the  intelli- 
gent reader,  the  method  of  proceed- 
ing in  every  cafe,  or  with  anv  pro- 
poled  rate  of  intereft  or  value  of  r. 
The  application  in  every  cafe  is  e- 
qually  eafy  in  pradice,  with  the  ex- 
amples juft  now  exhibited.  From 
them,  it  appears,  that  if  any  fum 
be  propofed,  and  the  rate  of  intereft 
required,  by  which  it  is  to  be  in- 
creafed,  fo  that  this  increafe  ftiall 
be  the  annual  rent  ^t  5,  7I,  10,  12-^ 
and  15  per  cent.,  no  more  is  requi*. 
red  than  to  multiply  the  given  fum 

into  the  fradicns       A.  L  i  ^nd 

^9*  37>  9.  7> 
i-.^  refpedtively ;  the  produds  are 

the  parts  to  be  added  to  the  onVi- 
nal  fum,  and  likev/ife  the  intereft  at 
thefe  feveral  rates  refpedively. 

Should  you  think  this  anfwer  ra- 
ther long,  I  beg  you  to  confider, 
that  I  was  obliged  to  write  for  men 
of  buiincfi,,  and  not  for  mathemati- 
ticians. 

I  am,  Sir, 

Your  moft  obedient  fervant, 

SCOTUS. 


490 


Vol.  64. 


LITERARY  EXTRACTS 

AND 

NOTICES. 


SOME  PARTICULAR  CUSTOMS  AMONG  THE  LAPLANDERS. 

From  Travels  througVi  Sweden,  Findland,  and  Lapland,  to  tht  North  Cape. 
In  the  years  1798,  1799. 

By  JOESPH  ACERBI- 


IN  this  fc<51ion  the  reader  will  find 
feveral  things  mentioned,  which  are 
not  touched  upon  in  any  other  part  of 
this  work. 

From  the  time  of  the  ancient  Saxoos, 
or  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  centu-, 
ry,  the  Laplanders  were  known  by  the 
name  of  ^kt:t-Fmni ;  and  from  that  pc- 
nod  to  the  prcff  nt  have  invariably  ob- 
ferved  their  original  cuftoms  and  man- 
ners. 

It  is  ufual  with  them,  as  in  the  Eaft, 
siever  to  wait  on  a  fuperior  without  a 
prefent.  If  a  Laplander  has  occalion  to 
attend  a  magiftrate,  or  his  clergyman, 
he  brings  with  him  cither  a  cheefe,  a 
a  hare,  partudge,  lea  or  river  fifli, 
a  lamb,  fome  venifon,  a  rein-deer's 
tongue,  butter,  a  quantity  of  down 
feathers,  or  fomething  of  the  like  kind. 
In  return  for  his  prefent,  he  never  goes 
back  tmpty,  but  receives  either  fome 
tobacco,  or  a  bottle  of  mead,  a  keg 
of  beer,  fome  ginger  and  fpicth,  or,  in 
fliort,  whatever  is  at  hand  which  may 
be  fuppofcd  acceptable.  The  fame 
cuftom  prevails  among  the  Ivlufcovite?. 

The  Laplanders  formerly  made  life 
of  a  ftick  called  pritmjia'vey  by  way 
of  almanack,  on  which  were  marked 
the  feveral  feiiivals  and  principal  days 
of  the  year. 

The  midwife's  office  throughout 
Lapland,  is  generally  performed  by  the 
ha(band. 

The  paflor,  or  parfon  of  the  place, 
is  for  the  molt  part  god-father  to  all 
the  children  of  his  parifii  ;  bcfidcs 


which,  he  does  the  duties  of  pariflj 
fchoolmaller  and  churchwarden. 

When  occalion  requires  the  whole 
family  to  leave  the  tent,  if  there  hap- 
pen to  be  a  child  too  young  to  follow^ 
the  reft,  it  is  put  into  a  chelt,  and  tied 
with  a  cord,  that  it  may  do  itfelf  no 
mifchief  t'y  fiie,  or  othervvife  :  or,  if 
the  child  be  above  three  years  old,  it 
is  faftened  with  a  ftrap  by  the  foot,  to 
a  ftake  driven  into  the  ground,  in  fome 
convenient  part  of  the  hut  or  tent. 

When  tht  Laplanders  meet,  they  em- 
brace each  other,  crying  out  buurifi  / 
which  is  as  much  as  to  fay  God'  lave 
you  [ 

The  w^omen  fhare  the  heads  of  their 
children  quite  dole ;  and  contrary  t6 
the  practice  of  the  ladies  in  all  other 
countries,  to  ufe  the  miflionary's  ex- 
prefiioD,  klippe  de  ly/ke  med  en  knvv  •* 
which  wOrdvS,  though  very  mucn  ap- 
proaching the  Engiifh  ianguagr,  will 
be  perhaps  unintelligible,  unlefb  I  traiif- 
late  them  ;  for  doing  which  1  hope  I 
fhall  be  pardoned  by  the  reader.  Tnc 
meaning  of  the  miflionary's  expreliiorv 
is,  that  the  goo4  wgmen  of  Lapland 
cut  their  children's  lice  ^jstth  a  knijt  and 
kill  them. 

As  a  remedy  for  pains  in  the  linib^^, 
they  put  a  couple  of  ligatures  about; 
the  part,  and  to  the  fpace  betwixt  them 
apply  a  burning  hrebrand,  which  they 
affirm  never  fails  of  giving  relief. 

No  horfes  are  employed  in  Weft 
Finmark,  ihe  labour  every  where  tile 
performed  by  thofc  ufcful  animals,  be- 
ing 


June  i8o2.  Customs  of  the  Laplanders. 


ing  there  done  by  men.  In  this  re- 
^fped  the  mountain  Laplanders  are  bet- 
ter accommodated,  as  they  ufe  their 
rein-deer  for  rhat  purpofc.  Since  agri- 
culture is  not  attended  to,  except  on 
fome  few  fpots  near  the  river  Alten, 
the  Laplanders  confume  by  fire  all  the 
dung  colleded  from  their  cows,  fheep, 
and  goats. 

Thofe  who  by  traffick  have  acquired 
wealth,  have  a  euftom  of  burying  their 
money  in  the  earth  ;  and  this  they  do 
fo  fecretly  and  clfe<5luai]y,  that  their 
heirs  or  fucctflors  rarely  find  \U  That 
they  fhould  preferve  it  thus  whilft  they 
live,  is  not  furprifin^,  becaufe  they 


have  no  iron  cheftf,  or  other  fccurify 
againft  thieves  ;  but  that  they  fhould 
conceal  it  from  their  pofterity  is  a  mat- 
ter, our  miffionary  confeffes,  he  is  not 
able  to  account  for.  He  heard  of  a 
rich  man,  who,  on  having  the  queftion 
pur  to  him  on  his  death-bed,  why  be 
had  fo  carefully  concealed  his  money 
from  his  family  ?  replied,  that  he  (hould 
have  occafion  for  it  in  the  country 
whither  he  was  going:. 

In  fome  parts  of  Finmark  the  Lap- 
landers make  ufe  of  the  hot  bath,  fprink- 
ling  their  heads  at  the  fame  ti  ne  with 
the  hot  water,  through  the  medium  of 
a  bunch  of  rods.  ' 


OF  LAPLAI^D  COURTSHIP  AND  MARRIAGES. 

FROM  THE  SAME. 


IT  rarely  happens  that  the  natives 
of  Norway  intermarry  with  the  Lap- 
landers- The  miffionary  Leems  ob- 
ferves,  that  h-e  never  knew  an  inllance 
of  the  kind,  during  his  long  acquaint- 
ance with  Lapland. 

When  a  Laplander  has  an  inclination 
to  marry  a  young  fcma4e  of  his  nation, 
he  communicates  his  wifli  to  his  own 
family,  who  then  repair  in  a  body  to 
the  dwelling  of  the  parents  of  the  girl, 
taking  with  them  a  quantity  of  brandy 
to  drink  upon  the  occafion,  and  a  flight 
prcft^nt  for  the  young  woman  ;  for  iiw 
(lance,  a  girdle  ornamented  with  fiivcr, 
a  ring,  or  fomething  of  the  like  kind. 
When  they  come  to  the  door  of  the  hut 
in  which  (lie  lives,  the  principal  fpokef- 
man  enters  firft,   followed  by  the  reft 
cf  the  kindred,  the  fuitor  wailing  with- 
out until  he  ih  vll  be  invited  to  enter. 
A*  foon  as  they  are  come  in,  the  ora- 
tor fills  out  a  bumper  of  brandy,  which 
he  offers       the  girPs  father,  who,  if 
;  lie  accepts  of  it,  Ihews  thereby  that  he 
approves  of  the  match  about  to  be 
moved  for.     The  brandy  is  handed 
round,  not  only  to  the  girl's  father  and 
,  -mother,  and  her  friends  alfemblcd  toge- 
{  ther,  but  likewiC?  to  the  intended  bride  : 
,  and  in  the  courfe  of  this  compotation 
I  leave  is  obtained  for  the  young  man  to 
I  forward  his  fuit  in  his  own  perfon.  The 
!  orator  then  in  a  fet  fpeech  makes  a  be- 
j  ginning;  and  in  this'ftage  of  the  court- 
'  ihip  the  lover  is  kimfelf  introduced, 


but  takes  his  feat  at  a  diftance  from  the 
re<^,  placing  himfelf  near  the  door-. 
The  parents  of  the  girl  at  length  figni- 
fying  their  full  confent  to  the  match, 
the  fuitor  offers  the  maiden  the  pre- 
fent  he  has  brought  with  him,  and  at 
the  fame  time  promifes  wedding 
cloaths  to  her  father  and  mother.  Mat'- 
ters  being  thus  happily  fettled,  the 
company  depart.  The  ceremonial,  a^ 
it  h  here  put  down,  is  commonly  ob- 
ferv<^d,  in  the  whole,  or  in  part,  upon 
thtfe  occafion?;  indeed,  it  rafely  hap- 
p<4!is  that  any  of  it  is  omitted. 
Should  it  be  the  cafe  that  the  parents, 
after  having  thus  giveft  their  confent, 
depart  from  their  word  ;  it  is  an  efta- 
blilhed^  law  amongfl  the  Laplanders, 
that  all  the  expences  incurred  mufl  be 
made  good,  even  to  the  brand v  drunk 
at  the  (irft  viht. 

As  foon  as  the  parties  are  betrothed, 
the  young  xx\m\  is  allowed  to  vifit  the; 
intended  bride  ;  ,and  on  his  way  to  en- 
joy this  happincis,  he  fomctimes  re- 
creates his  mind  with  linging  fongs  of 
his  own  compoutiou  in  her  praife. 
Love  never  fails  to  make  poets;  the 
Laplander's  poetry,  indeed,  furnifhes 
no  fpecimensof  elegant  eff.ifions ;  he 
paints  his  love  in  the  thoughts  which 
firft  prefent  themfelvcs,  and  cares  not 
much  about  fcledion  :  the  words  he 
ufes  relate  to  his  paffion,  and  that  is 
fufficient  for  his  purpofe.  Nor  can  it 
ia  truth  be  fdii  v>      always  t!ic  cafe, 

thai 


Customs  of  the  Laplanders.  Vol.  64. 


492 

that  he  fings  upon  Ihefe  occaHons ;  but 
whenever  he  in  the  prelencc  of  his 
beloved^  though  he  ihould  forbear  to 
ling,  he  does  not  f  jil  to  offer  to  her 
whatever  he  thinks  will  be  mofl  accep- 
table, whether  brandy,  tobacco,  or 
any  thing  elfe.  On  the  day  of  the  nup- 
tials the  bride-  appears  drtfled  in  her 
gala  habit ;  wirh  this  dilference,  that 
whcrejs  hei  head  is  con-iinonly  clofc 
covered  at  o\her  timr^,  npon  this  oc- 
cnnon  her  hair  \i  \th  to  flow  loofe  upon 
her  flioulders;  ard  flu-  wears  a  bandtau 
of  different  coloin  ed  ftntTs,  and  fome- 
tiines  a  fillet.  The  marriage  ceremony 
over,  the  nuplialb  are  celebrated  in  a 
frugal  manner,  and  withoijt  ilioiv.  Such 
of  the  gucfts  a?  arc  invitee,  and  are  of 
fnfficient  ability  to  do  it,  make  the 
bride  a  prefcnt  of  monty,  rein-deer,  or 
Ibmething  tovi*ards  a  (lock. 

In  fome  parts  of  Lapland  it  is  the 
cullom,  a  few  gays  after  the  marriage, 
for  the  relations  and  friends  of  the 
newly  married  couple,  to  meet  and 
fvartake  of  an  entertainment,  which 


is  but  an  homely  one,  as  it  confiHs  of 
rne^l'^s  <^f  fou^),  or  bioth,  with  a  little 
roa't  mutton,  and  fame  metheglin  ;■ 
which  being  all  con  turned,  the  guefU 
afterwnrds  t;Lke  thtir  departure.  Mu- 
iic  and  daiicing  are  entirely  unhnowfi 
anionti  the  Laplanders,  on  thefe  or  anf 
other  fcHivirics  ;  nor  are  they  even  ac- 
quainted with  the  ufe  of  any  one  mu- 
fical  inrtrument  ;  and  fcem  to  be  total- 
ly incapabVof  learning  to  fing  in  tune. 

The  biidej:room  gt.nerally  rcmiuiiii 
with  the  parents  of  his  bride  during- 
ti)e  fp^ce  of  ont  year  afjer  marriage,' 
and  at  the  expiration  of  that  period  he 
takes  his  departure,  with  a  view  of 
fettling  himfclf  in  the  world;  for  this 
piirptHc  ht  receives  from  them  what  by 
iheir  circumftanccs  thtry  arc  enabled  to 
give  him  towards  an  eltablif^imcnt,  fuch 
as  a  frw  flietp,  a  kettle,  with  fjmc  oihcr 
articles,  which,  though  but  of  little  in- 
trinfic  value,  are  yet  tlfcntially  neccf- 
fary  in  the  dcmtftic  economy  of  ihc 
Laplander. 


LAPLAND  SPORTS  AND  AMUSEMENTS. 

FROM  THE  SAME, 


THE  Laplanders  do  rot  obfervc 
Chriltmas  as  a  fellival  ;  nor  have  they 
any  hmilar  days  .that  they  particubfly 
diftinguifti.  They  know  nothing,  or 
very  little,  of  playing  at  cards.  They 
cxercife  themfclvcs  in  throwing  at  a 
mark  with  a  javelin :  the  prizes  in 
thefe  games,  for  thofe  w^ho  come  near- 
eft  the  mark,  are  fometimes  pieces  of 
money,  at  other  times  tobacco,  orfuch 
like  articles.  Bcfides  this  divtrfionjthey 
have  another  with  a  leathern  ball  tluffed 
hard,  which  is  ftruck  in  the  air,  and 
caught  before  it  falls  to  the  ground. 

A  certain  amufemer.t  calltd  gaafe 
Jpile<i  or  the  game  of  fox  and  geefe,  is 
m  great  requeft  with  them.  This  is 
played  by  two  parties,  on  a  board 
maiked  with  fquare  divifions  for  the 
purpofe  ;  one  of  the  parties  managing 
thirteen  pegs,  called  geefe,  about  this 
labyrinth  ;  and,  as  may  be  imagined, 
in  the  dexterity  of  purluit  and  efcape 
conlifts  the  Ikiil  of  the  players. 

Leaping  over  a  ftick  held  in  a  hori- 
zontal poiition  by  two  Laplaiidcrp,  is 


another  diverfion  with  which  they  pals 
their  time.  Sometimes  two  Laplan-* 
ders,  having  each  of  them  a  ftick  in 
his  hands,  from  the  end  of  one  a  rope 
being  extended  to  the  other,  will  firiv^ 
to  difengage  the  ftick  from  each  other's 
grafp;  and,  in  this,  perhaps,  they  are 
rtflifted  on  each  fide  by  an  equal  num- 
ber of  the  by-ftanders:  this  occafions 
a  Imart  l^ruggle,  till  at  length  the  rope 
breaks,  or  the  weakeft  party  giveS 
way,  which  at  once  dec'ies  the  con- 
teft  ;  when  the  wager,  for  there  gtrie- 
rally  is  one  depending  oh  the  event,  is 
determined,  the  prize  is  i'lfigned  to  the 
victor.  Another  cxercife  confifts  in 
tv^o  of  them  faftening  their  hands  in 
each  other's  belt,  ftriving  to  raife  one 
another  from  the  ground,  and  thus  to 
give  each  other  a  fidl.  They  are  be- 
tides t  Xpert  wreftiers;  and  thefe  kind 
of  excrcifes  are  found  neccffary  to  keep 
their  bodies  warm,  as  well  as  to  fill 
up  their  intervals  of  leifure,  when  they 
arc  iipon  a  journey,  during  the  itop> 
p??ges  requihte  to  be  made  to  give  thei' 

rci:; 


June  I  to  2.       Customs  of  the  Laplanders. 


4^3 


rein-dcer  m  oppO!tunity  of  baiting; 
for  which  burpofc,  as  has  ;5lready  been 
obferved,  tnofe  animals  nnuft  dig  up  the 
fnow  in  qttft  of  mofs,  as  it  is  not  pof- 
fible  to  carjy  forage  with  them  in  their 
fledges. 


They  are  in  general  excellent  markf- 
men ;  and  fome  of  thtm  have  been  able 
to  hit  a  fmall  obje<5t  with  a  bullet  fired 
from  their  pieces,  at  a  conftdtrable  dif- 
tance  ;  and  that  for  a  number  of  tirr.es 
repeatedly,  without  a  fuigle  failure. 


OF  T^JIti  DISEASES  TO  WHICH  THE  LAPLANDERS  AKl 
SUBJECT,  AND  THE  RiLMEDIES  THEY  USE. 


FROM  THE  SAME. 


THE  fmall-pox  has  at  times  prov*rd 
very  fatal  in  Lapland,  but  has  not  made 
its  appearance  there  for  many  years. 
In  general,  the  Laplanders  enjoy  the 
beft  poflible  frate^of  health,  and  except- 
ing the  head-ach,  and  a  few  flight  dif- 
orders,  may  be  faid  to  be  free  from  dif- 
cafes.  Inwasd  complaints  they  pre- 
tend to  cure  by  fwaiiowing  the  blood 
of  the  feal  and  rein-deer  as  warm  as 
pofiible.  The  tooth-ach  they  likcwife 
relieve  by  drinking  the  feai's  blood  : 
this  is  but  a  late  remedy,  for  formerly 
thty  knew  no  other  application  than  a 
fplinter  from  a  tree  (Uuck  with  light- 
ning, with  which  the  difeafed  tooth 
H'as  to  be  touched.  It  is  remarkable 
that  the  teeth  of  the  Laplanders  are 
often  corroded  by  worms,  and  that  in 
a  manner  unknown  to  the  inhabitants 
of  nth^'r  climates. 

Their  method  of  cure  for  a  difeafe 
of  the  eyes,  called  the  pin  and  cu^^b^ 
[Which  is  an  imperfe-ft  ftage  of  a  cata- 
ract, is  finguhr  and  curious,  and  hence 
is  recommended  by  the  miflionary  to 
the  DaniHi  faculty  of  phyficians  :  it  is 
cffedtd  by  the  iutrodudion  of  the  te- 
\  ikulns  humanus  (common  loufc)  uiih- 
!  in  the  eyelids,  which,  by  its  irritat:an 
''Jpon  the  ball  of  the  eye,  they  believe 
U^fficient  to  rub  olf  the  membrane,  and 
remove  the  caufe  of  the  complaitit. 

Chilblains  may  be  fuppofed  no  un- 
Sequent  diforder   with  the  youngv.-r 
3art  of  the  Laplanders  ;  and  thi.s  as 
'^ell  as  fpafms  and  contradi(M!S  of  the 
>  irnm  t  he  feverity  of  the  cold,  is 
ed  by  an  ointment  which  they  ex- 
ract  from  the  chetfe  made  of  rein- 
j  Jeer's  milk.     They  heal  and  foften 
icHi  wounds  with  the  unprepared  gum 
:  vhich  exudes  from  the  fir-tree-    Be  fore 
ihcy  reduce  a  diflocated  or  fra<^tured 
K)ne,  which  they  do  with  bandages 
Vol.  LXIV. 


(amputa'ion  of  limbs  being  a  prafticW 
of  which  they  abhore  even  the  icfea)/ 
they  fvvaliovv,  in  a  driiik,  a  piece  of  u/- 
vcr,  or  even  braf>,  beaten  into  a  po\/- 
der;  and  they  believe  this  potion  to/c 
of  great  efficacy  in  forwarding  the  c/re. 

We  have  already  mentioned  the/ac- 
tual cautery  made  nfe  of  by  the  Lap- 
landers for  pains  in  the  hands  anc/feet. 
This  will  bring  to  the  recoliedi/on  of 
our  medical  readers  the  moxa,w^hy(:h  has 
formerly  been  tried  as  a  remedy  in  fits  of 
the  gout.  The  moxa  is  a  dry  v/getable 
fubftarxe,  brought  from  Chini  and  Ja- 
pan, not  unlikie  the  comnyin  plant 
mug  WO!  t ;  it  is  applied  to  th/  fkin  and 
there  fet  oij  fire.  What  is  t/led  by  the 
Laplanders  for  this  purpofeis  the  bok- 
tus  fomentariusj  Lin.  Simiar  applica- 
tions were  in  ufe  durins  the  age  of 
Hippocratcfi,  and  even  Jmployed  by 
the  prisce  of  phyiicians  '/imfelf! 

The  finew  of  the  f^i^c  legs  of  the 
rein-deer  iis  applied  a$  a  remedy  for 
fprained  ancles,  or  oth^r  ftrains  of  the 
legs,  by  binding  it  round  the  part  ag- 
grieved :  but  a  particular  reftri*flion  U 
to  be  obferved  in  this  method  of  cure, 
namely,  that  the  bzick's  finevvs  only 
are  to  be  applied  to  the  legs  of  the 
■female  L^.plander,  and  thofe  of  the  doe 
to  the  male. 

Their  fiineriis  are  condnifred  with 
little  ceremony.  The  body,  {lightly 
wrapped  up  io  a  coarfe  cloth,  is  borne 
to  the  grave,  attended  by  a  fmall  con- 
voy of  the  family  and  friends  of  the 
dcceaied  ;  for  whofe  entertainment  a 
flight  repaa  is  prepared,  which  affords 
nothing  beyond  the  com.mon  fare,  ex- 
cept a  fmall  portion  of  metheglin, 
which  is  handed  about  to  the  compa- 
ny. It  was  an  ancient  cuflom  with  the 
Laplanders  to  bury  thofe  who  excelled 
in  f;jootii3g  with  the  bow,  or  with  fire- 
3  U  arms 


494 


Customs  of  the  Laplanders.         ^    Vol.  64, 


arms,  in  the  groT.in(3  confecrated  to  the 
rites  performed  in  honour  of  their 
deities.  The  fcpnlchre  is  no  other 
than  an  old  fledge,  which  is  turned 
bottom  r.pwards  over  the  fpot  where 
the  body  lies  buried.  It  was  lilceu  ile 
ufual  formerly  to  raife  a  ht-ap  of  ilonea 
over  the  dead  body ;  but  that  prac- 
tice is  now  laid  ahdc,  and  the  fledge  is 
at  prefent  the  only  monument.  An- 
other circum/tance  prevailed  among  the 
Laplanders  before  their  entire  convcr- 
fion  to  ChriHianity,  namely,  that  they 
placed  an  axe  with  a  tinder-box  by  the 
fide  of  the  corpfe,  if  that  of  a  man  ; 
and  if  a  woman's,  her  fciflars  and 
nee/ile  ;  fuppofmg  thefe  implements  to 
be  of  ufe  lo  them  in  the  other  world. 
They  likewife  put  up  a  quantity  of 
j-rovifions  with  the  dead  body,  and 
J  immediately  after  the  burial  of  one  of 
the  family,  they  removed  their  habita- 
Itiok  to  another  fpot.  For  the  firft 
three  years  after  the  dcceafcof  a  friend 
or  reation,  they  were  accultomed,  from 
fcimc:©  time,  to  dig  holes  by  the  fule 


of  the  grave,  therein  to  depofit  either 
a  fmall  quantity  of  tobacco^  or  fome- 
thing  that  the  deceafcd  was  fondell  of 
when  living.  They  fuppoftd  the  lelici- 
ty  of  a  future  ftate  tocon^r  in  feailing. 
fmoking  tobicco,  drinking  brandy,  and 
fimilar  amufements ;  and  they  believed 
that  thefe  enjoyments  were  to  be  par- 
ticipated in  the  other  wprld  in  a  high-, 
er  degree  of  perfecfliun  tlxui  they  were 
experienced  in  thi^.  Such  was  their 
idea  of  the  biifs  to  be  founvi  in  the  lite 
to  come,  in  which  they  believed  their 
rein-deer,  as  well  as  the  reftpf  the  brute 
creation,  were  to  be  equal  partakers. 

It  is  a  rule  w  ith  the  Laplanders,  on 
the  birth  of  a  child,  to  aflitn  a  fcmal? 
rein-deer,  with  all  her  fmyre  olfspring, 
as  a  provilion  when  the,  boy  or  girl 
ihall  be  grown  up,  which  he  or  flic  be- 
ccnnes  entitled  to,  however  the  eflatc 
may  be  difpofed  of  at  tk-  deceafe  of 
the  parents.  By  this  provifion,  the 
child  fouictimes  becomei  the  owner 
a  conhderable  herdo  ' 


SKETCH  OF  THE  CHARACTER  OF  THE  LATE 
T^EV.  Dr.  THOMAS  HARDY. 

piven  at  the  condu.fion  of  a  Sermon,  preached  by  the  late  Rev.  Dr  Gloaj{|,' 
in  the  ntw  IsJe^rih^  Chujch,  Edinburgh,  on  the  24th  November  i>98,  froln- 
Plalm  xxMx.  12-.  "  O  Lord,  1  am  a  Granger  with  thee,  and  a  foiuurner,  as 
all  my  fathers  were."  • 


IT  hath  pleafed  God,  my  dear 
friends,  to  give  you  and  me  a  ftnking 
and  melancholy  proof  of  the  dddrine 
in  the  text,  by  the  death  of  vciir  late 
%vorthy  PaAor,  And  my  reverend  Col- 
league,  Dr  Thomas  Hardy.  At  a  veiy 
early  period  of  life  he  was  bereaved  of 
his  Father,  and  kit  to  the  care  of  his 
widowed  Mother;  whofe  agtd  heart 
row  bleeds  a.frefh,  frcm  the  recent 
woi^nd  it  hath  received,  by  the  death 
of  her  only,  her  affedionate,  her  duti- 
ful,  and  moil  aeccmphnud  Son.  As 
Jhc  reared  him  up,  however,  ubder  the 
direction  of  a  kind  Providence,  to  youth 
and  manhood,  fne  had  the  heartfelt 
pieafure  of  obferying,  that  the  great  ta- 
lents and  abilities,  the  amiable  graces 
and  difpofitions,  with  which  God  had 
amply  enriched  him,  were  beginning 
then,  like  the  flowers  of  Spring,  gradiN 
'ally  to  unfold  and  difcjofe  ihcinfelvcc. 


When  he  entered  on  public  life,  an^ 
engaged  in  the  wo?k  and  duties  of  A' 
IMmiltcr  of  the  Gofpel  of  Christ,  ijt 
loon  appeared,  that' the  high  expeda- 
tions  I  hat  had  been  forrht  d  of  him, 
were  juil  and  well-founded.  His  per- 
ception was  quick  ;  his  judgment  clear 
and  foiid  ;  his  memory  correct ;  his  tafte 
pure  and  elegant ;  and  nis  elc?ciJtioh 
rnanly  and  fliunt.  Intimately  connec- 
ted with  thele  great  qualities,  were  the 
GifpofnioMe  and  virtues  of  his  heart. 
He  was  a  m.^n  of  ftri(^t  honour,  probf- 
ty,  and  truth  ;  an  agreeable  compa- 
nion ;  a  good  neighbour  :  a  firm  and 
fleady  friend.  Neither  frivolous  ai>d 
injlpid  on  the  one  hand,  ror  four  and 
biK'Otted  on  the  other,  his  temper  wa^ 
cairn,  regular  and  equal  ;  and  his  matt- 
tierp,  of  courfe  were  ealy,  affable  and 
obliging.   He  was  an  auedionate  Huf- 

band'i 


June  1802.  Charaaer  of  the  late  Br  Hardy. 


band;  a  kind  and  tender-hearted  Father; 
and  an  indulgent  Mafter. 

In  the  public  exercife  of  his  facred 
fun<ition,  he  dilplayed,  to  the  glory  of 
Gon,  the  honour  and  credit  of  our  di- 
vine Religion,  and  the  inftruction  and 
benefit  oi  all  who  heard  him,  the  Truth 
and  importance  of  the  Gofpel  of  Jejjus  ; 
and  the  direct  and  powerful  tendeqcy  it 
hath,  to  promote  the  true  happinc  fs  of 
nian,  both  as  an  individual,  and  as  a 
member  of  focicty  ;  as  a  ftranger  on 
earth,  and  as  a  candidate  for  heaven. 
Ot  this  fubjea  he  had  a  thorough  know- 
ledge ;  and  treated  it,  in  the  courfc  of 
his  leclurts,  delivered  in  this  church, 
in  an  able,   niaftcrly,   and  perfuahve 
manner  ;  as  many  of  you,  my  friends, 
1  dare  fay,  do  ftiil  recciicct  with  pica- 
fare  and  delight.    As  a  Teacher,  alfo, 
in  the  celebrated  Unlverhty  of  this  City 
he  Ihone,  while  it  pleaftd  God  to  give' 
him  health,   with  peculiar  and  diitin- 
guifned  lullre.    The  plan,  or  method, 
of  his  le^ures  there,  was  diainot,  clear, 
and  lumujous  i   his  illuftrations  were 
full  of  uftful  erudition,  initrudion,  and 
entertamment ;  his  fiyie  was  energetic, 
pure,  and  elegant ;  and  his  maimer  of 
delivery  was  manly,  graceful,  and  plca- 
lant.~As  to  my  own  perfonal  con- 
nexion with  him,  it  may  be  pioper  jult 
to  obferve,  that,  for  the  fpace  of  almolt 
twelve  years,  he  was  united  with  me  in 
the  paftcral  care  of  this  Congregation : 
and,  though  we  fometimes  differed  in 
ppmion  and  fcntiment  on  certain  fub- 
Ititls,  yet  that  difference  of  opinion  ne- 
ver made  the  leait  breach  on  our  affec- 
L^ion  and  regard  to  each  other;  or  occa- 
iioned  the  fmaileft  interruption  to  our 


495 

focial  intercourfe,and  mutual  friend/hip. 

it  remains,  now,  only  to  add,  that 
in  the  cafe  of  the  late  refpedable  ani 
amiable  Dr  Hardy,  we  have  a  beautifui 
proot  of  the  immortality  of  the  foul  1 
and  of  Its  being  neither  impaired,  nor 
weakened^  by  the  afflidions  of  the  bo#^ 
Ills  mind---his  better  part,  remaineci 
Itrong  and  vigorou.;  while  liis  body 
was  declining  apace,  and  reduced  ah 
moll  to  a  Ihddow.    Though  he  knew* 
and  felt,  that  he  was  foon  to  die;  anc 
that  his  t.diou.  and  lingering  iiJnefs 
which  he  fultained  with  txempiary  pa. 
tieHCe,mu(tina  Ihort  time  cometo  a  pc- 
nod  :  yet  he  beheld  the  fiuw,  and  foiemn^ 
approach  of  Death,  with  dignified  com- 
polare,  and  took  his  final  leave  of  this 
world,  with  a  devout  and  chrillian  fub- 
milhon  to  the  will  of  God.    "  Mark  the 
perieeH  man,  my  brethren,  and  behold 
the  upright :  for  the  end  of  that  man  is 
peace.    B:cfnd  are  the  dead  which  die 
in  the  Lord,   from  henceforth:  yea 
huth  the  Spirit,  that  they  may  reft  froru 
their  labours,  and  thtir  works  do  ioMow 
them.    Let  all  of  us  learn,  from  heiice, 
fo  to  nu:nber  our  d.ys,  as  to  apply  our 
hearrs^  to  Divine  wifdom  ;  and,  While 
we  lojourn  on  earth,  to  have  our  con^ 
vcrlation  M  heaven  ;  from  whence  we 
expee^t  the  return  of  our  great  Redeem- 
er,   -to  change  our  vile  body,  that  it 
may  be  fa/hioned  like  unto  his  glorious 
body,  according  to  the  woikirig  where- 
by he  is  able  even  to  fub.iue  ail  things 
unto  himfeif,-    Happy,  i.appy,  happ^y 
are  ail  they  who  are  cnabkd  by  grace 
to  lay  with  an  holy  ApolDe,  ^To  mc 
to  live  IS  QhxiiX ;  and  to  die,  is  gain.*' 


PRACTICAL  OBSERVATIONS  on  the  INOCULATION  of  COW  POX, 
By  James  Bryce, 
Member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh,  &c. 


"hap.  in.  Sea.  3.— C?/  the  Virus  to  be 
7ifcd  for  Inoculation. 
A  PROPLR  attention  to  the  flate 
t  the  virus  to  be  infcrted,  is  a  cir- 
umP.ance  of  much  importance  in  con- 
•J<^tmg  the  inoculation  for  cowpox. 
-let  for  inoculation  be  taken  at 


an  improper  p^^riod  of  the  ailment,  o^-' 
be  not  prope/y  prelerved  after  it  is 
taken,  it  ma/ be  fo  far  changed  in  i^s 
nature,  as  xj  be  utterly  unfit  to  pro- 
aace  cowp^  in  the  perfon  to  whom  it 
IS  applied,/ 

/    3  Us  >vith 


49^ 


Bryce  on  the  Cow  Pox. 


Vol.  64. 


With  reg-ard  to  the  proper  period  of 
the  cow  pox  afFedion  for  obtaining  vi- 
r/is  for  inoculation,  it  is  to  be  obi'erv- 
^d,  thar,  during  the  leventh,  eighth, 
iiid  ninth  days,  it  appears  to  be  in  the 
Itate  of  greateft  adbvity.  This  obl'er- 
vation,  however,  it  mufl  bo  remem- 
jbeied,  is  only  applicable  to  thofc  cafes 
Which  run  through  a  pericdlly  regulcir 
courfe  ;  for  as  we  frequently  find  that, 
from  various  caules^  the  progrefs  of 
the  veficle  is  accelerated  or  retarded, 
io  in  thelii  the  proper  period  fcr  ob- 
taining the  virus  in  the  mofl  ailive 
Itate,  will  be  different  froni  that  now 
mentioned.  This  point,  therefore, 
inufl  be  determined,  in  a  great  meafure, 
by  a  careful  examination  of  the  Itate 
of  the  veficle  at  the  time. 

During  the  fcventh,  eighth,  and 
ninth  days  from  inoculation,  when  the 
affeilion  has  proceeded  regularly,  the 
\  cficle  appears  of  very  coniidtrabie 
:*.agnitude,  elevated  above  the  fur- 
jOLinding  parts,  and  having  a  flat  or 
latber  concave  furface,  with  a  fmall 
truifl  im  the  centre.  The  margin  is 
turgid  ^nd  pale,  giving  a  very  nngu- 
lar  a{^p(i^rance,  as  if  a  round  body,  like 
a  worsy  ,  were  coiled  up  immediately 
under  V-e  cuticle,  and  as  yet  the  areo- 
la is  inoymplete.  If  a  punciure  be  made 
into  they  encle,  in  the  manner  hereaf- 
ter to  be  mentioned,  while  in  this  flage 
<vf  its  proWfs,  a  perfe6t!y  traniparent 
i^uid  exudesiV  This  is  the  proper  virus, 
and  in  a  ftataof  the  greateft  atSiivity. 
About  the  enq  of  the  niiith  or  begin- 
liing  of  the  terkh  day  from  inoculation, 
xhe  areola  is  fully  formed  ;  and  this  is 
laid  to  be  a  maik  that  the  virus  begins 
10  be  iefs  a6live,  and  therefore  impro- 
per to  be  ufed.  It  is  alio  faid,  that 
virus  taken  after  this  period,  frequent- 
ly fails  of  producvag  the  anti-variolous 
procefs  in  the  coTiftitunon,  even  al- 
xhough  the  local  s-tFeition  appeals  to 
lun  a  regular  courie. 

1  have  inoculated,  and  produced  the 
proper  affedicn,  witV»  virus  taken  from 
a  V elide  the  fourth  diy  from  inocula- 
tion ;  but  the  quanthy  of  virus  to  be 
had  at  this  period  is  fcfmail,  and  the 
lifk  of  diiturbing  the  .eguiar  progrels 
of  the  veficle  from  whiCi  it  is  taken,  is 
fo  great,  that,  in  my  opnion,  it  ought 
never  to  be  done,  efpcially  as,  by 
waiting  until  the  veilcle  1  in  the  (late 
defcribed  above,  abundaice  of  virus 
may,  almoft  alv/ayp,  be  cb.ained,  and 


much  freedom  may  then  be  ufed,  with- 
out fear  of  impeding  the  regular  pro- 
greis  of  the  afrc6lion. 

Again,  I  have  inoculated  wiih  viru*; 
which  was  taken  at  the  end  of  the 
eleventh  day  from  inoculation,  and  if- 
ter  the  areola  had  b'^en  completely 
formed,  and  with  it  have  produced  the 
afledlion  regular  in  all  its  ft^igcs  :  But 
I  have  obferved,  that  the  virus,  when 
taken  at  this  Itage  of  the  affection,  was 
iefs  certain  of  takmg  cifed,  and  that  it 
frequcntif  happened,  that  although 
the  appearances  were  tavourribie  for 
the  firft  three  or  four  days,  yet  that 
tbey  would  then  gradually  die  away* 
and  no  veiicle  be  produced  :  At  other 
times,  virus  of  this  defcription  has  pro- 
duced a  puUule  of  confiderable  lize, 
and  one  having  a  conlideiable  degree 
of  redneis  around  the  bafe,  but  which 
was,  neverthelcfs,  ealily  diftinguilhed 
from  cow  pox.  This  puftuie  has  an 
elevated  centre,  which  gives  it  more  or 
Iefs  the  appearance  of  a  common 
phlegmon  ;  there  is  little  or  no  hard 
nefs  around  its  bafe,  and  the  contam- 
td  fluid  quickly  runs  into  luppuration, 
lb  as  by  the  fixth  day  to  contain  well 
formed  pus.  After  thii,  it  quickly 
drie-s  mto  an  opaque  cruft,  very  differ- 
ent  fron:5  that  dtlcribed  as  the  common 
termination  of  the  cowpox  velicle. 

In  finallpox,  immediately  on  open- 
ing the  pultule,  even  by  a  fmall  punc- 
ture, the  whole  of  the  contained  fluid 
flo<vs  forth,  and  is  eafily  obtained  ;  It 
is  not  fo  m  the  cowpox,  from  the  vefi- 
cle of  which  the  belt  way  of  obtaining 
viius  is  the  following  : 

At  the  proper  period  in  the  progrefs 
of  the  affedtion,  as  defcribed  above, 
make  three  or  four  pundures  with  the 
point  of  a  lancet,  between  the  central 
cruft  and  the  margin  of  the  velicle,  fo 
as  merely  to  penetrate  through  the  cu- 
ticle ;  then  wait  for  the  Ipacc  of  a  mi- 
nute, during  which,  a  limpid  fluid 
will  be  obferved  to  exude  from  each  ci 
the  pun61ures,  and  to  form  a  fmalk 
drop.  This  is  the  proper  virus  for  ino- 
culation, a'adis  to  be  carefully  colle<;:t- 
ed  and  prcferved.  By  waiting- a  little 
longer,  more  virus  will  be  obtained  ; 
and  by  going  on  m  this  manner,  and 
gently  prelTing  the  veficle  occafionally 
with  the.  lide  of  the  lancet,  one  puiluie 
will  be  /ound  to  yield  a  very  confidcr- 
able  quantity.  But  I  have  generally 
obferved,  that  when  ^  uuufually  great 
quantity 


June  i8c2. 


Bryce  on  the  Cow  Pox. 


49; 


quantity  of  matter  flows  from  one  veli- 
cle,  it  is  proportionally  lefs  active  than 
"when  the  quantity  difcharged  is  fmall. 

After  a  fufficient  quantity  of  virus 
has  been  obtained,  I  always  defire  the 
iurrounding  parts  to  be  lightly  vvaihed 
with  cold  water,  in  order  to  clear  a- 
way  any  matter  which  may  have  been 
If.-ft  on  them  ;  and  a  foft  cloth  dipped 
m  the  fame  to  be  applied  to  the  vehicle 
10  check,  the  farther  efFafion  of  the 
virus. 

If  the  difchargc  of  fluid  continues 
nciwithftanding  this  application,  afin- 
gle  drup  of  Goulard's  cx|^a6t  of  the 
diluted  vitriolic  acid,  or  of  ibme  other 
aitnngent  remedy,  muft  be  applied  in 
order  to  reft  rain  it,  as  there  is  a  dan- 
ger of  the  whole  contents  of  the  veficlc 
being  difcnarged  as  fa  ft  as  leer  e  ted, 
and  thus  the  abibrption  and  farther  re- 
gular progrei's  of  the  affedion  being 
completely  prevented,  or  of  the  atiec- 
tion,  from  this  circum fiance,  degener- 
ating into  a  tioubleibme  fore. 

It  the  virus  thus  obtained,  is  to  be 
ufed  for  inoculation  in  the  fpace  of 
twelve  hours,  it  may  preferve  fufficient 
aifivity,  although  kept  upon  a  com- 
mon lancet,  cfpecially  if  the  fluid  is 
completely  dried,  by  expofure  to  the 
a^r,  before  the  lancet  is  put  up.  If, 
liowever,  the  virus  is  to  be  kept  be- 
yond that  fpace  of  time,  before  ufing 
it,  I  would  recommend  fome  other 
mode  of  preferving  it,  becaufe  it  is 
wonderful  how  very  foon  a  common 
lancet,  loaded  with  cowpox  virus,  be- 
comes rulty,  and  the  virus  of  courfe 
decompofe'd ;  in  which  l^ate,  if  the 
operation  be  performed,  it  will  cer- 
tainly prove  unfuccelsful,  and  bring 
difappointmcnt  to  all  concerned.  This 
caution  is  the  more  necelTary,  as  al- 
though the  inoculation,  when  perform- 
ed with  matter  thus  decompofed,  will 
certainly  fail  of  producing  the  defi.ed 
cfied  ;  yet  a  conliderable  de^,ree  of  in- 
flammation will  be  occalioned  by  the 
lutty  lanctt,  and  acrid  ruarter,  which 
raay  caufe  a  doubt  for  fome  days  con- 
cerning the  nature  of  the  alfe6lion  pro- 
duced, or  if  the  inoculated  part  in- 
flames and  advances  to  a  ftate  of  fup- 
puraiion,  as  frequently  happens,  it 
roay  be  miflaken  by  thofe  who  arc  lit- 
tie  accuftomed  to  obferve  the  regular 
jprogrefs  of  cosvpox,  for  a  properly 
I  formed  veficle. 

Various  arc  the  modes  which  have 


been  adopted,  for  preferving  the  virus  of 
cowpox  m  an  adivc  ftate.  In  the  cffen- 
tial  points,  however,  all  thefe  modso 
are  the  fame,  viz.  firfl  in  fo  prepann^^ 
the  fluid,  that  it  fliall  undergo  th4 
leaft  poiTible  change  by  fermentatior:, 
and  then  in  fecunng  it  as  much  as  pof- 
fibie  from  the  .  a(Sion  of  the  external: 
air.  The  hrlt  of  thclc  points  is  etfed- 
ed  by  carefully  drying  the  fiaid,  by 
expofure  to  a  gentle  heat  as  foon  as 
may  be,  after  it  is  taken  from  the  vefi- 
cle. The  fecond,  by  vai  ious  contriv- 
ances, according  to  the  fubftancc  upoa 
which  the  virus  is  lodged. 

The  modes  v/hich  I  have  found  mod 
convenient  and  fuccefsful  fjr  preferv- 
ing the  cowpox  Virus  in  a  fiatc  of  ac- 
tivity are  the  following  : 

The  virus,  when  taken  from  the 
veficle,  is  to  be  put  upon  a  fmall  piece 
of  plain  glafs,  and,  by  expjfure  to  an 
atmofphere  of  a  moderately  warm  tem- 
perature, allowed  to  become  quite 
dry  ;  another  piece  of  glafs  of  the  fams 
lizc  is  then  to  be  put  over  th^s,  and 
the  whole  \t  then  to  be  wrapped  up 
firmly  in  a  piece  of  tin-foil,  of  gold- 
beater's leaf,  or  of  bladder  damped 
with  water,  fo  as  to  exclude  the  air  as 
completely  as  poiTible.  This  forms  a 
neat  thin  package,  which  may  be  con- 
veniently fent  in  a  letter  to 'any  dii- 
tance,  and  in  this  way  the  virus  may 
be  preierved  for  fome  months  in  a  ver  / 
adive  Itate. 

An-jther  mode,  and  that  which  I 
have  generally  followed,  is  to  have  a 
fmall  phial  made  for  the  purpofe,  hav- 
ing a  long  ftopper  which  reaches  near- 
ly to  the  bottom.  This  itopper  is  , 
ground  at  the  upper  part,  fo  as  to  fit 
the  mouth  of  the  phial  as  exadly  as 
poiTible  ;  and  that  pait  of  it  which  is 
within  the  phial  is  formed  into  fquarc  , 
inrfaces  which  are  numbered.  Upon  ' 
thefe  fquaies  the  virus  is  lodged  ;  and, 
when  dry,  is,  with  the  flopper,  -at 
into  the  phial,  where  it  is  very  com- 
pletely fecured  from  the  adion  of  the 
external  air.  In  this  wav  I  have 
hitherto  found  the  virus  keep  fo  well, 
that  I  think  my  fuccefs  in  inoculating, 
is  more  certain  when  done  with  virus, 
which  has  been  prefervf  d  in  this  man- 
ner, even  for  a  week,  than  when  done 
w  ith  it,  as  taken  immediately  from  the 
veficle. 

Some  have  thought  it  advifeable  to 
fill  the  rhia],  in  which  the  virus  is  to 

be 


498 


Bryce  on  the  Cow  Pox. 


Vol.  64. 


be  put,  with  a  particular  kind  of  air, 
hydrogen  gas ^  in  order  to  prevent  any 
Icrmentation,  and  ccnfequent  dccom- 
poiition  of  that  fluid  j  but  if  care  be 
taken  to  allow  the  matter  to  become 
perfcdly  dry,  before  the  ilopper  is 
thruft  into  the  phial,  there  will  be  very 
little  nik  of  'any  iuch  proceis  taking 
place,  at  lead  lor  a  very  conliderable 
time. 

The  virus  may  aUb  be  preferved  up- 
on a  quill,  or  upon  a  piece  of  cotton 
thread,  both  of  which  aie,  when  dry, 
to. be  carefully  fecluded  from  the  air 
ill  any  manner,  which  may  appear  moil 
convenient  and  etTec^lual. 

There  is  yet  another  way  which  I 
have  lately  difcovered,  by  which  the 
virus  of  cowpox  may  be  obtahicd  and 
preierved  in  au  aClive  liatc,  and  ht  for 
inoculation,  v»/hich,  at  the  fame  time 
that  it  is  m-ore  convenient,  promiies 
alio,  from  the  trials  wiiicli  I  have 
made,  to  be  fully  as  fucctfsful  as  any 
of  thofe  which  have  been  mentioned. 
It  is  by  preferving  the  crufts  \.  hich 
are  foiraed  from  the  inoculated  veficles 
of  cowpox,  diflblvmg  a  portion  of 
thefe  in  water,  and  uhng  this  foiution 
for  inoculation  in  the  manner  after- 
wards to  be  mentioned. 

At  fir  it  it  appeared  ro  me,  that  this 
mode  of  giving  the  cowpox  might  be 
li'ible  to  the  rame  objedlions,  as  are 
made  to  performing  inoculation  with" 
viius  token  from  the  velicle  at  an  ad- 
vanced period  of  theaffedtion.  An  atten- 
tive obiervation,  hov/ever,  of  all  the 
circumstances  which  take  place  in  the 
topical  affeCfioD  during  the  latter  Itages 
of  cow  pox,  and  of  the  converfion  of 
the  inoculated  veficles  into  the  femi- 
tranfparent  crufis,  has  ferved  to  con- 
vince me,  ihat  my  fears  on  this  point 
were  groundlefs. 

It  has  been  obferved  by  authors, 
that,  the  fluid  contained  in  the  velicle, 
in  the  advanced  llages  of  cowpox,  has 
undergone  a  certain  change,  whereby 
it  is  rendered  uniit  for  propagating  the 
aflfedtion,  fo  as  to  give  fecurity  from 
the  fmallpox  ;  and  this  change  is  faid 
to  be  marked  by  the  puriform  appear- 
ance v/hich  the  fluid  then  altumes. 
The  proper  explanation  of  this  appears 
to  me  to  be  as  follows. 

Very  foon  after  the  cowpox  veficle 
has  attained  its  greateft  magnitude, 
which  is  about  the  tenth  day,  the  lim- 
pid fluid  is  entirely  converted  into  the 


femitranfparent  hard  cruft  j  but  the 
parts  underneath  this  being  liill  very 
tender,  as  foon  as  the  peculiar  inflam- 
mation from  cowpox  is  gone,  inflam- 
mation is  frequently  renewed  in  a  dif- 
ferent way,  viz.  by  the  irritation  of 
the  cruft  ;  and  this  foon  terminates  in 
the  produdion  of  well  formed  pus. 
This  circumUance  I  have  frequently 
obfervud,  and  was  at  flrit  not  a  little 
furprifed  to  find  a  new  areola  formed 
very  foon  after  the  proper  one  had* 
difapptared.  On  examination,  how- 
ever, I  found  that  the  inflammation  ia 
theie  cafes  vv^s  merely  fuptiflcial,  and 
that,  on  piemng  the  cruit,  pure  pus 
was  evacuated  from  underneath. 
have  alio  frequently  obferved  a  com- 
plete ring  of  pus  around  the  propeily 
formed*  cruit  about  the  twelfth  day, 
which  appeared  to  have  been  produc- 
ed in  the  manner  above  mentioned, 
while  the  ciull  itlelf  retained  its  pe- 
culiar charader  unaltered,  from  th© 
above  explanation  of  the  formation  of 
purulenc  matter  in  the  latter  Itagts  of 
the  atledion  of  cowpox,  the  caule  of. 
the  frequent  failuieto  produce  that  af^ 
fedion  with  matter  taken  at  thefe  pe- 
riods IS  obvious  ;  for  although  fome  in- 
flammation may  be  produced"  thereby 
for  a  few  days,  yet  this  cannot  be  ex- 
pected to  give  fecurity  from  fmall- 
pox.. 

With  regard  to  the  formation  of  th^ 
cruits  ;  attention  to  the  progr;;fs  o| 
the  afledion  will  fliow,  that  a  ffnal|. 
vefcle  is  formed  about  the  fouith  dayk 
and  that  on  the  fifth  or  fixth  day,  k\ 
cruit  is  formed  in  the  centre  of  th|], 
veficle,  which  can  be  nothing  elfe  thaa. 
the  limpid  fluid  concreted.  By  de-f, 
grees,  the  fize  of  the  veficle  increafes^, 
more  ceils  are  formed,  and  more  flui4>, 
eltul'ed  into  them  ;  and  in  proportio4, 
as  this  takes  place  at  the  margin  of  th^, 
vehcle,  the  hze  of  the  central  ciuft.i*^ 
alio  increafed.  The  central  crufty. 
therefore,  is  not  formed  from  a  fluid, 
which  has  been  in  a  ftagnant  ftate  dur-^ 
ing  the  whole  courfe  of  the  aflcdlion^,' 
and  which  might  be  fuppofed  on  thi>, 
account  to  have  undergone  fomc, 
change,  or  to  have  been  converted  ia-| 
to  the  Itate  of  purulent  matter  unfit^ 
for  propagating  the  affcdion  j  but,  on) 
the  contrary,  is  formed  from  the  moft. 
adive  virus  fecreted  from  the  fouitll., 
day,  until  the  time  of  the  veficle  haV-* 
ipg  attained  its  grcatefl  fue  ;  for  this 

virus 


June  1802.  Bryce  on  the  Cow  Pox. 


virus  IS  every  hour  hardening  into 
theie  crufts,  in  which  ftate  it  leems  in- 
capable of  further  change,  at  ieaft  for  a 
very  confirlerable  time. 

Theie  obiervations  concerning  the 
frequent  termination  of  the  topical  af- 
fection of  cowpox,  and  the  coaverfion 
ot  the  veficies  into  cruHs,  while  they 
account  for  the   frequent  failure  lii 
communicating  the  atfedion  bv  inocu- 
lation with  the  tiuid  found  after  the  af- 
fedion  is  on  the  decline,  and  for  the 
puriform  appearance  of  this  fluid  at 
that  tiine.  aifo  confirm  an  opinion,  that 
the  cruit  is  the  real  extradive  matter, 
if  It  may  be  fo  called,  of  the  moit  pure' 
and  adive  virus,  fecrcted  into  the  cells 
of  the  veficle.    If  this  explanation  be 
admitted,  it  will  readily  be  granted, 
that,  by  diflblving  theie  crufls  in  wa-V 
ter,  thus  reltonng  what  thcv  had  loft 
by  exficcation,  and  uiing  this  folution 
for  inoculation,  we  obtain  a  virus  in  a 
pure  and  a6hve  ftate,  and  well  fuitcd 
for  the  propagation  of  the  affedion 
^vhereby  jtieif  was  produced.  That 
this  IS  fo  m  fad,  I  am  enabled  to  ilate 
from  the  fuccefs  of  a  great  number  of 
trials  which  I  have  made  with  virus  of 
this  defcription  ;  and  I  can  iafely  de- 
Clare   that  by  inoculation  performed 
XI        Virus,  I  have  produced  the 
alfedion  wuh  as  great  certainty,  and 
reoulanty  in  every  refped,  as  with 
virus  newly  taken  and  ufed  in  the 
common  way. 

The  very  firft  cruft  which  I  ufed  in 
this  way  for  inoculation  had  bten  kept 
toi  a  whole  month,  no  otherwifc  ex- 
ClUded  from  the  adion  of  the  air  than 
by  being  loofeiy  wrapped  in  a  fmall 
piece  ot  paper  ;  yet  four  mocuiaiicns 
performed  with  it,  on  four  ditferent 
^eifons,  took  effed,  and  advanced  as 
c^ulaily  as  four  other  inoculations 
>^rtormed  at  the  fame  tim.,  and  ou 
"e  lame  renins,  wuh  recent  viru^,. 

1  hHve  fince  inoculated  a  great  manv 
>f  rluns  with  virus  obtained  from  many 
'•^n^rent  ciufis,  fome  of  which  had 
■een  kept  for  two  months,  and  my 
i^cceis  in  producing  the  regular  aftec 
'on,  has  been  as  great,  as  by  ufing 
•rus  which  was  obtained  fluid  from 
'6  velicie. 

Iroult  here  obferve,  that  it  was  not 
appearance  alone,  of  the  atfedion 
roduced  by  the  virus  obtained  from 
»e  crufts,  that  was  trufled  aj  a  fuf- 
-leat  mark  of  the  anti-vanoious  pro- 


A  99 

cefs  in  the  conftitution  :  Many  of  the 
peifons  thus  inoculated  were  after-' 
wards  inoculated  with  the  virus  of 
fmallpox,  and  were  found  campleteiir 
unfufceptibie  of  that  difeafe. 

Some  caution,  however,  is  ncceffi- 
ry  in  chooiing  crui'ls  for  inocuiatior.^ 
Ill  order  to  infure  fuccefs  equal  to  what 
I  have  experienced  from  the  ufe  of 


them.    In  the/r/?  place,  it  is  abfoiu!.e- 
iy  necca'ary  to  afcertain  that  the  topi- 
cal affedion,  whereby  they  were  pro^ 
duced,  had  been  regular  ;  ?Lnd,fccorid. 
ly.  that  the  cruit  to  be  ufed  is  leallv 
that  formed  from  the  vehcle  ;  this  f> 
the  more  necelTary  to  be  attended  to, 
as  we  frequently  find  that  the  proper 
cruft,  from  being  furrounded  v/ith  pu- 
rulent matter,  or  other  caufes,  falls  off 
at  an  unufunlly  early  period,  and  it 
then  happens  that  another  is  quicklv 
formed,  but  with  qualities  very  diff  r- 
eut  from  thole  poiTeireci  by  that  which 
preceded  it  :  without  attending  to  this 
circumfliance,  oneof  thefe  LTiight  rendi  • 
ly  be  miftaken  for  the  other,  and  inuch 
dilappointmentbe  thus  produced,  mon; 
eipecialiy  as  the  fecond  cruit  will  alfo 
be  found  tranfparent  from  being  forin- 
ed  of  a  ferous  fluid.    It  is  thofe  cruftii 
only  which  can  be  afcertained  to  have, 
been  formed  from  the  veficle,  after  it 
has  run  through  a  regular  courfc,  and 
vwbich,  when  leparated  from  the  part, 
are  found,  on  examining  them,  between 
the  eye  and  a  Itrong  light,  to  be  near^ 
ly  tranfparent,  which  I  would  recom^ 
mend  e  ver  to  be  ufed  for  inoculation. 
The  Left  mode  of  preferving  thcfe 
crufts  appears  to  me  to  be  by  putting 
them  into  a  fmall  phial  with  a  well 
ground  gldfs  lioppcr,  as  foon  as  they 
tall  oti;  and  thus  fecluding  them  as 
much  as  polTible  from  the  adion  of  the 
?ir:  The  particular  manner  of  ufin-^ 
them  IS  much  the  fame  with  that  of 
ufmg  virus  which  has  been  dried  upon 
glals,  &c.  and  will  be  afterwards  men^ 
tioned. 

Should  this  mode  of  coUedingsnd 
preiervmg  the  virus  of  cowdox  be 
iound  equally  fuccefsful  for  iiiocui?- 
tion  in  the  hands  of  others  as  it  has 
proved  m  mine,  another  important 
tad  will  be  added  to  the  pradice  of 
cowpox  inoculation  :  As  it  wdl  afford, 
m  the  firit  pfnce,  an  eafv  wav  of  ob- 
taining virus  in  thofe  cafes  where  at- 
tendance cannot  be  given  to  take  it  al 
the  periods  recgmraended  as  the  moft 

proper. 


500 


Bryce  on  the  Cow  Pox.  '  Vol.  64. 


proper,  and  fr^ra  which  circumftance 
the  inoculation  for  cowpox  has  in 
many  initances  been  fuipendcd,  and 
the  fmallpox  allov^-ed  again  to  commit 
its  depredations.  It  will  in  the  fecond 
place,  afford  an  ample  fource  of  virus, 
as  one  crutt  will  afford  enough  of  it  to 
inoculate  many,  peifons  ;  and,  in  the 
third  place,  it  appears  to  me  that  the 
virus,  in  the  form  of  craft,  will  be 
better  fitted  for  keeping  in  an  a6live 
(late  than  in  any  other  way  which  has 
been  recommended;  and  certainly  it 
may,  in  this  way,  be  veryeafily  tiani- 
ported  to  ar-y  diftancc 

SCiSl.  4- — Of  the  different  vfodes  of  in- 
ferting  the  'virus, 

FOR  performing  the  cowpox  inocu- 
latior^,  the  virus  rriay  be  ufed  either  in 
a  fluid  ftate,  as  it  is  immediately  taken 
from  the  vend- ,  or  after  it  has  been 
preferved  for  lometime  in  any  of  the 
Mays  above  mentioned. 

In  the  former  cafe,  it  has  been  re- 
rommended,  on  takmg  the  virus  from 
the  veficic,  immediately  to  infert  it  in 
as  fluid  a  ftate  as  poftible,  by  fciatch- 
mg  the  (kin  with  the  point  of  the  lan- 
cet until  this  becomes  tinged  with 
blood  ;  and  it  is  enjoined,  that  the 
lancet  be  held  nearly  in  a  perpendicu- 
lar direclion,  in  order  that  the  virus 
may,  by  its  own  gravity,  fall  more  di- 
rcilly  into  the  wound. 

This  mode  of  performing  the  inocu- 
lation, i  have,  however,  found  very 
frequently  to  fail  ;  and,  on  confidering 
the  fubje6l,  I  am  inclined  to  attribute 
tliis  failure  to  the  fcllowjng  caufes. 
When  the  matter  is  very  fiuid,  as  it 
always  ought  to  be  when  ilTuing  im- 
mediately from  the  veficle,  inch  a  de- 
gree of  repulfion  takes  place  between 
this  and  the  poliflied  furiace  of  the  lan- 
<^et,  that  the  fmalleft  touch,  even  that 
of  gently  fcralching  the  ikin,  is  fuf- 
ficient  to  make  it  ftart  from  the  point 
of  the  inftrument,  which  is  then  left 
quite  clean.  Again,  1  have  obierved, 
that  when  the  virus  is  applied  in  the 
manner  above  dire61ed,  or  to  the  lur- 
face  of  the  ikin  where  the  cuticle  has 
been  juft  abraded,  that  inOant  in 
which  :t  touches  the  wound,  a  great 
rlifcharge  of  blood  immediately  takes 
place,  m.uch  greater,  indeed,  than 
from  the  application  of  any  other 
thing,  under  fimilar  circumftances, 
with  which  I  am  acquainted.  From 


this  extraordinary  effafion  of  blood,  I 
apprehend  that  the  virus  is  often  cither 
completely  \yafhed  away,  or  what  re- 
mains is  included  in  the  coagulum  or 
cruft  which  is  formed  upon  the  part, 
without  ever  touching  the  Ikin,  fo 
that  no  effjfl  ,can  in  confequence  be 
produced. 

After  trying  this  method  as  recom- 
mended by  Dr  Woodville,  and  finding 
it  very  often  fail  in  producing  the  d^'- 
lired  tffcct,  I  ufed  an  inftrument  form- 
ed like  a  blunt  lancet,  with  a  few  fine 
teeth  upon  the  (houlder :  With  thefe 
the  cuticle  was  merely  abraded,  c?n <i 
the  virus  applied  ;  but  it  was  curious 
to  obferve,  on  the  application  of  the 
virus,  how  inftantaneoufty  a  moft. 
profufe  hemorrhage,  in  proportion  to 
the  wound,  always  took- place.  How- 
ever gently  this  inftrument  u^as  ufed, 
I  found  my  operations  equally  unfuc- 
cefsful,  and  it  is  apprehended  from 
the  fame  caufes,  as  before. 

The  above  caufes  of  the  frequent 
failure  in  procuring  the  infertion  of 
the  cowpox  matter  having  occurred  to 
mr,  the  following  plan  for  conducing 
that  operation  w^as  adopted,  which,  I 
am  confident,  has  been  attended  with 
more  fuccefs  than  any  other  of  which 
I  have  made  trial. 

When  the  perfcn  to  be  inoculated  is 
in  the  fame  room,  or  even  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  one  from  whom 
the  virus  is  taken,  I  ufe  a  common 
lancet. 

I  take  the  virus  from  the  veficle  in 
the  m.anner  mentioned,  and  with  the 
point  of  a  pin,  or  of  another  lancet, 
take  care  that  it  is  kept  completely  to 
the  point  of  the  inftrument,  until  fuch 
time  as  it  becomes  glutinous,  or  of 
fuch  a  confxftence  as  not  eafily  to  be 
wiped  off.  Thus  armed,  I  introduce 
the  lancet  at  the  place  determined  on 
for  inoculation,  about  the  eight  part 
of  an  inch,  merely  under  the  cuticle, 
and  retain  it  there  for  a  few  feconds ; 
when  the  Uncet  is  withdrawn,  I  wipe  \ 
it,  as  it  were,  by  prefTing  upon  the  ; 
parts  underneath,  whereby  the  vifcid  \ 
virus  is  feparated  from  the  fide  of  the 
infirament,  and  very  certainly  lodged 
in  the  wound.  ; 

In  feveral  inftances  where  a  fmall  \ 
piece  of  adheftve  plafter  was  applied  \ 
over  the  part  inoculated,  and  allowed  j 
to  remain  for  two  days,  a  degree  of  ul-  I 
ceratioa  was  uniformly  pnoduced^  and  J 

the  I 


June  1 802. 


Bryce  on  the  Cow  Pox^ 


501 


the  virus  feemed  to  be  entirely  thrown 
out  of  the  wound,  as  no  veficle  was 
afterwards  formed.  In  confequence  of 
this,  I  now  never  make  any  applica- 
tion to  the  part  after  the  operation, 
but  recommend  it  to  be  fieely  expofed 
to  the  air  until  the  haemorrhage  flops, 
and  then  I  allow  the  part  to  be  cover- 
ed, or  remain  expofed,  as  it  had  been 
before. 

In  children,  whofe  fkin  is  of  a  deli- 
cate texture,  I  have  frequently  ob- 
ferved  a  very  conliderable  degree  of 
xednci's  extending  in  a  circle  around 
the  pundtured  part,  in  the  fpace  of 
two  or  three  minutes  after  the  inocu- 
lation had  been  performed.  This  ap- 
pearance exaflly  refembles  the  inflam- 
ed fpot  formed  around  the  part  which 
has  been  ftung  by  a  bee,  and,  accord- 
ing to  my  obfervations,  indicates  cer- 
tain fuccefs  from  the  operation. 

When  about  to  inoculate  with  virus 
which  has  bten  preierved  for  fome 
time,  whether  in  the  ufual  way  or  in 
the  form  of  crulls  as  above  mentioned, 
it  is  neceflary  to  reduce  it  again  to  a 
femifluid  or  vifcid  ftate.  For  this  pur- 
pofe,  the  fmalleft  drop  of  water  is  to 
be  put  upon  the  dried  matter,  and 
carefully  incorporated  with  it  until  the 
whole  becomes  one  uniform  mafs.  It 
may  be  neceffary  to  add  here,  that 
when  the  crufts  are  to  be  ufed  for  in©- 
culation,  a  fmall  bit  only,  fuch  as  may 
be  reckoned  fufficient  to  fupply  mat- 
ter for  the  number  to  be  inoculated, 
fliould  be  diflblved  at  a  time,  and  the 
remainder  ftill  prcferved  in  the  dry 
ftate.  Unlefs  this  is  attended  to,  fome 
change  may  be  produced  by  the  frc- 
quentfolution  and  exficcation  perform- 
ed before  the  whole  cruft  be  expended, 
which  will  diminift)  the  efficacy  of  the 
virus.  The  portion  of  cruil  to  be  ufed 
will  be  found  moft  eafUy  reduced  mto 
a  proper  Hate  for  inoculation,  by  al- 
lowing it  to  remain  upon  a  fmall  piece 
of  glais,  for  a  few  minutes  covered 
with  a  lingle  drop  of  water ;  when  it 
is  fomewhat  foftcned  by  this  means,  it 
is  then  to  be  bruifed  and  reduced  into 
an  uniform  mais  with  any  convenient 
inllrumenr,  as  the  flat  fide  of  a  knife 
or  fl\oulder  of  a  lancet.  It  will  be  ob- 
ferved,  that  the  mafs,  which  is  thus 
tormed,  affumes  a  white  appearance, 
as  if  mixed  with  pus.  This  apptjar- 
ance,  however,  I  apprehend  is  rather 
%s>  ht  attributed  to  the  prefcnce  of  that 
LXIV. 


portion  of  cellular  membrane  which 
formed  the  cells  of  the  veficle,  than  to 
any  real  admixture  of  purulent  matter* 
A  little  of  the  matter  thus  prepared 
is  to  be  put  upon  the  point  of  the  lan- 
cet, and  kept  there  until  it  becomes 
again  fo  vifcid  as  not  eafily  to  be  rub- 
bed off ;  the  operation  is  then  to  be 
conducted  in  the  fame  manner  as  when 
uling  virus  taken  immediately  fromL 
the  veficle. 

When  the  virus  is  preferved  upon  a 
piece  of  thread,  as  is  frequently  done, 
a  Uight  inciiioa  is  made  in  the  pait 
fixed  on  for  the  inoculation,  and  a 
fmall.  piece  of  the  thread  is  put  direct- 
ly into  it,  and  fccured  there  by  means 
of  a  flip  of  adhefive  plafter.  This  is  a 
mode  of  inoculating  for  cowpox,  which 
I  conceive  to  be  very  uncertain,  on 
account,  as  has  already  been  obferved, 
of  the  great  propenlity  in  the  part  to 
ulcerate,  eipecially  when  covered  with 
adhefive  plainer. 

In  performing  cowpox  inoculation, 
I  feldom  make  more  than  one  puncture, 
preferring  rather  to  repeat  the  opera- 
tion in  the  courfe  of  a  few  days  than 
to  double  the  feverity  of  the  ailment. 
In  cafes,  however,  where  the  accelliou 
of  fmallpox  may  be  dreaded,  from  ex- 
pofure  to  the  contagion  of  that  diieafe, 
two  punctures,  in  order  to  give  a 
greater  probability  ot  the  inoculation 
taking  place,  may  perhaps  be  made 
with  advantage,  but  it  ought  always 
to  be  a  rule  to  make  them  at  fuch' a 
diftance  from  each  other  as  that  the 
areola  of  each,  when  .  fully  formed, 
may  be  quite  diitinit  or  feparate. 

After  the  virus  has  been  inferted,  I 
have  known  it  lie  in  the  part  for  tour- 
teen  days  without  giving^  any  appear- 
ance of  having  taken  efFe^f  ,  and  yet, 
after  this  period,  the  affedtion  has  ad- 
vanced regularly  through  all  its  ftages, 
without  any  new  inoculation  having 
been  performed:  Such  cafes,  however, 
are  always  to  be  confidered  as  uncom- 
mon, and  their  progrefs  mult  be  very 
narrowly  watched. 

Seft.  ^^-r^Of  the  regular  progrefs  of  the 
Local  and  Conjiitutional  Affections  of 
Coicpox, 

ANOTHER  circumitance  of  much 
importance  to  be  attended  to  in  con- 
ducting the  inoculation  of  cosvpox, 
that  fociety  may  reap  all  the  advan- 
tages which  can  reiult  from  that  opcia- 


502 


Bryce  on  the  Cow  Pox. 


Vol.  64. 


tioHj  is  to  nfcertain  that  the  whole  af- 
fe6tio'n  proceeds  through  a  regular 
courfe.  This  regards,  \fl,  the  local 
afFedtion,  or  ft  ate  of  the  part  where 
the  inoculation  has  been  performed  ; 
and,  2dly,  the  general  or  conftitution- 
al  affbdion. 

1/,  Of  the  Local  Affea{on,^T\\t  Whole 
of  the  phenomena  attending  the  regu- 
lar progrdfs  ofcowpox,  as  they  appear 
at  the  part  where  the  inoculation  is 
performed,  have  already  been  defcrib- 
€d  ;  I  lhall  here,  therefore,  only  re- 
^»apitulate  the  appearances  which  may 
be  obferved  at  foul*  ftated  periods  in 
the  progrefs  of  the  affe6lion  when  re- 
jl^ular ;  appearances  with  which  Tt  is, 
in  my  opinion,  abfolutely  necefiary 
that  every  peribn  who  undertakes  to 
condu6l  this  new  inoculation  fhould  be 
fam.iliar,  and  fhould  pofitively  afcer- 
tain,  by  adlual  examination,  before  he 
♦:an  give  a  decided  opinion  concerning 
the  regularity  of  the  local  affedlion. 

The  firtt  oi  thefe  periods  is  about 
the  end  of  the  third,  or  beginning  of 
the  fourth,  day  from  the  time  at  which 
the  inoculation  was  performed,  when 
a  fmall  inflamed  fpot  may  be  obferved 
at  the  part  where  the  virus  was  infert- 
ed,  which,  on  pafling  the  finger  over 
it,  is  found  to  be  elevated  and  hard. 

The  next  period  is  about  the  end  of 
the  feventh  day.  At  this  time,  the 
vcficle  is  of  confiderable  magnitude,  of 
a  circular  or  oblong  figure,  according 
to  circumftances,  having  a  turgid  well 
defined  margin,  acd  a  conliderable  de-- 
prelTion  in  the  centre,  where  a  fmall 
crufl  is  formed,  appearing  to  fix  the 
central  part  to  the  parts  underneath. 
The  lefs  rednefs  and  hardnefs  around 
th'e  bafe  of  the  veficle  until  after  this 
period,  the  more  truly  is  it  charafter- 
i^ftic  of  the  regular  cowpox  affedion. 

The  third  period  at  which  it  is  ne- 
cefTary  to  examine  the  progrefs  of  th'e 
cowpox  aftedlion,  in  order  to  form  a 
judgment  of  its  regularity,  is  about  the 
end  of  the  tenth  day.  At  this  time 
the  veficle  has  attained  its  greateft 
magnitude,  the  central  crufl  is  much 
enlarged,  and  the  margin  of  the  vefi- 
cle appears  very  turgid,  and  divided 
into  minute  cells  or  veficles,  contain- 
ing a  watery  or  tranfparent  fluid.  The 
furrounding  inflammation  is  now  very 
confiderable,  and  extends  in  a  circle  of 
from  half  ?r.  inch  to  one  inch  and  a 
half  in  diameter*    Cldfe  upon  the  vefi- 


cle, this  inflammation  Is  vety^  deep 
coloured,  approaching  to  livid,  and 
the  parts  underneath  feel  very  hard 
and  tenfe.  At  this  time  alfo  fome 
hardnefs  and*  fwelling  of  the  glands  in 
the  arm-pit  is  generally  perceptible. 

The  fourth  period  for  the  examina- 
tion of  the  cowpox  atTc6tion  is  about 
the  end  of  the  thirteenth  day  ;  then 
the  furrounding  inflammation  has  en- 
tirely difappeared,  and  the  part  where 
it  \^  as,  has  a  dingy  yellowiili  appear- 
ance. The  hardnefs  which  was  felt 
around  the  veficle  at  the  laft  examina^ 
tiori  is  alfo  entirely  gone,  and  the 
whole  of  the  veficle,  with  its  contents, 
is  formed  into  a  hard  crufl  or  fcab. 

This  cruft  appears  elevated  entirely 
above  the  fkin  of  the  furrounding  parts, 
is  of  a  reddifh  colour,  and  being  form- 
ed from  a  pellucid  fluid,  is  nearly 
tranfparent. 

Of  the  General  or  Conjlitutional  Af- 
fetlion, — Dr  jenner  has  declared,  that 
it  is  only  thofe  who  have  undergone 
the  confliiutional,  as  well  as  the  local 
affedtion  of  cowpox,  who  are  rendered 
unfufccptiblc  of  fmallpox  by  the  new 
inoculation  :  It  becomes,  therefore,  a 
circumftance  of  the  very  firfl  impor- 
tance, in  condudling  the  inoculation 
for  cowpox,  to  be  able  to  afcertaiil 
the  prefence  of  the  conflitutional  af* 
fedlion.  In  many  cafes  this,  by  a  lit* 
tie  attention,  is  eafily  accompliflied  f 
for  foon  after  the  areola  begins  to  be 
formed,  that  is  about  the  eight  day, 
the  perfon  becomes  hot  and  feveriOi, 
and  continues  fo  for  one  or  two  days ; 
and  this  feverifli  ftate  is  more  or  lefs 
plainly  marked  according  to  circum- 
ftances. In  other  cafes,  however,  and 
thefe,  according  to  the  accounts  given 
by  authors,  by  far  the  mofl  numerous, 
no  fever  can  be  detedled  ;  and  no  0- 
thcr  fymptom,  independent  of  the  ap- 
pearances of  the  local  aflfedlion,  which 
we  fhall  afterwajds  find  may  be  de- 
ceitful, has  been  mentioned,  whereby 
we  may  judge  concerning  the  prefence 
of  the  anti-variolous  procefs  in  the  con  - 
ftitution.  In  children-,  who  are  the 
mofl  frequtnt  fubjefts  of  cowpox  ino- 
culation, this  abfence  of  fever  has  been 
particularly  noticed,  it  being  remark- 
ed, that  by  far  the  greater  number  of 
them  pafs  through  all  the  ftagcs  of 
coivpox,  without  any  ficknefs  being 
obfei  ved. 

If  the  loca-l  affe^ion  of  cowpox  has 
prQceeded 


June  1802. 


hiterary  Notices. 


proceeded  regularly  thraugh  all  its  dif- 
ferent fiages  ;  and  if  cacli  Itage  has 
been  clearly  and  diftindly  marked,  we 
think,  ourfelves  authonlcd,  fronj  the 
united  teftinoony  of  many,  eminent  in 
the  medical  profeCTion,  to  conclude, 
that  the  general  affection,  and,  confe- 
quently,  the  anti-variolous  procefs,  has 
taken  place  in  the  conftitutioii,  even 
although  no  fever  may  have  been  de- 
teded.  But  in  many  inltances  thefe 
different  Itages  are  not  regular,  nei- 
ther are  they  diltindly  marked  j  apd 
how  far  thefe  irregularities  may  take 
place  without  frultrating  the  purpoie 
of  the  inoculation,  and  what  may  be 
the  exa<5l  degree  of  tijc  fize  of  the  ve- 
ficle,  or  of  the  furrounding  inflamma- 
tion and  hardnefs,  which  is  to  maik  a 
conftitutional  atfedion,  or  to  affure  us 
that  the  anti-variolous  piocefs  has  been 


accomplifhed,  we  muft  confefs  we  have 
no  certain  rule  to  determine.  On  thn 
point,  then,  afluredly  the  mod  import- 
ant to  be  alcertained  in  the  progrefs  of 
the  fymptoms  of  cpwpox,  every  per- 
ibn  is  lett  to  form  his  opinion  from  ^ 
comparifon  in  his  own  mind,  of  the 
cafe  under  confideration,  with  what  he 
may  have  read  in  the  whtings  of  au- 
thors, or  with  what  he  may  have  ob- 
ferved  in  other  cafes  which,  to  his  own 
knowledge,  had  proved  efFedual.  But 
i^  will  be  allowed,  that  a  judgnienL 
thus  formed  mult  ofien  be  very  inac- 
curate, and  th4s  bring  difappointniont, 
or  worie,  to  all  concerned,  as  vvCil  as 
difcredit  upon  the  new  inoculation.* 

*  further  remarks  on  this  fubjedl  in 
a  future  Numbei. 


LITERARY  NOTICES,  Stc. 


THE  Didionary  of  the  French  Aca- 
demy, the  compilation  and  publica- 
tion of  which  had  been  interrupted  by 
the  Revolution,  is  now  to  be  complet- 
ed under  the  care  of  the  old  members  of 
that  Academy,  with  the  aiuftance  of 
fome  members  of  the  National  Infti- 
tute.  The  whole  property  of  this,  as  well 
as  feveral  other  Academies,  had  been 
feiz,ed,  and  their  fuppreflion  decreed 
ly  the  Convention  during  the  reign  of 
Koberfpierre  ;  the  prefent  Govern- 
ment has  of  late  reicmded  thefe  de- 
crees, and  reitored  to  them  their  former 
privileges. 

The  hrft  Number  of  a  new  Work, 
cnriiuled  the  Churchman's  Memorial, 
contaming  a  biographical  and  hiftorical 
account  of  thole  divines  and  other  per- 
lons  who  were  deprived  of  their  prefer- 
ments and  fuuations  for  their  conformi- 
ty to  the  Church  of  England  durmg 
the  Civil  War,  with  un  Introduction, 
containing  a  view  of  the  Progrel's  of 
Puntanifm  from  the  Reformation  to 
1641,  is  announced  in  the  London 
Monthly  Magazine  to  appear  on  the 
I A  of  July  iSc2.  The  fiilf  Number 
if  an  Abridgement  of  the  Franiad ions 
:  )f  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  from 
ts  firft  inititution  to  the  prefent  lime, 
5  promifed  on  the  26th  of  this  month. 


Profeflbr  Meufel's  Hiftory  of  Lite  rap- 
ture is  about  to  be  tranllated  by  Mr 
Churchill,  the  tranflator  of  Herder's 
rhilofophy  of  the  Hiitory  of  Man. 

Mr  George  Dyer  of  London,  has  in 
the  prefs  two  volumes  of  Poems  and 
Critical  EiVays. 

The  London  Magazines  announce 
the  publication  of  the  four  firft  volumes 
of  a  valuable  Work,  by  Captain  Schom- 
berg  of  the  Royal  Navy,  entituled 
Naval  Chronology,  or  a  Iliiforical 
Summary  of  Naval  and  Maritime  E-^ 
vents,  from  the  time  of  the  Romans  to 
the  i'rcaty  of  Peace  in  1802  ;  with  an 
Appendix  of  Tables,  in  two  volumes, 
the  hrit  of  which  is  to  contain  a  Hate  of 
the  Royal  Navy  of  Great  Britain, 
from  the  year  1602  until  the  preient 
time,  with  a  comparative  view  of  thofe 
of  other  maritime  povyers.  A  lift  aifo 
of  the  fleers,  lines  of  battle,  and  iqua- 
drons,  from  the  year  1691  j  with  the 
number  of  officers  and  n;en  kiiied  in 
each  action.  The  fecond  volume  will 
contain  lifts  of  the  naval  lofles  of  Great 
Butain  ;  of  thofe  noblemen  and  gen- 
tlemen who  have  filled  public  offices 
in  the  marine  department  from  the 
days  of  King  Alfred  ;  with  a  lift  of 
Admirals  from  the  year  166 and  Cap- 
tains from  I6^3. 


504 


Literary  Notices* 


Vol.  64. 


A  Dramatic  Library,  or  a  Colledion 
of  the  beft  pieces  of  the  Knglilh 
Theatre,  on  a  cbeap  paper,  and  in  a 
lefs  fplendid  foim  than  tbe  editions  of 
the  Britifh  prefs,  is  promifed  by  Mr 
Beresford  at  Berlin.  The  high  duties 
on  En^lifli publications,  and  the  ufualc- 
Icgance  with  which  they  are  condu6>cd, 
render  it  a  profitable  obje6l  to  foreign- 
ers to  print  Britilh  literary  works,  and 
fupply  the  world  with  thefe  editions, 
■which  they  can  print  alnioft  at  100  per 
cent,  cheaper  than  the  bookfellers  of 
this  country  can  do. 

The  cotton  manufaflure,  in  which 
the  Englifh,  from  the  ufe  of  machmeiy*, 
have  io  long  excelled,  has  of  late  been 
attempted,  with  great  affiduity  and  ea- 
gernefs,  by  feveral  Continental  nations. 
A  large  French  cotton  mill  at  Arpajon, 
in  the  department  of  the  Seine  and 
Oife,  fpins  annually  about  100,000  libs, 
of  cotton,  and  gives  employment  to 
300  perfons.  At  Vienna,  Berlin,  and 
many  other  places,  this  manufa6\ure 
has  been  tried  with  inferior  fuccefs.  By 
the  aflidance  of  one  Turton,  an  Enghlli 
mechanical  artift,  Mr  Haulen  of  Ham- 
burgh is  faid  to  have  confti  uded  a  mill 
at  Ham,  near  that  city,  which  is  as 
perfe6t  in  its  kind  as  any  in  England. 

The  French  have  lately  placed  in 
the  Hall  of  the  Mufeum  of  Antiques 
at  Paris,  what  is  reported  to  be  one  of 
the  fineft  monuments  of  fcuipture 
extant,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Tor- 
fus  of  Belviderc.  It  is  a  figure  without 
head,  arms,  or  legs  \  found  about  the 
end  of  the  15th  century  near  Pom- 
pey*s  theatre  at  Rome.  The  rock,  on 
\\?hich  it  was  leated,  contained  an  in- 
fcription,  that  it  was  executed  by  A- 
pollonius  the  fon  of  Neftor,  near  the 
end  of  the  republic.  A  lion's  ikin  laid 
on  the  fame  place  demonilrared  to  an- 
tiquaries, that  it  was  a  Hercules  ; 
fome  profoup.d  conjc<;:lures  of  VVinkel- 
mann  tended  to  confirm  the  belief  that 
it  leprefented  the  hero  at  his  opotbeofis, 
in  the  monient  when  divinitv  and  mi- 
mortal  youth  were  taking  poITefTion  of 
his  perfon.  The  figure  is  fuppofed  by 
Vifconti  to  have  made  part  of  a  groupe, 
of  which  Hebe  was  a  member,  but 
Hebe  has  been  long  feparated  from  her 
IpOufe,  and  completely  demoHihcd,  fo 
that  no  traces  of  her  appear.  The 
value  of  the  different  relics  of  ancient 
iculpture  is  unqueftionably  very  great, 
^nd  fufficient  to  juftify  the  care  beftow- 


ed  by  connolffeurs  in  recovering  and 
preferving  them.  Still  it  is  probable, 
that  if  fculptors,  and  other  profelTors 
of  the  fine  arts,  would  ftudy  nature, 
and  depend  lefs  on  ancient  models, 
they  would  fuccced  better  in  their 
r«rpe(5live  branches.  The  ufe  of  mo- 
dels is  not  here  called  in  queftion  ;  the 
fervile  admiration  of  them  only  is  de- 
precated, which  fills  the  heads  of  anti- 
quaries with  a  prolific  fancy  of  giving 
beautitul  legs,  heads,  arms,  and  titles, 
to  mutilated  bodies  of  uncertam  deri- 
vation. 

The  Archbifhop  of  Aix,  the  prelate 
who  officiated  at  the  coronation  of 
Louis  XVL  preached  on  feafler  Sun- 
day the  fermon  which  uOiered  in  the 
re-eflablifhmcnt  of  Popery  in  the  Gsl- 
lican  Church.  The  Cardmal  Legate 
introduced  Napoleon  Bonaparte  mtQ» 
the  grand  church  of  Notre  Dame, 
He  afcended  the  throne  in  that  place, 
formerly  allotted  to  the  ancient  Sove^ 
reigns  of  France,  but  which,  for  the 
occafion,  had  its  name  changed  into 
that  of  a  temple.  Every  fundion  of 
the  popiih  clergy  has  been  flri<51:ly  fub*  1 
je61ed  to  the  controul  of  the  State, 
The  proteftant  clergy  have  been  per- 
mitted the  exercife  of  their  religioa: 
under  the  fame  terms.  But  the  reign-  ' 
ing  powers  in  France  are  Superior  to 
all  religion;  and  it  is  interefting  tp 
confide r,  what  will  be  the  effe^fs  of  this ' 
re-eft ablifhment  on  the  literary  ana 
moral  chaiadrler  of  the  nation.  The 
popiih  religion  confil^s  of  a  tifTue  of* 
abfurdities  too  grofs  to  be  credited  by 
any  except  the  vulgar.  It  may  evel^ 
be  doubted,  whether  a  prieft  of  tole-* 
rable  abilities  can  be  an  orthodox  ca- 
tholic. The  favants,  or  the  fcientific 
part  of  the  community,  mufl  form  a 
clafs  of  infidsis  who  laugh  at  popular 
fuperflition  and  political  hypocrify. 
Will  not  tbe  leaft  d:fcernment  fhoW 
that  the  men  who  are  capable  of  go^' 
verning,  and  who  a6lually  govern  on| 
of  the  moit  enlightened  ftates  in  Eur 
rope,  are  animated  with  no  principle 
that  can  command  either  thehead  ort)il 
heart.  A  man  of  fcience  and  honefl 
influenced  by  no  motive  but  the  go 
of  fociety,  will  defpife  the  infincerif 
of  the  flatefman  who  is  equally  difpo 
ed  to  profefs  Mahometan,  Popifli, 
Deiftical  opinions,  as  they  fuit  his 
convenience.  The  confequence  wi 
be  this,  all  the  learned  part  of  th^ 
kingdoin 


June  x8o2. 


LiUrary  Notices. 


kingdom  will  be  guided  only  by  a 
yague  lyftem  of  Theophilanthropifm 
not  lefs  deftrudiive  to  morals  than 
uncertain  in  its  tenets.  A  fyl^em  fo 
Jax,  that  while  it  leads  the  mind  into 
the  moft  extravagant  raptures  of  lenti- 
raental  benevolence,  it  permits  the 
heart  to  violate  the  firft  principles  of 
nature,  to  infringe  the  primary  laws 
of  fociety  with  regard  to  marriage  and 
the  care  of  its  common  offsprings  in 
Ihort,  to  love  promifcuoully  like  Rouf- 
Jieau,  and  call  his  children  into  a  com- 
mon hofpital.  On  the  other  hand,  all 
the  Chriflian  virtues  which  may  fpring 
aniidft  popular  fuperfiition  will  fail  in- 
to abfolute  contempt,  from  the  difap- 
probation  of  thoie  who  have  fenfe  to 
perceive  that  the  fyitem  in  which  they 
are  found  is  only  a  trick  of  ftate  poli- 
cy. Scarcely  will  any  man  cultivate 
fcience  for  itielf  alone,  much  leis  mo- 
ral fcience,  in  which  a  community  is 
more  intcreded  than  in  any  other. 
Hypocrify  and  infmcerity  on  the 
throne  ;  rulers  that  know  no  tie  human 
or  divine  but  their  own  convenience?; 
a  populace  immerfed  ii?  the  dcepeft 
fuperftition,  ridiculous  to  thofe  who 
fpeculate,  as  well  as  thofe  who  adt ; 
the  example  of  virtue,  and  its  encou- 
ragement taken  off  at  the  lame  tim^  ; 
even  deifm  itfelf  in  difcredit. — What 
may  be  the  full  refult  of  this  disorder 
of  things,  in  a  nation  where  opinion  is 
fo  wavering,  and  change  fo  frequent, 
it  is  impofliblc  to  conjecture. 

Several  curious  fcientific  projects  and 
dodlrines  have  been  lately  announced 
by  literati  andartifts,  Britilh  and  Conti- 
nental. Frofefibr  Reifeur  of  Vienna 
has  publifhed  a  pamphlet,  in  which  he 
maintains,  that  Eagles  may  be  applied 
to  the  purpofe  of  dire6ling  balloons  ; 


he  fpeclfies  the  nuniber  of  thefe  birds 
which  is  neceffary,  and  alfo  the  way 
of  dueling  and  raiCng  them.  One 
Mr  Fulton>  an  American,  pretends  to 
have  difcovered  a  method  of  navigat- 
ing veffels  at  any  depth  under  water, 
and  of  enabling  the  perfons  concerned 
to  remain  fcven  hours  below  without 
any  accefs  of  frefli  air.  He  propofes  to 
apply  this  invention  to  the  uTes  of 
warfare,  and  actually  to  approach  fleets 
without  being  fcen,  and  blow  them 
oui  of  the  water.  A  formal  notice 
of  this  ambufcading  attack  given  to 
the  Houfe  of  Lords  his  not  been 
received  with  the  gravity  becoming 
fuch  a  mighty  project.  Dr  Her- 
fchel,  in  a  paper  in  the  Tranfac- 
tions  of  the  Royal  Society,  has  advan- 
ced fome-  conjectures  on  obiervations 
formerly  m.ade  by  him  on  the  fpots  of 
the  fun.  He  fuppofes  that  globe  to 
have  a  large,  denfe,  planetary  atmof- 
phere,  fubjedt  like  ours  to  agitations. 
He  confiders  the  folar  fpots  as  fymp- 
toms  of  a  copious  emiffion  of  light  and 
and  heat  from  the  fun's  body  ;  and 
that,  in  proportion  to  their  number, 
greater  or  lefs,  correfponding  crops  of 
corn  may  be  expected  on  our  earth. 
He  therefore  inftitutes  a  comparifou 
between  the  icantinefs  or  abundance 
of  harveft,  and  the  number  of  the  folar 
fpots,  during  five  remarkable  periods, 
between  1650  and  17 13.  In«-a  fecond 
paper  the  l^)o6tor  propofes  thermome- 
tricai  obfervations  as  criteria  of  the 
light  and  heat  emitted  by  the  fun.  He 
fufpe6ts  that  one-half  of  that  globe  is 
lefs  favourable  to  a  copious  emiffion 
than  the  other,  and  that  its  variable 
luitre  may  be  apparent  to  other  fyf- 
tems  as  irregular  periodical  (tars  ate 
to  us. 


SCOTISH  LITERARY  NOTICES. 


THE  Reverend  Mr  Gillon  intends 
To.publifti  by  fubfcription,  an  accurate 
Abridgement  of  the  A6ts  of  the  Gene- 
lal  AlTembly  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land. This  very  uieful  work  muit  be 
particularly  intcrefting  to  all  clergy- 
'  n  of  that  church,  cfpecially  to  thofe 


who  have  not  the  opportunity  of  con- 
futing the  whole  of  the  original  acts. 
Mr  Gillon  is  underflood  to  have  the 
aflTiftance  of  foiue  gentlemen  of  the 
law,  whofe  profelTional  kno^vl edge  of 
the  fubjedt  mult  add  confide rably  to 
the  attention  and  indullry  which  he 

himfelf 


Literary  T^otices. 


Vol.  64. 


himfclf  brings  to  the  work.  This  pub- 
lication will  contain  an  analyfis  of  all 
the  late  adls  of  the  church  down  to  the 
prefent  time,  and,  both  from  its  price 
and  accuracy  of  method  will  fupply 
every  purpole  of  ufe  and  conveni- 
ence. 

The  Reverend  Dr  Young  of  Haw- 
ick, author  of  Conftitutional  Eflays,  is 
publiihin^  in  Numbers  by  lubi'crip- 
tion,  a  Hiftory  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion. 

The  ift  No  has  been  juft  publiflied  at 
Dundee,  of  a  new  Work,  entituled  the 
(lazettcer  of  Scotland,  being  a  Paro- 
chial Survey  of  that  Kinjjdom,  intend- 
ed to  exhibit  a  compreheniive  and  im- 
partial view  of  the  extent,  populatic^i, 
ilate  of  agriculture,  Ibi!,  mountains, 
rivers,  marfhes,  minerals,  natural  hif- 
tory, produce,  manufactures,  &.c.  of 
each  diftricl: ;  and  to  give  an  accurate 
ciefcription  of  the  chief  towns,  villages, 
feats  of  the  nobility  and  gentry,  anti- 
quities, high  ways,  canals  and  modern 
improvements,  &lc.  &c.  ;  to  be  com- 
prited  in  about  eight  Numbers,  price 
IS.  6d.  each. 

The  Rev.  Dr  Sandford,  Chaplain  to 
the  Rt.  Hon.  Lady  Abercromby,  and 
Minifter  of  Charlotte  Chapel  Edin- 
burgh, has  jult  publifhed  Lf6lures  on 
the  Epiftles  appointed  for  the  Service 
of  the  Church  of  England  on  the  days 


of  Pafiion  Week,  Eafter  Lven,  and 
Eafter  Sunday. 

Ml  Ainflie,  Land  Surveyor  in  Edin- 
burgh, to  whum  the  public  is  indebted 
for  a  very  accurate  map  of  Scotland, 
as  well  as  of  ieveral  of  the  diftricts,  ha» 
juft  publilhed  a  work,  entituled,  f  he 
Gentleman  and  Farmer's  Pocket  Com- 
panion and  Afllftant  ;  confilting  of 
tables  for  finding  the  contents  uf  any 
piece  of  land  by  pacing,  or  dimenfions 
taken  on  the  fpot  in  ells  ;  iikewife  va- 
rious other  tables  of  great  ufe  to  every 
gentleman  and  farmer  in  Scotland. 

Mr  Leyden  of  Edinburgh,  Editor  of 
the  Complaynt  of  Scotland,  is  about  to 
publifh  a  Poem,  in  two  parts,  entituled, 
"I'he  Vale  of  'I'eviot,  deicriptive  of 
many  of  the  fcenes  and  incidents  pe- 
culiar to  that  celebrated  diftrid,  the 
native  reign  of  Scotifh  muiic  and 
poetry. 

There  is  at  prefent  in  the  prefs  a 
treatife  on  the  Law  of  Leafes,  (by  Mr 
Robert  Bell,Le6lurei  on  Conveyancing) 
in  w^iiich  the  rights  of  landlord  and 
tenant  are  fully  explained  ;  and  thofe 
queltions  brought  into  view,  which 
are  fo  interefting  to  thofe  engaged  in 
agriculture.  It  is  intended  to  contain 
a  full  explanation  of  the  queltions  arif- 
ing  out  of  the  contradl  of  leafe,  and 
muft  be  a  defirable  acquifition  to  all 
concerned  in  this  department. 


POETRY. 


lor  the  Sc9ts  Magazine, 
CUPID'S  PROPHECY. 

GREEN-veftured  Spring,  on  field  and  flood 
Difplaycd  her  life-difFufmg  power  ; 
And  ftretch'd  along  in  penfive  mood, 
While  wand'ring  wiflies  warm'd  my  blood, 
I  fighed  within  a  fylvan  bower. 

Amidst  the  clofe-embracing  boughs, 
That  breath'd  frcfti  odours  o'er  the  feat, 
The  breeze  carcfled  the  blulhing  rofe, 
With  many  a  whifper  foft  and  fweet. 


When  whiftling  from  the  woodland  (hade. 
With  fprightly  (leps  a  ftripling  came, 
A  bow  unftrung,  his  hand  di^play'd, 
And  whip-like  fmacking,  fmartly  madi 
l^oud  echo,  his  approach  proclaim. 
Quick  (ftartled  by  the  idle  found 
That  broke  the  ftilhiefs  of  the  wild) 
1  gaz'd,  and  f  iw,  with  fear  profound, 
Tne  fair,  myfterious,  Cyprian  child. 
'  Wi?AT  ho,  the  dark  eye*d  rover  cried, 

*  Dofl  tread  the  vernal  fields  alone  ? 

*  Art  by  fome  haughty  nymph  denied  ?  ^ 

*  And  feek*ft  thou,  in  the  grave  to  h:d^, 

*  A  hopeiefs  heart's  defponding  moan  ? 


June  1802. 

*  Away,  perfidious  imp,  away,' 
I  boldly  faid,  with  braggart  tongue. 
'  My  foul  repels  thy  flavifh  fway.* 
He  laughed,  and  eyed  the  bow  unftrung. 

But  ere  my  pulfc  repeated  three, 

The  firing,  tip*d  archly,  bit  ray  breaft, 

♦Redoubted  Sir,  remember  me, 

«  A  day  is  fix*d  to  humble  thee, 

'  And  break  thy  drowfy  dreamy  reft.* 

The  dimpled  rogue,  with  finger  raifed, 
And  look  prophetic  faid,  and  flew, 
Behind,  his  radiant  quiver  blazed, 
Whofe  lhafts  I  foon  fhall  fadly  rue. 

G.  J.  G. 


for  the  Scots  Magazine, 

SONG. 
TuDe — Humours  of  Ghn, 

IN  grief  I  have  broken  thofe  chains  of 
affecftion, 

That  fetter*d  me  faft  to  mine  own  native 
fhore ; 

The  land  of  my  youth,  left,  for  fomc  diftant 
climate, 

My  home,  and  Eliza,  to  vifit  no  more. 

How  oft  have  I  ftray'd  on  my  own  native 
mountains, 
This  woe- worn  heart  then  from  forrow 
was  free ! 

And  ft  ill  I  remember,  ah !  fadly  remember 
Thofe  days  of  delight,  and  Eliza,  on 
Cree. 

May         1802.  D.  G.  M. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine » 
ON  HEALTH. 

BY  A  LADV. 

FOR  health,  Amanda,  fought  the  (hade, 

By  cooling  cryftal  floods; 
For  pur<ir  air,  with  her  1  ftray'd, 

Through  valleys,  meadows,  woods. 

Harmonious  birds,  among  the  bowers. 

With  melody,  delight, 
"With  beauteous  bloom,  the  fragrant  flowers 

Expanding,  charm  the  fight. 

The  lowing  herds,  the  bleating  flocks, 

Feed  on  the  flowery  plain  ; 
Smooth  lowly  vales,  high  rugged  rocks, 

J)iverlify  thefccne. 


507 

In  vain  we  climb  the  high  eft  rdcks, 

And  ftray  in  valleys  low ; 
Wander  in  vain,  with  bleeting  flocks. 

No  help,  can  they  beftow. 

Amanda,  with  malignant  pain, 

AfHided  day  by  day  ; 
Implores  relief,  implores  in  vam, 

From  health,  who  flics  away. 

No  more,  fweet  melody  prevails, 

To  charm  among  the  bowers ; 
Ah  now,  how  defolate  the  dales, 

How  faded  are  the  flowers. 

Amus'd  no  more,  with  rural  fccnes. 

No  more,  we  love  to  rove ; 
But  figh,  dtje^ed,  on  the  plains. 

And  languifli  in  the  grove. 

By  health  forfaken,  how  difmay*d, 
The  mightieft  M^onarch  fighs  ; 

DeprivM  of  her  ail-healing  aid, 
Youth,  vigour,  beauty,  dies. 

But  patience,  fiiall  alleviate  woe, 

Shall  footh  with  gentle  art ; 
And  hope,  belov'd  by  all  below, 

Revive,  the  finking  heart. 

She  animates,  from  early  youth, 
And  fmooths  life's  chequered  ftage  ; 

With  higheft  views,  ceieftial  truth, 
She  chears  declining  age. 

Anticipating  l3lifs  to  come. 

She  points  to  yonder  fky; 
With  extacy  fmile^  on  the  tomb, 

For  Hope  ftiall  never  die. 

When  earth-born  joys,  no  more  delight. 

When  vain  all  human  aid  ; 
Then  Hope,  with'pure  ceieftial  light, 

IlUimtb  death's  diimal  ftiade. 

But  healing  art  removes  the  pain, 

That  threatens  to  dcftroy  ; 
Se^fniiling  health,  her  feat  regain. 

See  our  extatic  joy  ! 


For  the  Scots  Magazine » 
VERSES 

OCCASIONED  BY  THE  LATE  UNUSUAL  ^OLD 
WEATHER. 

CAN  lovely  fmiling  Mai  a,  late  fokind; — 
With  garlands  wont  her  Strepuon's  brow 

to  bind  ; — 
Maia,  the  pride  and  wonder  of  the  plain;— 
Can  charming  Maia  frown  with  cold  dif^ 

dain  \ 


POETRY. 


508 


F  O  E  T  R  Y. 


Vol.  64, 


Yes,  ftiephcrds  !  Maia  is  divinely  fair; 
But  of  the  fweet  enchantrefs*  arts  beware  ; 
Do  not  the  flattVing  faithlefs  nymph  believe; 
For  Maia  fmiles,  alas !— but  to  deceive. 
SoFxas  thezephyrs  v/as  the  whifpering  voice. 
The  accents  facred  to  my  promifM  joys ; 
But  harih  and  chilling  as  December's  breath. 
The  fatal  founds  that  gave  my  hopes  to 
death. 

I^ike  beauty  deftinM  to  an  early  tomb, 
My  infant  hopes  are  biafted  in  their  bloom. 
Do  not  the  flattVing  faithlefs  nymph  helicve ; 
For  Maia  fmilcs,  ala«; !  but  to  deceive. 
St  Andrews,  May  \%thy  1802.  R. 


ON   THE   DEATH  Or 

MR  JOHN  MACKAT, 

A  WORTHY  YOUNG  MAN,  AND  AN 
EMINENT  BOTANIST. 

Ah  f  Lycidas  is  dcudy  dend  cer  his  primey 
Toung  Lycidas^  and  bis  not  lift  hu  ptter  ! 

MlLTON. 

KOT  FlattVy's  Syren  voice  my  bofom  fires, 
Kor  vanity,  nor  pride,  my  Mufe  infpires  ; 
Nor  power,  nor  pomp,  nor  riches  claim  my 
fOMg; 

Nor  guilt,  nor  grandeur  to  my  ftrains  be- 
long ; 

Nor  ftate,  nor  proud  ambition  warms  nsy 
lay; 

Nor  glory's  trophies  in  their  noontide  ray  : 
Honours  and  rank  are  neceffary  things. 
And  power,  all  lovely,  in  Britannia's  Kings; 
But  lofty  bards  may  fing  of  pageant  ftate ; 
i  chufe  the  good,  and  leave  f  them  the 
great; 


Goodnefs  innaVe  excels  exalted  birth. 
And  titl'd  breeding  yields  to  genuine  worth. 
Ingenuous  youth !  all  mourn  his  early  doom. 
And  weep  with  me  o'er  his  untimely  tomb; 
No  beam  from  Fortune  e'er  illum'd  his 
way. 

Yet  fcicnct  beam'd  on  him  hcrbrighteft  ray. 
Without  the  tedious  labour  of  the  fchools, 
She  tutor'd  him  by  her  enlight'ning  rules; 
Laid  open  Nature's  vaft  cxtcnfive  llore, 
And  deeply  (kili'd  him  in  botanic  lore. 
Fair  Science  gloried  in  his  docile  mind. 
And  view'd  him  as  an  honour  to  mankind  j 
The  gentle  Graces  lent  tbcir  kindly  aid. 
And  hoiiour'd  him  in  life's  fcqucfter'd  fliadc ; 
The  Virtues,  too,  adorn'd  this  valued  youth, 
Whofe  paths  were  Honour,  and  whole  foul 

was  Truth  ; 
Mildnefs  and  Modefty  unclouded  fhonc. 
And  Heaven-born  gentlencls  wasallhis  own; 
The  beams  benign  that  fparkled  in  his  eye, 
Bade  Malice  ficken  and  Dttradion  die. 
His  days,  tho'  few,  were  tranquil  and  fcrene. 
Nor  louring  clouds,  nor  paflion  dim'd  th« 
fcene ; 

His  polar  ftar  was  true  Religion's  beam,  1 
To  light  to  Heaven,  to  point  the  Great  I 
Supreme. 

He  quitted  life,  all  patient,  all  reiign'd, 
**  Nor  caft  one  longing,  lingering  look  be- 
hind," 

Save  what  he  felt  to  leave  his  weeping  fire, 
What  fiUal,  what  fraternal  love  infpire. 
Though  o'er  his  grave  we  no  memorial  find, 
His  worth's  eniomb'd  in  every  gen'rouj, 
mind; 

While  friends  remember,  and  rcmemb'ring, 
tuourn, 

Fair  Flora  decks,  the  Virtues  bathe  his  urn» 


IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT, 


HOUSE  OF  LORDS. 

Tburfday,  May  20.  Lord  Alvanley 
moved  the  order  of  the  day  for  going 
into  a  committee  on  the  eletlion  treating 
hill.  The  Lord  Chancellor  objeded  to 
this  bill,  becaufe  it  was  unneccflary  as 
an  explanatory  ad,  and  the  penalty 
which  it  went  to  infiid,  was  too  im- 
portant to  proceed  entirely  upon  the 
report  of  a  ft  led  comnaittee  of  the 


Houfe  of  Commons,  as  conclufive  cvfi 
dence.  Lard  Alvanley  Ihewed  the  nc» 
cefiity  of  the  meafure,  from  the  diffe* 
rent  conftrudions  put  upon  the  ad  of 
William,  at  different  periods  ;  by  forae 
of  which,  the  perfon  convided  of  treat- 
ing was  returnable  upon  a  fecond  writ  ; 
although,  by  the  majority,  he  was  de- 
clared incapable  of  being  clcded.  Lord  ▼ 
Rofslyn  faid,  that  he  ihould  have  given 
the  bill  his  afTeiit,  had  it  impofed  ad- 


June  1802. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


509 


ditiona]  puniHiment  upon  bribery,  but 
that  the  offence  of  treating-,  amidft  the 
beats  of  party,  might  probably  be  in- 
ferred from  the  moft  innocent  a<5ts  of 
bofpitality.  Lord  Rumney  thought 
that  more  than  ordinary  refped  fliouid 
be  paid  to  a  meafure  fuo^gefted  by  the 
other  Houfe,  for  preferving  the  purity 
of  their  own  ele<tiions.  The  Marquis 
of  Buckingham  conceivtd  the  penalty 
to  be  much  beyond  the  degree  of  guilt. 
Lord  Pel  ham  oppofed  the  bill  oil  the 
general  ground,  that  he  was  averfc  to 
any  extenfion  of  the  fyilern  of  incapa- 
citation, with  refpedt  cither  to  mem- 
bers or  voters.  The  queftion  being  put, 
that  the  t)ill  fhould  no^  be  committed, 
a  divifion  took  place.  Contents  6. — 
Non  contents  7.  Majority  againrt:  the 
immediate  committal,  i.  The  qutf- 
tion  was  then  put,  that  the  bill  be  re- 
jected, which  was  carried  by  a  majori- 
ty of  one. — Adjourned. 

May  25.  Salmon  fiftnng-  This  day 
the  Lords  gave  judgment  in  the  appeal 
from  the  Court  of  Selhon,  wherein 
Thomas  Gillies,  Efq;  and  others,  were 
appellants,  and  James  Scott,  Efq;  and 
others,  rcfpondents,  relating  to  the 
filheiies  in  the  river  Northeik.  This 
a^ition  was  brought  in  the  Court  of  Scf- 
fion  at  the  fuit  of  the  appellants,  com- 
plaining, that  by  cerrain  operations  of 
the  refpondents,  in  that  river,  the  fal- 
mon  had  been  prevented  from  getting 
farther  up  the  river  than  thefe  opera- 
tions, at  leatt,  from  getting  up  as 
frtely"  as  formerly  ;  and  therefore, 
conclutiing  that  thenew eredions  made 
by  the  reiponder^ts,  ought  to  be 
demolifhed,  altered,  and  conftruded 
anew,  in  fucb  manner,  and  with  fuch 
gaps  as  the  Court  of  SefTion  fliouid  di- 
fvt^t,  fo  as  to  admit  the  free  pa/Tage  of 
falmon  at  all  times  up  the  river.  The 
Court  of  S^fTion  had  afibilzied  the  de- 
fenders. This  appeal  was  brought 
the  purfuers.  On  a  motion  made  by 
Lord  Alvanley,  the  Houfe  of  Lords  re- 
vcrftd  the  inttrlocutors  complained  ot^ 
anil  f<>und  that  the  purfuers  are  entitled 
to  have  as  frt^e  accefs  of  falmon,  to 
their  feveral  fiflieries,  as  can  be  had, 
conliftcntly  wnh  the  rights  which  o- 
thcrs  have  in  the  lower  parts  of  the 
(aid  river  ;  and  it  was  ordered  that  the 
raufe  be  remitted  back  to  the  Court  of 
Scflion  to  proceed  accordingly. 

May  26.  Lord  Snffolk  gave  notice, 
that  on  'i'hurfday  le'ennight  he  meant 

VoL.LXIV. 


to  move  a  vote  of  c.cnfure  upon  the 
late  minifters.  Lord  Hobart  then  moved 
the  fecond  reading  of  the  mllnia  aug- 
mentation bill     The  pfinciple  of  the 
bill,  his  Lordfliip  faid,  did  not  go  to 
alter  the  prtfent  m/ditia  laws,  but  to 
confolidate  them  in  one  ad.    The  fitu- 
ation  of  the  country,  with  relation  to 
France,  rendered  an  increafed  military 
force  necefiary.    The  propofed  aug- 
mentation of  the  militia,  he  obferved, 
was  eventful,  only  to  be  called  for 
when  urgent  circumflances  required, 
and    did  not  amount  to   more  thari 
2O5O00  men  beyond  the  old  eftabiifh- 
ment.    The  motive  of  minifters  was 
the  preferving  the  ancient  conftitution- 
al  force,  and  the  maintenance  of  that 
■ceconomy,  which  the  neceffary  expen- 
ces  of  the  war  had  made  it  requifite 
to  obferve.    Earl  Fitzwilliam  princi- 
pally cenfured  the  bill  in  detail,  and 
pointed  out  the  hardflaps  which  he 
conceived  it  would  impofe  upon  the 
lowei  clafTes  of  the  people,  by  their 
beir.g  required  to  pay  as  much  for  fub- 
Ititutes  as  the  rich,  the  bounty  for 
which  had  varied  from  61.  to  17L  With 
regard  to  the  loyalty  of  the  people,  he 
would  not  libel  them  fo  far  as  to  fuf- 
ped  it.    The  people,  generally  fpeak- 
ing,  were  loyal,  upon  three  grounds  ; 
ly?,  Their  attachment  to  the  Sovereign  ; 
idly,  attachment  to  the  Conftitution  ; 
and  loyal,  idly^  for  the  fake  and  wel- 
fare of  the  country  itfelf.    His  Lord- 
(hip  concluded  a  number  of  objedions 
with  moving,  that  inftead  of  "  now/'' 
the  bill  be  read  "this  day  three  months.*^ 
The  Earl  of  Caernarvon  v/as  decidedly 
hoftile  to  the  bill,  and  cenfured  it  with 
conliderable  warm.th.    The  meafure, 
he  faid,  was  unoeconomica!  and  un- 
conftitutional,  it  would  go  to  convert 
the  militia  into  an  army.  The  Marqu-s 
of  Buckingham  argued  at  fome  length 
in  favour  of  the  meafure,  which  nothing 
fhort  of  a  ccnvidion  of  its  iieceflity 
could  induce  him  to  fupport.  Lord 
Darnley  fpoke  in  favour  of  the  motion,, 
and  Lord  Radnor,  and  Lord  Romney 
againft  it.    Lord  Pelham  lupported  the 
bill  with  great  entrgy;  Noble  Lords, 
he  faid,  had  aliudtd  to  the  meafure  of 
drafting  the  militia  for  the  fervice  of 
the  regulars,  but  tliat  was  only  in  a 
temporary  emtrgency,  and  never,  to 
his  knowledge,  accompanied  by  any 
unfair  methods.    The  public  neceflity 
demanded  that  a  great  proportion  of 
3  Y  the 


510 


Imperial  Parliament.  Vol.  64. 


the  men  c^^pable  of  bearing  armr^, 
ihould  be  trained  in  the  ufe  of  them. 
The  prefcnt  military  fituation  of 
France,  made  it  prudent  in  this  coun- 
try, to  keep  UR  an  adequate  force,  and 
all  the  provilions  of  the  prefent  bill 
required,  was  to  enable  thein  to 
draw  out,  for  a  limited  time,  45,000, 
and  the  remaining:  20,000  by  proclama- 
tion, when  circumftances  may  require. 
The  Houfe  then  divided  on  the  quef- 
tion  for  the  fccond  reading.  Contents, 
»2. — Non  Contents,  6.  Majority  16. 
Adjourned. 

May  31.  Tli.e  Houfe  refolved  itfelf 
into  a  committee,  on  the  mUitia  an^- 
tnentation  bill,  when  feveral  ciaufes  and 
amendments  were  propofed.  Lord  Cat  r- 
marvon  moved  as  an  amendment,  that 
the  money  fhould  he  paid  by  the  re- 
ceivers general  of  the  land  tax,  in  (lead 
of  the  treafurers,  the  Houfe  divided  on 
the  motion.  Contents  5.— IJIon-con- 
tents  16.  After  a  long  converfation  on 
various  ciaufes  of  the  bill,  the  farther 
confideration  of  it  was  adjourned. 

June  %'  Lord  Suffolk  ohftwed,  that 
there  were  two  points  of  pubh'c  im- 
portance, which  he  thought  it  highly 
material  to  difpofe  of  before  the  clofe 
of  the  feffion,  the  ill  was,  the  fubje^t 
of  poors  rates,  which  had  now  become 
fo  extremely  oppreflive,  as  to  call  up- 
on Parliament  forfome  interference  and 
regulation  ;  the  2d,  was  the  recent  oc- 
currence, in  the  Briiifh  Eaft  Indies, 
'which  afforded  matter  for  the  moft  fe- 
yious  alarm.  Lord  Moira  had  pledg- 
ed himfelf  to  bring  forward  an  inve  lli 
gaiion  on  the  important  fubje^fi  ;  he 
therefore  wiflied  to  know,  whtther, 
and  when,  the  Noble  Lord  meant  \6 
bring  forward  his  enquiry.  Lord  Mo- 
ira, without  receding  from  his  original 
purpofe,  faid,  he  thought  it  was-  but 
fair,  to  poClpone  his  enquiry,  until  the 
arrival  of  the  neceflary  documents 
fhould  render  it  cffeCiual.  Lord  Gren- 
viile  called  the  attention  of  the  Houfe, 
to  the  fubje<ft  of  the  pc^rochial  rr^tdenc^ 
of  the  cJerjs^y.  Thit^  bill  r(^w  before  the 
Jlonje  of  Ccmnicns,  was  ii>tM:d' d  to  re- 
lieve the  parochial  clergy  from  the 
X'cxatious  profecutions,  to  which,  nw- 
«der  the  fiatut'e  of  Henry  8(h,  they  were 
liable  to  incur  by  non-refidcn cc,  a: id  to 
fubftitute  certain  other  icgijl^itions  in 
lieu  of  the  penal  piovifions  of  that  ;k^. 
His  Lordfhip  faid,  that  of  the  whole 
jparochiai  clergy  of  the  eflablilhcd 


Church  of  England,  one  half  were  def- 
tined  to  live  upon  incomes,  not  ex- 
ceeding jcl.  a  year;  and  that,  of  that 
numbet,  one  half  were  confined  to  in- 
comes, from  20I.  to  30I.  a  year.  Such 
incomes  were  inadequate  to  maintain, 
in  any  rtafonable  degree,  the  dignity 
of  the  clerical  charader,  or  the  ration- 
al comforts  of  thofe,  who  were  defin- 
ed to  fuflain  it.  If  therefore,  the  pa- 
rochial refidence  of  clergy,  thus  bene- 
fice/i,  iTicHild  be  inforced,  and  the  en- 
joyment of  pluralities  forbidden,  cii- 
rates  v\'ould,  in  a  ^reat  meafnrc,  be  de- 
prived of  the  means  of  fubfiftenct.  It 
was  the  objed  of  the  hUe  minillry,  to 
h;ive  rendered  their  fituations  more 
eafy  and  refpe(5table,  and  he  hoped 
that  this  projed>  would  riot  be  loft  fight  1 
of.  The  Lord  Chancellor  approved  of  I 
Lord  Grenvillc's  fentiment,  but  as  the  j 
fubjc^<5t  of  the  bill  alluded  to,  waj  sot  i 
regularly  before  the  Houfe,  it  could 
not  bear  regular  illufion. 

June  3.  The  Royal  aiTcQt  was  given 
by  commiffion  to  the  ele(^tion  bill,  fur 
gar  drawback  bill,  medicine  duty  bill, 
and  t  he  Irifli  fugar,  navigation  and  fink- 
ing fund  bills,  befides  a  number  of  pri  - 
vate bills.  Tlie  Scotch  militia  bill. 
South  Sea  fifhery  bill,  ar.d  fix  private 
l>ills,  were  received  from  the  Commons, 
and  read  a  firft  time.  The  report  of 
the  militia  bill  was  brought  up,  feverai 
new  ciaufes  were  moved  by  Lord  Ko- 
bart,  one  of  which,  empowering  hfs 
Majefty  to  reduce  the  whole,  or  any 
part  of  the  fupplementary  20,000,  after 
the  emergency  upon  which,  they  might 
be  called  out,  fhould  ceafe  to  txi(l,  gave 
rife  to  a  long  an.r animated  difcui'hon*^ 
it  V  as  carried,  on  a  diviftonj  by  a  ma- 
jority of  13,  to  6.  A  variety  of  fai*- 
ther  am.eniiments  being  then  propofed 
and  ;u1opttd,  the  bill  was  'ordered  to 
be  printed  and  read  a  third  time,  oft 
Wtdnefday  next.  ^  ' 

June  9'  The  Scotch  militia  bijl  wa« 
read  a  fccond  time,  ar.d  ordered  to  be 
coin  mi  tied. 

J  I-  Lord  Hobart  presented  a  mef* 
fage  fiOm  his  Majefty,  for  fettling  apl 
annuity  of  loool.  upon  Lieutenant  Ge- 
lu  ral  iA)rd  Kutchinfon  ;  his  Lord{hi|> 
then  moved  an  addrefs  of  compliancty 
which  was  unanimonHy  agreed  to.     '  , 

15.  In  the  committee  on  the  Scotch 
mihna  bill,  a  long  converfation  toot 
place,  on  reading  the  claufe,  whicji. 
iiiadc  400I.  Scots,  the  qualiHcation  fa|fl 


-June  1802. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Lieutenants  of  counties,  Lord  Caer- 
narvon wiflied  to  know  of  what  value 
that  lum  was  in  our  currency,  on  be- 
ing toid  by  Lord  Rofslyn,  that  it  would 
be  about  33I.  6s.  Sterling,  and,  that  ow- 
ing to  tht^  mcreafe  iti  the  value  of  lands, 
a  freehold  of  400I.  Scots  may,  in  fome 
cafes,  be  equal  to  4000I.  Str.  a-year ;  his 
Lordlhip  moved,  that  inftead  of  400I. 
Sc  its,  the  words  400I. Sterling  be  inftrt- 
cd,  which  amendment,  alter  a  long  dif- 
cu.Tion,  was  rejected. 


HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 

May  19.  The  Hoafe  went  into  a 
Committee  of  Supply,  in  which  refo- 
lutions  were  agreed  to,  for  granting 
70,2011.  for  the  ordmaries  of  the  navy, 
for  one  lunar  month,  commencmg  the 
lit  May  1S02  ;  77,878!.  for  the  extra- 
ordinaries  of  ditto  ;  iop,oooL  for  the 
tranfport  fervice  for  ditto  ;  3000I.  for 
the  maintainance  of  fick  and  hurt  for 
ditto. 

May  20.  The  En^lifh  militia  bill 
was,  after  fome  difcullion,  read  a  third 
time,  and  pafied. 

May  22.  The  Irifli  loan  bill  went 
through  a  committee.  The  Iridi  ma- 
riners* bill,  the  Irifii  fugar  drawback 
bill,  and  the  iriflr  militia  fubaltern's  al- 
lowance bill,  were  read  a  third  time, 
palTed,  and  ordered  to  the  Lords. 

May  24.  BiilUbaiting,  MrDcntmo- 
ved  the  fecond  reading  of  the  bull- 
baiting  bill.  This  motion  was  fecond- 
ed  by  Sir  R.  Hill,  who  wifhed  to  fpeak 
in  favour  of  an  animal,  that  could  not 
fpeak  for  itfelf.  The  Iriih  FVIiament, 
he  faid,  had  aboliibed  this  cruel  prac- 
tice ;  and  he  hoped,  that  as  the  Irilh 
gentlemen  had  (lie wed  fuch  afttdtion 
tor  their  own  bulls,- they  would  be 
as  charitably  difpoied  towards  thofe 
of  this  country.  Mr  Windham  faid, 
that  this  fubject  bad  been  viewed  with 
microicopic  nicety,  and  hence,  was  re- 
probated ;  but  that,  if  even  female 
beauty  were  examined  as  nicely  with 
a  microfcope,  it  would  exhibit  ridges 
as  rough  as  a  pig's  back  !  He  com- 
plained of  the  pharafaical  humanity, 
the  hypocritical  juftice,  that  would 
make  war  upon  the  fports  of  the  poor ; 
^vhile  they  preferve  the  game  laws  for 
the  rich.  He  thought,  that  the  wiih 
to  abjlilh  this  pra(::tice,  favoured  too 


much  of  methodiftic  and  Jacobinical 
principles;  he  wilhcd  all  men  to  be 
better  than  they  were,  but  he  was  not 
for  working  their  improvement,  bv 
converting  them   into  four,  morofe, 
auftere,  and  felf-conceited  beings.  He 
was  of  opinion,  that  an  open,  lively 
difpofnion,  Oiould  rather  be  cultivat- 
ed :  fanatics,  however,  were  holtile  to 
this  temper,  becaufe  it  unfitted  men 
for  their  purpofe  ;  the  jacobins  had 
made  but  a  fmall  i-^jprefiion  upon  the 
lower  orders  of  the  people;  the  metho- 
difts  had  made  a  much  greater  impref- 
fion,  probably,  becaufe  they  worked 
\v\X\\  harder  tools.    Cruelty  was  not  the 
obje6l  of  the  bull-baiter;  on  the  con- 
trary, his  pleai'ure  was  more  rational, 
and  better  undeiftood,  than  fliooting. 
Bull-baiting  was  forme'iy,  in  the  reign, 
of  Elizabeth,  the  amufement  of  the 
great  in  this  conntrv.   '['he  poor  could 
not  enjoy  balls,  routs,  and  pic-nics. 
Their  poverty  debarred   them  from 
fome  pleafures, and  the  law  from  others. 
It  was  the  knife  let  in  oil,  that  cut 
deepeft.  Dangerous  and  deligningmea 
were  not  to  be  looked  for  among  bold 
boifterous  fportfmen  and  bull-baiters, 
but  among  clofe,  fly,  thoughtful,  and 
fmoorh  fanatics.   Mr  Courtenay  ironi- 
cally oppofcd  the  bill.    General  Gaf-^ 
coigne,  in  a  humorous  fpeech,  delcri- 
bed  the  advantages    of  bull-baiting* 
which  was  fb  popular  a  fport,  that  a 
bull  was  found  the  m.oft  attra6live  fign 
at  an  ale  houie  ;  an  honourable  friend 
of  his  had  a  bull,  that  had  raifed  a  regi- 
ment of  cavalry,  and  another  legiment 
of  1300  men,  and  was  therefore  called 
the  recruiting  fergeant.    Mr  Wilber- 
force  looked  on  the  praClice  of  bull- 
baiting,  as  extrerrely  cruel.    It  was  a 
difgrace  to  the  Englifh  nation,  . and  to 
the  nature  of  man,  to  fuppofe,  that  iuch 
an  amufement  thould  be  regarded  as 
indefpenfible  by  any  fet  of  men.  Sir 
Thomas  Frankland  faid  he  could  not 
confider  the  cruelty  of  bull-baiting  any 
greater  than  that  of  huntiiig  and  hori>c- 
racing.    Mr  Sheridan  faui,  he  fhouid 
certainly  countenance   a  bill,  which 
went  to  piotedl  animals  from  the  bar- 
barities inflided  upon  them,  for  grati- 
fying a  deprav^ed  appetite  ;  after  com- 
menting humourouily  upon  the  fpeech 
of  Mr  Windham,  and  relating  fom.e 
cruelties  in  the  praciice  of  bull-bait- 
ing, he  concluded  with  faying,  that  Lt 
was  nccefiary  to  put  down  tiiis  abo- 
3  y  2  minablc 


512 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


minable  pra6lice,  by  a  ftrong  and  vi- 
gorous law.  The  Houfe  divided,  for 
the  fecond  reading  54,  againft  it  61  ; 
the  lecond  reading  was  poftponed  for 
three  months. 

May  26,  The  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chequer moved,  that  the  fum  of  173, 
53Sl'>  ^^ould  be  granted  to  his  Majel- 
ty,  for  the  relief  of  the  fuffcring  clergy 
and  laity  of  France,  the  St  Domingo 
fugitives,  and  the  American  loyalilts, 
for  nine  months. 

May  27.  The  report  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Supply,  granting  a  certain 
I'um  towards  the  fupport  of  the  futfcr- 
ing  clergy  and  laity  of  trance,  was 
brought  up,  and  agreed  to.  Mr  Can- 
ning lubmitted  to  the  Huufe  a  motion, 
relative  to  the  cultivation  of  the  ifle  of 
Trinidad,  f^nd  alfo  relative  to  the  Have 
trade.,  In  reply  to  this  motion,  the 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  faid,  that 
it  was  his  earneft  hope  and  wiih,  that 
in  the  courie  of  the  next  felTion,  fome 
meaias  might  be  fallen  upon  for  an  en- 
lire  aholition  of  the  Jlaie  trade,  aifboi/gh 
not  all  at  once. 

May  2S.  Mr  Vanfittart  brought  up 
a  bill,  allowing  foidiers  and  mariners, 
yyho  had  ferved  duiing  the  war,  to  ex- 
trcife  their  trades.  Read  a  firit  time, 
<ind  ordered  to  be  read  a  fecond  time 
on  Monday, 

May  31.  ^  The  Scots  militia  bill  was 
t'^ported.  Mr  Elliot  objedted  to  feveral 
parts  of  this  bill,  lie  thought  it  would 
lend  to  undermine  that  fyiiem  of  re- 
•TUiting  in  Scotland,  %vhich  had  al- 
ways been  of  infinite  fervice  to  the 
army.  The  Secretary  at  War  faid,  that 
this  objedfion  applied  to  any  kind  of 
miiitia  whatever.  The  claufe  which 
authorifed  the  calling  out  of  the  mili- 
tia on  any  emergency,  he  intended  to 
^Uer,  on  the  third  reading,  to  aHual  in- 
mafion,  Mr  Windham  difapproved  un- 
equivocally of  the  whole  definfive  fys^ 
tim,  Inftead  of  a  militia,  who  were  of 
little  ule  to  us  in  our  infular  fituation, 
he  would  have  a  {landing  army,  fit  for 
ail  purpofes.  He  did  not  ipeak  of  the 
Scotch  militia,  but  of  the  Englifh  mi- 
litia too.  Ihe  bill  was  then  ordered 
to  be  read  a  third  time  on  Wednefday. 

Rejidence  of  the  Clergy. — Sir  William 
Scott  moved  the  order  of  the  day  for 
the  Houfe  to  refolve  itfelf  into  a  com- 
mittee on  the  clergymens*  non-^refi- 
dence  bill.  Mr  Simeon  argued  againfl 
the  principle  of  the  billj  whi«h  he  con* 


fjdered  as  an  unneceflary  violation  of 
the  law,  as  it  had  flood  from  the  period 
of  Heniy  VIII.  The  honourable  gentle- 
man laid,  that  this  bill  wa^  calculated  to 
reduce  the  inferior  clergy  to  a  itate  of 
flavery  to  the  biihops.  The  Chancel- 
lor of  the  Exchequer  faid,  that  the  ob- 
je61  of  the  bill  was  to  protect  a  moll 
refpeiflablc  clats  of  men  from  vexatious 
profecutions.  The  bill  was  not  obtru- 
ded upon  the  Houfe,  but  called  for  by 
the  almofl  unanimous  fentiment  of  the 
Houft  itfelf,  and  by  the  voice  of  the 
bed  men  in  the  country,  who  felt  for 
the  fufferings  of  the  clergy;  who,  from 
their  conduct,  during  the  lall  ten  years, 
were  ftrongly  entitled  to  the  refpe(5t 
and  approbation  of  Parliament.  Ele 
regretted,  that  it  was  impolTible  in  this 
fellion,  to  combine  a  comfortable  pro- 
vihon  for  the  clergy  with  this  bill, 
which  in  fadt,  was  only  part  of  a  great 
fyflem  in  contemplation,  refpetling 
religion  and  the  clergy.  It  was  inteii- 
ded  to  increafe  the  places  of  public 
worfliip,  where  the  population  had  in  • 
creafed,  and  by  giving  a  competence 
to  all  clafTes  of  the  clergy,  to  encourage 
them  in  the  exercife  of  their  duty. 

June  I-  The  Scots  Militia  bill  was 
read  a  third  time.  Several  claufes  were 
added,  for  appointing  Deputy  Lieute- 
nants in  the  Royal  Boroughs — to  re- 
duce the  fupplementary  militia,  when- 
ever his  Majefty  may  fee  occahon — 
empowering  Deputy  Lieutenants  ot 
counties  to  adminitler  oaths,  to  autho- 
rize appointments  of  fupernumeraiy 
officers  of  Artillery,  In  cafe  any  of  the 
corps  fhould  be  trained  for  that  pur^ 
pofc,  authorifmg  the  Lieutenants  of 
counties  to  rcvife  the  lifls  before  they 
proceeded  to  ballot.  The  bill  was 
paiTed. 

The  Houfe  refolved  itfelf  into  a 
committee  of  fupply,  to  which  were 
referred  the  reports  on  the  petition  of 
Dr  Jenner,  for  a  remuneration  for  the 
diicovery  of  the  vaccine  inoculation, 
and  on  the  petition  of  Mr  Greathcad, 
for  the  difcovery  of  a  life  ioat.  Admi- 
ral Berkeley  enumerated  the  great  ad- 
vantages the  public  had  derived  from 
Dr  Jenner's  difcovery,  both  in  the  ar- 
my and  navy.  In  the  uiiited  kingdom, 
45,000  perfons  had  annually  perifhfd 
of  the  fmall  pox ;  he  moved,  that 
io,cool.  be  granted  to  Dr  Jenner  as  'a 
reward.  Sir  H.  Mildmay  thought  this 
fum  by  no  means  ^dsqusftc ;  he  moved 

aa 


June  1801. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


5^3 


an  amendment,  that  the  fum  to  be 
granted  ftiould  be  ao,oool  Mr  Banks 
did  not  think  a  cafe  had  been  made  out 
for  fo  large  a  reward  as  10,000],  Mr 
Windham  fupported  the  amendment. 
Sir  J.SinclairEr(kine  faid,  that  the  Doc- 
tor had  expended  near  <^oooi.  in  propa- 
giting  the  difcovery.  The  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer  admitted  the  difco- 
very was,  perhaps,  the  mofl  important 
fince  the  creation,  yet  thought  the 
fenfe  tlje  Houfe  entertained  of  the  me- 
rit of  the  difcoverer  would  be  amply 
expreifed  by  a  grant  of  io,oool.  The 
queftion  was  put  on  the  original  mo- 
tion, for  io,oool.  Ayes  59.  Noes  56. 
Majority  for  10,000!,  3.  Mr  Burdon 
moved  for  granting  to  Mr  Greathead, 
the  fum  of  loooL  The  Chancellor  of 
tfhe  Exchequer  agreed  to  allow  that 
fan)  in  the  vote.  Mr  Burdon  with- 
drew his  motion,  in  order  to  propofe 
i2co].,  as  the  fees  of  office  to  be  paid 
by  Mr  Greathead  would  amount  to 
<Lool.  The  motion  was  agreed  to  with- 
out a  divifion. 

June  9.  The  bill  for  allowing  neu- 
tral fhlps  to  import  American  pro- 
duce was  read  a  firfl  time,  and  order- 
ed to  be  read  a  fecond  time  to-morrow. 
iWiiy — The  Houfe  relolved  itfelf  into 
a  Committee  of  Supply,  to  which  the 
army  and  ordnance  eftimates  were  re- 
ferred.   Mr  Elliot  moved  for  a  vote 


of  70,000  men,  for  the  fea  fervice,  for 
feven  lunar  months,  commencing  the 
18th  of  June  1802,  including  14.003 
marines.  Mr  Tierney  vviilied  for  in- 
formation, as  to  the  extent  of  the  per- 
manent  peace  eftabliflimeat.  T{.<^  Chan 
cello r  of  the  Exchequer  laid,  the  Com- 
mittee muft  be  aware,  that  r.o  opi-iioo, 
could  be  inferred  from  the  pref<in: 
vote,  as  to  the  permanent  peace  elta- 
blifhmenc  So  large  a  proportion  oi" 
the  navy  was  at  prcfent  employed  or: 
foreign  fervice,  that  it  was  impolTible 
to  bring  forward  any  peace  eltablifh- 
rnent  ;  but,  if  he  had  it  now  in  hi? 
power  to  propofe  a  pemanent  peace 
eftablifhment,  he  thought  that  30,000 
would  be  all  that  would  be  neceflary 
for  the  fea  fervice.  He  begged  the 
Committee,  however,  to  underftand, 
that  he  did  not  pledge  himfelf  upou 
this  fubjedt,  but  fuch  was  his  opinion 
of  the  prefent  itate  of  things,  tha\  he 
thought  30,000  men  would  be  enough, 
although  he  would  not  pledge  himfelr 
to  any  fpecinc  number  ;  he  looked  for- 
ward  with  confidence  to  that  limited 
number  in  the  enfuing  year.  Mr  Tier- 
ney faid,  he  fuppofed  that  was  to  be 
confidered  as  the  loweil  number  ?  The 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  replied, 
the  probable  number.  The  motion  was 
agreed  to.  The  Committee  then  pro- 
ceeded to  vote, 


For  wages  for  the  faid  70,000  men  for  the  fame') 

period,  at  37s.  per  man  per  month,  -  J 
For  victuals  for  the  faid  men  for  the  fame  period, 

at  38s.  a  man  per  month,       -        -  - 
For  wear  and  tear  of  the  Oiips  in  which  the  faid"> 

men  are  employed  at  3I.  per  man  per  month,  3 
For  ordnance  for  fea  fervice  at  5s.  per  man  per  ? 

month,      -       -  -  -  -  \ 


L.  906,500  o 


931,000    o  o 


1,470,000  o 


122,500    o  o 


Aimy, — ^The  Secretary  at  War  then 
Tofe,  and  faid  he  iliould  endeavour  to 
ftate  the  army  fervices  for  the  re- 
tTiaindcr  of  the  year  as  ihortly  as  pof- 
iible,  and  the  difference  between  the 


Guards,  Garri/onSy  a?id  Plantations, 
War  eftabliihment, 
Propofed  eftablifliment, 


Difference, 
General  r.nd  Staff  Officer  r. 
War  eltabllHiment, 
Propofed  eftabliQiment, 


propofed  eftablifhment  and  the  war 
eftabliQiment,  as  voted  from  the  25th 
December  to  che  a4th  of  March ;  the 
comparative  number  of  men  and  ex- 
pence  would  ftand  thus  : 

Men,  Expence, 

161,364         L.  5,432,000    o  o 
9S>793  3,104,000    o  o 

^i>57i         L. 2,328,000    o  o 

140,700    o  c 
50,300    o  o 


-Difference,  -  .  -         L,90;4o;?    o  o 

JMilitIa 


514 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


Men,  Expence, 

Militia  and  Tencihie  Jnfaritry, 

War  eUabliOiment,        -  -         103,925         L.  2,941, Sco    o  o 

The  whole  expcnce  under  this  head  would  be  faved  lor  the  remainder 
of  the  year. 

Ofiices,  -  ^  -  L.  117,000 


With  reTppt^  to  the  War  Ofiice,  the 
cocpenccs  wjis,  he  faid,  liill  very  confi- 
dcrable,  but  the  number  of  perions  em- 
plovedwasno  more  than  was  abiolute- 
Iv  iiecedjiv.  There  was  a  great  a  n  ear 
of  bufmcfs  in  that  office,  but  he  hoped 
the  time  would  foon  come,  when  a  le- 
dudion  in  the  expence  of  tliat  ofTice 
might  take  piat:e. 

War  Eltablifhment. 
Allowance  to  Innkeepers,    L.  5.'57,cco 
Tropofed  eitabliiliment,     -  232,000 
Difference.       -       .       -  3u5,ceo. 

He  was,  he  faid,  led  to  believe,  that 
a  great  reduction  of  this  expence  would 
lake  place  in  another  year,  when  the 
troops  became  regularly  Rationed  and 
leceived  into  bai racks.  For  the  pre- 
fenr,  it  was  prcpofed,  to  continue  the 
rate  of  allowance  the  fame,  as  it  was 
in  the  preceding  year,  in  confideration 
of  the  innkeepers  having  ful^  red  con- 
iiderably  during  the  lalt  year,  from  the 
high  price  of  every  article  of  fubfift- 
€nce. 

War  eflablifiiment — half  pay  L.  2  2  5,000 
Propofefl  ellablilhment  -  403,000 
Ilxcefs  -  -  -  178,000 
The  number  of  officers  thrown  upon 
half-pay,  mult,  he  obi'eives,  necefiaiily 
be  increaied,  in  confequence  of  the 
number  of  regiments  reduced.  War 
eftabhfhment — Volunteer  corps,  tak- 
ing the  proportion  of  the  lall:  five 
^months,  L.  1,154,000.  Gieat  part  of 
this  fum  would  now  be  laved,  as  it 
was  intended  to  retain  no  corps  who 
received  pay,  and  to  reduce  the  allow- 
ance to  others. 

War  eft  ablifhment— barracks  L. 940,000 
Propofed  eltablifhment  -  740,000 
Diflerence,  -  -  -  200,000 
The  fum  propofed  for  the  leri^ainder 
of  the  year  for  this  fervice  was,  he  ob- 
ferved,  confiderable  ;  but  the  Comm.it- 
tee  would  perceive  the  important  ad- 
vantages which  refulted  to  the  arm.y 
from  this  eitabliiliment.  He  ihould 
now,  he  faid,  detail  briefly  the  more 
minute  particulars  of  the  interded  le- 
dudtion.  It  was  propofed  to  reduce  6 
regiments  of  dragoons,  5093  men, 
J-'5^2?334>  -^7  additional  battalions  of 


old  regiments  of  foot,  and  four  young 
regimrrts  to  be  difbanded,  20,862  men, 
L.  580,433.  Several  of  thefe,  however, 
he  obferved,  could  not  be  expected  to 
be  difbanded  immediately. —  Until  the 
troops  now  on  foreign  i'ervice  recurncd 
from  abroad,  it  would  be  necefiaiy  to 
preferve  our  garrifons  here  ;  fcveral 
of  the  regiments  propofed  to  be  dif- 
banded,  muft  therefore  be  kept  on  foot 
for  fome  timiC  longer.    It  was  alfo  in- 
tended to  reduce  the  Roval  Garriibn 
battalion  and  fix  Welt  India  regiments. 
The  ii.vaiids  it  was  intended  to  reduce 
altogether,  it  being  thought  better  to 
keep  up  a  regular  infantry  than  a  corps 
of  invalids,  although  that  body  muit 
certainly  be  confidered  as  highly  ref- 
pectable  and  ufeful.    Number  of  inva- 
lids 7806  m*en,  L.  197,005  ;  foot  guards, 
a  ledudion  of  5475  men,  L.  ^56,335. 
Pie  underll:ood  that  the  liland  of  Ja- 
miaica  would  contribute  to  the  pay- 
ment of  the  troops  Rationed  there  fo^ 
its  defence,  which  would  be  a  confi- 
derable faving  to  this  country.  Pie 
did  not  fee  any  reafon  for  ftating  par- 
ticularly what  regiments  were  to  be 
ftationed  in  Ireland,  and  what  in  Great 
Britain  ;  it  mult  be  confidered  accor- 
ding to  circumitances  as  to  what  force 
IhoQid  be  ftationed  in  any  part  of  the 
United  Empire.    The  cavalry,  which 
it  was  propofed  to  have  in  fervice  for 
the  rem.ainder  of  the  year,  were  three 
regim.ents  of  Horfe  Guards,  feven  re- 
giments of  Dragoon  Guards,  and  20 
regiments  of  Dragoons.    It  was  pro- 
pofed that  the  eftablifliment  of  each 
regiment  fhould  be  eight  troops  of  Co 
mien  each,  making  a  total  to  each  re- 
giment of  480.    The    Foot  Guards 
would  remain  the  fame  as  at  the  lalt 
peace.    The  regiments  of  foot,  it  was 
propofed,  to  number  from  one  to  eigh- 
ty-nine ;  the  whole  number  of  infan- 
try kept  up  would  be  48,051.  The 
regiment  of  riflemen  it  v^as  propofed 
to  keep  up.  The  Royal  Waggon  corps 
it  W3s  alfo  propofed  to  keep  up  in  a 
certain  degrt-e,  as  it  was  important  to 
have  people  of  that  del'cription  in  our 
fervice  in  readinefs  at  the  com.mence- 

ment 


June  i8o2. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


ment  of  a  war  ;  the  number  propofed 
tu  be  kept  up  was  257.  l^he  Stalf 
Corps  it  was  alfo  propolVd  fliould  be 
kept  up,  as  it  chiefly  conlifted  of  arti- 
ficers, and  from  which  much  advantage 
might  be  derived.  With  refpe^i:  to 
General  and  StaiT  OfHcers,  the  charge 
under  this  head  was  lar(:^er  than  ufual, 
ba|:  the  number  employed  was  as  few 
as  poffibie.  It  was  propofed  t'j  have 
onlv  four  Major  Generals  in  Ireland, 
one  in  each  province,  which  was  as 
fmall  a  number  as  coul'l  be  employed 
in  that  country.  As  to  the  foreii»;n 
corps,  it  was  propofed  to  retain  only 
.three  re<^iments,  with  the  exception  of 
the  regiment  of  Meuron,  in  India, 
which  it  was  underftood  would  remain 
in  the  pay  of  the  Eall  India  Company. 
Thofe  propofed  to  be  retained  were 
thofe  which,  by  capitulation  at  the  If- 
land  of  Ceylon,  were  to  be  employed 
in  the  fervice  of  Great  Britain  for  ten 
years  ;  the  regiment  of  Rohan,  which 
was  at  prcfent  actually  in  gairifon  at 
Alexandria,  and  the  Qiieen's  German 
regiment.  With  iefpe6t  to  the  fo- 
reign corps,  which  it  was  propofed  to 
difoand,  he  trutted  the  jufhcc  and  hu- 
manity of  the  Committee  would  in- 
duce them  to  make  a  libf.ral  compen- 
j'ation  to  -liie  officers.  The  fum  of 
3ii,oool.  which  was  propofed  to  be 
voted,  included  not  only  the  mainte- 
jjiance  of  the  corps  retained,  but  alfo  a 
compenfation  for  thofe  difoanded.  It 
was  propoied  to  keep  up  the  Royal 
Military  College  ;  upon  an  ceconomi- 
'cal  fcale,  the  expence  would  be  62,6g\. 
per  annum.  This  in  ft  it  ut  ion  was  of 
importance,  inafmuch  as  it  tended  to 
/orm  fkilful  officers  ;  and,  if  we  had 
fkilful  officers,  the  number  of  men  em- 
ployed might  be  decreafed,  as  a  fmall 
number  of  men,  commanded  by  officers 
of  {kill,  would  do  much  more  than  a 
larger  number,  under  th«  command  of 
officers  inferior  in  military  fcience. 
It  was  to  be  obferved,  at  the  fame 
time,  that  a  great  part  of  the  expence 
01  this  inftitution  was  defrayed  by 
contribution.  It  was  piopoled  to  keep 
up  alfo  the  Royal  Military  Afylum. 
He  concluded  by  moving  his  firll  refo- 
lution,  for  providing  70,299  land  for- 
ces, including  officers,  for  the  fervice 
■  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  from  the 
h  of  June  1802  to  the  24th  of  De- 
■  :.b:r  follow in^^ 


II,  Sierra  Leone  Company,  Lord 
Caftlereagh moved,  that  lOjOooLdiould 
be  granted  for  theexpences  of  the  civil 
lift  eftablifhment  of  that  colony.  Ge- 
neral Gafcoii^ne  oppofed  the  grant  re- 
commended by  the  Committee.  'Vhz 
original  objedts  of  this  colony,  he  con- 
ceived to  be  the  civilization  of  the 
blacks,  and  the  abolition  of  the  (lave 
trade.  Mr  Dent  hoped  the  mmjftcr 
would  refufe  to  fantiion  this  grant, 
Mr  Law  thought,  that  from  the  report 
on  the  table,  this  colony  ought  to  be 
with  draw  a.  Mr  R.  Thornton  defend- 
ed the  report.  It  was  a  maxim  of  Lord 
Bacon,  that  thofe  who  planted  colonies 
muft  be  endued  with  patience,  and  he 
did  not  think  the  patience  of  the  coun- 
try fevercly  tried  with  refpe6l  to  this 
colony.  He  thought  the  Chriftian  re- 
ligion would  benefit  the  Africans,  and 
denied  that  the  climate  was  fo  def- 
tru^^:tive  as  was  defcribed  ;  for  out  01 
1 100  Nova  Scotians  who  landed  there 
originally,  991  were  in  good  health. 
Mr  Buxton  was  of  opinion,  that  the 
colony  had  not  had  a  fair  trial.  The 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  thought, 
that  a  company  ot  gentlemen  embark- 
ing their  capitals  in  fuch  an  eltabiiih- 
ment,  from  motives  fo  laudable,  were 
entitled  to  the  patronage  of  Parlia- 
ment. ^  Tiie  motion  was  agreed  to. 

In  the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means 
the  Chnncellor  of  the  Exchequer  faid, 
he  had  the  latisfaclion  to  inform  rhe 
Committee,  that  in  confequence  of  a 
firong  reprefentation  recently  made  to 
the  Aulirian  ambaiiadoron  the  fubjecl 
of  the  Irnpeiial  annuities,  an  aniwer 
was  received,  which  was  read.  It  con- 
tained the  molt  folemn  affurances,  that 
this  debt  would  be  diicharged  a;;  looa 
as  circumllances  would  perfnit. 

June  12,  The  Houfe  took  into  con- 
fideration  his  Majefty*s  meffiage  rela- 
tive to  a  ptnlion  to  Lord  Hatcninfon. 
Mr  Addiugton  moved  that  a  fum  not 
exceeding  2000I.  per  annum  be  grant- 
ed to  Lord  Hutchinfon,  and  his  two 
next  male  heirs,  to  commence  from 
the  fecond  of  September  1801,  the 
day  of  the  furrender  of  Alexandria. 
The  refolution  was  agreed  to. 

Mr  Vanfittart  moved  that  the  prc- 
fent duties  on  blubber,  train  oil, 
oil,  oil  of  feals,  and  linen  yarn,  tliould 
ceafe  and  determine.    He  then  moved 
that  a  duty  of  iis,  3d.  be  paid  on  e- 

vcrr 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


very  tcm  of  blubber  imported,  con- 
taining 251  gallons;  and  a  duty  of 
i/Ss,  lod,  on  every  ton  of  train  oil  im- 
ported. Thel'e  reiblutions  were  agreed 
to. 

Col.  Fullerton  moved  for  leave  to 
biing  in  a  bill  for  bettering  the  condi^ 
tion  of  pariih  ichoolmafteis,  agreeable 
to  the  a6i  of  the  Scots  Parliament  of 
1686. 

In  a  committee  of  the  whole  Houfe 
it  was  reiblved  to  reduce  the  duty  of 
5d.  per  pound,  now  chargeable  on  pa- 
per of  the  firft  clafs,  to  3d.  ;  and  to 
reduce  the  2d.  on  paper  of  the  third 
clafs  to  three-halfpence. 

June  14.  Mr  Vanfittart  obtained 
leave  to  bring  in  a  bill  to  fuppreis  cer- 
tain games  and  lotteries,  not  authorifed 
by  law.  rhe  objed  of  this  bill  was  to 
render  perfons  pra6finngthe  games  c^X- 
]td  little  gocf,  and  fuch  like,  fubje6l  to 
the  fame  penalties  as  thofe  to  which 
perfons  dealing  in  illegal  lottery  in- 
iurance  were  now  liable. 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
called  the  attention  of  the  committee 


of  fupply  to  the  remaining  votes  ne- 
ceflary  for  the  public  fervice.  He 
moved,  that  a  fum  not  exceeding 
199,812!.  be  granted  to  his  Majelty, 
being  the  amount  of  the  valuation  of 
the  Dutch  (hips  captured  by  Admiral 
Mitchell's  fquadron.  He  then  moved 
a  itring  of  refolutions  of  fupply,  a- 
mong  which  were  the  fum  of  90,000 
to  be  granted  for  foreign  and  fecret 
fervice-money  for  fix  months,  from 
April  1S02  ;  the  fum  of  i,oor,ocol.  for 
defrayingtheextraordinariesof  the  army 
of  Great  Britain,  and  the  fumof  64,0001. 
for  the  augmentation  of  the  half-pay 
of  the  admirals  and  commiflioned  offi- 
cers of  the  navy  ;  and  the  fum  of  30,000!. 
for  the  encreafed  half-pay  of  the  non- 
commilTioned  officers.  All  thefe  mo- 
tions were  agreed  to, 

15.  The  Houfe  went  into  a  com- 
mittee on  the  a6t  of  the  Scots  Parlia- 
ment, for  bettering  the  condition  of 
parochial  fchoolmalters  in  Scotland. 
Leave  was  given  to  bring  in  a  bill, 
purfuant  to  the  faid  a6l. 


 ^::3^CZS5C555^  

MONTHLY  REGISTER. 


FOREIGN  INTELLIGENCE. 

FRANCE. 

THEmofl  important  events,  in  the 
flate  of  this  country,  during  the  laft 
month,  relate  to  the  propoftd  elec^lion 
of  Bnonaparte  as  Chief  Conlnl  for  life, 
the  fcarcity  and  dearth  of  provifione, 
and  the  plan  for  a  Ltgion  of  Honour. 

The  following  projcd  of  a  law  has 
been  fubmitted  to  the  difcuflion  of  the 
French  Council  of  State,  and  no  doubt 
is  entertained  but  it  will  be  adopted  : 

Art.  I.  In  virtue  of  the  87th  article 
of  the  conflitulion,  a  Legion  of  Honour 
fhall  be  formed. 

II.  This  legion  fliall  be  divided  into 
fifteen  cohorts,  each  of  which  is  to 
have  its  peculiar  (lation. 

HI.  National  property,  to  the  a- 
niount  of  i^ojcoo  franks  annually,  fliall 
be  alloted  to  eacli  cohort. 

IV.  Each  cohort  fliall  confift  of  feven 
great  Officers,  twenty  Commandants, 


thirty  Subaltern  onicers,  and  thre 
hundred  and  fifty  privates. 

V.  The  pay  to  be  as  follows : 

To  each  great  officer  icoo  franks  per 
i^nnum^  and  during  life. 

To  each  Commandant  2000  ditto. 

To  each  Subaltern  loco  ditto. 

To  each  private  250  ditto. —  All  du- 
rante I' it  a, 

VI.  Every  individual,  on  his  being 
admitted  into  the  Legion,  fhall  fvvear, 
on  his  conference  and  his  honour,  th?t 
he  means  to  devote  his  exigence  to  the 
welfare  of  the  Republic,  to  the  prefer- 
vation  of  its  territory  (in  its  integrity), 
to  the  defence  of  its  Government,  its 
laws,  and  the  property  which  it  has 
rendered  facred,  to  oppofe,  by  all 
means  which  juOice,  reafon,  and  the 
laws  authorife,  every  undertaking  which 
may  tend  to  the  reftoration  of  the  feu- 
dal fyftem,  of  titles  and  immunities 
attacfied  to  them  ;  in  fine,  to  txert 
his  heft  and  moft  ftrenuous  efibrts  for 
the  maintenance  of  liberty  and  equality. 


June  1802. 


Foreign  Intelligence, 


Vir.  A  Grand  Council  fliall  be  form- 
ed,  conlifling  of  the  Firft  Conful,  the 
two  Confuls,  and  four  Counftllors,  one 
of  whom  is  to  be  chofen  from  among 
the  Senators  by  the  Senators  them- 
fclves;  the  Legiflative  body  is  to  fele(5t 
another,  the  Tribunate  is  to  fend  one 
of  its  members,  and  the  Council  of 
State  chufcs  the  fourth. 

Vni.  The  Firrt  Conful  is,  de  jure, 
the  Chief  of  tl^t-  Legion,  and  Pre (ident 
of  the  Great  Council  of  Adminiflration. 

IX.  At  each  ftation  there  fhall  be  e- 
ftabliflied  an  afylum,  properly  endowed, 
for  the  Members  of  the  Legion,  whom 
old  age,  or  wounds  received  dui  ing  the 
war  of  liberty,  Hiall  incapacitate  from 
continuing  in  . the  fervice. 

Conditions  required  for  bang  Admitted, 

'*  To  have  received  arms  of  honour 
from  the  hands,  or  by  the  order  of  the 
Firft  Conful ;  to  have  rendered  effen- 
tial  fervice  in  the  war  of  liberty,  either 
in  the  field  or  in  the  cabinet.  In  time 
of  peace  a  candidate  muft  prove  that 
he  has  ferved  five  and  twenty  years. 
Each  year  in  time  of  war  tells  tor  two  ; 
each  campaign  of  the  Republican  war 
tells  for  four  years." 

The  nature  and  advantage?  of  this 
inOitution  will  beft  be  learned  from  the 
fpcech  of  Roederer,  who  recommended 
the  plan  to  the  Legiflative  Body. 

"  The  Legion  of  Honour,  which  is 
propofed  to  you,  is  intended  to  be  an 
inftitution  in  aid  of  all  our  Republican 
laws,  and  to  ferve  as  a  ci)nft>lidation  of 
the  Revolution.  It  pays  to  civil  as  well 
as  military  fervices  the  rev.ard  of  the 
courage  thty  have  all  difpiayed.  It  u- 
riites  them  in  the  fame  glory,  as  the  na- 
tion unites  them  in  the  fame  gratitude. 
It  unites,  by  a  common  diftinciion,  men 
already  united  together  by  honourable 
retrofpe(?ts.  It  afTociatcs,  by  f.veet 
afftdion?,  men  w^hom  recipiocal  efteem 
cliipofed  tolove  each  other.  It  places  un- 
der the  protedionof  their  conlideration, 
and  of  their  oathe,  our  la  ws,  calculated 
for  the'confervdtion  of  equality,  liberty, 
and  property.  It  effaces  the  di'ltindions 
of  Nobility,  which  placed  inherited  glo- 
ry (who  ev\r  heard  of  inherited  glory  >) 
before  acquired  glory,  and  the  defcc-n- 
dants  of  great  men  before  great  men. 
ilt  is  a  moral  inllitution,  which  gives 
force  and  adivity  to  that  fpring  of  ho- 
nour, which  fo  powerfully  moves  the 
I  French  people.  Jt  is  a  political  inlli- 
itution,  which  places  in  focicty  a  middle 
Vol.  LXYI. 


order  {des  intermediaires)  by  which  the 
a(fts  of  power  are  hJd  before  opinion 
with  charitablenefs  and  fidelity,  and 
by  which  opinion  may  be  conveyed  to 
power.  It  is  a  military  inftitution, 
which  will  draw  to  our  jjrmies  that 
portion  of  the  French  youth  which, 
without  its  aid,  it  would  be  necefTa^y 
to  druggie  for  again  ft  the  allurements 
of  that  effeminancy  vvhich  is  the  com- 
panion of  great  wealth. 

"  In  a  word,  it  is  the  creation  of  a 
new  denomination  of  money  of  a  very 
different  kind  from  that  w!)ich  i/Tues 
from  the  public  Treafury — of  a  money 
the  title  of  which  is  unalterable,  and 
whofe  mine  can  never  be  exhauftecJ, 
becaufe  it  confilts  in  French  honour — 
f)f  a  money  which  iii  fad  can  alone  be 
the  recoa  pence  of  anions  confidered 
above  all  recom pence." 

Such  is  the  fcarciiy  of  the  corn 
France,  that  all  the  foreign  grain  im- 
ported into  this  country  has  been  ex- 
ported back  again.  No  fewer  than 
50,000  quarters  of  wheat  have  been 
exported  in  one  week.  The  loaf  of 
four  pounds  weight  cofts  now  in  France 
one  ihiliing  Sterling,  Englifti  money, 
which  is  rnuch  dearer  than  the  Englifa 
quartern  loaf. 

The  following  particulars  of  the  Firft: 
Conful's  private  life,  are  extracted  from 
a  work  lately  publifhed  : 

*'  Bonaparte's  day  is  made  up  of 
fourteen  hours  of  almoft  uninterrupted 
labour.  He  gives  very  little  time  to  lleep 
and  recreation.  His  meals  are  abfte- 
mious  and  quickly  finifhed ;  but  he 
drinks  a  great  deal  of  itrong  coffee,  ef- 
pecially  duiing  his  nightly  labours. 
"  This  mode  of  living,"  faid  his  Phyfi- 
cian  lately  to  him,  "  muft  ruin  your 
health.  You  cannot  long  hold  out  un- 
der it."  "How  Jong  do  you  think?" 
fdid  Bonaparte  ?  **  Perhaps  three  years 
or  fo."  "  Well,"  replied  the  Conful, 
"  that  is  quite  long  enough  for  me." 
A  walk  in  the  park,  or  half  an  hour  at 
tennis,  is  his  daily  recreation.  His  na- 
tural bias  leads  l.;m  to  avoid  the  crowd. 
His  converfations,  which  do  not  turn 
on  the  great  aftairs  of  Europe  and 
Frarct,  ate  extremely  ihort.  Of  thoic 
trufted  perfons,  known  by  the  name  of 
favourites,  he  has  none.  He  never 
once  allows  the  leaft  appearance  of  in- 
fluence to  be  exercifcd  over  him.  I:i 
company  he  is  filent  and  retired  within 
himftlf.  In  the  private  circle  of  hi3 
own  family  he  is  placid  ai;d  agreeable, 
Z  and 


5t8 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64, 


and  never  appears  morofe  or  infolent 
to  his  domeftics.  His  behaviour  to  his 
wife  is  that  of  a  Citi^ien,  and  by  no 
means  a  Parifian.  Many  tradefmcn  in 
Paris  call  their  wives  Madam  and  you, 
Bonaparte  thou^s  his,  and  never  calls 
her  but  by  her  Chriftian  name,  Jo- 
fephine.  She  calls  him  General^  and 
ufuaily  thou  (tu).  Speaking  of  hinn, 
ftie  fays,  My  Hujhandy  or  the  General  \ 
but  rarely  the  Conful. 

The  Firlt  Conful  has  not  long  defer- 
cd  confer!  ing  on  Genera)  Menou  the 
diftinguiflied  mark  of  his  favour  which 
he  had  promifcd  that  Officer  for  his 
eminent fervices  in  Ejs^ypt.  Menou  w;is, 
on  the  17th,  elected  a  member  cf  the 
Tribunate.  For  this  appointment  he 
is  unqueftionably  indebted  to  the  influ- 
ence of  Bonaparte. 

A  great  number  of  the  Englifh  now 
at  Paris  have  been  greatly  mortified  at 
the  late  regulation  which  has  been 
made  at  the  Court  of  the  Thoilleries, 
by  which  they  are  excluded  from  being 
introduced  to  the  Firft  Conlul.  There 
is  now  a  (landing  order,  that  no  Eng- 
lifh perfon  fhall  be  prefented  to  the 
FirJl:  Conful,  who  has  not  been  previ- 
oudy  prefented  at  St  James's.  And  in 
confequence  of  this  order,  the  Dnchefs 
of  Cumberland  could  not  be  prefented 
to  Madam  Bonaparte  at  the  laft  review. 

The  Moniteur  cov\\.^\m  the  appoint- 
ment of  General  Andreoffi  to  be  Am- 
baffador  to  this  country,  and  of  M. 
ptto,  now  in  London,  to  be  the  Mi- 
niller  to  the  United  States  of  America. 

SPAIN. 

Letters  from  Madrid  of  the  15th  of 
May  ftate,  that  the  city  of  Lorca,  fi- 
tuated  in  the  kingdom  of  Murcia,  ex- 
perienced on  the  30th  of  April  a  dread- 
ful difafter»  The  refervoir,  which  is 
of  feveral  leagues  extent,  and  ferved 
to  water  the  furrounding  countries, 
fuddenly  burft,  and  inundated  a  fpace 
of  more  than  twenty  leagues,  as  alfo 
a  part  of  the  city.  Five  hundred  houfes 
have  been  deftroyed.  Above  a  ihuu- 
fand  perfons  have  loft  their  lives,  and 
a  great  number  of  beafls  have  been 
drowned  a 

ITALY. 

'JThe  earthquake  which  was  lately  felt 
in  feveral  parts  of  Jtaly,  nearly  dcrho- 
lifhed  the  town  of  Crema.  The  inha- 
bitants faved  themfelves  by  flight,  and 
only  a  few  foldiers  remained  to  prevent 
plunder.   At  40  miles  diftance  (about 


I*  leagues)  the  village  of  Menguin, 
where  there  was  a  fine  lake  of  about 
ten  miles  circumft^rence,  has  been  fwal- 
lowed  up  in  the  lake,  and  not  a  finglc 
perfon  has  been  favcd,  nor  does  a  fingle 
veftige  of  that  village  remain. 

Accounts  from  Rome  ftate,  that  the 
Rufli^m  Count  Toniafll  has  been  chofen 
by  the  Pope,  Grand  Matter  of  the  Or- 
der of  Malta. 

Letters  from  Naples  ftate,  that  th(* 
whole  of  Eaftern  Italy  is  ihreatt-ned 
with  the  moft  dreadful  fcarcity,  in  con- 
fequence of  thp  extreme  drynefs  of  the 
feafon. 

HOLLAND. 

A  letter  from  the  Hagiie,  dated 
June  8.  fays,  "The  projed  of  the  law 
prefented  by  the  Government  to  the 
Legiflative  Body,  relative  to  the  free 
importation  of  Britifh  merchandizep, 
has  been  adopted  and  fandioned  by 
the  Legifl'^tive  Body  ;  the  Committee 
to  which  the  project  was  referred  hav- 
ing made  a  favourable  re{)ort.  The 
Britifh  merchandizes  may,  in  future^ 
be  imported  freely,  on  paying  the  du- 
ties to  which  they  were  fubjcdl  before 
the  war/'  " 

PRUSSIA. 

Two  children  of  the  King  of  PruflTi^ 
Jiave  been  inoculated  for  the  Vaccine*. 
Thffe  are  the  firft  inftances  of  this  in* 
oculation  having  been  aulhorifed  by 
any  Sovereign  Prince. 

SWITZjERLAND. 

The  fate  of  Switzerland  feems  on  the 
eve  of  dccifion,  and  its  prefent  per- 
turbed ftate  will,  in  all  probability,  be 
taken  advantage  of  by  the  Confular 
Government,  to  make  it  a  province  of 
France.  A  letter  from  Berne,  dated 
the  7th  inft.  ftates,  that  a  great  part  of 
the  country  is  again  a  prey  to  difcord 
and  trouble.  The  infurredion  in  the 
canton  of  Vaux  is  more  fcnous  than 
was  at  firft  fappofed.  Two  thoufand 
arm.ed  peafants  have  declired  war  a^- 
gainft  the  caftles,  archives,  and  maga- 
zines of  arms.  They  threaten  Laufannc 
and  Morges,  and  are  mafters  of  fix 
caftles.  Troops  have  been  difpatched 
againft  them,  who  are  marching  thither 
with  all  fpeed.  The  Chiefs  of  the  in- 
furgents  aded  a  part  in  the  difturban- 
ces  which  took  place  in  the  month  of 
November  i§oo.  The  Valais  is  not  in 
a  ftate  of  greater  tranquility  than  the 
Pais  de  Vaud»  ■  ] 


June  1802. 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


TURKEY. 

The  plan  for  the  partition  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  is  faid  to  have  been 
agreed  on  by  four  great  European 
powers. 

The  Turldili  Empire  is  crumbling 
into  duft,  and  leaving  a  new  field  on 
which  the  Great  Powers  of  Europe 
will  probably  ere  long  difplay  that  dif- 
pofition  for  reciprocal  accommoda- 
tions, which  has  been  exemplified  fo 
amply  in  Poland,  and  in  the  cafe  of  the 
German  Princes.  No  fooner  does  a 
Power  become  feeble,  than  its  neigh- 
bours find  it  would  be  convenient  ei- 
ther to  take  it  in  the  lump,  or  to  divide 
it  among  them. 

WEST  INDIES. 

General  Grinfield  has  been  appoint- 
ed Commander  in  Chief  of  the  Weft 
Indies  ;  an  office  of  high  importance  at 
the  prefent  period,  and  of  much  emo- 
lument. He  is  preparing  for  his  depar- 
ture. A  very  large  military  eftablifti- 
ment  will  be  kept  up  there  for  a  confi- 
derable  time. 

According  to  the  lalt  letters  from 
Jamaica  we  learn,  that  the  price  of  e- 
very  article  was  exceffive.  Butter  was 
fold  at  i2S.  per  pound. 

ST  DOMINGO. 

The  French  army  in  St  Domingo  has 
brought  the  campaign  to  a  fuccefsful 
iflue.  The  Moniteur  of  the  izth  June 
announces,  in  a  telegraphic  difpatch, 
that  Touflaint  had  furrendered ;  and 
the  fame  paper  of  the  13th  contains 
the  official  details  of  General  Lecleik 
rcfpeding  this  important  event. 

DOMINICA. 

On  Friday  the  loth  of  April,  a  mu- 
tiny broke  out  in  the  8th  Welt  India 
regiment  of  blacks,  belonging  to  the 
'illand  of  Dominica.  This  corps  was 
ftationed  at  Prince  Rupert's;  but  the 
HiULiny  fiift  began  at  Port  Shirley, 
whtrc  the  mutineers  commenced  a 
mulqnctrv  fire  in  all  directions.  Lieu- 
tenant M*Kay,  who  formed  the  guard, 
was  fired  upon,  and  killed;  Captain 
Cameron  and  En  fig  n  Wtftings  were 
alfo  killed  ;  the  later,  a  very  young 
man,  was  leized,  his  hands  tied  up, 
and  dragged  by  the  feet  from  the  outer 
to  the  inner  Cabrit,  where  they  tied 
him  to  a  tree,  and  after  whipping  him, 
fticking  feveral  bayonets  in  his  body, 
and  keeping  him  three  hours  in  that 


fituation,  fhot  him,  cut  off  his  ears, 
and  otherwife  mutilated  him.  Captain 
Barr,  and  Liutenants  Cameron  and 
Rivington,  fell  into  their  hands,  they 
confined  them,  but  treated  them  with 
refpe(ft ;  the  mutineers  were  entirely 
compofed  of  Africans,  the  Creoles  had 
no  concern  in  the  affair.    On  Monday 
morning.    General    Johnfion  arrived 
with  the  royals,  the  68th  regiment,  and 
fomc  militia,  the  marines  were  alio 
landed  from  the  men  of  war.  After 
Lieutenant  Cameron  had  been  fent  by 
them  with  ftvtral  flags  of  truce,  they 
agreed  to  come  to  their  parade;  the 
mutineers,  w  hen  on  the  point  of  pro- 
ceeding to  the  parade,  were  met  by 
General  Johnrton,  who  inftantly  form- 
ed, and  ordered  them  to  ground  their 
arms,  which  all,  but  fome  of  the  gre- 
nadiers, obeyed ;  he  then  ordered  them 
to  advance  three  paces  in  front  of  their 
arms,  when  feveral  cried     No,"  and 
were  in  the  ad  of  rc fuming  them, 
when  fome  perfon  called  out  Fire," 
which  war,  inftantly  obeyed,  and  fc- 
veral  of  the  mutineers  fell ;  the  gre- 
nadiers immediately  returned  the  fire, 
when  the  whole  body  gave  way,  and 
fied  in  all  diredions.    The  number  of 
mutineers  killed,  has  not  been  afcer- 
tained  with  accuracy,  it  is  fuppofed 
that  more  than  100  were  killed  ;  the 
corps  confifted  of  nearly  500.  The 
caufes  affigned  by  the  mutineers  are 
various  ;  but  their  having  been  obliged 
to  work  at  the  draining  of  a  fwamp, 
for  the  two  preceding  days  without 
getting  any  additional  pay,  feems  to 
have  been  the  principal  rcafon ;  it  is  a 
work  that  would  require  a  loiig  time 
to  complete.    Governor  Johnfton  had 
a  horfe  killed  under  hiin,  and  received 
a  flight  .wound  in   the   hand.  Mr 
Holmes,  commanding  the  mihtia,  had 
alfo  his  horfe  killed,  and  two  of  the 
militiamen  were  killed.    On  the  13th, 
all  was  quiet.    The  fyflem  of  euiire 
regiments  of  blacks  ought  to  be  re- 
probated by  every  man  of  common 
underiUnding ;  as  pioneers  attached  to 
white  regiments,  aoo  to  each,  their 
ufcfulnefs  might  be  great,  and  they 
might  fave  many  a  brave  European 
foldier  the  fatiguing  du:y  of  a  Weft 
India  climate. 

SIEERRA  LEONE. 

June  10,  Difpatches  were  yeftcrdr.y 
received   from  Sierra  Leone,  which 
ftate,  that  the  Timmanys  had,  on  the 
3  Z  i  morn- 


520 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


morning  of  the  irth  of  April,  made  a 
ILcond  and  wholly  unexpedtd  attack 
on  the  town  and  tort.  They  were  re- 
pulfed  after  a  very  fliort  conflid,  and 
clofely  purfued  to  a  confiderable  dif- 
tance.  On  the  part  of  the  colony  only 
Three  men  were  killed,  and  a  few  flight- 
)y  wounded.  TheTimmanys  being  in 
the  habit  of  carryin;^  their  dead  and 
wounded  off' the  tield,  even  during  the 
heat  of  aciion,  it  is  not  eafy  to  afcer- 
tain  their  lofs.  Thirty-one  dead  bo- 
dies were  left  behind  them  in  their  flight. 

The  enemies  of  the  fcttlemtnt  ap- 
pear to  have  col!e<51ed  all  their  force  on 
this  occation  ;  the  facility,  however, 
with  which  they  were  defeated,  and 
the  heavy  lofs  fultained  by  thtm,  would 
atTord  a  decifive  proof  of  the  fuperio- 
rity  of  the  colony. 

Great  praife  is  given  by  the  Governcvr 
and  Council,  to  Captain  Lloyd,  com- 
manding the  Britifh  troops,  and  to  En- 
iign  KifTgfley,  tor  their  very  gdlant 
condu(^t,  as  well  as  to  all  the  foldiers. 
The  Maroons  and  Nova  Scotia  fi  ttlers 
arc  alfo  faid  to  have  aded  with  much 
fteadinefs  and  refolution,  both  in  re- 
pelling and  puifuing  the  enemy. 

Not  one  of  the  fervantc  of  the  Com- 
pany were  either  killed  or  wounded. 

Ar.lERICxi. 

On  the  27th  of  April  the  following 
meffige  from  the  Prc(ident  of  the  U- 
iiited  States  wao  d^  I'vcred  to  the  two 
IlouR  s  of  Congrtlo  : 

*'  Gentlemen  of  the  Sr^riate  and 

of  the  Hoifs  of  Reprefertiativcs, 

"  The  Cumniiliioners,  who  were  ap- 
pointed to  cany  into  execution  the  6th 
article  of  the  treaty  of  amity,  com- 
merce, and  navigation,  between  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain,  h.iv- 
ing  differed  in  their  con  ft  ructioji  of  that 
article,  and  feparated  in  conftqnrnce 
of  that  difference,  the  Prehdcnt  of  the 
United  States  took  immediate  meafures 
for  obtaining  conventional  explanations 
of  that  article  tor  the  govcrnnrient  of 
the  Commiflioners ;  finding,  however, 
great  difBculties  oppofed  to  'a  fettle- 
jnent  in  that  v^ay,  he  authorifed  our 
Minifter  at  the  Court  of  London  to 
meet  a  propofition,  that  the  United 
States,  by  the  payment  of  a  fixed  lum, 
fhould  difcharge  themfelvt^  from  their 
refponhbiliiy  for  fuch  debts  as  cannot 
be  recovei;ed  from  the  individual  debt- 
ors.   A  comcntion  has  accordingly 


been  figned,  fixing  the  fum  to  be  paid 
at  6oo,oool.  Sterling,  in  three eqr.al  and 
annual  inllalments,  which  has  been'  ra- 
tified by  me,  with  the  advice  and  con- 
fcnt  of  the  Senate. 

I  now  tranfmit  copies  thereof  t(* 
the  two  Houfcs  of  Congref?,  trufting 
that,  in  the  free  exercife  of  the  autho- 
rity which  the  Conftitution  has  given 
them  on  the  fubje^t  of  public  expendi- 
tures, they  will  deem  it  for  the  public 
intereft  to  appropriate  the  fums  necef- 
fary  for  carrying  this  convention  into 
execution. 

"  Tho.  Jefferson." 
Li  confcquence  of  the  above  meffage 
(fays  a  letter  from  Wafbington),  a  bill 
has  pafltd  the  Congrefs,  for  appropri- 
aiing  2,664,000  dollars,  for  the  purpofe 
of  carrying  inio  effed  the  convention. 


BRITISti  INTELLIGENCE. 

FROM  THE   LONDON  GAZETTE. 
Do<wn'tn^  ■  Street. 

June  5.  His  M^jef^y  has  been  pleaf- 
fcd  to  appoint  Litut.-General  William 
Grinfield  to  be  Commander  of  ail  his 
Majcfty's  land  forces  ferving  in  the  Lee- 
ward and  Windward  Carribbee  Iflands» 
and  in  the  Ifland  of  Trinidad. 

Whitehall 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  order 
a  Conge  D'Elire  to  pafs  the  Great  Seal, 
empowermg  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of 
the  Catheral  Church  of  Glouceiler  to 
t\tt\  a  Bifhop  to  that  See,  void  by  the 
tranflation.of  the  Right  Rev.  Father  ia 
God  Dr  R.ichard  Eeadon,  late  Bifhop 
thereof,  to  the  See  of  Bath  and  Wells; 
atid  his  Majerty  has  alfo  been  pleafed  to 
recommend  George  Ifaac  Huntingfordi 
Do(flor  in  Divinity,  to  be  Bifhop  of 
that  See.  ,k 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  grairf 
to  the  Rev.  William  Bufby,  Clerk,  M.i| 
the  place  and  dignity  of  a  Canon  of 
Prebendary  of  his  Majefty's  Metropoy- 
litical  Church  of  Cant<;rbury,  void  bjf 
the  death  of  Dr  Heneage  Dering,  la 
one  the  Prebendaries  thereof. 

The  King  has  beer^  pleaL^d  to  gi 
and  grant  unto  Major -General  Sir  Ey 
Coote,Knightof  the  Moft  Hon.  military 
Order  of  the  Barb,  his  Royal  licence  and 
permifTion  to  receive  and  wear  the  In- 
fignia  of  the  Order  :>f  the  Crcfcent^; 
which  the  Grand  Signior  hath  tranf 

mitt 


June  1802. 


British  Intelligence. 


mitted  to  him  :  And  alfo  to  command, 
that  his  MajeHy's  concelTion  and  de- 
claration, together  with  the  relative 
documents,  beregiftcred  in  his  Callege 
of  Arnfis. 

15.  The  King  has  been  pleafcd  to 
grant  the  dignity  of  a  Baronefs  of  the 
united  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  to  the  Moft  Honourable  Mary 
Marchionefs  of  Downfliire,  widow  of 
the  Moft  Honourable  Arthur  late  Mar- 
quis of  Downfliire,  for  and  during  her 
natural  life,  by  the  name,  ftyle,  and 
title  of  Lady  Sandys,  Baronefs  of  Om- 
berfly,  in  the  county  of  VVorcefter,  and 
from  and  immediately  after  her  de- 
eeafe,  the  dignity  of  a  Baron  of  the 
faid  united  kingdom  to  the  Right  Hon- 
ourable Arthur  Moyfcs  William  Hill, 
(commonly  called  Lord  Arthur  Moyfts 
William  Hill),  fecond  fon  of  the  faid 
Arthur  late  Marquis  of  Downfhire,  by 
tht  faid  Mary  his  wife,  and  the  heirs 
male  of  his  body  lawfully  begotten,  and 
in  default  of  fuch  ilfue,  to  her  third, 
fourth,  tifth,  and  eidcft  fon  in  fucctf- 
£on. 


LONDON. 

Et3  Majesty  s  Birth  Day* 

June  4'  At  one  o'clock,  their  Majef- 
<4es  and  PrincelTcs  Augu/ta,  Elizabeth, 
Mary,  Sophia,  and  Amelia,  went  to  St 
James's  Palace,  where  th^  Queen  held 
a  fplendid  Court,  which  was  more  nu- 
meroufly  attended  thau  has  been  known 
tor  thefe  many  years,  and  for  grandeur 
and  brilliancy  far  exceeded  almoft  e- 
very  affemblage  of  Noble  and  Auguft 
Pcrfonages  that  ever  graced  the  Royal 
Prefence.  The  Ode  for  the  Birth-day 
was  performed  in  the  Council  Cham- 
ber, after  which  his  Grace  the  Arch- 
bilhop  of  Canterbury  delivered,  accord- 
ing to  cuftom,  a  congralulary  oration 
on  tie  oceafion. 

Monficur  Coyne bert  Montbert,  de- 
puted by  the  Firft  Conful  to  negociate 
a  commeicial  treaty  with  this  country, 
had  his  firit  interview  with  Lord  Hawkef- 
bur)',  lately,  the  refult  of  which,  we  un- 
■dcrltand,  proved  highly  fatisfadory. 

The  Prince  of  Wales  is  likely  to  de- 
rive a  very  conrultrable  addition  to  his 
revenues,  by  the  intended  drainage  of 
Uedland  Marfli,  in  Flintdiire ;  it  is  of 
vaft  extent  and  excellent  quality ;  fub- 


jeft,  at  prefent,  to  inundations  from 
the  fta  at  fpring  tides. 

The  Duke  of  York  is  to  continue 
Commander  in  Chief,  with  three  Lieu- 
tenant and  four  Major  Generals  un- 
der him  ;  befides  one  Lieutenant-Ge- 
neral  for  Scotland,  and  one  for  Ireland. 

M.  Oito  has  notified  to  Lcird  Hawke- 
fbury  the  appointment  of  Gener-al  An- 
dreofli,  as  Ambaflador  to  our  Court, 
This  officer  is  one  of  the  ableft  engi- 
neers in  Europe.  Several  of  his  offi- 
cers will  come  with  him,  as  fecretarics. 
Andreoffi  is  a  Corfican  by  birth,  and 
high  in  the  confidence  of  the  Chief 
Conful. 

Prince  William  of  Glouceft^-r  is  go- 
ing to  be  married  to  a  Ruffi:^n  Princefs, 
and  for  that  purpoiV  fails  fpeedily  in  a 
frigate  for  St  Pcterfburgh. 

The  barracks  in  Great  Britain, *  in- 
cluding the  ifiands  Guernfey,  Jerfey, 
and  Aldcrney,  will,  on  the  peace  eV- 
tablilhment,  afford  accommod'ations  for 
about  fifty  thoufand  infantry,  and  be- 
tween feven  and  eight  thoufand  caval- 
ry ;  thofe  in  Ireland  will  be,  with  very 
few  exceptions,  retained. 

In  purluanee  of  orders  from  Govern- 
ment, all  the  guns  on  the  ramparts  at 
Berwick,  exct-pt  nine  on  the  ulutin^ 
battery,  are  dilmounting. 

A  gentleman  of  fcience  in  Birming- 
ham has  lately  invented  and  conltruct- 
ed  a  barometer,  upon  very  ingenious 
yet  fimple  principles,  which,  by  cer- 
tain combinations  of  wheci  machinary 
(on  a  very  diilind  fcale),  points  cut, 
with  amazing  precilion,  the  moil  mi- 
nute variation  of  the  gravity  of  the  at- 
mofphere,  even  to  an  hundred  thou- 
fand part  of  an  inch  of  the  range  of  tht^ 
mercury. — It  is  underilood  the  inven- 
tor intends  foon  to  lodge  one  of  them 
in  the  Rcpofitory  of  Arts  in  London 
for  the  ufe  of  that  Society. 

The  London  Socitty  af  Art?,  d:r. 
have  adjudged  to  Mr  J.  Palmer,  of  Max- 
lock,  VVarwickfhire,  the  Silver  Medal, 
for  a  method  of  harvefting  corn  in  wet 
weather,  which  is  as  follows:  He  col- 
leded  as  many  men  as  were  neceifary 
for  the  purpofe,  and  caufed  a  part  of 
them  to  cut  the  corn  in  the  common 
method  with  iickles,  and  bind  it  into 
fhjeaves ;  he  employed  others  to  houftf 
and  threlli  it.  The  next  morning  it 
was  winnowed,  and  kiln-dried. 

A  gentleman,  who  refides  near  Exe- 
ter, is  faid  to  have  difcoyered  perpetu- 


52Z 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


al  motion ;  the  machine  by  which  the 
motion  is  elftded,  lias  already  conti- 
nued in  adion  three  years,  without 
the  fmalleft  deviation. 

A  perfon  in  Northumberland  has  this 
year  made  a  web  from  the  Items  of  net- 
tles, in  appearance  like  linen,  and  pro- 
Hiiling  equal  durability. 

The  corn  and  grafs  never  looked 
better  in  Northumberland  than  at  pre- 
fent.  The  ilamage  done  to  the  fruit  is 
alfo  lefs  than  was  expedted.  In  the 
cyder  counties  they  (till  expedl  half  a 
crop. 

A  late  writer  obferves,  that  the  dif- 
ference between  dihblifjg  of  wheat,  and 
that  of  fowing  by  broad-cajly  istqual  to 
one  bufliel  per  acre  ;  and  that  a  bufhel 
of  v\hcat  faved  from  every  acre  of 
wheat  arable  in  the  kingdom,  would  be 
more  than  a  fiifficienl  qiiautiiy,  with- 
out a  foreign  importation,  tor  the  an- 
i]ual  fupply  of  Mai  k-lanc. 

Madame  Recamier  is  exceedingly 
chagrined  at  not  being  able,  with  all 
lier  fafcinations,  to  get  introduced  at 
St  James's.  M.  Otto  has  received  the 
molt  pofitive  in(lru(^tions  to  introduce 
lio  French  lady  at  the  Britilh  Court, 
txcept  the  wives  or  daughters  of  per- 
ions  of  high  rank  in  the  diplomatic  or 
military  liucs.  The  confequcnce  there- 
tore  of  the  Parifian  banker's  wife  is  at 
prefent  luidtr  -par.  She  is  gone  down 
to  Bath. 

The  new^  Parliament  muft  meet  in 
November  for  the  difpach  of  bufinefs, 
;is  the  mutiny  ad  will  expire  very  ear- 
ly in  December, 

Thunder  Storms, 

On  Thuriday  the  3d  inft.  about 
feven  o'clock  in  the  evening,  came  on 
at  Melton  Mowbray,  in  Leicellerlhire, 
one  of  the  moft  tremendous  ftorms  of 
thunder,  lightning,  and  hail,  ever  re- 
membered at  this  feafon  of  the  year, 
which  continued  without  intermiflion 
till  near  eight ;  when,  in  an  inftant,  a 
whirlwind  arofe,  apparently  from  the 
S.  W.  attended  by  a  water-fpout,  which 
lafted  about  five  minutes,  in  which 
Ihort  fpace  of  time  many  houfes  and 
other  buildings  were  (tripped  of  their 
coverings,  chimnies  blown  down,  &c. 
and  the  inhabiiants  thrown  into  the 
greateft  confternation  ;  happily  no  per- 
fon received  the  leaft  injury,  except 
Mr  William  Hill,  who  was  in  the  ftreet 
at  the  time,  and  was,  by  the  force  of 


the  wind,  taken  off  the  ground  and 
driven  with  violence  againit  a  wall,  by 
which  his  face  and  arm  were  much 
bruifed ;  many  window-fluittersj  &c. 
were  blown  to  a  diftance,  particularly 
thofe  belonging  to  the  Ihop  of  Mr  Mar- 
riott, which  were  forced  from  their 
faftenings,  and  one  of  them  conveyed 
away  upwards  of  100  yards  with  the 
greatelt  velocity ;  an  empty  waggon 
was  moved  upwards  of  20  yards,  and, 
by  a  contrary  guft  of  wind,  was  driven 
nearly  to  the  fame  fpot  where  it  fir  ft 
ftood  ;  a  waggon,  containing  three  tons 
weight,  was  removed  three  or  four 
yards.  Immediately  preceding  the 
whirlwind,  the  rain  defcended  in  fuch 
torrents  as  to  deluge  the  lower  rooms 
of  many  houfes.  A  bullock  was  killed 
by  the  lightning  in  the  lib(  rty  of  Thorp 
Arnold.  What  is  remai  kable,  the  wind 
appears  to  have  confined  itfelf  to  the 
town  of  Melton,  no  perfon  or  building 
in  tJie  fields  or  villages  adjacent,  expe- 
riencing its  effeitb ;  happily  its  dura- 
tion was  fliort,  otherwife  the  damage 
would  have  been  much  more  confider- 
able. 

On  Thurfday  evening  there  was  a 
very  violent  thunder-ftorm  in  the  town 
and  neighbourhood  of  Stafford,  attend- 
ed with  heavy  rains.  In  Tixal  park 
two  litifers  and  two  bullocks  (which 
were  under  a  tree)  were  killed,  and  a 
number  of  trees  ihattered  by  the  light- 
ning. 

Tuefday  evening  laft,  about  fix  o'* 
clock,  during  a  fliort  but  fevere  thun- 
der llorm,  a  barn  belonging  to  Mr 
Woodraffee,  of  Rumfey,  in  Eflex,  in 
the  occupation  of  Mr  Scriiton,  of  Lit- 
tle Oakley,  was  Ih  uck  by  lightning,  and 
confumed,  with  the  ftock  and  utenfils 
therein  ;  but,  by  the  fpirited  excrtiona 
of  the  inhabitants,  the  adjacent  pre- 
mifTes  were  refcued  from  the  flames. 

On  Thurfday  afternoon,  at  Notting- 
ham, there  was  a  very  violent  ftorm  of 
thunder,lightning,  and  rain,  which  con- 
tinued four  or  five  hours.  The  ware- 
houfeman  of  Mellrs  Malfby,  St  James's 
ftreet,  looking  out  of  the  window,  was 
ftruck  down  with  a  llaih  of  lightning; 
his  cloaths  were  partly  burnt,  the  fil- 
ver  cafe  of  his  watch  and  fteel  chain  i 
were  partially  melted  in  his  pocket,  and 
he  continued  fome  minutes  fpeechlefs;  | 
nor  has  he  yet  recovered  from  the  fhock. ' 

EDIN- 


June  1802. 


British  JntelUgcnce. 


EDINBURGH. 

Wis  Majesty's  Birth  Day, 

June  4.  Being  the  anniverfary  of  Iiis 
Majcdy^s  Birth  Day,  who  enters  into 
the  65th  year  of  his  age,  the  fame  was 
obferved  at  Edinburgh  with  the  ufual 
demonftrations  of  joy.  At  twelve  o'- 
cli)ck  the  great  guns  were  fired  from 
the  Caftle,  the  Lochaber  Fencibles, 
drawn  up  on  the  Caftlehill,  fired  a  feu- 
ds joy  e.^  the  guns  from  the  battery  at 
Lcith,  and  the  (hips  in  the  Roads,  were 
alfo  fired,  and  the  beils  fct  a-ririging. 
No  bufinefs  was  done  in  the  Court  of 
Seflion,  and  the  Banks  and  Public  Of- 
fices were  fhut.  In  the  afterrioon,  the 
Magiftrates  gave  a  grand  collation  to 
a  number  of  Noblemen  and  Gentle- 
men in  the  Parliament  Houfe,  which 
was  decorated  in  a  very  beautiful 
and  pidurefque  manner,  with  flowers, 
Hirubs  &c.  There  was 'an  Alieinbly 
in  the  Aflembly  Roums,  George  Street, 
in  the  evening. 

The  precautions  taken  by  the  Ma- 
g^iftrates  and  Sheriff,  for  the  preferva- 
tion  of  good  order  in  the  city,  on  his 
Majelly*s  birth  day,  and  the  exertions 
of  the  Moderator  and  Society  of  Con- 
ftabies  for  the  maintenince  of  it,  de- 
ferve  the  warmelt  thanks  of  the  inha- 
bitants. 

it  is  beyond  the  recoUedion  of  the 
oldtft  citizen,  that  they  ever  obferved, 
at  any  former  period,  fuch  general  hap- 
pinefs  unfullied  vvjth  riot  or  outrage. 
The  obedience  that  was  Ihewn  by  the 
young  and  lower  o  ders  to  the  injunc- 
tions in  the  proclamation,  prohibiting 
thefe  excefics,  fufficiencly  ihew  how 
much  thty  rtfped  obedience  to  the 
laws  and  the  good  order  of  the  place, 
when  their  own  good  fenfe,  and  the  re- 
commendations given  to  them  by  their 
parents  and  malters  are  propeiiy  at- 
tended to;  and  it  affords  a  pleafing 
proiptd,  that  in  time  coming,  our  city 
will  no  longer  be  reproached  with  thok 
dangtrous  and  filthy  demonftrations  of 
tumultuous  joy  which  endangered  its 
inhabitants  and  dilgraced  its  police. 

Letters  from  Aberdeen  mention  an 
unlortunate  circumilance  which  occur-, 
red  there  on  his  Majefty's  birth-day. 
In  eonfequence  ot  a  quirrel  between 
the  populace  and  the  Rofs  and  Cromar- 
ty Fencibles.  the  latter  fired  upv^n  the 
former,  by  which  ieveral  perfons  were 
Uotbrtunately  kilkd  and  wounded. 


Lieut-General  Vyfe  ha<;  appointed 
jMajor  Hart,  late  Brigade  Major  to  the 
North  Britu'h  Staff,  to  be  one  ot  his 
Aides-dc-Carap. 

At  JJuimfries,  on  the  Fling's  birth- 
day, the  :iiL'oer  Gun,  the  venerable  do- 
nation of  one  of  our  ancient  Scottilh 
Mon  .rchs  to  the  Incorporated  Trades 
of  Dumfries,  was  (hot  for  on  the  King- 
holm  by  the  Incorporations.  They 
marched  to  the  ground  in  grand  pa- 
rade, nearly  1000  ftrong,  preceded  by 
their  colours  and  martial  malic,  whea 
the  Gun  was  won  by  Mr  William  Smith, 
6ne  of  the  Incorporaiion  of  flefliers. 

BurntuLand. —  From  the  progrefiivc 
ftate  in  which  the  herring  lifhcry  has 
gone  on  in  this  town fince  feaioti  1794- 
when  red  herrings  hrft  began  to  he 
cured  here,  urhil  this  date,  \ne  public 
will  form  an  opinion  of  the  utility  and 
great  necefiity  in  paying  attention  to 
this  valuable  branch  of  induftry.  The 
account  comprehends  the  barrels  in 
bufles  taken  off  the  bounty,  as  well  as 
thole  branded  for  the  2s.  bounty  per 
barrel. 

Account  of  barrels  white  and  red 
herrings  cured  in  Burntilland  from  fea- 
fon  1794-5  to  filhiag  feaibn  1801-2, 
both  inciufive,  dUfingunliing  each  fea- 
fon. 


EAR.R.ELS. 


IVhite^ 

Red, 

1794- 

ds 

2835 

31^ 

1795- 

-6 

Sioo 

IC04. 

1796- 

-7 

9067 

2642 

1797- 

-8 

3695 

I79S- 

-9 

5708 

1799^ 

1 800 

■  22,339 

727s 

iSoo— 

-I 

22,955 

10,892 

Isol- 

-2 

11,907 

The  population  of  Greenock  increaf- 
es  lo  rapidly,  that  noiwithltanding  the 
many  new  buildings,  many  poor  famu 
lies  could  not  procure  houtes  at  this 
term,  and  have  been  obliged  to  take 
up  their  abode  in  barns  and  outhoufes. 

Co-Lxj  Fgx, — Out  of  1 100  children 
which  have  been  inoculated  at  the 
Hall  of  the  Facidty  of  Phyhcians  and 
Surgeons  of  Glafgow,  not  one  has  died, 
nor  fuffered  any  inconveniency  that 
could  be  deemed  a  dileafe. 

There  never  was  known  fo  great  an 
afiivity  in  the  manufacture  of  Black- 
burn  calicoes  as  at  prefent,  the  orders 
for  the  fame  bein^  immenfe.    It  is  alio 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


extraortlinarv,  that  many  weavers  at 
this  time,  are  able,  fmgly,  to  earn  from 
45s.  to  SOS.  per  week  ;  and  numbers  of 
boys  and  girls,  of  12  years  of  age,  can 
earn  a  guinea  per  week  at  the  loom. — 
Blackbwn  Mail, 

The  Univerfity  of  Glafgow  have 
conferred  the  degree  of  Dodor  of  Me- 
dicine  upon  Mr  Feter  M'Dougal,  Stir- 
lin^ihire  ;  Samuel  Cox,  h.lq;  England  ; 
and  Mr  Geoige  Trimble,  Ireland. 

The  Sen^ite  of  the  Unjverfity  of  Glaf- 
gow, un  the  lolh  current,  eleded 
Archibald  Campbell,  younger  of  Sue- 
coth,  to  be  their  Dean  of  Faculties  for 
the  cnfuing  year.  They,  at  the  iam^ 
time,  conferred  the  degree  of  Doctor 
in  Divinity  on  the  Rev.  William  Meek, 
Minilter  of  Torphichen. 

The  Sctiatus  Academims  of  the  Uni- 
verfity of  Edinburgh  has  conferred  the 
degree  of  Dodior  of  Divinity  on  the 
Rev.  Mi  Wiifon,  Minifter  of  Falkirk. 

On  Wednefday  the  Right  Hon.  the 
Lord  Provoft,  Magiltrates,  and  Coun- 
cil, appointed  the  Rev.  Dr  John 
Thomfon,  minifter  of  the  New  Grey- 
friars  Church,  to  be  minilter  of  the 
New  North  Church,  in  the  room  of 
Dr  William  Gloag,  deceafed  ;  and  at 
the  fame  time  agreed  to  a  give  a  pre- 
fcntation  to  the  Rev.  Mr  Alexander 
Rrunton,  minifter  at  Bolton,  to  be  mi- 
niirer  of  the  New  Greyfriars  Church, 
in  the  room  of  Dr  Thomson. 

The  Theatre  in  Marifchd  Street, 
Aberdeen,  was  let  for  three  years,  at 
^02  guineas  per  annum.  The  Icflee  is 
iVIr  Beaumont. 

Rofeneath  Cajlle, — It  is  with  the  deep- 
efi;  concern  we  have  to  ftate,  that  this 
noble  manlion,  (one  of  the  family  feats 
of  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Argyle,)  has 
been  totally  defiroyed  by  hre. 

Curious  fad  in  Natural  Hi/lory. — At 
Archibald  Fairbairn's,  in  Pennycuick, 
there  are  three  young  fqiiireh  nurfed 
by  a  cat,  along  with  two  kittens.  The 
cat  is  extremely  fjnd  of  them. 

There  has  of  late  been  a  pra6lice  of 
flnpping  young  children,  vvhich  has 
been  carri'»id  on  by  Vv  omen,  who  gene- 
lally  lold  the  deaths  to  brokers.  Two 
women  have  l-en  apprehended  and 
committed  to  the  City  Guard,  accufed 
of  this  crime  ;  and  an  in\eftigalion  is 
nov/  going  on  into  this  bufmefs,  which, 
it  is  hoped,  will  put  an  end  to  fuch  an 
infamous  pradlice. 

Pojl  Office, — Some  erroneous  llatc- 


ments  having  appeared  with  regard  to 
the  Revenue  of  the  Poft  Office  in  the 
laft  century,  the  following  may  be  de- 
pended upon  as  accurate  : 

So  far  back  as  169 1,  there  were  three 
pofts  in  the  week  from  Edinburgh  ta 
London.  The  poft^ige  of  letters  be- 
tween Edinburgh  and  London,  charged 
on  the  Edinburgh  Office  for  fundry 
periods  in  the  lait  century,  viz. 

From  Toth  March  to  ift  May 

1693       -        -       L. 2915  19  4 

From  May  1^93  to  Ja- 
nuary 1694  -        13CC  19  2 

From  January  1694  to 

January  1695       -        1935  4 

From  January  1695  to 

January  1696       -        2105    S  3 

From  January  1696  to 

ill  November       -       1833  17  11 

In  one  month,  viz.  that  of  Odlober 
169(3,  there  arrived  at  Edinburgh  from 
London,  hnglc  letters,  605.  The  low- 
eft  number  at  Edinburgh  any  one  day 
in  that  month  was  23  hngle  letters. 
The  greateff  number  was  67.  In  th<£ 
fame  month  there  was  fent  from  PIdin- 
burgh  to  London  2684  fingle  letters. 
The  loweft  number  on  any  one  poft 
day  was  14®.  Tlie  highett  243.  And 
during  the  prior  years,  the  numbeis 
fent  from  and  received  at  Edinburgh, 
were  in  the  fame  proportion.  In  1802, 
the  whole  of  the  revenue  remitted  from 
Edinburgh  to  London,  amounted  to  the 
large  fum  of  L.  85,791  :  1 1  :  3. 

15.  There  were  200  bolls  of  oat- 
meal in  Edinburgh  jnarket,  which  fold 
from  14s.  9d.to  i  5s.  pd,  per  boll.  Re- 
tail prices  per  peck  of  beft  oatmeal, 
IS.;  fecond,  iifd.  There  were  alfo 
60  bolls  of  peafe  and  baileymeal,  which 
fold  from  9s.  6d.  to  12s.  6d.  per  boll, 
Price  per  peck,  9d.  to  nd. 

Thurfday  17th,  being  the  day  ap- 
pointed for  a  public  thank  fgiving  to 
Almighty  God,  for  the  reftoration  of 
peace,  divine  ftrvice  was  performed  in 
all  the  different  churches,  &c. 

The  following  is  faid  to  be  a  corrc(5l 
flatement  of  the  arrangement  on  the 
paper  duty  : 

Printing  and  writing  papers  of  all  ' 
claflcs  are  to  be  of  the  firft  clafs,  and  \ 
the  duty  upon  them  is  to  be  reduced  \ 
to  3d.  Blue,  common  fliop  grey,  and  I 
bloflbm  paper,  which  were  formerly  of 
the  fecond  clafs,  and  paid  only  2d.  of 
duty,  are  now  to  come  into  the  firft, 

and 


June  1802.  British  I 

and  of  courfe  to  pay  a  duty  of  3d. 
The  only  article  thac  is  now  to  be  of 
the  fecond  clafs  is  brown  paper  made 
from  tar  rope,  the  duty  on  wliich  will 
be  advanced  from  one  penny  to  three 
half  pence. 

On  the  afternoon  of  Thurfday  the 
17th,  the  following  perlbns  arrived  in 
town  from  Aberdeen,  under  cuUody 
of  Mr  George  VViliiamron,  melTenger, 
and  were  commitred  to  priion,  viz, 
linfign  John  Lanigan^  Walter  M*Ken- 
zie,  Hagh  Mitchill,  Andrew  M'KrSy, 
Alexander  Sutherland,  ferjeants;  and 
William  THomfon,  private ;  all  belong- 
ing^ to  the  Rofs  and  Cromarty  R.an- 
gers.  Their  commitment- is  in  confe- 
quence  of  the  Ute  unfortunate  affair 
at  Aberdeen,  on  his  Majelcy's  birth- 
day. They  were  brought  in  a  reve- 
nue cutter. 

It  is  pleafmg  to  record  fuch  inllances 
of  benevolent  attention  to  valuable  e- 
flablilhments  as  the  following  :  Dame 
JSine  M'Kenzie,  Lndy  Wood,  relict  of 
Sir  James  AUardyce  Wood  of  Lethem, 
Bart,  bequeathed  lately  30I.  to  the 
Canongate  Charity  Work-houfe  ;  301. 
lo  the  Poor  of  St  Cuthbert's  ;  icl.  to 
the  Afylum  foi  the  Induftrious  Blind  i 
and  lol.  to  the  Houle  of  hidultry  in 
Tiviot  Row, 

A  Ihoit  ftatement  of  a  few  of  the 
chief  obje<Sls  to  which  the  funds  of 
the  Society  for  Propogating  Chnttian 
Knowledge  are  devoted. — From  Dr 
Kemp's  Sermon,  lately  publifhed  : 

I.  Tliey  jupport  above  300  teachers 
of  religion,  literature,  and  indufiiry,  at 
the  annual  expcnce  of  L.  3500. 

i.  They  maintain  thirteen  mifTionary 
miujfters  and  catechifts,  in  various  re- 
incTe  diUrids,  at  the  expence  of  from 
:  o  to  L.  400. 

;  They  give  burfaries,  or  annual 
jeraions,  of  L.  15  each,  to  fix  l\udents 
of  divinity,  who  iVeak  the  Gaelic  lan- 
guage, with  a  view  of  traming  tbein, 
by  a  legular  attendance  upon  the  Di- 
vniity  College,  for  the  office  rf  the 
mindlry  in  the  Highlands  and  lUancis 
— hence  L.  90  per  annum. 

4.  I  hey  iupport  the  aged  and  infirm 
nmong  the  preachers  who  have  fpent 
the  belt  part  of  their  life  m  the  fervice 
*'f  the  Society,  and  are  no  lonc^er  able 
to  cffi;  iate.  The  expence  of  this  muft 
of  nectlLty  be  various  and  uncertain, 
but  is  always  confiderable  ;  foi  the  iail 
year  it  amounted  to  L.  147. 

Vol.  LXIV. 


teUigence.     *  5  c;; 

5.  They  defray  the  charges  of  can  - 
didat-es  coming  from  remote  diitance*} 
to  Edinburgh,  to  undergo  an  examina- 
tion by  the  EccleiiafticJil  Directors 
concerning  their  htnefs  for  bemg.em 
ployed  a.s  Society  School m3(^ers,  and 
often  of  their  rclidence  for  a  confider- 
able time  in  Edinburgh  for  improve- 
mer>t. 

6.  They  furnifli  their.  Schools  with  . 
Bibles,    New   Teltaments,  Spelling- 
books,  Catechiftns,  and  other  elemen- 
tary books  of  religijn  and  morals,  at  a 
very  confiderable  annual  expence. 

7.  They  have  caufed  tranftat^  th-r 
Scriptures,  both  of  thj  Old  Teftament* 
and  the  New,  as  well  as  a  variety  ot 
pious  and  ut'efiil  Treatifes,  into  the 
Ciaelic  language,  and,  by  means  of  their 
Schoolmafters,  circulated  them  through 
the  Highian-ds  and  IflanJs. 

The  original  imprelT.on  of  the  New 
Te(l:ament  being  exhauited,  they  late- 
ly printed  a  nesy  one,  confiding  of  no 
lefs  than  23,000  copies,  and  added  to 
each  the  Pialms  of  David,  translated 
into  Gaelic  metre.  A  new. edition  of 
the  Old  Tettament  is  now  aUb  very 
much  wanted;  but  to  th^  expence  of 
tnis  work  their  funds  arc,  in  their  pre-  < 
ient  (fate,  utterly  inadequate. 

The  number  of  Scholars  taught  at 
prefent  in  their  Schools,  is  15,710. 

General  AjTcmbh\ 

Thurfday,  May  27.  the  General 
Aff-mbly  having  taken  into  their  fe- 
rious  Goafideiation,  overtures  from  the 
Prefbytery  of  Lochmaben  and  Annan^ 
c  uicer!iing  the  prefent  ftate  of  the 
Parii'h  Schools  of  Scotland,  feel  them- 
lelves  called  upon,  as  the  conftitution- 
ai.fuperintendancs  of  teachers  of  youth, 
to  declare,  that  the  parochial  fchool- 
raafters  of  Scotland,  being  intruded, 
in  a  confiderable  degrer,  with  the  im- 
portant charge  of  indillijig  into  the 
minds  of  ti-e  rihng  generation,  th^e 
principles  of  religion  and  morality,  sre 
well  entitled  to  public  encourage- 
ment; that  they  are  a  ufefai  body  of 
men,  who«  exertions,  by  difleminat- 
ing  amongft  ail  ranks  of  the  comiriu- 
nity,  folid  and  practical  inftradion, 
have  contributed  very  much  to  the 
improvement,  the  gccd  order,  and  the 
fuccefs  of  the  people  of  Scotland  ; 
that  by  the  depreciation  cf  the  value 
of  money,  their  falaries  and  emolu- 
ments, which,  with  a  very  f;v.'  excep- 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


tions,  are  paid  entirely  in  money,  are 
rot  equal  to  the  gains  of  a  day  labour- 
er; that  in  many  parts  of  the  country, 
,  it  hj»s  of  late  been  found  impoflTible  to 
fill  the  parifh  fchools  with  pcrtbns  pro- 
perly qualified ;  and  that  the  whole 
order  is  finking  into  a  'itate  of  depref- 
f/on,  moft  hurtful  to  their  uiefulnefs  ; 
chat  it    is   extreratly  dehiable  that 
means  Ihould  be  devifed  foi  holding" 
forth  to  men  of  found  principles,  and 
good  capacity,  fufficient  inducement 
to  undertake  the  ofTice  of  parochial 
fchoolmalter ;  and  that  fuch  men,  pro- 
perly encouraj^ed,  having  an  intereft 
in  the  profpeiity  of  the  country,  would 
prove  the  mod  effedlual  inltruments  jf 
counteracting  the  operations  of  thole, 
who  at  prefent,  or  at  any  future  time, 
may  attempt  to  poilun  the  min.ls  of 
the  rifmg  generation,  with  principles 
inimical  to  religion,  fubveifive  of  or- 
der, and  dettrudive  of  our  happy  Con- 
Ititution  of  Church  and  State.  The 
General  AiT^mbly  uiftruCt  their  Mode- 
rator,  and   the   Procurator   for  the 
Church,  to  embrace  every  favourable 
opportunity  of  exprefling,  in  the  name 
of  the  Church,  the  fentiments  coiUain- 
<ed  in  this  declaration  ;  to  correfpond 
upon  this  important  fubject  with  his 
^lajefty's  Oincers  of  State  for  Scot- 
iaad;  and  to  co-operate  in  every  v^ay 
uwt  m?*y  appear  to  them  mo  It  prudent 
iind  effectaa],  for  giving  to  any  plan 
that  may  be  formed  for  the  relief  of 
Itie   parochial  fchociraafiers,  all  the 
weight  which  it  c?*ri  derive  from  the 
•countenaTiCe  of  the  Generai  Allembly 
«f  the  Church  of  Scotland. 

Appointed  pr  Grieve,  Sir  Henry 
Moncneii,  Dr  Kemp,  Mr  Ritchie,  M: 
Campbell  of  Ciathick,  and  Mr  Dalzei, 
to  be  a  Commitree,  with  whom  the 
Moderator  and  Procurator  may  com- 
municate on  this  fubjeCi. 

29.  The  report  of  the  Committee 
foi  revifing  the  record  of  the  Commif- 
lion  of  lait  AfTembly  rvas  given  in  and 
read  ;  in  which  the  Committee  finds 
an  unanimous  refciution  of  the  Com- 
inilTion  to  addrcfiJ  the  Earl  of  JLeven 
and  iMelviHc,  on  his  Lordfhip's  lefve:- 
.nation  of  the  olTice  of  Lord  Pligh  Com- 
miffioner ;  and,  upon  a  motion,  the 
addrefs  to  his  Lordftiip,  and  his  an- 
fwer,  were  ordered  to  be  inierted  in 
the  records  of  the  Ailembly. 

The  Affembly  having  heard  the 
overture  reXpe^fling  the  extent  and 


marches  of  the  glebes,  agreed  that  this 
overtuic  ihould  be  turned  into  the 
form  of  an  att,  and  printed  among  the 
other  ads  of  this  AiTembly. 

The  AiTembly  had  tranfmitted  to 
them,  by  tKeir  Committee  of  Bills,  3 
petition  for  Mr  Niel  M*Bride,  prefer; 
tee  to  the  church  and  parilh  of  Kilmo 
ne,  in  Arran.  Parties  being  called  in, 
Mr  R.  Corbet,  advocate,  appeared  a:- 
counfel  for  Mr  M'Bi'ide  ;  and  Mr 
M*  Bride's  acceptance  being  read,  the 
Aflembly  firft  heard  a  member  of  the 
Prcfbytery  of  Fvin^yre  on  the  refe- 
rence, and  afterwards  Mr  M'Bride'i 
counfel.  Upon  a  motion,  the  Aflem- 
bly remit  to  the  Prefbytcry  of  Kiu- 
tyrcj  dilapprovc  of  the  delay;  and 
ordain  the  Piefbytery  to  proceed  to 
the  fettlement  of  Mr  M'Bride  with  all 
convenient  fi)eed.  Parties  being  call- 
ed, and  the  fentence  read,  Mr  Corbet, 
in  name  of  the  prefentee,  took  inltru- 
raents  in  the  clerk's  hands. 

31.  The  AiTembly  ordeied  the  over- 
ture refpe6ling  the  Licenfing  of  Pro- 
bationers to  be  tranfmitted.  All  the 
caufcs  not  difcuflsd  were  referred  to 
the  Commiflion,  and  the  AiTembly  was 
diilolved  in  the  ufual  manner. 

We  have  never  feen  an  AiTembly 
where  tht-re  was  rhore  unanimity.  The 
Houfe  did  not  come  to  a  vote  upon 
any  que  It  ion. 

The  nfxt  General  AiTembly  meets 
on  the  i<?th  of  May  1S03. 


LISTS. 

MARRIAGES. 

May  24.  At  Delvin  Houfe,  Patrick 
Murray,  Efq;  of  Simprini,  to  Mifs  Sufan 
Murray,  voungeft  daug^hter  of  the  lute  Sir 
Robert  Murray  of  Hilihead,  Bart. 

25.  Captjiin  William  Campbell,  Elc?in 
fencibles,  to  Mifs  Sufan  Campbeil,  cidcll 
dau>i:hter  of  John  Campbeii  of  Auch,  E(q. 

26.  At  Pool's  Hotel,  Wiliidm  Riddel, 
Efq;  of  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  to  Mifb  Anne 
Mark  of  the  fame  place. 

Gilbert  Harvey  Weft,  Efq;  to  Mifs 
Folkes,  daughter  of  Sir  Martin  Browne 
Eolkes,  Bart. 

At  Dinnaporc,  in  the  Eaft  Indies,  C.  S, 
Maiing,  Efq;  brother  to  Lady  Muigravc, 
to  Mifs  Moore,  daughter  of  Sir  William 
Moore,  Bart. 

At  Clifton,  Henry  M^tcalf,  Efq;  of 


June  1802.         Marriages,  Births,  Deaths. 


Murton.Houfe,  Northumberland,  to  Mrs 
De  I.a  Beche,  widow  of  Col.  De  La  Bcche, 
iitc  of  Halfe-Hali,  Jamaica. 

At  Arundel,  Suflcx,  A.  J.  Griffiths,  Efq; 
Captain  in  the  Navy,  to  Mifs  Parker,  of 
•  that  place. 

At  Alnwick,  Mr  Thomas  Grey  of 
Wooden,  near  Kelfo,  to  Mifs  Margaret 
Laing,  of  Birdhope- Craig,  Northumber- 
iand. 

At  Glaf^ow,  Mr  James  Paterfon,  mer- 
chant, to  Mrs  Jean  Muir,  daughter  of  John 
Muir,  Efq;  of  Pcil  Thornton. 

At  Lond<A,  the  Hon.  James  Abercrom- 
by,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  to  Mifs  Leigh,  eldeft 
daughter  of  Kgcrton  Leigh,  Efq;  of  High 
Leigh  and  Twenilow,  in  the  county  of 
Cheiier. 

Lord  Sydney,  to  Lady  Charlotte  Cle- 
aiL-nts.  laimcdiately  after  the  cereaiony, 
the  new  ly  wedded  pair  fct  off  for  his  Lord- 
ihip's  feat  at  Frogneil,  in  Kent, 

At  Loudon,  Mr  W.  G.  Rofe  of  the 
Houf<;  oi  Commons,  to  Mifs  F,  Davies,  of 
.Guildford  Oicet. 

June  3,  At  CalTencarle,  Thomas  Cook- 
fon,  Eh-  of  Knopftrop,  in  the  county  of 
York,  U-.  MiU  Philadelphia  M^Murdo, 
daugh^.er  of  the  dece^^fcd  Capt.  Robert  M'- 
Murdo,  of  the  Hon  EaJi  India  Company's 
fcrvice- 

8.  At  Geanies,  in  Rofsftiire,  Sir  George 
Stewart  Mackenzie,  of  CouU,  Bart,  to  Mifs 
Mary  M'Leod,  fifth  daughter  of  Donald 
M'Leod  of  Gcanic*,  Efq. 

14.  At  Borguc  Houfe,  Mr.  David  Mii- 
ligau  Jolly,  Excife-officc,  Edinburgh,  to 
Mifi  Marion  Biair,  youngeft  daughter  of 
David  Biair,  Efq;  of  Borgue. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Thooias  Graham,  Efq; 
writer  in  Giafgow,  to  Mifs  Agnes  Spears, 
daughter  of  the  late  Kcv.  Alexander  opeara. 

BIRTHS. 

Xday  28.  At  Delvin  Houfc,  Mrs  Muir 
Mackenzie,  a  daughter. 

The  Duchefs  of  Dorfet,  a  fon. 

The  Righc  Hon.  Lady  Charlotte  Dun- 
combe,  a  daughter. 

At  Riy  Lodge,  Woodford,  the  Lady  of 
Will  iam  Frafer,  Efq;  a  daug'hter. 

At  Chatham,  the  Lady  of  Captain  Bean 
of  the  guards,  a  daughter. 

At  London,  the  Lady  cf  Major  David- 
Con,  a  fon. 

At  London,  the  Right  Hon.  Lady  Fran- 
ces Morclon,  a  fon  and  heir. 
June  %,  The  Lady  of  John  Smith,  Efq; 
!  )t  Finlbury-fquare,  a  fon. 
-    a.  The  Lady  of  Dr  Pemberton,  George* 
-r  HanovcT-fquarc,  a  ion, 


4.  At  London,  the  Countcfs  of  Gaffillig, 
a  fon. 

5.  At  Balbardy,  Mrs  Marjoribanks  of 
Marjoribanks,  a  fon. 

IS.  At  Anchorfield,  Mrs  Wm  Gn.  M*- 
Rae,  a  daughter. 

IS'  -At  Ely  Houfe,  The  Lady  of  Col.  Ro. 
bert  Anllruther,  of  the  Loyal  Tay  Feud- 
bles,  a  fon. 

DEATHS. 

On  the  1 6th  of  November  laft,  at  Bhan- 
gulpore,  in  the  Eaft  Indies,  Charles  Ha- 
milton, Efq;  fon  of  the  late  Charles  HamiL 
ton,  Elq;  of  Holyrood- Houfe,  Edinburgh. 
.  May  6.  At  Exeter,  Thomas  Home,  £% 
ion  to  the  late  Mr  Ninian  Home  of  BilJie. 

---  At  Guernfcy,  aged  40,  Serjeant  Sa- 
muel Macdonald,  well  known  by  the  ap- 
pellation of  Big  Sam,  He  was  a  native  of 
the  county  cf  Suiherland. 

9.  The  infant  Ion  of  William  Maxwcli 
of  Caridden,  hfq. 

—  Ac  Caillebarns,  near  Edinburgh,  Mifs 
Helen  Campbell,  eldeib  daughter  of  the  lati 
James  Campbell,  Efq;  of  Crai^nifh. 

H.  At  her  liouie  in  Brown's  Square, 
Mifs  Anne  Jardine,  daughter  of  the  late 
Rev.  Mr  Robert  Jar^inc. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  Mifs  Anne  Hill,  cl- 
deft  daughter  of  Dr  Hill,  of  the  Uuiveriity 
of  Edinburgh. 

Ac  Berwick-upon  Tweed,  aged  72,  Mrs 
Elizabeth  Renwiek,  daughter^  of  the  late 
Sir  William  Purvis  of  Purvis-hail,  Bart* 
and  niece  of  the  late  Earl  of  Marchaiont. 

Iz.  Mr  Thomas  Buchanan  of  Croy, 
merchant  in  Giafgow. 

—  At  Mr  L  c\  houfc.  New  Street, 
Mifs  Ann  M'Laren,  daughter  of  the  deceaf- 
ed  John  McLaren,  Efq;  late  of  Jamaica. 

—  At  Byth,  m  the  Sjfl  year  of  his  age, 
Adam  Urquhart,  Efq;  of  Byth. 

13.  At  Preftic,  near  Ayr,  at  an  advanc- 
ed age,  Mr  Alexander  BraJfute,  formerly 
one  of  the  Grammar-Sthool  mailer-  of 
Giafgow. 

14.  At  Antermony,  far  advanced  in  life, 
Airs  Mary  Peters,  rclid  of  the  Ute  John 
Bell,  Efq;  of  Antermony,  to  whom  litera- 
ture is  indebted  for  tne  narrative  of  his 
travels  through  Ru'.lia  and  Tartary  to  Pekm 
in  China.  She  was  a  native  of  RulTia,  and 
furvuved  her  hufband  nearly  z%  ye«a-s,  du- 
ring which,  retirement  fron^  the  world 
and  a  lludious  regard  to  domeliic  decorum^ 
were  the  iinSt  regimen  of  her  fecluvled  wi- 
dowhood. 

16.  At  Greenock,  Mrs  Mary  Kvle,  \vif- 
of  Mr  Dav^id  WiUiaoifou,  m^rcha.-u 


Deaths, 


Vol.  64. 


17.  The  Hon.  Mrs  Hall,  daughter  of  the 
late  Lord  Lifle. 

—  At  Glenrath,  Mr  Robert  Laidlaw, 
eldeft  fon  of  Walter  Laidlaw,  Efq;  of  Hynd- 

hope.  .  ,  r 

^  At  Whltefide,  Adam  Smith,  Eiq;  of 

Whitefule. 

^  At  Dumfries,  Mr  John  Lylc,  mer- 
chant, . 

19.  At  Edinburgh,  Sir  Phihp  Ainflie  of 

Pilton. 

11.  At  Anrte«;f)c!d,  in  the  parilh  of  Tin- 
wald,  Mr  Robert  llarkntf?,  farmer,  in  the 
7SLh  year  of  his  age. 

2 J.  At  Ecclefmachan  M^nfi-,  Mrs  Mar- 
jraret  IreUmd,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Lif- 
too,  miiiidrr  of  that  parifli. 

15.  Dr  Fordycc,  F.  P..  S.  and  Senior 
Phyficinn  .to  St  'I'homas's  Hnfpital.  He 
joined  to  a  very  extcnfive  knowled<rc  in  c- 
very  branch  of  fcience,  a  moft  bcncvolcr.t 
and  philanthropic  heart,  which  endeared 
him  to  all  hi^  relations  and  friends. 

26.  At  Fdinhuroh,  Mrs  Curric,  relia 
cf  William  Currie,  Ffq;  Selkirk. 

At  Lowther  Hall,  in  Weflmoreland,  the 
Rijvht  Hon.  the  Farl  cf  Lonfdale,  Baron 
Lowther,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  the  ciumtits 
of  Cumhtrland  and  Weftmorcland— His 
Lor<1ihip  died  of  a  morrification  in  his 
boweb.  He  had  for  mary  years  been  in 
iuch  a  precr.rious  ft:/e  of  health,  as  at  times 
to  be  ted  from  the  bread.  '1  he  Earldom 
of  Lonfdaie  is  fxtina  ;  but  the  Barony  of 
Lowther  delcends  to  hib  relation,  Sir  Wil- 
liam Lowther,  Bart. 

At  London  the  Her.  Frederick  Stuart, 
Member  of  Pailiamcnt  for  the  county  of 
Bute. 

At  Edinburgh  Mifs  Catharine  Bufhby, 
dauohrer  of  John  Liufhby,  Efq;  Tinwaid- 
Downs. 

At  Glafgow,  in  the  86th  year  of  her  age, 
Mrs  Mary  Hcndevfon,  wife  of  Mr  John 
llendcrfon,  merchdin. 

At  Newrv,  Mr  ]?.mes  Clenny,  merchant. 

At  Stirl.rg  Callle,  Mrs  Forreller,  wife 
of  Lie-:  ten  ant  For  roller. 

At  Dairy,  Mr  Wiiliam  Dempfter,  drug- 
gift  in  Edinburgh. 

At  Edinburgh,  Mrs  Helen  Shiells,  reha 
cf  ti  e  Rev.  Mr  Rolu  rt  Bryce,  late  minif- 
rer  of  the  gotpel  at  Dron. 

Ac  Dun-.KitS,.  Mrs  Jane  Gibfon,  wife  of 
Mr  ](Atyh  Gibfon,  King's  Arms. 

At  Weibiiirfter,  Col,  WiUiam  Robert- 
fon,  cf  the  Royal  Invalids. 

Mifs  1  horr.con,  eldcll  daught-r  of  Sa. 
muel  Thornton,  Efqj  M.  P.  for  Hull. 

At  Cheaer,  Mrs  Erfkinc,  wife  of  Cap- 
tain Erfeine,  of  the  22d  regiment  of  foot. 

At  his  lodging^s  in  Jefus  College,  Oxford, 


aged  94,  the  Rev.  Jofeph  Hoare,  1).  D. 
Principal  of  that  Society,  Prebendary  of 
Weflminfter,  and  ReAor  of  Turwefton, 
Northamptonfhire.  His  death  was  in  con- 
fequence  of  the  followinef  extraordinary  ac- 
cident. As  he  was  fittinjr  at  tea,  Ibniebody 
moved  the  table  upofi  his  favourite  cat,  and 
gave  the  animal  fuch  pain  that  it  flow  di- 
redlly  at  the  Do6ltor,  and  the  wound  pro- 
duced by  its  claws  occafi'jued  a  mortifica- 
tiM),  which  put  a  period  to  the  life  of  a 
very  worthy  and  learned  man.  Dr  Hoare 
attended  the  Earl  of  Harcourt  to  the  Couri 
of  Mecklenb-urg-Strelitz  in  1^61,  and  bad 
the  high  hi)nour  of  marrying  our  gracious 
Queen. 

At  her  houfe,  in  George's  Square,  Mrs 
Williamfon. 

At  Drimmie  Honfe,  Mrs  Cranfloun. 

In  India — At  lietiiampore,  Major-Genc- 
ral  Robert  Riiwftornc.  At  Madura,  Capt. 
James  Campbell,  74th  regiment.  At  Ma- 
dras, Bofwell  BarkifonjEfq.  At  Futty  Ghur, 
Capt.  Bernard  Rofc.  In  Bengal,  Enfiga 
Thomas  ^haw.  At  Bombay,  Harry  For- 
rcfler  Conflable,  Efq. 

'june  I.  At  Barrogil  Caftle,  in  the  T3tH 
year  of  his  age,  John  Lord  Berriedale,cldcft 
fon  of  the  Right  Hon.  James  Eail  of  Caith- 
nefs. 

2.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  Allan  Dow,  writ* 
ing-maf^*^,  much  ana  jiifliy  regretted. 

3.  .^t  Walworth,  in  his  7th  year,  Archi* 
bald  Macnab,  only  fo»  of  the  late  Joha 
Macnab,  Efq;  of  Newton. 

5.  At  Peterhead,  Mr  Alexander  Ogilvy ' 
merchant  there. 

6.  At  Edinburjrh,  Mifs  Agnes  Scott^ 
eldeft  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Scott  of 
Coldftrca^n,  minifter  of  Invv-rleiThcn. 

8.  At  London,  Dr  Donald  Monro,  orit 
of  the  Ph}ficians  General  of  the  army, 

9.  At  Edinburgh,  iit  the  eighty- tirll  yeifi 
of  bib  age,  the  K.ight  Hen.  David,  Eart  ol 
Leven  ai  d  Melvill,  Stc. 

13.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  Thomas  Rull?, 
writer. 

17.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  William  GaJ- 
brauh,  farmer,  Broxburn,  juPLly  rtz^rtiX.^ 

2C.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  David  Hutchikj^ 
late  Shenft-fubfti:ute  cf  Rer-frewflnre. 

23.  At  Dalnotter,  Mr  Robert  Whitwortj 
engineer,  much  regretted. 

24.  At  Edinburgh,  Margaret  Elliot,  wi| 
of  Mr  John  Lament,  wrigh:. 

Huddington^  "june  23. 
"Wheat,  39s.  Barley,  22s.  Oat?, 
Peafe,  163.      Beans,  15s.  6d. 

Edinburgh,  June  29.  Oat-meal,  is.  idJ 
Bear-meal;  iid.     Peafe-meal,  ^d. 


SCOTS 

For 


THE 

MAGAZINE, 

JULY  i8o2- 


Page 

ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

A  Biographical  Memoir  of  the 
late  Duncan  Forbes  of  Culloden, 
Lord  Prcfident  of  the  Court  of 


Scffion  .  -^31 

Stridures  on  Laing's  Diflcrtation 

on  the  Poems  of  Oflian  341 
On  Novels  and  Romances,  con- 
cluded 545 
Life  of  Fenelon,  Archbilhop  of 

Cambray  549 
On  the  Origin  of  Sacrifices  557 
Defcription  of  the  Scenery  on  the 

river  Yarrow  563 
Biographical  Qjiery  565 
Obfervatious  on  the  Complaynt  of 

Scotland  566 
Literary  coincidence  between  the 

Pcrfic  and  Flemifh  573 

LITERARY  EXTRACTS  AND 
NOTICES. 

Sketch  of  the  Hiftory  of  the  Epif- 

copal  Church  of  Scotland  575 
Hiftory  of  the  defeat  of  Suvarrof, 

by  the  French,  Sept.  1799  j8i 
Hornemaa's  Travels  in  Africa  585 
Literary  Notices,  &c.  589 
Scotiih  Literary  Notices  590 

POETRY. 

The  Green  Veil  591 
On  the  deftrudion  of  fome  Swal- 
lows nefts  in  the  country  592 
The  S  lilor  and  the  Virgin  592 
Two  Sonnets  593 


Page 

The  Negle<ftit  Laffie?  593 
The  Traveller's  Return,  by  the 

late  Mifs  Blamire  5^4 

Song,  by  the  fame  594 
To  the  Memory  of  Burns,  by  James 

Pace  594 

Imperial  Parliament. 

Proceedings  in  theHoufe  of  Lords  595 
Proceedings  in  the  Houle  of  Com- 
mons 596 
His  Majefty's  Speech  at  the  dlf- 
folution  of  the  Parliament  605 

MONTHLY  REGISTER, 
Foreign  Intelligence. 

France  606 
Holland,  Germany,  Sardinia  607 
Turky,  America,  India,  China  608 

British  Intelligence. 
Gazette  Intelligence  609 

London* 

General  Orders,  Army  610 

Cabinet  fpeculatlons  610 

Prevention  of  the  Fly  in  Turnips  6j  r 

Incidental  Occurrences  611 

Edinburgh* 


Scarcity  of  Game 

6ii 

Scotch  Militia 

6ia 

Subfcription  for  a  ftatue 

of  Mr 

Dundas 

Incidental  Occurrences 

613 

LISTS— Marriages,  Births, 

&c»  613-16 

EDINBURGH. 

Printed  by  Alex.  Chapman,  &  Co.  Fonester^s  Wynd, 
For  the  Proprietors  : 
And  Sold  by  Archibald  Constable,  High  Street,  Edinburgh. 
Vnd  to  be  had  of  the  Principal  Eook(eliers  in  the  United  Kingdom, 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 


A  Dissenter^s  Anfwer  to  the  Paper  of  Laelius,  on  the  Neceflity  of  an 
Eftablifhed  Religion,  is  received,  and  will  appear  in  our  next.  To  the 
freedom  of  difcuffion,  while  not  licentious,  our  mifcellany  is  always  open. 
When  invedlive,  either  perfonal,  or  againft  tenets  fandioned  by  the  ge' 
neralfenfe  of  mankind,  is  offered  for  our  infertion,  our  Correfpondentsi 
muft  always  expecfl  a  refufaL 

Our  northern  poetical  Correfpondent,  ufing  the  fignature  of  Duncan 
Gray,  will  obferve  that  we  have  inferted  h<ilf  of  his  favours.  The  other  i 
fong  is  facetious,  rather  incorred  upon  the  whole,  but  may  perhaps  be 
admitted. 

The  author  of  the  Poem  called  Felicity  is  rcfpeafully  informed,  thatj 
we  do  not  undertake  to  publilh  all  the  pieces  which  we  announce  as  r<?-i 
ceived.  It  is  by  no  means  a  rule  with  us  to  mention  the  receipt  of  everj-j 
poem  tranfmitted;  a  few  of  thofe  la/l  come  to  hand  are  mentioned,  tlic^ 
reft,  a  very  numerous  lift,  though  perhaps  much  more  eligible,  we  have' 
not  room  to  announce.  The  Verfes  on  felicity  v/ill  be  remitted  to  tlie' 
author. 

Our  Biographical  Correfpondents,  are  requefted  to  confine  their  very- 
acceptable  communications,  to  original  ftetches  ;  tranflations  from  other 
writers,  lay  us  under  the  obligation  either  of  rejeding  them,  or  giving' 
them  in  the  fecond  part.  '  ! 

The  paper  of  Scotus,  on  the  late  conjnn<flion  of  Saturn  and  Jupiter,' 
will  appear  in  our  next. 

^  The  E/fay  on  the  Difadvc^ntages,  refulting  from  Difputing  Societies, 
IS  received,  and  will  likewife  be  inferted. 

J.  R.  on  the  merits  of  Schloetzer's  Ruflian  Refearches,  may  probably 
have  a  place  in  our  next  number. 

As  it  is  the  wifli  of  the  Editors  of  the  Scots  Magazine  to  promote 
a  juft  national  tafte  for  the  elegant  arts,  as  well  as  for  abftracl  and  polite 
literature,  they  v/ould,  with  pleafure,  devote  a  part  of  their  mifcellany 
to  obfervations  calculated  to  inveftigate  the  principles,  and  illuftrate  the 
efFeds,  of  Architedure,  Sculpture,  Painting,  Engraving,  and  the  art  of 
Ornamental  Gardening.  Th^  Edicors  are  aware  of  the  ftate  of  this  coun- 
try being  every  way  fufceptible  of  the  higheft  improvements  in  the  polite 
arts  hinted  at ;  and,  while  the  great  progrefs  made  in  the  elegant  arts 
in  this  country,  within  the  laft  half  century,  authorife  them  to  expecl: 
much,  they  Ihould  deem  themfelves  happy  if  the  Scots  Magazine  were 
to  be  the  means  of  concentrating  the  talents  in  this  metropohs,  by  pro-, 
motirig  what  has  long  been  a  defideratum,— ^z/z  exhibition  of  the  works  of 
art,  by  the  artifts  refident  in  Edinburgh.  " 


I'liblUhd  hi'  J .  Ci'ns/ohh  jEdinburoh  Auii'\' /Son  . 


SCOTS 

For 


THE 

MAGAZINE, 

JULY  1802, 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  MEMOIJL 

OF  THE  LATE  RIGHT  HON. 

DUNCAN  FORRES,  of  CULL0DF:N; 

LORD  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  COURT  OF  S£SS10M. 


To  the  Publisher  of 

—-NON  SIBi 

Sir, 

AMONG  the  niany  arguments 
adduced  to  recoipmend  the 
Audy  of  hiftory,  it  h'43  been  faid, 
that  it  teaches  wifdom  without  the 
danger  of  experience,  and,  by  point- 
ing out  the  paths  of  thofe  who  have 
gone  before  us,  that  it  facilitates, 
for  their  followers,  the  journey  of 
life. — Hiftory  has  been  called  phi- 
lofophy,  teaching  by  examples  ;  and 
wc  are  ready  to  confefs,  that  in  re- 
gard to  the  contemplative,  and  the 
obfervant,  the  events  and  examples 
of  hiftory  im.prefs  the  njind  with  all 
the  weight  of  truth  ;  but,  Sir,  of 
the  human  race,  the  contemplative 
and  the  obfervant  compofe  a  very 
difproportionate  part ;  and  even  with 
refped  to  them,  it  is  very  doubtful 
^^  hether  hiftorical  fads,  depolited  in 
the  memory,  are  not  more  frequent- 
ly employed  for  fliew  than  for  ufc  ; 
and  whether  they  do  not  ferve  ra- 
tt^  Vol.  LXIV. 


the  Scots  Magazine. 

S2D  TOTI.  > 

ther  to  diverfify  converfation,  than 
to  regulate  life. 

V;  E  are  far,  however,  from  hav- 
it  in  intention  to  depreciate  the  va- 
lue ('f  hiftorical  refearch  ;  but  we 
contend,  that  few  are  engaged  in 
fucli  fcenes,  as  give  them  oppoitu- 
nities  of  growing  wifer  or -better, 
by  the  downfai  of  ftatefmen,  or 
by  the  defeat  of  generals.  The  de- 
Ibriptions  of  battles,  the  ftratagems 
of  war,  the  charadlers  of  kings,  and 
the  intrigues  of  courts,  contain  very 
little  which  can  Jnftruifl  or  intereit 
the  private  and  more  numerous  claf- 
fes  of  the  community  ;  and  are  in- 
deed perufed  by  far  the  greater  pai  t 
of  mankind,  w^ith  the  fame  indi:ffer- 
ence,  as  the  adventures  of  fabled 
heroes,  or  the  revolutions  of  a  fairy 
region.  80  juit  is  the  cbfervatioa 
of  a  great  moralift,  That  between 
falfelicod  and  ulelefs  trutli,  there  is 
4  B  little 


532 


Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.      Vol.  64. 


little  dIfFerence  ;  and  that  as  gold 
which  cannot  be  fpent,  will  make 
no  man  rich,  fo  knowledge  which 
he  cannot  apply  will  make  no  man 
wife." 

But  an  exa<5l  and  authentic  ac- 
countof  individuals,  who  havegreat- 
ly  excelled  in  any  of  the  depart- 
ments «f  aclive  or  contemplative 
life,  feems  to  be  a  mode  of  inftruc- 
tion  peculiarly  calculated  for  abeing 
jfo  prone  to  imitation  as  man  ;  and 
even  the  mifchievous  confequences 
of  vice  and  of  folly,  of  irregular  de- 
fires  and  of  predominant  paffions, 
are  beft  difcovcred,  and  ftrike  home 
to  the  mind  with  greater  force,  by 
thofe  relations  which  are  levelled 
with  the  general  furface  of  life. 

When  a  fmgle  charader  is  dif- 
tindlly  delineated,  we  can  eafily  pur- 
iue  the  outline,  as  the  painter  finds 
no  difficulty  to  copy  frcm  an  origi- 
nal pi(5ture  placed  before  his  eyes. 
We  have  thus  an  exemplar  laid  be- 
fore us,  whom  we  would  choofe  to 
imitate  on  fimilar  emergencies,  and 
we  can  tread,  with  implicit  confi- 
dence, in  the  footfteps  of  the  njoft 
diilinguifhed  men.-- — Ariftotle  has 
ibmewhere  obferved,  that  the  ftory 
of  an  individual,  as  it  is  a  fmgle  ob- 
jedt,  is  comprehended  more  fully, 
and  therefore  attended  to  with  great- 
er pleafure,  than  a  hi  ftory  in  which 
many  perfons  are  introduced. 

From  thefe  reafons,  biography 
appears  to  be  more  inilrudive  than 
civil  hiftory  ;  and  indeed,  of  all  the 
various  kinds  of  narrative  writings, 
it  is  that  which  is  moft  eagerly  read, 
and  mod  readily  applied  to  the  pur- 
pofes  of  life  ;  though  it  muft  be  con- 
feffed  that  the  biographer,  in  gene- 
ral, has  not  be  flowed  upon  his  nar- 
ration, that  degree  of  labour  and 
of  attention,  with  which  the  hifto- 
rian  has  compofed  his  pages. 

Impressed  with  thefe  ideas  of  the 
importance  of  biography,  you  may 
be  affured,  that  that  part  of  your 
arrangement  which  comprehends 


memoirs  and  notices  of  diftinguilh- 
ed  perfonages,  has  much  of  my  ap« 
probation  ;  and  although  I  think 
that,  occafionally  indifcriminate  in 
your  choice,  you  have  been  at  the 
unmerited  trouble  of  raking  up, 
from  the  afhes  of  oblivion,  names 
who  ought  to  have  been  configned 
forever  to  undifturbed  repofe;*  yet 
have  I  been  both  pleafed  and  in- 
ftrufted  by  others  of  your  biogra- 
phical narratives ;  and,  from  the 
fpecimens  which  you  have  aflForded, 
I  may  venture  to  predidt,  that  if 
you  are  judicious  in  your  feledion, 
and  aiTiduous  in  your  fcrutiny  for 
materials,  future  ages  may  have  re- 
courfe  to  your  publication,  as  to  a 
faithful  Necrology  of  Scottifli  Wor- 
thies. 

The  gentleman  of  whom  a  bio- 
graphical fketch  is  introduced  to 
the  notice  of  your  readers,  by  thefe 
obfervations,  adted  a  confpicuous 
part  on  the  theatre  of  public  life  : 
by  his  contemporaries  he  was  be- 
loved for  his  perfonal  virtues,  and 
admired  for  his  confummate  talents; 
but  of  thefe  by  far  the  greater  num- 
ber have  retired  from  the  fcene  of 
mortality  ;  and  fcarcely  with  any 
of  thofe  few  who  remain,  has  the 
writer  had  an  opportunity  of  com- 
municating. He  is,  of  courfe,  very 
inadequately  fupplied  with  materials 
for  executing  the  tafk  which  he  has 
undertaken.  Of  the  excellent  per- 
fonage  whofe  hiftory  he  purpofes  to 
relate,  there  muft  be  fome  memoirs 
among  the  records  of  his  family ;  and, 
from  his  habits  of  compofition,  it  is 
not  improbable,  that  he  has  even  left 
forne  written  account  of  himfelf ; 
but  thefe  records  his  local  fituation 
precludes  the  poftibility  of  being 
preffed  into  the   author's  fervice. 


*  E.  g.  George  Leflle  nru'ght  furcly  have 
been  left  in  the  peaceful  poff-flion  of  his 
filcnt  ch^ruber,  Vid.  No  3.  new  Merits  fub- 

Hi* 


July  1802.       Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes  533 


His  difficulties  are  ftill  farther  in- 
hanced,  by  the  circumftance,  that 
the  annals  of  the  period  during  which 
the  fubjed  of  this  memoir  was  in  of- 
ficial fituation,  do  not  go  into  that 
circumftantial  detail  regarding  his 
hiilory,  which  his  perfonal  charac- 
ter, and  his  patriotic  atchievements, 
might  well  have  challenged. 

Labouring  under  thefe  difad- 
vantages,  in  point  of  information, 
the  following  fketch  muft  be  ex- 
tremely defedive,  and  can  at  beft 
be  regarded,  but  as  the  outline  of 
a  picture,  which  fubfequent  enqui- 
ry, may  enable  the  writer,  to  deli- 
neate at  fuller  length,  and  w^ith 
more  appropriate  colouring.  Mean- 
while, as  he  has  endeavoured  to  a- 
vail  himfelf  of  every  incident  which 
came  in  his  way,  he  trufts,  that  the 
refpe^flability  of  the  fubje<5l,  will  con- 
fer an  importance  on  his  narrative, 
and  he  prefumes  to  hope,  that  his 
paper  will  not  be  perufed  without 
intereft. 

DuKCAN  Forbes  of  Culloden, 
Lord  Prefident  of  the  Court  of  Sef- 
fion,  ranked  among  thefe  truly  il- 
luftrious  few,  who  have  been  great 
without  being  wicked  :  His  exten- 
live  know^ledge,  agreeable  manners, 
and  unbleiTiiihed  integrity,  fecured 
him  the  refpe(5l  and  attachment  of 
his  co-temporaries;  and  the  patri- 
otifm  which  fignahzed  his  public 
coiidud  in  turbulent  times,  chal- 
lenges the  efteem  and  the  gratitude 
of  polterity. 

The  family  of  whom  this  great 
man  was  defcended,  had,  on  every 
emergency,  evinced  the  moft  difm- 
terefted  zeal,  for  the  welfare  of  their 
country,  and  regarding  himfelf,  it 
will  be  manifeft  m  the  fequel,  how 
much  his  induftry  and  his  addrefs, 
contributed  to  defeat  a  moil  formid- 
able  effort,  to  fubvert  its  conilitution. 

The  Forbefes,  like  many  other 
Scottilh  families,  attempt  to  derive 
their  origin  from  a  very  remote  pe- 
riod. In  this  genealogical  refearch. 

Vol.  LXIV. 


their  data  muft  at  leaft  be  equally 
valid  with  thofe  which  guide  others 
in.fimilar  enquiries:  But  unluckily, 
the  author  of  this  article,  is  neither 
antiquary,  nor  genealogift  ;  he  can- 
not of  courfe,  arbitrate  on  an  occa- 
fion  like  this,  or  fay  to  the  Forbefes, 
"  thus  far  fhall  ye  go  in  queft  of 
your  Founder,  and   no  fartlier." 
Perhaps,  he  attaches  lefs  importance 
to  invefligations   of  this  nature, 
than  many  Others,  nc^r  does  he  here 
deem  it  of  material  moment,  v/he- 
ther  we  coincide  in  opinion  xvi'rh 
Martin  of  Clermont,  a  learned' and 
judicious  antiquary,  whd  informs 
us,  that  one  Solavius  Forbes,  mar- 
ried Mara  villa,  daughter  of  King 
Gregory  the  Great,  about  the  year 
870;  and  that,  all  the  Forbefes  in 
Scotland,  are  to  regard  this  gen- 
tleman prisca  virtutisy  as  their  com- 
mon anceftor  ;  *  or,  with  other  hif- 
torians,  by  whom  we  are  informed, 
that  one  Achonacher,  a  man  of 
rank  and  intrepidity, who  came  from 
Ireland,  having  killed  a  monftrous 
wild  boar,  aiTumed  the  name  of  For- 
boar,  which  was  afterwards  foften- 
ed  into  the  lefs  guttural  term  of 
Forbes;  that  this  hero  was  the  an- 
ceftor  of  the  Forbefes,  and  that  they 
took  the  boar's  head  for  their  armo- 
rial bearing,  in  memory  of  the  fuc- 
cefsful  intrepidity  of  their  Founder, 
in  his  encounter  with  the  boar;-]'  or 
yet  with  the  laborious  Cambden, 
who  writes,  that  one  of  the  name 
of  Bois,  in  John  Baliol's  time,  after 
killing  a  mighty  wild  boar,  was 
called  F'or-bois,  which  was  after- 
wards changed  into  Forbes  if.  But 
with  all  due  deference,  to  the  vene- 
rable  antiquary,  we  muft  contend, 
that  he  is  in  an  error,  at  leaft  with 
regard  to  the  date  of  the  tranfac- 
tion,  which  he  records  ;  as  w^e  are 


*  Martin's  Gen.  colled,  v.  2d.  p.  17. 
t  .^ee  .\irDit,  vol.  I.  p.  327. 
i  Camden,  fol.  edit.  p.  712. 

4C  ia 


534  Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.       Vol.  64. 


in  poffeffion  of  undoubted  hiftorical 
proof,  that  there  were  Forbefes  in 
Scotland,  long  before  the  aera  of 
Baliol.  Others  there  are,  who  con- 
tend, (and  perhaps  the  probability 
refts  on  their  fide  of  the  argument), 
that  Forbes  is  a  local  furname,  and 
■was  firft  affumed  by  the  proprietors 
of  the  lands  and  barony  of  Forbes, 
fit.uated  in  the  county  of  Aberdeen, 
foon  after  the  reign  of  Malcolm 
Canmore.  Thefe  are  traditionary 
accounts  which  muft  be  adjufted  by 
the  refearches  of  the  antiquary ;  but, 
•we  have  neither  ability,  nor  incli- 
nation 10  entrench  on  his  province. 

However  thefe  points  of  high 
antiquity  may  be  determined,  we 
can  argue  from  authentic  docu- 
ments, that,  at  an  early  period  of 
our  hiftory,  the  Forbefes  were  a 
very  powerful  name,  and  it  appears 
from  the  beft  attefted  hiftorical  re- 
cords, that  they  have  flourifhed  in 
Scotland  for  fix  centuries  ;  for  hon- 
ourable mejition  is  made  of  John 
de  Forbes,  a  man  of  rank  and  in- 
fluence, during  the  reign  of  Wil- 
liam the  Lyon.  This  gentleman 
poflefTed  the  lands  and  barony  of 
Forbes.  He  was  the  father  of  Fer- 
gus de  Forbes,  who  obtained  a  char- 
ter from  Alexander  Earl  of  Buchan 
Fergmio  Jilio  Johannis  de  Forles^  to- 
ium  et  integrum  tenementum  de  For- 
hesy  cum  pertinenti  jacent*  in  vicecomi- 
tatu  de  Merdcery  ^c.  This  charter 
is  attefted  by  William  Cummin, 
the  Earl  of  Buchan's  brother  ;  and 
by  John  Cummin  his  eldeft  fon.  It 
was  written  about  the  year  1236.  * 

Fergus  was  fuccecded  by  his  fon, 
Alexander  Forbes,  a  man  of  great 
magnanimity  of  fpirit,  of  eltablilLed 
valour,  and  of  genuine  patriotifm  ; 
virtues  to  which  his  pofterity  can  lay 
claim  as  to  a  fiimily  inheritance.  He 
was  captain  and  governor  of  the 
Caftle  of  Urquhart,  v;hich  he  gal- 

See  Douglas's  Peerage,  p.  ^64,  and 
records  quoted  by  him. 


lantly  defended  againft  the  firft  Ed- 
ward of  England.  He  held  out  to 
the  laft  extremity,  andfpurned  with 
indignation,  every  overture  to  fur- 
render.  His  intrepidity  cxafperat- 
ed  the  barbarian  Edward  ;  and  the 
Caftle  was  at  length  taken  by  ftorm. 
The  ferocious  conqueror,  ordered 
the  whole  garrifon,  with  its  com- 
mander and  his  fons,  to  be  malfa- 
cred  in  cold  blood,  in  the  year  1 303 ; 
but  his  Lady,  pregnant  at  his  death, 
was  fortunately  delivered  of  a  poft- 
humous  fon,  who  fucceeded  him, 
and  continued  the  line  of  his  fiimi- 
ly  *. 

This  fon  obtained  the  name,  and 
inherited  the  virtues  of  his  father. 
Aduated  by  the  noble  ambition  of 
lefcuing  his  country  from  the  yoke 
of  foreign  flavery,  and  cheriftiing  a 
mortal  hatred  againft  the  murderer 
of  his  father,  when  a  very  young 
man,  he  joined  Robert  Bruce,  the 
immortal  faviour  of  Scotland,  at- 
chieved  many  heroic  exploits  in  his 
fervice,  and  adhered  to  his  fortunes 
in  his  utmoft  extremities.  This 
great  monarch  was  duly  fenfible  of 
his  fervices,  and  in  conlideration  of  ' 
the  fevere  fufFerings  of  his  family,  | 
as  well  as  of  his  own  exemplary ' 
loyalty,  conferred  on  himfelf,  and  ; 
on  his  heirs  for  ever,  a  grant  of  fe-  j 
veral  lands,  in  addition  to  his  fa-  j 
mily  inheritance.    He  was  no  lefs  j 
faithful  to  hii  benefador's  fon  and  \ 
fucceffor,  in  whofe  caufe  he  fought  3 
and  periihed  in  the  fatal  battle  of 
Duplin  in  1332  f . 

He,  too,  was  fucceeded  by  a  poft-i 
humous  fon.  Sir  John  Forbes  of  that  I 
ilk,  who  greatly  diftinguiftied  him- 
felf in  the  leigns  of  Robert  II.  and 
III.  This  gentleman  acquired,  from 
Thomas  Earl  of  JVlarr,  various 
poifelTjons  in  Aberdeenfhire>  which 
were  coniirmed  to  him,  by  a  char- 


*  Abercromby,  vol.  t- p.  516. 

f  Ibidem,  and  Ciawford's  i^eerage. 

.  .  -  .  tcr 


July  1802.    Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes. 


535 


ter  under  the  great  feal,  of  Robert 
II.  in  1373.  He  likewife  obtained 
a  grant  of  the  lands  of  Findraffie, 
by  a  charter,  yohanni  de  Forbes  dorm- 
no  ejmdcrn^  et  Margareta  sponsa  sua^ 
dand  19th  July  1378.  In  the  fifth 
year  of  Robert  III.  he  was  confti- 
tuted  jufticiar  of  Aberdeenfhire,  and 
coroner  of  that  county.  He  is  wit- 
nefs  in  a  charter  of  Ifabel,  Countefs 
of  Marr,  of  the  lands  of  Bonjed- 
worth,  to  Thomas  Douglas,  in 
which  he  is  defigned  Johannes  For- 
bes de  eodem  miles ^  dated  amio  1404. 
By  the  faid  Margaret,  he  left  four 
fons.  I.  Sir  Alexander,  his  heir. 
2.  Sir  William  Forbes,  Knight,  an- 
ceftor  of  the  Pitfligo  family.  3.  Sir 
John  Forbes,  Thane  of  Formartin, 
anceftor  of  the  Forbefes  of  Tolqu- 
hon,  Culloden,  Foveran,  Waterton, 
&c.  &c.  4.  Alexander,  anceftor  of 
the  Forbefes  of  Brux,  and  of  feveral 
other  famihes.  He  died  in  1405, 
and  was  fucceeded  by  his  eldeft  fon 
Sir  Alexander,  who  was  afterwards 
created  the  firft  Lord  Forbes 

The  fubje<fl:  of  this  memoir  was 
defcended  of  the  Forbefes  of  Tol- 
quhon ;  but  the  precife  period  at 
which  the  family  of  Culloden 
branched  off  from  that  of  Tolquhon, 
llie  refw^arches  of  the  writer  have  not 
enabled  him  to  determine ;  but  he 
is  inchned  to  the  belief,  that  a  feries 
of  years  muft  have  elapfed  before 
they  became  proprietors  of  the  lands 
of  Culloden.  The  head  of  this  lat- 
ter family  was  a  merchant  in  Inver- 
nefs  in  the  time  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well ;  and  being  a  man  of  acute 
difcernment,  of  extenfive  connec- 
tions, and  of  an  enterprifmg  fpirit, 
he  was  not  only  greatly  initrumen- 
tal  in  diifuling  the  blefhngs  cf  fe- 
cial life,  among  the  rude  inhabi- 
tants of  the  diitrid:  where  he  refi- 
ded,  and  in  opening  their  eyes  to 
the  advantages  accruing  from  com- 


*  Ibidem  and  Lumifdcn  s  IMS.  Ilif- 
tlory  of  the  Forteies. 


merce  and  induftry  ;  His  mercan- 
tile purfuits  refulted  in  fuch  folid  ad- 
vantages to  himfelf,  as  enabled  him 
to  purchafe  the  eftate  of  Culloden, 
which  was  greatly  improved  by  his 
immediate  defcendants.  His  grand- 
children were  more  efpecially  con- 
fpicuous  for  their  perfonal  virtues 
and  mental  acquirements.  Of  thefe 
gentlemen,  Duncan,  Forbes  of  Cul- 
loden, the  Lord  Prefident's  father, 
ftood  high  in  the  eftimation  of  his 
neighbours,  both  for  the  fervour  of 
his  piety,  and  for  the  rcditude  of 
his  condu(5l.  The  worfhip  of  God 
was  not  chcnunfafhionableinfamilies 
of  diftindlion  ;  and  this  good  man 
reared  an  altar  to  his  Maker  in  his 
houfe.  Private  devotion  compofed 
a  part  of  his  family  arrangements ; 
and  when  his  chaplain  was  abfent, 
himfelf  regularly  officiated  in  the 
facred  fervice.  Thus  did  he  con- 
ftantly  implore  the  bleilings  of  hea- 
ven on  his  children  ;  and  the  God 
whom  he  ferved,  lillened  to  his  pe- 
titions. After  his  fons  occupied 
confpicuous  ftations  in  the  v^orld,  it 
was  obferved  by  a  lady,  who  had 
been  intimate  in  his  family,  "  It  is 
no  wonder  that  Mr  Forbes'  chil- 
dren have  arrived  to  fo  great  ho-^ 
nours,  for  fure  I  am,  that  they  are 
the  children  of  many  a  prayer.^' 

His  brother  David  muft  have 
ftill  more  confpicuoufly  diftinguifh- 
ed  himfelf,  as  he  had  received  the 
honour  of  Knighthood;  but  the  pre- 
cife period,  or  the  particular  cir- 
cumftances  of  his  exaltation,  the 
v/riter's  enquiries  have  not  refulted 
in  fadts  which  would  enable  him  to 
afcertain.  As  he  was  a  man  of 
ability,  and  had  ftudied  the  law,  it 
is  probable,  that  he  fubferved  the 
views  cf  Court,  in  conciliating  to 
the  Union,  the  afFedions  of  his 
countrymen.  About  the  period  of 
the  Union,  Sir  David  Forbes, 
Knight,  became  proprietor  of  Nevr- 
halC  a  coniiderable  eftate  in  the  pa- 
rilh  cf  Peniivcuik,  in  the  county 
*  4  C  2  cf 


Memoir  of  the  late  Presidetit  Forbes.       Vol.  64. 


of  Mid-Lothian.  This  place  may 
iioxv  be  regarded  as  claffic  ground, 
from  its  being  the  favourite  haunt 
of  Allan  Ramfay's,  and  from  its 
having  been  chofen  by  him  for  the 
fcenes  of  his  exquifite  paftoral  poem, 
the  Gentle  Shepherd. 

Sir  David  married  Catherine 
Clerk,  a  fifter  of  the  firfl:  Sir  John 
Clerk  of  Pennycuik.  His  proper- 
ty which  he  much  improved  and 
enlarged,  devolved  at  his  death,  on 
his  eldefl:  fon  Mr  John  Forbes.  This 
gentleman  was  alfo  a  member  of 
the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  and  in- 
herited his  father^s  profeflional  abi- 
lities. He  adted  as  one  of  his  coufm's 
deputes,  v/hile  the  latter  occupied 
the  fituation  of  Lord  Advocate.  Mr 
Forbes's  charader  vv^ill  afterwards 
pafs  under  review,  we  may  here  ob- 
ferve  of  him,  that  his  mufcular  vi- 
gour fcems  to  have  correfponded 
with  the  energies  of  his  mind,  for 
it  is  recorded  of  him,  that  he  walk- 
ed from  Edinburgh  to  Glafgow, 
(44  Englifli  miles,)  and  returning 
on  foot  the  fame  day,  danced  at  a 
ball  in  the  evening. 

President  Duncan  Forbes  of 
Culloden  was  born  in  Culloden 
Houfe,  in  the  year  1685.  He  was 
a  younger  fon,  and  from  his  earlieft 
infancy,  difplayed  fuch  proofs  of 
adlive  genius,  and  of  quick  difcern- 
mcnt,  as  prefaged  the  celebrity  of 
his  future  caieer.  His  father's  re- 
fidence  being  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Invernefs,  he,  with  his  eider  bro- 
ther John,  attended  the  grammar 
fchool  of  that  town-  In  this  fem.i- 
nary,  he  ftudled  the  Latin  language 
with  the  moil  unremitting  affiduity, 
and  foon  became  fo  confpicuous  for 
his  claffical  attainments,  that  his 
companions  unreludantly  acknow- 
ledged his  fuperiority,  and  his  maf- 
ters  treated  him  with  the  moft 
marked  and  flattering  attention. 

From  this  fchool,  he  went  to  the 
Univerfity  of  Aberdeen,  whither  he 
carried  along  with  him  his.  ardor  of 


genius,  his  thirft  for  literary  acqui- 
fitions,  and  his  perfevering  dili- 
gence. His  progrefs  at  college  was 
fuch  as  might  be  expeded  from 
this  combination  of  talents  :  Every 
branch  of  literature,  to  which  he 
turned  his  attention,  he  foon  maf- 
tered,  and  he  left  the  Univerfity 
with  the  charader  of  an  accomplifti- 
ed  fcholar. 

Having  finifhed  his  academical 
career  in  Aberdeen,  we  find  him 
for  fome  time,  refident  at  home  with 
his  brother ;  and  from  fome  inci- 
dents recorded  of  him,  at  this  early 
period,  we  might  be  difpofed  to 
conclude,  that  the  remarkable  hof- 
pitality  of  his  family,  may  have  led 
him  occafionally  to  a  free  indul- 
gence of  thofe  paffions,  which  di- 
vert the  mind  from  feverer  ftudies, 
and  allure  it  to  more  focial  plea- 
fur  es. 

One  of  thefe  we  fhall  take  the  li- 
berty to  record,  as  it  furnifhes  us 
with  a  charaderiftic  feature  of  the 
manners  of  the  Highlanders,  in  the 
earlier  part  of  the  laft  century,  and 
as  the  late  Lord  Prefident  himfelf 
had  been  often  heard  to  recount  it 
with  good  humour,  and  with  much 
naivete  of  expreffion. 

On  Lady  Culloden,  his  mother's 
demife,  a  very  fumptuous  entertain- 
ment was  prepared;  and  her  chil- 
dren had  it  in  intention,  to  perform 
her  funeral  obfequies  with  the  ut- 
moft  folemnity.  On  the  day  ap- 
pointed for  the  good  old  lady's  in- 
terment, a  prcfdigious  concourfe  of 
people,  amounting  perhaps  to  fome 
thoufands,  alTembled  at  Cullodeu 
Houfe,  and  the  charge  of  entertain- 
ing them  devolved  on  Duncan,  as 
the  younger  fon.  In  his  charader, 
as  landlord,  he  plied  his  company 
with  fuch  fpirit  and  diligence,  and 
carried  his  hofpitality  to  fuch  im- 
moderate excefs,  that  a  fcene  of 
complete  intoxication  enfued,  and 
the  company  adtually  loil;  fight  of 
the  purpofe  for  which  they  ailem- 

bled^, 


July  1802.       Mmoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes. 


bled.  It  was  at  laft  moved  to  pro- 
ceed to  the  place  of  interment,  the 
table  was  inftantly  deferted,  and 
the  gentlemen  rode  from  the  houfe 
to  the  neighbouring  burial-ground  : 
But  they  2iad  unfortunately  neglec- 
ted to  give  orders  for  the  li/tinjj  the 
corpse^  a  phrafe  ftill  in  ufe  among  the 
Highlanders,  for  carrying  olF  the 
dead  body  from  the  houfe.  The 
whole  company  arrived  at  the  place 
of  interment,  without  having  once 
adverted  to  what  they  left  behind  ; 
and  while  the  friends  of  the  deceaf- 
ed  furround  her  grave,  in  order 
to  perform  the  laft  offices  they 
owe  her,  lo  I  fhe  ftill  peaceably 
occupies  the  chamber  in  which  fhe 
expired.  On  difcovering  this  ftrange 
negled,  immediate  orders  were  gi- 
ven for  carrying  thither  the  body, 
and  the  venerable  matron  was  de- 
pofited  in  her  grave,  with  all  the 
folemnity  and  decorum,  which  could 
be  eipeded  from  gentlemen,  who 
had  fo  amply  experienced  the  hofpi- 
tality  ®f  her  houfe. 

Mr  Duncan  Forbes  appears  to 
have  had  an  early  prepoifeflion  in 
favour  of  a  military  life ;  but  as. 
friends  foon  difcovered  in  him  the 
dawnings  of  a  fuperior  genius,  they 
difcouraged  his  inclination  to  the 
army,  and  urged  upon  him  the 
propriety  of  profecuting  one  of  the 
learned  profeffions.  In  compliance 
with  thefe  fuggeftions  of  his  friend^, 
he  relinquilhed  his  views  of  be- 
coming a  foldier,  and  attached  him- 
felf  to  the  ftudy  of  the  civil  law, 
which  his  laudable  ambition  point- 
ed out  to  him,  as  the  moft  promif- 
ing  profpedt  of  fecuring  the  inde- 
pendence of  a  younger  brother,  and 
of  fupporting  the  credit  and  reputa- 
tion of  his  family. 

Having  thus  formed  the  refolu- 
tion  of  becoming  a  barrifter,  he  ap. 
plied  himfelf  to  the  acquifition  of 
the  requifite  branches  of  knowledge, 
^ith  the  moft  indefatigable  induf- 
try,  and  his  exertions  were  crowned 


with  the  moft  ample  fuccefs.  In 
1708,  he  was  admitted  advocate, 
before  he  had  clofed  his  23d  year, 
and  foon  ranked  among  the  moft 
eminent  members  of  that  fociety. 
A(5iuated  by  a  generous  principle 
of  emulation,  and  refolved  to  dif- 
tinguilh  himfelf  in  the  profefhon 
which  he  had  chofen,  from  the  very 
commencement  of  his  career  as 
counfellor,  he  was  greatly  encou- 
raged, and  was  admired  for  an 
energetic,  mafculine,  perfuafive  elo- 
quence, which  he  never  proftituted 
in  fupport  of  any  wicked  proce- 
dure, but  fuccefsfully  exerted  in 
maintaining  the  rights  of  the  in- 
jured. As  a  lawyer,  I  lis  conduct 
was  marked  by  many  fignal  a(5ls  of 
difintereftednefs,  and  indeed,  from 
the  earlieft  parts  of  his  life,  he  feems 
to  have  adopted  a  principle,  which, 
in  our  more  mercenary  days,  docs 
not  certainly  conftitute  fo  promi- 
nent a  feature  in  the  characters  of 
the  gentlemen  of  the  long  robe ;  a 
generous  contempt  of  money,  which 
he  appears  never  to  have  confidered 
as  an  ultimate  obje(fi,  but  as  tha 
means  of  enlarging  thefphere  of  his 
ufefulnefs,  and  as  occafionally,  af- 
fording fcope  for  the  difplay  of  ta- 
lents,  fo  often  obfcured  and  deprcf- 
fed  by  penurious  circumftances. 

It  has  already  been  obferved, 
that  he  lived  in  a  turbulent  period 
of  our  hiftory,  v»^hich  called  into  ac- 
tion his  public  fpirit,  and  the  difin- 
terefted  love  which  he  cherifhed  for 
his  country.  The  firft  public  dif- 
play  of  his  loyalty,  he  exhibited  in 
the  rebellion  of  1715,  when  the  vio- 
lent meafures  of  the  Whig  miniftrv 
excited ^  fuch  great  difcontents  ia 
the  nation,  as  encouraged  the  par- 
tisans of  the  Pretender  to  hazard  a 
revolt.  On  this  occafion,  the  Earl 
of  Marr  was  fuccefsful  in  feducing 
many  of  the  Highland  clans  from 
their  allegiance  ;  but  on  the  family 
of  CuUoden,  he  made  no  impreffion. 
Oa  the  contrary,    the  Laird  em. 

bodied 


Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.       Vol.  64, 


bodied  all  his  tenants  in  Ferintofli, 
and  joined  iffue  with  fuch  of  his 
countrymen  as  adhered  to  tfieir  du- 
ty, the  Munroes,  the  Mackays,  the 
Sutherlands,  and  the  Frafers.  Mr 
Forbes  had  by  this  time  acquired 
confiderable  eminence  at  the  bar; 
but  on  this  emergency,  he  deemed 
it  his  duty  to  facrifice  his  perfonal 
interefts  to  higher  concerns.  He 
determined  to  poflpone  ibr  a  feafon 
his  civil  avocations,  and  to  exert 
his  influence  in  fupprefling  the 
flames  of  rebelHon.  He  therefore 
left  Edinburgh,  repaired  to  the 
north,  where,  by  his  exertions,  he 
lignally  fubferved  the  Royal  caufe. 
His  adivity  and  his  vigilance  were 
equally  confpicuous  ;  he  flept  but 
little,  and  was  in  perpetual  motion. 
He  had  diligently  fl:udied  the  con- 
llitution  of  his  country,  as  fettled 
by  the  revolution,  and  accurately 
appretiated  its  manifold  advanta- 
ges. Thefe  advantages  he  dilinea- 
led  with  a  perfuaflve  eloquence,  and 
energetically  prefTed  upon  the  at- 
tention of  all  thofe  with  whom  he 
alTociated. 

Thus  it  was,  that  by  his  cogent 
reafoningSjand  by  the  affability  of  his 
addrefs,  he  fecured  the  neutrality 
of  many  v.  hofe  hearts  were  fecretiy 
and  fondly  attached  to  the  Preten- 
der's interefts;  whilft,  on  others,  his 
advice  and  his  example  made  a 
more  falutary  impreflicn,  and  rou- 
fed  them  to  an  adive  co-operation 
m  defence  of  Government.  Con- 
nedled  by  marriage  v/ilh  a  gentle- 
man of  much  influence  in  the  coun- 
ty, *  he  prevailed  upon  him  to  give 
his  fupport  to  the  m.eafures  adopt- 
ed for  reducing  the  revoiters  to  o- 
bedience.  Convinced  by  his  argu- 
ments, and  no  doubt  influenced  by 
perfonal  attachment,  this  gentleman 
muftered  up  all  his  tenants,  and 


*  Hug'h  RoCe  of  Kilravoak,  Ffq. 


joined  the  Royal  ftandard  with  a  bo- 
dy of  500  men. 

On  this  emergency,  Mr  Forbes 
was  equally  fuccefsful,  in  reconcil- 
ing Lord  Lovat  to  the  conftituted 
authorities,  although  his  Lordfliip 
had  pledged  himfelf  to  the  Cheva- 
lier St  George,  and  had  even  en- 
tered into  engagements  with  the 
court  of  Verfailles.  In  a  fubfequent 
part  of  this  memoir,  it  will  be  feen, 
tliat  Mr  Forbes's  expofi:ulation  with 
this  Angular  character,  in  another 
rebellion,  had  not  equal  efFedl  in 
bringing  him  back  to  the  path  of 
his  duty  ;  but  his  declaring  for  Go- 
vernment in  the  prefent  conjunc- 
ture, was  pregnant  with  the  moft 
falutary  confequenccs,  and  greatly 
contributed  to  keep  the  diflliffeded 
in  awe,  and  to  preferve  the  peace 
in  that  part  of  the  country. 

Mr  Forbes's  ftrenuous  exertions 
in  behalf  of  Government,  attra6led 
the  attention,  and  conciliated  the 
cfteem  of  the  celebrated  John  Duke 
of  Argyle,  who  then  commanded 
his  Majefty's  forces  in  this  part  of 
the  kmgdom.  The  mind  cf  this 
nobleman  was  fo  fl:rongly  impreiled 
with  a  fenfe  cf  his  confummate  ta- 
lents, and  of  his  unfullied  integrity, 
that  he  not  only  difllnguiflied  him 
with  peculiar  marks  of  perfonal  at- 
tachment, but  requefl:ed  him  to  fu- 
perintend  the  management  of  his 
extenfive  property.  With  this  re- 
quell;,  Mr  Forbes  readily  complie^, 
and  the  manner  in  which  he  dif- 
charged  the  duties  conneded  v/ith 
his  truf^,  furniflies  another  proof  of 
that  Angular  difmterefl:ednefs  which 
charaderifed  his  public  condu(5t.  He 
declined  every  pecuniary  acknow- 
ledgement for  his  fervices,  and  af- 
fured  the  Duke  of  his  entire  devo- 
tion to  his  interefl: ;  that  with  him, 
the  emoluments  of  oflSce  were  mat- 
ters of  inferior  confideration ;  and 
that  he  would  execute  the  taik  impo- 
fed  upon  him  to  the  beft  of  his  abili- 
ties, and  deem  himfelf  amply  remu- 

ne- 


July  1802.        Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes, 


nerated,  provided  his  Grace  would 
continue  to  countenance  his  profef- 
fional  exertions,  and  rank  him  in  the 
number  of  his  friends.  With  fuch  a 
fignal  inftance  of  true  generofity,  the 
Duke's  mind  was  duly  iniprelfed. 
He  accepted  of  his  fervices,  on  the 
terms  on  which  they  were  proffered 
him,  and  evinced  his  gratitude  by  a 
fteady  perfonal  friendlhip,  and  by 
giving  an  adtive  patronage  to  every 
fcheme  which  appeared  conducive 
to  his  benefador's  intereft. 

In  the  year  1722,  Mr  Forbes  was 
eledled  to  reprefent  in  Parliamenl! 
the  boroughs  of  Invernefs,  Fortrofe, 
Nairn,  and  Forres.  In  this  elevated 
and  interefting  fituation,  he  dif- 
charged  his  duty  with  fuch  honour 
and  fidelity,  entertained  fuch  root- 
ed abhorrence  of  corruption,  and 
venality,  as  merited  the  thanks,  and 
fecured  the  future  fuifrages  of  his 
conftituents  :  He  was  of  courfe,  in- 
variably returned  from  this  time,  to 
the  period  of  his  preferment  to  the 
Prefident's  chair. 

As  the  fplendor  of  his  genius  and 
the  variety  of  his  knowledge,  would 
have  condudled  him  to  eminence  in 
any  profeffion,  fo  we  find  him  now 
advancing  with  the  moft  rapid  ca- 
reer, in  the  line  which  he  had  cho- 
fen,  and  acquiring  fuch  celebrity  as 
a  lawyer,  a  .  can  juilly  be  apportion^ 
cd  to  diofe  alone,  in  whom  fuper- 
lative  talents  are  conjoined,  as  they 
were  in  him,  v.-ith  the  mofl  inflex- 
ible honour,  and  with  the  purell  in- 
tegrity.., Firm  in  the  relblution,  to 
which  we  have  already  adverted,  of 
tiever   proftituting  his  talents,  in 
[fupport  of  an  unjuli  litigation,  he 
j  invariably  flood  forth  in  defence  of 
what  he  deemed  to  be  virtuous  and 
,  honourable  ;  and  this  heartfelt  im- 
preffion  of  the  juftice  of  his  caufe, 
jidded  energy  to  his  leafoning,  and 
I  b^ength  to  his  arguments,  infomuch, 
j  hat  the  torrent  of  his  eloquence 
rolled  on  with  fuch  irrififiible  force, 
s  nftonifhed  his  audience,  and  con- 
ied  his  antagonifts. 


Moving  in  fuch  a  fplcndid  fphcre 
of  ufefulnefs,  Mr  Forbes  foon  at- 
tradted  the  attention  of  the  higher 
powers,  and  in  the  year  1725, 
George  I.  configned  to  his  care, 
the  interells  and  the  fecurity  of  his 
fubjeds,  in  this  part  of  his  domi- 
nions, by  elevating  him  to  the  rank 
of  Lord  Advocate,  who  is  the  firft 
civil  officer  in  the  kingdom.  Re- 
garding himfelf  now,  as  in  a  more 
eminent  degree,  the  fervant  of  the 
public,  and  the  guardian  of  their 
rights,  he  was  ambitious  to  realife 
the  hopes  entertained  of  him,  by  a 
condud  correfponding  to  the  dig- 
nity and  refponfibility  of  his  ftation. 
We  find  accordingly,  that  in  pro- 
portion as  the  fphere  of  his  ac1:ion 
was  expanded,  a  yet  ftronger  im- 
pulfe  feems  to  have  been  given  to 
his  mental  energies.  His  activity  in- 
deed acquired  an  additional  fpring; 
and  with  the  ftridell;  impartiality, 
he  adminiilered  juliice.  While  he 
occupied  this  high  department,  in 
the  civil  conftitution  of  his  country, 
he  exhibited  many  fignal  prooi^  of 
his  penetration,  infomuch,  that  his 
co-temporaries  admired  the  ingenu- 
ity and  adroitnefs,  with  which,  in 
cafes  of  intricaxry,  he  brought  viU 
lainy  to  light ;  while  witli'  eag^r 
promptitude,  he  efpoufed  the  caufe, 
and  protected  the  rights  of  injured 
innocence. 

Fond  of  rural  fcenery,  the  Lord 
Advocate,  at  this  period,  took  fre- 
quent opportunities  of  efcaping  from 
that  noife  and  confufion  ^naturally 
attendant  on  a  great  city,  and  fpent 
moll  cf  his  leifure  hours  at  his  cou- 
iin  the  Laird  of  NewhalPs  country- 
refidence.  Here,  he  was  regarded 
as  an  inmate  of  the  family,  and  in 
the  houfc,  there  is  an  apartment 
which  is  ftill  called  the  Advocate's 
Room.  -In  this  romantic  recefs,  his 
Lordihip  not  only  relaxed  from  tlxi 
arduous  ftudies  of  his  ilation,  he 
likewife  enjoyed  the  pleafures  of 
good  fociety.  Mr  Forbes  of  New- 
hall,  being  himfelf  a  inaa  of  letters, 

coa- 


Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.        Vol.  64. 


conforted  with  fuch  as  were  attach- 
ed to  fimilar  purfuits,  infomuch, 
that  his  hoafe  was  the  occafional 
rendezvous  of  the  literati  of  his 
time.  He  was  the  friend  and  pa- 
tron of  Allan  Ramfay  ;  who  fre- 
quented his  table,  and  was  peculi- 
arly attached  to  the  furrounding 
fcenery.  We  have  already  obferv- 
ed,  that  the  rural  fcenes,  fo  exqui- 
frtely  pourtrayed  in  the  Gentle 
Shepherd,  were  .copied  from  thele 
grounds  ;  and  among  the  heft  of 
the  poet's  minor  produdions,  are 
an  Ode  to  Mr  Forber,,  and  ano- 
ther to  the  memory  of  Mrs  Forbes, 
the  late  lady  of  Newhall,  as  flie  is 
ttikd,  according  to  the  modes  of 
addrefs  current  in  thofe  times.  * 

But  Ramfay  w^as  not  the  only 
poet  in  the  focial  circ'e  at  Newhall. 
It  is  well  known,  that  the  Duke  and 
Duchefs  of  Qucenfberry  pationifed 
the  celebrated 'Gay,  and  that  the 


*  The  following  quotation  from  that  ac- 
compliflicd  Icholar  and  amiable  man,  the 
Ute  venerable  William  Tytler  of  Wood- 
houfelte,  Efq.  is,  we  prefumc  dccifive,  a$<  to 
the  po|iit  in  queilion.  "  While  I  pafTed  my 
i!ifaiicy  at  Newhall,"  fays  this  learned  anti- 
quary in  his  edition  of  Kin^  James's  poems. 

near  Pentland  Hills,  ivhcre  ihe  fcenes  tif  this 
pajloral  poem  -were  Idid^  the  feat  of  Mr  For- 
bes, and  the  refort  of  many  of  the  literati 
at  that  time ;  1  well  remember  to  have 
heard  Ramiay  recite,  as  his  own  produc- 
tion, different  fcenes  of  the  Gentle  Shep- 
herd, particularly  the  tivo  jlrfiy  before  it  was 
printed.  I  believe  my  honourable  friend^ 
Sir  James  Clerk  of  Pcnnycuik,  where  Ram- 
fay frequently  refided,  and  who  I  know,  is 
poffefTed  of  feveral  original  poems  compo- 
fed  by  him,  can  give  the  fame  teiHmony. — 
P.  S.  The  above  note  was  fhown  to  Sir 
James  Clerk,  and  had  his  approbation,'*  Mr 
Tytler,  on  another  occafion,  enumerated  a- 
mong  thofe,  to  whom  in  the  foregoing  paf- 
fage  he  referred,  Preiideni  Forbes,  Sir  John 
Clerk  of  Pcnnycuik,  William  Clerk  his 
brother,  Dr  Clerk  and  Provoft  Lindfay  of 
Edinburgh. 


poet  occafionally  attended  hisfrieuds 
in  their  excurfions  to  Scotland.  The 
Duke  and  Duchefs  were  in  intimate 
habits  w4th  Sir  James  Clerk  of  Pen-  j 
nycuik,  with  Mr  Forbes  they  mud  i 
of  courfe  have  afibciated.     It  is 
therefore  highly  probable,  that  the  \ 
fcenes  depiAed  in  the  Gentle  Shep-  j 
herd,  of  which  Gay  was  a  great  ad-  j 
mirer,  as  well  as  the  congenial  fpi-  \ 
rit  of  Ramfay,  with  whom  he  was  i 
well  acquainted,  f  muft  have  difpo-  \ 
fed  him  to  vifit  Newhall.  It  is  more-  ' 
over  to  be  obferved,  as  a  coinci-  i 
dence  not  a  little  remarkable,  that 
while  the  Laird  of  Newhall  patro- 
nifed  the  Scotifh  Theocritus,  the 
immortal  poet  of  the  Seafons  found, 
in  the  I^ord  Advocate,  an  early 
prote(5lor,  from  whom  he  derived 
his  chief  fupport,  long  before  the  i 
pabhc  at  large  recognifed  his  me-  i 
rits,  or  acknowledged  his  admirable 
talents.    Thomfon,  it  is  thetefore 
reafonable  to  believe,  often  accom- 
panied his  friend  in  his  retirement 
to    Newhall,    and   enjoyed   thefe  : 
beauties  of  nature  which  himfelf  ; 
has  delineated  in  fuch  glowing  co-  ; 
lours,  and  with  fuch  an  inimitable 
pencil. 

CTo  he  continued,) 


\  Ramfay,  at  this  period,  occupied  the 
fliop  prcfentiy  pcireffed  by  Mr  Creech,  at 
the  eaft  end  of  the  Luckenbooths,  and  fold 
and  circulated  books.    Here,  the  wits  of 
Edinburgh  ufed  to  meet,  to  amufe  thctxi- 
feives  with  the  intelligence  of  the  day,  or 
with  literary  occurrences.     Among  thofe, 
who  frequented  his  fliop,  was  Gay,  in  his. 
occafionai  vifits  to  Edinburgh,  whom  the 
late  William  Tytler  Efq.  recolledcd  de-  | 
firing  Ramfay  "  to  explain  to  him,  many  ol^ 
the  Scotilh  cxpreffions  of  the  Gentle  Shep**|j 
herd,  and  which  Gay  fiud,  he  would  comjl 
mumcate  to  Pope,  who  was  a  great  admircM 
of  that  paftorai."     Gay  was  defcribed  hw| 
Mr  Tytier,  as  "  a  little  pleafaiit  iookingjl 
man,  with  a  tye-wig.**  i 


JVily  i8o2. 


^or  the  Scots  Magazine. 

STRICTURES  on  Mr  LAING'S  DISSERTATION  on  the 
POEMS  OF  OSSIAN. 


FROM  pertifing  the  Examination 
cf  Mr  Lairig*s  ar^umtnts  against  the 
cuthenticity  of  Ossian's  poews^  in  your 
Magazine,  I  have  been  induced  to 
look  into  Mr  Laing's  differtaiion  it- 
felf ;  and  feeing  the  futility  of  his 
objedions,  I  have  been  led  to  trouble 
you  with  tj:ie  follov^ing  ftridtures, 
which  I  would  never  have  attempt- 
ed, had  the  ingenious  author  of  the 
Examination  continued  to  follow  Mr 
Laing  throughout  the  whole  of  his 
differtation. 

The  Examination^  I  think,  con- 
tains full  and  dired  evidence,  that 
virtue,  heroifm,  gallantry,  hofpita- 
lity,  and  humanity,  may  belong  to 
the  early  ftate  of  fociety ;  and  that 
"  An  utter  ignorance  of  the  arti  of 
life,''  (applied  to  the  Celts  by  Mr 
Laing)  is  even  more  compatible 
with  fuch  virtues,  than  a  more  com- 
plete knowledge  of  thofe  arts  : — wit- 
nefs  the  early  ages  of  Greece  and 
Rome,  when  every  virtue  flourifh- 
ed,  till,  with  the  knowledge  of  the 
ai'ts  of  life^  they  degenerated  into 
cruelty,  rapine,  injuAice,  and  the 
violation  of  every  virtue.  The  gal- 
lantry and  continence  of  Scipio  were 
virtues  of  an  early  age,  while  the 
infamous  rapes  of  Proculus  *  w^ere 
committed  in  a  much  more  advan- 
ced Hate  of  fociety.  In  Ihort,  it  is 
evident  from  hiftory,  that  the  Ro- 
mans became  more  barbarous,  in 
proportion  as  they  became  more 
civihzed,  or  better  acquainted  with 


*  Vide  Flav.  Vonifc.  de  Froculo. 

Vol.  LXIV. 


the  arts  of  life.  Diodorus  Siculus, 
Lib.  v.,  fpeaking  of  the  early  Britons 
of  his  time,  fays,  Their  manners  are 
fimple,  and  far  removed  from  the 
perverlity  of  ours."  -  Yet  the  fame 
Britons,  in  the  days  of  Gild  as,  af- 
ter the  arts  of  life  had  been  intro- 
duced hy  the  Rornans,  are  defcrib- 
ed  by  him  as  the  moft  profligate 
and  villainous  of  mankind.  (Gild, 
in  initio.)  Indeed,  the  golden  and 
heroic  ages  have  always  been  cele- 
brated in  poetry.  When  nations  be- 
gin to  emerge  from  the  hunting 
and  paftoral  ftate,  and  become  ac- 
quainted with  trade,  money,  and 
the  luxuries  of  life,  then  honour, 
generolity,  gallantry,  and  other 
virtues  give  way  to  covetolufnefs, 
cowardice,  and  every  vice  ;  and  the 
period  may,  perhaps,  one  day  ar- 
rive, when  even  the  bravery  and 
hofpitality  of  the  Highlander,  hand- 
ed down  from  the  Oflianic  age,  may 
ceafe  and  be  no  more. 

Mr  Laing,  in  his  diifertation,  re- 
fers us  to  what  he  calls  an  huan-!^ 
sweratie  argumait^  in  his  iirft  volume 
p.  44.  -where  he  fays,  '*  The  Cel- 
tic mufe  would  perfuade  us  to  af- 
cribe  to  their  early  manners,  a  ci- 
vilization inconhftent  with  an  utter 
Ignorance  of  the  an's  of  life  ; — an  uni- 
form heroifm  unknown  to  barbari- 
ans ; — a  gallantry  w^hich  chivalry 
never  infpired  ; — a  humanity  which 
refinement  has  never  equalled  ;  and 
that  before  their  advance  to  the 
Ihepherd  Hate,  they  poljeired  a  ccr- 
re<5t  tafte,  a  polifhed  didion,  a  cul- 
4  D  tivated 


54^ 


Strictures  on  Lcmg's  Dissertation,  l^c.     Vol.  64. 


tivated  and  fublimc  poetry,  enrich- 
ed with  the  choiceft  images  of  claf- 
Ileal  antiquity,  and  intermixed  with 
all  the  fentimental  afFedation  of  the 
prefent  times.*' 

Now,  had  Mr  Laing,  before  ex- 
hibiting this  ftri<5ture,  confidered 
the  authorities  quoted  in  tlie  Ax./- 
mination,  the  general  voice  of  hif- 
tory,  the  ancient  poetical  produc- 
tions of  the  eaft,  while  ignorant  of 
Greek  and  Roman  literature  ;  —  had 
he  looked  into  Raynal's  account  of 
the  manners  of  the  favages  of  Canada, 
equally  ignorant  of  tlic  arts  of  life, 
he  would  have  found  tliem  as  Raynai 
has  it,  "  Obliging,  difmtereiled,  fe- 
rious,  fond  of  independence,  bene- 
volent and  humane.  They  difcover- 
€d  their  benevolence  by  taking  great 
rare  of  widows,  orphans,  and  in- 
tirm  people  ;  and  by  iharing  their 
provifions  with  the  unfortunate  and 
diftreffed.  They  iliewed  their  hof- 
pitality  by  keeping  open,  by  day  and 
by  night,  their  huts,  and  tables,  to 
travellers  and  Grangers,  &c."  Nay, 
had  he  only  peeped  into  the  preface 
of  his  friend  Pinkerton's  dilfertation 
4)n  the  origin  of  the  Goths,  he  would 
have  difcovered  a  full  aaid  com- 
plete proof  of  the  fallacy  cf  his  un- 
anfwerable  argument.  Nay  more, 
h«  would  have  found  the  Goths, 
before  their  l:nowledge  of  the  arts 
of  life,  or  even  of  letters,  fpeaking 
almod  in  the  identical  language  cf 
Offian.  Favour  jullice,  (lays  Theo- 
doric,)  employ  courage  m  the  i/e- 
Jence  cf  zr.nocence,  that  amid  the 
crimes  of  other  nations,  you  may 
fhow  the  virtues  of  the  Goths." — 
Do  you  imitate  our  Goths,  whcfe 
courage  in  battle,  can  only  be  equal- 
led by  their  domellic  modeity." 
*♦  Let  the  wars  of  other  kings  be 
crowned  with  the  fpoils  and  ruin  of 
captured  cities.  It  is  our  purpofe, 
with  the  help  of  God,  fo  to  conquer, 
that  our  fubjedts  fhall  only  grieve, 
that  they  acquired  our  protection  fo 
late/'    *VThis  is  the  praife  of  the 


Goths,  to  preferve  inviolate  the  laws 
of  humanity,  &c." 

The  above  was  the  didion  of  an 
unlettered  Goth  to  his  fecretary  ; 
and  it  will  not  pafs  unobferved,  that 
it  breathes  fimilar  fentiments  to 
thofe  of  the  unlettered  Offian.  We 
have  many  beautiful  and  fentirnen* 
tal  Perfic  and  Indian  poems,  by 
authors  unacquainted  with  the  Greek 
and  Roman  claffics — mull  thefe  too 
be  forgeries?  Mr Halheadgivesusthe 
following  tranflation  of  an  ancient 
Schanfcrit  poem.  **  A  good  man 
goes  not  upon  enmity,  but  is  well 
inclined  towards  another,  even  while 
he  is  ill  treated  by  him :  fo,  even 
whik  the  fandal  tree  is^Jellin^y  it  im- 
purls  t)  the  ecl?e  of  the  axe  Us  arotmlic 
flavour,*'  There  is  not  perhaps,  a 
finer  fentiment  to  be  found  in  the 
writingrs  of  Greece  and  Rome,  ia 
all  Oflian — nay,  not  in  the  fenti- 
mental atltdation  of  the  prefent 
times.  Yet,  upon  Mr  Laing's  prin- 
ciples, this  too  muft  be  a  forgery 
cf  Halhead's,  and  he  mufl  be  in- 
debted to  St  Matthew  (chap,  v.)  for 
the  fentiment. 

As  to  the  heroifm  unknown  to 
barbarians,  I  need  only  quote  -^li- 
an,  (Lib.  12.  cap.  23.)  as  engiiflied 
by  Dr  Smith.  Of  all  the  na- 
tions  in  the  world,  the  Celts  are  the 
foremofl  to  encounter  dangers.  In 
this,  they  are  encouraged  by  thole 
fongs  that  are  compofed  in  honour 
of  ilich  as  fall  bravely  in  battle. 
They  reckon  it  fuch  a  difgrace 
Hy,  that  of  ten  they  will  not  itep  out 
of  a  houfe  falling  or  on  fire.  Many 
of  them  will  not  remove  even  from 
the  flowing  of  the  fea,  but  rulh 
armed  againft  the  fury  of  the  w^ave?, 
brandilhing  their  fwords  and  fpears, 
as  if  they  could  terrify  and  v/ound 
the  billows."  This,  though  fome- 
what  caricatured,  fully  evinces  a  he- 
roifm, beyond  what  chivalry  could 
poffibly  infpire.  It  equally  proves^ 
their  early  acquaintance  with  poe- 
try ;  and  the  fame  ef  their  bards  is 

con- 


Julj  1802.   Strictures  on  Laitig^s  Dissertation,  ^c. 


543 


confirmed  by  the  Roman  writers, 
from  Cajfar  downwards. 

As  to  the  poetry  of  Offian  ht'mg 
enriched  with  the  choiceft  images  cjf 
clalTical  antiquity,  and  intermixed 
with  the  fentimental  a£re<5lation  of 
the  prefent  times  ;  weak  men,  wiv) 
can  barely  imitate,  muil  naturally 
favour  this  objedrion.  Their  ac- 
quirements being  all  froni  others, 
and  having  no  original  genius  of 
tlieir  own,  they  cannot  polFibly  con- 
ceive how  fuch  poems  could  have 
been  produced,  without  the  aid  of 
the  ancient  cla flics,  and  fo  ex  rje- 
cessitate^  impute  them  to  the  pre- 
fent times.  Men  of  genius,  how- 
ever, and  thofe  acquainted  with"  the 
hiftory  of  human  nature  well  know, 
(in  the  language  of  Dr  Smith.*) 

That  true  poetry  is  confined  to 
no  time  or  place.  It  is  the  offs- 
pring of  nature,  and  extends  as 
wide  as  her  dominions.  It  is  the 
genuine  language  of  every  feeling 
of  the  human  heart,  when  ilrongiy 
agitated  by  any  emotion  or  paf- 
fion.'' 

The  fun  of  genius  is  confined  to 
no  ecliptic.  It  may  illuminate  the 
bards  of  the  weft,  the  fcalds  of  the 
north,  the  poets  of  the  eaft,  as  well 
as  the  Aoidd  of  the  Greeks.  The 
book  of  nature  is  open  to  all,  and 
has  been  fo  in  all  ages.  It  is  written 
in  an  univerfal  language,  and  fo  can 
be  read  by  a  Celt,  a  favage,  a  Gre- 
cian, or  a  Roman.  Love  too  has 
been  ever  omniprefent,  and  in  men 
of  genius  of  every  age  and  clime,  it 
has  always  produced  grief,  joy,  and 
cnthuliafm,  the  fruitful  feeds  of  po- 
etry and  mufic.  A  Homer,  or  an 
Oilian,  may  therefore,  arife  in  any 
country  or  period. 

Indkld,  the  moft  elegant  and 
fentimental  poets  lived  in  the  more 
early  ages,  when  the  arts  of  life 
were  little  known.   Of  this,  Horace 


♦  Ancient  Pocrus,  p.  249. 


was  fully  fenfible,  as  in  Epifl.  I.  of 
lib.  2. he  fays,  <*Gr?ecorum  funt  anti- 
quiflima  qusequefcriptavel  optima.'' 
The  hurry  and  bufile  attending  bu- 
fmefs,  and  the  purfuit  of  gain,  in  an 
advanced  ftage  of  fociety,  are  ini- 
mical CO  the  Mufes,  who  have  ever 
been  the  mofl  attached  to  the  paflo- 
ral,  hunting,  and  warlike  ages. 
This,  Dr  Gillies,  in  his  hiftory  of 
Greece,  has  remarked,  and  when 
fpeakingof  the  old  Grecian*  bards, 
he  fays,  "  Their  inimitable  produc- 
tions were  fo  far  from  advancing  ly  a 
gradual  prooress  to  ptrfeclton^  thai  tie 
fhost  ancient  are  by  univerfal  con- 
fent  entitled  to  a  juft  prtferenceJ' 

Besidks,  the  Gaelic  language,  an 
every  body  in  the  leaft  acquainted 
with  it  muft  know,  is  of  itfelf  tru- 
ly  poetical,  and  fpeaks  out,  patheti- 
cally, the  paffions  and  emotions  of 
the  human  heart ;  nor  has  it  any 
occafion  to  refort  to  the  fentimental 
afFedation  of  the  prefent  times.  In 
fhort,  we  may  fay  of  it,  what  the 
Abbe  RaynalVays  of  the  Canadian 
tribes,  equally  ignorant  of  literature* 
that  "  Their  foulexpretl  what  their 
eyesfaw;  that  their  language  pointed 
natural  objedts  in  strong  colouring  ; 
that  the  boldest  metaphors  were  fami- 
liar to  them  in  tommon  con\>ersation  ; 
and  that  their  public  fpeeches  v/ere 
full  of  imagery  i-neroy^  and  pathos,^* 
This  paiTage  not  only  exhibits  a  pic- 
ture  of  Oflian's  poetry,  but  is  a  fort 
of  proof  of  its  authenticity,  by  to- 
tally fubverting  Mr  Laing's  unaris- 
werahle  arguuitiit. 

This  much  I  have,  perhaps  un- 
neceifarily,  added  to  the  Examinn^ 
tt'Ti.  I  mean  now  to  go  cn,  and  to 
fift  every  other  obj'edtion  oifered  by 
Mr  Laing.  He  reduces  his  numerous 
dctedions^  hiilorical  and  critical,  un- 
der eight  genei^  heads. 

I.  Roman  Hutory  of  Btiiain^ 

Mr  Laing,  who  is  no  antiquary 
himfelf,  ftill  continues  implicitly  to 
follow  Pinkerton,  and  begins  with 
3  D  2  telling 


544        Strictures  on  Laing^s  Dissertation.  iSc.       Vol.  64.' 


telling  us,  that  the  Highlanders  o- 
riginated  from  Ireland,  which  no- 
body acquainted  with  authentic  hif- 
tory  will  eafily  believe.  Indeed, 
were  we  to  credit  the  Ler.hhar 
Droma  Sneochfn^  quoted  by  Keat- 
ing, that  Serb,  the  fpn  of  Adam, 
with  three  of  his  nieces^  daugh- 
ters of  Cain,  firft  peopled  Ire- 
land before  the  flood,  which  Ciocal 
re-peopled  about  a  hundred  years 
after ;  the  prefumption  certain- 
ly is,  that  not  only  the  Highlands, 
but  the  whole  of  Britain,  with  the 
continent  of  Europe,  were  peopled 
from  Ireland.  Mr  Laing  may  cre- 
dit thefe  annals  as  he  pleafes,  but  I 
believe  the  bulk  of  mankind  will 
rather  join  with  Sir  J^mes  Ware, 
and  the  beft  of  the  Irilh  liiltorians, 
in  believing,  that  nothing  of  their 
hiftory  can  be  depended  upon,  pre- 
vious to  the  days  of  St  Patrick,  who 
firlt  taught  them  letters;  and,  when 
their  mod  authentic  annals  only  be- 
gin. Mr  Laing  is,  however,  right 
in  faying  that  the  name  of  iVr9/»  was 
firll  appropriated  to  the  Higliland- 
ers,  as  ihall  afterwards  appear. 

As  to  the  hiftory  of  the  Iridi  po- 
pulation of  Argyle,  and  the  aera  of 
it,  we  have  nothing  but  nonfenfe 
and  fiction.  O'Flagherty  tell  us, 
that  Crimothen,  the  king  of  Ireland, 
tranlported  an  army  hither,  to  aid 
the  Caledonians  againft  Agricola  ; 
JBede^  that  Reuda  liift  brought  over 
the  Scots  from  Ireland  to  Dalriada  ; 
Richarrf^  that  it  was  not  the  Scots 
that  R.euda  brought  over,  but  the 
Pidts,  anno  170.  islennius  fays,  that 
the  Scots  came  hither  from  Ireland 
in  the  days  of  Brutus  ;  and,  thai  ii 
was  not  Reuda  that  held  Dalriada, 
but  Htst'jrith  IJlormi  Jiluis,  Richard 
tells  us,  that  the  Scots  came  oyer  \\\ 
320,  duBu  Reps  Fergufiu  Keating, 
that  it  was  one  Eacha  that  brought 
them  over.  Giraldus  Cambrenfi^, 
who  fearched  the  Irifh  annals,  fays, 
they  were  brought  over  by  the  fix 
ibns  of  Mured^  king  of  Ulfter.  Jof- 


Celine,  that  it  was  Eanus,  the  foi% 

of  Fergus.  Tigernicus,  that  it  WMi 
Fergus,  the  fon  of  Ere,  who  brought 
over  the  Dalreodians  in  498.  Ulher^ 
Lloyd,  and  StilHngfleet  fay,  xhXt 
they  came  over  in  503.  Whicaker 
follows  Richard,  and  brings  therti  > 
here  in  320.  Walker  in  254,  along  ' 
with  Fingal.  O'Conner  in  258* 
with  whom  Mr  Laing  agrees,  be- 
caufe  Mr  Pinker  ton  does  ic.  All  of 
equal  fabulous  authority. 

We  learn,  with  more  certainty^ 
from  Tacitus,  that,  in  Agricola'$ 
time,  while  the  Caledonians  rem.ain- 
ed  unconquered,notwithftanding  the 
force  of  a  Roman  army  of  three  or 
four  legions  at  lcalt,with  auxiharies} 
yet  at  the  fame  period,  one  legion^ 
and  a  fe  w  auxilun  lesy  were  deemed 
fufficient  to  have  conquered  all  Ire* 
land,  dcbellari  obtinerique  Hibt^rniam 
P'j/ft  *.  Now,  tliis  was  little  mor^ 
than  100  years  before  Mr  Laing's 
fuppofed  Irilh  invafion.  Nay  only 
49  years  previous  thereto,  Severus> 
as  Dio  tells  us,  loft  no  lefs  thai^ 
50,000  men  in  an  expedition  againft 
the  Caledonians,  aiid  about  two 
years  after,  within  47  years  of  the 
invafion,  the  Maiatae  compelled 
Caracalla  to  patch  up  a  diihonour- 
able  peace  w  ith  them  for  money. 

Now,  no  perfon  of  common  un- 
derftanding,  can  polfibly  believe, 
that  in  258,  a  few  years  after  Ca- 
racalla, the  great  Caledonian  na- 
tions were  invaded  from  Ireland, 
totally  deftroyed,  and  their  names 
entirely  loft.  Mr  Laing  fays,  that 
"  the  Irilh  invaders  in  the  next  cen- 
tury, occar  in  Marceilinus,  under 
the  defignation  of  Atcacotti  and 
Scoti,  a  new  people  unknown  to 
Ptolemy."  And  he  might  have 
faid  the  fame  of  the  Pidts.  Had 
Ptolemy,  whp  gives  us  a  geogra- 


*  At  this  very  period,  Gafgaccs  cut 
off  a  whole  legion  of  the  lloaians,  vid. 
Tacit.  de  vit.  A-ricola. 

phical 


July  I'ioz. 


On  Novels  and  Romances. 


545 


phical  defcriplion  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  about  46  years  prece- 
ding the"  invafion,  found  the  Scoti 
in  Ireland,  it  would  have  afforded 
ftrong  evidence,  that  they  came 
from  thence  ;  but,  Ptolemy's  utter 
ignorance  of  them,  with  the  cir- 
cumftance  of  their  being  firft  men- 
tioned as  in  Britain,  joined  too 
with  the  fingular  fa6l  of  the  High- 
landers  llili  retaining  the  moie  an- 
cient name  of  the  ifland,  Alhiony 
and  calling  themfelves  ALbanach^  not 
Scotch  or  Irilh,  afford  ftron^  pre- 
fumptions  that  they  really  are  the 
defcendents  of  the  original  Gael, 
that  firft  peopled  the  ifland  ;  and, 
that  the  names  Pidti,  Scoti,  and 
Attacotti,  were  new  names  impof- 
cd  upon  the  Caledonian  tribes,  from 
the  like  adventitious  circumilances 
that  produced  the  names  Alamcmni 
and  SluDi  upon  thofe  of  Germani  znd 

And  this  becomes  ftill  more  evi- 
dent, from  the  way  that  Marcelli- 
^us  notices  die  Scots  and  Pids. 
He  had  formerly  fpoken  of  them  in 
the  time  of  Conllans,  in  the  books 


now  loft  ;  and  again,  ad  ann.  360, 
(Lib.  20.  cap.  I.)  fays,  When  the 
barbarous  nations  of  the  Scots  and 
Pids  in  Britain,  breaking  the  peace 
agreed  on,  (^rupta  quiett  condicla^)  had 
waded  the  country  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  marches^  and  fi!ar 
had  feized  the  Roman  provinces, 
already  wearied  out  by  repeated 
flaughtcr,  Casfar  wintered  at  Paris ; 
but,  being  dillradled  with  various 
cares,  could  not  go  to  alfiil  the  Bri- 
tons, as  we  formerly  mentioned, 
was  alfo  tte  cafe  with  Conltans/' 
He  here  fpeaks  of  tliem,  not  as  in- 
vaders or  new  comers,  but  as  a 
people  of  the  ifland,  having  the 
fame  boundaries,  and  making  the 
like  incurfions  that  their  predecef- 
fors  did,  under  the  name  of  Ma- 
iatas  and  Caledones.  In  was  folely 
the  change  of  name,  that  f  urniflied 
the  idea  of  their  being  of  foreign 
dcfcent.  The  Irifn  grafped  at  it ; 
and,  having  the  vain  wilh  to  appear 
as  engaged  with  the  Romans,  gave 
out  that  the  Pidi,  Scoti,  and  Atta- 
cotti,  were  ail  from  Ireland, 
(  Tfj  he  cont  'inutd,  ] 


ON  NOVELS  AND  ROMANCES, 


Concluded  from  page  474. 


AMONG  tliofe  novels  which 
have  obtained  a  degree  of  celebrity 
beyond  what  they  a'ppear  to  deferve, 
"  Caroline  of  Lichtneld,'"  a  tianl- 
lation  from  the  German,  may  be 
irienLioned.  In  this  peiformance  a 
reader  of  even  cou:m.n  underfland- 
ing  would  find  little,  it  is  prefum- 
ed,  to  reward  him  for  the  fatiguing 
trouble  of  travelling  through  three 
or  four  volumes,  and  it  would  not 
be  eafy  to  difcover  how  ary  reader 
could  find  amufcment  in  fuch  a 


work,  did  we  not  know  that  erery 
novel,  however  trifling,  is  well  re- 
ceived, provided  it  be  made  to  con- 
tain a  tale  of  love.  No  matter  if 
the  iame  llory,  with  little  variaiion, 
have  been  told  a  thoufand  times,  it 
will  ftill  come  recommended  VN-hen 
love,  the  tender  pafli on  of  love,  is  the 
fubjecl  !  It  is,  therefore,  to  a  recital 
of  the  feverifli  falutes  of  thofe  per- 
fons  who  are  made  to  ad  the  part 
of  lovers,  and  to  a  detail  of  all  tliac 
foft  nonlenfe  \J^^hich  follows,  and 

which 


54^ 


On  Novels  and  Romances. 


Vol.  64. 


which  pafies  und<ir  the  name  of 
love,  that  authors  are  indebted  for 
the  circulation  of  their  crude  efFu- 
fions.  Accordingly,  the  prefent  vo- 
lumes ftand  highly  recommended. 
We  have  love  in  every  page  ;  and 
whether  we  confider  it  as  a  paflion 
or  as  a  diftemper,  the  effects  here 
arifing  from  It  are  falficiently  va- 
ried and  extended.  "  All  the  blifs 
and  agonies  of  love"  are  repeatedly 
defcribed  and  dwelt  on.  Few  there 
arc  of  the  chara»5ters,  indeed,  who  do 
not  know — who  do  not  feel  —  at  leafl 
twice — that 

 **  Soft  pleafurcs  and  torment- 
ing woe, 

Fr(  m  the  f^me  Umrcv  at  the  fiine  mo- 
ment flow  1" 

The  d66lrine  of  La  Bruyer'\  -^vA 
other  old-fifhioned  philoiophers,  i^, 
ihus,  it  may  be  ohferved,  entiv  ly 
contradi(fled..  They  maintained, 
and  poffibly  it  was  fo  in  their  days, 
that  people  loved  only  once,  as  the 
affeaions  that  fucceeded  were  more 
under  corrxmand.  But,  in  our  timiC, 
the  belle  paffion,  fo  ncc^ffiry  to  exif- 
tence,  is  happily  no  longer  the  fame ; 
for  lovers  now  only  mourn  a  dif- 
appointment ^a  rcasonah/e  time,  and 
live  to  experience,  again  and  again, 
the  delectable  fenfations  of  love 
The  palpitations,  .  the  tremblings, 
the  faintings  and  the  convuhionary 
throbs  of  the  heart ! 

The  effeft  produced  by  works  of 
thiskind,  however,are  tnfling,itmay 
be  faid,  whai  compared  to  the  niif- 
chlef  v/hich  is  occalionedby  theperu- 
falof  fome  others.  The  fdiy  unmean- 
ing  hi^ions  relating  to  love  may,  in^ 
deed,  fill  the  mind  with  roman- 
tic notions,  and  give  a  diftafte  for 
the  affairs  of  life,  as  has  already 
been  mentioned  ;  but  they  will  lei- 
dom,  it  is  believed,  vitiate  the  mo- 
rals, or  corrupt  the  heart.  This  is 
referved  for  works  of  another  cha- 
radcr  :  works  in  which  thefe  flories 


of  gallantry  and  of  love  are  at- 
tempted  to  be  enlivened  by  a  lan- 
guage the  moft  indecent  and  im- 
proper, and  where  the  purpofe  of 
the  author  feems  evidently  to  be,  to 
cherifh  into  a  flame  pailions  which 
Nature,  of  herfelf,  isfufficiently  able, 
at  all  times,  to  keep  alive  without  the 
aid  of  fuch  meretricious  arts.  The: 
authors  of  volumes  of  this  nature 
will,  it  is  apprehended,  be  found  a- 
mong  thofe  worn-out  debauchees^ 
who  love  to  contemplate  fcenes  they 
are  no  longer  capable  of  ihaiing  in  ; 
but  it  is  greatly  to  be  regretted^ 
that  fo  many  of  the  young  and  in- 
nocent of  both  fexes,  ihould  be  fo 
readily  expofed  to  the  evil  tenden*: 
cy  of  lucubrations  proceeding  from 
fo  polluted  a  fource. 

It  will  hardly  be  neceffary  to 
'^numerate  thofe  which  are  thus 
ed  by  tlieir  dangerous 
...jlul  principles.  A  well 
I  n.  v/.i  volume  of  memoirs,  and  its 
author,  a  Mr  Clel-iud,  cannot,  how- 
ever, be  overlooked.  This  work,i 
it  may  confidently  be  faid,  has  hard-^ 
ly  ever  been  furpalfed  in  the  wickedL-) 
nefs  and  profligacy  of  its  views  :< 
and  the  contrition  of  its  author,  whoi 
refided  in  the  we  it  of  England,  was. 
no  lefs  remarkable  ;  for,  during  the 
lalt  years  of  his  life,  according  to 
the  nev/fpapers  of  that  time,  he  ftif-: 
fered  the  deepeft  mental  a<Hi6>ion,* 
arifing  from  a  conviv^tion  of  the  ir- 
reparable and  incalculable  injury  he 
had  done  to  fociety. 

Among  the  number  juft  mention- 
ed, we  may  like  wife  be  allowed  to 
place  the  produ6lion  oi'-^The  Monk** 
by  Mr  Lewis,  M,  P.  and  on  which 
a  few  fliridlures  will  now  be.  offered.; 

Two  flories,  related  in  alternatei 
chapters,  but  conjoined  in  fome  da»l 
gree  at  the  clofe  of  the  volumes^! 
form  what  is  called  "  The  Monk." 
That  only,  however,  which  proper- 
ly comes  under  the  title  of  the  work^ 
it  will  be  neceffary  to  confider  ;  andf ! 
of  it  we  may  be  allowed  firft  to  ob- 

fervc,^ 


July  1 802.  On  Novels  and  Romances. 


fcrve,  that  it  Is  a  ftory  which  can- 
not find  place  among  thole  that  are 
known  to  po/lefs  a  ne'rative  merit ; 
-wherein,  if  little  be  found  to  ad- 
mire, nothing  appears,  at  the  fame 
time,  to  call  for  lerious  blame  ;  nei. 
^  ther  can  it  be  numbered  with  thofe 
m  which  the  intentions  of  the  au- 
thor are  equivocal ;  where,  amidft 
many  improper  allufions,  we  find 
fome  great  example  of  jaftice  exer- 
ciled,  or  fomething  of  a  moral  dif. 
covered,  although  detailed  in  Ian- 
guage  the  moft  indelicate.    So  far 
removed  from  thefe,  or  any  of  a  fi- 
milar  nature,  is  the  work  in  quef- 
tion,  that,  after  allowing  fomething 
of  merit  in  point  of  ftyle,  we  may, 
without  the  imputation  of  prejudice, 
venture  to  a/Iert,  that  all  the  faults 
and  immoralities  afcribed  to  novels 
will  be  found  realized  in  the  Monk  : 
murders,  incell,  and  all  the  horri- 
ble and  aggravated  crimes  which  it 
IS  poffible  to  conceive,  appear  in  e- 
very  chapter,  and  are  dwelt  on  with 
leeming  complacency,  without  any 
apparent  intention  of  advantage  to 
the  reader  by  fuch  a  recital. 

Tbe  truth  of  thefe  obfervations 
will.  It  IS  prefumed,  appear  by  at- 
tending to  the  fundamental  parts  of 
the  ftory._lhe  htvo  of  the  tale, 
brought  up  in  a  cell,  and  early  in- 
ured to  the  rigid  difcipline  of  the 
monaftery,  is  a  Itranger  to  every 
vice,  and  never  knew  of  an  unlaw- 
tul  indulgence  of  paffion.  Formed 
m  this  fchool,  he  diftinguifhes  him- 
ielt  by  the  zealous  fulfilment  of  eve- 
ry religious' duty;  and  renders  him. 
ielf  remarkable,  at  the  fame  time, 
'Or  the  ftrianefs  and  feverity  of  his 
^^^ora    condu(ft.    His  fancftity,  his 
knowledge,  and  his  eloquence,  be- 
-ome  lo  confpicuous,  that  he  is  e- 
eaed  luperior  of  the  order,  and  at 

?^,VVr      ''^J'^  admiration 
allMadnd.  8uch  was  the  youth- 
.   ^n^brofia,  when  every  tempta- 
every  allurement,  is  unavail 
^g^y  prefented  by  the  devil,  in  hu 


547 


'<»n  lorm,  uho  had  become  envious 


of  the  popularity  which  his  eJoqueu" 
harangues  had  gained  him  amontr 
all  ranks  of  people.    Bu^.  :t  requi rt 
ed  Virtue  hcrfelf  to  fhakc  his  well 
regulated  mind  :  his  latent  oafflonj 
could  only  be  blown  into  a  flame 
by  firft  yielding  to  the  gratification 
of  the  moft  pleafmg  and  honourable 
eehngs  that  can  fill  the  human 
brealt -gratitude  to  the  preferver 
ot  his  life,  and  a  wi/h  to  fave,  in  his 
turn,  the  life  of  one  who  is  about 
to  fall  a  facrifice  for  his  fake  :  mo- 
tives that  cannot  fail  powerfully  to 
fecond  defires  which  Nature  nev^r 
meant  flioald  be  eradicated.  To- 
thefe  incitements  are  hkewife  fup^r 
added   the  reiterated  importunities 
made  by  the  filent  eloquence  of  love 
aided  by  beauty,  and  the  irreflftible' 
falcinations  of  female  excellence. 
All  thefe  concurring,  it  will  not  be 
wondered  a  dereliction  from  virtue 
IS  induced;  a  dcrehc^ion  that  led 
to  all  the   crimes  which  folIov»- 
ed. 

If  we  can  at  all  underftand  th^ 
author,  he  means  to  hold  up  the 
ciiarader  of  Ambrofia  to  the  ablior- 

Tr/^a'r'^'^""'  to  excite  a  fix- 
ed difguft  for  the  crimes  which  are 
committed ;  and  likewife  to  exem 
phly,  that  neither  the  moil  unfei^a- 
ed  piety,  nor  the  moft  fern  virtue, 
are  iuihcient  to  exen.pt  from  temp! 
tations,  or  that  their  poffeifor  wi'l 
be  enabled  to  refift  fuch  tempta- 
tions.    But  furely  thefe  views  can- 
not be  effected,  or  even  promoted, 
by  the  prefent  ftory.    As  has  al- 
ready been  remarked,  an  eiarr-pJe 
can   only  be  uleful  which  has  a 
mixture  ot  good  ajid  ill,  and  is  of 
luch  a  natuie,  at  the  fame  time, 
that  we. can  make  an  eafy  approach 
to  It,,  by  conceiving  that  v.'e  onr- 
lelves  are  expofed  to  iuch  caufes  as 
lead  into  a  limilar  fituation  ;  no  b'-- 
nefitcan,  therefore,  be  derived  from 
the  contemplation  of  chai  aders  th;n 
are  either  fupcr-human,  or  are  fo 
•  diitorted,  as  fcarcely  to  preferve  a 
human  feature  :  And,  as  a  triumph 

in 


548 


On  Novels  and  Romances. 


Vol.  64- 


in  this  cafe,  when  availed  by 
juch  powerful  and  irrefiftible  incen- 
tives to  vice,  would  be  more  than 
human,  fo  pity,  and  not  exultation, 
is. demanded  at  the  punilhment  for 
crimes,  which  all  the  energy  and 
Urength  we  are  capable  of  exertir.g, 
could  not  enable  us  to  oppofe  fuc- 
cefsfully.  Where  then  is  the  moral, 
or  tlie  ufeful  Iciibn,  held  up  in  this 
work  I  None  fuch,  it  is  believed, 
will  be  found.  On  the  contrary, 
il  has  a  ^tendency  to  familiarife 
ihe  imagination  with  crimes  the 
moft  hideous  and  unnatural,  and 
to  difcourage  the  piadlce  of  virtue, 
by  leliening  the  confidence  which 
every  man  ouglit  to  entertain  of  his 
own  ftrcnglh  of  mind. 

Of  the  charader  of  Aml)rofia 
the  fame  may  be  faid  as  of  the 
CEdipus  of  Sophocles.  When  a  man 
is  precipitated,  not  by  any  fault  of 
his  own,  into  the  greatefl  mifery — 
When  he  is  led,  by  a  blind  fatality, 
to  the  commiihon  of  the  m.oil  hor- 
rid deeds,  a  recital  of  them  \vill  fcl- 
dom  auaken  virtuous  feelings,  or 
give  rife  to  a  tender  fympathy  in 
cur  breads  for  the  fufFerer. 

But  to  conclude— It  is  no  lefs 
difficulc  to  fpeak  with  temper  and 
moderation  of  the  production  in 
queftion,  than  to  dilcover  the  au- 
thor's motives  for  laying  before  the 
public  a  (lory  fo  indelicate  and  im- 
proper— fo  improbable  and  abhor- 
rent. Be  fides,  no  degree  of  unity 
appears  ;  on  the  contrary,  the  whole 
feems  to  be  a  mafs  of  the  moil  ex 
travagant  and  horrible  conceptions, 
from  the  time  when  the  devil,  un- 
der the  femblance  of  a  young  and 
beautiful  female,  completes  the  fe- 
dudtion  of  Ambrofia,  until  he  flies 
away  veith  him  from  the  prifon  of 
the  inquifition,  and  afterwards,  by 
fixing  his  claws  in  the  bare  fcalp  of 
the  poor  deluded  monk,  dalhes  him 
againft  a  rock !  Throughout  the 
whole  of  this  loathfome  ftory  the 
author  dv^^ells  with  feeming  plea* 
fure  on  the  horrid  and  monftrous 


catalogue  of  fupernatural  crimes  ^ 
and  enormities  which  his  two  he- 
roes, Ambrofia,  and  the  devil  his 
loving  coadjutor,   enter   into  the 
commiflion  of,  and  which  it  is  ut-  ^ 
terly  impofTible  for  a  reader,  we  j 
would  belicve,of  the  fmallell  ihare  of  j 
fenfibility,  to  contemplate  for  a  mo-  \ 
ment  without  fickening  -  What  then  \ 
would  be  our  furprllb,  were  we  to  j 
undcrlland,  that  this  work  has  been  \ 
read  by  a  young  and  beautiful  fe-  ; 
male,  on  whofe  every  feature,  fit 
modefty  and  virtue?  We  could  not  ^ 
ealily  believe,  that  the  lips  which  \ 
feemed  deftined  only  to  give  utter-  \ 
ance  to  the  di^iates  of  a  heart,  pure  i 
as  the  pious  veiVal's,  would  enquire  j 
of  others,  if  they  had  read  the  Monk  ?  \ 
It  is  furely  to  be  regretted,  that 
youth  ^hould  be  expofed  to  the  bane-  1 
ful  influence  of  fuch  works — v/orks 
which  thcfe  valuable  repofitories, 
circulating  libraries, diffeminate  with  1 
unceanng  induftry. 

Without  mentioning  the  pro- 
duaions  of  a  Sterne,  a  Mackenzie, 
or  a  Goldfmith  ;  a  SmoUet,  or  a 
Fielding, — there  are  fome  volumes, 
however,  that  muft  be  refcued  from  ' 
the  contempt  which  the  rational 
mind  is  difpofed  to  beftow  on  v/orks 
of  fancy  ;  and  which  will,  on  the  ^ 
other  hand,  always  be  read  with 
pleafure,  and  with  no  inconfiderable 
lhare  of  advantage  to  many  readers. 
At  the  head  of  thefe,  we  may  be  al- 
lowed to  place  the  works  of  Richard- 
fon,  D'Arblay,  &c.— Authors,  who; 
polfefs  fo  much  merit,  as  to  entide 
them  to  be  mentioned  with  refped, 
but  not  with  fuch  adulatory  praife, 
as  to  admit  that  they  polfefs,  above 
all  others,  the  bed  knowledge  of 
the  human  heart ;    or  that  their 
writings  contain  fo  many  virtuou* 
principles,  as  to  fandlion  their  beii^ 
made  the   theme   of  pulpit  ^^tm 
quence.  *  Wk 
Broughton  Placeyl  ^  ^ 

Jpril2%.  1802.  3 


*  Vide  Moir's  Difcourfes, 


July  1802. 


649 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
LIFE  OF  FRANCOIS  de  SALIGNAC  de  la  MOTTE  FENELON, 

ARCHBISHOP  &  DUKE  OF  CAMBRAY, 


THE  fplendid  anions,  which  ri- 
vet the  attention  of  the  man^  on 
the  tale  of  the  hero ;  and  the  fur- 
prifing  incidents,  by  which  the  mind 
is  hurried  along  v/ith  the  ftory  of 
the  adventurer,  feldom  occur  in  the 
hiftory  of  an  author.  It  is  to  the 
thinking  and  contemplative  accord- 
ingly, to  thofe  who  have  been  de- 
lighted, inftruded,  or  bettered  by 
their  writings,  that  the  biography 
of  the  learned  afford  moft  pleafure. 
0.ur  favourite  author,  \ye  confider 
as  our  friend ;  and  the  pleafure, 
which  we  derive  from  an  account 
of  his  life,  refuits  from  the  gratifi- 
cation of  a  curiofity,  which  is  graft- 
ed on  aftedion,  efteem,  or  grati- 
tude. In  the  refledlions  which  oc- 
cur in  his  works,  we  mark,  or  think 
we  mark,  the  charaders  of  that 
mind  from  which  they  proceeded. 
By  this,  however,  our  curiofity  is 
c:xcited  rather  than  gratified.  We 
are  anxious  to  difcover  hpw  far  the 
autlior  and  the  man  co-incided. 

In  the  works  of  no  author  are 
the  principles  of  the  heart  from 
which  they  flowed  more  juftly  un- 
folded, than  in  thofe  of  Francois  Sa- 
lignac  de  la  Motte  Fenelon.  He 
"was  the  fon  of  Pons  de  Salignac, 
Marquis  dt  Fenelon  ;  and  Louise  de 
h  Croptfy  fifter  of  the  Marquis  de  St 
Arhre ;  and  was  born  on  the  fixth 
day  of  Auguft  1651,  in  the  caille 
ot  Fenelon  in  Perigord.  Remote 
from  thofe  fources  of  corruption, 
where,  too  frequently,  the  tender 
I     Vol.  LXIV. 


mind  contracts  an  incurable  bias  to 
depravity,  he  fpent  the  firft  1 2  years 
of  his  life,  at  his  father's  feat  in  the 
country.  Here  was  formed  that 
heart,  which,  to  be  loved,  needs 
only  to  be  knov/n ;  and  here  was 
foftered  that  genius,  whofe  praife 
will  be  ever  alTociated  with  his 
name. 

Of  the  early  part  of  Fenelon's 
life,  little  is  known ;  and  then  in- 
deed, little,  any  way  remarkable 
could  occur.  At  12  years  of  age, 
he  was  fent  to  the  univerfity  of  Ca^ 
horsy  to  begin  his  ftudies  \  and  af- 
terwards, from  thence  to  Paris,  to 
finilh  his  education,  under  the  care 
of  his  uncle  Antoint^  Marquis  de  Fe- 
nelon, Lieutenant  in  the  King's  ar- 
my. This  nobleman  was  polFefTed 
of  great  underilanding,  exemplary 
piety,  and  fignal  bravery.*  Under 
one,  in  whom  the  father  was  found 
in  the  uncle,  the  talents  of  the 
young  Fenelon  expanded,  and  were 
matured  ;  and  with  fuch  an  example 
of  every  virtue,  his  heart  Vy'as  en* 
deared  to  goodnefs. 

At  Paris,  in  the  tpth  year  of  his 
age,  the  Abbe  de  Fenelon  preached 
with  general  applaufe.  What  the 
worthy  Marquis  felt  on  this  occa- 
fion,  the  fond  and  virtuous  parent 
may  conceive ;  but  even  he  could 
not  defcribe.    The  aftedion  of  this 


*  Ramfay's  life  of  Fenelon.  p.  9. — 
Edit.  Lond.  1723. 

4  E  good 


55° 


Life  of  Fenelon. 


Vol.  64. 


good  man,  however,  was  tempered 
with  prudence,  and  his  piety  with 
difcernment.  To  fecure  his  youth- 
ful charge  againft  the  dangerous 
efFeds  of  applaufe  or  inexperience, 
his  uncle  induced  the  Abbe  de  Fe- 
nelon to  obferve  for  fever  al  years, 
that  filence  in  public,  which  might 
be  accompanied  with  improvemxcnt 
in  private.  Under  Mr  Tronfon,  fu- 
perior  of  the  feminary  of  St  Sulpi- 
cius,  he  applied  with  redoubled 
Tigour  to  the  cultivation  and  im- 
provement of  his  intelledual  and 
moral  powers.  At  the  age  of  24, 
he  entered  into  holy  orders.  "  He 
afliltcd,"  fays  his  friend  and  biogra- 
pher, *  "  in  the  moll:  laborious  pa 
rochial  duties,  and  tliought  nothing 
below  him  in  a  miniltry,  where  the 
lowefl  office  is  a  dignity  too  great 
for  man." 

At  the  age  of  27,  he  was  chofen 
by  Mr  dc  JJiirlay,  Archbilhop  of 
Paris,  to  be  fuperior  to  a  conimu- 
iiity  of  womeji,  who  had  lately  been 
gained  over  from  the  proteftant  to 
the  catholic  faith.  The  manner  in 
•which  he  condud-ed  himfelf  in  this 
fituation.  procured  him  a  recom- 
mendation CO  the  King,  by  whom 
he  was  nominated  to  condud  a  mif- 
fion  to  the  coail  of  Samtonrre,  and 
particularly  to  the  country  of  ^unis, 
for  the  converfion,  as  they  term  it, 
of  the  proteftants. 

It  is  well  known,  that,  banifhing 
that  philanthropy,  which,  as  bre- 
thren, every  man  owes  to  another, 
refufmg  that  liberty  of  enquiry  ; 
which  is  every  m.an's  natural  right  ; 
and  extinguifliing  that  charity, 
which  is  the  diitinguilhing  charac- 
teriftic  and  glory  of  the  chridian 
name,  the  church  of  Rome  has  of- 
ten fent  forth  her  miffionaries,  arm- 
ed  v/ith  the  terrors  of  the  fword, 
and  the  horrors  of  devaftation,  un- 
der pretence  of  diireminating  the 


r 

*  Ram  fay's  life  of  Fenelon,  p.  ij. 


gofpel  of  peace.  Such  was  the  bar- 
barous nature  of  that  miifion,  or  ra* 
ther  military  expedition,  which  Louis 
XIV.  intended  Fenelon  to  conduct. 
In  youth,  the  ardour  of  enterprife 
is  not  often  tempered  with  wifdom, 
and  that  which  is  generally  ftiled 
wifdom,  when  attained,  is  feldorit 
any  other  thing,  than  a  well-regu- 
lated feif-love ;  and  when  the  fa- 
vour of  the  great,  the  road  to  pro- 
motion in  life,  is  to  be  acquiied, 
how  often  do  we  fee  the  decilion  of 
judgment  influenced  by  the  largefs 
of  fLlHlhnefs !  Rejeifting  with  horror, 
the  King's  offer,  in  the  circumRan- 
ces  propofed,  the  Abb  ^  de  Fenelon" 
declared,  that  were  the  million  to 
be  conduced  with  troops,  he  aban- 
doned it  for  ever  ;  but  that  if  aU 
lowed  to  condud  it  in  his  own  wayf 
he  would  undertake  it.  After  fome 
hefitation,  this  reafonable  delire  was 
at  length  granted ;  and  the  gentle 
treatment  enjoyed  in  the  territory 
to  which  Fenelon's  miffion  extend- 
ed, formed  a  ftriking  contrail 
to  the  barbarity  exhibited  in  the 
other  quarters,  to  which  that  fan- 
guinary  church,  of  which  he  was 
a  member,  had  fent  forth  her 
apoftles.  What  we  admire  in  this 
greatly  good  man,  is  not  catholi- 
cifm,  but  that  which  is  fubverfive 
of  it.  For  cruelty  alone  can  diife- 
minate,  and  ignorance  alone  receive 
the  true  principles  of  the  church  of 
Rome.  So  much,  indeed,  feems  to 
be  granted  by  Ramfay  himfelf, 
when  he  confeffes,  that  tins  me- 
thod, in  reality,  did  not  produce  fo 
many  haRy  converfions,  as  did  that 
cf  violence." 

On  the  expiration  of  his  mifTion, 
the  Abbe  returned  to  Paris,  and 
waited  on  the  King ;  after  which, 
for  the  fpace  of  two  years,  he  no 
more  appeared  at  court.  His  mo- 
dcfty  and  diffidence  were  equalled 
only  by  his  learning  and  virtue  ; 
but  unhappily  for  the  world,  when 
the  laft  are  combined  with  the  hrft, 

they 


July  1802. 


Life  of  Fenelon. 


55^ 


they  are  generally  fo  much  neglec- 
ted, as  they  ought  to  be  valued. 
Such  was  the  cafe  with  Fenelon. 
For  though  named  to  the  billioprick 
of  Poititersy  but  having  negleded  to 
pra(!T:ife  the  arts  neceffary  on  fuch 
occafions,  the  nomination  was  can- 
celled before  it  was  made  publick. 

About  this  time  he  became 
acquainted  with  the  celebrated 
B(ks-et^  bifhop  of  Meauxj  whofe 
friendlhip  he  highly  valued ;  and 
to  whofe  inftru(5lion  and  advice,  he 
liftened  with  that  docility  and  reve- 
rence, which  are  due  from  the  inexpe- 
rienced youth  to  the  wifdom  of  age* 
The  Abbe  de  Fenelon  was  intro- 
duced to  the  Duke  of  Beauvilliers^ 
among  others  in  favour  at  court, 
by  the  Marquis  his  uncle.  At  the 
requeft  of  this  nobleman,  he  wrote 
his  treatife  on  The  Education  of  a 
Daughter  ;  a  book  of  very  condder- 
able  merit,  but  which  has  never  yet 
appeared  in  a  proper  Englifh  drefs. 
The  Duke  of  Beauvilliers,  gover- 
nor to  the  young  prince,  unlike 
thofe  mercenary  and  fimoniacal  dif* 
penfers  of  favour,  by  whom  Fene- 
lon's  promotion  had  hitherto  been 
retarded,  unfollicited,  recommended 
him  to  the  King  m  fuch  terms, 
that  he  was  immediately  nominated 
preceptor  to  the  Duke  of  Burgun- 
dy. He  entered  upon  this  new  em- 
ployment in  September  1689. 

In  the  condudt  and  ifl'ue  of  this 
new  and  important  charge,  his  rare 
endowments,  his  high  acquirements, 
and  the  depth  and  folidity  of  his 
judgment,  attraded  general  atten- 
tion, and  merited  univerfal  ap- 
plaufe.  The  chara^fter  of  the  Duke 
ot  Burgundy,  the  change  induced 
upon  it  by  his  preceptor,  and  the 
means  by  which  it  was  cfFe^fted,  de- 
ferve  our  attention,  and  merit  imi- 
tation. 

The  talents  of  this  prince  were 
briUiant  and  fubftantial ;  but  in 
early  youth,  they  were  lhadcd  by 
niany  impcrfedions.    Indulging  a 


fenfe  of  that  dignity,  in  which  for-^ 
tune  produces,  tlie  great,  or  court- 
ed by  that  fawning  obfequioufhefs, 
which  is  ever  ready  to  (loop  and 
cringe  at  the  bare  poffibility  of  fu- 
ture favour,  he  foon  difcoverqd  a 
temper,  choleric,  imperious,  violent, 
haughty,  intolerant.  In  his  riper 
years,  he  was  meek,  gentle,  compaf- 
fionate;  ready  to  confcfs  a  fault, 
prompt  to  forgive ;  cafily  moved 
by  the  tear  of  the  wretched,  eager 
to  relieve  the  diflreffes  of  the  un- 
fortunate. It  is  evident  that  to  ef- 
fect fuch  a  change,  uncommon  /kill 
and  prudence  muft  have  been  ex- 
erted. 

Together  with  the  Abbe  de  Fe- 
nelon, there  were  employed  on  this 
important  charge,  feveral  others, 
ail  men  of  virtue  and  probity, 
whofe  objefl  was  not  felf-aggian- 
difement,  or  family  promotion,  but 
to  ftore  with  ufeful  knowledge,  and 
fortify  with  virtuous  principles,  the 
head  and  the  heart  of  a  youth, 
whofe  birth  deltined  him  to  be 
the  bleffing  or  the  fcourge  of  mil- 
lions. The  moil  diftinguilhed  of 
thefe,  after  Fenelon,  were  the  M^hd' 
de  Fii'ury,  the  Abhe  de  L  wg-roti,  and 
Paths r  le  Fal'/iu  Their  plan  was 
formed  in  concert,  and  purfued  with 
fteadinefs.  They  determined  never 
to  flatter  their  pupil ;  and  when 
they  had  reafon  to  be  diffatistied 
with  his  conduct,  never  to  Icreen 
his  faults,  or  alleviate  his  errors. 
A<fting  on  this  principle,  the  llyle 
in  which  they  addrelkd  him  was 
the  fame,  and  the  fame  the  path  in 
which  they  direded  him.  They 
taught  him,  that  it  was  only  by 
obedience,  and  the  performance  of 
his  duty,  that  he  could  hope  to  en- 
joy their  favour  ,  but  that  by  thefe 
he  might  expedt  more  than  their  fa- 
vour, their  friendlhip. 

In  the  conduce  of  Fenelon  as  a 
tutor,  however,  there  was  nothins^ 
harfh  or  forbidding.  His  iirmnefs 
was  inflexible  ;  but  the  only  pur- 
4  E  2  pofe 


552 


Life  of  Fenehn. 


Vol.  64. 


pofe  to  which  it  "v^-as  applied,  was 
to  give  effed:  to  his  gentlenefs.  The 
punifhments  commonly  inflided  in 
the  education  of  youth,  and  which 
they  have  often  too  good  reafon  to 
regard  as  the  effects  of  revenge,  ra- 
ther than  marks  of  afFedion,  were 
tiever  applied  by  this  aimable  pre- 
ceptor. The  principles,  indeed,  on 
which  he  proceeded,  rendered  cor- 
poreal punifhment  totally  unnecef- 
fary.  The  Duke  of  Burgundy  llu- 
died,  not  in  confequence  of  imperi- 
ous command,  but  in  obedience  to 
a  defire  of  knowledge,  which  his 
mafters  had  always  lufficient  fkilJ, 
as  well  as  inclination  to  excite.  By 
a  converfation  upon  which  they  had 
purpofely  entered,  though  to  him 
apparently  without  defign,  he  was 
prompted  to  read  a  hiftory,  to  exa- 
jtnine  a  map,  or  reafon  on  fuch  fub- 
^e(5ts,  as  were  fuited  to  his  years, 
and  his  progrefs  in  fcience.  t\  Itory, 
a  dialogue,  or  a  fable,  in  which  the 
moft  celebrated  charaders  of  anci- 
ent or  modern  times  were  intro- 
duced, and  in  which  were,  confpi- 
cuous  the  amiablencfs  of  virtue,  or 
the  turpitude  of  vice,  was  chofen 
according  to  circiimftances,  to  in- 
form his  underflanding,  and  improve 
Ills  heart.  With  this  objedt  in  view 
\vere  compofed,  "  The  Adventures 
of  Telemachus,"  *'A  brief  account 
of  the  lives  of  ancient  philofo- 
phers,"  and  "  The  Dialogues  of  the 
Dead." 

The  means  employed  for  cor- 
reding  the  violent  temper  of  the 
young  prince  do  no  lefs  honour  to 
his  preceptor,  than  the  ingenious 
methods  ufed  to  lead  him  to  the 
improvement  of  his  mental  powers. 
Whenguiltyofafault,  which  it  would 
have  been  improper  to  pafs  unnoti- 
ced, his  pidure  was  drav/n  in  a 
fable,  or  his  error  was  corrected  by 
delicate  raillery.  When  fwayed  by 
humour,  or  controuled  by  paflion, 
he  was  viewed  by  his  inftrudors 
with  marked'pity  and  concern  ;  and 


by  their  command,  was  approached 
by  his  attendants  in  melancholy 
filence,  till,  perceiving  himfelf  a- 
bandoned  by  all,  and  left  to  vent 
his  humour  without  compaflion,  he 
acknowlegcd  his  error,  and  afked 
pardon  for  his  fai^lt ;  for  the  moft 
ample  and  humble  acknowledge- 
ments were  the  only  condition  of 
forgivennefs.  To  accuftom  their 
pupil  to  this  open  ingenuoufnefs  of 
mind,  his  inftrudlors  ufed  to  ac- 
knowledge, and  to  blame  them- 
felves  for  any  thing  they  might 
chance  to  do  amifs  in  his  prefence  ; 
and  thus  render  their  very  imper- 
fedions  fubfervient  to  his  improve- 
ment. And,  according  to  Fenelon's 
own  teftimony,  in  order  to  accuf- 
tom him  to  the  duty  of  a  friend,  in 
obferving,  on  certain  occafions,  a 
judicious  filence,  they  made  him 
th'.ir  confident  in  rnatters  of  real 
importance. 

Such  was  the  plan  of  education, 
which  Fenelon  fo  fuccefsfully  car- 
ried into  pradice.  The  radical  prin- 
ciples were  fketched,  and  well  illuf 
trated  by  our  immortal  countryman 
Locke,  *  about  the  fame  time  ;  am:. 
of  late  years,  in  that  elegant  and 
excellent  work  on  "  Pradlical  Edu- 
cation," by  Edgeworth.  It  is  evi- 
dent,  that  it  is  only  in  private  tui- 
tion, that  the  plan  can  be  adopted  ; 
but  in  fuch  cafes,  it  is  recommend- 
ed by  the  moft  powerful  argu- 
ments.    Then  indeed  comes  the 

Delighfful  tafk  to  rear  the  tender  thought, 
To  teach  the  young  idea  how  to  {hoot, 
To  pour  the  frefh  infli'uvftion  o'er  the  mind. 
To  breathe  th'  enHvening  Ipirit,  and  to  ii% 
The  generous  purpofe  in  the  glowing  breall.f 

In  the  charader  of  Fenelon,  dif- 
intereftednefs  formed  a  ftriking  fea- 
ture.   Of  this,  as  well  as  of  the  in- 


*  la  his  **  Fanniliar  Letters  on  Edu- 
cation." 

I  Thgmfon's  Seafons,  Spring.  1149. 

at- 


July  t8o2. 


Life  of  Fenelon. 


553 


attention  of  mankind  to  mode  ft  me- 
rit, nothing  can  be  a  more  ftriking 
proof,  than  that,  wl^ile  he  renifaincd 
lix  years  at  <iourt  in  diftinguilhed 
favour,  the  only  benefice  he  enjoyed 
was  a  fmall  priory,  refigned  for 
him  by  his  uncle,  the  bilhop  of  Sar- 
lat.    Louis  XIV.  at  length  (1694) 
beftowed  on  him  the  abbey  of  St  Va- 
icry^  apologifmg  at  the  fame  time, 
for  beftowing  a  favour  fo  fmall,  and 
fo  late.    Such  is  the  acccount  given 
by  the  Chevalier  Ramsay^  who  lived 
in  the  ft  ride  ft  intimacy  with  him, 
during  the  laft  five  years  of  Fene- 
lon's  life.    By  an  anecdote  related 
by  D^Alemlert  in  his  Ehy^e  of  F me- 
lon^ it  would  appear,  that  he  was 
like  wife  then  Almoner  to  the  King. 
The  anecdote  dejferves  to  be  pre- 
ferved.    "  Father  Seraphine^  a  capu- 
chin,'' fays     Ahmhcrt^^  a  miffion- 
ary  more  zealous  than  eloquent, 
was  preaching  before  Louis  XIV. 
The  Abbe  de  Fenelon,  then  almoner 
to  the  King,  was  at  fermon,  and 
fell  afleep.    Father  Seraphine  per- 
ceiving it,  abruptly  interrupted  his 
difcourfe,  calling  out ;     Wake  that 
fleeping  Abbe,  whofe  oiiJy  apparent 
motive  for  coming  here,  is  to  pay 
court  to  the  King."    **  Fenelon,'' 
continues  D'Alembert,  "  liked  to 
relate  this  anecdote,  and  vnth  real 
fatisfaiftion,   praifed  the  preacher, 
who  had  ftiewn  fo  much  apoftolical 
liberty  ;  and  the  king,  by  whofe  fi- 
lence  it  was  approved." 

Fenelon  had  been  admitted  mem- 
ber of  the  Academie  Francois e  in  1693. 
It  was  about  this  time,  that  his 
'*  Dialogues  on  Eloquence,"  and  his 
"  Letter  to  the  French  Academy," 
were  compofed.  He  there  lays 
down  the  true  principles  of  elo- 
quence, ftiews  that  the  fublime  muft 
be  fought  in  fimplicity,  and  endea- 
vours in  this,  as  in  all  his  works, 
to  render  pleafure  fubfervient  to 
virtue,  and  to  recal  the  joys 

-r: — Of  aticient  uncorrupted  times, 
en  free  to  follow  uaturc  was  the  mode," 


In  a  few  months  after  the  Abbey 
of  St  Valery,  the  Archbiftioprick  of 
Cambray  fell  vacant.  To  this  rich 
benefice,  Louis  nominated  Fenelon. 
But  ever  nicely  fcrupulous  in  v;hac 
he  coufidered  his  duty,  he  at  firft  de- 
clined the  advantageous  offer,  fta- 
ting  the  incompatibility  of  the  du- 
ties of  his  diocefe,  with  the  educa- 
tion of  the  prince.  The  King,  on 
the  other  hand,  fliowed  him,  that^ 
as  the  education  of  the  Duke  was 
nearly  finilhed,  he  might  perform 
alternately,  the  functions  of  the 
prelate,  and  the  duties  of  the  pre- 
ceptor ;  leaving  in  both,  what  could 
not  be  accompiiihed  by  himfelf  to 
be  performed  by  thofe  who  were 
under  him.  He  confented  on  con- 
dition, that  he  fhould  fpend  nine 
months  of  the  year  in  his  diocefe, 
and  the  other  three  with  the  prince. 
Though  urged  by  tlie  King  to  re- 
tain it,  he  refigned  the  Abbey  of  Sr: 
Valery,  together  with  the  priorr 
given  up  to  him  by  his  uncle,  the 
bilhop  of  Sarlat.  SucK  condud  in 
the  newly  created  Archbifiiop  of 
Carnbray,  as  was  natural  to  expedt, 
was  univerfally  applauded  by  the 
unbiaiTed,  and  as  generally  blamed 
by  the  interefted.  "  You  arc  going;" 
to  ruin  us,"  faid  the  Archbiihop  of 
Rhtims  to  him,  upon  hearing  of  this 
practical  difapprobation  of  holding 
pluralities.  * 

Thus  in  1695,  was  at  laft  re- 
warded, that  merit  which  had  long 
courted  concealment.  Hitherto  Fe- 
nelon had  been  happy,  becaufe  con- 
tented,and  contented,  becaufe  his  en- 
joyments flowed  from  another  fource 
than  earthly  greatneis,  and  were 
quite  independent  on  the  caprice  of 
fortune.  Now  high  in  favour  at 
court,  and  polFefilng  revenues  which 
rendered  him  independent,  or  (a 
thing  which  was  more  congenial  to 


*  Eloge  de  Fenelon  par  M,  D'Aleca- 
bert. 


554 


Life  of  Fenelon. 


Vol.  64. 


his  foul)  which  enabled  him  to  ex- 
tend hjs  liberality,  and  with  it,  the 
principles  from  which  it  flowed;  his 
care  was  confcientioufly  to  perform 
his  duties,  and-  (to  ufe  more  awful 
language)     to  walk  with  God.'* 

But  how  myftcrious  are  the  ways 
of  Providence  !  When  fortune  has 
profufely  fcattered  her  toys,  and 
mortals  have  grafpcd  them  as  real 
bleffings  ;  when  fancy  has  decked 
the  landfcape  with  gaudy  colours, 
and  promifed  that  its  attractions 
fhall  be  as  durable  as  they  arc 
charming,  in  a  moment,  the  lower- 
ing fky  may  belie  our  hopes,  and 
the  pointed  thunder  blad  our  joys. 
Fenelon  was  foon  difgraced,  and 
the  ollenlible  reafon  of  it  was  his 
defence  of  Madame  GuiorCs  prin- 
ciples. 

This  lady  had  maintained  opi- 
nions, which  were  alternately  ap- 
proved and  condemned.  The  reli- 
gious tenets  which  Ihe  maintained 
were  publifhed  in  a  fmall  volume, 
entitled,  "The  Short  Method,''  and 
fuch  principles  as  were  deemed  pe- 
culiar to  herfelf,  were  comprehend- 
ed under  the  term  Quietifm.  The 
term  was  not  new.  A  fanatical  fet 
in  tlie  Greek  church  in  the  14th 
century,  had  been  ftiled  Quietifts. 
Michael  de  Molinosy  a  Spanifh  prieft, 
had  revived  their  principles  in  a 
treatife,  w^hich  he  publifhed  in  1675, 
under  the  title  of  "  The  Spiritual 
Guide."  *  In  defence  of  Madame 
Guion,  v/ho  had  embraced  many 
of  the  principles  of  Molinos,  Fene- 
Ion  wrote  his  "  Maxims  cf  the 
Saints.''  All  that  the  Archbifhop 
deemed  effential  to  his  view  of  the 
fcheme,  he  profelTes  to  be  contained 
in  the  following  extracl  from  one  of 
his  letters.    «  There  are,"  fays  he, 


^  *  Gregory's  **Hiftoryof  the  Chrif- 

tian  church."  Cent.  14.  ch.  3.  and 

Cent  17.  ch.  3.  and  Mofli.  Eccies. 
Hift.  vol.  4. 


"  but  two  things  I  infifl:  upon^j 
which  make  up  my  whole  do(flrine. 
'The  first  is,  That  charity  is  a  love 
of  God  for  hims  lf\  independent  of 
that  happinefs,  which  is  to  be  found 
in  the  enjoyment  of  him.  The  semnd 
is,  That  in  the  fpirltual  life  of  the 
mod  perfed  fouls,  it  is  charity 
which  goes  before,  and  leads  and 
animates  all  the  virtues,  and  diredts 
their  feveral  a<5ls."  *  Such  was  the 
declaration  of  his  fentimcnts  on  the 
day  before  he  finally  left  Paris.  The 
attainment  of  that  love,  which  is 
here  inculcated,  is,  indeed,  impof- 
fible,  and  is  therefore  not  required. 
The  grand  incentives  to  hoHnefs 
and  virtue,  laid  down  in  fcripture, 
are  ^ratitud'  and  hope  ;  we  are  re- 
quired to  "  love  him  who  firft  loved 
us  ;"  and  in  profped  of  the  fame 
reward,  to  "  be  followers  of  them, 
who  through  faith  and  patience, 
are  now  inheriting  the  promifes."— 
While  that  refined  chriftian  love, 
then,  which  is  recommended  by  Fe- 
nelon, like  the  virtue  inculcated  by 
the  Stoics,  is  above  the  reach  of  hu- 
manity, we  muft  confefs,  that  what- 
ever leads  to  an  approximation  to 
either,  has  an  excellent  tendency  ta 
enoble  and  elevate  the  foul ;  but  to 
teach  men,  that  either  is  e/fential  ii 
to  damp  their  joys,  as  well  as  to  de- 
mand impoffibilities. 

Such,  however,  was  the  oftenfiblp. 
caufe  of  the  Archbifhop  of  Cam- 
bray's  overthrow,  of  which  it  was 
thought  proper  here  to  give  a  brief 
ftatement.  After  many  attacks  f 
and  defences,  in  all  of  which,  he 


*  Letter  addrelTed  to  the  Duke  of 
Beauviilicrs^  dated,  Paris,  Auguft  3. 
1697.  Rainiay's  life  of  Fentlon,  p,  94. 

t  it  is  witii  regret,  that  1  ftate,  that 
Fenelon's  molt  virulent,  as  well  as 
moii-  difthiguilhed,  and,  1  mult  even 
add,  mcii  infidious  perfecutor,  in  the 
whole  of  this  affair,  v/as  the  celebrated, 
and  at  that  time,  aged,  Bofl^et,  bifliop 
of  Meaui'i:. 

eminently 


July  i8©2. 


Life  of  Fenelon. 


555 


eminently  difplayed  how  much  that 
love  for  which  he  contended,  regu- 
lated his  own  condu6l,  his  caufe 
was  referred  to  the  Roman  fee ;  and 
he  was  denied  the  privilege  of  ap- 
pearing there  in  perfon,  though  in 
a  cafe,  (it  truth  were  the  objc<5l,  •  in 
which  all  might  depend  on  the 
fenfc  of  a  word,  or  the  meaning  of 
a  I'entence.  After  the  caufe  had 
depended  1 8  months  ;  it  was  pro- 
pofed  to  difmifs  it,  and  at  the  flime 
time,  to  iflue**An  apoftolical  de-* 
cree,  eftablilhing  certain  canons,  re- 
lative to  internal  and  fpiritual  re- 
ligion.'' But  fortunately  for  the  z;?- 
fallibility  of  his  ho/irieis,  the  cardinal 
Casa  Nat  a  obferved,  that  fuch  a  de- 
cifion  might  create  a  mhunde^  stcmciing 
between  Rome  and Fr'ince!  Juftice  and 
iiitereft  were  now  oppofed,  and  e- 
very  one  allows,  that  in  fuch  a  cafe,' 
the  pope  knows  infallibly  the  part 
to  be  adled.  By  a  brief^  dated 
March  12.  1699,  Pope  Innocent 
XII.  condemned  the  Maxims  of 
the  Saints."  * 

But  how  comes  it  that  a  monarch, 
who  had  raifed  a  man  virtuous  and 
loyal,  to  the  greateft  eminence, 
ftiould  now  exert  all  his  influence 
to  effea  his  ruin,  and  lay  injundions 
on  the  Roman  fee  to  that  purpofe  ? 
This  is  a  query  whicli  naturally 
'Uggefts  itfelf  to  the  mind  ;  but  to 
^"hich  the  mere  ftatement  of  the 
ad  will  never  be  deemed  a  fatisfac- 
ory  anfwer. 


1'     That  the  pope  was  convinced  of 
I  he  mjuftice  of  this  fentence,  is  evi^ 
■'Cnt,  trom   two  circumftances.  ift 
though  urged  by  the  enemies  of  Fe- 
elon,   to  conderan  all  that  he  had 
•ntten  in  defence  of  his  Maxima  of  the 
^ms,  nc  peiemptonly  refufed :  though 
^ele  tracts  ct^ntained  the  fame  doc- 
rine  more  fully  and  clearly  explained. 
A  1  examinators  who  refu- 

I'd  their  vote  agamlt  Fenelon,  three 
I  ere  atterwards  made  cardinals,  Rodo^ 
Archbithop  of  Chietti;  Gahri.di, 
Sperelli.^Ult  of  Feneioo,  p.  128 


There  are  few  who  have  not 
heard  of  Madame  de  Maintcnon,  m 
every  fenfe,  the  miftrefs  of  Louis 
XIV.    Poffeffed  of  the  moft  un- 
bounded influence  over  the  French- 
monarch,  fhe  flattered  herfelf  v/Ith 
the  hope  of  being  one  day  raifed 
from  an  infamous  and  criminal  in- 
tercourfe  to   the   fummit  of  her 
wifhes,  the  throne  of.  France.  Pro- 
vided  file  gained   the  confent.of 
Louis,  ihe  gave  herfelf  no  concern 
about  that  of  the  church,  which  aK 
fo  was  neceffary.    Her  decernment, 
however,  pointed  out  Fenelon  as 
one  exxeption.   She  endeavoured  to 
gain  upon  him  by  indired  methods; 
and  it  was  while  this  projed  was 
on  foot,  that  he  was  created  Arch- 
bifiiop  of  Cambray.    She  fucceeded 
in  gaining  the  conditional  confent 
of  .Louis.      Father  la   Chaise,  the 
King's  confelfor,  would  be  glad, 
file  thought,  of  fuch  an  opportunity 
of  ingratiating  himfelf  with  her. 
He  told  the  King,  however,  that  it 
was  too  nice  a  point  for  him  to  de- 
cide, and  referred  him  to  M.  Cam- 
bray as  a  more  able  cafuift,  pro- 
mifmg  at  the  fame  time,  to  obfeive 
the  moft  profound  filence.  La  Chaise 
diklofed  the  affair  to  Cambray; 
"  What  have  I  done,  tather,''  re- 
plied the  Archbifiiop,  'nhat  joM 
fiiould  ruin  me? -But  no  matter, 
let  us  go  to  the  King.''    No  fooner 
had  Fenelon   enteied   the  "^in^'s 
prefence,    than    he  ihrew^  himtblf 
at  his  feet,  im.ploring  his  Majefty 
not  to  sacrifice  him.     The  Kin^  pro- 
mifed  that  he  would  not— Suffice  it 
to  fay,  ^  Fenelon  aded  with  pro- 
bity.     The  hopes  of  MmI^vic  de 
Mamtenon  were  biafled  ;  the  ruin  of 
the  prelate  was  meditated  ;  and  we 
have  already  feen  the  methods  by 
v/hich  it  was  effeded.  f 


t  For  a  more  particular  account  of 
-i^i^i'^^ame  de  Maintenon,  and  of  this  wboU 
atlair,  vide  Guardian,  vol.  i,  Nos  46 
47»  4a.  • 


Im 


556 


Life  of  Fenehn. 


Vol.  64. 


In  1697,  he  was  bamftied,  *  and 
Ms  friends  deprived.  Here  we  be- 
hold this  great  man  the  facrifice  of 
virtue,  becaufe  the  enemy  of  turpi- 
tude. But  ftill  this  venerable  man 
proved,  that  to  be 'virtuous  is  to  be 
happy. 

Jufium  et  tenacem  propofiti  virum, 
Non  civium  ardor  prava  juhentium, 

Non  vuWis  ir.Uantis  tyranni 
Memit  quutif  lolida. 
Si  fra<5lus  illabitui  orbis 

ImDavidum  ferieut  ruinae  f 

FeneLon  bore  the  whole  with 
the  moft  compofed  fubmiffion.  "  I 
renounce,"  faid  he,  ^*  my  own  judg- 
ment, to  conform  to  that  of  our 
holy  father  the  pope.  ||  On  hearing 
fuch  a  fentiment  from  Fenelon,  we 
are  led  to  pity  the  weaknefs  of  fo 
much  greatneis  ;  and  to  admire  the 
integrity  of  the  philofopher  and  the 
chrillian.  Fenelon  believed  himfelf 
to  be  a  catholic.  The  infallibility 
of  the  church,  as  lodged  in  popes, 
councils,  or  the  univerfal  confent  of 
her  members  (for  there  is  great  un- 
certainty among  cathohcs  on  this 
point— they  know  they  have  it,  but 
they  know  not  where,)  is  a  radical 
article.  Freedom  of  enquiry  is  de- 
nied. For  to  ^iquire,  fay  they,  is 
to  doubt,  to  doubt  is  not  to  believe, 
and  not  to  believe  is  to  be  in  a  ilate 
of  damnation.  It  is  eafy  to  conceive 
how  powerfully  thcfe  crude  dogmas 
may  operate  on  the  tender  mind, 
when  urged  with  the  pretence  of  di- 
vine authority,  and  with  the  influ- 
ence of  parental  endearment.  From 


^  To  banish  a  biOiop,  ineans  to  con- 
fine him  to  his  clioceie.  Vide  Lloge  de 
Fenelon  par  M.  D'Alembert, 

■f  Hor.  Od.  lib.  iii.  Od. 

(1  Life  of  Fenelon,  p.  133. 


the  reception  of  this  tenet  in  early 
y3^uth,  and  unqueftioned  in  maturef 
years,  proc.eeded  Fenelon's  acquief- 
cence  in  the  decifion  of  the  pop6. 
That  he  was  fmcere,  Ramlay  ren- 
ders indubitable  :  but  how  it  is  rt^ 
concileable  with  that  liberality  whicH 
fhincs  fo  confpicuoufly  through  hii 
writings,  and  was  fo  fully  difplayea 
in  his  general  condu(5l-,  I  pretend 
not  to  determine.   Of  that  liberality 
however,  there  cannot   remain  ai 
doubt.    His  Telemachus,  and  Dia- 
logues of  the  Dead,  are   in  th 
hands  of  every  one.  Inftead 
quoting  from  thefe  therefore,  1  lha 
produce  part  of  an  advice  given  t 
a  young  prince,  who,  in  1709,  fpen 
fome  time  at  his  palace.—"  Liber']; 
of  thought,"  faid  he,  "  is  an  impreg- 
nable fortrefs,   which   no  humaA 
power  can  force.    Violence  can  n 
ver  convince  ;  it  only  makes  hyp! 
crites.  When  kings  take  upon  the 
to  direct  in  matters  of  religion,  i 
ftead  of  proteding,  they  bring  it  i: 
to  bondage.    You  ought  therefor 
to  grant  all  a  legal  toLration^  not  ^ 
approving  every  thing  indifferentl 
but  fuffering  with  patience,  w' 
God  fufFers,  and  endeavouring 
reconcile  the  mifled  by  foft  a 
gentle  perfuafion.".  *   Of  Fra  P 
Snrpi^  the  celebrated  hiftorian 
the  Council  of  Trent,  Boffuet  fai 
that  "  he  was  a  Proteftant  an4 
Calvinift  under  a  friar's  frock." 
Fenelon,  we  may  perhaps  with  mori 
juftice  fay,  that  he  was  a  Prot<^ 
tant  in  the  church  of  Rome,  a 
that  though  charity  is  incompatib! 
with  her  principles,  it  may  fo 
times  be  found  in  her  members. 
C^fo  he  continued.) 


*  Ramfay's  life  of  Fenelon,  p.  307, 
D'Alembert,  Eloge  de  Fen.  p.  293, 


July  1862. 


557 


For  the  Scats  Magazine. 
ON  THE  ORIGIN  OP  SACRIFICES. 


O  intimately  conne<5ted  are  re- 
ligious and  civil  inftitutions,  that 
their  (lability  depends  upon  the  mu- 
tual affillance  they  derive  from  each 
other.  The  beft  fyftem  of^  laws, 
without  religious  fandions  to  en- 
force their  obfervance,  would  be 
too  feeble  to  ftem  the  torrent  of 
vice,  which  would  foon  burft  forth, 
and  fweep  away  in  its  progrefs,  the 
beft  of  human  comforts.  But  when 
we  take  a  view  of  fociety  in  all  its 
various  forms,  and  perceive  the 
number  of  rites  v/ith  which  religion 
bas  ever  been  encumbered,  fre- 
quently unneceffary,  and  fometimes 

I  ridiculous,  we  become  anxious  to 
iifcover  the  fources  from  which 
:hey  derived  their  origin.  Some, 
know  with  certainty,  originated 
Torn  the  ignorance  and  depravity  of 
nan  ;  others,  from  the  exprefs  com- 
mand of  heaven;  while  the  origin  of 
Hhers  is  wrapt  up  in  obfcurity. 

To  this  lall  clafs,  facrifices  may 
ye  referred,  refpeding  the  origin  of 
vhich,  two  different  theories  have 

I  )een  adopted  ;  the  one  aicribinn;  it 
o  God,  and  the  other  to  man.  The 

;  upporters  of  the  latter  theory,  en- 
leavour  to  explain  it  upon  differ- 
ent principles.  Of  thefe,  one  clan's, 
ollowing  the  opinions  01  their  lead- 

i  r  Spencer,  maintains,  that  facrifices 
•riginated  from  ignorance,  a  n.V/. 
2ie  gentium,  as  it  is  called  by  that 
elebrated  writer,  in  his  book  De 
-egibus  Hebrsornm.     He  fuppo- 

;'s,  that  men  in  the  early  ages  of 
he  world,  being  in  a  ftate  of  favae-e 
Vol.  LXIV,  ^ 


ignorance,  believed  the  Deity  to 
polfe/fed  of  a  nature  and  difpofition 
fimilar  to  their  own,  and  therefore,' 
prefented  offerings  to  him,  to  pro« 
pitiate  hrs  favour,  and  avert  his  in- 
dignation, and  alfo  as  a  recompence 
for  the  kindnefs  and  protedion  they 
received :  that  when  facrifices  had 
multiplied,  and  had  been  grofsly 
corrupted,  in  order  to  put  a  ftop 
to  the  progrefs  of  this  corruption^ 
and.  to  prevent  them  from  beino- 
offered  unto  idols,  God  reduced 
them  withm  fixed  bounds,  and 
adopted  them  into  his  own  fervice  ; 
though  he  did  not  approve  of  them* 
as  good  in  themfelves,  or  as  proper 
rites  of  worfhip. 

AwoTHER  clafs  of  tl  ofe  who  fup. 
port  the  fam.e  theory,  among  whonri 
Bifhop  Warburtoft  is  the  moft  dif. 
tinguillied,  maintains,  that  facrifices 
originated  from  the  natural  fenti- 
ments  of  the  human  mind,  and 
from  the  antient  mode  of  con- 
verfing  by  adion  in  aid  of  words.. 
"  The  fentiments,"  (the  learned  bi- 
fhop fays,)  which  nature  and  rea- 
fon  excite  in  every  man's  breafl,  to- 
wards the  author  and  fupporter  of 
our  being,  are  fimply  thefe  :  grati- 
tude for  good  beilowed  ;  applica- 
tion to  him  for  good  fought  or 
wanted;  and  repentance  for,  and 
.deprecation  of  crimes  committed.'* 
From  thefe  principles  operating  by 
expreffive  figns,  he  deduces  the 
pradice  of  facrince,  in  all  its  vari- 
rious  forms,  as  it  obtained  in  the 
antient  world. 

4F  This 


558  On  the  Origin  of  Sacrifices.  Vol.  64. 


This  theor^f  is  plaiifible,  and  fup- 
ported  vwith  n^ucli  ingenuity  and 
learning.  On  this  account,  both  of 
the  fchemes,  which  have  been  jull 
new  mentioned,  are  prefcntcd  to 
our  view  in  their  moft  favourable 
afpedl :  flill,  however,  they  both 
feem  liable  to  unfurmountable  ob- 
jeflions.  Without  attempting  a  re- 
futation of  thefe  obje<flions,  I  fhall 
endeavour  to  fhow,  that  the  theory 
which  afcribes  the  origin  of  facri- 
fice  to  the  exprefs  appointment  of 
heaven,  is  the  more  rational  and 
confiftent,  and,  at  the  fame  time,  to 
invalidate  occafionally,  the  argu- 
ments of  my  opponents. 

I.  That  facrifices  are  of  divine 
origin,  will  appear  from  the  nature 
of  the  rite  itfelf.  It  confided  in 
prefenting  an  offering  to  God,  to 
conciliate  his  f^ivour,  or  avert  his 
indignation.  Thefe  motives,  inde- 
p  ndent  of  revelation,  would,  from 
the  beginning,  influence  men  to  the 
performance  of  religious  duties. 
That  the  voice  of  nature  would  di- 
redl  to  gratitude,  and  the  fenfe  of 
g.uilt  fuggefh  the  neceffity  of  fatis- 
fa(5tion^  is  beyond  all  doubt.  But 
that  nature  would  dired  to  fuch 
methods  of  expreflion,  is  highly  im- 
probable. Is  it  poffible,  that  men 
could  fuppofe,  that  fruits  and  ani- 
mals could  be  acceptable  to  him,  to 
whom  belong  all  the  fruits  of  the 
earth,  the  fowls  of  the  air,  the  fiflies 
of  the  fea,  and  the  cattle  upon  a 
thoufand  hills  ?  Could  they  fuppofe, 
that  the  Sovereign  of  the  univerfe 
jftood  in  need  of  bread  to  ftrength- 
en,  and  wice  to  gladden  his  heart ; 
or  that,  like  earthly  foyereigns,  he 
could  be  bribed  by  a  profufion  of 
gifts  ?  Could  it  ever  enter  into  their 
minds,  that  an  imm^j-terial  Spirit 
•v\^ould  be  gratified  by  fuch  oiBfer- 
ings?  The  fuppofition  is  abfurd,  and 
derogatory  from  the  Divine  Ma- 

The  abfurdity  is  flill  more  flrick- 
ing,  in  offering  a  fla.ugh,terc(}  ani- 


mal ;  in  endeavouring  to  picafe  the 
Creator  by  mangling  his  creatures; 
and  in  performing  an  action  cruel 
in  itfelf,  and  contrary  to  the  natu- 
ral feelings  of  the  mind.  Dominion 
over  the  creatures,  was,  indeed, 
granted  to  man,  but  no  authority 
to  tyrannife  over,  and  abufe  them. 
Such  a  condudl  was  calculated  to 
make  men  dread  the  vengeance,  ra- 
tlier  than  hope  for  the  favour  of 
their  Maker.  The  idols  of  the  na  - 
tions ;  the  falfe  gods  before  whom 
their  deluded  votaries  bowed  with 
reverence,  might  be  pleafed  with 
fuch  offerings  as  thefe.  They  might, 
as  was  generally  thought,  be  grati- 
fied with  the  fumes  that  afcended 
from  the  burning  victim.  But  men 
of  the  leall  underftanding,  might 
furely  prefume,  that  the  facrifice  of 
prayer  and  praife  ;  of  a  pure  heart 
and  a  good  life;  would  be  more  ac- 
ceptable to  the  great  Creator,  This 
is  a  facrifice,  which  even  the  wifer 
of  the  heathen,  brought  up  in  the 
tenets  of  a  religion  corrupted  by 
the  groffefl:  fuperflition,  had  the  dif- 
cernment  to  prefer  ;  a  facrifice,  the 
want  of  which,  they  did  feelingly 
deplore.  Who,  of  all  mankind,'* 
(fays  a  heathen  poet,)  "is  fo  ftupid* 
ly  credulous,  and  fo  foolifh,  as  to 
think,  that  the  gods  can  be  delight- 
ed with  fuch  a  prefent  of  bones^ 
gall,  and  blood,  v/hich  a  hungry 
dog  would  fcarcely  touch. ^'  Such 
an  opinion  could  only  proceed  from 
corrupted  and  miflaken  notions  of 
the  divine  nature. 

No^j;-,  if  we  attend  to  the  time 
when  we  have  the  firft  accounts  of 
facrifice,  we  will  at  once  perceive^^ 
that  this  could  not  be  the  cafe  \} 
that  the  notions  of  men,  refpedHngi. 
the  nature  and  perfedions  of  the 
^  Suprer/ie  Being,   muft  then  have 
b-een  accurate  and  pure.    It  was  in 
the  days  of  Cain  and  Abel,  when 
their  parents  were  both  alive,  and 
when  the  world  was  yet  in  its  in- 
fancy.   It  Kas  before  idolatry  wa^ 

in- 


July  1802. 


On  the  Origin  of  Sacrifices. 


559 


introduced,  and  before  fuperftition 
had  debafed  the  fentiments  of  men. 
They  had  lately  received  their  re- 
ligion from  God  himfelf ;  they  were 
the  fupports  of  it  in  their  genera- 
lion  ;  and  were  entrufted  with  the 
care  of  tranfmitting  it  in  purity  to 
their  poftcrity  ;  on  which  account, 
perhaps,  as  well  as  others,  God  pro- 
longed their  lives  to  a  great  extent. 
They  were  likev^ife  diftinguifhed  for 
their  piety,  and  for  the  rewards 
which  it  obtained.  We  cannot 
therefore  fuppofe  that  Abel,  in  thofe 
times  of  primitive  fimplicity,  would 
facrifice  an  innocent  animal  to  God, 
without  his  exprefs  appointrncnt. 

11.  We  are  told  in  the  fourth 
chapter  of  Genefls,  that  "  Cain 
brought  of  the  fruit  of  the  ground, 
an  offering  to  the  Lord:  And  Abel, 
he  alfo  brought  of  the  firftlings  of 
his  flock,  and  of  the  fat  thereof ; 
and  that  the  Lord  had  refpe<f>  to  the 
offering  of  Abel,  but  not  to  that  of 
Cain.''    This  diftindion  was  fo  ob- 
vious,  as  greatly  to  irritate  the  mind 
of  Cain,  and  probably  proceeded 
from  fome  vifible  fign  communica- 
ted by  God ;  for,  in  after  times,  we 
are  informed,  God  teftified  his  ac- 
ceptance of  the  facrifice,  by  fend- 
ing down  fire  from  heaven  to  con- 
fume  the  vidlim.   By  with-holding 
this  fign  from  Cain's  offering,  he 
niight  indicate  his  difapprobation  of 
it,  and  excite  in  Cain  that  difcon- 
tent  with  which  he  was  filled.  The 
defed  of  Cain's  offering  unqueftion- 
iibly  confifted,  not  in  the  offering 
itfelf,  but  in  the  difpofition  of  the  of- 
ferer. Now,  had  facrifices  been  of  hu- 
man invention,  at  that  early  period, 
they  could  not  have  been  performed 
^vith  a  bad  difpofition.    For,  if  they 
were  a  teftimony  of  gratitude,  they 
muft  neceffarily  have  proceeded  from 
1  grateful  heart ;  or,  if  they  were  ex- 
preffions  of  other  feelings  of  the  mind, 
"hey  undoubtedly  fuppofed  the  ex- 
ilence  of  thefe  feelings.    It  is  true, 
'Vhcn  a  pradice  is  eftabliihed  by  au- 


thority or  cuftom,  and  fandioned 
by  general  ufage,  many  may  com- 
ply with  it  from  very  improper  mo- 
tives ;  but,  if  voluntary,  and  of  late 
origin,  none  will  comply,  but  fuch 
as  are  convinced  of  its  propriety 
and  ufefulnefs.    If  facrifices  then' 
were  an   expreflion  of  gratitude, 
they  fuppofed  the  offerer  to  be  pof- 
feffed  of  gratitude  ;   if  they  were 
regarded  as  a  mean  of  expiating 
fin,  they  fuppofed  the  offerer 
ble  of  his  fin,  and  anxious  to  have 
it  taken  away.  Thus,  upon  the  fup- 
pofition  of  facrifices  having  been  a 
human  invrention,  we  cannot  explain 
the  reafons,  for  which  the  facrifice 
of  Cain  was  rejecfted  by  Go  J.  But, 
if  we  fuppofe  thefe  to  have  been  of 
divine  origin,  the  difficulty  imme- 
diately vaniflies.   Abel  might  obey 
with  alacrity  and  plcafure  the  com- 
mand of  his  Maker,  while  Cain  per- 
formed, with  rel usance  and  difcon- 
tent,  the  fervice  which  he  was  afraid 
to  negledl. 

III.  It  may  be  obferved  farther, 
that  we  find  facrifices  offered  to 
God  from  the  beginning  ;  and  that, 
inftead  of  checking  the  pradice, 
while  yet  in  its  infancy,  he  kindly 
accepted  of  the  offering  of  .  -.bel, 
and  other  righteous  men.  Nay,  we 
find  him  exprefsly  commanding  A- 
braham  to  offer  up  his  ion  Ifaac, 
for  a  burnt  offering  ;  and  that,  in 
the  Jewilh  ritual,  which  was  whol- 
ly  the  infticution  of  God,  the  laws 
relating  c©  facrifice  occupied  a  ^^ery 
confiderable  part. 

Kfeping  in  view  thefe  fa(fls,  let 
us  fuppofe,  for  a  moment,  that  fa- 
crifices were  of  human  origin.  We 
w411  be  necefliirily  led  to  tiiis  con- 
clufion,  that  the  Supreme  Being 
fandtioned  a  pra<ftice  which  proceed- 
ed from  ignorance  and  error,  with 
refpe(ft  to  himfelf;  a  practice  big 
with  fuperftition,  and  ready  to  difl 
fufe  over  the  world  a  fyfiem'  of  bon- 
dage and  cf  mifery  ;  that  men,  be- 
ing determined  to  follow  their  own 
3      ^  ways, 


On  (be  Origin  of  Sacrifices. 


Vol.  64. 


ways,  the  Almighty  not  only  tole- 
rated their  errors,  but  adopted  them 
as  his  own  appointment,  and  deliv- 
ered them  to  the  Ifraelites  to  be  the 
rule  of  their  conda(ft,  in  their  reli- 
gious  fervices.  The  abfurdity  of 
this  conclufion  is  fo  apparent,  as  to 
require  no  comment.  Granting, 
therefore,  that  men,  in  the  early 
ages  of  the  world,  were  ignorant  of 
the  true  nature  and  character  of 
God,  ftill  it  might  be  proved,  from 
the  fads  jufl  now  dated,  that  facri- 
fices  could  not  be  of  human  origin. 

IV.  A  FOURTH  argument  in  iiip- 
port  of  the  divine  origin  of  fiicrificcs, 
may  be  drawn  from  the  dillinclion 
that  obtained  between  clean  and  un- 
clean animals  in  the  early  ages  of 
the  world.  This  diftindlon  had 
been  eftablifhed  and  underftood  in 
the  time  of  Noah  ;  for,  God  com- 
manded him  to  take  of  the  clean 
and  unclean,  without  fpecifying  to 
what  clafs  any  particular  animal  be- 
longed. Now,  there  is  nothing  in 
the  nature  of  animals  themfelves, 
to  lead  to  fuch  a  diftmdtion.  The 
quality  of  their  food  is  indeed  very 
different,  fome  hvlng  upon  animals, 
others  upon  vegetables  ;  but,  that 
the  diftin(51ion  betwixt  clean  and  un- 
clean, did  not  proceed  from  hence, 
appears  from  this  circumftance,  that 
to  the  clafs  of  the  unclean  were  re- 
ferred animals  that  lived  upon  eve- 
ry kind  of  food,  whether  animal  or 
vegetable.  Neither  could  it  proceed 
from  fome  animals  being  more  a- 
greeable  to  the  palate  than  others, 
for  we  find  animals  clafTed  v/iih  the 
unclean,  which  could  by  no  means 
beconfidered  as  unpalatable.  Equal, 
if  not  ftronger,  objedions  apply  to 
the  fuppofition,  that  it  proceeded 
from  their  ufefulnefs,  and  from  the 
fervices  they  performed  co  man. 
And  to  fuppofe,  that  in  this  inftance, 
men  were  guided  by  mere  whim,  is 
altogether  unreafonable,  and  could 
never  account  for  that  uniform  and 
marked  diftin^^tion  which  was  efta- 


bliflied  among  the  low<*t  animals  ; 
and,  fmce  at  that  time,  flefli  does  i 
not  feem  to  have  mads  a  part  of  hu- 
man diet,  it  could  proceed  only  from 
the  appointment  of  heaven,  eRa- 
blifliing  a  difference  betwixt  thole 
animals  which  were  proper  to  be  of- 
fered  in  facrifice,  and  thofe  which 
were  not. 

V.  If  to  thefe  arguments,  we  add 
the  univerfality  and  uniformity  of, 
the  practice,  extending  itfelf  over 
almoft  every  country,  where  thei 
children  of  men  had  fixed  their  a-) 
bode,  our  theory  will  derive  addi-i 
tional  fupport.  Had  the  rite  beenl 
of  human  origin,  we  might  havej 
expetflcd  that  tlie  mode  of  perform-* 
ing  it,  would  have  been  as  varied  1 
as  are  the  taftes  and  fentiments  of^ 
men.  Inlfead  of  burning,  we  might,j 
in  fome  places,  have  found  them", 
boiling  the  vidim.  Inftead  of  fowlg) 
or  quadrupeds,  we  might  have  found 
them  facrificing  fifhes,  of  which  there; 
is  only  one  folitary  inftance  recorded 
by  Herodotus.  Inftead  of  con-f 
hning  themfelves  to  fruits  and  livd 
animals,  we  might  have  found  thenaj 
prefenting  pearls  and  precious  ftones,; 
as  a  more  valuable  gift  to  the  Au«^' 
thor  of  all  things.  < 

No  practice  indeed  has  been  more 
corrupted  than  that  of  facrificefc; 
This  circumftance,  however,  doeft- 
not  invalidate  the  truth  of  the  gcm 
neral  proportion  we  have  been  at- 
tempting to  eftablifh.    For,  upoiSk 
the  fuppofition  that  facrifices  were 
of  divine  inftitution,  and  had  been 
propagated  by  tradition  through  the 
vaiious  regions  of  the  earth,  it  wa$ 
natural,  that  in  the  progrefs  of  g©*^ 
neral    corruption,    chis  traditioa 
fhould  likewife  Jfhare  the  commoafti 
fate.    Hence,  we  can  account  coniJ 
fiftently  with  our  theory,  how  meifl 
came  to  ufe  fuch  facrifices,  as  it  waH 
neither  fit  for  the  Divine  MajeftjH 
to  accept,  nor  for  reafonable  creaH 
tures  to  ofFen  fl 

TnM 


July  1802. 


On  the  Origin  of  Sacrifices. 


The  inftittition  of  facrifices  might 
ferve  two  different  purpofes  : 

I  ft,  To  exhibit  the  dreadful  na- 
ture of  fm,  and  the  punifhment  due 
to  it,  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  to  make 
a  deep  and  lafting  impreffion  upon 
the  mind. 

2d,  To  diredi  the  vie  wof  men  to  that 
great  facrifice,  who,  by  one  offering, 
was  to  deliver  them  from  death,  and 
make  atonement  for  the  fms  of  the 
world.  When  they  faw  the  blood 
ftreaming from  the  vidim,  and  the  laft 
ftruggle  of  departing  life,  the  fcene 
could  hardly  fail  to  produce  recol- 
ledtion  and  ferious  thought.  In  thefe 
moments  of  folemii  meditation,  the 
fins  they  had  commiued,  and  the 
puniihment  they  had  confequently 
deferved,  would  occur  to  their  minds 
with  full  force.  They  would  be  led 
to  contemplate  with  awe,  the  power 
and  majefty  of  the  Great  Creator, 
and  to  dread  his  difpleafure  as  the 
ivorft  of  human  ills.  And,  on  the 
other  hand,  when  they  looked  for- 
ward to  the  great  atonement,  of 
which  their  facrifices  were  a  repre- 
fentation,  their  belief  in  the  divine 
goodnefs  would  be  ftrengthened  ahd 
confirmed.  They  would  adore, 
with  gratitude,  the  plans  of  infinite 
wifdom,  and  cheerfully  devote 
themfeives  to  the  fervice  of  that 
Being,  who  tempereth  feverity  with 
mercy,  and  bringethgoodoutof  evil. 
That  good  men,  in  the  early 

i  iges  of  the  world,  really  had  fuch 

>  /.lews,  appears  from  the  faith  in 
A^hich  they  are  faid  to  have  died. 
The  objed  of  their  faith  was,  un- 
ioubtedly,  the  promife  that  God 
lad  given  them,  of  a  reiloration 
0  his  favour,  and  to  that  immorta- 
ity  which  had  been  forfeited  by 
ranfgreflion,  by  means  of  the  great 
acrifice  that  was  afterwards  to  be 
ffered.  Now,  their  belief  in  this 
romife  fuppofes,  that  its  meaning 

^  ''as  underltood,  and  that  the  me- 
^od  of  their  deliverance  from  the 
unifliment  threatened  to  tranfgref- 

'  on,  WAS  revealed  to  them  j  oSier* 


501 

wife,  their  belief  would  have  been 
credulity,  and  not  faith.  Befide?;, 
the  facrifices  under  the  law  are  cal- 
led a  fhadow  of  good  things  ta 
come;  we  cannot  fuppofe,  therefore, 
that  the  faith  of  good  men  termina- 
ted in  the  fhadow  ;  hence,  it  muft 
have  had  refpe<5l  to  the  great  {'3izvu 
fice,  of  which  all  others  v/ere  «nif 
figns  or  lhadows.  Attending  tp 
thefe  circumftances,  v.'e  cannot  fur 
ly  fuppofe,  that  an  inflitution,  which 
fo  exa<5rly  reprefented  the  great  fa- 
crifice that  was  afterwards  to  be  of- 
fered, fliould  be  merely  a  human 
invention. 

The  principal  objections  which 
have  been  made  to  this  theory,  are 
the  two  following  : 

I.  It  is  faid,  if  facrifices  had  been 
appointed  by  God,  the  Scriptures 
would  not  have  been  iilent  concern- 
ing that  circumi'tance  ;  efpecially 
fmce  we  find  Mofes  carefully  record- 
ing what  God,  and  not  nature, 
taught  Adam  and  his  pofterity. 

The  fiience  of  Scripture  has  fur- 
niihed  fubjed  to  many  controverfies. 
But,  in  this  cafe,  we  ought  to  confider, 
whether  the  thing  itfeif  rendered  it 
neceffary  that  it  Ihould  be  recorded. 
In  the  brief  account  of  the  crea- 
tion-exhibited by  Mofes,  we  canno: 
exped  a  miiiute  account  of  all  the 
revelations  and  inltructions,  which 
God  communicated  to  man.  Thofe 
only  are  related  which  were  necef- 
fary for  the  information  of  poileri- 
ty.  Even  the  appointment  of  ihe 
Sabbath,  as  a  day  of  reft,  is  ex- 
prcifed  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  hath 
led  fome  to  maintain,  that  it  wa:; 
not  inftiiuted,  till  the  giving  of  the 
law  upon  Mount  Sinai.  There  are, 
however,  ftrong  reafons  why  the  If- 
raelites  ihould  have  been  put  in 
mind  of  the  early  inftitution,  and 
divine  origin  of  the  Sabbath,  which 
do  not  at  all  apply  to  facrifices.  It 
is  probable,  that  the  Hebrews  du- 
ring their  relidence  in  Egypt,  paid 
little  attention  to  tiie  obfervance  of 


562 


On  the  Origin  of  Sacrijices. 


Vol.  64 


the  Sabbath  ;  fo  that  it  became,  in 
fome  meafure,  neceHary  to  put  them 
in  mind  of  its  firft  inftitution,  that 
they  might  keept  it  holy,  in  memo- 
ry of  the  creation. 

But  with  regard  to  facrifices, 
their  condu(5t  was  very  different. 
Inftead  of  neglcv^ing  them,  they 
had  run  into  the  oppofite  extreme. 
They  had  multiplied  them  to  an 
unwarrantable  extent,  and  made  a 
practice  calculated  to  ferve  the  moll 
valuable  purj)ofes,  minifter  to  the 
progrcfs  of  idolatry  and  fuperfH- 
tion.  Hence  it  was  neceffary,  on- 
ly to  reduce  them  within  proper 
bounds,  and  to  ellablifli  fuch  rules, 
with  refped  to  their  performance, 
as  might  bring  them  to  promote 
the  ends  they  were  originally  in- 
tended to  ferve. 

SEVhRAL  additional  ceremonies 
too,  might  have  been  added  by 
Mofes,  to  preferve  them  from  the 
infedlion  of  their  heathen  neigh- 
bours, and  to  keep  them  dillindt 
from  every  other  nation.  On  this 
accouiU,  it  might  have  perhaps 
been  improper  to  have  acquainted 
them  with  the  fimplicity  of  the  ori- 
ginal inftitution  of  facrifices.  They 
might  have  murmured  at  the  bur- 
den w^hich  was  inipofed  upon  them, 
and  fubmitted  with  reludlance  to 
the  authority  of  their  lawgiver. 
Their  original  inftitution,  therefore, 
might  wifely  have  been  concealed 
from  the  antient  people  of  God. 

IL  But  the  moft  powerful  ob- 
jedion  to  the  divine  origin  of  facri- 
fices, is  drawn  from  the-  exprefs  de- 
clarations  of  God  himfelf.  Thus,  in 
the  book  of  Jeremiah,  vii.  12.  we 
find  the  Moft  High  thus  addrefimg 
his  people,  I  fpake  not  to  your 
fathers,  nor  commanded  them,  in 
the  day  that  I  brought  them  out  of 
Egypt,  concerning  burnt-offerings 
or  facrifices.  And  in  the  prophecies 
of  Ifaiah,  i.  11.  "  To  w^hat  purpofe 
is  the  multitude  of  your  facrifices 
unto  me  ;  I  delight  not  in  the  blood 
of  bullocks,  or  of  lambs;  or  of  he- 


goats."  Thefe,  and  many  oth^ 
paffages  of  fcripture,  have  bee! 
brought  by  our  opponents  to  prove 
that  facrifices  could  not  owe  thet 
origin  to  the  Divine  Being. 

Were  we  to  proceed  upon  thi; 
principle,  we  might  exclude  fron 
our  religious  worfhip,  all  externa 
obfervanceswhatevcr ;  andthewhol 
Jewifh  ritual  would  vanifh,  like  ths 
bafelefs  fabric  of  a  vifion,  and  leavf 
not  a  trace  behind.  Belides,  to  fupi 
pofe  the  Supieme  Being  offended 
at  a  practice,  which  he  exprefsly  eiii 
joined,  and  condemning  an  inftitui 
tion,  which  he  had  lately  eftablifti^ 
ed,  is  to  fuppofe,  that  the  Divia<! 
cond  11(51  is  iluduating  and  incoflii 
fiftent.  This  apparent  inconfiften' 
cy,  however,  may  be  eafily  x^-\ 
moved.  / 

Every  one  of  the  leaft  refle(5tiof|' 
muft  know,  that  religion  properly 
confifts  m  the  performance  of  moral 
duties,  which  are  perfedly  diftind 
from  external  obfervances ;  that  the 
latter  are  added  merely  to  aid  thi 
weaknefs  of  man ;  and  are  onljd 
praife-worthy,  as  they  are  the  gci 
nuine  expreffions  of  the  feelings 
the  heart.  Deftitute  of  thefe  fseli 
ings,  they  are  of  no  avail.  But  if 
men,  inftead  of  ufing  them  as  aidi 
in  their  religious  fervices,  place 
upon  them  their  whole  dependancfc 
for  acceptance  with  God,  and  make 
them  ferve  as  a  fubftitute  for  mordi 
reditu  de,  then  they  become  fmful, 
and  offenfive  to  God.  It  is  when 
viewed  in  this  light,  that  he  con- 
demns and  rejedls  them  by  the 
voice  of  his  prophets.  Thus,  theifc 
two  objedions,  when  nearly  examiiiv 
ed,  almoft  wholly  difappear. 

Upon  the  whole,  it  feems  more 
probable  in  itfelf,  and  more  analo^ 
gous  to  the  general  courfe  of  thingjTi 
to  conclude,  that  a  pradice  fo  urit- 
verfal,  and  fo  fignificant,  was  of  I 
divine,  and  not  of  human  origin. 

^i^^'     I  ACADEM.CUS,- 
lb02.  3 


July  i8c2. 


563 


DESCRIPTION  of       SCENERY  upon  the  RIVER  YARROW 
»n  ETTERICK  FOREST. 


THE  eftate  of  Haim'ng,  the  pro- 
perty of  Mark  Pringle,  Efq;  lies  in 
:he  immediate  neighbourhood  of 
Selkirk.  The  iioufe,  which  was 
lately  built,  is  large  and  elegant, 
ind  moft  delightfully  fituated  on  a 
errace  fronting  the  fouth,  which 
jverlooks  a  lake  about  a  mile  in  cir- 
:umference.  This  piece  of  water 
s  of  an  irregular  triangular  lhape, 
lavmg  the  building  at  its  bafe. 
The  ground  rifes,  partly  by  nature, 
nd  partly  by  art,  from  the  edge  of 

'!ie  water,  which  is  perfedlly  free 
•cm  fwamp,  excepting  toward  the 
pper  extremity  of  the  lake,  where 
IS  covered  with  reeds  for  a  few 
ards  from  the  margin.    A  gravel 
•alk  winds  around  the  lake,  which 
■ads,  in  fome  places,  under  a  ca- 
:)py  of  overhanging  branches,  af- 
Tding  an  agreeable  fhade.  Groves 
>mpofed  of  different  trees,  are 
anted  over  the  rifing  grounds. 
Id  the  intervening  fields  afford  the 
:he(t  pafture  to  oxen,  and  a  flock 
that  breed  of  fheep,  called  Mu^^<. 
he  view  from  the  houfe  is  very 

!.rcumfcribed,  but  extremely  agree- 
■le,  comprehending  the  lengdi  of 

'e  lake,  and  the  woods  and  groves 
iich  adorn  its  margin.    It  is  a 

■ofpedf,  fuch  as  this,  that  is  con- 

.;nial  to  the  feelings  of  one,  who 
•ks  not  ambitioully  to  embrace 
ery  gratmcation  in  his  extenfive 
lip,  but  who  loves  the  fequefter- 
abode,  and  the  domeftic  enioy. 

»;nts  which  retirement  affords, 


S<a,ra  quits,  et  nefcia  f.-ilere  vita, 
rHEroadupthe  Yarrow  ftretch- 


e..,  m  a  wefterly  diredion,  from  Sel. 
kirK  through  the  grounds  of  Philip, 
haugh.     The  hau.rh  grounds  here 
are  extenfive,  and  have  given  rife 
to  the  names  of  feveral  farms  a- 
mongft  which  they  are  divided,  fuch 
as   Ph.liphaugh,  Howdcanhangh, 
Carterhaugh.  In  fome  places,  thefe 
grounds  are  covered  with  alders, 
birches,  and  other   trees;  amidft 
which,  are  fcattered  fome  cottages 
the  peaceful  abodes  of  the  peafants 
belonging  to  the  feveral  farms.  In- 
deed  the  whole  of  this  region,  welt 
of  the  town,  is  inexpreffibly  fweet 
In  every  quarter  to  which  the  eye 

itfelf.    The  greateft  variety  of  con- 
traft  occurs  ;  a  high,  black,  heathr 
mountain  is  fkirted  by  an  enchant- 
ing green  vale,  covered-  with  luxu- 
riant fhrubs.    On  the  other  fide  of 
the  nver  Etterick,  rifes  a  hill  of  con- 
hderable  height,  green  to  the  top  • 
m  the  vicinity  of  which,  ftill  f^ou- 
riihes  a  fragment  of  the  ancient  na- 
tural_  foreft.    Tlie  profped  down 
the  nver,  prefents  a  country  aboun- 
ding ,n  corn  fields;  while,  looking 
to  the  weft,  the  moft  majeftic  groups 
of  mountains  tower  behind  one  ano- 
ther. 

About  a  mile  weft  of  Selkirk 
the  river  Yarrow  terminates  in  the 
i^tterick,  and  here  the  fcenery  af- 
fumes  a  mingled  charader  of  t^ran- 
deur  and  amenity,  which  by  turns 
aftonifhes  and  delights  every  wind 
ing  of  the  road,  during  five  miles, 
mtroduces  to  view  objeds,  which 
ftrongly  arreft  the  af  ontion  and  ex- 

'\  ^'''^^''^ 
taele,  the  Harehtad  wood,  a  conii^ 

derable 


564 

aetable  remnant  of  the  ancient  fo- 
reft,  is  the  firft  which  occurs.  ^  It 
IS  compofed  chiefly  of  oaks,  which 
are  cut  down  as  foon  as  the  wood 
or  bark  furnifh  a  temptation,  fo  that 
ihey  arc  never  allowed  to  grow  to 
maturity  ;  at  prefent,  the  trees  from 
the  old  roots  are    about  ten  or 
twelve  years  old  ;  and,  at  a  fmall 
diftance,  have  the  appearance  of  a 
foreft  ;  the  road  winds  through  the 
middle  of  this  wood,  and  in  fome 
places,  the  Yarrow  is  feen  below, 
t.umbling  over  fragments  of  rocks, 
Tvhich  are  ftrewed  along  its  bed. 
On  the  oppofite  fide,  is  fituated  the 
villa  of  Bowhill,  belonging  to  the 
Duke  of  Buccleugh  ;  the  houfe  is 
furrounded  with  tine  old  woods, 
which  magnify  the  effea  of  the 
Yarrow  fcenery.  At  the  farther  ex- 
tremity of  the  Harehcad,  a  noble 
landlcape  opeiis  to  the  eye,  uniting 
in  itfelf  the  fublime,  the  romantic, 
^nd  the  piaurefque.     The  fore- 
ground  confills  of  fome  rugged 
knolls,  which  rife  from  the  edge  of 
river,  and  are  covered  with  cople- 
wood  ;  irregular  groves  of  birches 
are  fcattered  over  the  middle  ground 
beyond  which,  the  caftie  of  Newark, 
now  a  majeftic  ruin,  ftands  on  an 
elevated  peninfula  ;  farther  on,  the 
fmoke  afcends  from  the  village  of 
Yarrowford,  and  gives  a  mellow- 
nefs  to  the  dark  woods  of  Hangmg'- 
fliaw,  which  ly  beyond  ;  the  rem.ams 
of  Hangingihawhoufe  exhibit  an  un- 
defined  niin,  ftanding  on  the  declivi- 
ty of  a  hill,  and  the  diilance  is  compo- 
fed of  mountains  of  different  tints,  as 
they  recede  more  or  lefsfrom  the  eye. 
Several  farm  houfes  and  cottages 
are  fcattered  over  this  region,  fome 
of  which  are  vifibie,  and  the  fitua- 
tion  of  others  is  indicated  by  the 
curhng  wreaths  of  fmoke,  which  af- 
cend  from  them.    In  the  centre  of 
this  rich  landfcape,  ftands  the  farm- 
houfe  of  Fotvlshieh,  the  birth-place, 
and  lately  the  refidence  of  Mr  Mungo 
Park,  the  celebrated  African  tra- 


Scenery  upon  the  River  T arrow.        Vol.  64 


veller.  If  phyfical  circumftances 
had  a  powerful  and  decifive  influ- 
ence in  forming  the  mind,  furely 
this  fpot  fhould  have  produced  a 
gentle  poet,  whofe  heart  was  foften- 
ed,  even  to  effeminacy,  inftead  of  ? 
robuft  traveller,  ardent  upon  dan 
gerous  enterprife,  overcoming  ever); 
facigue,  and  braving  every  periL 

A  little  farther  up  the  Yarrow 
BroadmecJonvs^  belonging  tQ  Charle  ] 
Scott,  Efq;  of  Wool,  is  pleafantl;! 
fituated  upon  a  rifmg  ground,  v/hicf  i 
commands   an   extenfive  and  en; 
chanting  profpe<5l,  both  down  an«j 
up  the  courfe  of  the  river.  Yarrow) 
ford,  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  \\ 
a  fmall  village,   ftanding  by  thj 
edge  of  the  water;  and  beyondi 
lies  the  eftate  of  Hangingfhaw,  foij 
merly  belonging  to  the  late  Johi 
Murray  of  Philiphaugh,  in  v/hofj 
family  was  vefted  the  hereditar 
(heriffship  of  Etterick  Foreft,  unt 
it  was  purchafed  by  the  Crov/n  1 
1748.    This  eftate  is  now  the  pre 
perty  of  Mi   Johnftone   of  Alvi 
The  houfe,  s^'hich  was  once  extei 
five,  was  burnt  to  the  walls,  an 
has  never  been  rebuilt,  although  '' 
is  one  of  the  moft  romantic  fitOJ' 
tions  for  a  country  houfe  v/hich  c* 
be  imagined.     After  paffing 
grounds  of  Hanginglhaw,  the  pro 
ped  becomes  more  barren  of  beaUt 
ful  objefts — the  woods  vanifh, 
river  is  lefs  pidurefque,  and  tl 
hills,  though  green,  are  naked,  jMQ 
infipid.     For  two  or  three  mill 
the  view  is  circumfcribed,  and  tr 
interefting,  until  winding  round'tl 
brow  of  a  hill,  the  road  defcen< 
into  an  extenfive  valley,  covert 
with  elegant  farmhoufes  and 
cottages,  and  furrounded  at 
diftances,  by  an  amphitheatre  , 
hills  of  the  freftieft  verdure.   In  tl 
valley,  ftands  the  church  of  the.| 
rifti  of  Yarrow,  and  contiguous, 
it,  a  very  commodious  manfe  ai 
garden.  ^ 


July  1802. 


Biographical  ^ery. 


5^5 


On  the  farm  of  Wheathope,  which 
lies  a  little  farther  up  the  river,  are 
feveral  huge  cylindrical  Itones,  pla- 
ced on  end  at  about  the  diftance  of 
a  few  Ihot  from  one  anottier.  Some 
of  thefe  have  been  pvcr  turned  of  late, 
in  confequence  of  the  improvements 
in  agriculture,  a  few  are  yet  remain- 
ing, but  it  is  difficult  to  know,  for 
what  purppfe  they  were  erecfled. 

Leaving  this  fequeltered  and  de- 
lightful fppt,  and  the  polite  hofpi- 
tality  of  Mr  Thomas  Ballantyne  of 
Wheathope,  we  proceeded  farther 
upon  the  water,  through  a  number 
of  fmall  farms,  which  have  been 
feued  from  the  Duke  of  Buccleugh, 
as  an  experiment.    How  this  plan 
'  has  fucceeded,  and  what  efFeds  have 
as  yet  refuitcd  from  it,  I  had  not 
an  opportunity  of  accurately  knowl 
ing.   It  would  be  neediefs  to  hazard 
a  general  opinion  upon  the  utility 
of  fmall  feus  of  land,  as  this  would 
fecm  to  depend,  in  a  great  meafure, 
upon  local  and  other  circumftan- 
ces ;  where  the  ground  is  in  an  uri- 
cukivated  ftate,  only  weak  elForts 
to  improve  it,  can  be  expelled  from 
men  who  poifefs  no  capftal.  After 
maintaining  their  families,  and  pay- 
ing the  feu  duties,  the  produce  of 
their  fmall  farms  is  nearly  exhauft- 
ed;  and  perhaps  it  will  be  found, 
that  the  ccndidon  of  a  fervant,  up- 
on a  large  farm,  is,  in  lio  refpecl, 
lefs  comfortable,  tJian  that  of  a  pet- 


ty  feuer.  The  cafe,  however,  1$ 
much  altered  in  a  corn  country, 
which  is  all  reduced  to  tillage,  ef- 
pecially,  if  the  means  of  improve- 
ment are  eafily  procured.  Upon 
land  of  this  defcription,  divided  in- 
to frnall  farms,  there  can  be  no 
doubt,  that  a  greater  number  of  fa- 
milies may  be  comfortably  main- 
tained, than  if  it  were  all  under  one 
tenant,  and  by  following  this  plan, 
it  is  likely,  that  a  number  of  i^bufes 
in  the  railing  of  markets,  would  be, 
in  fome  degree,  prevented. 

About  two  miles  farther  up  the 
river,  the  hills  aifume  romantic 
lhapes.  They  are  generally  green, 
efpecially  on  the  n^rth  fide  of  the 
Yarrow,  and  have  a  peculiar  fweet' 
nefs  and  amenity.  Amongll  thefe, 
Mount  Benger  is  the  molt  confpi- 
cuous,  both  in  height  and  beauty ; 
it  is  of  a  conical  fhape,  is  perfe<flly- 
fmooth,  and  polfeifes  the  richeft  ver- 
dure. 

On  the  oppofite  fide  of  the  river, 
is  the  farm  of  Sandhope,  which  de- 
rives a  piJturefque  charadter  from  a 
ruined  tower,  and  fome  luxuriant 
old  plane  trees,  which  environ  this 
melancholy  monumeniof  elder  times. 
Beyond  this  place,  the  fcenery  doe;» 
not  furpafs  mediocrity,  until  the  ex- 
tenlive  plain  which  contains  the  lakes 
from  which  the  river  Yarrow  ilfuef, 
opens  to  the  vievv\ 

(  fo  be  continued^) 


To  the  Editor  cf  ti. 

Sir, 

ALLOW  me  to  requeft  of  your  K- 
'.erary  correfpoiidents  fome  biogra- 
:^hical  notices,  concerning  the  author 
>f  a  beautiful  Ode  on  the  approach  of 
Summer,  printed*  in  a  poetical  mif- 
•eliany,  called  the  Union  1753, 
•»cl  in  Modern  Poems,  Glafgow, 
'>y  Foulis  in  1776,  of  the  lall  of 
^hich  publications,   Profelfor  Ri- 

Vol.  LXIV. 


chardfon  is  fuppofed  to  be  the  Edi- 
tor. It  is  faid,  tliat  the  autlior  of 
this  Ode  was  at  one  period,  of  tlie 
univerlity  of  Aberdeen,  and  Mr  Pin- 
kerton  iLites,  on  the  authority  of  Dr 
Beattie,  that  his  name  was  Se- 
ton,  Maitland's  Poems,  p.  cxxxviii, 
but  w^ithout  being  able  to  a^d  any 
farther  information  concerning  him. 

4G  It 


Observations  on  the  Lomplaynt  of  c^cotland.    Vol.  64. 


It  is  fcarcely  poffible,  that  ei'cry 
memorial  of  fo  fine  a  poet  fliould 
be  entirely  loft  in  fo  fliort  a  fpace 
of  t'me,  and  it  muft  certainly  be  in 
the  power  of  fome  gentleman,  at- 
tending the  Univerfity  of  Aber- 
deen, to  trace  his  name  in  the  Al- 


bum  of  the  Univerfity,  and  at  leafl 
difcover  his  parentage,  even  though 
none  of  his  literary  friends  fliould 
be  ftill  alive.  By  inferting  this 
you  will  oblige 

A  CONSTANT  READER* 


OBSERVATIONS  on  thk  COMPLAYNT  of  SCOTLAND, 


BY   THE  EDITOR. 


Sir, 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine: 


PERMIT  me  1 1  thank  your  cor- 
refpondcnt  D.  H.  for  his  obferva- 
tions  in  your  Magazine  for  laft 
January,  on  the  new  edition  of 
the  Complaynt  of  Scotland,  and  to 
affure  him,  that  the  PZditor  w^ill  be 
highly  gratified  by  the  continuation 
of  his  ftridlures.  When  the  Editor 
arranged  the  indu<5tive  arguments 
which  induced  him  to  conjedure, 
that  the  Complaynt  was  the  com- 
pofition  of  Sir  David  Lindfay  of 
the  Mount,  he  could  fcarcely  flat- 
ter himfelf,  that  his  proofs  would 
make  the  fame  impreffion  on  the 
mind|  of  his  readers,  as  on  his 
own.  When  a  perfon  engages  in 
the  comparative  ftudy  of  two  au- 
thors, many  minute  circumftances 
occur  to  him,  and  have  a  filent  and 
imperceptible  influence  on  his  own 
judgment,  which  he  finds  himfelf 
utterly  incapable  of  ftating  to  ano- 
ther, wdio  does  not  fubject  himfelf 
to  the  fame  procefs  of  ftudy.  This 
was  what  I  experienced  in  no 
common  degree,  in  colleclmg  my 
arguments  concerning  the  author 
of  the  Complaynt;  and,  in  attempt- 
ing to  ftate  the  principal  grounds 
of  my  opinion,  which  were  nume- 
rous and  multifarious,  I  found  it 


extremely  difficult  to  avoid  fpread 
ing  them  over  much  more  pape 
than  they  at  prefent  occupy.  Many 
obfervations  were  likewife  hazard- 
ed, more  fiom  the  defire  of  inviting 
liberal  difcuflion,  than  from  a  con- 
vidion,  that  they  w^ere  in  their  owi 
nature  unanfwerable.   If  fuch  a  dii 
cuflTion  w^ere  to  throw  any  addition- 
al light  on  fo  ohfcure  a  fubjed, 
though  at  the  rifk  of  overturning 
the  hypothefis  w^hich  I  have  endci 
voured  to  fupport,   I  am  convir 
ced,    that   no   perfon  would  fe 
more  gratified  than  myielf.  Th 
man  who  can  facrifice  truth  to  v., 
nity,  deferves  the  fevereft  mcrtific. 
tion,  that  the  contempt  of  literar 
men   can   inflid,    a  mortilicatic 
which  envy  feldom  fails  to  mak: 
her  vota.ries  experience. 

Your  correfpondent  feems  ftill  t 
incline  to  the  opinion  of  Mackenz:" 
that  the  Complaynt  was  compof 
by  Sir  James  Inglis,  and  thinks^ 
that  this  author  might  be  a 
ent  perfon  from  the  abbot  of 
rofs,  who  was  murdered  in  i$i 
by  the  Baron  of  Tullialan.  Nq 
though  it  is  poflible  fome  other  ; 
fon  of  this  nam.e  might  exift  in 
period  between  1 531,  and  1549? ; 


5  Lily  1802.  Observations  on  the  Complaynt  cf  Scotland. 


his  exiftence  ought  not  to  be  prefup- 
pofed,till  it  be  demonflratecl  by  fomc 
authentic  documents.    But  the  life 
j  of  Sir  James  Inglis,  given  by  Mac- 
kenzie, is  confeffedly  founded  on 
110  documents  whatever  that  we  are 
acquainted  with,  and  therefore,  it 
is  of  no  authority.    Befides,  though 
Mackenzie   fays,   that   Sir  James 
;ilnglis,  on  the  death  of  James  V. 
[  joined  the  French  fiidion,  in  oppo- 
fitioa  to  that  of  the  Englilh,  yet  lie 
feems  to  identify  the  abbot  of  Cul- 
,  rol's  with  his  Sir  James  Inglis,  whom 
:  he  relates  to  have  died  at  Culrofs. 
Now,  as  we  have  faid,  it  can  be 
proved  that  the  abbot  of  Culrofs 
was  murdered  by  the  Baron  of  Tul- 
.lialan,    18  years  before  the  pub- 
lication of  the  Complaynt  of  Scot- 
land. 

But  your  correfpondcnt  farther 
pbjeds,  that  the  writings  of  Lind- 
fay,  contrary  to  the  fpirit  of  the 
Complaynt  of  Scotland,  are  in  fa- 
vour of  the  reformation.  Of  - the 
force  of  this  objedion  I  was  aware, 
when  I  compofed  the  Preliminary 
Pilfertation  of  the  Complaynt,  and 
have  accordingly  ftated,  that  at  a 
period  of  fuch  eminent  danger  as 
that  which  fucceeded  the  battle  of 
Pinky,  it  could  not  be  the  objedl  of 
a  patriot  to  irritate  any  clafs  of 
men,  but  rather  to  conciliate  and 
unite  every  clafs  of  men  in  the  de- 
fence of  their  country.  It  ftill  re- 
jmains  to  be  proved,  that  Lindfay 
ithough  favourably  difpofed  to  a  re- 
formation, was  not  a  patriot,  or 
was  engaged  in  the  Englilh  interelL 
In  his  falire,  he  exhorts  the  eilates 
to  provide  for  war  in  time  of  peace, 
iand  mentions  "  the  awld  ennemeis 
of  England." 

But  it  farther  appears  to  me, 
that  the  part  which  Lindfay  took 
jn  the  Scotiih  reformation,  has  been 
[  greatly  mifunderllood  and  miilated. 
'  The  expreffions,  that  "  Lindi^iy  was 
•more  the  reformer  of  Scotland  than 
(John  Knox/'  and  that  "he  pre- 


pared the  ground,  and  John  only 
fowed  the  feed,'*  are  in  the  higheft 
degree  vague  and  unmeaning.  It  is 
very  true,  that  Lindfay  bitterly  fati- 
rizcd  the  vices  of  the  Scotifli  clergy, 
and  the  abufcs  of  religion;  but  fo  did 
the  author  of  the  Complaynt  of  Scot- 
land; fo  did  the  lay  writers  of  that 
period  ;  fo  did  the  ingenuous  Dun- 
bar ;  and  fo  did  the  more  learned 
ecclefiaftics  in  almoll  every  country 
in  Eurv^pe,  for  many  centuries  be- 
fore that  period.  All  thefe  afTnled 
in  preparing  the  ground,  as  Mr 
Pinkerton  phrafes  it,  accommo- 
dating themi'elvcs  to  the  temper  of 
the  times,  and  to  the  manner  of 
thinking  among  all  virtuous  and 
moderate  men.  The  moll  virtuous 
and  learned  of  the  catholic  clergy 
ardently  deiired  a  reformation  both 
in  general  morals,  and  in  ecclefiaf- 
tical  infhtutions,  but  they  dreaded 
the  efFe(5t  of  popular  enthuflafm ; 
and  the  tumultuous  and  riotous 
fcenes  which  attended  the  reforma- 
tion evinced,  that  thefe  fears  wer^ 
not  groundlefs.  The  Scotilh  refor- 
mation did  not  ftart  into  exiftence, 
as  a  compleat  fyftem  of  religious 
doflrines  and  inftitutions.  It  was  mo- 
dified by  particular  local  and  tern* 
porary  circumftances,  as  well  as  by 
the  (late  of  the  public  mind.  Many 
things  were  yielded  to  violeiKe,  and 
many  were  yielded  to  prejudice. 
But  the  particular  ecclefiaftical  fyf- 
tem  whieh  was  finally  adopted,  did 
not  aifume  a  definite  form,  till  years 
after  the  death  of  Lindfay. 

Your  correfpondcnt  D.  H.  like- 
wife  aiferts,  that  had  the  Complaynt 
been  the  produdion  of  Lindfay,  he 
could  not  have  called  it  his  firft 
Tradeit,  when  he  addre/fjd  it  to  the 
Queen  Regent.  Now,  had  I  ever 
fuppofed,  that  the  Complaynt  was 
publiihed  with  the  name  of  Lind- 
fay, this  obje(5lion  would  have  had 
fome  force ;  but,  on  the  contrary, 
I  have  exprefsly  atligned  various 
reafons  cf  political  dinger  to  ac- 
4  G  2  count 


568        Observations  on  the  Complaynt  of  Scotland.    Vol.  64. 


count  for  its  beung  originally  pub- 
Ijfbed  anonymoufly. 

Though  from  thefe  reafons,  I 
cannot  admit  the  validity  of  your 
correfpondent's  obje(5tions  to  my 
hypothefis  concerning  the  author 
of  the  Complaynt.  I  am  inchned 
to  pay  more  deference  to  his-  opi- 
nion, concerning  the  author  of  the 
elegy  on  the  Piper  of  Kilbarchan. 
For  though  the  authorities  of  the 
jdatiftical  account  of  Kilbarchan 
and  Semple's  hiftory  of  Renfrew- 
fhire,  had  not  efcaped  my  notice, 
yet  I  did,  not  think  them  quite  fa- 
tisfadlory  at  the  time  of  publilhing 
the  Preliminary  Diifcrtation.  On 
farther  examination  of  the  fubject, 
I  am  inclined  to  think  my  opinion 
rather  premature  ;  but  I  am  Itill  of 
opinion,  that  the  fubjed  requires 
and  admits  of  illuRralion,  and  I 
fhould  therefore  be  highly  gratified 
by  any  of  your  literary  correff.on- 
dents  who  Ihould  bellow  on  it  an 
accurate  inveftigation. 

The  mention  of  the  elegy  on  the 
Piper  of  Kilbarchan,  fuggefts  the 
propriety  of  obferving,  that  in  this 
elegy,  two  ancient  Scotifli  tunes  are 
mentioned,  whicli  are  denominated 

**  Trixie  and  the  Maiden  Traced 

Trixie  is  mo  ft  probable  the  Origi- 
nal air  of  the  fatirical  fong 

Hay  irIiCj  trim      tfix,  und^r  the  grencivode 
tree.^* 

(ap.  DalyelPs  Scotifli  Poems,  Vol.  il 
p.  191.)  _ 

The  Maiden  Trnce*^  may  be  re- 
ferred to  a  flill  higher  antiquity, 
for  there  can  be  little  doubt,  that  it 
is  referred  to  in  that  ancient  and 
curious  poeth  *^  Cockelby^s  Sow^' 
quoted  In  the  preface  to  the  Com- 
playnt of  Scotland,  p.  281* 

**  Sum  trottet  Tras,  and  Trcnafs." 
After  thefe  obfervations  on  the 


remarks  of  your  candid  correfpon- 
dent  D.  H.  permit  me  to  offer  you 
fome  animadverfions  on  the  ftric- 
tures  of  the  Critical  Reviewer  for 
j  une,  on  tlie  new  edition  of  the  Com- 
playnt  of  Scotland.  Inftead  of  can- 
didly appreciating  the  merits  or  de- 
merits of  the  edition,  my  reviewer 
feduloufly  ftates  a  comparifon,  not 
between  the  edition  of  the  Mait- 
iand  Poems,  and  the  new  edition 
of  the  Complaynt,  but  between  my 
edition  of  the  Complaynt,  and  the 
edition  of  that  work  which  might 
have  been  given  by  the  Editor  of 
the  Maitland  Poems.  It  is  evident, 
nobody  could  be  fo  well  qualified  j 
to  ftate  this  implied  comparifon  as  • 
the  Editor  of  the  Maitland  Poem^ 
himfelf,  and  this  Editor  was  Mr 
Pinkerton.  The  ftlle  of  this  gentle- 
man is  admitted  to  poflefs  a  quality 
which  is  almoft  peculiar,  and  which  , 
accords  extremely  well  with  his 
manner  of  thinking ;  a  manner^ ' 
which  is  characterized  more  by 
energy  than  by  originality.  The 
ftlle  of  my  Reviewer  too  is  a  little  per 
culiar  in  its  ftru(^ure,  for  there  is 
an  inveterate  and  indelible  tinge  of 
mannerifm  which  adheres  to  the 
writings  of  fome  men  ;  and  this  I 
doubt  not,  might  excite  fufpicions 
in  tlie  mind  of  a  perfon  who  had 
ftudled  Mr  Pinkerton's  ftile.  Howl 
ever,  though  the  Editor  of  the  Com- 
playnt may  be  at  a  lofs  for  the  name 
of  the  antiquarian  and  hiftorical 
Reviewer  in  the  Critical  Review, 
common  fame  is  at  none.  But 
waving  this,  I  cannot  help  declar- 
ing, that  as  a  Tiro  in  Scotiili  an^ 
tiquities,  I  feel  highly  flattered  m- 
being  compared  to  fuch  a  literary 
veteran  as  Mr  Pinkerton  ;  and  after 
having  thus  made  my  acknowledge- 
mentS;,.-,!  fliall  proceed  to  offer  a  few 
anim.adverfions  on  the  ftridures  of 
the  Reviewer. 

The  Critical  Reviewer   afferts* ' 
til  at  the  fir  ft  idea  of  a  republication 
of  the  Complaynt  of  Scotland  was  : 

fug- 


July  1S02.  Observations  on  the  Complaynt  of  Scotland.  569 


fuggcfted  by  the  Editor  of  Poems 
from  the  Maitland  manufcript,  Lon- 
don, 1786.  The  affertion  could 
only  be  didated  by  ignorance  or 
%''anity  ;  for  Lord  Hailes,  the  Edi- 
tor of  the  Bannatyne  Poems,  had, 
in  the  year  177c,  declared,  that  the 
perfon  who  Ihould  give  a  claffical 
edition  of  Inglis's  Complaynt,  would 
perform  an  acceptable  fei-vice  to 
the  public.  The  fame  fpirit  of  ap- 
propriation is  difplayed  in  terming 
the  a/Iertion,  that  one  Wedderburn 
was  the  author  of  the  Complaynt, 
the  opinion  of  the  Editor  of  the  Mait- 
land Poems.  No  doubt,  it  is  the 
opinion  of  that  Editor,  but  fo  far 
from  being  exclufively  his,  it  is  on- 
ly the  fecond  hand  opinion  of  the 
compiler  of  the  Harleian  catalogue. 

The  Reviewer  terms  my  reafon- 
ing  concerning  the  author  of  the 
Complaynt  rather  grotesque ;  I  am 
obliged  to  him  for  ufing  fo  gentle  an 
epithet;  and  he  afferts,  that  1  feem  to 
forget  that  Mackenzie's  lives  of  the 
Scotilh  authors  abound  with  the 
gro/Teft  errors.  This  I  certainly  did 
not  forget,  nor  can  it  be  fairly  in- 
ferred from  any  pafliige  in  the  pre- 
liminary Di/Tertation,  but  this  is  the 
general  language  ufed  by  the  Re- 
viewer, with  regard  to  every  peifon 
that  differs  from  him  in  opinion. 
Mackenzie*  is  not  the  lead  conver- 
fant  in  the  critical  ftudy  of  anti- 
quities, and  Herbert  is  a  heavy 
plodding  man,  wholly  deftitute  of 
common  literary  fagacity.  TJiis  is 
prccifcly  the  ftile  of  the  Editor  of 
the  Maitland  Poems,  concerning  any 
author  ancient  or  modern,  who  may 
happen  to  be  adverfe  to  any  of  his 
particular  hypothefis,  though  that 
very  author  may  fuddcnly  recover 
his  authority  and  credit  in  a  won- 
derful manner,  if  it  appear,  that 
he  can  be  quoted  in  his  own  fa- 
vour. Mackenzie  and  Plerbert 
niay  both  be  dull  plodding  men, 
but  furely  neither  g&nius  nor  ability 

required  to  quote  a  title  page 


correc1:ly,  when  a  perfon  lias  tlie 
book  lying  before  him;  and  the 
qucftion  with  refpedl  to  Mackenzie 
is  precifely,  whether  he  was  capable 
of  copying  a  title  page  when  he 
had  the  book  lying  before  him  : 
and  this  principle  is  equally  ap^ 
plicable  to  the  compiler  of  the  Hai- 
leian  catalogue.  It  is  evident, 
that  if  the  one  could  copy  a  title 
page,  fo  could  the  other,  and  their 
two  authorities  arc  therefore  to  be 
confidered  as  equal  and  oppofite, 
till  a  perfecl  copy  of  the  Complaynt 
be  difcovered. 

The  Reviewer  adds,  th  at  the  doubts 
concerning  Sir  James  Liglis  might 
have  been  done  away  by  looking'at 
Mr  Pinkerton's  hiftory  of  Scotland  ; 
but  what  information  could  Mr  Pin- 
kerton's  hiftory  have  afforded,  ex- 
cept the  very  paifage  of  Leflie's 
hiftory  v/hich  I  have  quoted  in  tlie 
Preliminary  Diifertation  p.  13.;  and 
and  as  I  have  quoted  this  very  paf- 
fage,  it  is  idle  to  fuppofe,  that 
I  could  ever  have  imagined,  that 
the  fame  Sir  James  Inglis,  who  was 
murdered  by  the  Baron  ofTuIli- 
alan  in  1531,  could  be  the  author 
of  the  Complaynt  in  1548. 

In  difcufting  the  claims  of  Wed- 
derburn  to  be  reckoned  the  author 
of  tlie  Complaynt,  I  have  faid,  that 
the  hiftory  of  this  perfcnage  wan 
involved  in  great  obicurity,  and  I 
am  ftill  of  this  opinion/  Since 
the  publication  of  my  Differtation, 
it  has  been  in  fome  de;;^ree  illuftra- 
ted;  neither  however,  by  the  Criti- 
cal  Reviewer,  nrr  by  the  Editor  of 
the  Maitland  Poems,  if  they  be  dif- 
ferent  perfons,  but  by  the  indeta- 
tigable  refearches  of  J.  Daiye]l,Elq. 
Advocate,  in  the  learned  diflertati- 
ons,  prefixed  to  his  Scotish  Poems 
of  the  fixteenth  century,  iSor. 
This  ingenious  Editor  has  fuewn, 
that  there  were  tliree  brothers  of 
the  name  of  Wedderburn,  all  of 
whom  were  addicled  to  poetry. 
James  the  eldeft,    about  the  year 


570         Observations  on  the  Comphynt  of  Scotland.    Vol.  64. 


1540,  compofed  plays  in  the  Scotift 
language,  fatirizing  the  general  cor- 
ruptions cf  religion  in  a  tragedy  on 
the  beheading  of  John  the  Baptifl: ; 
and  attacking  the  catholics  in  par- 
ticular, in  a  comedy,  the  fubje<^  of 
which  was  the  hi  (tor  y  of  Dionyfius 
the  tyrant,  both  of  which  were  per- 
formed at  Dundee.  Calderwood 
adds,  that  he  counterfeeted  alfo 
the  coniuring  of  a  ghaifi:.''  The 
fccond  brother  being  perfecuted  as  an 
heretic,  retired  to  Germany,  where 
he  attended  Luther  and  Melanc- 
ihon.  He  wrote  Scotilh  religious 
poems,  and  turned  many  obfcene 
fongs  into  hymns.  After  the  death 
of  James  V.  he  returned  to  Scot- 
land, but  on  accoimt  of  herefy  was 
again  obliged  to  defert  his  country, 
and  retired  to  England,  where  he 
is  fuppofed  to  have  died  aaout  1556. 
The  third  brother,  v/ho  furpaH'ed 
both  the  other  two  in  learning,  was 
vicar  of  D  undee,  and  like  wife 
changed  many  profane  fongs  into 
hymns,  which  were  called  "  llie 
Pfalmes  of  Dundie."  He  is  like- 
wife  faid  to  have  afTociated  with 
the  reformers,  and  to  have  been 
conne^Sled  with  them  at  Paris.  Cur- 
iory  Remarks  on  **  ane  b^ioke  of  godly 

forigsJ*     p.   31  36.      ap.  SCOTISH 

POEM^     OF     THE    SIXTEENTH  CEN- 

TURV.  This  accotmt  of  the  Wed- 
derburns  certainly  renders  it  more 
probable,  if  the  fubjed:  be  abllradt- 
ly  confidered,  that  the  Com.playp,t 
of  Scotland  might  be  the  produc- 
tion of  one  of  the  brothers  ;  but-  we 
do  not  owe  this  information  to  the 
lagacity  or  the  rcfearch  of  the  Edi- 
tor of  the  Maitland  Poems.  Be- 
fides,  the  objedion  that  has  been 
urged  againft  Sir  David  Lindfay, 
that  he  was  a  favourer  of  the  Sco- 
tifh  reformation,  applies  with  equal 
force  againfl  each  of  the  brothers, 
till  additional  evidence  be  obtained. 
Nay,  this  objedion  applies  even 
more  forcibly  to  the  Wedderburns 
than  to  Lindfay,  for  one  of  them 


was  confefTedly  of  the  Englifh  fac- 
tion, and  died  in  exile  in  Eng- 
land. 

My  Reviewer  terms  the  Prelimi- 
nary Dilfertation  of  the  Complaynt 
tedious,  prolix,  digrefTive,  retrogref- 
five,  a  chaos  w-ithout  any  bridge 
over  it,  and  which  he  lhall  never 
^gain  attempt  to  pervade.  It  is  true, 
this  threat  is  very  alarming,  and  the 
gentleman  is  certainly  the  befi:  judge 
of  his  own  intentions  :  .1  can  only 
therefore  congratulate  him  on  the 
number  of  blunders  he  has  deted- 
ed  in  one  perufal.  That  it  would 
reckoned  tedious  by  perfons  not 
converfant  in  thofe  minute  pieces  of 
informacion  which  i-t  was  intended 
to  convey,  I  was  well  aware.  But 
I  was  likewife  aware,  that  there  are 
many  minute  enquiries  conneded 
with  Scotifh  hiftory,  that  many  per- 
fons would  be  glad  to  fee  illullra- 
ted,  though  nobody  thinks  them  of 
fui'Hcient  importance  to  be  the  fub- 
jed  of  a  dired  inveftigation.  On 
this  account,  1  have  occafionally 
digressed  into  a  collateral  enquiry  ; 
but  in  this  method  of  difcullion, 
there  is  undoubtedly  nothing  which 
can  fairly  be  termed  rarogress-ve. 

But  the  Differ tation  is  likewife 
"a  chaos  without  any  bridge  over  it,'* 
and  yet  my  Reviewer,  like  the  devil 
of  Milton,  has  made  his  way  through 
it  with  impuni^.  He  objeds  to  me 
tlie  want  of  dlvifions  and  arrange- 
ment. I  am  ready  to  grant  that  mj 
dlvifions  might  have  been  more  nu- 
merous, and  my  arrangement  mor<? 
clearly  ftated ;  but  does  he  not  refled, 
that  his  favourite  Greek  and  Ro- 
man dailies  always  prefer  a  con- 
.cealed  arrangement  to  that  open  and 
numerical  diftribution  of  their  mate- 
rials, which  palls  curiofily,  though 
it  conduces  to  perfpicuity.  But  the 
Preliminary  DilTertation  is  not  al- 
together defedive  in  arrangement.  , 
Its  two  principal  divifions  relate, 
the  firft  of  them  to  the  author  of 
the  Complaynt,  and  the  fecond,  to 


July  1802-  Ohservatioiis  on  the  Complaynt  of  Scotland.  571 


the  fubjedl  of  that  work.  The  Dif- 
fertation  on  the  fubjed  of  the  Com- 
playnt, naturally  divides  itfclf  into 
three  fcdions,  a<:cording  to  the  ob- 
vious divifion  of  that  work  into 
three  parts,  which  may  be  entitled, 
I.  The  Complaynt  of  the  author  ; 
%,  His  Monologue ;  and  3.  His 
t)ream ;  and  to  each  of  thefe  parts, 
it  forms  a  fpecies  of  running  com- 
mentary. The  fubdivifica  of  topics 
under  each  of  thefe  heads,  arifes 
naturally  from  that  part  of  the 
work  which  it  is  intendeci  to  illuf- 
trate.  But  my  critic  is  content  to 
allow,  that  in  the  form  of  diftindt 
notes,  and  r^^duced  to  half  the 
length,  my  illuftrations  might  have 
teen  rendered  "fomewhatbearable." 
Now,  if  we  merely  confider  the 
length,  it  is  obvious,  they  would  be 
rendered  just  one  ixdj  more  bearable  ; 
it  is  quite  a  different  queftion, 
whether  they  would  have  been  ren- 
dered lefs  tedious;  for  my  Reviewer 
muft  be  confcious  that  it  is  poffible 
to  render  a  fmgle  volume  more  te- 
fdious  than  half  a-dozen. 

I  have  ftated  p.  288.  that  I  preferred 
the  continuous  form  of  a  dilTertation 
to  that  of  feparate  notes,  as  giving  a 
more  compieat  viev/  of  the  fubje<fl, 
ind  affording  an  opportunity  of  ex- 
hibiting it  in  its  different  bearings, 
and  relations  to  other  fubjedts  with 
which  it  may  be  conneded.  My 
Reviewer  on  the  contrary,  declares, 
1  that  lono^  introductions  can  be  of 
ho  pofllble  fervice,  as  the  various 
topics  are  utterly  forgotten  before 
arriving  at  the  text ;  and  politely 
Concludes  with  roundly  calling  me 
^  fool  in  Latin.  "  Dum  vitant  ftul- 
li  vitia  in  contraria  currunt/'  I 
Kave  feen  a  Ueatife  of  Charpentier's, 
in  which  that  learned  man  alferts, 
that  there  is  a  certain  coarfenefs  of 
I  charavfler,  a  want  of  delicacy,  and 
j  an  outrageoufncfs  of  invedive,  inhe- 
I  rent  in   the  very  ftruc^lure  of  the 
Latin     language,    which  inevit- 
ably infects  thole  who  cultivate  it. 


Now,  to  read  the  ftridlurcs  of  fome 
periodical  critics,  and  even  of  fomc 
modern  authors,  what  fine  Latin 
fcholars  muft  not  one  imagine  them 
to  be.  But  literary  queftions  are  fel- 
dom  decided  at  prefent  by  loudnefs  of 
vociferation,  or  virulence  of  abufe. 

In  order,  however,  to  perceive 
the  fuperior  advantage  of  our  cri- 
tic's fyftem  of  notes,  let  us  for  a 
moment  advert  to  his  favourite  edi- 
tion of  the  Maitland  Poems,  to 
v/hich  he  fo  frequently  and  fo  fond- 
ly refers.    In  confideration  of  the 
induftry  of  the  Editor,  let  us  over- 
look his  inaccuracy  of  quotation^ 
efpecially  when  he  quotes, the  out. 
fide  of  a  book,  inftead  of  the  inude, 
as  when  he  mentions  the  Romance 
of  Sir  Triftram  by  Seult  Labonde 
de  Cornoalle,  p.  67.  who,  inftead 
of  being  an  author,  was  the  mif- 
trefs  of  the  hero,  and  termed  Ifeult 
la  Blonde  ;  in  confideration  of  his 
learning,  let  us  overlook  his  igno- 
rance backed  by  pedantry,   as  in 
his  ftrange  explanations  of  common 
Scotifh  vvords  from  the  Suic-Go- 
thic,  and  Icelandic,  his  fearching 
Bleau's  Atlas  for  the  parifn  of  Bow- 
den,  which  may  be  found  in  any 
common  Scotifh  almanac,  his  mifta- 
king  the  phrafe  burd  alane  for  a  pro- 
per name,  and  his  total  ignorarSe  of 
the  ftory  of  Hev5lor  of  Harlaw,  the 
agent  in  delivering  up  the  Earl  of 
Northumberland  ;  in  ccnfidera-iion 
of  his  modefty,   let  us  forget  his 
firamelefs  defence  of  obfcenity,  and 
for  the  fake  of  his  candour,  let  us 
pafs  over  his  frequent  bolftering  of 
impertinence  witli  fcurrility.  He 
found  ScotiOi  antiquities  a  neglect- 
ed harveft  field,  and  no  doubt  he 
reaped  a  plentiful  harveft,  tiiough  he 
fcattered  much  crraui  at  random, 
and  left  many  corners  of  the  field 
untouched  by  the  fickle.    But  let 
us  confider  how  he  has  performed 
the  duty  of  an  editor,  before  his 
work  be  exhibited  as  a  perfesft  fta.n- 
dai  d  of  its  kind.    He  has  publifned 

346 


57^         Observations  on  the  Complaynt  of  Scotland.    Vol.  64. 


364  pages  of  poetry,  143  pages  of 
dilTcrtation,  with  1 9  of  preface,  1 60 
of  notes,  and  20  of  glo/Tary.  His 
dlfTertations  confifl  fo  completely  of 
extraneous  matter,  that  they  might 
with  equal  propriety  be  prefixed  to 
any  book  of  the  kind,  and  in  p.  390, 
he  tells  us,  **  1  am  glad  new  and 
then  to  relieve  thi  reader  and  my- 
felf  fn)m  tlie  drynefs  of  thefe  ex- 
planatory notes."  This  drynefs  I  be- 
lieve, has  never  been  doubted  by  any 
perfon  who  perufed  them,  and  it  was 
tlie  perfect  convi<5lion  of  this  radical 
and  incurable  evil  Vv^hich  tirft  induced 
me  to  think  of  throwing  my  obferva- 
tions  inif;  the  form  of  a  diifertation. 
In  his  diifertation  on  the  origin  of 
Scotifti  poetry,  there  is  fcarcely  a 
lin^^le  remark  wliich  can  be  applied 
to  illudrate  the  poems  to  which  it 
forms  an  introdudion,  and  as  few  as 
polFible  in  his  liil  of  Scotilh  poets. 
The  appendix  contains  many  valuable 
obfervations,  many  which  are  ex- 
tremely inaccurate,  and  many  more 
that  have  no  relation  whatever  to 
the  proper  objed  of  the  publica- 
cation.  Yet  with  all  tliefe  defevfts, 
and  a  moll:  infolent,  intolerant,  and 
pedantic  ftile,  who  is  there  thatwoald 
deny  to  Mr  Puikerton  the  praife 
of  extenfive  information,  of  indefa- 
tigable refearch,  of  wide  erudition, 
and  acutenefs  of  obfervation  ?  Let 
us  grant  all  this  to  the  £ditor  of 
the  Mailland  Poems,  but  let  not 
his  work  be  propofed  as  a  periccft 
model  of  its  kind,  a  degree  of 
praife  to  which  it  is  fo  little  entit- 
led. If  the  labours  of  Mr  Pinker^ 
ton,  in  the  field  of  Scotifli  hillory 
and  antiquities,  have  not  Been  repaid 
with  gratitude,^  he  ought  to  recol- 
lect, that,  in  literary  controverfy, 
the  pOifcifion  of  the  moit  ample 
qualities  of  the  fcholar  will  never 
atone  for  the  dcrelidlion  of  thofc  of 
the  gentlem^an.  Arrogance  and  pe- 
tulance, like  virtue,  are  often  their 
own  reward.  If  he  has  been  affailed 
by  calumny,  as  my  Reviewer  like- 


wife  infmuates,  he  ought  to  confider 
whether  this  calumny  has  not  been 
adiduoufly  invited  by  the  outrageous 
invedive  in  which  he  has  too  fre- 
quently indulged. 

But  1  am  not  yet  done  v/ith  my 
critic  ;  the  Complaynt  he  aiTerts  ii 
not  printed  as  a  claffic,  but  in  fac 
simile  with  all  the  confufion  of  the 
original  addition ;  and  as  if  any 
doubt  remained  of  his  meaning,  he 
adds  "  upon  this  plan,  we  might 
print  the  Greek  and  Roman  claf- 
lics,  not  with  the  elegance  and 
clearnefs  of  modern  typography, 
but  in  the  confufed  manner  of  the 
manufcripts.''  For  this  lumping  ob- 
fervation, however,  there  is  fcarcely 
a  lhadow  of  truth.  The  Complaynt 
of  Scotland  is  neither  printed  with 
the  confufion  of  the  original  edi- 
tion, nor  in  the  confufed  manner  of 
manufcripts.  It  is  no  farther  a  fac 
si'hile  than  as  the  pages  of  the  new 
correfpond  to  thofe  of  the  original- 
edition.  The  punduation  of  the 
original  edition  is  corrected,  as  like- 
wife  the  marginal  quotations  of 
claffical  authors, •which,  in  the  ori- 
ginal, were  veiy  erroneous.  The 
orthography  of  the  original,  it  is 
true,  has  been  conftantly  prelerved, 
but  typographical  blunders  have 
been  conf-landy  correded.  I  have 
not  ventured  to  fix  a  ilandard  of 
orthograpliy,  becaufe,  I  am  certain, 
that  at  that  period,  there  was  none 
in  either  the  Scotiih  or  the  Englilh 
language.  Had  I  adted.  other  wife, 
I  ihouid  certainly  have  deitroyed 
the  value  of  the  edition.  Where 
then  is  the  confufion  of  which  my 
Reviewer  fpeaks  ?  If  his  words  have 
any  meaning,  he  has  condemned  me 
for  having  given  tou  correB  an  edition 
of  the  Complaynt.  Is  not  this  the  pre- 
cife  procefs  which  has  been  obferved 
in  all  the  valuable  editions  of  the 
Greek  and  Roman  claffics  ?  But  it 
is  improper  to  compare  the  Com- 
playnt to  thofe  claffics;  which  were 
compofed  when  the  orthography  of 

their 


July  i8o2.  Observations  on  the  Complaynt  of  Scotland. 


their  refpe(5live  languages  was  fixed ; 
it  fliould  only  be  compared  to  the 
Fragments  of  the  twelve  Tables, 
or  to  the  Fragment  a  vetenm  pofta- 
rum  Latinortim.  What  is  it  then, 
which  my  Reviewer  blames  ?  Surely 
he  had  forgotten,  that  at  the  very 
commencement  of  his  ftridures,  he 
has  declared,  that  the  work  is  print- 
ed in  a  neat  and  accurate  manner » 

The  Reviewer  terms  the  opinion, 
that  the  fiihermen  on  the  eaft  coaft 
of  Scotland,  are  chiefly  of  Fiemifh 
and  Danifh  extradion,   a  ftrange 
one.    I  have  no  doubt  it  muft  ap- 
pear fo  to  thofe,  wlio  adopt  the  hy- 
pothecs of  Mr  Pinkerton,  Strange 
as  the  opinion  may  be,  there  is  no 
difficulty  of  eftablifhing  it,  both  by 
an  appeal  to  hiftorical  documents, 
and  by  the  traditions  of  the  peo- 
ple.      Among    thefe  fiftiermen, 
the  Buchan  dialect  is  fpoken  in  the 
the  greateft  perfe<5lion,  and  with  as 
much  propriety  in  Fife  and  Angus, 
as  in  Murray  and  Buchan.  But 
this  queftion  is  connected  with  the 
origination  and  diftinclions  of  the 
diiferent  Scotilh  dialers;  fubjedls, 
which  I  intended  to  have  diicuf- 
fed  in  an  additional  diifertation.  An 
attentive  examination  of  the  fubjedt 
for  that  purpofe,   convinced  me, 
that  there  is  no  foundation  whatever 
for  fuppofmg  the  Scotiih  language 
to  be  a  dialed  of  the  Icelandic  or 
Scano-Gothic,  but  that  on  the  con- 


trary, whether  we  regard  tlie  de- 
rivation  or  the  fledion  of  words,  it 
is  more  clofely  allied  to  the  Sajcou 
as  a  mother-tongue,  than  is  the  Eng- 
lifh  itfelf.    That  the  Englifii  con- 
tains more   Danifh   or  Icelandic 
words  than  the  Scotifh,  will  appear 
from  collating  and  comparing  the 
words  in  a  common  dictionary  under 
any  letter  of  the  alphabet.  The  bor- 
der and  weftern  diale(5ls  of  theScotifli 
are  almoft  purely  Saxon  in  their  pe- 
culiar vocables.  Thecallerndialedof 
the  Scotilh  contains  numerous  Danilh 
and  Fiemifh  words,  with  a  confider- 
able  mixture  of  Ceko-Gaelic  ;  but 
of  the  ancient  Piclilh   dialecft,  of 
which  we  have  heard  fo  much,  the 
Scotifh  does  not  exhibit  a  fmgie  vef- 
tige.    On  the  contrary,  Penvahe/y 
the  only  word  known  to  be  Pi(ftilh, 
is  obviouHy  of  Celtic  origin. 

So  far  had  I  written  before  I  re- 
collected, tliat  my  critic  has  feriouf- 
ly  charged  the  learned  and  accn 
rate  ProfefTor  Dugald  Stewart,  (vid. 
Review  of  Stewart's  life  of  Robert- 
fon,  ap.  Critical  Review  for  July 
1802)  with  ignorance  of  literary  his- 
tory.  I  am  now  convinced,  I  have 
loft  my  labour.  We  have  all  heard 
with  a  fmile,  of  ridicule  being  the 
teft  of  truth,  but  I  fuppofe  vve  muft 
foon  expert  to  hear  effrontery  pro- 
pofed  as  its  ftandard. 

Edinburgh^       ")  ^  - 

July  10.  1802.   J  J' 


LITERARY  COINCIDENCE  between  the  PERSIC  and  FLEMISH. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine, 


IN  perufing  your  Magazine  for 
April,  I  was  ftruck  with  a  remark- 
able coincidence  between  one  of  the 
Perfic  apologues  in  page  332,  and 
a  ftory  I  had  lately  read  in  a  very 
Vol.  LXIV. 


old  Fiemifh  romance.  Many  per- 
fons  have  expreiTed  great  furprife  at 
the  remarkable  coincidence  of  the 
popular  ftories  of  the  Eaft  and  Weft, 
even  when  no  kind  of  intercourle 
4  H  can 


574       Coincidence  between  the  Persic  and  Flemish.  Vol.  64. 


can  be  traced  as  having  exifted  be- 
tween the  nations  among  whom  they 
are  current.  The  Chinefe  traditions 
agn.e  with  many  of  the  ancient  Gre- 
cian fables,  and  even  with  thofe  of 
Europeans.  Tney  have  thei  r  Pigmies, 
their  Cynocephali,  and  their  Ama- 
zons. They  reprcfent  their  Pigmies 
as  about  three  feet  in  height,  and 
defciibe  them  as  addided  to  agricul- 
ture, inhabiting  caverns, and  warring 
with  cranes.  They  place  their  Pig- 
miesinLapland;  their  Cynocephali  in 
Eaftern'l'artary ;  and  their  Amazons 
in  the  vicinity  of  Conftantinople  and 
A/Tyria ;  a  pofition  which  coincides 
tolerably  well  with  the  ancient  Ther- 
modon,  which  the  Greeks  dcfcribe  as 
the  refidence  of  the  Amazons.  Mere 
coincidence  of  ftory  is  however  by  it- 
felf  lefs  remarkable,  than  when  it  is 
conjoined  with  idiomatical  phrafeo- 
logy,  as  in  the  cafe  I  have  noticed,  in 
•which  the  ftory  turns  on  the  expreflion 
an  animal  with  its  head  where  its 
tail  fnould  be."  But  let  us  hear  the 
Flemifh  tradition. 

"  Howleglas  departed  from 
his  mafter,  and  journeyed  till  he  ar- 
rived in  the  town  of  Halvaftat, 
where  he  took  up  his  lodging  in  an 
excellent  inn.  Here  he  had  not  re- 
mained eight  days,  till  his  money 
was  gone,  and  he  was  forced  to  in- 
treat  his  hoft  to  have  patience,  and 
he  w^ould  latisfy  him,  both  for  the 
expences  of  himfelf  and  his  horfe. 
Howleglas  then  having  fent  a  crier 
through  the  town  to  proclaim,  tjiat 
a  man  had  brought  a  beaft  which 
refembled  a  horfe,  but  which  had 
its  head  where  its  tail  fhould  be,  tied 
his  horfe  by  the  tail  to  the  manger  , 
and  went  himfelf  to  diftribute  hand- 
bills through  the  town.  Curious  peo- 
ple flocked  together  to  fee  fo  ftrange 
a  monfter,  and  Howleglas  made 
them  pay  as  they  entered.  The  two 
or  three  hundred  who  entered  firft 
perceiving  the  trick,  were  amazed 
at  his  ingenuity  5  and  kept  filence, 


as  Howleglas  entreated  them  not 
to  expofe  him.  Every  body  there- 
fore, hurried  to  the  fight,  and  thus 
Howdeglas  collected  money  to  de- 
fray his  expences,  and  departed 
from  the  city,  making  good  cheer 
while  it  lafted." 

This  is  renderedexadllyfrom  the  ro- 
mance of  Tiel  Ulefpiegle,  which  was 
tranflated  from  the  Flemifh  into 
French,  and  publilhed  at  Rouen  in 
1634.  The  French  name  Ulefpiegle 
is  a  corruptionof  the  Flemifh  Ultn  spi- 
ej^fl,  the  glafs  of  owls,  or  the  mirror 
of  folly.  It  was  early  tranflated  intQ 
Englilh,  tinder  the  name  of  Howle- 
glas, and  was  very  popular  during 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elifabeth,  being 
enumerated  in  the  catalogue  of  ro- 
mances in  Captain  Cox's  library, 
mentioned  in  Queen  Elifabeth's  pro- 
grefs  to  Killingworth  Caftle,  ap. 
Dugdale's  hiftory  of  Warwickfliirc, 
p.  166.  In  the  prologue  of  the 
French  edition,  t}ie  hero  is  faid  to 
have  died  in  the  year  1350.  The 
French  tranflator  begs  the  excufe  of 
all  perfons  fpi ritual,  or  corporeal^  i.  e. 
temporal,  noble  or  ignoble,  feeing 
that  the  work  is  compofed,  not  to 
depreciate  the  glory  of  God,  to  teach 
falfehood,  or  inftnuate  malice,  but 
folely  to  recreate  wearied  minds, 
and  to  prevent  fmipletons  from  being 
impofed  on  by  fuch  tricks  in  time  to 
cojne.  The  romance  of  Hov/leglas 
affords  a  very  unfavourable  fpecl- 
mcn  of  Flemifh  humour;  the  adven- 
tures are  of  the  coarfeft  and  moft  ri- 
diculous kind  ;  and  the  charader  of 
the  hero,  as  well  as  the  compoiitipa 
itfelf,  is  a-km  to  chat  of  TU  Scotifh 
or  The  Rnglifh  money  in  the  coarfe 
and  vulgar  pamphlets,  fo  denomi- 
nated, which  are  adapted  to  the  en- 
tertainment of  the'  loweft  clafs  of 
readers.  In  a  rough  v/ooden  vig- 
nette at  the  beginning,  Howleglas 
is  reprefented  on  horfeback  with  ai) 
owl  and  a  mirror,  as  emblematic  bf 
his  aameo  J»  ' 


July  1802. 


575 


LITERARY  EXTRACTS 

AND 

NOTICES. 


SKETCH  OF  THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  EPISCOPAL 
CHURCH  OF,  SCOTLAND  * 


THE  ecclefiaftical  hiftory  of  Scot- 
land is  involved  in  that  chaos  of  error 
and  perplexity,  which  marks  the  firft 
ages  in  which  Chriftianity  is  faid  to 
have  fpread  its  influence  to  the  re- 
moter parts  of  this  ifland.  At  what 
period  the  gofpel  obtained  belief  north 
of  the  Friths  of  Forth  and  Clyde  is  e- 
qually  uncertain.  Thefe  points  are 
not  fo  properly  the  obje(fl  of  our  pre- 
fent  enquiry,  as  to  bring  in  review 
the  regular  continuation  of  Epifco- 
pal  church  government  in  Scotland, 
through  all  the  viciflitudes  of  the  re- 
formation, revolution,  and  acceflion  of 
the  houfe  of  Hanover,  down  to  the 
final  exclufion  of  the  abjured  family, 
and  the  extinction  of  all  reafonable 
hope  of  a  reftoration  favourable  to  an 
uninterrupted  fucceflion  of  our  ancient 
race  of  kings. 

The  carclefs  gaiety,  eafe,  and  volup- 
tuoufnefs  of  the  court  of  Rome  during 
the  pontificate  of  the  learned  and  ac- 
complifhed  Leo  X.,  were  the  forerun- 
ners of  a  great  change  about  to  take 
place  in  the  minds  of  men  ;  as  much 
unlooked  for,  as  its  effcds  on  the  fen- 
timents,  habits,  and  manners  of  the 
people  were,  by  the  church,  in  its  then 
corrupted  ftate,  to  be  dreaded.  Early 
in  the  fixteenth  century,  while  the  in- 


fluence of  literature  was  fpreading  in 
every  dire(5tion,  the  unlimited  (w^y,  m 
things  civil,  as  well  ar,  ecclefiaftical, 
which,  the  clergy  of  every  order  to  de- 
ed, without  controul  or  regard  exert- 
cency  itfclf,  even  in  domefiic  concerns, 
left  hardly  a  glirrpfe  of  hope  that  a 
reformation  in  private  life,  far  lefs  in 
eccleliafliC'il  affairs,  could  ever  be  ac- 
compli filed,  otherwife  than  by  the  mi- 
raculous interpofnion  of  heaven  itfelf. 

It  is  well  known,  that  the  fale  of  ab- 
folutions,  difpenf^tions,  and  indulgen- 
ce?, in  the  pontificate  of  John  de  Me- 
dicis,  in  order  to  recruit  the  exhaufted 
refourcts  of  the  apoftolic  revenue  of 
Rome,  led,  though  indire<5tiy,  to  the 
great  work  of  the  reformation.  The 
unequal  dillribution.  of  thcfe  indulgen- 
ces feemed  the  ollenfible  caufc  of  pre- 
cipitating the  d()wnfal  of  Romifii  fu- 
perftition  ;  and  Martin  Luther,  an  Au- 
guftine  monk  of  Wurtemberg  in  Sax- 
ony, by  unwearied  diligence,  addrcfs, 
and  courage,  and  protetited  by  the 
arm  of  power,  fucctfiively  oppofed 
this  fcandalous  fyfiem,  the  centie  of 
which  was  the  Vatican  it/clf.  Mean- 
while the  bufinefs  of  the  reformat ioa 
was  going  on.  In  Germany  it  found 
many  favourers:  in  England,  the  Pope^s 
authority  was  not  only  called  in  quef- 


*  From  a  Journey  from  Edinburgh  through  parts  of  North  Britain,  coRtaining  Re- 
marks on  Scotifh  Landfcape,  and  Obfervation?  on  Rural  Ecorjomy,  Natural  Hiflory,  Ala- 
nufa(51urcs,  Trade,  and  Commerce  : — Interfperfcd  with  Anecdotes,  Traditional,  Literary, 
and  Hiftorical,  &.c.       Alexander  Campbell. 


57^ 


Episcopal  Church  of  Scotland.  Vol.  64. 


tion,  but  even  the  Defender  of  the 
Faith,  our  eighth  Henvy,  had  difclaim- 
td  all  connection  with  the  court  of 
Rome.  His  nephew  too,  James  V.  of 
Scotland,  thoutrh  then  a  mere  ftripline, 
having  acquired  reformed  principles, 
through  the  tuition  and  converfe  of  Sir 
David  Lindfay  of  the  Mount,  George 
J^uchaiinan,  and  other  reformers,  ra- 
ther cncoiH'agtrd  than  difccuntenanccd 
the  doiftrines  nevv  ly  imported  from  the 
continent,  rtfpe6ing  fuch  abfliadt  fpe- 
culations  as  at  that  period  obtnincd  ; 
little  aware  that  political  f^ntimentn 
were  involved  in  what  fecmed  better 
calculated  to  amend  the  heart,  and  cor- 
rcL^  the  judgment. 

Cardinal  iSeaton,  archbiihop  of  St 
Andrew's,  a  man  of  deep  penetrati  >n 
and  unbounded  ambition,  forderii^g 
the  coiifeqiieiictrs  of  religious  innova- 
tion, oppoffd  the  new  do<^trines  in  e- 
very  fliape  whatever,  and  perfc-cuted 
even  to  death  the  pr>  pag^ators  of  fuch 
vifionary  and  novel  id<r.j$  as  appeared 
in  the  literary  produiftions  of  'tht- firlt 
reformers,  fonie  of  whom  had  already 
been  brou2:ht  to  the  flake. 

The  fird  that  fuffercd  in  the  Pro- 
tf  (lant  caufe  north  of  the  Tweed  was 
Patrick  Hamilton,  abbot  of  F/rne  in 
llofs-fliire.  This  perfon  imbibed  at 
Lome  a  tin(5lure  of  the  new  opinion?, 
r.nd  afterward?,  while  in  Germany,  met 
with  the  chiefs  of  the  reformation,  Lu* 
ther  and  Mel^mdhon  ;  whcUj  the  great 
rind  immutablt  truths  of  what  formed 
the  bafis  of  true  relig?t)n  taking  deep 
root  in  his  mind,  he  openly  avowed  his 
convidion  :  and  being  brought  to  triai, 
zx\4.  convicted,  he  was  burnt  before  the 
gate  of  St  Salvator's  college  in  the  city 
of  St  iindrew's,  on  tht  ift  of  March 
1527  *.  After  this  tragical  event, 
many  others  fuifen-d  in  the  caufe  of 
the  reformation.  But  the  arm  of  pow- 
er was  unable  to  arreft  its  progrefs : 
its  advance  was  flow,  yet  fure,  as  af- 
terwards appeared,  vvhil-e  its  enemies 
in  difmay  fled  before  its  formidable  ap- 
proaches. 

The  death  of  James  V.  ;  the  murder 
of  Cardinal  Beaton  ;  and  the  regen- 
cies of  Arran  and  Mary  of  Guife,  were 


*  See  Keith's  Hiftory  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland,  p.  7,  S  ;  Drummond's  Hiftory  of 
James  VI.,  and  Skinner's  Eccl.  Hiflory  of 
Scotland,  vol.  i.  p.  432, 433* 


events  arid  circumftanccs  whic  h  af- 
feded  the  caufe  of  the  reformation 
more  or  lefs,  but  in  no  wife  impeded 
its  Heady  and  important  movements. 
The  papal  throne  in  ScotPlnd  had  been 
nt  arly  fubverted  ;  and  while,  in  Eng- 
land, Mary,  the  daughter  of  Henry, 
purfued  with  fire  and  faggot  the  pious 
martyrs  of  the  reformed  religion,  Mary 
of  Guife,  ambitious  to  advance  lier 
new  projeds,  deemed  it  profound  po- 
licy to  countenance  fome  of  th  zealous 
leaders  of  the  Proteftant  caufe.  *  Thus 
the  rcforiiv.tion  continued  its  progrefs 
imder  the  temporary  fandtion  of  au- 
thority, whilt  the  eftablifhed  fuperfti- 
tion  trembled  to  its  centre.  The 
Qiieen  Regent,  however,  did  not  per- 
ceive her  error  till  too  late.  The  af- 
fociTfion  called  the  Congregation, 
whofe  aim  was  to  overthrow  popery, 
and  in  its  ftead  to  eftablifli  the  refor- 
motion  on  the  firm  bafis  of  civil  and  re- 
ligious liberty,  became  powerful  by 
numbers,  and  by  the  juftnefs  of  their 
catilf ,  ultimately  fucceeded. 

The  death  of  Mary  of  Guife  and  the 
return  of  Mary  (>ucen  of  Scots,  were 
events  that  feem  but  inconfiderably 
to  have  afFedcd  the  reformation 
of  rt'ligion.  John  Knox,  the  leading 
champion  of  the  fanatic  party,  with  a 
zeal  charaderillic  of  a  daring  ungo- 
vernable fpirit,  by  inflammatory  ha- 
rangues incited  the  people  to  pull 
down  the  altars,  and  dem^olilh  the  tem- 
ples of  fuperflitious  worfliip.  The  religi- 
ous houfes  were  demolifhed,  and  their 
inhabitants  fcattered  in  every  direction. 
The  dignified  ecclefiaftics  trembled  in 
ftcrct  ;  while  the  fovercign  of  the  na- 
tion looked  on  with  difmay.  Perplex- 
ed by  difticulties  daily  accumulating, 
impofed  on  by  defigning  courtiers,  and 
blind  to  the  true  intertrfts  of  herfelf 
and  people,  flie  funk  into  contempt, 
and  was  imprifoned  by  her  own  fub- 
jeds:  having,  however,  efFeded  ber 
cfcape,  flie  fell  into  the  hands  of  her 
enemies;  and,  after  eighteen  years' 
capiivity  in  a  country  which  ought  tp 
have  aiforded  her  protection,  was  ig- 
nominioufiy  led  to  the  fcaffold,  thus 
ending  her  unparalleled  fufFerings. 
Meanwhile,  during  the  minority  of  the 
only  fon  of  this  unfortunate  princeft, 
the  reformation  w^as  rapidly  advancing-* 


♦  Robcrtfon's  Hift.  of  Scot,  book  ii. 

Jam^s 


Julyi8o2.         Episcopal  Church  of  Scotland. 


James  the  Sixth,  in  the  midft  of  tu- 
mults and  cabal,  eftabliflj^d  an  epif- 
copacy  in  Scotland  remarkable  for  its 
moderation    and    conciliatory  fpirit. 
But  after  the  acceffion  of  James  to  the 
Englith  throne, being  at  a  diffance  from 
his  native  dominions,  his  influence, 
although  ever  vigilant  in  fuppurt  of  e- 
pifcopacv,  was  infufficient  to  prevent 
the  prefbyterian  caufe  from  gaining 
ftrcngth  daily:  yet,  as  the  ecclefiafti'- 
c?l\  interefts  of  the  former  were  clofely 
interwoven  wiih  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges  of  the  crown,  the  latter  had  to 
ftruggle  with  difficulties  not  eafily  to 
te  furmounted.    In  the  year  1617,  af- 
ter an  abfence  of  thirteen  years,  James 
determined  on  a  vifit  to  the  capital  of 
Scotland,  and,  having  arrived  at  the 
palace  of  Holyroodhoufc,  all  eagerly 
flocked  thither  to   hail  their  native 
prince.    A  parliament  was  fummoncd 
to  meet  the  King  on  the  13th  of  June 
<i6i7).    In  it,  ecclefiaftical  affairs  were 
agitated  with        temper  and  unani- 
mity than  the  firft  of  our  Britifh  mo- 
narchs  conceived  to  be  confiftent  with 
the  dignity  of  an  imperial  crown.  The 
prelbyters  urged  the  propriety  of  far- 
ing in   the  ecclefiaftical  ItgiOation, 
which,  for  the  fake  of  peace  and  un- 
animity, in  times  of  extreme  peril  was 
neceffary.    The  dignified  clergy  were 
*iot  averfe  to  the  meafures  propofed ; 
and  the  King,  naturally  inclined  to 
juftice  and  forbearance,  yielded.  Thus 
the  eftablifhed  clergy  being  put  under 
proper  regulations,  matters  for  a  time 
went  on  pretty  quietly.    In  the  mean- 
whik,  James  "  the  peaceful  and  the 
Jim,   after  a  reign  of  thirty-eight  years, 
flept  with  his  fathers;'*  and  in  1625, 
Charles,  his  only  furviving  fon,  was, 
wuh  the  ufaal  folemnities,  proclaimed 
King  of  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
Ireland,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  <&c. 
During  the  reign  of  this  unfortunate 
pnnce,  the  epifcopal  government  ex- 
perienced in  both  fedions  of  the  illand 
a  total  overthrow.    It  is  well  known, 
that  an   attem.pt   to  introduce  into 
Scotland  the  Englifli  Liturgy  was  re- 
pelled by  the  populace  with  indigna- 
tion and  fury.    Hitherto,  as  no  autho- 
ruedform  of  conamon  prayer  was  in 
i^te,  the  officiating  clergy  had  been  left 

■^1^  n  ^^^^^^^  ^^^'^^  <^wn  mode  of 
ji^drefliug  the  Deity*,  in  which  the 


577 

people  joined  with  due  reverrnce  and 
warmth  of  affection:  confequently,  a 
deviation  from  their  accustomed  man- 
ner of  devotion  ffiocked  them  extreme- 
ly.   The  crafty  and  malevolent  amonfr 
the  advtrfe  party  knew  how  to  avail 
thc.T-felvey  of  this  circumflance  ;  and 
It  IS  needlefs  to  add  how  fuccefsful 
their  machinations  proved.     On  t^c 
martyrdom  of  Charles  I.  cp?fcopicy 
was  abohffied ;  on  the  refloration  of 
his  fon  Charlec  II.,  it  wasreftored  ;  and 
on  the  abdication  of  his  brother  J,,m-s 
Vil.  the  Scofifh  biHiops  but  too  furelv 
anticipated  the  fad  r.verfe  which  the 
temporal  as  well  as  fpiritual  welfare  of 
the  church  was  about  to  feel.    On  the 
acceffion  of  the  nephew  and  daughter 
of  the  exiled  monarch,  William  prince 
S    v'f'^^^  "^"^^  ^^^^  ^''^e  iMary,  to  the 
h^i^hih  throne,  the  firft  object  of  thtr 
deep,  referved,  and  crafty  Dutchman 
was,  to  afcertainiii  what  degree  o*^  po- 
pularity epifcopacy  was  held  thU 
northern  fedtion  of  his  newiy-acquired 
dominions-    He  foimd  that  the  trading 
and  interior  fort,  being  the  greater  in 
point  of  number,  were  for  Prefby'^ery 
although  the  great  body  of  the  nobliitv 
and  gentry  were  fur  fupporting  the  nal 
tional   eltabliniment  of  epifcopacy; 
and,  as  the  Scotiffi  bifhoDs  would  not 
thro  w  off  their  allegiance  to  their  law- 
tui  lovereign  and  abandon  his  intereft 
and  as  he  could  reckon  on  the  aid  and 
fuppoit  of  the  prel])yterian  party,  he 
caxt  off  the  former  and  clung  to  the 
latter,  eitabldhing  their   claims  and 
proteding  their  inftitutions  by  royal 
mandates  and  adfs  of  the  legiflature  », 
Thus  we  fee  the  triumph  of  the  pref- 
byterian party,  complete,  while  the 
epifcopal  church  of  Scotland  was  left 

nf  w-ir''t-  '^'^  laftac^tions 

ot  Wilham  s  hie  was  hgning  a  com- 
miffion  for  paffing  the  Oath  of  ab- 
juration." On  his  death,  A.  D  17.2 
the  youngclt  daughter  of  James  Vu! 
alcended  the  throne.  The  epifcop 
iians  or  Scotland  gained  but  little  du--- 
ing  the  reign  of  this  princefs.  It  is 
true  that,  m  the  tenth  year  of  her  reien 
annoi7xz,an  A^t  of  Toleration  waj 


*  fikinncr'i  £ccl.  Hill,  of  Scot,  vol,  ii.  p.  283, 


*  See  Afls  of  WilUam  and  Mary  16S0. 
cn.  90.  3.  and  95.  ^  ^' 

t  See  a  copy  of  an  original  letter  infcrted 
in  Keith  s  Catalogue,  p.  41,  which  throw, 
much  light  on  thisfubjed, 

paired. 


Episcopal  Church  of  Scotland.  Vol.  64. 


paffed,  by  which  the  nonjurin^  clergy 
enjoyed  a  greater  degree  of  freedom 
than  thev  had  experienced  fince  the 
abolition' of  epifcopacy  in  Scotland: 
vet,  notwithdanding  the  miltlnefs  ot 
the  government  at  that  period,  epif- 
copacy north  of  the  Tweed  was  feebly 
fupported  after  the  union  of  the  two 
kingdoms.  Meanwhile  the  Liturgy  of 
the  church  of  England  was  univerfally 
read  in  the  Scotiih  Chapels.  The  civil 
commotions  of  the  years  1715  and 
1716,  caufed  a  temporary  gloom  to 
hang  overepifcopacyinScotland,  which, 
however,  was  foon  diffipated  ;  and  by 
1720  the  Scotifii  epifcopal  chapels  were 
frequented  by  numerous,  wealthy,  and 
refpeaable  members  of  the  communi- 
ty of  every  rank.  On  the  death  of 
Queen  Anne  (the  ift  of  AuguR  lyu)* 
th^  Ele(^tor  of  Hanover,  a  great-grand- 
fon  of  James  VL,  was  declared  King 
of  England  ;  and  it  being  required  of 
the  epifcopal  clergy  of  Scotland  to 
pray  by  name  for  George  and  hia  fa- 
mily, while  James,  the  fon  of  the  ab- 
jured king,  lived  in  exile,  they  rcfufed 
to  do  fo,  abiding  the  confequences  ra- 
ther than  violate  the  facred  dictates  of 
their  confcience. 

Meanwhik  theological  diflerences 
fpringing  up  among  the  clergy  of  Eng. 
land,  which  foon  extended  northward 
to  their  brethren  the  Scotiih  bifiiops, 
gave  rife  to  the  obfervance  of  fome 
uiages  hitherto  left  to  the  choice  of 
whoever  believed  them  eflential  in  the 
niyfteries  of  our  holy  religion.  They 
chiefly  regarded  the  eucharift  fervice 
-Thefe  matters  being  adjufted  between 
the  Englifh  nonjuring  clergy  and  the 
Scotifi-i  bifhops  the  latter  performed 
the  fundlions  of  their  office  quietly  and 
unmolefted. 

But  another  circumflance,  of  a  dif- 
ferent nature  from  the  former,  gave 
rife  to  a  temporary  m.ifunderP.anding 
among  the  prefbylers  and  prelates  of 
the  Scotiih  church.    It  is  alleged  with 


*  The  revival  of  the  ancient  iifages  con- 
Cfted  chiefly  in,  i.  Mixing  water  with  the 
wine  :  2.  Commemorating  the  faithful  de. 
parted,  at  the  altar :  3.  Confecrating  the  e- 
lemcnts  by  an  exprefs  invocation  :  and,  4. 
nfing  the  oblatory  prayer  at  diftribution. 
Skinner's  Eccl.  Hift.  vol  ii.  p.  625.  See 
alfo  Suppleh^ent  Encyclop.  Britan.  article 

Epifcopacy."  - 


fomc  fhew  of  reafon,  that  the  propo-r 
fitions  with  regard  to  the  euchariltical 
fervice  were  meant  as  mere  prehmina- 
ries  to  a  concentrating  of  the  eccleft- 
allical  prerogatives  in  the  hands  of  a 
few,  as  in  times  when  civil  and  religi- 
ous eftablifliments  were  united.  The 
fcheme  alluded  to  was,  "  A  College  of 
Bifhit^ps."  This  body,  contrary  to  the 
Diocefan  fyftcm,  was  to  have  taken 
into  its  hands  the  txcKifiye  government 
of  the  church.  The  college  fcheme, 
however,  met  with  firm  oppofnion; 
and  in  Dectrmber  1731,  articles  of  a-^ 
greement  were  drawn  up,  and  fub- 
fcribed  by  the  bifhops;  which  putting 
an  end  to  the  conteft,  the  primitive 
conRituiion,  or  dioceCin  government 
of  the  church,  was  adopted,  in  abfo* 
lute  independence  of  civil  eftablilh- 
mtnt;  on  which  footing  the  Scotifh 
bifliops,  with  becoming  zeal  and  mo- 
deration, have  continued  to  regulate 
the  affairs  of  the  church  to  this  day. 

From  the  year  1732  to  the  year 
1745-6,  the  Scotifh  cpifcopalians  were 
allowed  freedom  of  worfiiip,  without 
interruption  from  any  quarter.  The 
civil  government  firmly  rooted  in  tbt, 
fuffrages  of  the  people,  the  preftyteriad 
form  of  worftiip  eftabliihed  by  legal  au- 
thority; both  inftitutions  feemed  fixed 
and  unalterable  :  when,  to  the  amaze- 
ment of  all,  amid  the  fecurity  in  which 
the  church  and  ftate  were  lulled,  an  e* 
vent  took  place  which  fhook  both  tc 
the  centre. 

The  expedition  into  Scotland  in  tb< 
year  1745,  of  the  grandfon  of  Jamc! 
VII.  was  at  firft  attended  with  fuch  un 
common  fuccef,,  as  appalled  the  ftout- 
efthearts,in  both  kingdoms,  inimicaltc 
the  reftoration  of  the  houfe  of  Stuart 
The  youthful  hero,  however,  wasfooi 
checked  in  his  career ;  and  his  ill-fup' 
ported  fcheme  for  placing  his  father  ta 
the  Britifh  throne  proved  vain  in  tbc 
attempt,  and  difaflrous  in  the  conft 
quences.  Profcriptions  and  executioO-- 
c]iigra(  e  the  page  on  which  are  record 
cd  the  civil  tranfadtions  of  this  epocfej 
of  our  Britifh  annals.  Here  let  the  ttl 
be  for  ever  drawn. 

Many  of  the  Scotifh  epifcopali^^p 
who  took  up  arms  in  the  caufe  of  th- 
young  adventurer  efcaped  the  peril 
of  the  times.  ^But  the  bifliops  alH 
prefbyters  of  tire  church  of  Scotland 
whofe  duty  it  was  never  to  fhrinkn 
the  hour  of  danger,  although  thci 
meeting 


July  1 802.  Episcopal  Church  of  Scotland. 


meeting-houfes  were  laid  in  afhes,  Iheir 
congregations  difpcrfed,  and  them- 
fclves  without  a  home,  as  well  as  every 
moment  in  hazard  of  being  feized  as 
traitors,  remained  fteady  in  their  vo- 
cation, trufting  in  the  promife  of  the 
Founder  of  the  holy  Catholic  church, 
.that  the  gates  of  hell  Hioukl  not  pre- 
yail  againft  it*.  Jn  this  chaos  of 
defolation  what  was  to  be  done  ?  But 
this  was  not  all. 

Grievous  ads  of  the  legidature  were 
pafTed,  with  ftrid:  injundions  to  fee 
them  put  in  execution  in  cafes  appli- 
cable, or  fuppofed  to  be  fo.  More 
than  five  p(  rfons,  inchiding  the  offici- 
ating clergyman,  were  forbid,  under 
pain  of  fine  and  imprisonment,  to  wor- 
ihip  God  in  one  p!  ice  !  Incorrigible  Ja- 
cobites, as  they  were  called  in  denfion, 
merited  no  higher  degree  of  liberty. 
The  hand  of  oppreOion  was  exercifed 
without  mercy.  The  pena!  laws  were 
interpreted  at  pleafure,  and  ftretched 
to  the  utmoiK  But,  in  the  midft  of 
the  hotteit  perfecution,  the  fucceflion 
of  bifliops  was  preferved;  and  the  moft 
cordial  unanimity  fubfilted  between  the 
prefbytcrs  and  the  dignitaries  of  the 
church. 

On  the  acce/Tion  of  his  prefent  Ma- 
jeflyto  the  throne  in  the  year  1760, 
the  Epifcopah'ans  of  Scotland  experi- 
enced a  degree  of  indulgence  hitherto 
unknown.  The  royal  clemency,  and 
the  mildnefsof  the  Britilh  government, 
not  only  permitted  the  freedom  of  re- 
ligious worfliip  to  the  AifFering  Epif- 
copal  church  of  Scotland  ;  but  when, 
on  the  death  of  Charles  Edward 
Stuart  t,  its  clergy  judged  it  incum- 

*  Only  two  clergymen  followed  the  army 
of  Charles  Edward  ;  namely,  Mr  Lyon  of 
Perth,  and  Mr  M'Laiichlane,  who  after- 
guards was  hanged  as  a  traitor.  Mr  Skinner 
(Author  of  the  EccUfiirtical  Hiftory  of 
Scotland,  and  of  the  popular  fongs  *  TuU 
lochg(.rum,  John  0'Badenyon,»  &c.),  after 
tiiknig:  the  oaths  to  government,  was  im- 
prjfoned  for  a  confiderabie  time  ;  as  were 
feveral  other  cier^rynun  of  the  Epifcopal 
community.  This  ififormation  was  com- 
inmuicatGd  to  the  author  bv  the  Right  Re- 
I  t-ercud  Dr  Abernethy  Drummond,  to  whom 
J  ^ratetui  thanks  aredne  for  many  other  par- 
•■iculdrs  on  the  fame  fubjtdt. 

t  Cardinal  York's  bemg  a  fubjea  of  the 
fope,aiid  confequently  incapacitated  by  the 
JMTit  of  the  Briti(h  conilitution  to  reign  as 


579 

bent  on  them  to  teflify  their  grateful 
fenfe  of  the  indulgence  experienced  for 
luch  a  length  of  time,  by  mentioning 
his  Majefty  and  the  Royal  family  in 
the  public  fervice  of  the  church  *,  the 
Lords  fpiritual  and  temporal  as  well  as 
the  Commons,  nay  the  King  himfelf, 
(defcended  of  the  Stuarts^  and  worthy 
of  fo  high  a  name,)  came  forward  moft 
Willingly  in  fupport  of  the  declining 
ftate  of  the  ancient  rights  and  privi- 
leges of  Epifcopacy  in  Scotland,  whea 
an  a'fl  of  parliament  was  about  to  be 
piHed  in  its-favour  in  the  year  1790. 
An  unhappy  mifunderaanding,  howe- 
ver, fubfiaing  at  that  time  between  two 
individuab  high   in  office,  rendered 
tru'tlefs  the  attempt  to  remove  certain 
ohitacles,  and  threw  the  ad  which  was 
intended  as  a  relief  from  the  penal  fta- 
tutes  (which,  however  juil  and  expe- 
dient they  might  have  been  at  the  time 
they  were  framed  and  paffcd,  became 
in  the  courfe  of  events  unnecefTary)  in- 
to a  form,  the  afpecft  of  which  is  fo  un- 
gracious and  uninviting,  as  almoM  to 
defeat  the  wife  and  falutary  purpofes 
for  which  it  obtained  the  fandion  of 
parliament. 

^  Soon  after  the  adt  pafled  for  afford- 
ing  the  Scotch  nonjurors  relief,  an  u- 
nion  of  the  Englini  ordained  clergy  and 
the  congregations  of  the  Epifcopal 
perfuafion  throughout  Scorland,  in 
Diocefan  order  and  government,  was 
propofed.  At  firft,  this  meafure  was 
cordially  embraced  by  all  concerned; 
but,  as  yet,  a  final  adjuilment  has  not 
been  accomplilhed.  it  is  hoped,  hew- 
ever,  that  although  the  prclimin  iries  of 
this  union  have  not  fo  fully  met  the  <ip- 
probation  of  either  the  party  without 
the  pale  of  the  Epifcopal  church,  or 
of  the  venerable  fathers,  prefbyters, 
and  congregations  (whofe  anceUors 
and  predecelTors  weathered,  as  we  hare 


a  fovereign  prince,  was  the  reafon  which 
moved  them  to  follow  the  line  of  con  dud: 
which  they  deemed  necelfary.  See  Bijliop 
Abernethy  Drummond's  Rcufons/'  print- 
ed in  I79i. 

*  Bifhop  Rofe,  of  Down,  would  not  com- 
ply with  the  ftep  his  brethren  took  at  that 
jundure.  He  confecrated  Mr  Brown,  and 
the  latter  ordained  Mr  M'lntofh,  who  is 
the  only  epifcopal  clergyman  of  the  Scotifii 
church  that  remains  faithful  to  the  (landard 
of  the  ancient  political  eilablilhmcnt. 

feen, 


Episcopal  Church  of  Scotland.  Vol.  64. 


fcen,  tbe  ftorms  of  civil  broils  and  ec- 
clefiaftical  perfecution  for  fo  many 
ages),  the  day  is  not  far  diftant  when 
tbcy  fhall  all  be  "  gathered  into  one 
fo^d  under  one  fbepherd/'  firmly  unit- 
ed in  the  bonds  of  brotherly  affec- 
tion*. ^  . 

Before  cloHng  this  curfory  review  ot 
the  leading  outlines  of  the  hiftory  of 
the  epifcopal  church  of  Scotland,  one 
or  two  circumaancts,  which  ought  to 
have  been  noticed  as  we  procetdtd, 
iTiall  now,  thongh  fomcwhat  out  of 
place,  be  llightly  nH'ntior>ed. 

In  the  \ear  1716,  an  union  between 
the  Greei  church  in  »he  Ea(l,  whence 
Chriftianity  hrft  diffufcd  itsuiflociice  to 
the  weOern  ft^ions  of  the  giobc,  and 
the  epifcopal  nonjuring  ct.urch  in  South 
and  North  Britain,  was  planned  and 
propofed  to  the  clergy  of  the  Litter  by 
Arff  iiius,  metropolitan  of  Thebais  in 
£gypt,  at  that  tirae  in  London  on  his 
travels  through  Europe,  loliciting  the 
bounty  of  the  great  and  the  opulent  m 
behalf  of  the  fuf  ering  Chi  ittians  under 
the  dominion  of  the  Mamelukes  ol  the 
call.    One  of  the  Scoiifh  bifliopp,  Ar- 
chibald Campbell,  a  man  of  ftrong  in- 
telledual  endowments  and  great  theo- 
logical erudition,  withal  enthufiallic  in 
whatever  regarded  the  welfare  of  the 
church,  failing  in  with  Arfcnius  the 
Greek    ccclefiaftic,   cordial^  recom- 
mended  his  propofnions  for  an  union 
between  the  churches  to  his  EngliPa 
and  ScotiOi  brethren :  and,  far  trom 
being  coldly  rejcaed,  the  pian^was  de- 
liberated on  with  becom.ing  folemnity. 
The  project,  however,  advanced  but 
flowiy.     Meanwhile  Arfenius,  having 
tranfmitted  to  the  patriarchs  of  the 
Eaft  the  terms  on  u  hich  the  nonjurmg 
biiht^ps  were  ready  to  unite  wuh  the 
Greek  church,  had  travelled  into  Ruf- 
fta,  ^^hele  he  was  greatly  noticed,  not 
only  by  the  nobility  and  ciergy,  but  by 
Peter  the  Great  bimfeif,  who  entered 
warmly  into  the  nature  and  objed  of 
all  the  views  and  projeds  of  the  Greek 
ccclefiaftic. 


♦  Sec  Bifhop  Abernethy  Drummond's 
Addrefs,  1793. 


In  the  year  1718,  an  anfwer  from  the 
patriarchs  of  the  Eaft  to  the  pr(  pofi- 
tions  of  the  nonjuring  bilhops  reipe<5t- 
ing  the  projeded  union,  wae  iranfmit- 
ted  by  Arfenius  to  the  orthodox  of  Bri- 
tain.   Although  matters  did  not  wear 
an  unfavourable  afptd,  yet  on  certaitr 
points,   with  regard    to   ufages,  the 
bilbops  of  the  Weft  and  the  partriarchs 
of  the  Eaft  were  not  altogether  unaiii- 
mous;  but,  in  order  to  have  every 
thing  adjufted  amicably,  and  with  as 
much  d.fpatch  as  the  nature  of  the 
affair  admitted  of,  ArfLniut-  had  Ihe  ad- 
drcfs  to  engage  his  Imperial  M.^j-Jty's 
good  offices  in  furtherance  of  this  ar- 
duous  meafure.    Accordingly,  at  the 
Czar's  delirc,  two  Ruffian  ecckli'iftics 
were  to  be  deputed,  to  meet  an  equal 
number  of  theBritifti  nonjui ing  church, 
that  all  differences  as  to  the  tluological 
points  in  dilpute  might  be  fettled,  and 
fo  defirable  an  union  be  ipeedily  effe^:- 
ed.    In  the  mean  time,  however,  the 
Czar  of  Rufba  died,  and  this  event 
proved  fatal  to  fuithrr  negociation  ; 
the  union  of  the  Greek  Oriental  ch-irch 
with  the  Britifh  nonjuring  epifcopa(y 
having  been  no  more  heard  of  hncc 
that  period. 

Another  *  event,  more  fortunate  than 
the  former,  and  memorable  for  its  no- 
velty and  happy  ilTue,  (marking  an  e- 
pocha  in  the  hiftory  of  the  fuft<.ring  e- 
piL-opal  church  of  Scotland),  deiervcs 
pariicrJar  notice.  The  event  alluded 
to  was,  a  tranfatlantic  tranflation  of 
our  Scotifti  fucoflion  of  bilhops; 
which  took  place  in  the  perfon  ot 
Dodor  Samuel  Seabu:^  of  the-  pro- 
vince of  Connecticut,  who,  on  Sunda'y 
the  14th  of  November  17B4,  was  pub- 
licly confecrated  at  Aberdeen  by  3i- 
fnops  Kilgoui-,  Petrie,  and  Skmrief; 
Thus,  although  the  church  is  futFercdlO 
decline  and  langniih  in  thib  part  of  tlw 
ifland,  yet  beyond  the  Atlan'tic,  where 
religion  is  free  from  civil  conlroul,it 
Oiaii  Piourifti  in  the  beauly  of  hohnels, 
till  time  be  no  more. 


*  For  a  more  circumftantiarl  accou 
the  projedcd  union,  fee  Skinner lij 
of  the  Epifcopal  Church  of  Scotland. 


July  1802. 


5S^ 


HISTORY  OF  THE  DEFEAT  OF  SUVARROF, 

BY   THE    FRENCH,    SEPTEMBER  I799. 

From  Secret  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  Peterfburg-, 
Vol.  III. 


THE  decifive  and  final  engagement 
between  the  Ruffians  and  French,  be- 
gan  on  the  3d  of  Vendemiaire,  year  yii, 
(24th  September  1779,)  in  the  bafin  of 
Zurich,  whither  the  French  advanced 
from  the  neighbouring  plains  to  attack 
the  Ruffians,  who  were  themfelvcs  pre- 
paring to  give  battle,  and  waiting  for 
orders  for  that  purpofe  from  Suvarrof; 
they  confe'quently  were  well  difpofed 
to  receive  the  attack.    The  firft  thing 
to  be  done  was  to  crofs  the  Limmat,  and 
break  m  upon  their  battalions,  which 
were  drawn  up,  and  flood  firm  as  ram- 
parts  along  the  banks.    The  affailants 
croffed  the  river  with  foch  rapidity,  and 
attacked  in  front  with  fuch  impetuoli- 
ty,  th.it  they  overthrew  and  deltroyed 
the  primary  obrtacles ;  but  they  per- 
ceived,by  this  conflict  with  whatenemi- 
es  they  had  to  contend.  Some  battalions 
of  thele  brave  grenadiers  of  whom  I  had 
fp'ik'.n,  whodefemied  the  point  of  the 
parage  oppofite  to  Dietikon,  afcer  hav- 
ing  been  thinned  by  a  terrible  fire,  were 
forced  to  abandon  the  banks  of  the  ri- 
ver ;  they  immediately  rallied  in  an  in- 
termediate pofition  of  defence,  and 
there  for  a  long  time  checked  the  ar 
dour  of  the  French.    Being  at  length 
forced  m  this  po(t,  they  rallied  again 
bv-hind  thirir  tents;  andthrre,  exhauit- 
Jng  their  cartouch  boxes,  and  fighting 
m  the  relolurion  of  not  furrendering, 
thtie  brave  fanatics  fell  to  the  laft  man, 
dnd  died  in  rank  and  file. 

The  right  wing  of  the  Ruffians,  to- 
wards Baden,  was  covered  by  a  catBp 
r>f  Coifacks.  The  divifion,  which  hkd 
orders  to  make  a  divenion  on  that  fide, 
:dn-ied  the  camp  at  the  firtt  attack,  and 
econded  powerfully  the  efforts  that 
he  French  were  making  in  the  centre, 
'A'here  rehffancc  prolonged  the  flau£>h. 
er,  aiid  whire  they  at  length  carried 
ne  Rulhan  battel  ies,  defended  with  that 
iclperate  inveteracy  of  which  troops 
^ompolcd  of  fanatics  alone  are  capable. 
The  Ruffians,  after  adls  of  valour 


worthy  of  their  reputation,  feeing  their 
beft-defended  poifs  and  batteries  car- 
ried  by  mam  force,  gave  up  the  ground  ; 
ana  Korfakof  formed  in  the  plain  a 
mafs  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  thoufand 
men  into  a  fquare  battalion.    This  fa- 
vourite manoeuvre  of  the  Ruflians,  and 
which  had  been  fo  often  fucccisful  to 
them  in  repelling  the  furious  attacks  of 
the  lurks,  had  not  the  fame  fuccefa 
agamft  the  troops  who  charged  with 
equal  fury  and  the  lame  apparent  dif- 
or.!er,  but  who  fubmit  a  mifcellaneous 
eltort  to  the  moft  exad  rules,  and  ral- 
ly, and  change  the  order  of  attack. 
With  the   moft   aftonifhing  rapiditv. 
This  heavy  knd   impenetrable  mals 
made  the  French  retire  wherever  the7 
advanced  ;   but  the  fwarms  of  Iharp- 
fhooters  that  afT-iiied  it  made  continu- 
al  havock,  and  fell  back  without  fly- 
ing, ui  order  to  avoid  its  fire,  and  keep 
up  againfl  it  one   more  deftruvftive. 
1  hat  of  the  Ruffi ans  was  too  mechani- 
cal and  too  regular  to  have  much  ef- 
fed  ;  It  feemed  always  fubordinate  to 
the  voice  of  the  officers,  which  ferved 
as  a  preparatory  word  of  tommand. 
Ihe  flying  artillery  came  up  at  a  gal- 
lop in  tlie  interval,  halted  within  twenty 
paces  of  the  fquare  battalion,  poured 
agamft  it  /bowers  of  grape-fhot,  and 
immediately  regained  a  fife  pohtion, 
in  order  to  reload  the  pieces,  and  re^ 
turn  with  the  fime  celerity  to  batter  in 

breach  this  moving  baftion,t)riftlingw^^h 
impotent  bayonets.  Whole  files  fell  in 
fron  ;  whole  ranks  were  mowed  down  on 
the  flanks.  The Ruffianstrod  underfoot 
their  expiring  comrades,  in  order  to 
clofc,  and  keep  their  order,  reload  by 
platoons  and  divilions,  and  fight  witn 
the  lame  regularity  with  which  ther 
performed  their  exercill- ;  and  they 
were  ftruck  and  died  on  the  place 
which  tliey  had  occupied. 

When  the   dcftrudive  fire  of  the 
French  had  repeatedly  thinned  and  mu^ 
tilated  this  mafs  of  men  ^  when  a  great 
4  I  number 


58a 


Defeat  of  Suvarrof. 


Vol.  64, 


number  of  officers  and  non-commif- 
fiontd  officers,  who  were  the  foul  of 
it,  were  wounded,  diforder  and  con- 
i^ernation  at  length  introduced  them- 
felves*  into  it.  The  French,  ordering  a 
general  attack,  marched  up  with  charg- 
ed bayonets,  and  the  cavalry  complete-, 
ly  difperfed  it.  Then  only  was  it  that 
the  battle  was  decifive,  and  the  vi^ory 
complete;  the  conquerors  entered  Zu- 
rich purfuing"  the  Ruffians,  who  had 
come  out  of  the  town  in  order  to  draw 
up  and  fight  on  the  plain.  Korfakof 
had  made  this  place  his  head-quarters : 
the  magazines,  the  wounded,  the  wo- 
men, the  baggage,  and  part  of  the  train 
of  the  army,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
conqueror;  the  military  cheft  had  al- 
ready been  taken  durir.g  the  battle. 
The  French  and  Helvetic  troops  com- 
mitted in  this  town  diforders,  (limulat- 
cd  by  the  heat  of  the  battle,  and  per- 
haps by  the  partiality  of  the  inhabi- 
tants: but  I  draw  the  curtain  on  fcenes 
■wh'ch  fometimes  fadden  vidory. 

Night  fufpended  the  carnage  of  this 
memorable  combat  :  but  the  Ruffians, 
defeated  the  evening  before,  rallied  a- 
gain  in  the  morning,  and,  feconcied  by 
ibme  freffi  troops,  and  by  the  pofts 
which  had  not  been  attacked,  or  which 
it  had  not  been  tound  poffible  to  force, 
again  ventured  to  fight,  in  order  to 
fnalch  the  vidiory  from  their  enemies. 
Their  courage,their  obftinacy,and  their 
defpcration,  again  rendered  it  undecid- 
ed till  the  middle  of  the  day,  when 
the  Ruffians  were  at  length  routed  a 
feconc  time;  but  each  battalion,  each 
company,  each  platoon,  that  could  a- 
gain  rally  round  a  pair  of  colours  or  an 
officer,  behind  a  hedge,  or  behind  a 
piece  of  cannon,  fought  a  frefli  battle, 
and  fell  with  their  arm.s  in  their  hands, 
rather  than  furrender.  Except  the  ge- 
nerals and  the  officers,  who  well  knew 
that  the  French  gave  and  even  olitred 
quarters  in  a  loud  voice,  fcarccly  did 
any  Ruffian  lurreiider  till  he  was  wound- 
ed, difirmed,  or  knocked  down.  More 
than  one  was  f  en,  mortally  vvoundt  d, 
to  rife  before  he  expired,  in  order  to 
ilrike  with  his  arms  the  victorious  ene- 
my, who  was  flcipping  in  the  plain. 
Others,  not  lefs  furious,  ftabbed  thtir 
horfes,  in  order  to  prevent  the  French 
from  making  ufe  of  them. 

The  divifion  (>f  general  Lorge,  fiip- 
ported  by  the  corps  uiider  the  com- 
Yiiand  of  general  Udinot,  had  the  great- 


eft  and  moft  glorious  ffiare  in  this  me- 
morable day,  on  wrhich  the  aiTny  of 
Helvetia  faved  the  republic. 

It  was,  above  all,  after  their  vicflory 
that  the  French  felt  its  entire  value, 
and  ffiuddered  at  the  danger  that  they 
had  run,  on  refle<.ting  on  the  fanatic 
rage  of  thefe  miferable  vi(5iims  with 
whom  the  field  of  battle  was  covered. 
There  was  not  a  Ruffian  who,  ftruck 
by  the  mortal  blow,  and  when  death 
gave  him  time  for  that  purpcl'e,  did 
not  again  grafp  the  image  of  his  pa- 
tron, fufpended  to  his  neck,  in  order  to 
kifs  it  before  he  breathed  his  lad.  On 
traverfing  the  field  of  battle,  after  the 
action,  thefe  relics  were  feen  hung  to 
their  breads,  or  in  their  hands ;  their 
attitude  and  dying  gieiture  manifefted 
that  their  laft  fentiment  had  been  aA 
ad  of  devotion.  Warriors  fo  brav^' 
and  fo  fanatic,"  f^ys  one  of  the  Frenc_ 
generals  who  had  the  glory  of  conquei>i 
ing  them,  "  cannot  but  be  terrible 
a  day  of  battle;  and  certainly  the 
arefo." 

Korfakof,  from  the  account  of  th 
Ruffian  officers,  appeared  not  to  pre- 
fervc,  in  this  battle,  the  coblnefs*  and 
prefence  of  mind  of  an  experienced  ge- 
neral. Difconcerted  by  the  rapidity 
and  multiplicity  of  the  movements  of 
tht  French  army,  which  did  not  at  all 
correfpond  with  thofe  which  he  had  fd 
often  executed  in  the  barracks  of  St^ 
meonofiky,  he  appeared  to  loie  his 
judgment.  Under  his  orders  he  had 
fcarcely  any  other  than  young  genera'- 
officers,  the  braveft  of  whom  had  been 
taken  pnfoners  on  the  field  of  battle. 
The  army  would  have  been  totally  de 
ftroyed,had  th^rench  been  able  to  pur- 
fue  the  remainder  of  it  without  refpit:' 
and  with  vipour  ;  but  alarmln>j:  ne xvs 
had  fuddendly  arrived,  which  fufpetui 
ed  iVIafitna's  operations,  ai;d  obiigt'! 
him  ia«mediately  to  make  other  difpc 
fitions. 

Suvarrof,  with  his  army  of  Italy,  ha  l 
cleaved  Sairit  Gothard,  and  wa\s  dr- 
fctnding  thence  like  a  deflrudlive  toi- 
rent.  His  rapid  march  was  admired 
by  the  French  generals.  Comparable, 
perhaps,  to  the  memorable  pa fTage  {<f 
mount  Saint  Bernard  in  the  year  viii, 
(1800,)  it  would  have  merited  the  like 
fame,  had  it  led  to  the  lame  fuccefs. 

That  which  the  f^imous  Suvanof 
had  liithcrto  had,  aitoniffied  all  militri- 
ry  men,  who  perceive  t-he  great  warri- 
or 


July  1802. 


Defeat  of  Suvarrof 


5«3 


i  or  only  where  true  genius  is  difcerniblc 
I  But  this  extraordinary  general  had  the 
great,  the  rare  talent  of  rendering  his 
troops  fanatics,  and  of  infpiritig  them 
with  the  moft  implicit  confidence  in 
his  perfon  and  fortune.  We  have  (juot- 
cd  fome  inftances  of  this;  and  Mahom- 
mcd  had  not  over  the  Arabs  an  alccn- 
dancy  more  powerful,  and  more  mark- 
rd,  than  that  of  Suvarrof  over  the  Ruf- 
fian Soldiers. 

His  army,  exhaufted  by  hunger,  fa- 
tigue, and  a  thoufand  privations,  con- 
templated with  defpair  thofe  lummits 
covered  with  fnow,  wliich  it  was  Itill 
necelTary  to  reach.  The  foldiers  mur- 
mured, (lopped,  and  refufed  to  go  far- 
ther. Suvarrof  caufed  a  grave  to  be 
du2:  in  the  road,  and  l;iid  himfelf  in  it  : 
Cover  me  with  earth,"  faid  he,  "  and 
here  leave  your  general ;  your  are  «(?  hnj^- 
er  my  ch'ildren  \  lam  no  lunger  your  father  \ 
I  hwve  nothing  more  to  do  than  die 
Whereupon  his  grenadiers  haltened 
round  him,  requeiting  with  loud  cries 
that  they  might  fcale  the  fummits  of 
Saint  Gothard,  and  thence  diflodge  the 
French. 

.  Suvarrof 's  march  from  the  environs 
cfNovito  the  fummits  of  Saint  Go- 
thard, had  been  fo  rapid,  fo  extraordi- 
nary, fo  unforefeen,  that  they  were 
fcarcely  guarded  by  weak  detachments, 
ivho  were  unable  to  defend  that  impor- 
tant point.  The  war  of  liberty  has 
proved  befides,  more  than  any  other, 
that  no  po(t  on  a  mountain  is  tcnible, 
when  ferioully  attacked  ;  and  the  po- 
fitions  reputed  the  moft  impregnable 
have  been  repeatedly  taken  and  retaken 
by  the  different  armjes,  in  the  courfe 
of  a  campaign. 

The  divition  of  Lecourbe,  which,  af- 
ter his  glorious  campaign  in  the  Knga- 
dine,  had  been  forced  by  circum (lances 
to  retire  on  this  fide  of  St  Gothard,  oc- 
cupied its  outietb  on  Italy,  and  on  the 
Rhemt/Ml,  or  valley  of  the  Rhine,  from 
the  fource  of  that  river  ab  high  as  Gia- 
ris. 

The  fimultaneous  attack  of  Suvarrof, 
with  an  army  of  twelve  thoufand  men, 
forced  that  weakened  divihon  to  retreat 
with  precipitation,  as  well  behind  the 
Rtufs,  as  on  the  fouth  point  of  the  lake 
ot  Zug,  and  to  the  foot  of  moum  Rigi, 
in  order  to  guard  the  palFes  of  them. 

Suvarrof,  having  vanquifhed  all  the 
obllacles  oppofed  to  him  by  nature, 
and  overcome  the  rcfiAance  made  him 


by  the  enemy,  already  threatened  the 
right  of  the  army  of  Helvetia,  and  fiw 
himfelf,  through  the  fucccfs  of  his  firft 
attacks,  ma(ter  of  three  lirtle  cantons. 
It  was  in  this  cr'idle  of  Liberty  that 
her  moft  formidable   enemy  met  his 
fate.     There   it   was  th^t  Suvarrof 
learnt  the  death  and  defeat  of  general 
Hotze,  who  commanded  the  Auftrian 
corp;.,  forming  the  left  wing  of  the 
Ruflians,  and  which  he  was  ready  to 
join,  as  well  as  the  defeat  of  Korfakof 
before  Zurich.   On  this  news,  the  iran- 
Iports  of  fury  of  the  old  riwn  were  fuch, 
th.it  he  foamed  with  paflion,  and  ftam- 
mc  red  for  a  long  time  without  being 
able  to  fpeak.    At  lait  he  uttered  fome 
cries  and  fneers,  exprelFivc  of  his  afto- 
nifliment  and  indignation,  with  his  fhrill 
and  broken  voice.    Not  thinking  that 
the  defeat  of  Korfakof  fo  complete  or 
fo  decifive  as  it  really  was,  he  immedi- 
ately difpatched  a  nuiTige  to  him,  by 
which  he  made  him  refponfible,  with 
his  head,  for  every  retrograde  ilep  he 
might  henceforth  make;  and  gave  him 
orders  to  march  forward,  at  the  lame 
timtf  announcing  ro  the  army  that  Sii- 
varr(jf  was  arrived,  and  had  already 
beaten  the  French,  before  whom  the 
RiifTians  were  fallen  back.    The  threats 
and  the  name  of  Suvarrof  feemed  to 
reanimate  with  freib  ardour  the  tlef- 
pouding  remains  of  the  army  of  Kor- 
fikof,   who,  being  reinforced  by  the 
CDrps  of  Conde,  which  had  juit  arrived 
at  Conllance,  ventured  to  lulpend  his 
retreat,  and  again  fuddenly  to  march 
forward,  and  fi[.-ht  another  bloody  bat- 
tle near  Diefcnhofen.    In  this  niemo- 
rable  combat,  which  was  the  laft  be- 
tween tiie  Ruflians  and  French,  a  corps 
of  Ruflian  cavalry  charv;t  d  in  the  plain 
two  demi-brigades  of  infantry,  com- 
manded'by  the  brave  Lorge,  and  delti- 
tute  of  cavalry.    Thrice  did  tnis  corps, 
of  about  three  thoufand  men,  repeat  its 
furious  attack ;  and,  though  always 
broken,  it  rallied  under  the  terrible  tire 
of  grape  and  muiketry  that  was  de- 
llroying  it.    It  was  a  long  time  appre- 
hended that  this  cavalry,  recently  ar- 
rived, and  which  feemed,  in  this  in- 
ftance,  to  contradict  the  unfav, curable 
idea  entertained  of  that  of  the  Rulli  tns, 
would  penetrate  into  the  ranks  of  the 
French  infantry,  and  thus  decide  tnis 
bloody  day. 

^  In  the  mean  time,  MafTena  in  per- 
fon, with  part  of  the  divifion  oi"  Lorge, 
A  1  2  and 


Defeat  of  Suvarrof. 


Vol.  64. 


and  that  of  Mortier,  marched  againft 
Suvarrof,  and  flopped  his  progrefs. 
Defpairing  to  pafs,  with  his  twelve 
thoufand  men,  through  a  vi6lorious  ar-, 
my,  in  order  to  join  Korfakof,  who 
was  a  fecond  time  put  to  flight,  Su- 
varrof was  himfelf  obliged  to  think  of 
a  retreat  w^hile  it  was  yet  poiTible  for 
him  to  effe6l  one.  MalTena  mancBavr- 
ed  in  vain  to  draw  him  out  of  the  de- 
files, in  the  hope  of  t?king  him  prifo- 
ner,  together  with  the  army  which  he 
commanded,  and  the  young  grand- 
duke  Conftantine  who  accompanied 
him.  Let  any  one  judge  of  the  fitu- 
ation  in  wdiich  this  new  Marius  muft 
have  found  himfelf;  he  who,  in  all 
the  evolutions  that  he  commanded, 
had  always  prohibited  retreating  fires, 
faying,  that  an  army  under  his  orders 
would  never  {land  in  need  of  this 
lhameful  manoeuvre.  He  was  forced 
to  order  it  for  the  firft  time  :  but  the 
Trench  generals  acknowledged,  that  it 
>vas  a  counterpart  of  his  march,  and 
admirable  like  it.  Suvarrof  retreated 
before  the  enem-y,  like  a  lion  that  turns 
about,  wdien  the  maftiffs  which  are 
purfuing  come  too  clofe  to  himi,  and 
Hops  them  by  Inewing  them  his  ter- 
lible  and  frowning  countenance.  He 
abandoned  fome  baggage,  fome  artil- 
lery, fome  lick,  and  his  wounded  ;  but 
general  Mortier,  who  Was  ordered  to 
purfue  him  in  the  Muttenthal,  could 
actually  break  in  on  no  more  than  two 
or  three  battalions  of  grenadiers,  who 
devoted  themfelv^es  in  order  to  fave 
the  reft  of  the  aimy.  I  know  not  whe- 
ther Suvarrof  was  invincible  ;  but  it  is 
certain  that  he  died  unconquered.  No 
general  can  boafh  of  having  beaten  Su- 
varrof; and  very  few,  like  him,  have 
carried  that  reputation  to  the  grave, 
after  having,  like  him,  waged  war  for 
the  fpace  of  forty  years,  fometimes  a- 
gainft  the  moil  barbarous  people,  and 
fometimes  againft  the  moft  civilized 
rations. 

He  flrewed  himfelf  in  Switzerland, 
fuch  as  he  had  been  in  Italy,  devour, 
fuperftitloMs,  and  hypocritical.  He 
knew  hat  he  was  entering  into  catho- 
lic countries,  where,  for  a  long  time 
paft,  the  fanaticifm  of  liberty  had  been 
amalgamated  to  that  of  popery.  He 
vifited  ^he  paiiih-priefts,  alked  them 
for  their  benediilion,  declared  to  them 
that  he  was  come  in  the  name  of  the 


Lord,  and  of  the  emperors,  the  anoint- 
ed of  God,  to  re-eftablifh  the  holy  re- 
ligion, and  exterminate  the  wicked. 
He  would  have  made  the  fame  protef- 
tations  at  Zurich  and  at  Berne,  had  he 
reached  fo  far  ;  and  it  is  not  to  be 
doubted  that  Lavater  and  his  difciples, 
treated  as  heretics  by  modern  Greeks 
and  Romans,  would  have  received  him 
as  another  Meffiah.  He  harangued  all 
that  he  met,  and  exhibited  himfelf  as 
the  moft  ludicrous  buffoon,  in  order  to 
appear  popular.  Thefe  farces  failed 
not  at  firft  to  impofe  on  the  inhabi- 
tants ;  but  the  illufion  was  foon  de- 
ft royed  by  the  condudt  of  the  new  a- 
poftles  of  the  coalition.  •  Want  of  dif- 
cipline  and  licentioufnefs  were  always 
means  employed  by  Suvarrof  to  gain 
the  attachment  of  the  foldiers.  They 
diftinguiflied  themfelves  every  where 
by  exceftt  s  and  pillage.  Then  it  was 
that  the  degenerate  child^-en  of  Tell, 
Stanffacher,  and  Melchthal  felt  the 
difference  between  Coffacks  and  French 
chaiTeurs.  The  momentary  appear- 
ance of  Suvarrof,  like  that  of  a  por- 
tento'^s  comet,  will  ever  be  the  ter- 
ror of  thefe  mountaineers  ;  and  tbs 
cruelties  of  an  atrocious  war  have  for 
a  long  trme  robbed  them  of  thofe  mild 
and  frmple  virtues  which  form  fo  hap- 
py  a  contraft  with  their  wild  energy 
and  their  Lacedaemonian  pride. 

Befide  the  grave  where  Suvarrof 
laid  himfelf,  and  where  he  wanted  his 
foldiers  to  cover  him  with  earth,  let 
him  be  placed  fkipping  on  one  leg,  and 
playing  a  thoufand  monkey  tricks,  the 
fublime  and  extravagant  will  be  feen 
to  touch  and  unite.  The  ofhcer,  charg- 
ed to  prepare  for  him  his  lodging,  took 
great  care  to  remove  from  it  every 
thing  that  might  fliock  or  difpleafe 
him,  fuch  as  books,  prints,  articles  of 
luxury,  and,  above  all,  looking-glafles. 
If  unfortunately  thefe  laft  were  for- 
gotten,  Suvarrof  himfelf  broke  them 
into  a  thoufand  pieces  *.  Frequently 

he 


*  The  reafon  given  of  this  antipa- 
thy of  Suvarrof  to  looking-glafles,  was, 
that  he  found  he  was  too  ugly,  and  that, 
he  wilhed  not  to  fee  himfelf.  To  the 
fame  motive  is  attributed  the  fingu- 
larity  of  i'aul,  of  not  chufmg  to  ilamp 
his  effigy  on  tjie  coin  of  his  empire. 

How- 


July  1801. 


Defeat  of  Suvarrof. 


585 


helikewife  caufed  the  window- fafhes  to 
be  taken  away,  faying,  that  he  was 
not  cold ;  and  the  doors,  laying,  that 


However,  if  the  medals  which  have 
been  ftruck  in  honour  uf  Suvarrof 
reach  polterity,  what  a  falfe  idea  muit 
the  future  La^vaters  form  of  him  ||  In 
one  of  thcfe  medals,  engraved  by  Hans, 
have  been  given  the  beauty,  the  youth, 
and  the  arms  of  Achilles.  His  eye, 
like  that  of  genius,  penetrates  fpace, 
and  fixes  glory.  Means  have  been 
found  even  to  cmbellifli  his  horrible 
and  drivling  mouth,  on  which  a  fmile 
never  dwelt.  His  hair  floats  in  charm- 
ing ringlets  from  under  his  threatening 
helmet.  His  prominent  chcft  proudly 
bears  a  medallion  of  hi^  fovereign, 
painted  under  the  fcautures  of  Miner- 
va. His  alabafter  neck,  in  fhort,  pro- 
jedling  boldly  from  between  his  haely- 
turned  Ihouklers,  feems  to  raife  his 
head  above  all  the  heroes  who  furround 
him. 

Oh,  ye  fine  arts,  ye  liberal  arts,  how 
flattering,  how  fervile  are  you  ;  I  mif- 
take,  it  is  they  who  cultivate  you,  who 
are  too  frequently  the  Haves,  if  not  of 
tyrants,  at  leaft  of  money.  May  they, 
in  a  republic,  never  be  (laves  of  their 
nccellities ! 


he  was  not  afiaid  ;  he  then  lay  down 
on  clean  ft  raw,  which  was  fpread  for 
him  on  the  floor  of  the  room. 

The  firft  man  that  followed  him  in- 
to his  lodging  was  a  CoHack,  whofc 
bufmei's  it  was  to  carry  his  night-chair 
during  the  march,  and  who  delivered 
to  him,  on  his  arrival,  that  necenary 
piece  of  furniture.  It  was  frequently 
on  this  feat  that  he  received  the  re- 
ports of  his  aides-de-^camp  and  gene- 
rals. Another  denlchik  *  brought  th- 
calket,  in  which  were  contained  Su- 
vairof's  relics,  images,  diplornas,  or. 
ders,  precious  ftones,  his  haffof  field- 
marlhal,  and  his  gold.  His  common 
carriage  was  a  long  bench  on  four  low 
wheels,  which  the  Rulfians  call  a  dro. 
jeka,  and  lomewhat  reiembling  the 
bench-carts  ufed  in  French  Switzer- 
land. On  this  it  was  that  he  perched, 
when  he  was  fatigued  with  riding  on 
horieback  ;  or  in  the  kibitka,  a  cart 
ftil'  n^ore  inconvenient,  in  which  he 
performed  his  long  jQurnies. 


*  A  dejijchik  is  a  foldier  attached  to 
the  iervice  of  an  OLhcer.  Peter  the 
Great  had  no  other  fervants  for  his  ;:er^ 
fon. 

(To  he  continued.^ 


HORNEMAN'S  TRAVELS  IN  AFRICA. 


WE  take  the  earlieft  opportunity  of 
announcing  to  our  readers  the  publica- 
tion of  this  interefting  work.  The 
name  of  Horneman  is  already  known 
to  moft  of  them,  as  well  as  the  gene- 
ral dire<5tion  of  the  route  he  purfued, 
in  his  firft  attempt  to  explor  e  the  inte- 
i  rior  of  Africa  ;  and  this  journal  contains 
|the  detail  of  his  journey  from  Cairo  to 
[Mourzouk,  the  capital  of  Fezzan,  an 
[interior  ftate,  dependent  on  the  go- 
jvernment  of  Tripoly.  This  is  nearly 
i  the  route  purfued  by  the  great  Cato, 
when  leaving  Egypt  with  his  army,  he 
made  the  hazardous  attempt  of  pene- 
trating Barbary  by  the  Cyrcnian  defart ; 


it  is  the  route  which,  prior  tr>  thrit 
event,  the  Carthaginiin  army  followed, 
when  they  made  a  fuddcn  eruption  in- 
to the  Thebaid,  and  ravaged  Upper 
Egypt,  while  that  ancient  empire  ex- 
illed  in  all  its  glory.  In  latter  times  it 
was  the  route  purfued  by  the  Arabian 
conquerors  of  Egypt,  when  they  fub- 
dued  Weftern  Africa,  burft  impeuiouf- 
]y  on  Spain,  and  fpread  the  terror  of 
their  arms  through  the  warlike  nations 
of  Europe.  But  the  defcription  of  this 
track  of  country,  and  the  determina- 
tion of  numerous  geographical  poQ- 
tions  in  this  direction,  are  not  the  fole 
advantages  which  refult  tram  the  jour- 
ney 


586 


Hornemar^s  Travels  in  Africa.  Vol.  64. 


ney  of  Horneman.  The  information 
he  has  colleded  concerning  the  interi- 
or of  Africa,  conneaing  the  obferva- 
tions  of  preceding  travellers,  of  Bruce 
;^nd  Browne  from  the  fouth,  and  of 
Park  from  the  weft,  with  the  curious, 
though  meagre  details  of  Arabian  geo- 
graphy, enables  us  at  laft  to  form  fome- 
thing  iike  a  clear  idea  of  the  continent 
of  Africa,  and  direcls  the  refearches  of 
future  inquirers  to  the  points  which 
chiefly  require  elucidation. 

On  September  5,  1798,  Horneman 
left  Cairo,  to  join  the  caravan  of  Fczzan 
in  the  character  of  a  Mahometan  mer- 
chant, and  accompanied  by  Jofepk 
Frendenburgh,  a  German,  who  un- 
derftood  the  Arabic  and  Turkifh,  and 
who,  fome  years  before,  had  been 
forced  to  become  a  Mahometan.  From 
the  iiberaiity  of  General  Bonaparte  he 
txperienced  both  protec^tion  and  civili- 
ty ;  but  of  this  he  could  avail  himfelf 
little  ;  as,  in  order  to  paf^  for  a  Ma- 
hometan, it  was  nectfiary  to  conceal 
his  connexion  with  the  Chriftians  of 
t'very  denomination.  For  this  reafon, 
in  his  difpatches  he  requefts  no  inqui- 
ries to  be  made  for  him,  left  he  fiiould 
become  the  victim  of  jealous  fanaticifm. 
The  route  from  Cairo  to  Sivvah  vi-as 
not  diftinguiihed  by  any  remarkable 
occurrence.  It  lies  through  an  uniform 
deiart  of  barren  fand,  except  where  it 
is  interrupted  by  fteep  rocky  ridges. 
Horneman  accommodated  himfelf  ex- 
iidtiy  to  the  manners  and  habits  of  the 
Arabs,  and  gained  the  efteem  of  his 
fellow  travellers  by  the  energy  of  his 
cbara(51er,  and  the  propriety  of  his 
condudl.  On  the  fecond  night  of  his 
joining  the  caravan,  he  received  from 
an  old  Arab  a  ftriklng  reproof  for  his 
;[ipparent  negligence,  which  we  ftiall 
inftrt  as  charadleriftrc  of  the  nation. 

*'  Thou  art  young,  and  yet  doft  not 
?.flift  in  preparing  the  meal  of  which 
thou  art  to  partake:  fucn,  perhaps, 
may  be  a  cuftom  in  the  land  of  infidels, 
hut  is  not  fo  with  us,  and  efpecially  tin 
?i  journey  :  thanks  to  God,  we  are  not, 
in  this  dcfert,  dependent  on  others,  as 
iire  thofe  poor  pilgrims,  but  cat  and 
drink  what  we  ourfclves  provide,  and 
ss  we  plcafe.  Thou  oughteft  to  learn 
tvery  thing  that  the  m.eaneft  Aiab  per- 
forms, that  thou  mayeft  be  enabled  to 
aflift  others  in  cafes  of  neceflity  ;  other- 
wife,  thou  wilt  be  lefs  efteemed,  «as 
being  of  kis  value  than  a  mere  wo- 


man j  and  many  will  think  they  may 
juftly  deprive  thee  of  every  thing  ia 
thy  polfeflion,  as  being  unworthy  to 
pofTefsany  thing:  (adding  farcaftically,) 
perhaps  thou  art  carrying  a  large  fum 
of  money,  and  payeft  thofe  men  well.*' 
Horneman*s  defcription  of  Siwah  is  a* 
nimated  and  charatfteriftic.  It  is  a  fmall 
independent  ftate,  which  acknowledg] 
es  the  paramount  authority  of  the  Tur- 
kifh Emperor,  but  pays  no  tribute,  and 
the  population  of  which  may  be  com- 
puted at  nearly  fix  thoufand  fouls, 
Siwah,  the  chief  town,  is  built  upon, 
and  round,  a  mafs  of  rock,  where  tradi- 
tion relates,  that  formerly  the  inhabi- 
tants lived  in  caves,  to  which  the  houf- 
es  have  ftill  a  confiderable  refcmblance. 
The  ftreets  are  dark  and  intricate,  and 
the  exterior  walls  of  the  outmoft  houf- 
es  are  ftrong  and  thick,  fo  as  to  form  a 
fpecies  of  circumvallation.  Whether 
the  general  appearance  of  the  eminence 
covered  with  buildings,  the  fwarm  of 
its  inhabitants  crowded  together,  or  the 
confufcd  noifc,  the  hum  and  buzz  of 
the  narrow  palTages  or  ftreets  be  con- 
fidered,  Siwah  may,  with  propriety, 
be  compared  to  a  bee-hive.  The  ftables 
for  camels,  horfes,  and  afles  are  eredted 
round  the  foot  of  the  mountain.  The 
form  of  government  is  popular,  but 
devoid  of  regularity,  and  little  regulated 
by  a  police,  while  force  is  frequently  re- 
reforted  to  as  the  criterion  of  right.  The 
foil  produces  corn,  oil,  vegetables,  and 
particularly  dates.  From  the  fmall  quan- 
tity of  their  arable  ground,  their  ftile 
of  cultivation  is  a  fpecies  of  horticul- 
ture. The  women  employ  themfelvci 
chiefly  in  weaving  fmall  balkets.  The 
higher  clafs  wear  for  an  ornament,  a 
folid  ring  of  hlver  round  the  neck, 
fomewhat  thicker  than  the  collar  ufu- 
ally  worn  by  criminals  in  fome  parts  of 
Europe.  Round  their  legs  and  arms 
they  likewife  wear  rings  of  filver  cop- 
per or  glafs.  The  character  of  this  in- 
filiated  race,  is  (jbtrunv'e',  difingenuous, 
and  thievilh.  Thtir  lan^^uage  is  de- 
rived fro.n  the  Shilhu,  01'  ancient  Pu- 
nic, fpoken  by  the  Berbers  of  the 
the  ridges  of  Atlas,  and  by  the  great 
Tuarick  nation,  which  occupies  the  de- 
fcrt  towards  Nigritia,  and  feems  to  be 
the  Terga  of  Leo.  Here  Horneman  ob- 
ferved  the  ruin,  in  the  Egyptian  ftile  of 
building,  which  has  been  defcribed  by 
Browne,  and  which  is  fuppofed  to  be 
the  remains  of  a  temple  of  Jupiter  Am- 
nion* 


July  1802.        HorneviarHs  Travels  in  Africa. 


5S7 


mon.  On  the  fouth,  after  leaving  Si- 
wah,  the  caravan  arrived  in  the  fruitful 
valley  of  Schiacha.  On  their  journey, 
Horneman  remarked  that  the  rocks  gc- 
inerally  emerge  abruptly  from  the  plain, 
iin  the  form  of  rugged  precipices  ;  and 
|hc  obferved  many  infulated  ones  of  a 
tonic  or  pyramidical  form.  This  con- 
firms Bruce's  relation,  conctrnir»g  the 
tofiic  or  pyramidal  rocks  of  Abyflinia, 
which,  like  fome  of  that  ingenious 
traveller's  ancrtions,  has  been  Itupidly 
denied.  At  Schiacha,  Horneman  en- 
countered a  danger  of  a  very  alarming 
nature,  from  which,  however,  he  was 
refcued  by  his  intrepidity  and  prefence 
of  mind.  The  conduct  of  his  German 
attendant  at  Siwah,  and  perhaps  the 
anxiety  of  Horneman  himfelf  to  exa- 
mine the  ruins  of  that  curious  fpot, 
had  excited  fufpicions  that  they  were 
fpies  of  the  new  infidels  who  had  fiib- 
dued  Egypt,  and  a  party  of  Siwefe 
warriors,  partly  alarmed  by  this  idea, 
and  partly  allured  by  the  hopes  of 
plunder,  purfued  the  caravan  into  the 
defert,  and  overtook  them  at  Schiacha. 
The  caravan  were  alarmed  at  their  ap- 
pearance, though  thev  announced  that 
they  had  come  toalTnt  them  sgainft  the 
Arabs.  Horneman  remained  vi  ith  the 
baggage,  and  fent  his  German  atten* 
dant  and  interpreter  to  the  place  where 
the  conference  was  held,  to  colle(it  in- 
formation. He  foon  returned  with 
great  appearance  of  alarm  ;  but  as  the 
palTage  is  very  charadleriftic  of  our 
traveller,  we  ihall  give  it  in  his  own 
words. 

"  The  interpreter  immediately  ac- 
cofttd  me  with,  **  curfed  be  the  mo- 
meiit  when  1  determined  upon  this 
journey  ;  we  are  both  of  us  unavoid- 
ably loft  men  ;  they  take  us  for  Chrif- 
tians  and  fpies,  and  will  ^^ffuredly  put 
iis  to  death."  With  thtlc  words  he 
left  me,  and  ran  to  the  baggage,  where 
he  exchanged  his  firgle  gun  for  my 
double  barelled  one,  and  armed  himfcif 
with  two  brace  of  piltols.  I  upbraided 
him  with  his  want  of  firmnefs,  toid  him 
a  fteady  and  rcf  iiiiie  conduct  could 
alone  preftrve  ourftlvts  and  friends, 
land  reminded  him  that  his  prefent  be- 
jhaviour  was  precifely  fuch  as  to  give 
weight  to  the  fulpicions  entertained 
1  further  urged,  "that  on  his  own  ac- 
count he  had  nothing  to  fear,  having 
I'for  twelve  years  been  a  Mahommedan, 
and  perfe(fliy  acquainted  witn  the  reli- 
gion and  cultoms    that  myfelf  alone 


was  in  danger,  and  that  I  hoped  to  i- 
vert  it;  provided  he  did  not  intermed- 
dle with  my  defence.  **  Friend,  an- 
fwered  he,  yow  will  never  hear  of  dan- 
ger;  but  this  time  you  v»'ill  pay  for 
your  temerity." 

Perceiving  that  terror  h^d  wholly 
deprived  him  of  t<he  neceffary  temper 
and  recollciftion,  I  now  left  him  to  him- 
filf,  and  walked  up  unarmed,  but  v/itl» 
a  firm  and  manly  ftep,  to  this  tumul- 
tuous afiembly. 

I  entered  the  circle,  and  offered  the 
Mahometan  falutation,  **  AJfulam  Ale- 
kum^^  but  none  of  trie  6V-zt^fl^a«/ return- 
ed it.  Some  of  them  immediately  ex- 
claimed,— "You  are  of  the  new  Chrif- 
tians  from  Cairo,  and  come  to  explore 
our  country."  Had  I  at  tbi.?  time, 
been  as  well  acquainted  with  Mahome- 
tan fanaticifm,  and  the  charader  of  the 
Arabs,  as  I  have  been  fmce,  I  Ihould 
have  deduced  m.y  defence  from  the  ve- 
ry terms  of  the  accufation,  and  dated 
that  I  was  indeed  from  Cairo,  having 
fled  from  the  infidels ;  as  it  way,  1  an- 
fwered  nothing  to  this  general  clamour, 
but  lat  down  and  directed  my  fpeech 
to  one  of  the  Chiefs,  whofe  great  in- 
fluence I  knew,  and  who  had  been  of- 
ten in  my  tent  vvhilft  at  Sluoah^  "Tell 
me,  brother,  faid  I,  haft  thou  ever 
before  known  300  armed  men  take  a 
journey  of  three  days,  in  purfuit  of 
two  men,  who  dwelt  in  their  midjl  for 
ten  days,  who  had  eaten  and  drank 
with  them  as  friends,  and  whofe  tents 
were  open  to  thetn  all?  Thyfelf  haft 
found  us  praying  and  reading  the  Ko- 
ran ;  and  now  thou  fiycll  we  are  infi- 
ciels  from  Cairo  ;  that  is^  one  of  thofe 
from  whom  we  fly!  Doit  thou  not 
know,  that  it  is  a  great  fin  to  tell  one 
of  the  faithful  that  he  is  a  Pagan  ?"  I 
fpoke  this  with  an  earneft  and  relolute 
tone,  and  many  of  the  congregation 
feemtd  gained  over  by  it,  ana  difpofed 
to  be  favourable  to  me  :  the  man  re- 
plied, **  that  he  was  convinced  we  were 
not  Infidels,  that  he  had  perluaded  no 
one  to  tills  purfuit;  and,  as  far  as  de- 
pended on  hmi  aioiie,  lie  was  ready  to 
return  to  Si^abJ^  On  this  I  turned  to 
one  of  the  vulgar,  who  was  communi- 
cating fome  ot  the  accu  fat  ions  againil 
me  to  the  people  of  our  caravan.  '*  Be 
thou  filent,  (faid  1)  would  to  God, 
that  I  were  abie  to  fpeak  well  the  Ara- 
bic, I  would  then  a(k  queiiions  of  thee, 
and  of  hundreds  like  taee,  who  are  leu 

inftruc 


588 


Horneman's  Travels  in  Africa.  Vol.  64, 


inftruded  in  the  Islam  than  I  am.''  An 
old  rrian  on  this  obferved,  "  This  man 
is  younger  than  the  other,  and  yet 
m^re  courageous  I'*'  I  immediately  con- 
tinued, "  My  friend  is  not  afraid  of 
thee,  but  thou  oughteft  to  haveftrars  of 
my  triend  ;  doft  thou  know  what  it  is 
to  reproach  a  man,  who  lives  with  ful- 
tans  and  with  prince?,  with  bt^ing  an 
Infidel  V'  I  was  then  afked  for  what 
purpofe  we  carried  Clirifiian  papers. 
I  now  found  that  my  interpreter  had 
unwarily  fnewn  a  pafTport  which  I  had 
obtained  from  General  Bonaparte,  with 
a  view  not  to  be  detained  at  the  French 
pofts  through  which  I  was  to  pafs  to 
the  caravan.  My  interpreter  at  this 
moment  came  up,  and  finding  me  alive, 
and  the  aiTt  mbly  lefs  angry  and  violent, 
than  when  being  at  firft  queftioned, 
he  had  exafperated  them  by  inconfide- 
rate  and  perplexed  anfwers ;  he  reco- 
vered himfelf,  and  Oood  fufficiently 
compofed  and  colleded,  whilft  I  ex- 
plained partly  in  German,  partly  in 
Arabic,  what  had  pafTed.  Knowing, 
however,  that  the  paper  in  queftion 
would  be  demanded,  and  not  chufing 
to  truft  to  his  prudence  in  the  manner 
of  producing  it ;  I  went  myfelf  for  it 
to  the  ttnt,  and  returning,  brought 
like  wife  a  Koian  with  me.  I  imme- 
diately tendered  the  paper  to  a  Chief  of 
the  Si^aham^  who  having  unfolded  it, 
afked,  if  any  by-llander  could  read 
it."  I  could  not  help  fmiling  at  the 
queftion,  perilous  as  was  my  htuation. 
The  fame  quehion  was  then  put  to  us, 
vhen  I  anfwered,  "  that  we  did  not 
underftand  what  it  contained,  but  were 
told,  it  would  allow  us  to  quit  Cairo 
without  being  ntolelted,'^  **  This  is 
the  book,  (interrupted  my  interpreter,) 
uhich  I  underftiind  and  immediate- 
ly took  the  Koran  from  my  hand.  We 
Vv'ere  ordered,  by  reading  m  it,  to  give 
proof  of  our  being  truly  of  the  religion. 
Our  learning  in  this  refpedt  w^ent  far 
indeed  beyond  the  fimple  ability  of 
reading.  My  companion  knew  the  en- 
tire Koran  by  heart,  and  ay  for  me,  I 
could  even  then  write  Arabic,  and  well 
too;  which  with  theft  people  was  an 
extraordinary  proficiency  in  learning. 
We  had  fcarcely  given  a  fample  of  our 
rcfpee^tive  talent?,  when  the  chiefs  of 
our  caravan,  who  to  this  moment  had 
been  filent,  now  took  li  udly  our  part  ; 
and  many  of  the  Siwahans  too,  inter- 
fered in  our  favour.   In  fliort,  the  in- 


quiry ended  to  our  complete  advantage, 
though  not  without  the  murmu-iiij;  of 
fome  in  the  multitude,  who  loft  the 
hopes  of  plunder  which  the  occalioii 
might  iiave  afforded. 

Thus  the  character  of  MufTiilman, 
which  I  afTnmed,  was  firmly  eftablifned, 
and  I  fhall  not  be  fubjcded  in  future, 
to  like  irquiries,  on  which,  perhaps, 
more  drcihve  proofs  might  be  required, 
and  which  I  could  not  give.  The  fe- 
Gurity  of  my  future  voyage  is  thus  af- 
fured,  and  fo  great  an  advantage  more 
than  compenfates  for  fome  lolfes  at- 
tending the  above  incident,  but  which 
yet  I  muTi  regret. 

During  the  time  I  was  firft  in  con- 
ference with  the  people  of  Siwah,  and 
thofe  of  the  caravan,  my  baggage  was 
left  with  my  interpreter ;  who  in  the 
paroxyfms  of  his  fears,  and  indeed  with 
no  light  appreheniions  of  our  bales  of 
goods  being  fearched,  took  my  remains 
of  mummiep,  my  fpecimens  of  mine- 
ralogy, my  more  detailed  remarks,  made 
on  my  way  from  Cairo  to  Schiacha^  and 
generally  miy  books,  and  gave  them  to 
a  confidential  Have  of  my  Arab  inmate, 
to  bury  them  in  a  bog;  this  was  done, 
and  I  never  afterwards  could  retrieve 
them." 

After  leaving  Siwah,  the  caravan  ar- 
rived on  the  9th  day  at  Augela,  one  of 
the  few  places  mentioned  by  Herodo- 
tus, which  retains  its  ancient  name ; 
a  fpecies  of  Oafis,  which  contains  three 
towns  within  its  territory,  the  natives 
of  w^hich  fpeak  the  fame  language,  en- 
gage in  the  fame  kind  of  traffick  as  the 
the  inhabitants  of  Siwah,  and  exhibit 
the  fame  mental  habits.  They  are  fub- 
jed  to  the  Bey^  of  Bt  ngr.zi,  a  depen- 
dent of  the  Bey  of  Tripoli.  After 
leaving  Augei;^,  they  travelled  through 
the  defert,  and  the  mountainous  regi- 
oin  of  Harutfch  for  hxteen  days,  when 
they  arrived  at  Temiffa,  on  the  con- 
fines  of  Fezzan. 

The  moit  remarkable  region  obferv- 
ed  by  Horneman,  he  himieh  declares 
to  have  been  the  mountainous  region 
of  Haiutfch,  a  trad  which  had  been 
noticed  by  Ben  Ali,  in  his  communi- 
cations to  Mr  Beaufoy,  recorded  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  African  Aflociation 
for  1790.  It  confilis  of  two  divihons, 
the  Klack  and  the  White  Harutfch.  The 
firft,  Mr  Horneman  was  informed,  is 
feven  days  journey  from  North  to 
South,  and  five  days  from  Lalt  to  Weft, 


July  i8or. 


Literary  Notices, 


589 


but  he  fuppofes  it  to  be  of  much  great- 
er extent,  as  he  pafled  over  a  conti- 
nuation of  its  ridges  between  Fezzan 
and  Tripoly,  and  heard  of  a  fimilar 
range  between  Fezzan  and  Bornou. 
The  rugged,  wild,  broken,  and  terrific 
appearance  of  this  tiadt,  renders  it 
probable  that  it  received  its  convulfed 
form  from  a  volcanic  convulfion.  Its 
general  afpedt  exhibits  continued  rang- 
es of  heights  running  in  different  di- 
reclions,  and  rifmg  eight  or  twelve 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  intermediate 
flat  ground,  from  which  emerge  abrupt- 
ly between  thefe  branches  lofty  infulat- 
cd mountains,  whofe  fides  are  extremely 
fteep  from  the  very  bafe,  and  which 
are  totally  devoid  of  declining  fore- 
ground. The  ftony  fubllance  of  wh^h 
thefe  mountains  are  compofed,  varies 
in  colour  and  denfity,  being  in  fome 
parts  heavy  and  compad,  in  others 
porous  and  full  of  cavities ;  and  thefe 
kinds  arc  intermingled.  The  ftratifi- 
cation  of  thefe  rocks  is  horizontal,  but 
frequently  difturbed,  and  often  no  ftra- 
tificHtion  can  be  traced.  The  flat  in- 
tervals are  covered  with  white  quick- 
fand,  over  which  are  fcattercd  large 
blocks  of  flone,  fimilar  to  that  of 
which  the  mountains  confifl:  j  fome  of 
which  are  red,  like  burnt  bricks,  or 
scorije,  porous  and  fpongy,  and  fome 
are  blackifli  and  heavy.    The  earthy 


flratum  beneath  the  fand  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  afhcs  thrown  out  of  a  vol- 
cano. Some  of  the  mountainous  ftrata, 
he  was  informed,  are  black  ;  and  la 
the  continuation  of  the  Harutfch  be- 
tween Fezzan  and  Tripoly,  Mr  Home- 
man  himfelf  obferved  ranges  of  bafaltic 
hills  alternating  with  ranges  of  calca- 
reous hills.  Over  this  dreary  region, 
are  thinly  fcattered,  fpots  which  con- 
tain water,  and  produce  trees  and  paf- 
turage. 

The  white  Harutfch  is  of  fmall^^r 
extent,  and  lies  between  the  black 
Harutich  ai^d  Fezzan.  It  is  a  valt 
plain,  interfperfed  with  mounds  and 
ifohted  hills,  the  (tones  and  rocks  of 
which  appear  to  be  glazed,  and  contain 
numerous  fragments  of  petrified  marine 
animals  and  ihells.  The  (trata  confiit 
of  friable  limeltone.  The  continuation, 
of  the  Harutfch  between  Fezzan  and 
Tripoly,  feems  to  be  the  Mons  Ater  q'I 
of  Pliny  (1.  V.  c.  5.),  traverfed  by  Bal- 
bus  on  his  expedition  againft  the  Gara- 
mantes,  when  he  conquered  Fezzan, 
and  the  rocks  of  which  arc  dcfcribed 
as  burnt  or  fcOrchcd  with  the  fun.  In 
our  next  Number'  we  (hall  lay  before 
our  readers  Mr  Horneman's  obferva- 
tions  on  the  kingdom  of  Fezzan,  and 
the  notices  hie  has  colle6led  concern- 
ing the  interior  of  Africa.- 


LITERx\RY  NOTICES,  &c. 


THE  Perfic  tranllation  of  the  Great 
Tarik,  or  Chronicle  of  Tabari  is  a- 
bout  to  be  publifhed  by  Sir  William 
Ouielcy,  with  an  Englifh  tranllation  and 
differtations.  The  original  Arabic  is 
lult,  a  few  fragments  excepted,  but 
this  tranllation,  which  was  made  in  the 
loth  century  of  the  Chritlian  asra,  con- 
tains many  extrads  from  the  native 
hi{):orians  of  the  Gebers  or  Magi,  the 
ancient  priefts  and  philofophers  of  Per- 
fia.  The  value  of  this  hiitory  has 
been  attefted  by  all  the  oriental  fcho- 
lats  who  have  had  occafion  to  mention 
it.  To  thofe  who  are  inveitigating  the 
hiilory  of  the  Arabs,  Jews,  Perfians, 
and  other  Faftern  nations,  this  work 
will  be  of  the  higheft  utility. 

A  fplendid  account  of  the  Louvre, 

Vol.  LXIV. 


including  the  Nationil  Mufeum  oi 
France,  with  the  paintings  and  Itatu^s 
it  contains,  is  preparing  by  Mrs 
Griffiths  and  Cofway,  now  at  Paris. 

Mr  Haiter,  librarian  to  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  is  at  Palermo,  employed  in 
unfolding  the  Herculanean  MSS.  He 
has  diicovered  the  Treatiie  of  Epi- 
curus **  On  the  Nature  of  Things," 
which  is Tuppo fed  to  be  the  baiis  of  the 
Poem  of  Lucretius.  Ten  perfons  are 
employe<l  in  unfolding  this  MS.  Three 
works'  of  Philodcmus'  have  been  un- 
rolled, one  of  which  has  been  publilh- 
ed  by  Rofini.  Only  ten  volumes  had 
been  unfolded  in  1794,  and  1500  re- 
mained in  the  Mufeum. 

A  didionary  of  the  vulgar  Egyptian 
Arabic,  has  appeared  at  Paris.  The 
4K  dialect 


59° 


Literary  Notices, 


Vol.  64. 


dialed  of  Egypt  has  been  reckoned 
the  fofteft  of  all  the  derivatives  from 
the  language  of  the  defert.  In  the 
courfe  of  ages  it  has  loft  many  of  the 
guttural  articulations  for  which  the 
Arabic  is  remarkable,  but  it  has  proba- 
bly loft,  at  the  fame  time,  much  of  the 
phrafeological  energy  and  propriety  of 
cxpreffion  which  it  polTelTed  in  the 
mouths  of  the  Commanders  of  the  Faithful, 

Count  Choifeul  Gouffier,  formerly 
French  ambalTador  at  Conftantinople, 
is  returned  to  Paris^  and  is  about  to 
continue  his  magni&cent  work,  the 
Voyage  Pittorefque  en  Giece. 

A  mummy,  laid  to  have  been  found 
in  one  of  the  caverns,  at  the  bottom  of 
the  Peak  of  TenenfF,  in  the  Canary 
Ifles,  has  been  tranfmitted  by  M.  Ba- 
guerie,  to  the  Mufeum  of  Bourdeaux. 

A  Profpedus,  with  propofais  for 
fubfcription  for  a  new  edition  of  the 
Geographical  Works  of  the  celebrated 
d'Anville,  have  been  publifhed  at  Pa- 
ris, by  M.  Demanne  of  the  National 
Library. 

A  MS.  of  the  Fables  of  Efop,  writ- 
ten in  the  13th  century,  with  tvv^o  fa- 
bles more  than  what  are  contained  in  the 
beft  editions,  lias  been  diicovered  by 
Father  Raynal,  form^uly  profeftur  at 
Soreza,  in  a  convent  at  Florence. 

An  EfTay  on  the  Government  of 
Rome,  written  by  Waiter  Moyle^  and 


printed  at  London  in  1726,  has  been 
tranfiated  into  French,  and  publiihed 
at  Paris.  It  has  been  confidered  by 
the  French  Journalifts,  as  the  founda- 
tion of  the  cebrated  Work  of  Muntef- 
quieu,  entitled  "  Caufes  de  la  Gran- 
deur des  Romains,  and  de  leur  Deca- 
cence,"  publifhed  m  1734.  The  fame 
praifes  are  beftowed  on  this  ElTay  by 
the  French  critics,  who  look  upon  both 
works,  to  ufe  the  language  of  D  Aiem- 
bert,  as  the  Roman  Hiftory,  for  the 
uie  of  Statefmen  and  Philofophei-s. 

Mr  Gilchrift  of  Calcutta,  has  lent  to 
England  to  be  difpofed  of,  feveral  co- 
pies of  his  celebrated  Diclionary  of  the 
Hindojiani  language,  and  his  Oriental 
Linguift,  which  are  comprifed  in 
3  large  4I0  volumes,  forming  a  very 
complete  body  of  inftru6tion  for  thole 
who  wifh  to  ftudy  thoroughly  the  ver- 
nacular dialecls  of  India. 

De  Sacy  has  made  a  tranflation  of 
part  of  the  infcription  found  in  three 
different  languages  on  the  Egyptian 
monument,  now  m  England.  Another 
is  expedled  from  Mr  Akerblad,  a  Swe- 
difh  gentleman,  now  at  Paris. 

A  work  on  Natural  Religion,  by 
Archdeacon  Paley,  is  announced. 

A  life  of  Cowper  the  Poet,  by  Hay- 
ley,  and  a  publication  entitled  Bal- 
lads," by  the  fame  genleman,  are  foou 
to  be  publifhed. 


SCOTISH  LITERARY  NOTICES. 


THE  firft  number  will  be  publiHied 
in  06tober,  of  the  Edinburgh  Review, 
a  Scientific  and  Literary  Journal,  de- 
figned  to  comprehend  a  full  and  criti- 
cal examination  of  all  Works  of  any 
emintnce,  in  eVery  department  of 
knowledge.  This  publication  is  to 
be  continued  quarterly,  and  wiil  be 
confined  to  thole  literary  |;rodu6lions, 
which  have  already  attracted,  or  ought 
to  attract,  the  attention  of  the  public. 
It  is  not  intended  to  be  a  mere  Index 
of  Works,  which  the  prefs  every  day 
delivers  to  the  world,  without  afft  cting 
the  Itate  of  literature,  or  deierving  the 
notice  of  Criticifm.  It  propofes  to 
leave  ufeful  mediocrity  to  recommend 
itfelf  by  the  ordinary  channel,  and  to 
confideronly  thole  produ6hons,  which, 
from  the  excellence  of  their  character, 
tnuil  affed  the  fcience,  the  literature 


and  tafte  of  the  country  where  they 
are  found.  Works  of  this  deicription 
alone,  form  the  proper  fubje^t  of  a 
philofophical  analyfis,  which  ought  to 
exhibit  the  merits  and  defcds  of  every 
writer,  with  a  candour,  opennefs  and 
liberalivv,  equally  remote  from  perJb- 
nal  rcficdlion,  and  undue  partialitv. 
As  this  Work  is  to  be  condu6ted  by 
gentlemen,  who  cannot  be  influenced 
by  any  improper  motives  of  intereft  ui 
the  works  which,  they  ^examine,  we 
hope  that  the  publication  will  do  hon- 
our to  our  national  literature. 

Propofais  have  been  iflued,  for  pub- 
liOung  by  fubfcription,  a  new  practi- 
cal trcatife  on  mills,  to  be  entitled  the 
Experienced  Mill- Wright:  by  Andrev/ 
Cray,  Mill- Wright.  This  Book  will 
contain  a  Treatife  on  the  Mechanical 
f'owers,  Conical  Wheels^  Teeth  and  Pini- 


July  1802. 


Literary  Notices. 


591 


onsy  and  the  beft  form  for  Teeth  in 
Wheels  ;  with  plans  of  different  kinds 
of  Mills  and  Machines. — Among  thefe 
will  be  :  i.  A  Plan  of  two  forms  of 
Thrcftiing  Mills  to  go  by  water.  2,  A 
Threfhing  Mill  to  go  by  four  or  fix 
horfes,  and  a  fmaller  kind  to  go  by 
two  or  three  hories.  3.  A  Threihing 
Mill  to  go  by  water  or  horfes  occafion- 
ally,  when  there  is  not  a  conftant  fup- 
ply  of  water.  4.  A  Threihing  Mill  to 
go  by  wind.  5.  A  Corn  or  Meal  Mill, 
and  Barley  and  Malt  Mills.  6.  Two 
kinds  of  Flour  Mills,  and  two  kinds 
of  Boulting  Engines.  7.  A  Lint  Mill. 
S.  Bleaching  Machinery,  fuch  as  Walh- 
ing  Mills,  Rubbing  Boards,  and  a  Ma- 
chine for  Wathing  Lint  Yarn, or  Thread 
^^Beetling  Mills,  and  fe veral  other  Ma- 
chines for  dreiring  Linen  Cloth.  9.  A 
Paper  Mill  and  Glazing  Engine.  10,  An 
Oil  Mill, withRollers  for  BruifmgSeed. 

11.  A  Snuff  Mill,  and  Cutting  Engine. 

12.  A  Saw  Mill  for  cutting  Wood.  13.  A 
Wauk  or  Plafh  Mill, for  Woollen  Cloth. 
14.  Diflferent  kinds  of  Pumps  for  raif- 
ing  Water.  Plans  of  Iloufes  neceflary 
for  containing  each  of  thefe  Machines. 

The  Rev.  IVJr  Skene  Keith's  valu- 
able paper  entitled  "  A  General  Vieiu  of 
the  Corn  Trade,  and  Corn  Laius  pf  Great 
Britainy^  will  form  a  part  of  the  nth 
number  of  the  Farmers  Magazine,  now 
in  the  prefs. 

The  Poems  of  James  Pace  are  to 
be  printed  at  the  Kelfo  prefs  by  fub- 
fcription.  They  are  the  compofition 
of  a  ftrong  minded,  felf-educated  man  ; 
who,  without  any  afiiftance,  and  in  an 
unfavourable  fituation,  has  made  him- 
fclf  malter  of  muuc,  mechanics,  and 


many  other  branches  of  information; 
which  perlbns  of  his  rank  feldom  think 
of  acquit  ing,  and  they  bear  intrinfic 
marks  of  vigorous  genius.  The  author  is 
at  preTent  in  the  fuuation  of  gardener  at 
Lainihavv.  It  is  highly  cr^iditable  to 
the  peafantry  of  Scotland,  that  fo.many 
of  them,  have,  by  the  m<Te  dint  of  their 
natural  powers,  have  emerged  not  only 
above  mediocrity,  but  have  even  at- 
tained a  high  degree  of  literary  merit  ; 
but  it  ought  always  to  be  had  in  view, 
that  writing  is  an  art  which  requires 
fedulous  pradice  and  cultivation  ;  and 
that  the  brighteit  flalhes  of  genius  ne- 
ceflarily  lofe  their  lurtre,  if  this  arc  be 
not  poilelTid.  The  diamond  does  not 
Oiine  with  fplendor,  till  it  be  cut  and 
polilhed.  The  example  uf  Burns  has 
induced  many  to  attempt  compofition, 
who  never  refledt,  that  many  men  of 
great  learning,  never  cultivated  their 
minds  fo  much  as  that  mighty  genius 
For  a  fpecimen  of  Mr  Pace's  Compofi- 
tions,  fee  the  Poetry  for  this  month. 

A  volume  of  fcarce  poems,  chiefly 
defcriprive,  (By  Scotiih  Authors)  is 
Ihortly  to  be  edited  with  Biographi- 
cal and  Critical  illuttrations  by  Mr 
Leyden.  Among  others,  it  will  coi^- 
tain  the  curious  poem  of  Albania,  WiU 
fon'j)  Clyde>  and  Hume's  Day  Elfiv-il. 

A  fecond  volume  of  the  Trdnfadrions 
of  the  Highland  ."rrociety  is  in  the  prefs, 
and  will  fpeedily  be  publiflied  ;  it  con- 
tains many  very  interelfing  details,  re- 
lative to  the  adual  (late,  and  the  man- 
ner of  improvingthe  agriculture,  flock- 
farming,  manufaftures,  and  fiiheries  o 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 


POETRY. 


For  the  Scots  Maga%ine» 
THE  GREEN  VEIL, 

SENT  TO  A  LADY  WITH  HAMMOND*S  POEMS, 


IF  I,  fair  maid,  in  plaintive  ftrain, 
Confefs  no  anxious  lover's  pain  ; 
Nor  bid  my  fighing  numbers  flow, 
In  languid  notes  of  mimic  woe, 
Think  not  mine  eyes  to  beauty  blind. 
My  heart  unfeeling,  or  unkind, 
tJnfit  for  love's  fenfations  keen, 
But  thank  your  dcudy  veil  fo  green. 


If,  while  the  veil  conceals  your  check. 
I  itart  not  from  your  glance  oblique  ; 
Nor  tingling  through  my  glowing  veins, 
The  crimion  tint  my  face  dillanis ; 
Nor  yet  unconfcious  near  your  fide. 
With  motion  fcarce  perceived  I  jiide. 
To  talk  by  fits,  and  paufe  beiween, 
Then  thank  your  cloudy  veil  fo  green. 
4  K  2 


592  P  O  E 

If  fighs  of  fondnefs  half  repreft, 
In  fecret  breathe  not  from  my  bread  ; 
Nor  round  my  heart  the  languors  wreath, 
Which  oft  forbid  the  figh  to  breathe, 
Kor  o'er  my  brow,  of  pallid  hue, 
Iimerge  the  cold  and  ftiining  dew  ; 
Blame  not,  fair  maid,  your  fuultlefs  mien, 
But  thank  your  cloudy  veil  fo  greca* 

And  now,  when  unconcerned  and  gay, 
1  pour  the  jocund  fportive  lay, 
And  bid  my  carelefs  heart  defy 
The  glance  of.that  love-kindling  eye, 
Still  as  I  mufe  on  Hammond*s  pain, 
Who  fek  the  woes  that  others  feign  ^ 
LikeHammond's  fate  might  mine  have  been, 
I  think,  and  blefs  your  vtil  fo  green. 


For  the  Scots  Mciga^ine* 

On  the  accidental  dsjlruBion  of  fome  Swallows 
N^Jlsy  in  June  iSoi.* 

CHILDREN  of  air  !  whofe  fportive  wing 

Now  droops  in  yonder  fsy. 
You,  on  the  lovely  gales  of  fpring, 

Are  doomM  to  mourn  and  figh. 
Though  faix  the  fields,  and  grc^n  the  groves, 

You  left  thofc  fields  lo  fair, 
To  truft  to  man  your  infant  loves, 

And  claim  his  foftering  care. 

What  ruthlefs  breafl  of  triple  fleel, 

Your  bofom  peace  could  tear, 
And  blafl  the  joys  your  hearts  might  feel 

Through  many  a  lengthening  year. 
In  vain  to  you  thefe  groves  arc  gay, 

Enrobed  in  vernal  green. 
Your  better  moments  far  away 

Have  left  the  darkning  fcenc. 
j  hoped,  with  kind  and  liberal  aid, 

Your  cradled  home  to  chear, 
Where  danger  rude  ftiould  ne'er  invade. 

Nor  yet  the  voice  of  fear. 
Go  haplefs  race  ?  to  fate  refigncd. 

In  kindlier  marfions  live, 
The  peace  that  here  you  could  not  find, 

Another  home  may  give. 

^  The  following  p«em  "Was  written  during 
an  excurfion  to  the  country,  at  Newh — 1 — m, 
in  the  parifh  of  Dolphington,  at  the  table  of 

jVIj.  j.   ,  farmer  there,  a  man  whofe 

genuine  fcnfibility  of  hpart,  flrong  and  ac- 
curate powers  of  tafle  and  juugcment,  joined 
to  the  moft  adive  benevolence,  would  do 
honour  to  any  fituation  of  life.  Thefe  birds 
had  been  accuflomed  to  build  annually  in  the 
windows,  for  many  years.  The  fervants 
having  one  day,  in  the  i^bfcnce  of  their  maf- 
ter,  dcflroyed  the  ntils,  he  was  mnch  affea-, 
cd  at  the  circumftance,  and  pathetically  ex- 
claimed, "  Go  to  the  altars  of  God  ;^  and 
find  there  the  refuge  I  could  not  give.'*  A 
friend  f uggcft(?d  this  as  a  fit  fubjcd  for  a  f€W 
vcrfcs. 


TRY.  Vol.  64. 

Yet,  ah  !  I  mourn  your  pleafures  flown. 

And  hopes,  fo  bright  in  view, 
All  faded,  ruin*d,  pafl,  and  gone. 

Like  tranfient  morning  dew. 
Children  of  woe!  the  ways  of  life 

Are  dark  and  hard^o  fcan. 
How  myftic  rolls  the  weary  ftrifc 

That  bounds  the  race  of  man. 
In  youth's  gay  fpring,  the  flowery  boaft 

Of  all  I  hat  blfom  or  grow, 
Tillf  Ji<ne  arrives  with  chilling  frofl. 

And  lays  his  beauties  low. 
The  hopes  that  often  heave  the  breall 

With  expectation  high. 
Ere  evening's  fun  illume  the  weft. 

In  endlefs  darkncfs  die. 
Friendfhip  and  love,  a  fading  flower, 

Brulh'd  by  the  wintry  gale, 
Smile  feldom  bright  through  fortune'sfliowcr. 

In  life's  unhallow*d  vale. 

Yet  flill  our  lonely  hearts  they  chear. 

With  pale  diminifh'd  beam. 
Sweet  as  the  ray  through  pity*s  tear, 

Or  joy*s  cxflatic  dream. 
The  high  decree  on  man  awaiti 

Fore  doom'd,  like  you  to  moun?i 
His  bofom  ties,  by  kindred  fates. 

All  unrelenting  torn. 
For  could  my  hand  have  faved  the  blow 

That  fills  you  with  defpair, 
Where  Medwim^s  flilly  waters  flow 

You  long  had  fkimmed  the  air. 
Around  my  roof,  my  hours  to  blefs. 

The  year  had  feen  you  fly, 
And  N — wh — lm*s  walls  of  happinefs? 

Been  dearer  than  the  (ky. 

lor  the  Scots  Maga^ine^ 

THE  SAILOR  AND  THE  VIRGIN. 

The  fubjed  of  the  following  tale  is  a  popu- 
lar flory  among  fea-faring  men.  It  occurs  in 
the  Facetis  of  Poggio  Bracciolini,  a  work 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  what  is  more 
curious,  is  related  of  an  Irifhman,  to  mark 
the  propenfity  of  that  nation,  to  the  fpecies 
of  blunder  denominated  a  bull.  Vid.  Shep- 
herd's Life  of  Poggio  Bracciolini,  p.  141. 

THE  fea  one  day  with  mountain  billt ws 
roli'd, 

What  time  his  Majefty's  good  fliip  the  Ocean 
Was  driving  with  accelerated  motion. 
Yawing,  fea-fawing,  by  the  tempeft  toft, 
"  To  prayers,  G-d  d — n  ye,  for  wc  all 
are  lofl," 

Cries  Boutfwain,  "  five  feet  water  in  the 
hold." 


\  Alluding  to  a  feverc  frofl  in  June,  i8or. 


July  1S02. 


POETRY. 


593 


Jack,  who  for  coiling  and  belaying^, 
Had  found  no  fca  room  yet  for  praying, 
Thought  this  is  now  the  nick  of  time  to 

And  quick  as  lightening  grappling  nrm  the 
maft, 

With  clumfy  fifts  of  iron  holding  faft. 
Thus  to  the  Virgin  Mary  roar*d  away. 

Moil  holy  Virgin  !  beautiful  divine! 
If  Thou  wilt  take  my  fea-toft  bark  in  tow, 
And  haul  me  fafcly  to  the  port  at  lad, 
By  all  my  timbers,  here  I  vow 
To  place  before  thy  facred  holy  flirinc 
A  waxen  taper  tall  as  this  main  maft." 

As  arch  Tom  Handfail  chancM  thcfe  words 

to  hear, 
He  fung  fo  flily  in  his  ear ; 
Yeo  heo  !  my  boy  !  put  cafe  you  'fcape 
the  wreck. 
Where  will  you  get  the  taper,  Jack  ?** 

"  Hufh,  hulh,**  cries  Jack,  '*  if  heaven  my 

life  preferve, 
I'll  make  a  farthing  candle  ferve  ; 
Think  you  the  God  of  heaven  would  con- 

defcend 

To  dun  Ja^k  Bowfprit  for  a  candle*s  end  V* 

J- 

For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

SONNET. 

WHEN  I  confider  how  my  lapfing  hours. 
In  trifling  joys,  and  poor  conceits,  are 
fpcnt ; 

In  culling  honied  fweets  from  thorny  flowers. 

And  figning  oft  in  tender  languiihment. 
(For  I've  a  heart  that  owns  thofe  facred 
thrills. 

That  all  the  magic  arts  of  love  infpire ; 
And  even  a  look  from      dear  damfel  Alls, 

My  melting  breafl  with  tumults  ol  defirc.) 
I  mourn  to  think  my  inaufpicious  fate. 

Should  blaft  the  wreaths  by  powerful 
fancy  wove ; 
And  often  try,  but  well  I  know  too  late, 

To  ftcm  the  torrent  of  all  powerful  love  ; 
And  vainly  wifti  that  1  pGflcfl''d  a  heart. 
Where  fympathy  of  feeUng  holds  no  part ! 

Florimel* 

For  the  Scots  Magazine* 
SONNET. 
WHERE  fpreading  oaks  and  flowery  turf 
combine 

To  form  for  wounded  love  a  facred  feat  ; 
And  filvery  beeches  mingle  with  the  pine. 
To  fliade  the  fpot  from  fummer's  noon- 
tide h«at  I 


And  where  melodious  f^otc«  are  heard  to 
join, 

The  murmuring  brook  that  gurgles  at 
my  feet ; 

While  gadding  woodbines  round  the  branch- 
es twine,  (fwcct. 
And  fcent  the  facred  dell  with  odours 

1  with  abrcaft  thatfwrells  with  paflion  warm. 
Secluded  from  the  crouded  haunts  retire; 

And  feel  amid  the  fweet  fcrene  a  charm. 
That  feeds  my  hopes  aud  nurfcs  ray  dc- 
fire. 

For  that  dear  maiden  whofc  angelic  form. 
Did  in  this  brcaft  the  flame  of  Jove  \Vf 
fpirc  ! 

Florimel, 


for  the  Scots  Magazine. 

THE  NEGLECTJT  LASSIE, 
AS  Befl'y  fat  down  wi*  her  feam  at  the  fire. 
She  thought  on  the  time  that  was  faft  gaun 
by'er. 

And  faid  to  herfelf,  wi'  a  heavy  hiegh-hic. 
Oh,  a'  body's  like  to  be  married  but  me. 

My  youthfu'  companions  arc  a'  worn  awa  , 
And  though  I've  had  woers  myfelf  anc  or 
twa,  (loe, 
A  man  to  my  mind  ne'er  yet  proffer'd  his 
Oh,  a'  body's  like  to  be  married  but  me. 

There's  Geordie  the  lawyer,  wad  hae  me  fu 
fain. 

And  he's  bought  a  houfe,  a'  wi'  gear  o'  his 
ain, 

But  ere  I  gang  in  till't,  a  maideti  I'll  die, 
A  wee  ftumpin'  bodie  fliall  never  get  me. 

Syne  Tammy,  my  coufin,  frae  Lon'on  came 
down, 

Wi'  wide  yellow  buckskins  that  dazzled  the 
town, 

Poor  d — 1,  he  ^atna  a  blink  o'  my  c'e. 
Oh,  a'  body's  like  to  be  married  but  me. 

But  I  met  a  lad  by  the  fauchy  burn  fide, 
Wha  well  wad  deferv'd  ony  queen  for  his 
bnde, 

Gin  I'd  had  my  will  then,  the  tale  fudna'  be, 
That  a'  body's  like  to  be  married  but  me. 

I  gled  him  a  look  as  a  kind  laflie  fhoud, 
My  friends,  if  they  kcnt  it,  would  fairly  rin 
wood,  (bawbee, 
Tho*  bonny  and  guicl,  he's  nae  worth  a 
Oh,  a'  body's  like  to  be  married  but  me. 

It's  hard  to  take  fheltcr  ahint  a  laigh  dyke. 
It's  hard  to  take  that  -we  dinna  well  like. 
It's  hard  to  forfake  ane  we  fain  wad  be  wi'. 
It's  harder  that  a'  body's  married  but  me. 

PVNCAN  GRAT, 


594 


POETRY. 


Vol.  64 


For  the  Scots  Magazine, 
THE  TRAVELLER'S  RETURN. 

BY  THE  LATE   MiSS  BlaMJRE. 
Tunc  "  ^uld  lang  Syne^ 
WHEN  lilent  time  wi'  lightly  foot, 

Had  trod  on  thirty  years, 
My  native  land  I  foughc  again, 

Wi*  monie  hopes  and  fears. 
Wha  kens,  thought  I,  if  friends  I  left 

Will  aye  continue  mine  ; 
Or  gin  I  e'er  ag:ain  fliall  meet, 
'  The  joys  I  left  lang  fyne. 

As  I  drew  near  my  antient  pile, 

My  heart  h^at  a*  the  way  ; 
Ilk  place  I  paffcd  feemed  yet  to  fpeak 

Of  fome  dear  former  day  ; 
Thofe  days  that  followM  me  afar, 

Thofe  happy  days  o*  mine, 
Which  made  me  tiiink  the  joys  at  hand 

Were  nacthing  to  lang  fync. 

My  ivied  towers  now  met  my  een, 

Whare  minftrels  used  to  blaw  ; 
Nae  friend  ftept  out  wi*  open  arms, 

Nae  weel  kend  face  I  faw ; 
Till  Donald  tottered  to  the  door. 

Whom  I  left  in  his  prime, 
And  grat  to  fee  the  Ud  come  hamc, 

He  bote  about  lang  fync. 

A  new-fprung  race  o*  motley  kind, 
.  Would  now  their  welcome  pay  ; 
Wha  ftiudder'd  at  my  gothic  wa'b 

And  wifn'd  my  groves  away. 

Cut,  cut,  thefe  gloom/ trees,"  they  cried, 

l,ay  low  yon  mournfu*  pine  ; 
Ah,  no !  your  fathers  names  are  there^ 

Memorials  o'  lang  fyne. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
SONG. 

jjy  THE  SAME, 

WHEN  the  fun  beams  of  joy  gild  the  morn 

of  our  days. 
And  the  foft  heart  is  warmM,  both  with 

hope,  and  with  praife, 
New  pleafures,  new  prolpedls  flill  burft  on 

the  view. 

And  the  phantom  of  blifs,  in  our  walks  we 
purfue  ; 

What  though  tangl'din  brakes,  or  withheld 

by  the  thorn. 
Such  forrows  of  youth  are  but  pearls  of  the 

morn  ; 

A»  the  gem  on  the  leaf,  in  the  fervor  of  day, 
1  he  warmth  of  the  f^afoii  diffolves  them 
away. 


In  the  noontide  of  life,  tho*  not  robb*d  o 
their  fire. 

The  warm  wilhes  abate,  and  the  fpirit 
retire  ; 

Thus  colours  lefs  glowing  give  equal  delight 
When  rcafon  juR  tints  them  with  fhades  o 
the  niphr ; 

Rcflc6lion*s  flow  fhadow  fteals  down  th( 
gay  hill, 

Though  as  yet  you  may  Ihun  the  foft  fliadi 

as  you  will. 
And  on  hope  fix  your  eye,  till  her  bright 

nefs  fo  clear. 
Shall  hang  on  its  lid  a  dim  trembling  tear.- 

Next  the  lhades  of  mild  evening,  clofc,  fi 

lent  around, 
And  lengthen'd  refledion  muft  ftalk  o*c; 

the  ground ;  1 
Thro'  her  lanthorn  of  magic,  paft  pleafurc 

are  fcen, 

And  we  then  only  know  what  our  day 

dreams  have  been ; 
On  the  pleafing  illufion  we  gaze  while  W( 

can, 

Tho'  weoften  exclaim,  what  a  bauble  is  man  I 
In  y.^uch  but  a  gew-gaw,  in  age  but  a  toy 
The  fame  empty  trifle,  as  man  and  as  boy  t' 

For  the  Scots  Maga%ine, 
TO  THE  MEMORY  OF  BURNS, 
liY  James  Pace. 

THE  higheft  blifs  to  deepefl:  forrow  turns, 
When  that  which  caufed  the  joy  is  torr 
away; 

So  'cis  with  thee,  alas  \  lamented  Burns, 
Too  early  fallen  to  moulder  in  the  clay  ; 
But  tho'  thy  mortal  part  may  feel  decay. 
Yet  flill  fhall  live  and  laft,  thy  laurell'C 
fame  ; 

Thy  fong,  to  future  ages,  fliall  difplay 
The  blaze  of  genius,  all  thy  praife  proclaim 
And  'mid  immortal  bards  enrol  thy  death- 
lefs  name. 

On  ftrongeft  wing  'twas  thine  on  high  tc 
foar, 

To  paint  wild  fancy's  fcenes  with  choiccfl 
art. 

Or,  penetrating  deeply,  to  explore. 
Each  lecret  working  of  the  human  heart 
Well  could  thy  mufe  her  thrilling  powei 
exert, 

To  touch  the  fofter  feelings  of  the  mind ; 
And  fprightly  mirth  and  pureft  joys  impart? 
With  heavenly  friendfliip  and  benevolenc< 
kind. —  '  .'' 
Ah !  thou  hafl  gone  for  aye,  nor  left  tb| 
peer  behind. 


}uly'i'802.  Imperial  Parliament. 


595 


For  the  Sc9ts  Magazine, 

\  AH!  long  farewell — for  ever 
|i     Ye  fond  hopes  !  adieu,  adieu, 
Your  tranfient  glories  never 

Shall  life's  doling  beam  renew  ; 
•I,  I  from  this  bofom  tear  you, 

Like  wild  wecds>  both  rank  and  vain, 
j  Where  fancy  ne'er  fhail  rear  you 
I     To  flourifli  there,  or  bloom  again. 

'  Yet  fad  and  broken-hearted, 
Can  I  forget  the  fated  night 
In  which  we  ever  parted, 

The  lone  grove  of  fwcet  delight, 
The  diftant  torrent  clearly 

Illumin'd  by  the  filvcr  fheen, 
And  thee  I  lovM  io  dearly, 
j  .  Thy  fgft  Imile  and  witching  mien. 

Had  ages  pour'd  around  me 

Thdr  wild  variety  of  blifs, 
Or  proftrate  empires  crown'd  me 

With  all  their  golden  happinefs, 
Thy  placid  form  enchanting. 

Thy  bofom  like  the  driven  fnow. 
Thy  cherub  fmile,  awanting, 

Had  doom'd  me  to  eternal  woe^ 


Ah  I  now  thy  forrows  ended. 

No  balm  of  healing  pity  crave. 
Forlorn  and  unbefriended, 

They  laid  thee  in  the  gloomy  grave  ; 
But  he  thy  falfe  deceiver, 

Whofe  cruel  heart  could  triumph  there, 
Oh  !  never,  never,  never 

iihali  hope  rend  his  dark  defpair. 

With  hollow  faith  to  woo  thee. 

With  many  a  perjur'd  vow  he  came^ 
How  anxious  to  undo  thee  ! 

He  meanly  ftole  thy  fpotlefs  fame  ; 
So  on  thy  head  d<.  voted, 

When  every  refuge  clof'd  the  door, 
The  grave  alone — heitowed  it, 

The  kind  grave  !  for  evermore. 

And  here  thy  faded  rofes 

Their  biufhing  lhame  unfecn  repofc, 
Where  no  young  bioom  difclofes, 

No  fwcet  flower  reviving  blows. 
Ah  !  long  farewell — fur  ever 

My  dtdreft  hopes  are  Hed  away. 
My  evening  fun  will  ntver 

Be  equal  to  my  dawning  day. 


IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT. 


HOUSE  OF  LORDS, 

Thurfday,  June  17.  On  reading  the 
order  of  the  day,  that  the  debtors  relief 
bill  be  now  read,  Lord  Alvanley  mov- 
ed as  an  amendment^  that  the  word 
wow.be  omitted,  and  the  words  **  this 
day  three  months,"  be  inferted.  This 
motion  occafioned  fon^e  argumejit  be- 
tween the  Noble  Lord,  the  Lord 
Chancellor,  and  Lord  Carysfort.  The 
Lord  Chancellor  was  anxious  to  pre- 
vent an  idea  going  abroad,  that  the 
bill  was  adjourned,  on  account  of  its 
being  generally^  diiapproved,  fo,  far 
Irom  it,  he  approved  of  it  highly,  and 
thought  it  a  good  and  neceiVary  bill. 
■  23.  Lord  Suffolk  role  to  m'ake  the 
niotion,  of  which  he  had  given  no- 
^jce,  lelative  to  the  affliirs  of  the  India 
Company.  His  Lordlhip  then  took  no- 
tice of  the  occupation  on  the  part  of  the 


company,  of  the  kingdom  of  Arcof; 
the.  princes  of  which  country,  had  al- 
ways been  attached  to  the  interefts  of 
Great  Britain  ;  and,  on  that  account, 
the  removal  of  the  young  Nabob,  from 
the  throne  of  his  anceitors,  was  highly 
repieiienlible  ;  another  part  of  the  con- 
duet  of  the  company,  which  he  hoped 
would  be  enquired  into,  was  the  tak- 
mg  poffellion  of  one-third  of  the  terri- 
tory of  Oude,  a  country  that  formed 
a  barrier  between  the  Britifh  poflef- 
fions,  and  other  nations,  that  would 
have  been  hcitile  to  us,  and  the  Na- 
bob of  v;hich  had  alwavs  been  the  faith- 
ful  ally  of  the  company.  His  Lord- 
Ihip  then  quoted  letters  written  by  IMr 
Dundas,  m  which  that  Right  Hon. 
Gentleman  declared  it,  as  his  opj* 
nion,  that  conqueds,  and  ex^enhon  ci 
territory,  were  injurious  to  the  inter- 
efts  of  the  compajiy.    His  Lord  (hip 

next 


596 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


next  adverted  to  the  debts  of  the  com- 
pany, which  he  faid  amounted  to  22 
millions,  an  expence  of  about  4  milli- 
ons had  been  incurred,  in  fending  an 
army  from  India  to  Egypt,  which, 
when  added  to  the  other,  viould  make 
the  wholi^  debt  about  26  millions.  He 
contended,  that  the  affairs  of  the  com- 
pany were  not,  as  had  frequently  been 
ftatcd,  in  thai  profperous  lituation, 
which  could  fupport  fuch  an  enor- 
mous debt  as  this.  There  was  no 
chance  of  this  debt  being  liquidated  ; 
but,  on  the  contrary,  it  was  likely  to 
continue  increahng,  until  it  would  ter- 
minate in  the  rum  of  the  company. 
After  fome  farther  obiervations,  his 
Lordfiiip  concluded  with  moving,  for 

an  account  of  the  amount  of  the 
debts,  due  by  the  Eaft  India  Compa- 
ny ;  and  alfo  for  an  amount  of  the 
l\ock  and  aflets  of  the  company." 
Lord  Dartmouth  took  occafion  to  cor- 
real the  Noble  Lord's  ftatements,  with 
regard  to  the  debts  of  India.  In  the 
year  17S6,  the  debt  amounted  to  nine 
millions,  at  prefent  it  was  no  more 
than  iS  millions;  but,  the  difference 
between  the  company's  alfets  now,  and 
in  the  year  1786,  was  far  greater  than 
the  difference  in  the  debt.  In  (hort, 
the  company's  af^irs  were  in  a  ftate  of 
profperity,  fo  far  beyond  what  they 
were  at  the  period  he  alluded  to;  that, 
although  Jhe  debt  was  doubled,  the 
means  for  difcharging  it,  were  much 
greater  in  proportion.  Since  the  year 
179$,  the  revenues  of  India  had  increaf- 
ed,  from  to  n  millions.  The  Noble 
Earl  complained,  that  the  annual  bud- 
get of  Indi?,  had  not  been  brought  for. 
ward  lately;  the  only  reafon  why  it 
was  not  laid  before  parliament  this  fef- 
on,  was,  that  the  necelfary  accounts 
had  not  come  from  India. 

On  bringing  up  the  report  of  the 
alien  bill^  Lord  Holland  inveighed  a- 
gainf^  the  unjuft  and  opprefTive  opera- 
lion  of  this  acl,  by  its  fubjeding  aliens 
to  be  detained,  harrailed,  and  put  to 
expence,  without  the  pofiibility  of  ob- 
taining redrcfs,  even  after  it  was  dif- 
covcred,  that  their  condudt  was  blame> 
lefs.  He  was  alh.amed  in  having  boaft- 
ed  to  foreigners,  that  the  moment  they 
fet  their  foot  upon  EngliQi  ground, 
they  were  free  to  go  where  they  pleaf- 
ed,  without  the  danger  of  being  mo- 
lelled.    When  he  returned  from  the 


Continent  with  thofe  friends,  it  wis 
with  the  deepefl.  regret  he  found  they 
were  liable  to  all  the  penalties  of  the 
alien  7i^,  He  confidered  it  was  high- 
ly unconttitutional  to  give  any  minif- 
ter  fo  urlimi^^ed  a  powt  r  over  fuch  % 
number  of  men,  as  was  granted  by  this 
adt.  For  thele  reafons,  be  concluded 
by  faying,  that  he  was  averfe  to  the 
bill,  as  it  now^  (lood,  and  fhould  vote 
againft  it.  The  Lord  Chancellor  urg- 
ed the  nccelfity  of  adopting  for  a  time, 
the  fyftem  of  caution,  to  which  the 
country  had  been  indebted  for  its  faU 
vation.  Their  Lordfliips  ilood  pledg- 
ed to  repeal  the  bill  if  it  could  be  done 
with  fafety  in  the  courfe  of  next  fef- 
fion.  The  report  was  agreed  to,  and 
the  bill  ordered  to  be  read  a  third  time 
to-morrow.  Lord  Hutchifon's  penjion 
Az7/ was  lead  a  thiid  time,  the  other 
bills  lying  on  the  table  were  forwarded 
in  their  refpective  ft  ages. 

24.  The  paper  duty  bill  went  through 
a  committee,  and  was  reported  with- 
out any  amendment;  fome  private 
buiinefs  was  then  difpofed  of,  and  their 
Lordlhips  adjourned. 

25.  A  mefl'age  from  the  Commons 
announced,  that  they  agreed  to  the 
amendment  made  by  their  Lordfhips 
on  the  alien  billy  and  Glenken  Caiial  bill. 
The  bills  on  the  table  were  forward- 
ed in  their  itages,  and  the  Houfe  ad- 
journed. 

26.  Their  Lordihips  met  purfuant' 
to  adjournment,  and  having  fent  a 
meflage  defiring  the  attendance  of  the 
Commons,  proceeded  to  pafs,  by  com- 
milfion,  the  Irilli  controverted  eledioQ 
bill,  Bonham's  divorce  bill,  and  up^ 
wards  of  3©  piivate  bills.  Agreed  to 
the  confolidatcd  fund  bill,  the  Irifk 
import  and  export  bill,  and  the  illegal 
lottery  bill. 


HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 

June  17.  Mr  Lufhington  b'^ought  up 
a  petition  from  the  (hip  owners  of  the' 
port  of  London,  again fl  the  tonnaj(« 
impofed  on  (hipping  this  fefiion.  Mr 
Lufhington  hoped,  that  this  petition^ 
and  the  fadts  ftated  in  it,  would,  on  a 
future  occafion,  be  taken  by  the  Houfe, 
into  ferious  confideration.  Ordered  tO 
ly  on  the  table.  Carnatic  Mr  Wal- 
lace wifhed  to  know,  if  Mr  NicholU 

was 


July  1802. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


597 


was  to  bring  forward  his  motion,  rela- 
tive to  that  country  to-morrow,  as  it 
was  impoirible  to  lay  before  the  Houfe 
the  papers  required.  Mr  Nicholls  laid, 
that  it  certainly  had  been  his'intention 
to  forward  his  motion  to-morrow,  whe- 
ther the  papers  fhould  be  prefented 
or  not  j  but,  as  he  underttood,  that  Mr 
Sheridan  intended  to  bring  forward  a 
limilar  motion,  he  lliould  withdraw 
his  notice;  at  the  lame  time,  informmg 
the  Houie,  that,  if  .that  Honourable 
Gentleman,  did  not,  on  that  day,  make 
the  motion,  he  fhould  himlelf  make  it. 
Mr  Sheridan  faid,  that  although  he  had 
no  hope  of  his  motion  being°this  fef- 
lion  attended  with  any  efFed,  yet  he 
certainly  intended  to  make  a  motion, 
relative  to  the  affairs  of  India,  on  Tuef- 
day  next. 

Mr  Tierney  rofe  to  fubmit  certain 
refolutions  on  finance.  He  did  not 
wilh  at  preient  to  trouble  the  Houle 
by  any  llatements :  They  confifted  of 
obfervations  on  the  old  funded  debt, 
the  exchequer  bills  of  1800  and  iSoi, 
and  the  funded  debt  unredeemed  and 
unprovided  for,  the  long  annuities,  the 
i'um  applicable  to  the  redemption  of 
the  old  debt,  the  annual  charge  on  the 
permanent  debt,  the  nett  produce  of 
the  permanent  taxes,  the  total  value 
of  the  exports  and  imports,  the  prob- 
able peace  eftablifliment  of  the  next 
year,  the  charge  on  the  confolidated 
fund  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  the 
mil'cellaneous  fervices  of  both  coun- 
tries, the  charge  for  the  militia  of  Kng- 
Land,  the  charge  for  the  regular  army, 
the  navy,  and  the  proportion  paid  for 
its  fupport  by  Ireland,  the  produce  of 
the  lottery,  and  the  total  charge  for 
the  army  and  ordnance  of  Great  En. 
tain  and  Ireland.  Having  ftated  thefe 
as  the  points  of  his  refolutions,  he  con- 
cluded by  moving,  that  the  hrit  relo  • 
lution  be, read,  which  was  done  accord- 
ingly. 

Mr  Addington  faid,  that  it  was  not 
his  intention  to  make  any  obfervations 
on  the  ftatements  of  the  Honourable 
Gentleman  at  preient.  The  couife  to 
follow  was,  that  they  Ihouid  be  print- 
ed, and  upon  Monday  next  he  Ihould 
fubmit  certain  refolutions,  which  would 
likewile  be  printed,  and  the  debate 
upon  both  might  come  on  thi$  day 
fc'cnnigbt.  This  was  agreed  to.—Ad- 
journed. 

Vol.  LXIV. 


[The  annual  flatement  of  the  nation- 
al finance  made  by  Mr  Tierney,  the 
lefult  of  which  is  confiderably  differ- 
ent from  what  we  are  led  to  cxpedt 
from  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer, 
announced  for  next  week,  muft  natu- 
rally caufe  a  ferious  inquiry  into  the 
fa6ts.— According  to  the  ftatement  of 
Mr  Addington,  we  fnall  have  9,300,0001. 
of  what  has  been  termed  free  revenue^ 
OT,  in  other  words,  the  portion  of  re- 
venue that  is  applicable  to  the  annual 
expences  of  the  date,  after  the  intereft 
of  all  debts,  and  liquidation  of  debts, 
are  paid — provided  there  be  no  deficiep- 
cies — which  is   equal   to  3,000,000!. 
more  than  the  free  revenue  during  the 
lait  peace  eltabliihrnent.    Mr  Tierney 
eitimates  the  revenues  of  the  flate  at 
33»053>246l. ;  and  Mr  Addington  hajj 
only  taken   credit   for   the   Cum  of 
3'^»S33,oool.  which  is  183,0001.  under. 
The  Miniitei,  therefore,  is  not  accufed 
of  magnifying  the  national  reiources  ; 
and,  with  refpeCt  to  the  interell  of  the 
debt  and  finking  fund,  both  gentlemen 
agree  exadly  in  making  it  23,520,000!. 
fo  thatourfreerevenueby  Mr  Tierney 's 
account  is  greater  than  by  that  of  Mr 
Addington.    The  diifereiice  of  refult, 
Mr  Addington  itating  that  a  furplus 
may  be  expelled,  and  Mr  Tierney 
pretending  to  calculate  a  deficiency  of 
i»795»ic>il.  arifes  from  eftimation  of 
future  expenditure y  not  fix)m  different 
Itatements  of  our  fituation.  Having 
reduced  the  matter  into   fo  clafe  a 
compafs,    the  quellion    is,  whether 
9,300,000!.  according  to  Mr  Adding- 
ton, or  9,500,0001.  according  to  Mr 
Tierney,  will  be  fulficient  to  defray 
our  annual  expences?    In  folving  this 
queltion,  it  is  evident  that  Mr  Adding- 
ton muil  have  had  the  beft  materials 
for  making  an  eilimate.] 

June  18.  The  1,560,000!.  Exche- 
quei  bill's  bill,  and  the  land  tax  re- 
demption bill,  were  read  a  thiru  time 
and  paiTed. 

Mr  VVilberforce  dated,  that  nnce  the 
queltion  of  the  Have  trade  was  lail  agi- 
tated in  Parliament,  he  had  revolved 
the  fubjed.  frequently  in  his  mind,  and 
the  remit  was,  that  he  did  not  think 
it  proper  to  provoke  any  dilculTion  on 
that  fubjedt  at  prefent'.  Early  nexi 
feflion,  however,  he  would  coniider  it 
his  duty  to  bring  forward  a  motion  on 
this  intereliing  iubjed. 

4  I-  Several 


598 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


Several  accounts  relative  to  the 
trade  and  finance  of  the  Eaft  Indies, 
\vere  received,  laid  on  the  table,  and 
ordered  to  be  printed. 

An  account  of  thefums  advanced  by 
the  Receivers  General  on  account  of 
the  provifional  cavalry,  was  prefented. 

Sir  H.  Mildmay  prefented  a  petition 
from  certain  uncertified  bankrupts. — 
Ordered  to  lie  on  the  table. 

A  Committee  of  the  Houfe  proceeded 
to  hold  a  conference  with  the  Lords 
on  the  amendments  made  to  the  militia 
bill. 

A  mefia^e  from  the  Lords  announ- 
ced that  the  Glafgow  glebe  bill  was 
agreed  to. 

The  Irifh  export  and  import  bill,  the 
Irilh  militia  pay  bill,  and  the  Irifli  mi- 
litia difcharge  bill,  were  committed, 
and  ordered  to  be  reported  to-mor- 
row. 

The  other  orders  of  the  day  were 
gone  through,  after  which  the  Houfe 
adjourned. 

Mr  Nicholls,  in  purfuance  of  his  no- 
tice of  a  motion  on  the  late  tranfac- 
tions  in  the  Carnatic,  ftated  that  he 
had  no  intention  to  make  any  enquiry 
into  the  mode  by  which  we  had  acqui- 
red the  Myfore  country.  Tippoo  Saib 
and  the  Nizam  had  been  the  enemies 
of  this  country,  and  therefore  thpre 
Was  a  good  excufe  for  a  war  with  thofe 
powers  ;  but  the  Nabob  of  the  Carna- 
tic and  his  anceftors,  for  a  long  period 
had  uniform.ly  been  the  friends  of  Eng- 
land, and  yet  the  fuccelTor  of  the  late 
Nabob  had  been  depofed,  and  a  Gran- 
ger introduced  to  his  throne — This 
"was  the  fubjedl  upon  which  he  wifhed 
information.  Minifters  ought  to  de- 
fend their  condu6l,  and  prove  their  af- 
fertion,  that  in  this  inftnnce  they  had 
a6led  confidently  with  the  laws  of  na- 
tions. 

Mr  Michclls  was  proceeding,  when 
Mr  Sheridan  moved  that  the  Houfe 
£hould  be  counted.  There  being  only 
33  Members  prefent,  an  adjournment 
took  place. 

22.  The  Chancellor  of  the  Exche- 
quer faid,  he  rofe  in  purfuance  of  the 
notice  he  had  given  on  a  former  day, 
the  17th,  tofubmit  the  following  refolu- 
tions  on  the  fubjed  of  finance  : 

1.  That  the  amount  of  the  public 
funded  debt  vvas,  on  the  5th  of  Janu- 
ary lySd,  3138,331,3481.  exclufive  of. 


long  and  ftiort  annuities,  and  annuities 
for  lives,  to  the  amount  of  1,373,550!. 
That  on  the  ilt  of  February  1793, 
ftock,  to  the  amount  of  10,242,100!. 
had  been  purchafcd  by  the  CommilTion- 
ers  for  redeeming  the  national  debt; 
and  annuities,  to  the  amount  of  79,880!. 
had  fallen  in,  and  had  been  carried  to 
their  account  ;  reducing  the  atlual  a- 
mount  of  the  debt,  on  the  5th  of  Janu- 
^-y  1793*  to  127,989,1481.  and  the  an- 
nuities to  1,293,6701.:  And  that,  on 
the  I  ft  of  February  i8c2,  Itock,  to  the 
amount  of  36,885,3081.  had  been  pur- 
chafed  by  the  Commifiioners  for  re- 
deeming the  national  debt,  and  an- 
nuities, to  the  amount  of  125,7071.  had 
fallen  in,  and  had  been  carried  to  their 
account  ;  and  ftock,  to  the  amount  of 
18,001,148!.  had  been  transferred  to 
them,  on  account  of  land  tax  I'cdcem- 
ed  J  reducmg  the  actual  amount  of 
debt  exilling  before  the.  war,  on  the 
i\\  of  February  i8oz,  to  1 8©,344,792l. 
and  the  annuities  to  1,247,843!. 

2.  That  the  capital  of  the  public 
funded  debt,  created  fince  the  ift  of 
February  1793,  as  the  fame  ftood  on 
the  I  ft  of  February  1802,  together 
with  the  capital  to  be  created  by  fums 
borrowed  in  the.  prefent  Seflion  of  Par- 
liament, and  exclufive  of  7,502,6331* 
three  per  cent.  Itock,  created  by  ad- 
vances to  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  is 
351,125,7301.  That  the  amount  of 
long  annuities  created  during  the  fame 
period  is  220,461!.  per  annum,  exclu- 
five of  230,0001.  annuity,  created  by 
advances  to  the  Emperor  of  Germany, 
which  v/ill  expire  in  the  year  1802  : 
That  of  thefe  fums,  22,348,000!.  capi- 
tal, and  9791!.  long  annuities,  are  on 
account  of  Ireland  ;  and  leaving  a  per- 
manent debt  of  328,777,730!.  charged 
on  Great  Britain;  and  that  on  the  ift 
of  February  1S02,  19,703,596!.  had 
been  purchafed  by  the  Commifiioners 
for  redeeming  the  national  debt,  re- 
ducing the  faid  permanent  debt  creat- 
ed fince  5th  January  1793,  to 
309,074,134!.  per  annum,  exclulive  of 
long  annuities  to  the  amount  of 
310,670!. 

3.  That  the  total  amount  of  the  per- 
manent funded  debt  charged  on  Great 
Britain,  after  deducting  the  fum  of 
59,588,904!.  redeemed  by,  and  the  an- 
nuities fallen  in  to  the  Commifiioners, 
and  18,001,148!.  transferred  to  them,  on 

account 


July  1802. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


599 


account  of  land  tax  redeemed,  was,  on 
the  ift  of  February  1802,  419,418,9261. 
together  with  fhort  annuities,  to  the 
amount  of  543,103!.  and  long  annuities, 
to  the  amount  of  1,015,410!.  after  de- 
ducing the  annuities  provided  for  by 
Ireland. 

4.  That  the  lum  annually  applicable 
to  the  redudion  of  the  national  debt 
of  Great  Britain,  in  purfuance  of  the 
a6t  palled  in  1781?,  was  i,cco,oool.  be- 
ing about  i-23Sth  p-art  of  the  capita! 
of  the  permanent  debt  then  ex'liiag- 
and  for  1793  was  1,427,143!.  being^a- 
bout  I- 1 60th  part  of  the  permar^nt 
debt  exiting  in  1793,  and  may,  for  the 
year  1S02,  be  eltimated  at  5,800,000!. 
being  about  i-84th  part  of  the  perma- 
nent debt  exifting  in  1802,  which  fum 
of  5,8oo,oool.  is  appropriated  by  a6l  of 
Parliament  to  accumulate  at  com- 
pound intereft,  until  the  whole  of  the 
exilting  debt  is  dlfcharged,  which, 
fuppoling  all  the  flocks  to  be  parchaf- 
cd  at  par,  and  no  further  fums  to  be 
transferred  for  the  redemption  of  the 
land  tax,  cannot  be  later  than  the  clofc 
of  the  year  1843, 

5.  That  the  annual  charge  incurred 
on  account  of  the  permanent  debt,  on 
the  sthof  January  17S5,  was  9,297,000!. 
before  any  fund  was  created  applicable 
to  the  reduction  of  the  debt ;  and  on 
the  5th  of  January  1793,  was 
io»325>oool.  including  i,oco,zool.  ap- 
plicable to  the  redu6lion  of  the  debt ; 
in  which  fum  of  10,325,0001.  was  in- 
eluded,  on  the  5th  of  January  1793, 
the  intereft  of  10,242, leol.  capital  ftock 
redeemed  ;  and  the  aimount  of  annui- 
ties fallen  in,  or  unclaimed,  which 
had  been  transferred  to  the  Commiffion- 
ers,  making  together  the  fum  of 
387,143].  and  that  the  faid  fum  of 
i<^>325»ocol.  was  reduced  on  the  5th 
of  Januaiy  1802,  by  reafon  of  ftock 
transferred  for  the  redemption  of  the 
land  tax,  and  by  the  diminution  in  the 
charges  of  management  on  account  of 
fums  redeemed  by  the  Commifiioners, 
9»77^i<>95-  in  which  fum  is  includ- 
ed the  mtereii  on  39,885,308!.  capital 
ftock  redeemed,  and  the  amount  of 
ar)rumies  fallen  in,  or  unclaimed,  and 
transferred  to  the  Commillioncis,  mak- 
ing together  the  fum  of  1,334,185!. 

^.  That  the  annual  charge  incurred 
on  account  of  the  permanent  debt  of 
Great  Britain,  created  lince  the  5th 


of  January  1793  (including  944,199!. 
permanent  intereft,  and  charge  on  loan 
of    the   prelent    SelTion)   of  which 
48,761!.  17s.  will  not  become  payable 
until  after  the  5th  of  January  i8g(», 
amounts  to  13,597,594!.  per  annum,  of 
which  10,544,383!.  IS  for  intereft,  an- 
nuity, and  charges  of  management  of 
fuch  part  of  the  laid  debt  as  was  i  nre- 
deemed  on  the  i ft  of  February  1S02, 
^"<^  3>o53>2  I  il.  arifes  from  il.  per  cent, 
finking  fund  on  the  capital  of  part  ot 
the  fad  debt  and  intereft  of  fl:ock  le- 
deemed,  and  is  applicable  to  the  rd- 
dudion  thereof;  and  that  a  further 
charge  of  497,735!.  per  annum,  is  gua- 
ranteed by  Parliament,  in  default  of 
payment  of  the  intereft  of  certain  loans 
by  his  Majefty  the  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many. 

7.  That  the  amount  of  the  outftand- 
ing  demands  unprovided  for  on  the 
5th  of  January  1S02,  exclufive  of  un- 
funded debt,  and  of  the  anticipation  of 
certain  duties  annually  voted,  was 
4,416,220!.  Th^t  the  farplus  of  ways 
^nd  means  for  the  year  1802,  was 
I  i4,6>ool.  and  99,886!.  remained  unpaid, 
and  applicable  to  the  public  fervicc, 
on  the  grant  to  the  Queen  of  Portugal^ 
reducing  the  amount  of  demands  un- 
provided for  to  4,202,334!.  of  which 
3,920,289!.  has  been  provided  for  in 
the  prefent  Seffion. 

8.  That  the  Unfunded  debt  (exclu- 
five of  the  anticipation  in  the  ufual 
form  on  certain  duties  annually  voted), 
amounted  on  tlie  5th  of  January  1793, 
to  8,925,422!.  and  on  the  5th  of  Janu- 
1802,  to  21,179,170!.  exclufive  of  the 
anticipation  of  the  loan  of  1802,  and 
of  3, ccojoool.  advanced  by  the  Bank, 
without  intereit,  for  the  renewal  of 
their  charter,  to  be  repaid  in  1806;  of 
which  fum  of  21,179,1701.  10, i  13,493! 
has  been  paid  off,  or  provided  for  in 
the  courfe  of  the  prefent  Selfion. 

9.  That  the  net  produce  of  the  per- 
manent taxes  exifting  on  the  5th  of 
January  1784,  '  then  amounted  to 
10,194,250!.  and  that  taxes  were  after- 
wards impofed  to  defray  the  expences 
of  the  war  ending  in  17S3,  am.oanting 
in  1 7 86  to  93S,ooi)l.  making  together 
11,132,000!. 

10.  That  the  net  produce  of  the  per- 
manent taxes  exifting  previous  to  the 
year  1784,  adding  thereto  about 
5)38,000!.  impofed  as  above  ftated  in 

4  I-  3  1784 


6oo 


Imperial  Parliament.  Vol.  64. 


1784312(11785;  and  137,000!.  ariling 
from  the  confolidation  adt,  and  frum 
duties  impofed  in  17S9,  was,  in  the 
yeai  ending  the  5th  of  Januaiy  1793, 
14,284,000!;  on  the  5th  of  Januaiy 
1794,  13,941,000!.;  on  the  5th  of  Ja- 
nuary 1795,  13.858,000!.;  on  the  5th 
of  January  1796,  i3,SS7j^oo1.  ;  on  the 
5th  of  Januaiy  1797,  14,292,000!.;  on 
the  5th  of  January  1798,  13,332,000!. 
on  the  5thof  January  1799,  14,27  5,000!. 
on  the  5thof  January  iSco,  1 5,743,109!. 
on  the  5thof  January  1801, 14,194,339^' 
and  on  the  5th  of  Januaiy   18c 2,  in- 
cluding 1,275,  44I.  the  amount  of  boun- 
ties paid  on  corn  and  rice  imported, 
14,497,226!.  which  !atl  fam,  after  de- 
ducting the  duties   arifing  from  the 
conIo!idation  a6l,  and  thole  impofed 
in  1789,  exceeds  the  net  produce  of 
the  permanent  taxes  on  5th  of  January 
1784,  together  with  that  of  the  taxes 
impofed    in    1784    and    1785,  by 
3,228,226!. 

11.  That  the  a6\ua!  net  r-roduce  of 
the  taxes  im.pofed  Imce  tl^e  5th  of 
January  1793,  air^ounteu,  in  the  year 
ending  the  5th  of  January  iSc2,  to 
^,187,288!.:  And  tnat  the  total  net 
produce  of  the  permanent  taxes,  in  the 
year  ending  the  5th  of  January  1S02, 
anriw^unted  "  to  23,684,5141.  including 
1,275,544!.  paid  for  bounties  on  com 
and  rice  imported. 

12.  That  the  total  grofs  receipt  with- 
in the  year  (deducing  re-payments, 
difcounts,  and  drawbacks ;  and  alfo 
deducting  al!  loans  and  mxonies  paid  to 
Government)  was, 

In   the   year   1797,  23,076,179!.; 
In  the   year    1798,   3^? ^ 7^'3<^5^- i 
In   the   year    17^9,  34^750,97^^-5 
In   tlie   year    1800,    33,535>oi'^l- i 
And  in  the  year  1801,  35068,376!.; 
being  an  increafe,  compared  with  1797, 
of  i2,29::,i97l.   and  compared  with 
1798,  of  5,192,073!.   coriipared  with 
1799?  of  617,4001.  and  compared  with 
1800,  of  1,833,360!.  • 

13.  That  the  ofncia!  value  of  all  im- 
ports into  Great  Britain,  in  the  year 
ending  the  5th  of  January  1734,  ^^'J^s 
13,122,230!. ;  and  on  an  average  of  fix 
years,  endmg  the  5th  of  January  1784 
was,  ii,6'9o,829l:  That  the  official 
value  of  all  imports  into  Great  Britain, 
in  the  year  ending  the  5th  of  January 
1793,  19,659,358!.;   and  on  an 

average  of  fix.years,  ending  the  5th  of 
Janizary  1793,  was  ;i5,6?5,39ol.:  That 


the  officia!  value  of  al!  imports  into 
Great  Britain  in  the  year  ending  the 
5th  of  January  1802  (fuppofmg  the  im- 
ports from  the  Plaft  Indies,  of  which 
no  account  has  been  as  yet  made  up, 
to  be  the  fame  as  in  the  preceding 
year,)  was  32,317,032!.  malcing  an  in- 
creaie,   as   compared  with  1783,  of 
19,194,797!.     and     with    1792,  of 
12,657,674!.;  and  on  average  of  fix 
years,  ending  the  8th  of  January  1802, 
was  26,964,038!.  malting  an  increafe, 
as  compared  with  the  average  tu  5th 
January  1784,  of  15,273,209!.  and  with 
the  average  to  sth  January  1793,  of 
8,278,648!.;  and  that  the  real  value  of 
imports  in  the  year  ending  the  5th  of 
January  i8e2,  fuppofing  the  imports 
from  the  Eai\  indites  to  be  the  fame  as 
in  tlie  preceding  year,  may  be  cltima- 
ted  at  about  53,680,000!. 

14.  That  the  official  value  of  Britilh 
manufaftures   exported    from  Great 
Britain,  in  the  year  ending  the  5th  of 
January  1784,  was  10,409,7 i3l- 2nd  on 
an  average  of  iix  years,  ending  the  5th 
of  January  1784,  8,6;M6ol. ;  that  the 
cfficiai  value  of  Britilh  manfuadures 
exported  from  Great  Britain  in  the 
year  ending  the  5th  of  January  I793» 
was  18,336,851!.  and  on  an  average  of 
iix  years,  ending  the  5th  of  January 
1793,  was  ii,77i,049i---  That  the-  offi- 
cial value  of  Britidi  manufatfures  ex- 
ported  from  Great  Britain  in  the  year 
ending  the  5th  January  1S02,  was 
25,719,979!.  malcmg  ap  increafe,  a? 
compared  with  1783,  of  i5,3io»2^^'» 
and  with  1792,  of  7,383,12^4!. ;  and  on 
ati  average  of  fix  years,  ending  the  5th 
of  January    1802,    was  21,631,050!. 
malcing  an  increafe,  as  compared  with 
the  average  to  st1i  January  17S4,  of 
13,014,^90!.  and  with  the  average  to 
5th  January  1793,  of  6,86c,goi1.  and 
that  the  real  value  of  Britilh  ipanufac- 
exported  in  the  year  iSoi  may  be  ef- 
tmiated  at  41,770,0001. 

■  15.  That  the-ofhcial  value  of  foreign 
merchandize  exported  from  Great  Bri- 
tain, in  the  year  ending  the  5th  Janu- 
ary 1784',  was  4,332,909!. ;  and  on  an 
average  of  lix  years,  ending  the  5th 
January  1784,  was  4,263,930!.:  That 
the  official  value  of  foreign  merchan- 
dize exported  from  Great  Britain,  in 
the  year  ending  the  5Th  January  1793. 
was  6,s68,34Sl.;  and  on  an  average  cf 
fix  years,,  ending  the  .5th  January 
1793,  was  M^^,oi^\*i  That  the  offi- 


July  '1 802 .  Imperial  Parliament.  6c i 

:ial  value  of  foreign  merchandize  ex-  year  1789,  being  tjie  firft  year  in  which 

ported  from  Great  Britain,  in  the  year  the  remitter  ad  had  taken  full  e(fc6t, 

ending  the  5th  of  January  1802,   was  was  14,310;  their  tonnage  1,395,172; 

16,523,4801.;  making  an  increale,  as  and  the  nambei  of  fe^men  navigating 

CQjnpaied  with  178s,  of  12,190,5711.  the  fame  io8.9i52  :    In  the  year  1792, 

and  with  1792  of  9,955,1321.;  and  on  an  the  number  of  veffcls  was  16,079,  their 

average  of  fix  years^  ending' the  5th  of  tonnage  1,540,145,  and  the  number  of 

January  1802,  was  14,104,7001.;  ma-  feamen  navigating  the  fame,  118, 235; 

king  an  incieafe,  as  compared  with  the  and  in  the  y^^ar  1,801,  the  number  of 

^average    to    January    5th    1784,   qf  vcileb    was    J9777^»    their  tonnage 

9,^40,7701.;  and  with  the  average  to  2,037,317,   and  the  number  of  men 

January  5th  1793,  of  8,63d,686l.;  and  143,987;  being  an  increafe  of  5462 

that  the  real  value  of  foreign  merchan-  fliips,  of  642,145  tons,  and  of  35,025 

dize  exported  in  the  year  ending  the  men,  compared  with  1788  ;   and  of 

5th  of  January  1802,  may  be  eilimated  3^93  ^^^V^y  of  497,17^  tons,  and  of 

^t  about  15,750,000].     '  25,701  men,  compared  with  1792. 

16.  That  the  number  of  regiftered        17.  That  the  total  fum  to  be  raifed 

yelTels  bcjonging  to  the  Britilh  domi^  in  Great  Britain,  in  the  year  i>io2,may 

jiions,  and  employed  in  trade,  in  the  be  eftimated  as  follows,  viz. 

Iqtcreft  of  public  funded  debt,  charges  of  management,  and  fink- 
ing fund,  on  the  5th  January  1802,  after  deduding  intereit  pay- 
able by  Ireland  -  -  .       .  L.  22,444,564 
Intereli,  &.c.  to  be  iiicurred  and  paid  between  5th  January  1802, 
and  5th  January  1803,  on  Itock  created  by  loans  in  the  pre- 
fent  fcffion                .                »                -              -  655,421 
Intereff  on  Exchequer  bills             -                -             -     ^  750,000 
proportion  to  be  defrayed  by  Great  Britain,  according  to  the 
'  articles  of  the  union,  of  the  civil  lift,  and  other  charges  on  the 
confolidated  funds  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  amounting 
together  to  1  ,537,7391'                    -                        -  i,3S^>828 
pivil  government  of  Scotland,  eftimated  as  before       -  "] 
Penfions  on  hereditary  revenue,  ditto            -             -  | 
Military  and  defeiter's  warrants,  ditto             -              -         I      i  coo  000 
Bounties  for  prornoting  fiiheries,  linen  manufa(5tures,  &:c.  in-  '  ' 
'eluding  excels  of  corn  bounties  beyond  1,643,000!.  repaid  by 
Parliament. 

Charges  of  management  of  the  revenue  the  fame  as  laft  year  -  2,025,697 
Ivjaking  the  total  permanent  charges  to  be  defrayed  out  of  the 

grofs  receipt  of  permanent  revenue  -  -  28,241,514 

proportion  to  be  defrayed  by  Great  Britain,  according  to  the 
articles  of  union,  of  the  fuppUes  voted  for  1802,  for  Great  Bri- 
tain and  Ireland,  amounting  in  the  whole  to  39»3>^5»344^- 
cluding  therein  the  ieparate  charges  on  Great  Britain      ^  -  3S»532,37^ 


Advance  to  Ireland  -  -  -  2,000,000 

Inlereft  payable  fgr  Imperial  loans  -  -  497»59<^ 


<53»773»S32 


2,497,596 


L.  66,271,475^ 

rS.  That  the  gt'ofs  receipt  of  the  permanent  revenue,  after  de- 
dudting  re-payments  for  over  entries,  drawbacks,  and  boun- 
ties in  thenatuie  of  drawbacks,  amounted,  in  the  year  ending 

5th  January  1802,  to              -                 -                 -  29,220,536 

UUmated  produce  to  the  5th  April  1803,  of  the  taxes  impofei 

III  the  prefent  feftlon  of  Parliament             -                -  2,400,000 


602 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol. 


That  further  fums  are  applicable  to  the  feirvice  of  the  year  1802, 
as  follows : 

Rc-payments  from  Grenada,  imprefts,  and  lottery  -  L.  862,000 
And  that  the  remainder  of  the  iupply  for  the  year  1802  is  provi- 
ded for  by  a  loan,  on  account  of  Great  Britain,  of  -  23,000,000 
And  a  loan  tor  Ireland,  of  -  .  .  2,ooo,oo€ 
And  by  Exchequer  bills  to  be  charged  on  fupplies  iSoj  -  5,000,002 
And  expeded  additional  produce  of  taxes  that  were  deficient  in 

iSoi  compared  with  1799  .  .  .  1,600,006 
Surplus  of  Ways  and  ^eans  1801,  and  refidue  of  grants  to  the 

QuL-en  of  Portugal                 -                   .                 .  2i3,S8ij 

Ihtereft  on  land  tax  contraded  to  be  paid  for  by  inftalments        -  25,000 

Arrears  of  income  tax                 -                .                 .  2,500,006 


Making  in  the  whole,  the  fum  of  .  .  L.  6e, 82 1,421; 

19.  That  it  appears,  by  a  report  of  a  ary  1701,  and  including  fundry  extri 
Committee  of  this  Houie,  in  1791,  that  ordinary  expences  for  the  armamen 
the  adual  -expenditure  (including  the  of  1787,  and  for  payments  to  America/ 
annual  million  for  the  redu6lion  of  the  loyalifts  and  other  articles  of  a  tempo, 
public  debt)  on  an  average  of  five  rary  nature,  amounted  to  16,816,98511 
year's  peace,  ending  the  sthof  Janu- 

But  the  peace  eftablifhment  was  eftimated  bv  the  faid  Commit- 
tee at 

[With  which  eftim-atc  the  aclual  expence  of  the  year  1792  nearly 
agreed.] 

In  the  above  fum  was  included  the  charge  of  the  public  debt, 
amounting  to  10,325,000!.  from  which  is  to  be  deduced  the 
the  charge  of  ftock  extinguilhtd  by  the  redemption  of  the  land 
tax  on  the  5lh  uf  January  1802  .  .  c4o,oqo^ 


I5,96p,i78 


13,597.594 


That  the  additional  permanent  charge  incurred  by  the  debt  crea- 
ted lince  1793,  excluiive  of  interelt  payable  by  Ireland,  is 

That  the  additional  charge  to  be  incurred  for  increafed  amount 

of  Exchequer  bills  outitanding  is  about  -  .  140,000 

Interelt  of  money  for  fatisfying  increafed  navy  debt,  at  4I.  per 

cent,  is  about  -  .  _ 

rni       ,       ,     .      ,    ,         .  •  270,000 

^Ihat  the  additional  charge  incurred  on  the  confolidated  fund  is  ^90,000 
That  the  additional  charge  incurred  for  a  fum  appropriated  for 

the  redemption  of  the  public  debt  is  -  - 

And  that  the  increaied  expences  of  the  peace  eftablifhment  (ex- 
clufive  of  any  charges  to  be  incurred  by  intereft  on  further  fums 
to  be  paid  on  winding  up  the  expences  of  the  war,  and  of  any 
augmentation  which  may  take  place  in  the  naval  or  military 
eftablifhment,  but  allowing  for  mcieaie  of  pay  and  other  ex- 
pences)  may  be  eitimated  at  -  -  .  7oo,od1 


200,000 


And  alfo  exclufive  of  497,000!.  intereft  on  loans  due  by  the  Em- 
peror of  Germany,  and  guaranteed  by  Parliament,  may  be  eiti- 
^^^^^^'^  -  -  -  .  L.  30,726,772 

20.  That  adding  to  the  produce  of  eilimated  deficiencv  of  certain  dutiet 

the  permanent  taxes  in  the  year  end-  in  the  fame  year,  'the  income  appli-" 

ing  the  5th  of  January  1802,  the  fum  cable  to  the  peace  eftablifhment  may 

ofi»^75»544k  paid  for  corn  bounties,  bs  eftimated  as  follows : 
and  the  fum  of  i,6oo,oool.  being  the 

Old! 


July  1802.  Imperial  Parliament. 


Old  permanent  taxes, 
New  permanent  taxes, 
Further^  produce  of  taxes  that  were 

with  1799, 
Further  produce  of  taxes  1801, 
Taxes  impofed  in  1802, 
Land  and  Malt,  after  deducing  land  tax 


And  that  a  further  fum  of  454,340!. 
ariiing  from  annuities,  which  wall  ex- 
pire at  the  periods  under  mentioned, 
viz. 

In  1805,     -       -  5^»554 

1806,  -       -  8,152 

1807,  -       -  15,515 

1808,  -       -  3745I19 

454,340 

will  then  alfo  be  applicable,  as  well  as 
fuch  fums  as  may  from  time  to  time 
arife  from  the  favings  on  the  intSreft 
of  ftocks  which  may  be  reduced  to  a 
lower  rate,  and  which,  fuppofing  the 
whole  of  the  ftocks  to  be  reduced  to  3 
per  cent,  would  amount  to  1,491,^90!. 
which  fums  are  exclufive  of  any  allow- 
ance for  the  profit  of  a  lottery,  or  for 
any  participation  of  the  territorial  re- 
venues of  India.  Adjourned. 

23.  MrSheridanobfervedjthatyefter- 
day  he  had  moved  to  count  the  Houfe, 
becaufe  there  was  not  a  fufficient  num- 
ber of  Members  prefent. — An  Hon. 
Member  then  thought  it  proper  to  go 
into  a  difcuflion  of_  a  very  important 
bulinefs,  but  he  confidered  it  impoffi- 
ble  for  the  Houfe  to  form  any  opinion 
from  the  imperfect  documents  which 
were  now  before  them.  There  were 
only  two  courfes  to  be  followed,  either 
the  Houfe  ought  to  go  completely  in- 
to the  bufinefs,  on  very  imperfedl  in- 
formation,  or  to  abftain  at  prefent 
from  all  difcuflion.  After  fome  hu- 
roorous  comments  on  the  condudl  of 
Mr  Nicholls,  he  concluded  by  propof- 
ing  to  bring  up  a  petition  from  the 
Regents  of  the  Carnatic,  praying  for 
rcdrefs. 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
agreed  in  what  the  Honourable  Gentle- 
man had  faid,  that  there  was  no  alter- 
native. The  Houfe  muft  either  go  in- 
to the  fubjedt  on  impertedl  documents, 
or  abandon  altogether  the  difcuflion 
for  the  prefent.  He  agreed  to  the 
bringing  up  of  the  petition. 


L.  14,497, Z2<j: 
9,187,288 

deficient  in  1801,  compared 

I,<>00,000 

864,319 
4,000,000 

redeemed,  -  2,060,000 


L.  32,208,83.3 

Mr  Nicholls  was  proceeding  to  take 
a  general  view  of  the  proceedings  rela- 
tive to  the  ftate  of  the  Carnatic. 

Mr  Wallace  called  him  to  order. 

The  Speaker  was  alfo  of  opinion, 
that  the  Honourable  Gentleman  was 
out  of  order  ;  but  it  was  impoffible  for 
him  to  fay  that  the  Honourable  Gen- 
tleman would  not  bring  his  arguments 
to  bear  on  the  queftion. 

Mr  Nicholls  proceeded,  and  at  lafh 
moved  an  adddrefs  to  the  King,  which 
was  not  feconded. 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
then  moved  that  the  Houfe  do  ad- 
journ— Agreed  to. 

24.  Mr  Wilberforce  rofe.  He  re- 
minded the  Houfe,  that  fome  time  ago 
Dr  Carmichael  Smith  had  prefented  a 
petition,  ftating,  that  he  had  difcover- 
ed  the  ufe  of  nitrous  fumigation  as  a 
preventative  againft  infedion.  That 
petition  had  been  referred  to  a  Com- 
mittee, which,  after  a  laborious  in- 
vefligation,  had  made  a  report  highly 
in  favour  of  the  ftatements  in  the  pe- 
tition. 

He  concluded  by  moving  an  addrefs 
to  his  Majefly,  praying  his  Majerty  to 
order  that  there  be  advanced  and  paid 
to  the  (aid  Dr  James  Carmichael  Smith," 
a  fum  not  exceeding  5000I.  and  to  af- 
fure  his  Majeft:y  that  this  Houie  will 
make  good  the  fame. 

Mr  Erikine  feconded  the  motion. 

The  motion  was  put  and  carried 
7teTn.  con. 

Mr  Addington  then  faid,  that  it 
mud  be  the  wifh  of  the  Houfe  that  the 
remuneration  to  Dr  Smith  Ihould  be 
clear  of  all  charges,  and  he  thought 
fome  means  might  be  fallen  upon  to 
that  effeCl.— Adjourned. 

25.  The  order  of  the  day  being  read 
for  the  refumption  of  the  adjourned  de- 
bate upon  the  financial  refolutions, 
fubmitted  to  the  Houfe  by  the  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer  and  Mr  Tier- 
ney, 

Mr 


6o4 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol  64; 


Mr  Tierney  fald,  he  was  merely  de- 
lirous  that  his  refolutions  Ihould  be 
placed  upon  the  journals,  and  that  he 
was  very  indiflcr^ut  whether  this  was 
done  by  their  being  negatived,  or  the 
previous  queition  being  put  upon  them. 
He  concluded  by  moving  the  firft  refo- 
lution. 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Excheqiaer 
faid,  in  eftimating  the  amount  of  the 
national  debt,  he  thought  the  Hon. 
Gentleman  was  not  jultihed  in  charg- 
ing the  valuation  of  the  long  annuities. 
He  might  as  well  have  valued  the  Ihort 
annuities  ;  but  neither  of  them  could 
bejuitly  coniidered  as  adding  to  the 
mals  01  the  debt.  The  amount,  by 
deducting  this  article*  would  be  re- 
duced two  millions.  He  was  fatisfied 
^hat  the  country  had  ample  means  to 
bear  all  its  burdens,  and  that  we  might 
confidently  look  forward  to  a  long  pe- 
riod of  national  prolperity.  As  the 
Hon.  Gentleman's  relblutions  differed 
fo  immaterially  from  his,  own,  he  did 
not  feel  it  confiitent  with  his  duty  to 
negative  them.  He  therefore  begged 
leave  to  move  the  previous  queftion. 

Mr  Tierney  obferved,  that  he  had 
not  valued  the  Ihoit  annuities,  only 
bccaufe  he  knew  no  way  of  valuing 
them.  He  furely  was  juitihed  in  in- 
cluding the  long  annuities,  as  the 
Legiilature,  in  the  finking  fund  adt, 
had  coniidered  them  as  a  part  of  the 
national  debt. 

Mr  Vaniittart  went  over  the  fame 
ground  with  the  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chequer. 

The  Chancellor  of.  the  Exchequer 
then  rofe  to  Hate  the  fubftance  of  his 
own  refolutions.  Though  the  Hon. 
Gentleman  and  himfelf,  he  faid,  a- 
greed  in  form,  yet,  with  regard  to 
the  financial  fituation  of  the  country, 
in  fadl  they  widely  differed.  He  did 
not  complain  of  what  the  Hon.  Gentle- 
man had  inferted  in  his  refolutions, 
but  what  he  had  omitted.  He  had  at- 
tempted to  fupply  the  deficiency,  that 
he  might  efface  any  falfe  imprcfiion 
that  might  have  been  made  on  the  pu- 
blic mind. 

Mr  Vanfittart  faid  he  thought  he 
could  eafily  prove,  that  our  commerce 
had  nothing  to  fear  from  the  return  of 
peace  j  it  had  fiouriQied  in  fpite  of  the 
war.  Except  to  the  captured  iflands, 
we  enjoyed  no  branch  of  trade  from 
the  war,  and  that  was  not  to  be  cona. 


pared  to  thofe  of  which  it  deprived  usJ 
Our  taxes  muft  increafe,  becaufe  our 
confumption  increafed.  Taking  the 
average  of  the  three  years  before  the 
war,  and  the  lall  three  years,  700  tons 
of  wine  were  ufed  yearly  during  the 
latter  period  more  than  during  the  for- 
mer, upwards  of  400  millions  of  pounds 
of  tea,  and  933  cwt.  of  fugar.  The 
capital  idtely  employed  in  loans  and 
c^ini.  acls  would  now  be  turned  to  pro- 
du(::tive  indullry.  During  the  eight 
years  before  the  war,  750  a6ts  paffed' 
for  local  improvement,  and  during  the, 
lalt  eig'it  years,  1172,  Peace  wouli 
give  a  new  iinpetus  to  thefe  exertions^, 
and  during  the  prefent  Selfion,  more! 
private  buiinefs  had  adually  been  done 
than  was  ever  before  known.  To  Ihew 
that  our  commerce  did  not  gain  hf 
the  war,  Ihe  ihould  prove  that  tbc 
commerce  of  neutral  nations  had  ad- 
vanced ftill  more  rapidly. 

The  Hon.  Gentleman  here  read  a 
variety  of  papers,  (hewing  the  prodi-; 
gious  advances  made  of  late  years  by^ 
the  Swedes,  the  Danes,  but  above  all; 
by  the  Americans.  If  we  were  to  faf-f 
fer  from  the  peace,  it  certainly  woul4 
be  immediately  after  its  arrival ;  and' 
indeed  it  had  been  faid  that  our  trade, 
had  experienced  a  complete  ftagnationJ 
But  the  truth  was,  that  our  export? 
and  imports  during  the  quarter  ending] 
the  5th  of  April,  exceeded  what  they 
were  in  the  correfponding  quarter  ill 
the  year  1801,  always  noted  for  its 
profperity.  During  this  quarter  ia 
iSoi,  the  official  value  of  exports  waf 
5,To5,ocol. ;  the  real  value  7,400,0001, 
During  the  fame  quarter  in  this  year, 
the  official  value  of  exports  was 
5,355,000!. and  the  real  value  8,343,000!* 
an  mcreafe  of  nearly  a  million.  The 
imports  in  the  fame  proportion. 

Sir  F.  Baring  begged  leave  to  de- 
clare it,  as  his  opinion,  that  our  trade 
muft  fuffer  feverely.  There  were  ma** 
ny  articles  fuch  as  coffee,  which  we  im- 
ported to  the  value  of  many  miliioni^ 
in  which  our  trade  would  now  be  in* 
confidcrable.  There  were  others,  fudl 
as  tea,  wliich  at  prefent  there  wan 
every  profpeft  of  our  lofing,  from  thei|f 
being  taxed  to  a  degree,  which  they, 
were  quite  unable  to  bear. 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequcfj 
faid,  he  had  heard  the  Hon.  Baronet, 
with  concern  and  difappointment.. 
Without  anv  difrefped  to  him,  he  mu:^i 

flatl^r^ 


'.July  1802.  Jmperial  Parliament. 


\  flatly  deny  his  pofition.  Except  the 
\  trade  to  the  ceded  iflands,  we  Ihould 
L  lole  none  which  we  now  poflcffed,  and 
:  that  produced  fcarcely  any  thing  to 

the  revenue,  as  our  own  colonies  iup- 
;  plied  our  conCumption  of  tea  and  fugar, 

and  the  produce  of  the  reft  was  re-ex- 
;  ported  to  foreign  countries. 
I  The  previous  quellion  was  then  car- 
Sried,  and  the  Cliancellor  of  the  Exche- 
Iquer's  reibluiioiis  were  put  and  agreed 
[to. 

i.  The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
imoved  an  addrefs  to  his  Majtrfty,  pray- 
iwig  that  he  would  be  gracioufly  plealed 
to  confer  forae  dignity  in  the  church 
'  upon  the  Rev.  John  Barton,  for  his 
vices  as  Chaplain  of  the  Houfe. — > 
Orcicred  nem,  con- 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
laid,  that  William  Drummond,  Eiq. 
the  Minifter  Plenipotentiary  to  his  Si- 
cilian Majefty,  had  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  difcover,  among  the  ruins  of 
Herculaneum,   fome    ancient  rnanu- 
jfcripts,  forming  a  valuable  repoiitory 
of  the  learning  of  former  times  ;  but 
for  his  exertions,  aflitted  by  a  Noble 
Perfunage,  who  had  ever  fliewn  him- 
felf  a  zealous  promoter  of  fcience, 
i  thofe  manulbripts  would  have  been  de- 
-ftroyed.  Great  progrefs  had  been  made 
,  in  getting  them  copied— the  particu- 
lars would  be  laid  before  Parliament 
!  early  in  the  next  Seflion.   In  the  mean 
time,  as  a  coniiderable  i'um  of  money 
had  been  expended,  and  would  ftill  be 
required  to  complete  the  copies,  he 
1  trulted  the  Houfe  would  have  no  ob- 
ledion  to  a  motion  for  an  addrefs  to 
■^.is  Majefty,  praying  that  he  would  be 
plealed  to  grant  the  fum  of  lyoel.  to 
William  Drummond,  Efq.  his  Majeity's 
;  Minifter  Plenipotentiary  to  his  Sicilian 
Majefty,  towards  paying  the  expences 
ncurred   in   copying  ancient  manu- 
scripts fiifcovered  at  Herculaneum  and 
(  Pompoeia. — Agreed  to. 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
wards  obferved,  that  he  was  fe  rry 
ie  was  fo  thin  a  Houfe  when  he  was 
iboiit  to  give  a  very  important  notice. 
It  would  be  recolleded  that  when  the 
e.Ct  of  the  Civil  Lift  debt  was  be- 
-  the  Houfe,  he  had  ftated  that  he 
neant  to  bring  forward  a  meafure  to 
prevent  its  accumulation   in  future, 
f     was  deeply  concerned  that  the  mul- 
i^ity  of  public  bulincfs  had  pievent- 
him  from  giving  it  a  fufRcient  de- 
Vol.  LXIV, 


gree  of  attention  to  bring  it  tomaturity. 
However  it  had  not  been  abandoned, 
and  would  be  brought  forward  early 
next  Sefiion  ;  if  not  by  him,  he  trufted 
by  fome  other  of  his  Majefty 's  fervants. 
He  confidered  the  Houfe  pledged  for  it 
as  well  as  Adminifi ration. —Adjourned. 

26.  A  perfon  from  the  Auditor's  Of- 
fice prefented  a  copy  of  fuch  accounts 
as  had  been  audited  fince  the  5th  of 
July  1785,  find  in  which  no  progrefs 
had  been  made.  He  alfo  prefented  a 
copy  of  fuch  accounts  as  were  under 
examination,  and  a  ftatement  of  the 
progrefs  made  in  them. 

Lord  Arden  informed  the  Houfe,  his 
Majefty  had  been  wanted  on  with  the 
fev.erai  AddreiTes  of  The  Houfe,  and  he 
had,  in  compliance  with  them,  given 
directions  for  enlarging  and  improving 
the  room.s  ,  for  granting  5000!.  to  Dr 
Carmichael  Smith  ;  1700I.  to  William 
Drummond,  Efq.  and  fuch  other  grants 
as  were  prayed  for  by  the  addreftes  ; 
and  that  he  would  confer  fome  church 
dignuy  on  the  Rev.  Mr  Barton,  the 
chaplain  of  this  ELoufe — Adjourned. 

June  28. 

Sir  Francis  Molyneux,  Gentleman 
Ulher  of  the  Black  Rod,  at  three  o' 
clock,  in  his  Majefty's  name,  ordered 
the  immediate  attendance  of  the  Com- 
mons, in  the  Houfe  of  Feers  ;  which 
was  immediately  complied  with  by  the 
Speaker  and  the  reft  of  the  Members 
prefent. 

His  Majefty  then  delivered  the  fol- 
lowing moft  gracious  fpeech  from  tho 
throne  : 

**  Alj  Lords  end  Gsntlemsn^ 
"  The  public  bufincfs  bcino^  concluded, 
I  think  it  proper  to  clofe  this  fi  iTion  of  Par- 
liament. 

"  Daring  a  long  and  laboi  ious  attendance, 
you  have  mvariably  rnanifcfted  the  juft  lenfc 
you  entertain  of  the  greai  truft  commicted 
to  your  charge.  The  objeds  of  your  aeli- 
beratiorivS  have  beCii  Uiiufually  nanierous  .md 
important,  and  1  derive  the  utmo.t  faci.-fac- 
tion  from  the  convidion  that  the  wifdoni 
ot  your  proceedings  be  fully  provta  by 
their  efTLTCls,  in  promotin-^  the  bcft  i-irereiis 
ot  my  people  throughout  every  part  of  my 
dominions. 

Gentlemen  of  the  House  of  Ci^nor.s^ 

*'  The  aniple  proviiion  you  have  made 
for  the  various  branches  of  the  public  fer- 
vice,  demands  my  warmeft  acknowledg- 
ments ;  and  my  particular  thjinks  are  doc 
for  the  liberality  which  you  have  ftiewn 
in  exonerating  my  civil  government  and 
4  M  houfe- 


6oS 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Vol.  64. 


houfchold,  from  the  det»t  with  which  they 
were  unavoidably  burdened. 

"  "Whilft^  I  regrrer  the  amount  of  the  fup- 
plies  which  circun^.ftanccs  have  rendered  nc- 
ceflary,  it  is  a  relief  to  li.e  to  contemplate 
the  ftate  of  our  maniifad:ures,  commeice, 
and  revenue,  which  afford  the  molt  dtcifive 
and  gratifying  proofs  of  the  abundance  of 
cur  internal  refources,  and  of  the  growing 
profperity  of  the  country. 

"  JMy  Lords  and  Genitemerij 

"  As  1  think  it  expedient  that  the  elec- 
tion of  a  nc\Y  Parliament  fhould  take  place 
without  delay,  it  is  my  intention  forthwith 
to  give  diredions  for  dilTolviag  the  prcfcnt, 
and  for  callinjr  a  new  Parliament.^ 

**  In  conuiiunicafin^  to  you  this  intention, 
I  cannot  fupprefs  thole  fcntimcnts  of  entire 
approbation  with  which  I  rcfle(5l  upon  e- 
Tery  part  of  your  condud,  fince  1  firft  met 
you  in  this  place.  The  unexampled  diffi- 
culties of  our  fituation,  required  the  utmoft 
efforts  of  that  wifdom  and  fortitude  Which 
you  fo  eminently  difplayed  in  contending 
with  them,  and  by  which  they  have  been 
fo  happily  lurmounted.  From  your  judi- 
cious and  falutary  oieafures  during  the  laft 
year,  my  people  derived  all  the  relief  which 
could  be  afforded  under  one  of  the  fevereli 
difpenfations  of  Providence.  And  it  was 
by  the  fpirit  and  determination  w^hich  uni- 
formly animated  your  councik,  aided  by 
the  unprecedented  exertions  of  my  fleets 
ard  armies,  and  the  zealous  and  cordial  co- 
operation of  niy  people,  that  I  was  enabitd 
to  profecute  with  fucccfs,  and  terminate 
with  honour,  the  loit^  and  arduous  coutcft 
m  which  we  have  been  engaged. 

"  The  fame  lenfc  of  public  duty,  the 
fame  folicitude  for  the  welfare  of  your  coun- 
try, will,  now,  in  your  individual  characters, 
iiiiduce  you  to  encourage,  by  all  the  means 

your  power,  the  cultivation  and  improve- 
jncnt  of  the  advantages  of  peace. 


"  My  endeavaiirs  will  never  be  wanting 
to  preferre  the  bleffm^s  by  which  we  arc 
fo  eminently  diftinguifhed,  and  to  prove 
that  the  profperity  and  happinefs  of  all  claf- 
fes  of  my  faithful  fubjecfts,  are  the  obje6^» 
which  are  always  the  neareft  to  my  heart,'"' 

Then  the  Lord  Chancellor,  by  his 
his  Majerty's  command,  faid, 

"  My  Lords  ard  Gentlemen^ 

*'  It  is  his  Majefty's  royal  will  and  plea- 
fure,  that  this  Parliament  be  prorogued  to 
Tuefday  the  feventeenth  day  of  Auguft 
next,  to  be  then  here  holden ;  ard  thii 
Parliament  is  accordingly  prorogued  to  Tuef- 
day ;the  feventeenth  day  of  Auguft  next.'* 

The  Speaker,  at  his  return,  informed 
the  Houfe  of  his  Majelty's  having  been 
attended  at  the  Houfe  of  Peers,  and 
made  a  moft  gracious  fpeech  from  the 
throne,  of  which  he  had  received  t 
copy. — This  copy  he  read  from  this 
Chair;  and  thus  clofed  the  fecond  fel- 
fion  of  the  Parliament  of  the  united 
kingdom. 

His  Majefty  looked  exceedingly 
well  ;  and  he  delivered  his  fpeech 
with  his  ufual  diftindnefs,  but  not  id 
a  tone  altogether  fo  audible  as  he  has 
been  heretofore  accuftoraed  to  do.  The 
Houfe  of  Peers  was  unconrwnonly 
crowded  with  Ladies  of  the  highett 
diftinclion,  who,  in  the  moft  elegant 
attire,  and  intermingled  amongit  the 
Peeis  in  their  robes,  exhibited  a  coup 
d'ctil  extremely  brilliant  and  agreeable* 
The  King,  both  in  his  way  to  the  Par^ 
liament  Houie,  and  on  his  return,  was 
received  by  the  populace,  v/ho  affembled 
in  valt  numbers,  with  the  moft  ua« 
bounded  and  loyal  acclamations. 


MONTHLY    R  E  G  I  S  T  E 


rOREIGN  INTELLIGENCE 

FRANCE. 

THE  French  Government  having 
rotificd  to  the  Court  of  Vienna,  that 
jBonaparte  was  to  be  elected  Coiiful 


for  life,  his  Imperial  Majefty  has  or- 
dered his  AmbalT^dor  to  the  Freneli 
Republic,  *'  to  congratulate  the  fir* 
Conful,  in  his  name,  and  to  declare  tO 
him  that  the  important  event  is  the 
more  acceptabU  to  his  Majefty,  ina^ 


July  1802.  Foreign  L 

much  as  he  i?  pcrfuad<:d  that  it  will 
have  a  great  influence  upon  the  dura- 
tion of  a  general  peace  !" 

The  inaujraration  of  the  Conful  for 
life,  is  fixed  for  the  14th  inft. 

In  the  Frankfort  Genealogical  Ma- 
nual {Genealisgis  chgs  Handhuche)^  a  lift 
of  the  family  of  Bonaparte  is  inferted 
for  the  firft  time.  It  appears  to  con- 
tarn  Ibme  particulars  hitherto  not  ge- 
nerally known. 

Napoleon  Bona^rte,  born  Auguft 
t5.  1767  ;  wife  Jofephe,  widow  of 
General  Beauharnois  ;  her  firft  name 
Lapacrerie  ;  born  in  Martinitjue  176a  ; 
married  December  179^. 

^V)?^p-C/;z7<^rf«--Eugene  Beauharnois  ; 
Cecile  Beauharnois,  married  January 
4.  1S02,  to  Louis  Bonaparte,  brother 
of  her  ftep-father. 

Brothers  and  ^7/?^rj— -J ofeph  Bona- 
parte ;  Lucien  Bonaparte,  a  widower, 
without  children  ;  Louis  Bonaparte, 
married  to  Cecile  Beauharnois  ;  Maria 
Bonaparte^  married  in  1794,  in  Italy, 
td  General  Leclerc  ;  Caroline,  marri- 
ed in  1800,  to  General  Murat ;  Je- 
rome ;  Guule  Marin ;  Adela,  married 
in  1800,  to  General  Biaccioche. 

Parents — Charles  Bonaparte,  born  at 
Ajaccio  in  1759,  firft  a  lawyer,  after- 
wards in  the  army  ;  his  widow,  Leti- 
tia  Raniolini,  was  celebrated  for  her 
beauty. 

^  Uncle  by_  the  Father  s  fide — Napoleon, 
late  Canon  at  St  Mmiatoial  Tedefcho, 
m  Tufcany.  ^ 

•Vance  has  acquired  by  the  late  war, 
V.  txtent  of  territory  of  149S  fqdare 
leagues,  and  a  population  of  4,381,7.65 
inhabitants  ;  namely, 

Savoy  -  -  411,700 

The  county  of  Nice  93»3^^ 
Avignon,  the  county^  of  Ve- 

naifin,  and  Dutch  Fjanders  200,500 
Maeftraicht  and  Veuioo  90,000 
Belgium  -  -  1,880,000 

The  leit  Bank  of  the  Rhine  1,658,500 
Geneva  and  its  territory  40,000 
Mulhaufen  -  -  7>*oo 

The  French  Government  have  de- 
creed, that  gold  and  filver,  whether 
minted  or  not,  difhes  and  plates  of 
j^old  and  filver,  and  veflels  of  gold  or 
Siver,  made  for  the  purpofes  of  religi- 
(His  worlhip,  are  permitted  to  be  ex- 
ported to  loreign  countiies. 

\  deciee  has  been  paiTed  by  the 


telligence.  607 

French  Confuls  for  the  eftablifhment 
of  a  Council  charged  with  the  general 
and  definitive  liquidation  of  every  part 
of  the  public  debt.  This  Council  is 
an  imitation  of  our  Commiflioners  for 
paying  off  the  National  Debt  by  th^ 
Sinking  fund. 

The  Legion  of  Honour  has  been  or- 
ganized, and  an  arrette  has  been  pub- 
lilhed,  dividing  the  Republic  into  fix- 
teen  parts,  each  of  which  is  to  have  a 
cohort  of  the  Legion. 

A  new  experiment  has  been  made  at 
Tours,  of  a  Telegraph,  which  a  minify 
ter  might  ufe  in  his  bureau^  and  com- 
municate thereby  with  his  lubordinates 
at  a  didance.  It  is  the  invention  of 
one  Alexander,  an  artilt  and  phyfician. 

HOLLAND, 

The  Legiflative  body  have  rejeaed 
a  propolition  of  the  Council  of  State^ 
which  had  for  its  objtd  to  grant  a  Ge* 
neral  Amnefty  to  all  thofe  who  had 
quitted  the  territories  of  the  Republic* 
in  confequeuce  of  the  revolution  in 

The  Stadtholder  is  to  have  the  rich 
Biihoprick.  6f  Fulda  as  his  indemnity. 
The  revenues  of  the  Biihopric  amount 
to  350,000  florins. 

The  Frincefs  of  Orange  and  the  Fle- 
reditary  Prince,  have  left  London  o^. 
their  return  to  the  Continent. 

Accounts  received  at  Amilerdarn 
from  Surinam,  mention  the  dreadful 
clFedls  caured  there  by  a  very  heavr 
fall  of  rain.  All  the  produd  of  that 
fettiement  is  nearly  dellroyed  by  the 
inundations.  • 

The  beii  news  from  Holland  brought 
by  the  mail,  is  the  confirmation  of  all 
the  reftriC>.ions  upon  Britilli  commerce 
having  been  taken  olT. 

^  GERMANY. 

The  King  of  Prufiia  arrived  at  IMt* 
mel  on  the  evening  of  the  pth  June, 
and  the  Emperor  of  Rufiia  arrived  the 
next  morning. 

The  Emperor  of  RufTia,  and  the 
King  and  Queen  of  Prufiia  left  Memel 
on  the  1 6th  of  June.  Nothing  has 
tranfpired  upon  the  fubje6l  of  the  con- 
ferences between  the  two  Monarchs. 

SARDINIA. 

Charles  Emanuel  the  Fourth,  King 
of  Sardinia,  having  by  an  inflrument, 
dated  at  Rome  the  4th  day  of  June, 
"     4  M  :i  refigned 


6o8 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


refigned  his  Crown  ^nd  dominions  in 
favour  of  his  brother,  the  Duke  de  Aoft, 
his  Lvoyal  Highnefs  has  acceded  to  the 
Crown,  under  the  name  of  Vidlor  E- 
manuel. 

No  roafons  are  publicly  alTigned  for 
the  unexpedted  abdication  of  the  Kinj; 
of  Sardinia.  It  is  only  faid,  that  the 
bad  ftate  of  his  health,  which  has  in- 
creafed  fince  the  death  of  his  fpoufe, 
and  having  no  children,  induced  him 
to  refign  the  care  of  public  affairs  en- 
tirely into  the  hands  of  his  brother,  al- 
ready prelumptive  heir  to  the  throne. 

The  Pope  has  forbidden,  under  tlie 
pioft  fevere  penalties,  the  exportation 
of  any  works  of  Art,  Antiques,  &:c. 

TUPvK.Y. 

The  accounts  from  the  TuikifliEnn- 
piie  are  convincing  proof,  that  a  ba- 
lance of  power  ft  ill  fubfifts  between 
the  great  nations  of  Europe,  as  any  one 
of  them,  if  not  prevented  by  its  appre- 
henfions  of  the  others,  would  not  fail 
to  take  advantage  of  an  emyure,  al- 
ready unable  to  iupport  its  own  ruins. 

Accounts  ftom  Conilantinople  of  the 
ift  of  May,  confirm  the  former  re- 
ports of  the  diiira(51cd  ftate  of  Kgypt, 
The  Beys  are  in  open  inlurrectior, 
and  the  expulfion  of  the  Turks  does 
not  appear  to  be  a  very  iiuprobatle 
event. 

Accounts  from  ConliantiRop'e,  of 
the  1 8th  of  May,  ftate,  that  the  plague 
has  again  broken  out  in  Egypt  with 
moft  deftrudive  violence.  The  Eng- 
lifh  troops,  it  was  luppofed,  would  on 
this  account,  immediately  be  obliged 
to  fail  from  Alexandria  and  Rofetta. 
At  Conftantinople  and  Smvroa,  the 
plague  was  alfo  again  appearing'  with 
aggiavated  violence.  New  diilur- 
bances  have  broke  out  in  F.omelia. 

The  accounts  leceived  from  Egypt 
are  unfavourable  ;  confufton  and  clif- 
order  increafe  there  from  dav  to  day. 
Several  parts  are  in  full  infurreclion 
The  Beys  are  fupported  in  their  pre- 
tenfions  by  the  Mamelukes,  apd  the 
rebels  already  form  numerous  bodies. 
The  Grand  Vizier  has  received  the 
ftridleft  orders,  to  negle6l  nothing  to 
fupprefs  this  infurrcdlion.  The  £ng- 
lifh,  who  have  ft  ill  5000  troops  in  E- 
gypt,  have  contented  themfelves  with 
declaring,  they  would  not  give  any 
fupgort  to  the  revolted  Beys, 


AMERICA. 

The  following  paragraph,  relating  to 
an  event,  which  has  occafioned  a  con- 
fiderable  expreftion  of  forrow,  we  copy 
from  The  New  Tork  Commercial  Advcr^ 
tifer,  of  the  17th  ult.  *'  It  i^  wiih 
much  regret  we  announce  to  the  pub- 
lie  the  death  of  Mrs  Martha  Waflung- 
ton,  relidl:  of  the  great  and  good  Pre- 
fident  WnOiington.  Her  deceaic  took 
place  on  Saturday  laft,  at  Mount  Ver- 
non. The  death  of  this  eftimable  wo- 
m-^n  muft  ftrongly  recal  to  the  recoU 
le(^ions  of  every  true  American  the 
many  amiable  qualities  which  maiked 
her  charadier  through  the  revolution- 
ary war,  and  throughout  the  halcyon 
days  of  the  firfl  eight  years  adminift-ra- 
tion  of  the  federal  government.  J'he 
worthy  coufort  of  the  fint  of  men,  (he 
fliarcd  his  anxieties  ;  ftiie  foothed  his 
ca'cs  ;  fhe  conciliated  for  him  and  for 
herfrlf  the  aftV'dions  of  her  country, 
and  has  left  a  name  that  that  will  be 
refpcdtt  d  and  beloved  by  the  citiz  rns 
of  thefe  ftate.>,  v.hile  fuporior  excel  - 
lence  continues  to  command  their  ap- 
probation/* 

INDIA. 

Letters  from  India,  overland,  date, 
that  IVIarquis  Welleftey,  ?.%  Governor- 
General  of  India,  has  delegated  Sir 
Home  Popham  on  an  important  embaf- 
fy  to  the  Arabian  Chiefs  on  the  boi- 
derd  of  the  Red  Sea. 

CHINA. 

Accounts  brought  by  the  Royal  Ad- 
miral from  China  inform  us,  that  the 
Miftionaries  a^e  fuffered  to  pertonn 
their  humane  work  without  interrup- 
ti6(i.  They  batten  alio  to  baptize  thoi*e 
who  retain  the  fmalleft:  fpark  of  life. 
One  of  thofe  pious  fathers  acknowl cadg- 
ed, that,  in  Pekin  alone,  about  two 
thoufand  were  every  year  expofed,  of 
whom  a  large  proportion  periiiied. 
One  of  thefe  Miflionaries,  in  the  name 
of  the  reft,  has  addrelTed  letters  of 
thanks  for  the  kind  treatment  they  ex- 
perienced from  the  Court  of  Directors 
of  the  Eaft  India  Company. 

^EIPSIC  FAIR, 

The  catalogue  of  the  laft  Lelpfic 
fair  has  been  publiflied.-  It  confifts  of 
.-^od  pages,  large  ocfavo.  The  total 
number  of  books  which  have  been  puh- 
lifhed  in   Germany,  from 'September 

i2oi 


July  1S02.  British  hi 

1801  to  Eafter  1802,  amouHts  to  J104, 
among  which  were  307  novels,  59 
dramas,  89  musical  books,  nearly  450 
•tranflations,  300  new  editions,  and 
50  v/orks  printed  in  Denmark  and  in 
Sweden. 


BRITWI  INTELLIGENCE. 

FROM  THE  LONDON  GAZETTE. 
C ouncil- Office y  JVkitehall^  jfune  15, 
II ?s  Majeftv  having  been  pleafed  to 
appoint  his  Grace,  Hugh  Duke  of 
Northumberland,  K.  G.  to  be  Lord 
Lieutenant  of  and  in  the  county  of 
Northumberland*,  ai^vl  of  the  town  and 
-county  of  Newcaitle  upon  Tyne,  a 
•Council  was  this  day  held  at  North- 
tiraberland  Houfe.  when  his  Grace  took 
the  oaths  appointed  to  be  taken  there- 
upon, inftead  of  the  oaths  of  allegiance 
and  fupremacy. 

At  the  Court  at  St  Jafnes's^ 
PRESENT. 

The  King's  Maft  Excellent  Majefty  in 
Council. 

i5.  His  Majeity  having  been  pleaftd 
to  appoint  the  Bight  Hon.  VVilliani 
\  Lord  Lowther  to  be  Lord  Lieutenant 
of  the  counties  of  CuTiberland  and 
WeRmorland,  his  LordOiip  this  day 
took  the  oaths  appointed  to  be  taken 
thereupon, Mn Read  of  the  oaths  of  al- 
legiance and  iuptemacy. 
^  Do  wning  Strtet, 

18.  The  King  has  been  pleafed  to 
appoint  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Whit- 
worth,  K.  B.  to  be  his' Vlajelty's  Am- 
balTador  Extraordinary  aud  Plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  French  Republic. 

The  King  has  alio  been  pleafed  to 
'appoint  Jamts  Talbot,  Efq-  to  be  his 
Majeily's  Secretary  to  that  Embafiy. 

2<J/rhe  King  has  been  ph^.aftrd  to 
order  a  Conge  d'Elire  to  pafs  the  Great 
Seal,  empowering  the  Djan  and  Chap^ 
ter  of  the   Cathedral   Church  of  St 
^  ^V  -h  to  chufe  a  Bifli6p  of  that  See, 
ime  being  void  by  the  death  of  the 
It  Rev.  Father  in  God  Dr  Lewis 
't,   late  BiQiop  thereof;  and  his 
'  ly  has  alf .  been  pl^^af^d,  by  his 
d  Sio:n  Manual,  to  recommend  to 
iid  Dean  and  Chapter  the  Right 
Father  in  God  Samuel  Horflev, 
'  Billiop  of  Rochefter,   to  be  by 


"elligence.  609 

them  chofen  Bifliop  of  the  Faid  See  of 
St  Afaph. 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  grant 
to  the  Hon.  Gerald  Valerian  VVelleHey, 
Clerk,  Mafterof  Arts,  the  place  ani 
dignity  of  a  Prebendary  of  the  collc- 
gi.ate  church  of  St  Peter,  Weftminlter, 
void  by  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Dr 
Jofeph  Hoare. 

29.  The  King  has  been  pleafed  to 
appoint  William  Adam,  of  Blair- Adam, 
Eiq.  to  be  his  Majetty's  Lieutenan^ 
and  Sheriff  Principal  of  the  (hire  of 
Kinrofs. 

July  2.  The  King  has  been  pleafei 
to  appoint  John  Smyth,  Efqj  i^Jailer 
and  Worker  of  the  Mint. 

3.  '['he  King  ha^  been  pleafed  to 
confHtute  and  appoint  the  Right  Hon. 
H-nrv  Addington,  Charles  Small  Pv- 
bus,  Efq.  George  Thynne,  Elq.  (com- 
monly called  Lord  George  Thynne), 
Nathaniel  :3ond,  and  John  Hiley  Ad- 
dington,  Efqrs  to  be  Commiffioners 
for  executing  the  office  of  Treafurer  of 
bis  Majcfly's  Exchequer. 

Do'Lvning  Stree*. 

5.  The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  ap^ 
point  Francis  Drake,  Efq.  to  be  his 
Majefl:y's  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minifter  P;eni.Dorentiary  at  the  Court 
of  his  Serene  Hignneis  the  Elector  Pa- 
latine. 

6.  The  King  has  been-.pleafed  to  .ip^ 
point  the  Honourable  Wiliiam  Wellef- 
ley  Pole  to  be  Clerk  of  the  Ordnance 
of  the  United  Kionrdom  of  Great  Bri- 
tain and  Ireland,  in  the  room  of  Joha 
Sarirent,  Ffq. 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  con- 
ftitute  and  appoint  the  Right  Elonour- 
able  Robert  Stewart  (commonly  called 
Vifcount  Caillereagh)  ;  his  Grace  Wil- 
liam Henrv  Cavenditli  Duke  of  Port- 
land, Knight  of  the  Moit  Noble  Order 
of  the  Garter  ;  the;  Ricrht  Honourable 
Robert  B.niks  Jenkinfon  (commonly 
called  Lord  Hawkefburv)  ;  the  Rieht 
Honourable  Robert  Baron  Hobart  ; 
ani  the  Right  Honourable  Thomas 
Baron  Pelham,  his  Majeftv's  three 
Principal  Secretaries  of  State  ;  the 
Right  Honourable  Henry  Addmgton 
Chancellor  of  his  Majeiiy's  Exclieque^  ; 
his  Grace  James  Duke  of  Montrofe! 
Knight  of  the  Moft  Ancient  Order  of 
the  Thiille  ;  the  Right  Honourable 
S/Ivefter  Baron  Glenbervie,  (of  th,n 
part  of  his  Majefty's  united  kingdom 

called 


6io 


British  Intelligence* 


VoL  64, 


rj^llcd  Ireland)  ;  the  Right  Honourable 
William  Dundas  ;  the  Right  Honour- 
able Thomas  Wallace  ^  the  Right  Hon. 
Charles  John  Baron  Arden  (of  that 
part  of  his  Majefty'^  united  kingdom 
called  Ireland)  ;  and  Edward  Golding, 
Efq.  to  be  his  Majefty's  Commillioners 
for  the  management  of  ^the  Affairs  of 
India. 

10.  The  King  has  been  pleafed  to 
appoint  his  Grace,  Hugh  Duke  of 
Northumberland,  K.  G.  to  be  Cuftos 
Rotulorum  of  and  in  the  county  of 
Northumberland,  and  of  the  town  and 
county  of  Nevvcaitle  upon  Tyne,  by 
letters  patent  bearing  date  the  12th 
day  of  June  lalt. 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  grant 
the  dignity  of  a  Baronet  of  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
to  Evan  Nepean,  of  Loders  and  Bo- 
thenhampton,  in  the  county  of  Dor- 
fet,  Efq.  and  to  the  heirs  male  of  his 
body  lawfully  begotteti. 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  grant 
unto  Margaret  Haden,  of  Blackheath, 
in  the  county  of  Kent,  fpinller,  his 
rc)yal  licence  and  authority,  that  (he 
may  ufe  the  furname  of  Hamilton  only, 
purfuant  to  the  laft  will  and  teftament 
of  her  father  in-law  William.  Hamilton, 
late  of  Blackheath  aforefaid,  and  of 
Lime-ftreet,  in  the  city  of  London, 
Efq.  deceafed  ;  and  that  fuch  his  Ma- 
jefty's royal  conceffion  and  declaration 
be  regiftered  in  the  College  of  Arms 
accordingly. 

Sir  John  Borlafe  Warren,  K.  B.  is 
appointed  Bntifli  Ambafiador  to  the 
Court  of  St  Peterfburgh,  and  will  fet 
off  on  his  Embaffy  the  firft  week  m 
Auguft. 

LONDON. 

GENERAL  ORDERS. 

Horse  Gmrds,  June  12.  1802. 
His  Royal  Highnefs  the  Commander 
in  Chitf  diredls  it  to  be  made  known 
to  the  army,  that  his  Majefty  has  been 
gracioufly  pleafed  to  fignify  his  royal 
pleafure,  that  every  Serjeant  (whether 
of  the  cavalry,  foot  guards,  or  line)  who 
has  in  the  courfe  of  the  late  war,  or 
may  hereafter,  liecome  blind  on  fervice, 
fliall  receive  an  allowance  of  One  Shil- 
ling and  Sixpence  per  diem ;  every 
Corporal,  in  the  like  circumftances, 
One  Shilling  and  Two-pence  per  diem  ; 
and  every  Drummer  and  Private  Man, 


in  the  like  circumftances,  One  Shilling 
a  day,  for  the  remainder  of  their  lives. 

It  is  the  Commander  in  Chief's  plea- 
fure, that  his  Majefty's  gracious  inten- 
tion, above  expreffed,  fhall  be  commu- 
nicated to  the  men,  and  inferted  in  the 
orderly  book  of  every  regiment. 

By  order  of  his  Royal  Highnefs  the 

Commander  in  Chief. 
HARRY  CALVERT,  Adj.  Gen.  of 
the  Forces. 

(circular) 

Horse  Guards^  July  6.  1802. 

Sir, 

I  have  the  honour  to  inform  you, 
that  his  Majefty  has  been  gracioufly 
pleafed  to  grant  prerniiffion  to  the  feve- 
ral  regiments  of  his  army,  which  ferv- 
ed  during  the  late  campaign  in  Egypt* 
to  aifume,  and  wear  in  their  colours, 
a  Badge,  as  a  dittinguilhed  mark  of  his 
Majetty's  Royal  approbation,  and  as  a 
laiting  memorial  of  the  glory  acquired 
to  his  Majefty's  arms,  by  the  zeal,  dif- 
cipline,  and  intrepidity  of  his  troops, 
in  that  arduous  and  important  cam- 
paign. 

His  Royal  Highnefs  the  Commander 
in  Chief  has  dire(5ted  me  to  make  this 
communication  to  you,  in  order  that  the 
regiment  under  your  command  may  avail 
itielf  of  the  honour  hereby  conferred 
by  His  Majefty ;  and  I  am  commanded 
at  the  fame  time,  to  apprife  you,  that 
a  pattern  of  the  Badge,  approved  by 
his  Majefty,  is  lodged  at  the  office  of 
Comptrollers  of  Army  Accounts,  there 
to  be  had  recourfe  to,  as  circumftances 
may  require. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  Sir, 

Your  moft  obed.  humble  fervant, 
HARRY  CALVERT,  A.  G. 
The  Badge  is  a  Sphinx,  with  the 
word    Egypt'^  over  it. 

Cabinet  Mo'vements. 

Having  limply  ftated  that  the  follow- 
ing paragraph  is  copied  from  the  Mor* 
ning  Chronicle,  we  fli.a}l  leave  it  to 
ftand  or  fall  on  its  own  bafis : — '"It  n 
confidently  reported  in  the  political 
circles,  that  in  confequence  of  the  ma- 
nifold intrigues  which  agitate  men  and 
parties,  and  which  Mr  Addington  per- 
ceives might  terminate  in  a  crifis  un- 
favourable to  his  power  and  to  his  re- 
putation, an  offer  has  been  made  to 
bring  back  Mr  Pitt  into  an  oftenfible 
fhare  in  the  Miniftry.    It  was  to  pro- 


British  Intelligence.  61 1 


July  i8oi, 

pofe  and  difcufs  the  terms  of  this  com- 
piomife  that  Mr  Dundas  lately  waited 
on  Mr  Pitt,  at  Walmer  Caftle.  His 
Majcfty,  it  is  faid  had  confentcd  to  Mr 
Pitt  again  entering  upon  his  fervice,  on 
the  condition  that  the  qucftion  of  Ca- 
tholic emancipation  fhould  not  be 
brought  forward  as  a  meafure  of  Go- 
vernment. To  this  propofal,  Mr  Pitt  is 
reported  to  have  given  a  decided  nega- 
tive, and  to  have  ftated  even  that  he  had 
T\o  wifh  to  come  into  office  in  the  pre- 
lent  Oate  of  things,  probably  feeing  the 
King  not  fufficiently  reconciled  as  to 
allow  him  to  hold  office  with  pleafure 
and  with  effecft.  Mr  Dundas,  however, 
it  is  believed,  will  come  into  office, 
though  equally  ffiackled  by  the  Catho- 
lic queftion,  if  any  body  confiders  that 
fubjed  to  have  been  the  true  caufe  of 
the  refignations.  The  ground  of  his 
return  is,  the  fituation  of  the  Eaft  In- 
dia Company,  whofe  affairs  require  the 
affiftance  of  Mr  Dundas's  well  known 
addrefs!  It  is  underft^od,  therefore, 
that  Mr  Dundas  will  refume  his  ftatioii 
at  the  head  of  the  Board  of  Controul, 
and  retain  the  whole  patronage  of 
Scotland." 

The  Privy  Council  has  been  much 
employed,  in  conjunction  with  the 
Crown  Lawyers,  relative  to  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  diftribution  of  prize 
money  in  Egypt,  great  difficulty  ha- 
ving  arifen  as  to  the  claims  the  Turks 
have  in  this  important  bufinefs. 

The  new  Palace  at  Kew  is  proceed- 
ing very  faft.  The  building  is  defigned 
by  the  King,  with  improvements  by 
Mr  Wyat. 

The  Duke  of  Bedford  is  going  to  the 
continent  for  three  or  four  year?j  for 
the  purpofe  of  clearing  the  incumbran- 
ces left  behind  by  the  late  Duke,  whofe 
princely  hofpitality,  whofe  kindnefs  to 
his  own  family,  and  encouragement  to 
agricultural  fcience,  rendered  even  his 
fortune  inadequate  to  the  calls  that 
were  made  upon  it.  To  judge  of  his 
Grace's  cxpcnces,  500I.  a-week  was 
paid  to  the  labourers  about  Woburn. 
The  farming  Itock  is  all  to  be  fold  off, 
and  a  lyftem  of  retrenchment  purfued 
till  the  eltate  is  quite  cleared. 

Lord  Elgin  has  embarked  for  Eng- 
land a  quantity  of  ftataes,  paintings, 
and  other  precious  objects.  This  is 
a  truly  patriotic  meafure,  and  well  cal- 
culated to  improve  that  tafte  for  the 
fine  arts  which  has  lately  diltinguiflied 
#ur  countrymen. 


The  importations  of  grain  into  Li- 
verpool in  the  courfe  of  one  week  only, 
amounted  to  4037  quarters,  34^0  ba^s, 
6256  bufhels,  6jo  barrels,  and  100  tona 
Wheat;  3460  barrels,  and  1216  bags 
Wheat  Flour;  360  quarters,  i8  bags 
Barley;  6195  quarters,  4598  barrels, 
37  tons  Oats;  169  tons,  192  bags  Oat- 
meal;  789  barrels  Pork;  iqo  Shecp^ 
189  Pigs;  145  Cows;  befides  Butter, 
and  a  great  quantity  of  other  provi- 
fions. 

Prevention  of  the  Fly  in  Turnips— kx, 
Mr  Coke's  ffieep-fhcaring,  lately,  a 
fubfcription  of  two  hundred  guineas 
being  clofed,  for  the  drfcovery  of  a  pre- 
ventive for  the  turnips  againft  the  in- 
fe<5t  called  the  fly  (on  condition  that  it 
proved  fatisfa^ory  to  thefubfcribers}.thc 
fecret  was  declared;  which  is,tofow2lb- 
of  radifh  feed  on  every  acre  of  turnip 
land,  with  the  turnips;  which  the  in- 
ventor declared,  will  fo  attract  the  fly, 
as  to  prevent  its  proving  at  all  injurious 
to  the  turnip. 

An  account  of  ftrong  beer  brewed, 
from  the  5th  of  July  i8ox,  to  the  5th 
of  July  1802,  by  the  12  principal  port- 
er brev/era  in  London : 

Barrels. 

Meux  .  -  143.94? 
Barclay  -  1373407 
Whitbread  -  izs,\i% 
Hanbury  -  131,966 
Shum  -  10^,799 

F.  Calvert  -  74,011 

Goodwyn  -  65,014 
John  Calvert  -  45,496 
Clowes  -  -  45,450 
Cox       -  -  44,353 

Elliott  -  -  36,68^ 
Harford  -  .  32,240 
Lord  fillenborough  is  the  youngeft 
Chief  Juftice  that  ever  prefided  over 
the  Court  of  King's  Bench  :  Lord  Chief 
JuRice  Holt  was  one  year  older  when 
he  arrived  at  the  fame  elevated  rank  vx 
the  profcffion. 

The  importations  into  England 
and  Scotland  lately  have  been  im- 
menie.  In  one  week,  viz.  from  9th  to 
i6th  June,  there  was  imported  into 
London  alone — Cotton  Cloth,  from 
Bombay  and  Bengal,  130,000  pieces  of 
piece  goods— Cotton,  i,2i2,48olbs.— 
Tea,  from  China,  139,000  chells,  weigh- 
ing  12,299,354  Ibs.—Silk,  from  China, 
540  bales  raw  lilk,  weighing  54,939  lbs. 
and  92,800  pieces  brown  Naiikeens. 

The  next  Parliament,  it  is  fuppofed, 
will  contain  a  greater  portion  of  the 


6l2 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64, 


Mercantile  intereft  than  any  former 
one. 

Lord  Auckland  f^ated  in  the  Hoiife 
cf  Lords,  that  the  correrpondcnce  be- 
tween Britain  and  France  had  already 
beccn  e  io  extcnfive,  th  it  every  packet 
that  arrived  from  Calais  brought  about 
4CC0  letters  for  this  country. 


EDINBURGH. 
Sir,  2%th  June  1S02. 

Having  lately  made  a  toi.r  through 
the  difFt rent  paits  of  Scotland,  I  beg 
leave,  through  the  medium  ut  your  pa- 
per, to  inform  all  thoft  that  are  fond 
of  Ihootinj:,  that  the  grealeft  part  of 
the  game  has  been  dtltroyed  by  the 
ie verily  of  lalt  winter,  tfpccially  the 
moor  game.  The  great  lall  oi  Inovv  in 
May,  with  the  violent  trod,  ddlroycd 
many  nei\s  of  thole  that  remained  ;  in 
many  places  it  wi»uld  be  necelfary  to 
j^ive  thtm  a  kind  of  jubilee,  or,  at  leall, 
to  be  very  fparin^  in  Ihooting. 

The  pra(^iicc  of  late  years,  of  large 
parties  going  to  Ihoot,  with  numerous 
pointers  and  double  barrelled  ^  uns,  has 
been  very  deftrudive,  and  lliould,  in 
fonie  degree,  be  reftrained  ;  but  what 
is  ftiil  woiie,  when  the  fcafon  is  ovtr, 
and  ti.ofe  parties  retired,  there  are  nu- 
merous poachers,  who  carry  guns,  and 
are  dill  more  de/trudive,  elpeciaily  in 
fijow,  when  the  moor  game  fiy  in  very 
large  coveys,  and  come  to  particular  pla- 
ces which,  from  the  expolure,  is  not  co- 
vered with  inow;-thofc  poachers  watch 
them,  and  flioot  them.,  like  crows,  in 
numbers,  fending  them  by  carriers  to 
different  towns,  where  they  are  fold. 
The  landlords,  with  very  little  atten- 
tion, might  prevent  this. 

Scctch  Militia  A^. 
By  this  adf,  the  militia  to  be  raifcd  is 
8000,  to  be  apportioned  over  the  dif- 
ferent pariilies  in  Scotland,  agreeabie 
to  lihs  to  be  made  up  by  the  fchooi- 
mafters  or  conftables,  from  the  return 
of  boufeholders,  wuhin  14  days  after 
notice — the  age  is  between  18  and  45  ; 
after  ballot  ttiey  are  enrolled  for  hve 
years,  and  are  to  be  trained  and  exer- 
ciied,  annu.dly,  for  twenty  one  day3, 
and  they  may  ierve  perfonajly,  or  by 
fubilitute  ot  the  fimc  or  adjoining 
county. 

The  pay  of  is;  per  day  is  from  the 


commencement  of  the  annual  exercife, 
and  the  like  fum  for  each  day  in  co- 
ming to  and  returning  borne  from  it, 
computing  the  day  at  not  Icfs  than  10 
miles  travel.  They  are  limited  to 
Great  Britain,  and  when  drawn  out  in- 
to adual  fervice,  a  married  militia  man' 
may  exercife  any  trade  in  any  town  or 
place  in  Great  Britain. 

In  fhort,  the  Scots  mih'tia  ad:,  with 
various  details  for  carrying  it  into  exe- 
cution, is  in  fome  meafure  afTimilated 
to  that  of  England,  juftly  deemed  their 
conltitutional  birthright^ 

At  an  extraordinary  meeting  of  the 
7^own  Council  of  the  ci'y  of  Edinburgh, 
it  was  unanimoufly  refolved,  that  ft  fub- 
fcription  (hould  be  opened  for  erei.*ting 
in  this  city,  a  Statue  of  the  Right  Hon, 
Henry  Dundas,  as  a  tribute  of  public 
gratitude  for  his  long  and  eminent  pub- 
lic fcrvices. 

July  10.  The  Court  of  Seflfion  rofe 
this  day  for  the  autumn  vacation- 

12.  On  Monday,  after  the  fU6fion 
for  this  city  was  declared,  Mr  Dundas 
in  an  appropri;ite  fp(^ech,  returned 
thanks  to  the  Lord  Provoft,  Magif- 
trates,  and  Council,  for  the  honour 
they  had  done  him,  in  again  returning 
him  Member  for  the  city  j  ?Jter  which 
he  gave  a  very  elegant  entertainment, 
at  the  New  Afrcml)ly  Rooms,  George 
Street,  to  thif  Lord  Provoft,  Magif- 
trates,  and  Council,  and  a  great  num- 
ber of  Noblertien  and  Gentlemen- 

Mr  Dundas  is  the  firit  member  elec- 
ted from  Scotland  for  the  new  Impe- 
rial Parliament. 

13.  Tucfday  the  Annual  Convention 
of  Royal  Boroughs  met  at  Edinburgh, 
The  following  fubjedts  underwent  con- 
fideration.  The  confervation  of  the 
Scotch  privileges  at  Campvere,  in  con- 
fequence  of  the  peace  with  Holland. 
The  filling  of  herrings  with  feine  nets 
in  the  Frith  of  Forth.  The  gauge  of 
herring  barrels,  half  barrels,  fii  kins,  and 
half  firkins.  The  forting  of  herrings  in 
packu.g  and  curing,  by  feparating  them 
from  pilchards,  and  the  new  from  the 
old.  A  lioatiiig  dock  in  the  harbour 
of  Burntilland,  with  a  variety  of  re- 
ports from  their  Standing  Com  roil  tee. 

The  Annivtriary  Sermon  for  the 
Orphan  Hofpital,  was  preached  in  St 
Andrew's  Church,  New  Town,  on 
Tueiday  the  X3th  curt,  by  the  Rev.  Mr 
Balfour,  one  of  the  minilters  of  Glaf- 


July  1802. 


British  Intelligence. 


613 


The  Orphan  Hofpital  of  Edinburgh 
is  an  inftitution  of  which  the  utility  has 
been  lon^'  known  and  acknowledged. 
Into  it  are  received  Orphan  Children, 
or  Children  deprived  of  the  fupport  of 
their  parents,  from  all  parts  of  the 
country,  who  are  thereby  refcued  from 
fnuations  in  which  they  were  uftlefs 
uv  baneful,  and  their  induftry  and  ta- 
lents arc  brought  forward  to  be  of  be- 
nefit to  themfelves  and  to  fociety. 

The  didrtflcs  of  the  poorer  clafs  of 
the  people  for  the  two  lad  years,  ari- 
fixig  from  the  immoderately  high  price 
of  every  neceflary  of  life,  made  a  ftrong 
call  for  increafcd  fupport  and  affiftance 
from  their  charity.  And  the  Managers, 
impelled  by  the  Hcceffity,  as  well  as 
humanity  of  the  meafure,  increafcd  the 
number  of  Children  confiderably  above 
what  the  certain  revenue  of  the  houfe 
could  maintain.  In  making  thefe  exer- 
tions, the  Managers  relied  on  the  blef- 
fing  of  Providence,  and  the  aid  and 
fupport  of  the  humane  and  generous. 

There  are  in  the  Hofpital  at  prefcnt, 
90  Girls  and  76  Boys;  and  the  number 
in  the  houfe,  including  teachers  apd 
fcrvants,  is  176. 

14-  On  Wednefday,  the  Convention 
of  Royal  Boroughs  voted  100  guineas 
towards  ereding  the  Statue  of  Mr  Dun- 
das,  as  a  mark  of  their  high  refpe^it  tor 
the  eminent  fervices  rendered  by  that 
gentleman  to  this  country  at  large,  and 
particularly  the  attention  he  has  al- 
ways beftowed  to  promote  the  intereit 
of  the  Royal  Boroughs. 

16.  The  Rev.  Mr  Anderfon  was  or- 
dained miuifter  of  the  College  Church 
of  this  city.  The  Reverend  Mr  Bon- 
nar  of  Crammond,  preached  and  prefi- 
dtd  on  that  occafion. 

The  Managers  of  the  Royal  Infirmary 
f  leded  Dr  Thomas  Spens  one  of  the 
Phylicians  to  that  Hofpital. 

'  Mr  RuflVl,  Surgeon,  has  been  appoin- 
ted Profeflbr  in  the  newly  iiiftituted 

I  ProfefiToi  Ihip  for  Clinical  Le<flurcs  in 
Iht  Uuivcifiiy  of  Edinburgh. 

The  Eord  Provoit,  Magiitrates,  and 
Council  appointed  MrMalcolmWright, 
Bulker  at  Leith,  in  the  room  of  Mr 

|Thoniron,  deceafed. 

I    Mr  Walker  is  arranging  his  plsflures 

^vith  an  inter-.tion  tt*  dilpofe  of-  his 
whole  colleaion.— As  it  is  known  to 
con[\h  of  valuable  fpeciraens  of  the 

■rnoft  efteemed  Mufters  of  the  Italian, 

I  Dutch,  and  Flen>ilb  Schccls  as  well  as 
VclLXIV. 


feveral  valuable  produftionsby  Wllfon, 
Gainfborough,  Runciman,  and  Jicob 
More,  which  arc  dt  fervedly  confidered 
as  great  national  works,  it  were  there- 
fore to  be  wifhed,  that  the  colledion 
could  be  kept  oh  this  fide  the  Tweed, 
purchafed  and  preftrved  entire,  to  a- 
dorn  fome  elegant  villa,  where  the  pic- 
tures would  be  as  univerfjily  fetn  as 
pofTible. 

We  hear  that  the  Dire^ors  of  the 
Bank  of  Scotland  have  refolvcd  to  place 
in  their  great  hall,  in  the  new  buildiug 
now  going  on,  a  full  length  pitlture  of 
the  Right  Hon.  Hcni^y  Dundas,  the 
prefent  Governor  of  the  Bank ; — to 
which  he  has  rendered  <  fTcntial  fervi- 
ces. 

^  In  taking  a  comparative  view  of  na- 
tional  induftry,  profperity,  and  confe- 
quence,  arifing  from  the  herring  fifhe- 
ries,  wc  need  only  look  to  the  Iflaud  of 
Bute,  in  the  Frith  of  Clyde. 

The  produce  of  herrings  caught  by- 
people  in  that  ifland  is  ftated  to  be,  iu 
the 

Year  1749       -      L,  1299  17  % 
1750        -  1733    4  7 

175^  -        1609  10  4 

ij5%       -  ^        aoiS    9  z 

N.  B.  Sixteen  fhillings  and  eightpencr 
of  fees  was  then  demanded  of  tvery 
boat  for  the  Admiral;  and,  in  1752-3, 
144  boats  were  employed. 

It  appears  thar,  in  the  year.  1797, 
there  were  caught  and  cured  by  buats 
and  veffels,  not  on  the  bounty,  4260 
barrels,  and  by  vefllls  on  the  bufs 
bounty,  23,321  barrels.  In  the  year 
1798,  not  on  the  bufs  bounty,  4513, 
and  of  bufs  bounty  23,911  barrels. 

The  bounties  received  were,  in  the 

Year  1797       -       L.5258  12  2 
.  ^79^         -        5700  II  9 

Which  two  bounties  exceed  the  va-^ 
lue  in  the  faid  four  years,  42881.  2s.  2fl. 
and  in  point  of  value,  reckoning  every 
barrel  at  20s.  49>334l-  fterling. 

Taking  thcfc  two  ytars  together,  the 
whole  tonnage  or  bufs  bounty  was 
10,959!.  3s.  iid.  on  134  velfcls,  6707, 
manned  with  1555  and  boys,  who 
caught  47>*3i  barrels  herrings. 

Dundee  has  felt  the  benefit  of  the 
revival  of  the  cotton  trade.  No  fooner 
had  their  fail-cloth  manufaiftories  been 
crulhed  by  the  return  of  peace,  tiian  a 
fudden  demand  for  weavers  of  coarfe 
cotton  cloth  took  place.  The  demand 
has  lince  rapidly  incrcafed,  and  thcr- 
4  N 


i 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


are  now  many  hundred  families  fup- 
porttd  by  their  induftry  in  that  branch 
of  manufacture. 

We  hear  it  is  in  contemplation  to 
liuve  Greenock  and  Port  Glal'gow  form- 
ed into  two  dillnn^l  ports.  This  objedt 
)ias  long  been  talked  of.  fl  is  alfo  faid, 
that  Byrntifland  and  Aberdour  will  be 
detached  from  the  port  of  Kirkaldy, 
f(jr  cogent  nafons  Mr  Girvan  means 
I0  lay  before  the  Lords  of  his  Majef- 
If's  Treainry. 

The  fubfciiption  for  building  a  new 
Theatre  at  Glafgow  aniounts  to  up- 
wards of  L  6000. 

A  regular  packet  is  eftabliflied  be- 
tween Gretnock  and  Irvine,  which  we 
ouubt  not  will  be  found  convenient  for 
the  wed  country. 

For  fome  days  paft,  vaft  qu  entities 
of  dead  hih,  of  all  the  fpt-cics  known 
lure,  have  betn  thrown  afbort  on  tfie 
roalt  in  this  neighbourhood,  anci  as  far 
as  Montrofe.  Many  cart-loads  have 
l>ten  carried  ofi  for  manure  by  the  far- 
mers in  the  viciruty  of  the  fea.  The 
c^ufe  of  this  unufual  mortaiiiy  among 
the  finny  tribe  is  as  yet  unknown. 

Letters  received  from  tht  Weit  High- 
lands give  the  moO  favourable  accounts 
of  the  fifliery. 

A  great  many  herrings  have  been 
feen  for  fome  days  palt  near  the  Fern 
Ifiands. 

There  is  every  profped  that  the  trade 
and  manufaCtureb  of  our  country  will 
ioon  regain  their  former  vigour.  AI- 
leady,  we  hear  from  many  parts  of  the 
jjountry,  that  in  the  muflin  line,  there 
is  greater  demands  for  goods  than  can 
I'C  fiipplied.  In  Perth  and  Dundee, 
t'lat  branch  of  manufac^iure  is  now  up- 
on a  very  refpedable  footing,  and  the 
following  letter  from  a  merchant  in 
Glafgow,  to  his  triend  in  Edinburgh, 
will  fhew  how  matters  fiand  there  : — 

"  Never  was  our  manufactories  fo 
flourifiiing,  as  fmce  the  preliminaries 
were  figntd.  Upwards  of  fifteen  thou- 
fmd  people  have  come  to  fettle  here 
fuice  the  beginning  of  Odober ;  the 
building  never  was  fo  brifk ;  yet  not 
an  empty  houfe  in  town,  and  many  fa- 
nilies  cooped  up  in  a  hngle  room. 
Our  new  demands  are  chiefly  from 
Spain,  Italy,  Sec.  The  American  trade 
110  peifon  chufes  to  touch  now,  having 
Icarce  any  other  market  left  us  before 
the  peace,  is  has  been  quite  overitock- 
<d.  Above  three  millions  worth  of 
Erglilli  goods  were  in  the  city  of  Kew 


York  alone,  when  accounts  of  peace 
arrived  there,  and  they  have  been  fell- 
ing fifty  per  cent,  below  prnne  coiT, 
which  has  occafioncd  a  great  number 
of  bankruptcies.'* 

It  has  often  been  remarked,  that  th'* 
prefent  age  is  eminently  diltinguilhed 
for  ads  of  the  moll  difinteretted  bene- 
volence. The  inftitutions  for  better- 
ing the  conditions  of  tlie  unfortunate 
aje  almoll  without  number.  But  wc 
have  heard  of  none  which  has  a  better 
claim  to  the  attention  of  the  public 
than  the  fociety  lately  inftituted  ir, 
Leith,  for  the  recovery  of  perfons  ap- 
parently drowned  or  fuflocatetl.  By 
the  bleliing  of  God,  it  has  already  been 
the  means  of  faving  the  lives  of  ai  pcr- 
fons,  who,  in  all  probability,  would 
have  been  lo(t  to  their  country,  their 
families,  and  their  friends.  The  ex- 
pence  of  this  inftitution,  which  we  arc- 
informed  is  very  confiderable,^ is  whol- 
ly defrayed  by  the  inhabitants  of  Lt  ith, 
tiiougli  very  few  of  them  have  hitiierto 
had  occafion  to  apply  for  aliiitanct. 
As  Leith  is  the  refort  of  iravellers  at 
alltrmcs,  and  of  bathers  in  the  fum- 
mer  ferifon,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  that  they 
who  may  requ're  the  aiei  of  this  focie- 
ty will  cheeitully  contribute  to  its  fup 
port. 

Severnl  other  articles  relative  t.^ 
Scotilh  affairs  po.'lponrd. 


LISTS. 

MARRLAGES. 

May  12.  At  Papay  Weftray,  Orkney, 
Dr  R(  bcrt  Groat,  phyfici^n,  Kirkwall,  10 
M.fs  J  tan  Trail!,  daughter  of  Thomai 
Traill,  £fq;  of  Hoiiand. 

June  15.  At  tduiljurgh,  John  Buchanan, 
Eiq;  cf  Carbeth,  to  Miis  Margaret  Loch, 
fecond  daughter  of  James  Loch,  Efq;  late 
of  the  Exchequer. 

16.  At  Kirkhiil,  the  Rev.  J^mes  Mac 
l.iuchlan,  nunilter  of  the  Gaelic  Chapel  of 
Edinburgh,  to  Mifs  Liilias  Frafcr,  daugli- 
ter  of  the  late  Rev.  Alexander  Frafer,  rm. 
iiiftcr  oi  Kirkhiil. 

20.  At  Hamburgh,  Sir  Robert  Barclay, 
Bart,  to  Madame  de  Cronltedc,  daughtci 
of  Colonel  Durell,  and  widow  of  the  late 
Baron  de  Cronftedr. 

22.  The  Rev.  Henry  Thomfon,  of  Pen- 
rith, Cumberland,  to  Mils  Brifljine,  oniy 
daughter  of  the  late  Captain  Bnfbane,  of  the 
Marines. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  T.  Hogg,  Efq;  of  Lie- 


jiily  1802. 

lehwrn,  to  Mrs  Humilton  Brown  of  Glafs- 
.vel). 

j    30.  At  Inifhcwen,  John  Fletcher,  Efq; 
IfbuMger  of  Duiians,  to  Mils  Margaret  Mac- 
■  '     l.iu;»htcr  of  Akxaiidcr  JVJacnab,  El'q; 
h'.  lie  wen. 

*^t  Mary's,  Nottingham,   the  Hon. 

''  cv.  Walter  Hutciiinlon  Afton,  to  Mjfs 
I     rs,  eUltft  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Dr 
lirtines  Vicar  of  St  Mary's,  Nottirigham. 

Mr  JHoneyn»an,  of  Great  St  Hcleh's  to 
Mil^  Gray,  only  daughter  of  J.  Gray,  Efq; 
)f  Harley-ftreet,  Cavendilh-fquare. 

At  London,  John  Maitland,  Ion  of  ths 
iic  Hon.  Patrick  Maitland  of  B.ilgrcggan, 
:o  Mifs  Maxwell,  third  daughter  of  Sir 
William  Maxwell,  Bart,  of  Monreith. 

At  Alderlgate  Church,  Robert  Stewart, 
Efq;  of  ClapLpn,  to  Mifs  Bound,  of  Char- 
:tr-h<)ufe  fquare. 

Mr  William  Irwine,  of  Black  water  Tow^n, 
merchant,  to  Mifs  Walker,  daughter  of 
Hiomas  Walker,  of  Rich-hill,  E{q. 
'  At  Liverpool,  Capt.  Alexander  M'Cowen, 
:©  Mifs  Daw-fun,  eidcft  daughter  of  Dr 
Daw  ion. 

Lieut.  William  Stuart,  of  the  Royal  Na- 
vy,  to  Mil's  Clublcy,  daughter  of  Tiiomas 
Cluh'cy,  liiiq;  one  of  the  Aldermen  of  Be- 
verley, and  Captain  of  the  Laft  York  Mi- 
ll i  a. 

At  Buxton,  Clement  Archer,  Efq;  to 
Lady  Clonbrook. 

At  Alnwick,  Mr  Ralph  Hanfon  Dawfon, 
of  London,  to  Mils  Farquhar,  of  Alnwick. 

At  Lcith,  Mr  Andrew  Liddell,  Mer- 
chant, Glafgow,  to  jVIifs  Ann  Goodlet,  el- 
deft  daughter  of  ^Ai  Alexauder  Goodlet, 
nierchau'.,  Lcith. 

At  HampPt^iad,  Mr  JIarry  SiJdons,  to 
Miis  Murray,  botii  oi  Covent  Gaidstii 
Theatre. 

.  At  Cork,  Li^'Lit.  Col.  Stewart,  of  the 
80th  regiment,  to  Miis  Hyde,  eideit  daug;h- 
tt-T  of  John  Uydc,  Efq;  of  Crceg. 

Robert  Shcddan,  jun.  Ffq;  of  Gower- 
ftrcer,  to  Mifs  Munro,  oidy  ddughrer  of 
tiic  late  R.  D.  Munro,  Elq;  ('  f  Madras. 
^  "  At  Hendon,  Middlefex,  Coutts  Trotter, 
of  Berners-ftrect,  London,  to  Mifs 
^  ifcr  \.i.>rd<>n,  younotH  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  Akxar.uer  Gordon,  Lord  Rock- 
tThe,  brotlier  to  the  late  Earl  of  Aberdeen. 

At  Crufsliill,  Moi'es  Srcvt.11,  Eiq;  mer- 
chant in  Glalgow,  to  Mii$  Janet  Rowan, 
daughter  of  the  late  Wiiiiam  Rowan,  Efq; 
of  Bellahouftoun. 

At  Portfield,  Mr  Jam  s  Fleeming,  ma- 
nulaCturer,  to  Mds  Iiabella  Edgar,  daugh- 
I  tcr  oi  the  late  Mr  Wihiam  E  Jgar,  merchant 
in  Glafgow. 

At  Gibraltar,  Captain  Young,  cf  the 
,j  Pique,  to  Mifs  Fyer*,  eldc  ft  daughter  cf 
lacm.  Col.  Fycrs,  of  the  E:  gi:.ctrs, 


61 5 

At  Everton,  Nottlnghamnilrc,  Lieut. 
Frederick  Gordon,  of  the  Royal  Regiment 
of  Artillery,  to  Mifs  Eliza  Murdoch,  le- 
cond  daughter  of  James  Murdoch,  Efq;  «f 
Madeira. 

At  London,  Mr  William  Hall,  of  Great 
Ryder  ftreet,  to  Mifs  Sophia  Choppin, 
daughter  of  Mr  Frederick  Choppin,  of  Park- 
lane ;  and  Mr  Thomas  Hall,  of  Piccadilly, 
to  Mifs  Louifa  Choppin. 

At  Saltcoats,  Mr  George  Erfkine,  Ihip- 
builder,  to  Mifs  Margart  Dow,  eldcft  daugh- 
ter of  Mr  Daniel  Dow,  merchant  there. 

At  Edinburgh,  Mr  Robert  Mcnzies 
merchant,  late  of  Dumfries,  to  Mifs  Ehi'a- 
bcth  Milne  of  Kincardine. 

At  Glalgow,  Mr  George  Miller,  mcr* 
chant,  to  Mifs  Marion  Ker. 

Thomas  Heanage,  Elq;  to  the  Hon.  Ara- 
bella Pelhan),  daughter  of  the  Right  Hon. 
Lord  Yarbor(;Ugh, 

Capt.  Ogilvic,  late  Commander  of  the 
Magicienne  frigate,  to  Mifs  Moreley,  daugh^ 
ter  of  the  late  James  Moreley,'  Efq;''of 
Bombay. 

The  Rev.  James  Crighton,  minifter  of 
W^amphray,  to  Mifs  Anna  M'Millar, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Mr  M*Miiian,  min.'. 
fter  of  Torthorwald. 

BIRTHS. 
Lady  Pclham,  a  fon,  and  heir, 
Mrs  Frafcr  of  Strichen,  a  fon. 
At  Banff,  Mrs  G.  G.  Robinfon,  a  daugh- 
ter. 

The  wife  of  Alexander  Ratcliffe,  cf 
Biackleach,  in  Saddleworih,  three  fine  boys, 
who  arc  baptifed  by  the  names  of  Aorahan.^ 
Ifaac,  and  Jacob  ;  and  it  is  wortiiy  of  re- 
mark, thit  the  mocbtr  is  a  twin,  and  fhs 
had  been  delivered  of  two  twins  before. 

Mrs  Riddle,  Hanovcr-Iircer j  a  fon. 

The  Laay  of  l>.omas  Orby  Huh'.cr, 
Efq;  a  daughter. 

At  Dublin,  Countefs  Begg,  a  daughrer. 

At  London,  the  Lady  01  Majot-Generrti 
Gafcoyne,  a  daughter. 

Mrs  H.  Johnilon,  of  CoYcnt-Gardeti 
Theatre,  a  fon. 

Mrs  GuSbs,  of  the  Haymarket  Thcatrt?, 
a  daugriterc 

At  Nafti-Houfe,  Glouceflcrfhirc,  the  La« 
dy  of  Colonel  Mafon,  a  fon. 

At  London,  the  Lady  of  Major- General, 
Lennox,  a  fon. 

At  London,  the  Lady  of  J.  S.  S.  Smith, 
Efq;  of  Hampton- Courc- Green,  a  fon. 

junt  17.  At  Trcntham,  the  Marchionefs 
of  Worcefter,  a  fon. 

19.  At  Kinnaird,  the  Lady  of  Sir  David 
Camc-gie  of  Southelk,  Bart,  a  fon. 

SI.  At  Edinburgh,  the  Lady  of  William 
Carruthers,  Efq;  of  Dcra^onc,  a  daughter. 


Marriages^  Births^ 


Deaths,  l^c. 


Vol.  64, 


26.  At  ColcheOer,  the  I-ady  of  Captain' 
Lloyd,  of  tJie  Coldflream  Guards,  a  fori. 

29.  At  Champion,  Ille  of  V,  ighr,  thtf 
Lady  of  Colontl  Barker,  a  daughter. 

DEATHS. 

Apr/i  7.  At  BilHoa,  in  Spaiw,  Robert  El- 
liot, £iq;  Do<5lor  of  Phvfic,  at  a  -^ery  ad- 
vanced a^e.  He  was  a  native  of  Edinburgh. 

16.  At  Jamaica,  Mr  Rohert  Falcoccr, 
Ion  of  the  Rev.  John  FaJconer. 

19  In  Kingjfton,  Jamaica,  Richard  NI- 
choUon,  Elq;  of  Mount  Pieafanr. 

22.  At  Kingfton,  Jamaica,  (.f  a  putrid 
fever,  George  Munro,  h.fq;  of  the  Cuftom- 
houfe  there,  and  fccoud  Ion  of  the  late  Sir 
Harry  Munro  of  Fowlis,  Bart. 

J^ay  3.  On  board  the  Tekmachus  trnhf- 
port,  on  his  rrturn  frcmi  Egypt,  Capt.  Ar- 
cliibald  Finnie,  of  the  54rh  regiment,  fon  of 
Ivir  John  Finnie  at  Bowbridge. 

15.  At  Grenada,  Mr  George  Forbes,  fon 
of  the  late  Mr  George  Forbes,  Gaiiowgatc, 
Aberdeen. 

16.  At  her  houfe  at  Ahcidonj,  Ciack- 
niannanfliire,  Mifs  Elizabeth  Tait,  daugh-. 
ter  of  the  late  John  Tait,  Efq;  of  Harvief- 
toun,  writer  to  the  fignct. 

—  At  Wcftray,  in  Orkney,  James  Stew- 
art, Efq;  of  Brough. 

a4.  At  Woodfide,  Mr  George  Buchan- 
an, youngcft,  merchant,  Glafgow. 

31.  At  Lifbon,  Mr  Jofeph  Turnbull,  fon 
of  Mr  John  Turnbull,  Cordalc. 

Irately,  on  the  coaft  of  Africa,  Mr  Ro- 
?)ert  bhortridgc,  late  baker  in  Bridgend, 
JDumfries. 

Mifs  Margaret  Bruce,  cldcft  d'aughter  of 
the  late  Mr  John  Bruce,  brewer  in  Kelfo. 

In  Dublin,  Hamilton  Georgef,  Etq;  Rc- 
prelentativc  in  Parhament  for  the  county  of 
Mcath, 

Lieut.  Gen.  William  Spry,  Comman- 
<i.int  of  the  corps  of  Royal  hngmeers.  ^ 

Richard  Blcamire,  F:iq;  of  Pcnriih,  Cuni- 
•herland,  in  the  99th  year  of  his  age.  Du- 
ring his  long  life,  he  fcarcely  ever  cxpc- 
lienced  an  hour's  iilncfs. 

Captain  William  Lindfay,  of  South 
Shields.  He  was  found  dead  in  his  cabin, 
to  whicli  he  had  retired  quire  wt }]. 

At  Glafgow,  John  Fmlay,  Lfq;  Captain- 
Lieutenant  m  the  Royal  corps  of  Engineers, 
and  Major-Commandant  of  ;ht  Fevcrfham 
volunteer  infantry. 

At  Laufanhe,  in  Switzerland,  Maxi- 
niillian  de  Ccrjat,  Efq;  a  gentleman  of  dif. 
tmvflioh  in  chat  country,  where  he  was  fo 
n  uch  refpe<5lcd  and  beloved,  that  all  cialTes 
of  people  united  in  giving  the  moft  ftriking 
marks  of  their  concern  lor  his  death. 

June  12.  At  Edinburgh,  Keith  Jop,  Efq; 
youngeft  fon  of  Keith  Jop,  Efq;  of  Wtibeck 
^ueet,  London* 


15.  At  Aberlady  Manfc,  Mrs  Magdalanc 
Mandcrilnn,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Dr  Neil  Roy, 
miniftcr  of  that  parilh. 

17.  Ar  Edinburgh,  Mr  William  Galbraifh, 
farmer,  Broxburn. 

—  At  Glafgow,  Mr  John  Ballingal,  fciu 
18.  At  Newcuftle,  Mrs  Rotheram,  reliil 

of  Dr  Rorhcram,  many  years  an  ciuineiit 
phyficiaii  in  that  town. 

15),  At  the  Manfe  of  Maybolc^  John 
Wright,  Efq;  of  B.illony,  Eufign  a: id  Af- 
fillant -Surgeon  in  the  Uie  regiment  ut  Ar- 
gyl  iliire  nnliria. 

10.  At  Edinhuigh,  Mr  David  Hutchcfon, 
latt  Sherift  .fublluutc  of  Renfrewihirc. 

—  At  bailie,  the  Rev.  James  Ogilvie  of 
Wctthall,  in  the  75th  year  of  his  age. 

—  At  Caftle  Acre,  in  the  county  of 
Norfolk,  the  Rev.  James  Thorn,  Rtdtor  ot 
South  Acre,  in  the  76th  year  of  his  age. 

J.2.  At  London,  Mrs  Wyiie,  wife  of  Ro- 
bert Wylic,  Efq;  late  of  Abchurch-lanc, 
merchant. 

23,  At  Dainottar,  Mr  Robert  Whitwoith, 
engineer,  much  regretted. 

25.  Mr  William  Brown,  merchant  in 
Ediiiburgh. 

26.  At  Doune,  Mifs  Elizabeth  Smith, 
filler  of  the  late  ReY.  James  Smith,  minif- 
ttr  of  the  parilh  of  Kiimadock. 

2S.-  At  Giammis  Caftle,  Mrs  Efthcr 
milion,  wife  of  Patrick  Prodlor,  Efq. 

29.  At  Kirkbrachead,  Mr  William  Fra^ 
fcr,  tin-plate  worker. 

30.  At  Porto- Btllo,  Mifs  Frances  Jame- 
fon,  youngcR  daughter  of  Mr  Jamefoi.,  ar- 
chitccil. 


The  following  are  the  appointments 
for  the  enluing  Autumn  Circuits : 
AW/^— LoidsJurticcGkrk  Sc  Mcthven, 

Perth,  Monday,       bcpt.  6^, 

Aberdeen,      SatuiUay,      Sept.  11. 

Invernefs,  Friday,  Sept.  17. 
South — Lords  Dunlinnan  and  Cuilen. 

Ayr,  Saturday,     Sept.  ir. 

Dumfries,       Thurfday,     Sept.  i6- 

Jcdbnrgh,       V/tdnefday,  Sept.  22. 

fVcJi- — Lords  Craig  arsO  Armadale. 

Siirliog,  Saturday,     Sept.  4. 

Inverary,         Thurfday,    Sept.  i». 

Glafgow,        Tueiday,      Sept.  14. 


HadJw^ion,  'Ji^'y  23. 
Wheat,  37s.      Barley,  22s.     Oats,  I7S. 
Peafe,  17s.      Beans,  165.  6d. 


Edinburgh^  July  23.  Oat-mcal,  is.  id. 
Bear- meal,  nd.    Pcafe-meah  5>d, 


THE 


SCOTS  MAGAZINE, 

For    AUGUST  1802. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 


biographical  Sketch  of  Alexander 
Runciman,  Painter 

On  the  late  Coiijunaion  of  Saturn 
and  Jupiter 

Defcription  of  a  Village  in  the  Dif- 
trid  of  Benares 

A  Vindication  of  the  Rcfu)rtnation 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  by 
George,  fird  Earl  of  Cromarty' 

On  the  Evils  of  a  Negled^d  Edu- 
cation 

The  Wanderer,  No  If. 

Stridures  on  Mr  Laing's  Di/Terta- 
tion  on  the  Potms  of  Olfian, 
continued 

On  Lycanthropy 

Biographical  Memoir  of  Prefident 

Forbes,  continued 
The  Ants,  a  Fable 
Tableau  de  mon  Siecle 
Anfwcr  to  a  Biographical  Query 


619 
629 

643 
645 


647 
653 

666 
667 
668 


LITERAFvY  EXTRACTS  AND 

NOTICES. 

An  Account  of  the  Cowrie  Con- 
fpiracy 

An  Account  of  the  Society  1n 
Scotland  for  propagating  Chrif- 
tian  Knowledge 

Of  the  Boetzuinas,  an  African 
Tribe 

Ftorneni^in  s  Travels,  continued  683 
Scotifh  Literary  Notices  688 


669 


673 


Page 


POETRY. 


The  Dream,  addreffed  tb  Drum- 

mond  of  Hawthornden 
Epiftle  to  Almira,  from  a  Dancine 

.  693 

Fragment  of  the  Nidi  Wo.npa  694 
Verfcis  to  Cottage  Children  694 

To  Mifs  H  ,  from  a  Student  of 

Medicine 

MONTHLY  REGISTER. 
Foreign  Intelligence. 

France 

Holland,  Turky 
Barbary,  America 
Frcfcnt  State  of  Europe 

British  Intelligence. 
From  the  London  Gazette 

LONL-JN. 

Britifli  Ve/Tels  built'frorh  Jan.  1780 
to  Jan.  1801  ^ 

Incidental  Intelligence 
Thunder  Storms 
State  of  the  Crops 
State  of  the  Population 

Edinburgh. 
Meeting  of  Highland  Society 
Races,  and  Diverfions 
Thunderstorms 

Emigrations  from  Scotland  and 

Ireland 
Fifhtries 
Jufticiary  Trials 
LISTS— Marriages,  Births,  5:c 


695 
697 
698 
699 


700 


7cr 
701 
701 
70a 
7c* 

703 
704 
705 


705 
706 
7c6 
7C7  8 


EDINBURGH. 
Printed  by  Alex.  Chapman,  &  Co.  Forrester's  IVynd, 
A   J  o  11  ,     A  '^"^  Proprietors  : 

A^^  .  ?  ^  /^''f"'^^^^^^^^^-^^^^'  High  Street,  Edinbureh. 
And  to  be  had  of  the  Principal  Bookfcllers  in  the  United  Sfdoni, 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 


G.  H.'s  Paper  on  the  Word,  Philofopher,  is  received,  and  will  appear 
in  our  next. 

W.  W.  on  "  An  Indulgence  in  the  Flights  of  Imagination"  will  alfo 
find  a  place. 

The  Elegy  on  the  late  Dr  Darwin  has  very  little,  except  the  pious  in- 
tention of  doing  honour  to  the  memory  of  fo  great  a  man,  to  recommend 
it.  Papers  on  literary  or  philofophical  fubjeds,  of  which  the  Author  fig- 
nir . his  intention  of  fending  us  a  few,  will  be  far  more  acceptable,  than 
thib  etrulion  of  his  Mufe,  who  does  not  feem  to  have  relifhed  the  fubjedl. 

W.  H.  On  the  Principles  of  Hifforical  Compofition,  will  be  inferted  in 
our  enfuing  Number.  An  inqu'ry  into  the  laws  of  that  Art,  which  ar- 
refts  thj  events  of  pall  9ges,  for  the  inftruftion  of  the  future,  muft  excite 
a  degree  of  intereft,  proportion-ible  to  the  value  of  the  fubje(fl.  Invefti- 
gations  which  tend  lo  enl^..ge  any  fcicnce  from  high  and  philofophical 
views  of  its  nature,  unencuuibcred  by  the  frigid  remarks  of  common-place 
cnticifm,  are  what  we  eartieitiy  folicit  trom  our  kind  and  able  Corref* 
pendents. 

The  Verfes  on  the  Art' of  Writing,  by  a  Lady,  want  fancy,  originality 
of  thought,  and  correilnefs  of  verfification. 


RuRicoLAs'  Anfwer  to  Scotus  will  appear  in  our  next. 


i 


THE 


SCOTS  MAGAZINE, 

For  JUGUST  1802. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKKTCII 


OF 


ALEXANDER    R  U  N  C  I  M  A  N, 
HISTORY  PAINTER. 


WITH  A   POR TRAi  P. 


EVER  fince  the  revival  of  the  art 
of  painting  in  Italy,  in  the  fix- 
teenth  century,  this  art  has  flourilh- 
cd  in  Scotland  with  more  or  lefs 
vigour,  and  has  always  had  a  fi^u 
names  to  perpetuate  its  exiftenee, 
and  celebrate  its  honour.  During 
feme  periods,  however,  the  number 
of  its  cultivators  in  this  country 
have  been  fo  few,  and  their  exer- 
tions  fo  feebly  patronized  by  that 
clafs  of  men  who  alone  can  fofter 
original  genius  in  this  extenfive 
art,  tliat  painting  was  in  danger  of 
beipg  altogether  banifhed  from  the 
regions  north  of  the  Tweed. 

It  is  probable,  that  during  the 
dawning  of  the  Art,  in  Scotland, 
rtnd  for  a  confiderable  time  after, 
ilnioft  every  painter  of  eminence 
^vho  pra(5lifed  in  this  country  was  a 
oreigner.  A  foreign  artifl:  muft 
leeds  be  well  paid,  and  the  fmall 
lumber  of  employers  at  that  period 
:ould  fcarcely  afford  fufficient  en- 
:ouragementfor  an  eminent  artift  to 
elinquift  more  genial  chmes,  and 
nore  munificent  patrons. 

The  Catholic  religion  is  more 
ongenial  to  painting,  than  the  auf- 
enty  of  Calvinifm  ;  previous  to  the 
eformation,  however,  the  art  had 
:arcely  taken  root  in  Scotland,  and 
licre  were  numerous  circumftances 
1  the  fituation  of  the  country,  and 
^  Its  inhabitants,  which  prevented 
LXIV. 


pamting  from  being  cultivatv-J  in  an 
extraordinary  degree,  and  availing- 
itlelr  of  the  Romilh  mode  of  wo^ 
Jip.  During  the  reign  of  JoLix 
Knox,  popery  and  painting,  and 
all  the  arts,  fell  together;  a'^/ligrna 
was  attached  to  the  fine  arts,  in 
confequence  of  their  connexion  witU 
the  Pope  and  his  Cardinals ;  and  a 
long  quarantine  w^s.  neceiHiry  before 
painting  could  recover  its  former 
charadler  and  countenance. 

About  the  beginning  of  the  laft 
century,  the  arts  began  again  to  be 
more  cultivated.  Scotiih  artiits  a- 
lofe  in  greater  numbers,  and  paint- 
mg,  m  all  its  branches,  was  revived 
and  encouraged.  Several  French 
painters  of  confiderable  merit  prac- 
tifed  the  art  in  Scotland,  and  in^ 
creafed  the  knowledge  of  its  prin- 
ciples in  the  metropolis  ©f  the 
country.  De  la  Cour  and  Fav?7on 
mitiated  a  mimber  of  Scotiih  pupils, 
who  after  they  had  acquired  the 
rudiments  of  the  art,  and  imbibed 
the  enthufiafm  neceifary  to  future 
proficiency,  went  to  Italy  to  com- 
plete  their  ftudies.  * 

ALEXAND£RRuNClMAN,thefubjecl 

*The  memories  of  Dels  Cour  and 
favilon  are  much  honoured,  in  corfe- 
quence  of  thele  mafters  havijig  initiated 
Kicli  accompliilicd  painters  a's  the  two 
Runcimans,  Brown,  and  Xafniyth.  Tohn 
4  O 


620     Biographical  Sketch  of  Alexander  Runciman.  Vol.  64. 


of  the  prefent  memoir,  was  born  In 
Edinburgh,  in  the  year  1756;  his 
father  v/as  an  architect,  a  profeflion 
nearly  allied  to  that  of  painting, 
and  it  is  eafy  to  conceive  that,  ha- 
bituated from  his  infancy  to  behold 
his  liither's  drawings,  Alexander 
mufl;  have  acquired  a  propenfity  to 
the  art  in  general.  This  difpofition 
he  evinced  very  early  in  life,  and 
was  frequently  employed  in  making 
Iketches  of  any  remarkable  obje<ft 
tliat  came  in  his  way.  It  would  be 
agreeable,  were  it  in  our  power,  to 
prefent  a  particular  account  6f  the 
progiefs  of  the  young  painter.  'I'his 
cannot  at  prefent  be  delineated,  but 
it  will  be  readily  fuppofed,  that  the 
fertile  pencil  of  Alexander  would 
not  long  remain  contented  with 
drawing  ftraight  lines,  and  plans  of 
elevation.  The  mutilated,  mofs- 
grown  trunk,  the  rifted  rock,  and 
the  foaming  w^ater-fall,  were  better 
fuited  to  his  romantic  genius,  and 
there  can  be  no  doubt,  that  fenfibi- 
lity,  fuch  as  his,  mull  have  been 
tranfported  to  extafy,  while  dwell- 
mg  upon  the  fafcinating  graces  of 
landicape. 

Mr  Runciman  went  as  an  ap- 
prentice to  John  and  Robert  Nor- 
ries,  in  the  year  1750,  the  elder  of 
whom  (John)  was  a  celebrated  land- 
fcape painter,  and,  under  his  inllruc- 
tion,  our  young  artiil  made  rapid 
progrefs  in  the  art. 

1  ;  was  in  the  year  1 754,  that  the 
unfortunate  academy  of  the  fine  arts 
w^as  eftablifhed  at  Glafgcw,  by  the 


Funcimnn,  the  elder  brother,  died  a- 
broad  :  he  was  thought,  by  many*  tven 
to  excel  Alexander;  his  pidures,  chiefly 
hifiory  and  convetfation  pieces,  are  in 
the  fii(^  fiyle,  and  are  now  vtry  fcarce. 
Brown  went  alfo  to  Italy,  w  here  he  rt- 
jnaintd  feven  ye^rs  :  when  he  returntd 
to  Scotland,  he  drew  portraits  in  black 
lead  in  fo  cxquifite  a  manner  thst  he 
has  never  yet  been  tqu^^lled.  Of  Kaf- 
inyth's  merit  it  is  d  ffieult  to  ii.\y  too 
irnch  ;  his  eulogy  is  r(  corded  in  the 
breads  of  all  thofc  who  look  upoH  his 
landfcapts. 


enterprizing  and  celebrated  printers, 
Robert  and  Andrew  Foulis.  In 
this  academy  were  taught  painting, 
engraving,  modelling,  and  motilding, 
and  it  was  furnifhed  from  the  Con- 
tinent, with  the  bed  fpecimens  of 
art.  Young  men  of  genius  were  in- 
vited to  become  (Indents.  Their  ta- 
lents alone  entitled  them  to  the  re- 
gard of  the  company,  at  whofe  ex- 
pence  they  lived,  not  ortly  during 
their  labours  at  home,  but  while 
abroad  in  purfuit  of  further  im- 
provement, f 

Runciman  began  profeflionally 
to  paint  landscape  about  the  year 
1755.  Thefe  Were  not  firft  attempts ; 
he  had  ftudied  and  painted  much 
before  he  made  this  public  exhi- 
bition, and  his  drawings  at  this 
period,  evinced  his  application  in 
the  ftrongeft  manner  y  but,  al- 
though they  were  comparatively  ex- 
cellent, they  were  only  the  forebod- 
ings of  future  greatnefs,  and  an  in-i 
dication  of  that  fuperlative  merit, 
which  he  afterwards  difplayed,  even 
in  this  branch  of  the  art. 

Runciman  continued  to  paint 
landfcape  for  five  years  with  in- 
creafmg  reputation.  But  the  ver- 
fatility  of  his  talents  did  not  permit 
him* to  be  great  only  in  one  depart- 
ment. In  1760,  his  genius  launch- 
ed into  the  extenfive  regions  of  hif- 
tory  painting — where,  in  delineating 
human  poiFions,  his  energetic  mind 
had  greater  fcope  tlian  in  pourtray- 
irg  peaceful  fields— ^ the  humble  cot- 
tage— and  the  unambitious  Ihep- 
herd. 

During  fix  years  did  he  dedicate 
himfelf  to  the  ftudy  and  practice  ^ 
hiftory  paindng,  amidft  many  difad' 
vantages  of  fituation.  But  although 
he  made  rapid  progrefs  in  all 
important  qualities  which  confti- 
tute  eminence  in  this  branch  of  the 


f  See  an  elegant  and  fplrited  Iketeh 
of  the  hiftory  of  Scotilh  painting  *ixi 
Campbell's  Journey  through  ScotUiodj 
lately  pubKihed.    Vol.  II. 


Aug.  1 802.  Biographical  Sketch  of  Alexander  Rmciman.     62  r 


art;  yet  he  could  not  be  fatisfied 
with  himfelF,  until  he  fliould  (ludy, 
in  Italy,  thofe  celebrated  works,  the 
excellence  of  which  he  laboured  io 
ftrenuoufly  to  imitate. 

In  the  year  1766,,  being  30  years 
of  age,  he  fet  out  for  Italy,  full  of 
the  enthufiafm  of  a  painter,  to  kneel 
before  the  pidures  of  Raphael  and 
the  Carracci,  and  catch  a  fliare  of 
the  infpiration,  which  animated 
thefe  mafters.  He  could  indeed 
fay,  with  the  artift  whofe  works  he 
beheld,  "  and  I  alfo  am  a  painter;'' 
as  he  had  now  pradlfed  at  leaft  i  z 
years,  and  had  attained  a  proficien- 
cy, which  fome  would  have  thought 
precluded  the  neceflity  of  going 
abroad.  But  he  longed  to  converfe 
in  high  vifion  with  the  fhades  of  the 
iiluftrious  dead  on  the  fpot  where 
once  they  lived. 

During  a  refidence  in  Italy  of 
five  years,  he  continued  to  draw 
from  the  antique  ;  to  copy  the  beft 
pidures  of  the  ancient  mafters,  and 
to  improve  himfelf,  by  afhduous 
fludy  of  the  numerous  celebrated 
works  to  be  met  with  in  the  Italian 
galleries.  By  thefe  means,  he  not 
only  encreafed  in  facility  and  truth 
in  drawing,  but  acquired  new  gene- 
ral principles,  and  a  more  refined 
and  corred:  tafte.  His  conceptions, 
too,  could  not  fail  of  being  ftill  far- 
ther enlarged,  by  the  view  of  fo 
Tiany  fublime  works  of  genius. 
The  art  of  compofition,  of  fuch 
:onfequence  in  an  hillorical  painter, 
:ould  only  be  thoroughly  learned, 
rom  attentively  lludying  its  prin- 
iples,  as  they  are  exemplified  in 
heie  fcientific  ftandards ;  and  he 
aught,  with  fuch  truth,  the  rich- 
lefs,  yet  chaftened  ftyle,  of  colour- 
of  the  Venetian  fcliool,  that  lie 
vas  allowed  to  excell,  in  this  quali- 
y,  all  his  competitors. 

Ru  SCI  MAN  returned  to  his  native 
ity  in  the  year  1771,  with  thofe 
ddnional  improvements,  which 
^ere  to  be  expeded,  from  fuch  op- 
Qrtuniiies  as  he  had  now  enjoyed. 
Vol.  LXIV,  ^  ^ 


and  a  more  mature  judgment. 
was  now  well  entitled  to  the  patro- 
nage of  his  country,  and  in  fo  far 
obtained  it*. 

The  honourable  Truftees  for  the 
Encouragement  of  Arts,  ^:c.  in  Scot- 
land, had,  about  the  year  1760,  e- 
Ibbhflied  in  the  College  of  PLdin- 
burgh,  an  academy  for  iJie  lludy  of 
drawing,  of  which  De  la  Cour  and 
Pavilon,  two  French  artiRs  of  fcm  i 
ability,  were  fucccfhvely  appointed 
mafters.  On  the  death  of  the  lattei , 
which  happened  in  1771,  Runciman 
was  folicited  to  take  charge  of  the 
academy  ;  and,  in  the  difcharge  of 
the  laborious  and  important  duties 
attendant  on  that  fituation  he  ac- 
quitted himfelf  m  a  manner  that  did 
credit  to  his  abilities,  and  honour 
to  his  country. 

Soon  after  he  returned  to  Edin- 
burgh, he  projected,  and  began  his 
great  work  in  the  H:dl  of  Offian  ar 
Pennycuick,  the  feat  of  Sir  Jamzs 
Clerk,  Baronet.  I  (hall  here  tran- 
fcribe  the  words  of  a  learned  Con^ 
noi/Teur,  who  pubhfhed  an  elegant 
and  particular  defcription  of  the 
paintings,  when  they  were  finiftied. 

The  fate  of  old  Oilian  feems  to 
have  been  peculiarly  happy.  Upon 
the  eve  of  being  deferted  by  tradi, 
tion,  his  only  prefer ver,  and  even  by 
the  language  itfelf,  the  genius  of 
Ma-pi]erfon  interpofed,  received 
the  charge,  and  gave  him  to  tl:- 
world. 

Fortunate  in  a  trannat(.r,  tl? 
Celtic  bard  has  been  equally  fo,  in 
receiving  his  fame  from  the  tafle 
and  judgment  of  a  critic,  bleft  witl: 
every  valu  able  qual'ty  and  chara^ei-. 


*  BelitJcfs  the  Iloi:oi):.ib;e  Board 
Truftees  and  Sirjtmcs  Ceik  of  Vc^- 
nycuick.  Ri3nci:nan  was  uadcrr  conn- 
ckT.'ibie  obligations,  nftvrr  lie  returned 
to  Scotland,  to  Mr  Rjbtrt  Altxandcr 
merchant  in  Edinburgh.  To  this  gentle- 
man, it  is  certain,  his  country  owed 
more  for  the  countenance  and  fiippor: 
ofrifmg  genius,  ihrn  to  the  nhoie 
body  of  iicr  nobilitv. 

4  P  To 


62i       Biographical  Sketch  of  Alexander  Runciman.  Vol.  64- 


"  To  complete  the  honours  of  the 
poet,  nothing  was  wanting,  but  the 
attendance  of  the  fifter  art.  It  was 
therefore  with  uncommon  pleafure, 
that  I  heard  of  his  being  adopted 
by  a  native  artift,  under  the  patro- 
nage of  a  genth^nian,  dillingulHied 
by  a  fine  taile,  and  warm  regard  to 
the  arts.  The  work,  wliich  is  now 
finiflied,  is  the  only  original  perform^ 
ance  ever  executed  in  Scotland." 

Runcinian's  next  capital  compo- 
fition,  is  a  pitflure  of  the  Afcenfion, 
painted  on  the  ceiling  above  the  al- 
tar of  the  Epifcopal  Chapel,  Cow- 
gate,  Edinburgh. 

His  King  Lear  feems  to  have 
been  conceived  and  executed  with 
aJl  the  fire  and  feeling  of  Shakef- 
pear — The  Andromeda,  from  which 
Mr  Legat  made  his  highly  finilhed 
engraving,  is  coloured  in  a  ftyle  no- 
thing inferior  to  Titian  or  Corregio 
—His  great  Hiilorical  Wotkof  A- 
grippina,  landing  with  the  afhes  of 
Germanicus,  was  a  favourite  piece, 
on  which  the  painter  beftowed  more 
than  ufual  pains,  and  with  tliat  fuc^ 
cefs  which  will,  with  pofterity,  fully 
juftify  the  high  encomiums  beftowed 
by  the  ingenious  Mr  Brown,  on  the 
excellence  of  his  compcfition  and 
colouring. 

He  continued  to  fiipf  rintcnd  the 
academy,  and  to  execute  hiftorical 
pieces  as  far  as  his  leifure  and 
health  (which  v/as  confiderably  in- 
jured by  painting  the  hall  of  Ofiian), 
would  permit.  His  falary  from  liis 
office  formed  a  competences  which, 
when  augmented  by  tlie  emolu- 
ments derived  from  his  other  works, 
raifed  him  to*a  ftate  of  independence. 

He  was  never  married,  but  had 
a  natural  fon  named  John,  who 
was  bred  a  filverfmith)  and  went  t.o 
London  feme  years  fince. 

In  his  character  as  a  man,  he 
was  remarkable  for  a  candopr  and 
fimplicity  of  manners,  and  polfelfed 
a  happy  talent  for  converfation, 
which  caufed  his  company  to  be 
courted  by  fome  of  die  moft  emi- 


nent literary  chara£lers  of  his  timie^ 
Hume,  Robertfdn,  Kaims,  and 
Monboddo,  were  among  the  mmi- 
ber  of  his  frequent  Vifitors.  But 
his  real  worth  and  goodnefs  of 
heart  were  known  to  his  moll 

intimate  friends,  who  had  accefs  to 
him  J^t  all  times.  Nor  was  he  lefs 
remakable  for  his  readinefs  in  com- 
municating information,  and  his  bt'l 
advice,  to  yoUng  artifts,  in  order  to 
further  the  progrefs  of  their  im- 
provement in  the  arts. 

His  chara^ler  as  a  pa'nter,  has 
been  elegantly  fketched  by  a  brother 
artift,  the  accomplifhed  Mr  John 
Brown,  who  was  better  qualified 
than  moft  men  to  judge  of  his  merit. 

"  Mr  Runciman  v/as  an  artift. 
by  nature,  eminently  qualified  to 
excel  in  all  thofe  nobler  parts  of  the 
art,  the  attainment  of  which  de- 
pends on  the  polfeflion  of  the  high- 
eft  powers  of  the  mind.-— Though 
for  a  long  period  of  years  labouring 
under  every  poffible  difadvantage^ 
he  completed  works,  which  upon  the 
v.'hole,  are  equal  to  the  heft  of  thofe 
of  his  contenjporaries,  and  in  fome 
fefpe<fls,  it  may  be  boldly  affer^ed, 
that  they  are  fuperior. — His  fancy 
was  fertile,  his  difcernment  of  cha- 
rader  keen,  his  tafte  truly  elegantf 
and  his  conceptions  alv/ays  great. — 
Though  his  genius  feemxs  to  be  beft 
fuited  to  the  grand  and  ferious,  yet 
many  of  his  v^^orks  amply  prove, 
that  he  could  move  with  equal  fuc- 
cefs  in  the  lefs  elevated  line  of  the 
gay  and  pleafing. — His  chief  excel- 
lence was  compofition,  the  nobieil 
part  of  the  art,  in  which  it  is 
doubted  whether  he  had  any  hving 
fuperior.  With  regard  to  the  truth, 
the  harmony,  the  richnefs,  and  thj 
gravity  of  colouring  ;  in  that  ftde, 
i-a  ihorf,  which  is  the  peculiar  cha- 
raclerift ic  of  the  antient  Venetian, 
and  the  direcl  contraft  to  the  mo- 
dern Englifti  School,  he  was  un- 
rivalled. His  works,  it  muft  be 
granted,  like  all  thofe  of  the  prefen* 
times,  were  far  from  being  perfedl  ; 


Aug.  1802.       CovjunEiion  of  Saturn  and  Jupiter. 


but  It  was  Mr  Runciman^s  peculiar 
misfortune,  that  his  defedls  were  of 
fuch  a  natuie,  as  to  be  obvious  to 
the  moft  unlkilful  eye,  whilfl  his 
beauties  were  of  a  kind,  which  few 
have  fulEcicnt  tafte  or  knowledge 
in  the  art  to  difcern,  far  lefs  to  ap- 
preciate/' 


The  fine  arts  and  his  friends  were 
deprived  of  this  extraordinar/ 
painter,  on  0<5lober  21ft  1785. 

In  a  future  Number,  wc  fhall 
fubmit  fonie  critical  ftriclures  upon 
the  principal  hiftorical  paintings  of 
Mr  Runciman, 


Sir, 


To  the  Publisher  of  the  Scots  Magazine 


I  SEND  you  the  refult  of  fome  in- 
quiries and  computations  I  made 
lately,  refpeding  the  conjundion  of 
the  tv/o  fuperior  planets  Saturn  and 
lupiter,  a  phaenomenon  feldom  feen, 
but  which  on  this,  and  other  ac- 
counts, is  not  a  little  interelb'ng  to 
the  lovers  of  that  fubhme  fcience, 
Aftronomy.  Thefe  two  planets  were 
feen  in  conjunction  on  the  i6th  in- 
ftant. 

It  is  neceffary  to  obf^rve,  for  the 
information  of  the  young  reader, 
that  two  planets  arc  in  conjundion, 
when  they  appear  in,  or  near  the 
fame  place  in  the  heavens,  or  when 
their  longitudes  on  the  ecliptic  arc 
the  fame.  When  the  two  planets 
are  viewed  from  the  earth  in  this 
fituation,  they  are  faid  to  be  in  geo- 
centric co^jundion.  And  when  we  ima- 
gine that  a  fpedator  could  view  the 
planets  from  the  centre  of  the  fun, 
at  the  time  they  appear  from  thence 
to  have  the  lame  longitude,  the  pla- 
nets are  faid  to  be  in  heliocentric  con. 
junction.  Since  the  fun's  centre  is 
the  centre  of  motion  of  all  the  pla- 
nets of  our  fyftem  which  revolve 
round  him ;  and  fmce  the  earth  is 
one  of  theixi,  and  confequently  itfelf 
in  motion,  it  neceffarily  follows, 
that  the  times  of  the  geocentric  and 
heliocentric  conjundions  of  "any  two 
planets,  will,  in  general,  be  differ- 
ent;  the  geocentric  conjundion  hap- 
pening fgoner  or  later  than  the  he- 
liocentric, according  to  tlie  fitiuilon 
of  the  earth  with  rcfped  to  that  of 
the  planets.  • 

'  >  the  prefent  inftan^e  cf  Satunj 


and  Jupiter's  conjundion,  the  diA 
ference  of  time  was  confiderable. 
For  the  geocentric  conjunclion  took 
place,  according  to  computation, 
1802  July  15th,  21'^  ;  31'  :  2",  true 
time,  under  the  meridian  of  Green- 
wich :  ?.nd  allowing  for  the  differ-r 
ence  of  longitude  between  Edin- 
burgh and  Greenwich,  and  for  the 
equation  of  time,  the  conjundion 
was  on  the  1 5th  July  at  9'^ :  23  :  45'' 
a.  .m.  mean  time,  by  the  meridian 
of  Edinburgh.  The  geocentric 
longitudes  of  tlie  planets  being 
5*  :  4^  :  55'  J  2 \"  or  4'-  :  55' :  2 1"  of 
the  fign  Firgo.  But  the  heliocen- 
tric conjunaion  of  the  fame  planets 
happened,  by  computation,  April 
29th,  at  23'^  :  32'  nearly,  by  the  me^ 
ridian  of  Edinburgh.  The  heli- 
ocentric  longitude  of  the  planets 
being  y  :  6'  :  i6"i  nearly  ;  and  dif- 
tant  y  :  140  from  Saturn's  af- 

cending  Node;  and  at  the  diitance  of 
Is  :  27^  :  18  f  from  Jupiter's  afcend* 
ing  Node.  The  heliocentric  lati- 
tude of  Saturn  at  that  time  was 

:  45' :  32''  N.,  and  that  cf  Jupi- 
ter 1^  :6':  38"  N. ;  the  difference^of 
latitude  being  38'  ;  54".  When  on 
the  16th  indant,  the  geocentric  con- 
jundion  took  place,"  Satunvs  geo- 
centric  longitude  was  increafed  to 
5"  :  9^  ;  o'  ;  47",  and  Jupiter's  to 

:  12^  :  12  :  24',  Jupiter  moving 
fwifter  in  his  orbit  than  Saturn,  had 
gained  fmce  the  heliocentric  con- 
junaion 3''  ;  ii':  37"  over  Saturn,- 
before  the  two  planets  could  be  ob- 
ferved  ia  conjundlion  from  the 
4  P  ^  earth. 


624 


Conj  unci  ion  of  Saturn  and  Jvplter.         Vol.  64. 


earth.  The  latitude  of  Saturn  was 
them  :  50' :  32''  N.,  and  Jupiter's 
latitude  :  10':  38"  N.,  and  their 
diiFerence  of  latitude  39  :  54'  that 
is  i'  more  than  at  the  time  of  tlie 
heliocentiic  conjundion  ou  the  2gth 
April,  and  by  io  much  was  Jupiter 
ibuthward  gf  Saturn. 

This  very  near  approach  of  thefc 
planets  oLicrvable  in  the  courie  of 
lali  Spring,  had  not  happened  fuice 
the  year  1742,  ar.  will  be  Ihewn  af- 
terwards, and  will  not  take  place 
sigain  till  the  year  1861  : — We  may 
venture  to  pronounce,  that  no  man 
now  alive  has  feen,  and  fliall  again 
iee,  thefe  planets  at  fo  fmall  a  dif* 
lance  from  one  another. 

If  /  reprefent  the  peiiodical  time 
of  Saturn  in  his  orbit,  and  q  repre- 
fent the  time  of  Jupiter's  revolution 
in  liis  orbit,  it  can  be  ihewn,  that 

—  —  zrtimc  between  two  fucceflive 

conjunctions  of  thefe  planets.  That 
is,  the  ptcdud  of  the  periodical  times 
tliviiled  by  the  d.jWence  of  the  periodical 
limes  ives  the  interval  between  two  succes- 
sive heliecentric  co?ijun^if.ns.  Therefore, 
taking  the  periodical  times  of  their 
revolutions  in  their  orbits,  as  afcer- 
tained  by  the  moil  celebrated  aftro- 
liomer  of  the  age,  De  Lrdande ; 
/mo749.307  days,  9=:4330.374 
days,  we  fmd  the  time  between  two 
iucceffive  conjuftions  to  be  1 9*85879 
years=:ii9  years,  313673  days, 
in  this  fpace  of  time,  Saturn's  mean 
motion  in  longitude  is  8^ :  2^:  5  2':  47'', 
Jupiter  difcribing  this  arch,  together 
with  the  whole  ecliptic  in  the  fame 
thne.  Therefore,  the  mean  inter- 
val of  three  fuccelhve  conjundions 
is  59  years,  210  days,  12  hours,  27 
minutes ;  and  Saturn's  mean  mo- 
lion  in  longitude  8^ :  38' :  2  \'  during 
this  interval,  therefore,  every  third 


fucceffive  conjun<5lion  of  Saturn  and 
Jupiter  advances  8^  :  38'  :  21"  upon 
the  ecliptic  at  a  mean ;  and  every 
3d  preceding  conjundion  took  place 
lb  much  farther  backward  on  the 
ecliptic,  and  nearer  to  Saturn's  af- 
cending  Node. 

Hence,  by  fubtra<5ting  thefe  two 
quantities  from  the  time  and  place 
of  the  heliocentric  conjunction  this 
prefent  year,  v/e  fhall  have  the  time 
1 742  for  the  lafl  heliocentri  cconjtmc- 
tiwn  nearell  to  Saturn's  afcending  no- 
de, and  Hearer  than  the  prefent  by  , 
8^  :  38' :  21".   By  adding  them,  we 
find  i86i  for  the  time  of  the  next' 
ncareft  conjundion  to  his  afcending/: 
n'ide,  but  farther  from  it  by  tlie  ' 
fame  arch. 

Would  we  wifh  to  know  whea,J 
thefe  tv/o  planets  were  in  heliocen- ; 
trie  conjundtion  the  neareft  poffible 
to  Saturn's  afcending  node,  imme- 
diately preceding  the  prefent  time, 
and  when  of  courfe,  the  diftance  of 
the  planets  from  each  other  would 
be  the  leaft  poffible  :  —  W e  muft  fubr 
tracl  the  interval  59  years  &c.  fromi 
1 802,  April  29,  5cc. ;  and     :  38':  2 1'*  [ 
from  Saturn's  longitude  fo  often  till ; 
the  remainder  is  as  near  as  can  be 
found  to  the  longitude  of  his  afcend- 
ing node,  which  will  give  the  mean 
time  of  the  heliocentric  conjundtion 
the  nearell  poffible  to  that  node. 
Thus,  five  times   thefe  quantities 
being  fubtraded,   leave  the  year 
1504,  together  with  142  days  for 
the  mean  time;  and  Saturn's  meaa 
longitude  3^:24'',  the  longitude  of 
the  afcendmg  being  3^:2r^  nearly. 

On  computing  the  places  of  the 
planets  at  that  time,  it  appears,  that 
the  heliocentiic  conjundbion  was  pai^  . 
Jupiter  being  more  advanced  on  the 
ecliptic  than  Saturn  by  2"  :  36'. 


Renewing  the  computation  for  1 504  April  4.  Saturn's  ^ 

heliocentric  longitude  reduced  to  the  ecliptic  is  .  :  1 7^  :  14  :  22' 
Jupiter's  -  ,  -  -  3  •  ^7  =  24  :  48 

Difference,  and  Jupiter  paft  Saturn^  by 


10 


26 


7  :  30 
17:  13 N. 


Aug.  180  2.     Conjmdhn  of  Saturn  and  Jupiter. 

Heliocontric  latitude  of  Saturn  -  ^  ^ 

f  •  of  Jupiter 

i  Difference  of  latitude,  Saturn  fouth  of  Jupiter  by 

By  the  well  known  method  of   liocentric  conjundion  was  found  to 
\  approximation,  the  time  of  the  he-    happen  on  March  23d  1504. 
And  at  that  time  Saturn's  heliocen- 
tric longitude  was  -  3s :  i6<^ :  47' :  16' ;  lat.  o«  :  8' :  o'^  S 
:  Jupiter's            -              .            3:16  :  47  :  12  ;  lat.  0:16:  ^N. 

Difference  of  latitude,  Jupiter  to 
the  northward  of  Saturn 


} 


Long,  of  Saturn's  afcending  node  3  :  20  :  6  :  2  £ 
  of  Jupiter's  afcending  node  3:4:51:11 


24  :  24 


Dia.  of  Sat.  from  his  afcending  node     3  :  19  :  5    in  antecedentia. 


Many  ages  muft  elapfe  before  Sa- 
turn and  Jupiter  can  come  again  into 
a  fimilar  fituation.  For  every  third 
fucceffivc  mean  conjunction  happen- 
ing after  an  interval  of  59  years, 
210  days,  12/0- hours,  and  in  that 
time  the  place  of  conjun(5lion  go- 
ing forward  on  the  ecliptic  only 
8^^  :  38':  21'',  the  length  of  the  pe- 
riod in  which  the  place  of  the  con- 
jundion  would  return  again  to  Sa- 
turn's afcending  node  muft  be  fo 
many  times  59  years,  210  days, 
1 2 5^  hours,  as  8'^  138': 21"  are  con- 
tained in  the  ecliptic,  nearly  a  pe- 
riod of  about  2500  years.  It  is 
here  fuppofed,  that  the  nodes  of 
Saturn's  orbit  are  at  reft  in  the 
heavens  in  refpedl  to  the  fixt  ftars, 
and  that  the  mean  motions  of  Sa- 
turn and  Jupiter  in  longitude  re- 
main conft;mt ;  but  neither  of  thefe 
fappofitions  being  ftri6tly  tiue,  the 
length  of  the  period  of  the  return 
w>f  the  conjundion  to  Saturn's  af- 
:ending  node  may  be  different  from 
:he  length  here  afligned  to  it. 

Observations  have  demonftra- 
:ed,  that  the  fmgle  intervals  between 
:he  conjun(5lions  of  thefe  planets 
differ  by  feVeral  days.  Dr  Halley 
ound,  from  the  obfervations  of  the 
:>pporiti(i>ns  of  1697  and  1689,  that 


Jupiter  had  gained  at  leaft  12' in 
that  period,  more  than  in  the  prece- 
ding and  following  periods;  The 
period  of  Saturn  from  1668  to  1698 
was  more  than  1 3  days  fliorter  than 
the  period  between  1689  ^7i9- 
He  thought  it  very  probable,  that 
this  difference  was  caufed  by  the 
mutual  attradions  of  Saturn  and 
Jupiter  at  their  conjundion  in  1683, 
in  that  place  of  the  heavens  where 
they  approach  moll  towards  each 
other;  at  that  time,  the  force  of 
Saturn  towards  the  fun  is  angment- 
ed,  and  that  of  Jupiter  diminifhed, 
the  velocity  of  Saturn  is  leffened, 
that  of  Jupiter  increaied. 

These  inequalities  are  greater  in 
Saturn  than  in  Jupiter,  becaufe,  ac- 
cording to  Profcffor  M'Laurir,  in 
his  account  of  Sir  J.  Nev/ton's  Phi- 
lofophy,  Jupiter  attrads  Saturn  wiih 
a  force  which  is  the  part  of  the 
fun's  adion  on  Saturn,  while,  at  the 
fame  time,  Saturn  being  beyond  Ju. 
piter  in  refped  to  theYun,  attrads 
Jupiter  with  only  the  difference  of 
his  adion  on  the  fun  and  Jupiter, 
and  this  amounts  to  no  more  than 
the  TyVr  P^i't  of  the  llin's  adion  on 
Jupiter. 

So  long  ago  as  the  beginning  o:^ 
the  fevcnteenth  century,  Kep/er  re- 
marked, 


626 


Conjuiidion  of  Saturn  and  Jupiter.        Vol.  64. 


marked,  that  the  mean  motions  of 
Saturn  and  Jupiter  appeared  to  have 
undergone  a  change.  Fia?nstcad, 
Maraldi^  and  Cassini,  made  the  fame 
remark  on  comparing  the  ancient 
obfervations  \Nith  thofe  of  Tyrho 
Brahe,  he  Monn?er  has  been  tlie 
fir  ft  to  demonftjate,  in  a  laborious 
work  on  the  oppofitions  of  Saturn, 
(Mem.  dc  I' Acad.  1746.)  that  with 
refped  to  this  planet,  there  are  not 
only  periodical  incquallities  which 
depend  upon  its  relative  fituation 
to  Jupiter,  but  likewifc  in  the  fame 
configurations  which  return  after 
the  period  mentioned  above,  59 
years  210  days,  the  error  of  the 
tables  ftill  continues  to  increafe. 

Casjird,  in  the  Memoirs  of  the 
Academy  1746  fhewed  how  tlie  re- 
lative fituations  of  the  aphelions 
{apkclia)  of  Jupiter  and  Saturn 
ought  to  produce  the  acceleration 
of  Jupiter,  and  the  retardation  of 
Saturn.  It  follows  from  his  expla- 
nation, that  when  the  aphelions  of 
thefe  planets,  which  continue  to  fe- 
parate  to  a  greater  dlftance  from 
each  other,  fhall  arrive  at  the  dif- 
tance  of  180  ,  Jupiter  will  then  be- 
gin to  be  retarded,  and  Saturn  to 
be  accelerated ;  and  in  general,  it 
is  natural  to  believe,  that  in  the 
wonderful  fyftem  of  nature,  there  is 
no  elFed  which  ought  not  be  perio- 
dici^i  and  alternate. 

De  Lalmdc  has  endeavoured  to 
determine,  from  the  obfervations 
{ Mem.  de  PAcad.  1 73  7,)  the  meafure 


of  the  quantities  of  the  acceleration 
of  Jupiter,  and  the  retardation  of 
Saturn  for  the  fpace  of  2000  years 
and  he  has  demonftrated  from  the 
rcfult,  that  the  quantity  to  be  ad- 
ded to  the  mean  place  of  Jupiter, 
or  fubtraded  from  the  mean  place 
of  Saturn,  in  order  to  obtain  the 
mean  place  in  another  age,  ought 
to  be  proportional  to  the  Iquares  of 
the  times. 

Dr  Halley^   who  probably  hai 
made  refearches  on  this  fubjecft,  has  ' 
given,  in  his  Anoftromical  Tables, , 
a  fecular  equation  of  83 '.4066  for 
Saturn,  fubtradive  from  his  mean , 
longitude;  and  ior  Jupiter  a  fecur 
lar  equation  of  34".4o66,  additive 
to  the  mean  longitude  of  Jupiter. 

Upon  thefe  principles,  let  us  now' 
compute  the  quantities  of  the  fecu-* 
lar  equations  for  both  planets  for 
the  above  mentioned  period  of  250Q 
years,  as  follows.  As  loo'-:  2500^:: 
8 3 ".4066  :  52i29''~i4^^  :  28  :  49''f  ' 
to  be  fubtracted  from  Saturn's  meait  | 
longitude  for  that  number  of  years/. 
And  as  100^  :  2500^  :  ;  34".4o66 
2 1 504 "r:: 5^  :  58'  :  24"  to  be  added? 
to  the  mean  longitude  of  Jupiter  for 
the  fame  number  of  years. 

We  are  next  to  confidcr  wliat  ef- 
fcd  thefe  equations  produce  on  the 
length  of  the  period  of  return  o: 
the  conjundions  to  Saturn's  nfcen^- 
ing  node ;  or  rather  the  efFed  on  a 
period  of  three  fuccefflve  conjunc- 
tions. * 


Saturn's  mean  motion  referred  to  the  equinox  in  59  years, 

204  days,  I  i  hours,  is  -  - 

Jupiter's  mean  motion  in  the  fame  tirpe 

A  proportional  part  of  Saturn's  fecular  equation 
—  r—  »t  of  Jupiter's   ■  ,    ■  . 


8  : 


27' 
27 


2' 
7 


-  20  :  42 
X  8  :  33 


*  The  effect  upon  the  interval  between  two  or  mo!e' conjundions  following 
in  order,  which  arifes  from  the  raotion  of  Saturii's  nodes,  is  allowed  for  in  the 
aftronomical  tables  themfelves  \  where  the  niotion  of  the.  node  from  the  mean 
equinox  is  found. 

Whicl 


Aug.  iSc2*     Conjiindlon  of  Saturn  and  Jupiter. 

Which  being  applied,  give  Saturn's  mean  motion  corredled  8^ 
And  Jupiter's,  .  .  .  o  , 


:  6' 
35  ; 


627 

20" 
40 


Difference  by  which  Jupiter  pafTcs  Saturn 


20 


Suppose  Jupiter  is  behind  Saturn, 
then  very  nearly  ten  days  u^ould  be 
requifite  for  Jupiter  to  run  through 
this  difference  of  longitude  ;  it  is 
therefore  evident,  the  period  of  three 
fucceffive  conjundtions  is  Ihonened 
by  this  number  of  days  ;  and  inflead 
of  the  mean  length  being  59  years, 
204  days;  1 1  hours,  it  is  59  years, 
194  days,  and  nearly  1 1  hours. 

The  length  of  the  period  of  three 
conjundlions  being  thus  fhortened, 
the  arch  defcribed  by  Saturn  is  alfo 
diminifhed,  and  therefore,  the  length 
of  the  period  of  return  of  the  coa- 
jundions  to  his  afcending  node  is 
lengthened  ;  fmce  a  greater  num- 
ber of  the  leffer  period  will  be  ne- 
celFary  to  carry  the  place  of  the  3d 
conjundion  round  the  ecliptic,  from 
the  afcending  node  in  the  year 
1504.^ 

It  is  proper  to  remark,  that  the 
quantities  of  the  fecular  equations 
employed  above,  are  the  mean 
quantities  in  2500  years  ;  but  as  the 
fecular  equations  increafe,  not  as 
the  times,  but  as  the  fquarcs  of  the 
times ;  thefe  proportional  parts  are 
too  great  for  the  beginning  of  the 
period  of  revolution  of  the  conjunc- 
tions, and  too  little  towards  the  end 
of  that  period.  Hence  it  follows, 
thai  the  length  of  the  period  of 
three  conjunctions,  l>eginning  with 
tiiat  of  1 504,  are  greater  than  this 
ri^an  length,  at  firlfc,  and  continue 
to  decreafe  towards  the  end  of  the 
period  of  revolution.  That,  in  de- 
termining the  fecular  equations  at 
a^y  time  after  the  beginning  of  the 
period,  the  computations  ought  ta 
be  made  for  the  years  elapfcd  lince 
1504  to  that  time.  And  in  com- 
paring the  ancient  obfervations,  the 
^imes  ought  to  be  reckoned  back 
1504. 


It  is  of  no  ufe  to  inquire  farther 
into  the  length  of  the  period  of  the 
return  of  the  conjundions  to  Sa- 
turn's  afcending  node:  The  beft 
tables  extant  cannot  be  depended 
upon  for  afcertaining  the  places  of 
the  planets  at  ib  diftant  a  period  as 
tlie  year  4000  and  upwards.  The 
united  Libours  of  the  aftronomers 
for  centuries  to  come,  are  wanting, 
to  determine  the  full  cffc(51?  of  the 
mutual  adtions  of  thefe  planets,  as 
well  as  what  may  arife  from  the 
Georgian  planet  when  in  their  neigh- 
bourhood. 

Proofs  of  the  beautiful  and  fimple 
theory  of  univcirsai  gravitation,  of 
which  the  irregularities  obfervable 
in  the  motions  of  Jupiter  and  Sa- 
turn, at  their  conjundions,  is  none 
of  the  ieaft,  have  been  brought  from 
all  quarters  of  the  world  : —From 
the  Polar  circle,  from  Peru,  by  the 
French  Academicians  ;  and  in  a  ftill 
more  fatisfadory  manner,  from  the 
obfervations  of  Dr  Maskeiyne  on  the 
mountain  Schehalh'en  in  Perthihire. 
So  that  it  feems  reafonable  to  be- 
lieve the  time  will  come,  when  this 
th  eory  fiiall  be  confidered  by  every 
philofopher,  not  as  a  plaufible  hypo- 
thecs only,  but  as  the  bond  which 
unites  all  the  bodies  of  the  univerfe 
together  ;  as  the  bond  of  union,  the 
golden  chain  which  binds  that  uni< 
verfe  to  the  Almighty  Creator's 
throne. 

To  return  for  a  moment  to  the 
conjunaion  which  took  place  on 
the  i<^th  infl:.,  I  h.ive  to  regret,  that 
my  time  would  not  permit  to  fend 
you  this  paper  to  be  inferred  in  your 
laif  Number,  had  you  thought  tliat 
proper,  and  therefore,  what  follows 
cannot  be  of  ufe  for  that  occaficn  ; 
but  may  be  the  means  of  pointing 
out  to  the  young  aftronomer,  how 


3  :  6  :  20 


628  ConJunSlion  of  Saturn  and  Jupiter.         Vol.  64 

he  ought  to  prepare  to  obferve  a    day-time,  when  the  planets  cannot 
conjundion  of  two  planets  which    be  feen  with  the  naked  eye. 
may  happen,  like  the  laft,  in  the 

July  16.  Saturn  pad  the  meridian  at  - 
Jupiter   ■    —  *t 

Saturn's  decllnatioa 
Jupiter's  

Difference,  Jupiter  to  the  fouth  of  Saturn 

Jupiter's  femi-apparent  arch 
Jupiter  therefore  rofe  at  -  - 

And  his  rifmg  amplitude  19^  :  19  North  of  Eaft. 
At  the  moment  of  conjundion,  the  azimuth  of  Saturn  was 
The  azimuth  of  Jupiter 
The  altitude  of  Saturn  at  the  conjundion 
And  the  altitude  of  Jupiter 
The  difference  of  altitude,  Jupiter  lowed 
The  difference  of  azimuth,  Jupiter  farthefl  fouth 


ii^  :  N. 
10  :  41  N. 

o  :  37 


4820 
1-32  a.  iju 


S.  88^ 
S.  87 
1 1 
1 1 
o 
o 


:  6' 
33 
:  44 
:  16 
:  28 

•  33 


Such,  Sir,  w^ere  the  computa- 
tions I  judged  proper  to  make  on 
this  occafion,  and  your  readers,  who 
arc  acquainted  with  the  fubjedl  will 
be  fenfible,  that  determining  in  this 
manner  the  azimuth  and  altitudes 
of  the  planets  at  the  time  of  tlieir 


conjundions,  muft  greatly  facilital 
the  finding  them  in  the  heavens  ii 
the  time  of  funfhine. — I  am,  Sir, 
Your  moll  obed.  fervant 

July  26.  1802.  j 


the  planets  as  the  figns  dired,  the 
place  of  the  heliocentric  conjunc- 
tion is  found  in  3^  :  26^  :  52%  or  Vfi 


P.  S.  A  faoi  ter  period  of  return 
of  the  ccnjundion  to  Saturn's  af- 

cending  node  than  that  of  a  mul-     ^  ^    .  . 

liple  of  the  third,  confifts  of  49  26^  :  52'  of  the  fign  Cancer  i  and  2 
fmgle  intervals  following  the  con-  the  diflance  of  :  54'-^  from  Si 
jundion  at  the  node,  March  23d 

^504-  .      ,        ,  . 

B  Y  c  o  mpu  tat  I  on ,  th  e  49  th  c  onj  un  c  - 

tion  fliould  happen  Sept.  21. 247 6,  af- 
ter a  period  of  972  Julian  years  and 
176  days.  Saturn's  fecular  equa- 
tion for  that  time— 2°  :  8'  :  39",  Ju- 
piter'3+o°  :  54' :  1 1'',  which  being 
.applied  to  the  mean  longitudes  of 


turn's  afcending  node,  in  corsequehr 
tia  signorum. — The  latitude  of  Sa- 
turn     :  5'  :  o"  North.    Of  Jupiter, 

:  12'  :  1 1"  North.  Difference  o| 
latitude  7'  :  11"  only.  ^ 

In  this  period  of  revolution,  tl^ 
mean  length  of  an  interval  betweeji 
two  fucceflive  conjun(51ions  is  19 
years,  309  days,  and  5  hours. 


I- 

j 

Aug*.  1S02. 


629 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
I  DESCRIPTION  OF  A  VILLAGE  in  the  DISTRICT  of  BENARES, 

IN  A  LETTER  FROM  AN  OFFICER  TO  HIS  BROTHER. 


Dear  Brother, 

'  THE  mode  of  living,  and  the 
I  climate  of  India  precludes  Europe- 
ans, in  a  gieat  meafure,  from  ac- 
quiring any   intimate    or  minute 
knowledge  of  the  manners  of  the 
natives.  Unlefs  I  had  made  particu- 
lar enquiry  for  the  exprefs  purpofe 
of  laying  before  you  the  following 
account  of  a  village  ;  I  might  have 
remained  in  this  country  for  half 
my  life,  without  any  knowledge  of 
the  very  partial  detail  w^hich  I  now 
intend  to  prefent  to  you. 
I    The  inhabitants  of  the  fmall  ze- 
Imindary,  of  which  you  lately  had 
'  1  defcription,  live  together  in  one 
^i^illage,  which  contains  about  looo 
■ouls ;  a  population  of  nearly  one 
^erfon  to  each  Scotch  acre  ;  and  1 2 
ndividuals  to  each  plow.  The  num- 
>er  of  working  cattle  on  this  pro- 
perty is  400,  that  of  plows  90. 
:    After  the  Zemindar,  the  perfon 
pext  in  rank  and  importance,  is  the 
f  ^utzvarriy  the  fa<flor  or  keeper  of  ac- 
'  ounts  between  the  proprietor  and 
^  enants ;  he  colleds  the  rents,  whe- 
,  her  m  grain  or  in  money,  meafares 
he  ground,  and,  in  the  abfence  of 
He  Zemindar,  fucceeds  to  any  pet* 
'  n^i'i^^i^'^ion  which  the  fmall  fo- 
lety  may  require.     In  him,  you 
•      recognife  the  Baron  bailiff  of 
^;ind;  the  falary  of  this  officer 
paid  by  the  farmer,  at  the  rate 
I  one  inaund  or  a  feer  each,  for 
^    hundred  paid  to  the  proprie- 
LXIV. 


tor.  Sugar,  cotton,  and  other  ar- 
tides,  not  confumed  on  the  eftate, 
pay  a  certain  portion  of  their  va- 
lued price  to  the  landholder,  and 
for  each  rupee  paid  to  the  land- 
lord, the  Putwarri  receives  half  an 
ana,  or  one  thirtieth  part  nearly. 

The  By  ah,  or  weigher  of  grain, 
is  the  next  to  the  Putwarri;  this 
man  divides  the  grain  between  the 
Zemindar  and  the  tenant  by  weight 
in  their  refpe^ive  proportions.  The 
Byah  is  paid  by  both  parties  at  the 
rate  of  12  feer  for  every  hundred 
mauns. 

From  the  mean  habitation  of  the 
farmers,    and    their    fcanty  and 
wretched  implements  of  every  kind, 
I  had    conceived    that  there  was 
but  little  divifion  of  labour,  and  feAv 
profeft  tradefmen.   Iron  fmiths  and 
carpenters  make  two  feparate  pro- 
feffions  in  the  fmalleft  village.  A 
Lochar,  or  mailer  tradefnian,  re- 
ceives from  each  plow  a  maun  of 
grain,  confifting  of  a  part  of  each 
iort.    This  is  in  the  nature  of  a  re- 
taining fee,  and  muft  be  paid  annu- 
ally, over  and  above  his  allowance, 
when  adually  employed  in  your 
houfe.    As  often  as  you  have  occa- 
fion  for  his  fervices 'there,  whe  Jier 
in  conaru(fting  the  building,  or  ma* 
king  furniture,  he  is  entitled  to  a 
ciaily  allowance   of  one  puk^ta  or 
great  feer  of  grain.    During  each 
of  the  three  harvefts,  he  receives 
4  one 


630 


Village  in  the  Disiricl  of  Benares.         Vol.  64. 


one  flieaf  of  wheat,  barley,  or  rice, 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  crop 
tlien  reaped.  This  fheaf  is  not  un- 
defined in  quantity,  but  confilU  of 
about  three  feer. 

Whether  it  arifes  from  indo- 
lence or  fuperftition,  I  am  unable 
tc  determine,  the  poorefi:  Hindoo 
families  do  not  wafh  their  own 
clothes  ;  it  is  certain^  however,  that 
each  village  retains  a  number  of 
waihermen  as  a  diilmct  profefiTion. 

The  walherman  receive  iVom  each 
plow  20  feer  of  grain  annually ; 
and  three  flieafs  during  the  three 
harvefts,  as  in  the  cafe  of  the  other 
tradcfmen  already  mentioned.  The 
families  of  tradefmen  who  have  no 
plow,  pay  the  walherman  in  fpecie, 
ixt  the  rate  of  two  anas  yearly.  A 
fum  not  exceeding  fourpence  of 
ybiir  money  annually  is  certainly  a 
fmall  allowance  ;  but  you  will  re- 
coiled:, that  the  quantity  of  clothing 
ufed  by  a  family  of  Hindoo  peafan- 
try  is  not  the  fortieth  part  of  what 
is  neceffary  for  one  of  your  tenants. 
The  children,  till  they  are  ten  or 
twelve,  feldom  put  on  any  clothing 
at  all :  and  after  that  feafon  a  fmall 
piece  covering  the  middle,  is  the 
Tvhole  attire  of  the  lords  of  the 
creation  in  tliis  dittrid.  Wafliing 
to  Europeans  in  this  country  is  per- 
formed by  fervant  hired  by  each  in- 
dividual, at  the  rate  of  from  eight 
to  ten  pounds  annually,  a  very  fmall 
fumjifyou  advert  to  the  quantity 
of  work.  Here  our  whole  drefs  is 
white  cotton,  and  muft,  on  account 
of  the  heatbf  the  climate,  be  changed 
twice  or  thrice  every  day.  * 


*  In  feme  parts,  the  walhermen  are 
entitled  to  five  feer  of  grain  for  wafliing 
the  childbed  linncn  at  each  birth.  Wafh- 
ing  is  not  performed  within  doors,  nor 
by  putting  the  clothes  in  veffels  as  in 
Europe  ;  but  at  the  fide  of  a  bank  or 
river,  and  by  ftriking  them  againft  a 
carved  plank  of  wood. 


The  fuperftition  of  the  country 
occafions  another  profeflion  not  com- 
mon in  your  villages,  that  of  a  (ha- 
ver. Part  of  the  beard,  the  arm- 
pits, are  regularly  fhaved,  even  a- 
mong  the  lowefl:  clafles  ;  as  one  pcr- 
fon  in  this  capacity  can  accommo- 
date a  cohfiderable  number  of  indi- 
viduals, his  wages  are  fettled  at  one 
ana  or  twopence  llerling  per  an- 
num. 

The  greater  part  of  cooking  u- 
tenfds,  and  vcifels  for  holding  v/a- 
ter  are  of  earthen  ware  ;  feveral  of 
thefe  are  in  daily  ufe  in  each  fami- 
ly, and  from  their  frangible  nature 
the  confumption  of  them  is  confi- 
de rable.  This  occafions  the  trade 
of  a  potter  to  be  univerfal  in  every 
village  of  the  country.  The  potter 
receives  from  each  plow,  his  three 
Iheafs  in  the  three  fucceflive  har- 
vells ;  he  is  paid  behdes  for  each 
pot  according  to  its  fize,  only  the 
Zemindar  has  his  at  half  price,  and 
cuftom  alfo  obliges  the  potter  to 
provide  utenfils  for  foldiers  or  fuch  - 
travellers,  as  may  pafs  iht  night  in 
the  village.  Earthen  pots  are  very 
common  through  all  Afia  ;  and  by 
what  we  read  concerning  the  pot* 
ter's  field,"  they  fcem  to  have  been 
in  ufe  in  Judea,  and  to  have  liad  an 
allotement  of  ground  for  their  ma- 
nufadlure.  In  India,  the  ground 
is  lurniftied  by  the  proprietor,  and 
for  this  rcafon,  he  is  fupplied  at  an 
inferior  price. 

The  lowed,  and  moft  defpiled or- 
der of  tradefmen  in  In^ia  are  the  Chi/' 
mars  or  leatliei*  cutters.  I'he  Chu* 
inar  receives  in  harveft  three  Hieafs 
from  each  plow ;  but  belides  the  an- 
nual fee,  he  is  paid  for  every  fet  of 
ropes  or  harnefs  he  furnifhes  for 
a  plow,  two  feer  and  an  half  of 
grain.  For  each  pair  of  fhocs,  the 
cuilomary  price  is  ten  feer  of  grain. 
Tradefmen  pay  two  anas,  which  is 
deemed  in  ordinary  times  a  higher 
price  ;  but  they  pay  no  part  of  his  j 
annual  fee  of  three  flieafs.  ! 

The! 


Aug.  1802.       Village  iu  the  . 

The  bad  police  of  the  Eaft  im- 
pofes  the  neceflity  of  employing 
watchmen  during  night,  to  protect 
the  property  of  individuals,  and  to 
preferve  the  peace.    This  bufmefs 
is  committed  to   the  Do/Tauds  or 
Chockidars,  feveral  of  which  are  re- 
quired even  in  fequeilered  villages. 
The  nature  of  their  employment  in- 
vefts  thefe  people  with  fome  power 
refembling   that   of   a  conftable. 
They  apprehend  delinquents,  or  re- 
port  dilturbaiaces  to  the  magiilrate. 
Like  all  other  fervants  of  the  pub- 
lic in  this  country,  the  Chockidars 
have  an  annual  fee  of  three  flieaves 
from  each  plow,  during  the  har- 
vells.    Ten  biggahs  of  ground  are 
allowed  to  each  for  his  fupport,  and 
feveral  are  neceifary  ;  the  police  of 
the  country,  imperfed:  as  it  is,  con- 
ftitutes  a  heavy  burden  on  the  com- 
munity.   In  the  vicinity  of  Euro- 
peans, there  is  a  greater  circulation 
of  property,  and  of  confequence, 
greater  temptation  to  the  violation 
of  it.    Even  in  our  military  can- 
tonments, an   officer   can   by  no 
means  truft  the  charge  of  his  houfe 
to  centinels ;  he  is  obliged  to  hire 
two  or  three  Chockidars,  the  only 
terms  upon  which  he  can  hope  for 
fecurity.    Without  this  precaution, 
the  thieves  have  attained  to  fuch 
dexterity  in  their  trade,  that  they 
can  eafily  rteal  the  pillow  from  un- 
der his  head  during  night. 

The  moft  numerous  clafs  of  la- 
bourers in  a  country  village  is  that 
of  the  plowmen.  In  this  village, 
they  amount  to  about  an  hundred  ; 
and  the  wages  of  each  is  five  feer 
of  grain,  and  one  rupee  each  huU 
nvary  or  plowing  feafon.  Two  fta- 
ted  plowing  feafons  occur  in  the 
year  ;  one  at  the  fetting  in  of  the 
rains  in  June,  the  other  after  they 
break  up  in  November,  The  wages 
of  other  country  labourers  i's  five 
feer  of  grain  per  day  ;  and  during 
harveft  the  25th  fheaf. 

The  Ahear  or  Burdrah  (the  Cow- 


')istrict  of  B mares.  631 

herd)  is  anotherneceflary  profeflion 
in  every  Hindoo  farm.    The  plow- 
ed land  is  neither  fenced  nor  lying 
contiguous,  but  in  fcattered  and  de- 
tached fpots  perfedly  expofed  to 
every  invader.    The  cow-herd  re- 
ceives two  mauns  of  grain  each 
month,  and  for  every  ten  cows  un- 
der his  charge  he  receives  the  milk 
of  one  ;  If  buffaloes  are  under  his 
management,  he  is  entitled  to  the 
milk  of  every  fifth  beaft.  The 
caufe  of  this  difference  I  have  not 
learned  ;  but  conceive  it  to  be  the 
greater  trouble  occafioned  by  keep- 
ing  thele  bulky  and  obftinate  ani- 
mals.   The  pafture  is  common  to 
the  whole  village,  and  the  tradef- 
men  graze  cows,  on  paying  their 
proportion  of  the  cow4ierd's  fee, 
which  is  two  anas  per  month  for 
each  bulFaloe,  or  the  milk  of  the 
cow  every  fifth  day.  Sometimes 
the  pafture  fields  ly  far  from  thti 
village;    to  it  however  they  are 
driven,  and  fhould  it  be  neceffary 
to  crofs  a  river,  the  cow-herd  la>'s 
hold  of  the  tail  of  a  bufR^loe,  and 
tranfports  himfelf  to  the  farther  fide 
with  great  eafe.  In  the  community 
of  the  pafture  grounds,  the  joint 
poifeflion  of  feveral  tenants,  and 
the  payment  of  rent  in  kind  ;  yoii 
will  perceive  a  Ibong  fimilarity  to 
the  pradice  of  certain  diftridis  iu 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

The  two  trades  I  am  next  to  de- 
fcribe  are  fo  different  from  every 
profelnon  to  which  European  man- 
ners give  rife,  that  I  beg  leave  to 
refer  you  to  the  authority  upon 
M'hich  this  narrative  is  grounded, 
for  I  here  wilh  to  difclaim  all  re- 
fponfibiHty,  as  well  as  merit,  in 
giving  the  information  they  may  af- 
ford. 

^  The  trade  of  a  Barhi  is  to  pre- 
pare diihes  of  leaves  from  which  * 
the  Hindoos  eat  their  food.  In 
Bengal,  the  plantain  leaf  is  fo  com- 
mon, and  fromitsfizefocommodious 
for  this  purpofe,  that  tlie  objed  is 
4  Q_2  '  ob- 


6^2 


Village  in  the  District  of  Benares. 


Vol.  64, 


obtained  atonce  without  the  interven- 
tion of  profcfllonal  fkill ;  but,  in  the 
upper  provinces,  there  is  no  fingle 
leaf  which  can  fupply  the  place  of  the 
plantain  ;  an  artificial  combination 
is  made  up  by  patching  different 
leaves  together,  which  forms  a  fub- 
ftitutc  for  a  plate  at  the  Hindoo 
meals.  Five  or  fix  different  kinds 
of  leaves  employed  for  this  pur- 
pofc,  a(l^)rding  to  the  produce  of 
each  diffricl.  In  all,  luAvevcr,  the 
manuf.ivturc  is  ca^^icff  on  ;  and  for 
every  liundrod  plates  furniilicd  by 
the  Baihi,  he  receives  two  anas; 
the  Jemidar  paying  only  half  that 
fum,  eitlicr  becaufe  he  affords  a 
houfe  to  rhe  Barhi,  or  becaufe  he 
takes  the  leaves  from  his  trees. 
During  fcilivals  and  religious  folom- 
nilies,  the  Barhi  carries  a  torcli, 
and  performs  the  office  of  a  muf- 
falgee,  or  torch-bearer. 

The  other  profefTion  alluded  to 
is  that  of  a  B^haut  or  poet,  a  perfon 
who  celebrates  tlie  family,  and  the 
atchievements  of  his  palron,  and  in- 
deed, of  every  one  who  employs 
him.  He  is  recognifed  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  community,  and  has  an 
annuial  fee  of  three  fheafs  from  each 
plow  of  the  village.  Should  a  man's 
vanity  lay  him  under  no  contribu- 
tion, he  has  nothing  more  to  pay  to 
this  officer.  A  fliare  of  this,  how- 
ever, falls  to  the  lot  of  many,  and 
and  to  gratify  it,  they  call  upon  the 
B'haut  to  compofe  a  poem  in  their 
praife  ;  for  every  fuch  compofition 
he  leceives  a  quantity  proportioned 
to  his  merit,  or  the  gratification  af- 
forded to  his  employer.  Before 
marriages,  w^hich  are  here  contrac- 
ted by  the  parents,  it  is  not  uncom- 
mon to  employ  on  each  fide  a 
B'haut,  who  celebrates  the. wealth, 
influence,  and  refpedability  of  the 
party  who  employs  hirp.  And  af- 
ter the  marriage,  or  the  birth  of 
the  lirft  child,  the  married  peribns 
give  him  a  prefent  of  a  bullock,  or 
a  piece  of  cloth,  according  to  their 
circumftances. 


These  particulars  are  offered  on 
the  authoricy  of  a  native  oflicer  of 
the  Bengal  army,*  who,  at  my  re- 
quell,  made  the  nccclfary  enquiries 
upon  his  own  eftate.  The  rcfult 
he  has  obligingly  communicated  in 
a  manufcript  in  the  Hindivi,  taken 
upon  the  fpot.  A  tranllation  of 
this  roanufcript  forms  the  fubilance 
of  this  account ;  and  as  thi>  gentle- 
man bears  a  very  refpcc'^table  clia- 
raifler,  I  have,  on  my  part,  con'idcr- 
ablc  confidence  in  die  accuracy  and 
truth  of  every  part  of  his  narrative. 
It  ought,  in  facl,  to  be  regarded, 
neither  abfurd  nor  incredible,  that 
in  a  country  whers  every  great  man, 
retains  in  his  fervice,  a  domef- 
tick,  merely  for  the  purpofe  of  pro- 
claiming his  titles  to  the  mob  as  he 
pafffs,  there  fhould  exifl  a  race  of 
men  who  fublifl  by  flattery.  Our 
own  manners,  a  few  centuries  ago, 
are  faid  to  have  countenanced  a 
race  of  bards,  who  frequented  the' 
hnufcs  of  chieftains,  and  celebrated* 
their  praifcs  in  a  rude  poetry,  and 
by  flatrery  as  grofs  j\s  the  B'hauts 
of  the  Hindoos.  There  are  a  thou- 
fmd  particulars,  in  which  the  Eu- 
ropean cuiloms  and  manners  in  the 
1 2th  century  feem  to  have  reiem- 
bled  chofe  of  Hindoflan.  The 
pradice  of  entertaining  buffoons  and 
jeilers  at  court  v^as  common  to 
both  countries,  and  feems  to  an- 
nounce a  ftate  of  manners  equally 
indelicate  v/ith  that  above  defcrib- 
ed.  ■ 

In  this  community,  we  have  to 
notice  five  families  of  fhepherds, 
who  poifefs  150  fheep  ;  they  confti- 
tute  a  particular  clafs  who  Iheer 
their  fheep,  and  manufacture  the 
wool.  The  finer  blankets  are  fold 
for  one  rupee  each  ;  the  coarfer 
eight  anas ;  but  the  Jemidar  is  en- 
titled to  what  he  ufes,  at  an  inferior 
price.     Mutton  is  ate  by  almoft 


*  Rim  Jeet  Sing. 

every 


Aug.  1802.      Vindication  of  the  Reformation,  ISc. 


every  caft,  at  leaft  the  rams,  and 
the  cafe  is  the  fame  with  goat's 
•'efli.  ^  In  this  part  of  the  country, 
■ere  is  a  price  fixed  by  Europeans 
:or  every  iheep,  three  for  a  rupee. 
This  is  lower  than  the  real  value, 
id  muft  operate  as  a  grievance ; 
expIaiAs  the  reafon  why  the  na- 
tives are  lb  averfe  to  fell  their  pro- 
ice  to  Europeans. 
From  the  fhepherd,  we  pafs  to 
-~.e  village  Brahmin  ;  as  often  as 
the  Byah  has  colledled  a  particular 
harveft,  the  Brahmin  is  fent  for, 
who  burns  ghee,  and  fays  prayers 
over  the  collected  heap  ;  all  prefent 
join   in   the   ceremony ;  and  the 


633 


Brahmip  receives  as  liis  part,  ore 
raeafure  of  grain,  in  that  implemcat 
winch  js  employed  in  wiaaowintj- 
>t.  He  IS  employed  by  all  the 
tarmers,  and,  at  each  harveft,  hf 
coIle<fls  no  contemptible  tythina  for 
a  village  curate.  Befides  thi.s  the 
Brahmin  receives  many  different 
tees  and  immunities :  at  each  mar 
nage,  he  claims  five  pe^enn  of  the 
bride's  whole  portion;  ♦  cafes 
where  the  parents  can  afford  no 
marriage  dowei,  the  bridegroom 
pays  the  Brahmin  his  fee,  which 
riles  with  the  circumftances  of  the 
party -but  even  to  a  poor  man 
colts  hve  rupees.  t' 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

A  VINDICATION  of  the  REFORMATION  of  the  CHURCH  of 
SCOTLAND,  with  fome  ACCOUNT  of  the  RECORDS. 

.    BY  GEORGE,  FIRST  EARL  OF  CROMARTY.* 


1  HAVE  oft  tymes  heard  with  re- 
grate,  that  our  nation  was  reform- 
ed from  popery,  in,  and  by  tumult 
and  rebellion,  and  this  afferted  b''- 
fo  many  authors,  and  in  feverall  na- 
tions, and  .men  of  fame  and  eikem, 
that  it  was  with  me,  as  with  many 
others,  holdcn  as  true ;  but  havein"- 
from  my  verie  childhood,  been  ac° 
quaint  with  Mr  Robert  Douglafs, 
for  whofe  judgement,  when  I  came 
to  nave  any  of  my  own,  I  had  de- 
fervedly  a  great  refped  ;  and  have- 
Jng  had  fpeciall  opportunity,  in  the 
tyme  of  the  Englifh  ufurpation,  to 
nave  had  intimate  converfation  with 
him,  and  particularly,  upon  this 
lubjeft,  whereupon  he  affured  me. 


that  thefe  were  notorious  calumnys 
and  the  afperfions  of  popiih  writers' 
and  of  fome  other  filly  peifons,  on 
whom  they  had  impofed  :  And  aK 
tho  Biihop  Spotfwood,  M"  Ca'd^r 
wood,  and  Mr  Retry,  had  faid  much 
in  our  churche's  vindication,  (fdr  a- 
to  that  which  is  called  Knoxe's  h-T- 
tory,  It  was  fit,  that  fomethine  ex. 
preft  in  it,  had  been  left  in  fi]e„c»  ) 
yet  thefe  had  not  fo  fully  vindica- 
ted  tlie  afiiags  in  our  church  and 
Itate,  at  our  reformation,  as  the  au 
thentic  records  of  the  church  would 
do,  if  they  were  pubiiiht. 

Ok  the  Englift  invafion,  anno 
163  I,  the  preJbyrry  of  Edinburgh 
did  lecure  th  ■  churche's  recorcls. 


*  F,  o,„  .he  MS.  in  the  poff.mon  of  Mr  Conft.ble,  Boukfcller,  Edi.I^.r  -h. 


634  Vindication  of  the  Reformation^  \3c.       Vol.  64. 


and  papers ;  but  where,  they  kept 
that  fecret ;  yet  Mr  Douglas  told 
me,  that  he  would  endeavour  to  get 
feme  of  the  firft,  whereby  I  might 
be  informed  of  the  dutiful!  aftings 
of  the  firft  prefhyterian  church  ju- 
dicatures, adding,  that  it  was  from 
thefe,  the  characters  of  the  church 
judicatures,  and  their  proceedings, 
Ihould  be  taken  ;  and  not  from  the 
faying s,' writings,  or  actings,  of  pri- 
vate writers  ;  for  good  men  might 
Iiave  ftrong  paffions,  and  perfonal 
faults  and  miilakes,  and  mifmfor- 
mations ;  but  it  were  unjuR,  to 
transfer  that  to  the  colledlive  bodic, 
and  efpecially  to  their  mod  ferious 
counfells  and  convocations. 

Accordingly,  he  did  give  me 
two  volums  of  records,  bound  only 
in  veloms,  which  he  faid,  were  the 
verie  originid  books,  extrailed  by 
Mr  Carmichel  their  clerk,  from  out 
of  their  records  of  die  iiril  reform- 
ed fynods  in  Scotland,  which  he 
faid  were  preferved  by  Mr  William 
iScott,  fcmetyme  miniller  at  Cow- 
per  in  Fyfe,  and  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  Earles  of  Rothes,  and 
Lairds  of  Weems,  in  whofe  houfes 
they  were  preferved  in  tymes  of  the 
civil  wars  in  Qviccn  Mary's  tyme. 
And  thereafter,  by  the  faid  Mr 
Scott,  until  thefe  very  books  were 
produced  in  the  General  Alfembly 
holden  at  Glafgow,  anno  1638. 
And  fmce  which  tyme,  they  have 
been  kept  moftly  by  Mr  Andrew 
Carr  and  his  brother,  until  that 
now,  they  were  fecretly  preferved, 
left  they  Ihould  fidl  in  the  fectarian 
army's  hands :  I  was  allowed  to 
carry  them  with  me  to  Inerteel, 
w^her  my  mother  then  lived,  and 
being  then  in  near  neighborhead 
with  Mr  Andrew  Vj^^mi-d^j,,  who  had 
been  eminent  in  the  Affembly  of 
Glafgow ;  he  both  attefted  thefe 
books  to  have  been  produced  at 
that  fynode,  and  did  lykewa)  s  re- 
grate,  that  the  reformation  from 
popery  in  Scotland  was  not  better 


vindicated,  by  more  authentick  au- 
thority, than  that  of  private  hifto- 
rians,  whofe  wry  tings,  carying  fome- 
thing  of  their  own  wcaknelfes,  and 
did  in  fome  things,  difadvantage  to 
the  reformers'  actions. 

However,  1  read  over  moft  of 
the  two  books,  and  was  verie  glade 
to  find  them  verify  both  what  Mr 
Douglas  and  Mr  Ramfay  had  faid. 

P'oii  both  Englilh  and  PVench 
hiftoiians,  and  fome  of  our  own 
countrymen,  and  indeed  all  the  Ro- 
milh  wryters  on  that  fubjecl,  have 
moft  falfely  averted,  that  our  refor- 
mation from  popery  was  fett  on  by 
lelf-interefted  noblemen,  either  dif- 
contented  with  their  condition,  or 
ambitious  for  publick  employments, 
and  an  envy  of  thofe,  imployed  by 
King  James  the  jth,  in  the  latter 
end  of  his  reign,  and  by  the  Queen 
Regent,  after  his  death,  and  by 
Qneen  Mary,  after  her  aifumption 
of  the  government,  expecting  to 
ryfe  from  the  publick  ruins,  and  to 
liih  in  troubled  waters  :  And  that 
they  did  for  that  end,  ftart  contro- 
verfys,  a/Tert  heriticall  and  fchifma- 
ticall  novcxtys  ;  and  ftirred  up  re* 
hellions,  pretending  reformation,  as 
a  clock  for  their  iedition,  herefies, 
and  fchifms,  and  carried  on  by  il- 
legal force,  what  they  had  fo  wick- 
edly defigned.  This,  thefe  writers 
affert. 

Whereas,  the  truth  is,  that  the 
clergy  of  Scotland  haveing  got  a 
great  part  of  the  ritales  of  the  na- 
tion in  their  poffeffion,  haveing  idle 
hands  and  buhe  heads,  and  haveing 
by  the  mifplaced  zeal  of  many 
kings,  and  races  of  nobility  and 
gentry,  many  lands  and  ibperiori. 
tys,  and  accuftomed  to  be  chofen 
to  be  chief  ofucers  of  ftate,  and  in- 
ftruments  of  the  government,  on 
fuppofition,  that  their  facred  pro- 
feffion,  their  retirement  from  the 
world,  and  voued  celebat,  fhould 
render  them  lefs  avaritious,  lefs  am- 
bitious, lefs  interefted,  and  fo  more 


Aug.  i8o2.     Vindication  of  the  Reformation,  l£c.  635 


equall  governours,  more  juft  judges, 
and  more  peaceable  patriots.  They 
abufnig  thefe  advantages,  and  mif- 
applying  both   their  wealth  and 
truft,  did  ad:  more  arbitrarly,  as 
ever  the  nobility  did,  and  giveing 
themfclves  over  to  luxury,  eafe, 
and  pryde  ;  and  haveing  Ibid  them- 
felves  as  flaves  to  the  ufurpation  of 
Rome,  both  as  to  temporalis  and 
fpiritualls,  and  all  this,  with  a  dif- 
fimulat  afFedion  to  the  prefent  go- 
vernours, buying  their  fupport  and 
favour,  by  being  a(5tive  inftruments, 
in  inflaving  all  others  under  them  ; 
(the  clergy  excepted)  and,  in  con- 
fert  with  Rome,  imploying  their 
wealth  and  power  to  advance  the 
politick  religion  of  fpirituall  ufur- 
pers,  and  with  the  more  rigour, 
that  their  remote  zeall  might  be 
the  more  efteemed,  and  fo  the  bet- 
ter  rewarded   from    the  Roman 
court.    Their  adings  in  generall, 
and  particularly  their  impofmg  hu- 
mane inventions  and  falfe  opinions 
on  men's   confcicnces,   as  God's 
commands,  or  the  churche's  pre- 
fcriptions,  which  by  their  dodrine, 
was  of  equall  or  identick  authority 
with,  divine,  and  of  more  clearnefs, 
and  fo  the  rather  to  be  obeyed  : 
By  thefe  wicked  oppreffions,  and 
fcandalous  dodrines,  they  greeved 
all  who  had  conference  and  know- 
ledge, and  "irritated  all  who  had 
j  courage  and  power.    And  albeit 
;  the  reverence  due  to  churchmen,  fo 
'  long  as  they  were  God's  men,  the 
countenance  of  the  Royal  autho- 
rity, and  the  fubmiflion  and  honour 
which  this  nation  did  always  bear 
!  to  our  kings  and  their  officers,  did 
hinder  the  open  eruption  againft 
'  the  clergys'  pryde,  inlhlence,  and 
\  ambition,  and  fmothered  the  rcfent- 
\\  ments,  wherewith  the  nobility  and 
'!  gentry  did  fecretly  boyle  againil 
:  the  clergy  ;  yet  fo  foon  as  by  king 
I  James  the  fifth's  death,  (which  hap- 
pened in  the  year  1542,;  and  by  the 
impotent  government  of  the  Qiieen 


Regent,  being  a  ftranger,  and  hy 
the  great  increafe  of  the  fplrit  of 
perfecution  for  religion,  the  nation 
generally  highly  provoked,  the  Ro- 
milh  dodtriues  openly  impugned, 
and  the  mids  of  ignorance  much 
difpelled ;  fevcrall  noblemen  and 
gentlemen  did  joyne  in  petitions  to 
the  Queen  Regent,  for  (topping  tJje 
progrefs  of  the  perfecution,  and  the 
fury  of  the  churchmen  ;  and  whiHl 
her  favour  to  the  Romifli  dodrine 
and  priefts  did  prevaill  more  than 
their  petitions,  ilie  always  promifed 
redreffes  and  flops  to  thefe  injuries, 
by  advice  of  parliaments,  and  na- 
tional conventions. 
^  In  the  interim,  the  clergy  con- 
tinueing  the  execution  of  any  who 
refufed  to  own  their  new  dogmas, 
or  would  not  acknov-zledge  the  Tri- 
dentine  faith ;  many  of  the  mod 
confiderable  nobiiitie  and  gentry 
did  concur  defenfively,  to  preferve 
themfelves,  and  their  fellow  fubj eels, 
from  fyre  and  faggott,  in  thefe  vio- 
lent proiecu  ,ions :  In  oppofition  to 
which,  and  to  the  laws  of  the  na- 
tion, the  Queen  Regent,  bringing 
in  forces  from  France,  therewith  to 
execute  arbitrary  government,  and 
the  clergy's  malice,  againft  thoie 
who  called  for  reformation,  untill  by 
the  Queen  of  Ei  gland's  media- 
tion, matters  were  brought  to  ane 
accommodation,  by  ane  agreement, 
which  was  not  finally  concluded 
untill  the  Queen  Regent's  death,  on 
the  tenth  of  June  1560.  One  of 
the  chief  articles  of  which  treaty 
was,  that  the  French  King,  who 
was  then  marryed  on  our  Queen, 
and  the  Queen,  fhould  fend  a  com- 
miflion  for  holding  a  Parliament  in 
Augufl  thereafter :  For  fetth'ng  of 
all  affairs,  both  in  church  and  (Fate, 
and  ad  of  oblivion  pall  for  all  pre- 
ceding tranfgreilions.  Which  Par- 
liament did  accordingly  hold,  be 
virtue  of  that  commillion  and  trea- 
ty ;  in  which  Parliament,  were,  18 
of  the  ftate  of  the  church,  manv  of 

^hc 


636 


Vindication  of  the  Reformation,  ?i)V.      Vol.  64. 


the  mod  confiderable  of  the  nohi- 
iity,  and  the  whole  ftate  of  burrows; 
and  in  which  Parliament,  many- 
ads  of  reformation  of  the  clergy- 
were  pad,  and  feverall  a61:s  againth 
immoralitys,  but  chic-Hy  the  conM- 
fion  of  f< lith,  which  was  drawn  by 
many  of  the  nobility,  gentry,  and 
clergy,  was  pall  in  ane  ad  of  Par- 
liament, tuo  noblemen  only  dilfent- 
ing,  and  fome  of  the  popilh  clergy; 
the  others  of  the  cler;:^y  did  concur; 
which  confeflion  is  ti  c  fame  in  ter- 
minis,  with  the  cont'efTion  of  faith, 
ratified  by  the  firft  Parliament  of 
King  James  the  fixtli,  and  printed 
amongll  its  ads. 

And  albeit  many  of  all  ranks 
within  Scotland  did  dehderat  a  re- 
formation many  years  before  this 
tyme ;  and  albeit  many  fuffered 
maityrdome  for  it,  and  many  faved 
ihemfelves,  pairdy  by  force,  paii  tly 
by  flight,  from  the  illegall  violen- 
cies  that  were  practifed  againft 
them  :  yet  this  ad  of  Parliament 
is  to  be  accounted  the  firft  nation- 
all  ftop  that  was  made  in  reforma- 
tion, wathin  the  kingdome  of  Scot- 
land from  the  popifh  errors.  So  far 
is  it  from  truth,  that  the  reforma- 
tion in  Scotland  was  a  rebelHon,  or 
was  caiTied  on  by  rebellion,  nor  is 
it  lefs  falfe,  that  the  reformation 
was  profecute  in  Scotland  with  per- 
fecution  or  cruelty  ;  for  albeit  the 
papifts  did  perfecute  the  firft  con- 
verts with  the  outmoft  cruelty,  and 
for  a  long  tyme,  yet  after  this  re- 
formation, the  ftate  and  church  of 
Scotland,  and  judicatures  thereof, 
did  never  profecute  one  papift,  as  to 
their  perlbns  or  eftates,  for  their 
opinions,  in  matters  of  religion,  al- 
beit the  penal  laws  againft  idolatry, 
blafphemy,  and  treafonably  owneing 
of  a  foraigne  foveraigne  power, 
might  have  affoorded  ftronger  le- 
gall  grounds  for  punilhing  fuch 
crymes,  than  ever  the  papifts  could 
forge,  from  either  canon  or  civil 
law,  againft  the  Proteftant's  in* 


nocent  tenets,  which,  at  worft,  did 
amount  to  nO  more  than  their  owne- 
ing, that  the  fcriptures,  and  not  the 
churche*s  opinion,  was  the  rule  of 
faith  ;  that  they  could  not  believe 
every  new  invention  of  the  Romifh 
church  as  of  divine  verity;  that  they 
could  not  believe  a  blafphemous 
tranfubftantiation  ;  nor  that  a  fal- 
lible man  or  men  could  prove  ane 
infallible  judge  ;  that  they  thought 
prayers  fhould  be  heard,  and  faid, 
in  ane  intelligible  tongue ;  that 
they  did  not  belive  that  donations 
and  dotations,  which  made  the 
prieft's  kitchens  fmoak,  would  extin- 
gui^h  the  purgeing  fyres  that  fouls 
departed  endured  ;  and  that  they 
could  not  believe,  that  the  al-fuffi- 
cient  fatisfadion  and  facrifice,  offred 
ones  l>y  Chrift,  God  man,  needed 
the  aftiftant  facrifices  of  the  mafs, 
or  the  fillie  additions  of  humane 
works,  to  ftiare  in  the  honour  of 
man's  juftiflcation  :  Yet  thefe  were 
the  caufes  of  all  our  martyre*s  fuf- 
ferings,  which  any  intelligent  man 
may  balance  and  confider,  whether 
thefe  opinions,  or  the  forementioned 
opinions  of  the  Romanifts,  were 
moft  obnoxious  to  penal  laws,  in 
the  fenfe  and  conftrudion  of  the 
laws  of  Scotland,  or  of  any  other 
civilizM  nation  in  Europe. 

It  being  then  clear,  that  the  re- 
formation from  popery  in  Scotland 
was  founded  upon  good  and  folide 
grounds,  and  the  firft  nationall  ftepp 
it  made,  being  in  a  Parliament  law- 
fully called,  and  numeroufly  con- 
veened,  in  a  m.oderate  procedure, 
and  that  all  allong,  fmce  that  be- 
ginning, it  hath  proceeded  always, 
by  ads  of  Parhamcnt  as  to  the  civil 
pairt :  we  ftiall  now  fee  its  ecclefiaf- 
tical  progrefs,  for  albeit  many  par- 
ticular perfons  did  own  a  diftent 
from  feveral  errors  in  the  church 
of  Rome,  and  did  refufe  fubmifFion 
to  their  new-coyned  articles  of 
faith,  and  fuperftitious  rites  and 
modes  of  worfhip ;  and  albeit  a  con- 
fiderable 


Aug.  1802.     Vindication  of  the  Reformation,  '<5'c. 


637 


fiderable  number  of  the  nobility, 
gentry,  and  citizens,  feverulls  of  the 
priefts,  and  many  of  the  religious 
orders  did  make  up  this  number  of 
confefFors  ;  and  albeit  fome  of  thefe 
noblemen,  gentlemen,  and  citizens, 
and  fome  of  thofe  churchmen  did 
meet  at;  feveral  tymes,  fometymes 
in  greater,  fometymes  in  leffer  num- 
bers,  for  ftrengthening  themftives 
in  their  addreffes  to  the  Queen  and 
governours,  and  fometymes  for  de- 
fending one  another  from  the  vio- 
lent and  illegal  attacks  of  the 
trowps  convocated  by  the  clergy, 
for  the  deftroying  of  the  confe/Fors  ; 
yet  all  the  addre/Fes  made  by  the 
congregations  did  allways  bear,  and 
declare  their  conftant  refolution  to 
fubmitt  dutifully  to  the  governors 
and  laws,  in  every  thing,  except 
their  embraceing  of  the  Roman  he- 
refies ;  nor  did  they  ever  fo  much 
as  pretend  to  ad  authoritatively  or 
judicatively,  notwithftanding  that 
fometymes,  thefe  congregations  did 
confift  of  many  of  the  nobihty,  gen- 
try, citizens,  and  clergy,  untill  that 
the  Queen  and  her  hufband  the 
King  of  France  did  call  a  Parlia- 
ment by  their  commiffion,  which 
by  their  fupream  legiflative  capaci- 
ty, could  then  eftablilh  matters  by 
force  of  a  law.  So  that,  if  ever  a  re- 
formation from  fettled  errors  was 
performed  by  legall  and  moderate 
procedure,  this  reformation  from 
popery  in  Scotland  v/as  one. 

For  as  the  reformed  confeffion 
of  faith  was  fatled  and  ratyfied  in 
Parliament,  in  Auguft  1560,  as 
faid  is,  fo  the  meeting  of  the  firfi: 
Generall  Aifembly  was  appoynted 
by  act  of  this  Parliament,  to  be  at 
Edinburgh  the  twentieth  of  Decem- 
ber 1560,  which  did  meet  accord- 
ingly ;  their  firft  work  was,  to  look 
out  for  qualifyed  men  -  for  the  mi - 
niftry  ;  whereof  fome  were  appoyn- 
ted to  be  fuperintendants,  as  Mr 
Calderwood  fays,  page  30 ;  and 
fome  generall  rules  were  ordained 

Vol.  LXIV. 


for  choiceing  minifters,  ciders,  and 
deacons.  The  records  of  this  af- 
fembly  were  not  above  three  or 
four  Iheets  of  paper,  and  are  loft  by 
the  corruption  of  the  paper,  as  ap- 
pears. 

The  Parliament  that  fat  in  Au- 
gnft,  httd,  by  an  acl  abolilhed  the 
Pope's  authority  ;  by  a  fecond  ad, 
annulled  all  av'^s  made  in  preceding 
tymes,  for  maintaining  of  idolatry; 
and  a  third  againft  fayers  and  hear- 
ers of  mafs. 

The  Parliament  had  likeways  ap. 
poynted  a  convention  of  ftates  to 
meet  at  Edinburgh  in  January 
1 56 1,  the  clergy  had  appoynted 
fome  of  their  number  to  prepare  a 
form  of  church  policy  ;  for,  albeit 
before  that,  the  reformed  kirk  had 
a  diredion  in  difcipline  and  external 
worlhip,  which  was  called  the  book 
of  commone  order,  or  the  order  of 
Geneva,  which  is  printed  in  with 
the  Pfalm  book ;  but  now  they 
wouid  have  one  eilabliflied  by  civill 
and  ecclefiaftick  authority,  and  ha- 
ving prepared  one,  they  offred  it  to 
the  convention  of  eftates,  in  Janu- 
ary ;  which  book  of  pohcy  is  at 
length  contained  in  Calderwood's 
hiftory,  and  more  fully  in  Spotf- 
wood's  hiftory  in  the  year  i$6o. 
But  the  convention,  after  debating 
a  litle  upon  the  feveral  heads  there- 
in, did  lay  it  alfyde  for  that  tyme  ; 
yet,  at  the  tyme  of  this  convention, 
many  confiderable  noblemen,  bar- 
rons,  and  Gordoun,  billicp  of  Gal- 
loway, and  Campbell  dean  of  Mur- 
ray, fubfcrybed  to  the  book  of  dif- 
cipline, as  it  was  brought  in  by  the 
clergy. 

Mr  Calderwood,  in  his  hiftory 
fays,  tliat  ^at  this  tyme,  Mr  John 
Spotfwood  was  adnritted  fuperin- 
t  e  n  d  an  t  of  La  wth  i  an .  Knox '  s  hi  ft  o  r  y 
informs  of  a  debate  betwixt  fom.e  cf 
the  Rom.an  and  fome  of  the  reform.- 
ed  clergy,  in  face  of  the  convention, 
for  information  to  the  members, 
and  the  heads  thereof  fet  down, 
4  R  page 


638  Vindication  of  the  Reformation y  iSc.        Vol.  64. 


page  282,  283  cf  the  London  edi- 
tion ;  and  thereafter  fetts  down  the 

^  form  and  order  of  eledion  of  fuper- 
ijitendants  arid  mlniftcrs,  as  agreed 
upon  by  the  clergy,  in  March  1560. 
Which  was  before  the  reforming 
Parhament,  and  before  the  firil  Ge- 
neral AfTembly.. 

Notdy.  That  the  atSts  of  Parliament 
Queen  Mary,  1560,  are  not  printed 
among  Skeen's  ads  of  Parliament, 
but  the  Vifcount  of  Tar  bat,  when 
he  was  clerk  regifter,  did  find,  a- 
mongft  old  papers,  in  ane  auction 
of  Mr  John  Hendrifon's  books, 
(who  had  been  a  Lord  of  Sefhon,) 
the  recoi:d  of  that  Parliament,  which 
he  bought,  and  put  it  among  other 
records  in  the  King's  regiller  houfe, 
where  he  prefumes  it  now  is. 
Amongft  the  articles  of  the  forefaid 
church  policy,  the  fuperintendants 
had  places  of  refidencc  appoynted 
for  them,  their  bounds  were  de- 
iigned,  thei^^ofEce  fet  down ;  the 
manner  of  ele«5tion  and  caufes  of 
depofition,  and  of  new  eledions  in 
jcafe  of  vacancy  5  their  fubjeflion  to 

•cenfure  to  the  minifters  and  elders 
of  the  province,  tliat  they  may  not 
be  tranflated  without  the  counfell 
of  the  whole  church,  and  that  no 
man  be  advanced  to  a  fuperinten- 
dency,  but  he  who  formerly  had 
been  a  mhiifter. 

The  number  of  the  faperinten- 
dants  then  appoynted  by  the  clergy, 
were  one  for  Orknay,  refiding  at 
Kirkua',  his  diocefe  Gaithnefs,  Ork- 
nay, and  Stratlmaver;  one  in  Rofs 
at  Chanory,  for  Sutherland,  Rofs, 
the  North  lOes,  and  Murray  ;  one 
in  Argyle,  for  Argyie,  Kintyre, 
Lorn,  Lochaber,  and  the  South 
Ifles ;  one  in  Aberdeen  for  Aber- 
deen, Bamf ;  one  in  Brechin  for 
Angus,  Mearns,  and  Mkrr,  to  the 
Water  of  Dee  ;  one  in  Fyfe  at  St 
Andrews  for  Fyfe,  Pothringharn, 
and  Perth  to  Stirling  ;  one  in  Low- 
thian,  at  Edinburgh,  for  the  call  of 
Stirling,   the    Lowthians,  Mcrfe, 


Lauderdale,  and  Stow  of  Tweed- 
dale  ;  one  at  Jedburgh  for  Tiviot- 
dale,  Twaddale,  and  Ettrig  ;  one 
at  Glafgow  for  Kinningham,  Kyle, 
Rymphrew,  Clydfdale,  and  Men- 
teith  ;  one  at  Dumfries  for  Gallo- 
way, Carrick,  Annandale,  and  Nidf- 
dale. 

And  as  Spotfwood  remarks,  that 
by  the  prefent  neceOity,  the  exami- 
nation and  admiffion  of  fuperinten- 
dants could  not  be  fo  ilrick  as  after- 
waids  it  mull:,  that  therefore  the 
councill  Ihould  now  nominate  fo 
many  as  may  ferve  in  thefe  provin- 
ces, or  give  commiflion  to  men  of 
knowledge  and  of  piety  to  doe  it„ 
provyding  always,  that  the  gentle- 
men and  hurgefes  within  the  dio- 
cefe,  being  allways  privy  to  the 
ele<5lion,  thereby  to  bring  the  church 
again  in  pradife  of  her  liberty. 

These  things  are  collected  from 
what  is  unanimoufly  recorded  in 
the  hiftorys  of  Knox,  Spotfwood, 
and  Calderwood,  for  the  records  of 
the  years  1560,  1561^  and  1362, 
and  the  records  of  the  Parliament 
1 56 1,  1562,  not  being  printed,  we 
muft  content  ourfelves  with  their 
authority. 

The  Queen  returned  from  France 
1561,  on  the  twentie  day  of  Auguft,, 
and  a  few  days  thereafter,  in  a  great 
councill,  it  was  enacled,  that  na 
change  or  alteration  fhould  be  made 
in  the  prefent  ftate  of  religion,  as  it 
then  ftood  by  acl  of  Parliament,  in 
the  Confeffion  of  Faith,  refer ving 
only  her  own  fervice  in  private  in, 
her  own  family,  againft  vvhich  feve- 
ralls  alfo  of  the  Lords  prefent  did 
proteft  ;  fhortly  thereafter,  one  Ni- 
ni.ni  Wyniat,  wrytmg  againd  the 
Confeffion  of  Faith,  was  fentenced 
by  the  church,  and  banilLed  by  die 
Councill,  in  the  year  1562:.  the 
archbilhop  of  St  Andrews,  the  ab- 
bot of  Corfregall,  and  pryor  ©f 
Whitehorn,  were  imprifoned  for 
hearing  of  mafs,  but  in  free  prifon, 
without  any  other  hurt. 


Aug.  1^02.      Vindication  of  ^ 

In  June  i;r2^  a  General  1  A flem- 
h\y  did  hold  at  Edinburgh,  the  re. 
cords  whereof  all  concerned,  ex- 
cept tuo  leave-i,  Vv^hich  contained 
fomething  of  Paul  Mephin's  flander 
and  fatisfadion,  feffion  2d,  which  on 
the  26th  of  June  appoynts,  that  no 
fecret  contrad  of  marriage  fliall  be 
fuilained  to  a/foilzie  the  pairtics 
from  fornication  but  what  is  pub- 
lickly  beforehand;  as  alfo  there- 
was  an  a(5t  concerning  the  method 
and  order  of  appellations ;  Calder- 
wood  notes,  page  32,  that  it  was 
enaded,  that  faperintendants  and 
minifters  Ihould  be  tryed  in  iyfe  and 
dodrine. 

The  fifth  Generall  Affembly  did 
hold  at  St  Johnfton,  on  the  25Lh  of 
June  1563,  where  Paul  Mephin  was 
ft  aged  in  the  firft  feffion,  and  the 
fecond  feffion  27th  June,  the  mat- 
ter of  clandeftine  marriages  was 
confidered;  item  the  matter  of  ap- 
pellations in  church  judicatures, 
and  fome  diredtions  given  for  the 
inftitution  of  youth;  the  third  feffion 
was  on  that  fame  day  in  the  after- 
noon,  where  orders  were  given 
anent  printing  of  religious  books  ; 
the  fourth  feffion  was  upon  the  28th 
of  June,  where  the  fuperintendants 
were  ordered  to  make  intimation  to 
all  the  Ihires,  burghs,  and  pariffi 
kirks,  fometyme  beJore  any  General 
Affem.biy  did  m.eet. 

The  fixth  Generall  Affembly  did 
meet  at  Edinburgh  the  27th  of  De- 
cember 1563.  The  firft  feffion  that 
day,  power  was"  given  to  John 
Knox,  to  call  the  Generall  Aifem- 
^ly  on  any  extraordinary  occafion, 
^ecaufe  of  the  tumults  and  confu- 
lons  of  the  tyme  ;  Mr  John  Wilock 
^as  chofen  moderator,  and  ane  ad 
^as  made,  that  a  moderator  fiiould 
)e  ftill  chofen  thereafter,  the  firft 
iay  of  the  Affembly.  The  fecond 
efiion  was  upon  the  28th  of  Decem- 
)er,  where  overtures  were  made  for 
emding  of  poor  labourer's  land. 
The  third  feffion  was  upon  the  29th, 


he  Reformation,  iSc,  639 

when  the  book  of  difcipline  was  re- 
initted  to  a  commiffion.  The  fourth 
feffion  on  the  thretty  day;  where 
the  articles  for  religion  and  difci- 
pline then  agreed  to  were  offred  hj 
the  General  Affembly  to  the  Queen, 
and  comniiffioners  nominate  and 
joyned  with  Lords  of  the  councill 
for  prefenting  the  fame  ;  to  which 
her  Majefty  gave  a  gracious  and 
fare  return  to  the  fatisfadion  of  the 
Generall  Affembly.    The  fifth  fef- 
fion on  the  laft  day  of  December,  a 
commiffion  given  by  the  Generall 
Aifembly  to  the  fuperintendans  of 
Angus,  Fyfe,  Louthian,  and  the 
Merfe,  with  ten  other  minifters,  and 
Mr  George  Buchannan,  and  fyve 
barrons,  for  preparing  feverail  mat- 
ters, efpecially  as  to  the  tranfplan- 
tation  of  minifters,  and  reftoreing 
of  penitent  minifters  who  were  un- 
der cenfure.    In  the  nxth  feffion, 
on  the  faid  laft  Decen^ber,  poft  me- 
ridiem, a  miniftcr  was  (f^bofed.  • 
Th.5  feventh  Affembly\vas  hold- 
en  at  Edinburgh  the  25th  of  Junt* 
1564,  where  Mr  Willock  was  cho-*^ 
fen  moderator,  and  then  the  Affem- 
bly did  proceed  to  the  articles  com^ 
mitted  laft  ilffembly. 

I  have  abftraded  thefe  few  con^ 
tents  from  the  record,  becaufe  the 
leaves  are  much  worn,  and  lyke  to 
periffi  ;  but  the  reft  of  the  book* 
being  intire  and  whole,  I  have  ab- 
ftraded no  more,  but  referrs  him  to 
the  principall  record,  which  is  nic>- 
ferved  intire,  and  continues  without 
intermifficn  from  this  laft-mention- 
ed  Affembly  in  June  1564,  to  the 
eight  Seffion  of  the  fixty-third  Ge- 
nerall Aifembly,  which  was  holden 
at  Muntrofe,  on  the  nynteenrh  day 
of  March  i6co,  and  the  eight  fef- 
fion tliereof  being  on  the  twenti.^- 
feventh  of  Apryl  that  year  poft  me- 
ridiem. 

The  record  being  fo  intire,  th^^r 
it  wants  not  fo  m*uch  as  one  letiioii 
in  all  that  tyme. 

%  R  2  The 


640 


Vindication  of  the  Reformation,  ^c.      Vol.  64. 


The  records  of  the  church  xere 
not  kept  fo  fecret  but  tliat  in  the 
year  i66i,  information  was  given 
to  the  King's  comniiffioner  and 
fome  of  the  counfellors,  where  the 
records  of  the  kirk  were  kept  as  fe- 
cret. Whereupon  they  were  imme- 
diately feifed  and  caryed  to  the  low 
town  counfell  houfe  in  feverall 
chifts  and  boxes,  and  a  committee 
was  appoynted  to  confider  them 
and  report ;  of  which  number  I  was 
one  ;  wher  we  turned  them  over, 
and  revifed  many  of  them,  for  tuo 
or  three  days,  being  all  in  fcroUs 
and  loufc  papers,  a  verie  few  being 
bound  in  books.  And  amongll 
them  I  perceived  the  tv/o  volumes 
l^eforc  mentioned,  which  were  of 
my  acquaintance.  Thefc  two  I  did 
carry  home  with  me,  intending  to 
look  over  again  for  farther  infor- 
mation of  what  I  had  formerly 
read,  in  relation  to  our  rcloima- 
tion,  and  the  very  next  day,  'upon 
what  motive  I  doe  not  well  remem- 
ber) the  counfell  did  very  fuddenly 
order  all  the  records  to  be  burned 
from  the  commone  general  perfwa- 
fion,  that  they  were  records  of  re- , 
bellion  ;  I  was  not  prefent  in  coun- 
cill,  being  then  no  counfellor,  but 
one  of  the  articles  in  Parliament, 
whereby  the  two  books  chd  remain 
with  me,  from  that  tyrne  to  this 
day. 

This  is  the  book  compyled  and 
abftraded  out  of  all  the  other  re- 
cords of  the  kirk,  by  command 
of  the  Generall  Affembly,  Anno 
1595,  Seffion  9th;  which  regiiter 
was  produced  by  Mr  Thomrts  San- 
dilands,  which  Mr  Thr;.r-:s  hid  al- 
fo  a  receipt  of  the  otlier  rcc orris 
from  Mr  Jam.es  Carmichei,  ior  the 
regifters  delivered  by  him  to  the 
faid  Mr  James,  for  drawino;  out  a 
compleit  volume  of  the  rece-r-ts, 

NoTA,  this  Mr  Thom-.-o 
lands  was  fou  to  Mr  Thomas  Zayx- 
dilands,  who  was  clerk  to  the  k'lr, 
and  fucceeded  in  that  office  to  Mr 


Thomas  Nicolfon,  which  Mr  Tho- 
mas fucceded  to  Mr  James  Ritchie, 
as  he  had  fucceeded  to  Mr  John 
Gre.y,  who  was  fir  ft  clerk  to  the 
Generall  A/Tembly,  Nicolfon  had 
left  all  the  records  in  the  hands  of 
Mr  Robert  Wedderburn,  who  was 
depute  to  Nicolfon,  and  Wedderburn 
did  delyver  them  to  Alexander 
Blair,  who  was  clerk  to  the  affigna- 
tious  and  modifications ;  and  in  the 
Ailembly  1595,  Mr  Thomas  Sandi- 
lands,  fon  to  Mr  Thomas  Sandilands 
the  clerk,  did  take  up  the  records, 
from  the  deputes,  and  by  v/arrand 
of  the  a6l:  of  Alfembly  1595,  Sef- 
fion 9th,  delivered  them  to  Mr 
James  Carmichel,  to  extra6l  a  gene- 
ral regilter  out  of  all  thofe  books*,' 
Vv'hich  he  did,  and  defigned  the  ads 
by  Ihort  notes  upon  the  margine, 
with  his  own  hand,  as  is  written 
and  declared  by  him  on  the  lail 
leaf  of  his  abftrad^ed  record. 

Tnz  faid  Alexander  Blair  was 
prefent  perfonally  at  the  Alfcm.bly 
of  Glafgow,  and  teltifyed  as  faid  is,  ' 
and  iikewife  many  reverend  men  in 
the  Alfembly  did  tellify  and  wit- 
ncfs,  that  the  notes  upon  the  mer- 
gand  were  Mr  James  CarmicIiePs 
own  hand  write,  and  the  Generall 
Airembly  on  ftrick  examination  did 
declare,  that  the  faid  volum  of  ab- 
(Irafi:  did  agree  with  the  four  prin- 
ciple books  of  record  ;  fo  that  there 
v/as  no  room  kit  to  doubt,  that 
this  volum  of  record,  containing,  all 
the  former  records,  from  the  firit 
Generall  Affembly,  from  the  year 
of  God  1560,  to  the  year  1594,  be* 
ing  a  record  of  the  adts  of  ihe  Ge- 
Uwiall  AiTemblys,  is  ane  authentick 
approven  regillcr,  and  as  aulheut 
tick,  and  hath  as  many  charactcis 
of  veracity,  as  any  other  pubHck 
records  within  the  kingdome,  and 
hath  been  tranfmitted  thorow  the 
clerks'  hands  in  as  exadl  cuftod/ 
from  the  beginning  to  the  AiFembly 
at  Glafgow  163B. 

And  that  the  records  of  the  kirk 

were 


Aug.  1802.      Vindication  of  the  Reformation,  lie. 


641 


were  carefiill)"  kept  under  the  vicv/ 
of  the  Gencrall  Airembly,  and  the 
commiiTioncrs  of  the  kirk,  until  the/ 
were  taken  from  them,  by  order  of 
ParHament,  in  the  year  1661,  was 
evidenr  and  certainly  known  to  ma- 
ny hundreds,  and  the  a<5]:s  of  Parlia- 
ment and  council!,  ordering  tliem 
to  be  feafed  and  burnt,  is  too  fuf]i^ 
cient  a  proof  thereof. 

How  this  volume  and  regifter  w^as 
prcferved  at  that  tyme,  and  till  now, 
that  it  is  delyvered  by  me  to  the 
jcommifiioner  of  the  Generall  Af- 
fembly,  is  above  narrated. 
.  The  great  reafon  th^t  moved 
|ne  to  the  care  thereof,  was  that  in 
and  by  it  I  did,  and  anie  who  wilj 
read  and  perafe  fhe  records  w^iil 
find  a  fuJJ^and  clear  vindication  of 
Gi^r  religion,  church,  and  kingdome^ 
from  many  falfe  and  injtirioiis  fcan- 
dals  wherewith  v/e  are  upbraided, 
not  only  by  common  bruit  and 
fome  malitipus  narrations  of  our 
enemies  at  home,  but  alfo  by  many 
eminent  writters  of  forreigners,  as 
all  the  papifts,  who  treats  of  ourhif- 
tory,  feverall  mifniformed  protef- 
tant  writters  abroad,  and  to  my 
wonder,  fome  in  England ;  as  if 
tlie  whole  adlings  of  clergy  and 
laity  in  Scotland  had  been  nothing 
but  a  tra(5l  of  iliegall  infurredions, 
violent  ufurpations  on  the  Royal 
auchoricy,  rebellious  oppofition  to 
our  laws  and  national  conft iturions, 
barbarous  force  uled  againfl  chuich- 
jnen,  ading  all  by  mobbifn  tumults, 
without  and  contrair  to  the  expiefs 
mandats  of  the  Soveraign  and  Par- 
liaments, and  in  a  total  tract  of  mur- 
thers,  a/Iaffipaiions,  robberys,  and 
violences  to  churchmen's  perfons. 

And  further,  by  our  fetting  up 
^  church  on  a  whole  fyReni  of 
fchifm  from  all  the  other  reformed 
protellant  churches. 

Whereas  all  who  vrill  be  at  the 
pains  to  look  (though  palhnglv }  on 
the  records  of  the  Parliaments,  but 
inuch  more  upon  tlie  records  of  the 


Generall  A/Tembly,  and  upon  this 
very  one  will  find,  that  no  reforma- 
tion  in  Europe  was  with  lefs  illegal} 
tumult;  whofe  every  ftep  was  fo 
much  with  concurfe  of  the  civiil  ja- 
dicators,  efpecially  of  parliament? 
and  conventions  of  eftates ;  arid 
which  parliaments  and  conventions 
did  never  a/fcmble  themfelves,butby 
tlje  Queen's  and  King's  authority  ^ 
that  never  churchmen  were  fo  gent- 
ly ufed  when   tlieir  religion  was 
abolilhed,   as   the  Pwbmaa  clergy 
were  by  our  reformers,  either  /,i 
fii^o  or  injure;  and  that  not  only 
Jis  to  their  perfons  and  liv^s,  none 
cf  which  was  ever  touciied  upoii 
the  account  of  religion,  except  only 
cardinall  Beaton,  whofe  murLherei;s 
had  fo  little  countenance  from  the 
reforming  ^authority   in  Scotland, 
that  though  there  were  one  or.  two 
eminent  perfons  guilty,  yet  not  one 
of  them  all  was  ever  rellored  to 
tlieir  fortunes  or  ellates.    And  one 
other,  viz.    Eifhop   Hamilton  of 
Glaigow,  who  was  too  precipitant- 
ly  executed  at  Stirlin  in  fadion  and 
civill  difcord,  without  the  lead  re- 
lation to  religion;  for  as  to  religion, 
there  was  no  uie  made  of  fy-re,  fag- 
got, or  forfeiture  ;  but  on  the  con- 
trair, all  the  beneficed  popifh  clergy 
who  remained  in  Scotland  did  en- 
joy  their  benefices  during  their  lives; 
and  in  that,  Proteft ants  could  have 
no  more  favour,  and  it  is  riot  f.iir 
dailling  to  upbraid  a  church,  a  na- 
tion, or  a  reformation.  With  a  ralh 
fafi:  of  ten  or  twelve  perfons ;  and  1 
may  be  allowed  to  fay,  without  re- 
flexion, and  without  naming  cf  anr 
of  any,  that  there  is  fcarce  a  refor- 
mation in  Europe  that  can  fay  the 
like  with  truth,  and  it  is  yet  harder, 
when  thofe  who  calls  the  Ifcnes  at 
us  are  more  guilty  than  wee,  for  in- 
deed, we  are  not  guilty  at  alL 

And  as  to  theother  branch  of  calum- 
ny, viz.  that  we  reformed  upon  a 
fchifm  from  all  other  reformed 
churches,  efpecially  from.  England  ; 

this 


642  Vindication  of  the  Reformation,  \Sc.        Vol.  64 


this  upon  examination  will  be  found 
as  calumnious  as  the  other,  for  from 
the  very  firft  beginning  of  our  refor- 
mation (as  will  be  found  thorow  the 
trad  of  this  record)  we  did  not  on- 
ly embrace  the  friendly  offers  of 
others  in  communion,  but  folicited 
theirs  frequently  and  earnelily  in 
many  places  of  this  record,  and  par- 
ticularly on  the  27th  of  December 
1565,  page  35  of  this  record,  the 
Generall  AOembly  allowed  Mr  John 
Knox  to  goe  to  England,  to  offi- 
ciate a  whde  tliere,  as  a  minifter  of 
that  church,  and  did  fend  with  him 
a  fupplication  to  the  bilhops  of 
England,  to  deal  gently  with  fuch 
of  the  clergy  there  who  fcroifpled 
at  fome  of  the  ceremonies.  So  far 
were  tliey  from  thinking  that  their 
preterfundamentall  matters  (hould 
break  off  communion  or  correfpon- 
dence  amongll  reformed  Protef- 
tants.  But  their  corrcfpondence 
and  afFedion,  and  moil  of  all  the 
then  reformed  churches  in  Chriften- 
dome,  will  be  amply  found  in  feve- 
rall  palHiges  of  this  record,  and 
that  a  fj)irit  of  union  may  be  a- 
mongft  all  Proteftants,  fome  cir- 
cumiiances  and  modes  notwithftand- 
ing,  uiha  substantia  of  the  Chriftian 
leligion,  as  it  is  reformed  from  po- 
pery and  other  herefies,  is  the  feii- 
ous  wifii  of 

Your  friend  and  fervant, 
(sic  suhscru^ucr)  CROMERTIE. 
W.  Carstares,  Witnefs.") 
G.  Meldrum,  Witnefs.  j 

Edinburgh,  the  i6th  of  January 
1708.  Thefe  Records  of  the  Ge- 
neral Alfembly  being  under  great 
decay  by  oldnefs  and  bad  keeping, 
whilit  they  were  kept  in  fecret,  and 
alfo  very  ill  bound  in  old  velum, 
I  caufed  Watfon  the  book -binder  to 
re-bind  them  with  as  much  care  as 
v/as  poffible,  Vv^hich  he  could  not  do 
with  neatnefs.  ^  did  take  them  out 
of  the  place  where  I  kept  them  in 
their  old  coats  amongft  other  peices 
of  antiquity.    I  had  no  doubt  of 


their  being  intire  as  I  found  them 
and  fo  delyvered  them  to  the  bind- 
er ;  nor  did  I  doubt  more  of  theii 
integrity  when  I  received  them 
back,  as  they  are  now  bound,  nor 
revife  them  till  now.  But  to  my 
regrate,  I  find  that  there  is  wanting 
at  the  end,  from  a  pairt  of  the 
1593  to  the  1602,  which  moft  af- 
furedly  I  had  witli  the  reft.  The 
book  binder  denys  that  he  received 
tliem,  and  I  can  have  no  more  but 
his  word  ;  and  I  am  very  confident,' 
that  if  he  did  not  receive  them^ 
they  are  among  my  peapers,  which 
have  been  likewife  put  in  great 
confufion  by  frequent  toffings  from 
fouth  to  north,  and  I  am  very  hope-»i 
full  to  find  them  out,  and  when  fi 
do,  they  will  be  faithfully  delyver- 
ed to  be  kept  with  thefe  otiicrs;  but 
I  could  not  think  it  fitt  to  delay 
the  delyvery  of  what  I  h  ul,  leall 
worfe  things  might  befall  chem ; 
but  the  records  tranfcribed  and  ex-^ 
tra(^ted  by  Mr  James  Carmichell,  by; 
order  of  the  Generall  Affembly,- 
Anno  1595,  from  the  la(i:  of  De-^ 
cember  1562,  to  the  '^yJa  of  AprylL 
1593,  i^^^w  delivered  by  me  to 
the  underfabfcribers  appoynted  by 
the  commifiion  of  the  Generall  Af- 
fembly  to  receive  the  fame,  day  and 
place  forefaid. 

(sic  suLcribiter)  CROMERTIE, 
W.  Carstares.") 
G.  Meldrum.  J 

The  two  witne/Fes  fabfcrib- 
ing  to  E.  Cromertie's  figning  of 
this  and  the  former  paper,  v/ere  Mr 
William  Carltares,  then  one  of  the 
Miniiters  of  the  High  Church  of  E- 
dinburgh,  and  Principal  of  the  Col- 
ledge  of  Edinburgh,  and  one  of  the 
Qiieen*s  Chaplains,  formerly  Chap|| 
lain  to  King  William,  and  mucM 
trulled  by  him  in  bufinefs.  Th^ 
other,  Mr  George  Meldrum,  then 
one  of  the  Minifters  of  the  Tron 
Kirk  of  Edinburgh,  and  Profelfor 
of  Divinity  in  Edinburgh  Colledge;^ 


Aug.  1802. 


643 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
ON  THE  EVILS  OF  A  NEGLECTED  EDUCATION. 


AS  the  fpirit  of  the  times  has 
long  been  complained  of  as  favour- 
ing too  much  of  laxity  of  morals, 
and  growing  depravity  ;  and  there 
is  but  too  much  reafon  to  appre- 
hend an  increafe  of  vice  and  igno- 
rance, rather  than  of  virtue  and 
knowledge,  I  think  it  is  a  duty  par- 
ticularly incumbent  upon  good  and 
well-meaning  Chriftians,  to  point 
out  fome,  or  any  of  the  means,  that 
would  corredt  the  evils  complained 
of,  and  diiedl  the  powers  of  human 
nature  to  fomething  like  the  purpo- 
fes  for  which  our  benevolent  Crea- 
tor defigned  them. 

Perhaps,  if  we  inquire  deeply 
into  the  caufes  of  moft  of  the  evils 
that  diftra(5t  or  deprave  mankind, 
they  will  be  found  to  originate  in 
ignorance.  A  perfon  ignorant  of  his 
duty,  cannot  be  expeded  to  perform 
it,  and  all  that  we  can  expedl  from 
the  ignorant  is,  a  derelidion  of 
all  the  principles  of  hun;ianity,  un- 
correded  appetites,  and  a  favage 
difpofition — hence  fo  many  crimes, 
and  difagreements  among  individu- 
als,  wars  and  bloodHied  among  na- 
tions, which  the  hiftory  of  mankind 
too  mournfully  furnilhes  to  the  con- 
templative ;  but  I  mean  not  to  car- 
ry my  readers  to  l\irvey  what  has 
long  been  lamented  but  ftill  conti- 
nues,  but  rather  wifh  to  interell  up- 
on points  which  concern  every  one's 
**  bufmefs  and  bofom.'' 

If  ignorance  be  produdive  of  fo 
much  evil,  it  ought  to  be  every  one's 
1  concern  to  acquire  knowledge  fufE- 


cient  to  corre<5t  thofe  irregular  appe- 
tites, which  it  infallibly  will  do,  and 
fubftitute  in  their,  place,  a  fubli-ma- 
ted  mind,  fubdued  paiTions,  and  a 
difpofition  open,  ingenuous,  and  be- 
nevolent. If  this  be  the  cafe,  edu^ 
cation  muft  be  to  human  beings^ 
the  firft  of  bleffings,  the  want  of  it 
the  greateft  curfe.  It  is  an  unfor- 
tunate circumftanoe  to  be  able  to 
point  out  faults,  without  being  alfo 
able  to  provide  a  remedy  ;  perhaps 
on  this  fubje(5t  few  oifFer  themfelves: 
this  is  an  age  of  philofophers,  but  the 
cant  of  philofophy  adminifters  few 
antidotes  to  the  evils  of  life.  The 
fyftems  that  have  been  introduced, 
by  particular  fchools^,  are  little  caU 
culated  to  produce  any  effeds  on  a 
plain  and  fimple  education ;  perhaps 
thofe  of  modern  philofophers  are 
ftill  more  fo.— The  fubtilties  of  me- 
taphyfics  and  morals  confidered  ab- 
ftradlly,  muft  always  be  inveftigated 
by  men,  who  devote  their  lives 
nvholiy  to  thinking,  but  the  elements 
of  religious  and  moral  obligation 
might  be  acquired  by  youth,  with 
nearly  the  fame  facility  as  the  rules 
of  arithmetic,  or  the  princip]cs  of 
languages — The  f  -  ftem  of  morals, 
that  is  the  moft  fimple,  and  the 
beft  calculated  to  produce  good  ef- 
fects on  the  mind,  is  the  Gofpel  of 
Jefus  Chrift— and  furely  what  is 
found  to  be  an  unnerring  rule  of 
life,  ought  not  to  be  neglecfled  du- 
ring the  period  of 'youth— but  in 
the  ^  modern  plan  of  education, 
Chriftianity,  which  ought  to  be  the 

firft 


644 


On  the  Evils  of  a  Neglected  Edueation.      Vol.  64. 


firfl:  confulcratlon,  is  either  excluded 
altogether,  01  eife  tatigbt  in  fuch  a 
manner,  that  it  were  better  let  alone 
entirely.  Boys  are  tau^^ht  to  rend 
in  the  lacred  Scriptures !  it  certain- 
ly requires  the  aid  of  maturer  years 
to  be  interefted  in  the  hillorical,  and 
ftruck  with  the  fublime  parts  of  the 
works  of  the  infpired  writers.  Tlicy 
are  moreover  taught  an  abdruje 
church  calcchifm,  at  perhaps  the 
tender  age  of  feven  or  eight,  whicli 
2nany  at  the  age  of  thirty  can 
llarcely  comprehend  or  properly 
imderihind. — This  method  of  pro- 
ceeding can  certainly  produce  no 
good  eiTe^St ;  but  if  a  teacher  would 
undertake  to  explain  by  eafy  lec- 
tures (*'  that  admirable  mode  of 
imbibing  knowledge")  fome  of  the 
moft  Ifriking  texts  of  the  New  Tef- 
tament,  they  would  infallibly  pro- 
duce in  his  pupils,  a  minxi  imbued 
with  love  and  reverence  to  God, 
•with  benevolence  and  humility  to 
their  fellow  creatures,  and  give 
them  a  taite  for  facred  Ihidics  which 
fucceeding  years  would  never  obli- 
terate. 

Human  life  is  a  drama  of  a  mix- 
ed nature,  in  which  every  man  is 
called  upon  to  av^  a  part.  No  man 
exiils,  however  meanly  fituated,  or 
poor  in  condition,  but  will  at  fome 
period,  feel  himfeif  required  to 
fulfil  particular  duties,  to  enjoy 
pleafure,  and  to  fuffer  calamity  ; 
though  every  one  has  it  not  in  his 
power  to  be  a  fage,  or  a  hero,  he 
will  in  a  greater  or  leffer  degree 
find  himfeif  able  to  promote  the 
happiiiifs  or  the  milery  of  his  fel- 
low men.  It  ought,  therefore,  to  be 
the  bufmefs  of  education,  to  form 
llie  mind  for  the  fcenes  of  real  life, 
lather  than  by  a  dry  and  fy Hematic 
form,  to  make  youth  folve  pro- 
blems, the  application  of  v/hich 
they  cannot  properly  comprehend, 
cr  to  teach  them  a  language  which 
they  can  never  hear  ipoken. — 
Youth  is  the  only  period  within  the 


compafs  of  human  life,  which  is 
adapted  to  the  acquirement  of  ele- 
mentary knowledge  ;  when  youth  is 
mifpent,  mature  years  are  generally 
paffed  over  in  ufelefs  and  unavail- 
ing regret ;  when  this  is  the  cafe, 
our  pity  is  excited  more  than  our 
contempt,  for  youth  cannot  judge 
for  itfelf,  we  cannot  expect  Ibund- 
nefs  of  judgment,  or  right  opinions 
in  youth  :  every  thing  at  that  rno- 
mentuous  period  ought  to  be  direc- 
ted and  governed  by  others  who  are 
capable  of  the  tafk.  Men  educated' 
without  imbibing  in  their  youth,: 
the  principles  of  morals,  and  a  juft  ' 
notion  of  things,  adl  when  they 
come  into  the  world,  more  fronv' 
chance  than  principle — but  the  con-' 
fequences  of  adlions  which  are  in 
therafelves  wrong,  are  always  fatal 
to  happinefs,  and  the  fad  experience 
which  evil  conduct  is  fure  to  bring 
after  it,  is  generally  more  lament-, 
able  than  can  be  imagined  ;  for  the 
Almighty,  has  ordained  by  immut-, 
able  laws,  that  vice  fhould  meet, 
with  its'  punilhment  even  in  this- 
world. 

If  men  were  properly  educated 
in  their  youth,  we  Ihould  not  fee 
them  employ  their  age  fo  miferably 
as  they  do  ;  we  fee  the  great  bulk 
of  mankind  eager  to  reprefs  thouglit 
rather  than  promote  it.  Reliectioa 
to  rational  beings  is  certainly  the 
greateft  bleffing,  but  it  is  erroneouf- 
ly  imagined  by  many  to  be  the 
gieateil  evil  ;  hence  the  poor  and 
delpicable  arts  made  ufe  of  to  de- 
prave and  obtund  the  feehngs  of 
the  human  mind  ;  a  habit  of  difii- 
pation  inevitably  follows  this  de- 
plorable difpofition  of  murdering 
reflection,  and  I  need  not  point  out 
here,  the  fad  and  ruinous  eftecfts 
which  this  vice  has  produced  among 
mankind. 

It  has  perhaps  fallen  to  the  lot 
of  too  many  to  contemplate  genius 
in  poverty,  and  talents  obfcured  by 
indigent  circumftances ;  it  fometimes 

hap- 


Aug.  1802.  The  Wanderer. 


645 


happens,  that  men  of  the  firft-rate 
abilities  are  led  to  undertake,  with 
the  profped  of  a  very  flight  reward, 
the  office  of  educating  youth.  The 
parents,  and  the  children,  who  live 
where  fuch  a  man  of  genius  hap- 
pens to  fall  may  congratulate  them- 
felves  on  fuch  a  happy  qircum- 
ftance,  as  they  are  exempt  from  the 
evils  wliich  are  here  complained  of ; 
there  is  no  character  more  meriting 
our  efteem  and  encouragement  than 
that  of  a  teacher  of  abilities,  his  va- 
lue is  fo  great,  that  it  cannot  be 
properly  appreciated  ;  for  the  talk 
of  education  is  too  often  undertaken 
by  men  who  are  deftitute  of  the 
knowledge  of  every  thing  ;  men, 
who  when  taken  out  of  the  fimple 


routine  of  their  daily  occupation, 
appear  to  thofe  of  penetration  and 
judgment  to  be  truly  defpicable. 

The  perfon  Vv^ho  founds  a  public 
fchool  on  a  liberal  plan,  is  a  great- 
er benefadtor  to  his  countrymen 
than  he  who  fprcads  our  dominions 
abroad.  Magi  11  rates  who  acknow- 
ledge their  inflitution  for  the  wel- 
"fare  of  fociety,  cannot  certainly  em- 
ploy their  power  better  than  by  fu- 
perintending  and  patronizing  pub- 
lic fchools,  and  by  endeavouring  to 
promote,  as  much  as  poffible,  thofe 
habits  of  iludy  and  feriotifnefs  in 
youth,  which  will  lead  in  more 
mature  years  to  virtue  dnd  happi* 
nefs. 

C. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
THE    WANDERER,    No  IL 


And  if  I  fhoiild,  perhaps  by  chance, 
Something  that's  new  and  Irnart  advance, 
Refolve  ye  not  with  fcornfiil  InufF, 
To  fay  'tif  a'  confounded  fluff, 
If  that's  thi"  cafe,  Sir,  fpare  your  fpitf. 
For  faith  'tis  not  for  you  I  write. 

Ramsay. 


IT  is  fcarccly  pofflble  for  an  an- 
thor  to  entertain  a  more  abfurd  idea 
than  that  his  works  will  be  read 
with  univerfal  fatisfadion.  So  dif- 
ferent are.  the  taftes  and  fentiments 
of  mankind,  that  whatever  pleafes 
the  pious,  difguRs  the  profane,  and 
the  amufements  of  the  fc offer  are 
defpifed  by  the  religious. 

It  would  indeed  be  ridiculous  of 
me  to  tliink,  that  I  will  be  more 
fuccefsful  in  this  rcfpe^  than  mv 

Vol.  LXIV. 


predeceflors,  or  receive  a  larger 
fliare  of  public  approbation. 

Every  man  has  vanity  enough 
to  make  himfelf  important  in  his 
ow^i  eyes  ;  and  I  believe  there  are 
lew  who  do  not  think  that  they  fnall 
yet  diflinguifh  themfelves  from  tlie 
reft  of  their  comipanions  ;  therefore 
we  liften  to  nothing  with  more  plea- 
fure  than  the  encomiums  that  arc 
beftowed  upon  our  own  aclions. 
This  unbounded  thirft  for  fame 
4  S  makes 


646 


The  Wanderer. 


Vol.  64, 


makes  flattery  m  fome  fliape  or  c 
ther,  agreeable  to  every  human  ear, 
and  he  who  can  heft  leafon  it  to  the 
paflions,  is  fure  of  the  moft  kind  re- 
ception. 

The  foldier  wllhes  to  be  praifed 
for  his  bravery,  the  lawyer  for  his 
eloquence,  the  parfon  for  his  fmce- 
rity,  and  the  tradefman  for  his  in- 
duftry.  In  like  manner,  it  would 
be  particular] ypleafmg  for  the  Wan- 
derer, to  hear  the  public  pronounce 
in  his  favour  ;  but,  as  every  author 
}]^s  difappointmcnts  to  encounter, 
J  need  not  be  furprifed  to  hear  my- 
ftlf  condemned,  as  an  ignorant  and 
immeaning  fool.  Were  the  author 
of  a  periodical  paper,  at  his  firft 
appearance,  inclined  to  liften  to  e- 
very  idle  tale  which  malice  and  en- 
vy might  propagate  to  his  difad  van- 
tage, he  would  undoubtedly  be  dif- 
couragedfrom  his  undertaking.  He 
is  either  cenfured  by  the  gay,  as 
being  too  ferious,  or  by  the  thought- 
ful, as  being  ludicrous.  Some  go 
ilill  farther,  and  will  not  even  hefi- 
tate  to  condemn  all  his  fucceeding 
papers,  becaufe  the  firft  contains 
110  hint  upon  their  favourite  topic. 
Notwithftanding  thefe  difficulties,  I 
Lave  ventured  to  lay  a  fecond  pa- 
per before  the  public.  I  cannot 
have  the  fame  claim  to  originahty 
as  my  earlier  predece/Tors,  nor  can 
fo  much  novelty  be  expeded.  Th€ 
lield  of  life  lay  open  before  them, 
and  fubjedts  prefented  themJclves  u- 
pon  every  hand,  which  had  never 
before  been  taken  notice  of.  They 
jio  doubt  feledlcd  thofe  that  were 
moft  attractive,  and  lafhed  the  fcl- 
lies  and  vices  that  were  moft  fla- 
grant. I  muft  be  content  to  cull 
/  iiowers  lefs  luxuriant,   and  fearch 

the  corners  and  bye>paths  which 
they  negledled  to  examine.  Still, 
however,  I  am  perfuaded,  there 
will  not  be  wanting  fubjedts  enough 
to  reward  the  labour  of  another  fur- 
vey.  It  will  not  be  denied,  that 
thtre  are  ilill  virtues  to  commend, 


which  merit  the  encouragement  and 
approbation  of  the  juft  ;  follies  and 
vices  to  reprove,  which  deferve  to 
be  held  up  to  the  contempt  and  ri- 
dicule of  the  world.    After  making 
this  declaration,  fome  may  perhaps 
be  apt  to  conclude,  that  they  willl 
undoubtedly  receive  much  informa- 
tion and  amulbment  from  my  fuc- 
ceeding papers ;  but  let  them  re- 
member that  I  come  under  no  obli-j 
gation,  and  therefore,  altliough  they, 
fuffcr  difappointment  in  their  expec- 
tations, they  cannot  charge  me  with' 
a  breach  of  promife.    The  purfuit- 
of  lafting  fame  is  fo  uncertain,  and' 
the  portion  of  fo  very  few,  that  fan- 
guine  indeed  would  be  my  expe(51:a-, 
tions,  did  I  ever  think  of  obtaining  i 
a  ftiare.    Many  philofophers,  hif- 
torians,  and  poets,  who  were  orna- 
ments  of  the  age  in  which  they  liv- 
ed, are  now  negledled,  and  unknown.  > 
Their  volumes  lie  difregarded  in  the  i 
libraries  ;  or,  when  chance  throws  j 
them  into  the  enquirer's  hand,  be-^' 
caufe  their  fame  is  dead,  they  are  < 
thrown  by  without  a  perufal.  Hope,"j 
however,  fliould  not  altogether  be  ' 
loft.    I  may  perhaps  be  lucky  e- 
nough  to  obtain  a  fmall  portion  of 
reputation,  Ihould  it  only  be  as  the 
blaze  of  a  meteor,  whofe  rays  are 
confined  to  a  narrow  fpace,  and  its 
duration  to  a  Ihort  period.    I  have 
determined  thS.t  none  of  my  effays 
(hall  be  long,  in  order  that  I  may 
not  occupy  much  of  a  work  whicli 
might  be  filled  with  more  ufeful  in- 
formation, or  long  detain  any  of 
my  readers  from  fpending  their  time 
to  more  advantage.     I  am  alfo  re- 
iblved,  feeing  the  difficulty  of  pleaf- 
ing,  to  ad  from  no  other  motive 
than  that  of  pleafing  myfelf :  and 
it  is  not  at  all  improbable,  but  I 
may  have  readers  whofe  tafte  and 
fentiments  are  not  materially  differ- 
ent from  thofe  of  the  Wanderer. 

Edinlnrgh,  July  1 802. 


Aug.  1802. 


647 


STRICTURES  on  Mr  LAING'S  DISSERTATION  on  thk 
POEMS  OF  OSSIAN. 


(Continued  from  p.  545.) 


Mr  LAING  takes  it  for  granted, 
that  Fingal  and  his  heroes  were 
Irifli  ;  but,  without  attempting  to 
prove  it  ;*  and  he  tells  us  that  Mac- 
pherfon  finding  a  convenient  chafm 
in  the  hiftory  of  Britain,  conneds 
Fingal  with  Caracalla  in  208,  and 
with  Caraufms  in  286.  Caracalla 
fucceeded  his  father  in  210,  and 
was  forced  to  make  peace  with  the 
Maeatae  and  Caledonians  in  211, 
receiving  hoflages  for  its  obfervance. 
Fingal  might  have  then  been  18 
years  old,  and  fo  might  have  en- 
countered with  him  ;  but  to  build 
hidorical  fads  upon  the  hyperboles 
of  poetry  is  abfurd,  and  never  fol- 
lowed by  Macpherfon.    He  indeed 
gives  us  three  etymons  of  Caracalla, 
the  laft,   cara-ch.ikmh,  a  fort  of 
upper  garment,  is  the  moft  likely 
to  point  out  the  fon  of  Severus  ; 
but  whether  the  Caracal  of  Offian 
was  Antoninus,  or  fome  other  Em.- 
peror,  or  General,  nobody  can  pre- 
;cifely  determine.    At  any  rate,  Mr 
t  Laing  need  not  wonder  with  Mr 
I  Gibbon,  that  the  Highland  Bar-d 
ihould  defcribe  the  fon  of  Severus 
by  a  nick-name  invented  four  years 
afterwaids,  feeing  Antoninus 'may 


I  *  It  is  obfervable  that  in  no  lefs  than 
iltwelve  of  the  old  Gaelic  proverbs  in 
:lVl*Intoni's  collection,  Pnigal  or  fome 
of  his  heroes  are  hinted  at;  I  have 
never  heard  of  any  tlung  fimilar  ui 
Areland. 


have  fported  the  terrible  upper  gar- 
ment in  the  Caledonic  wars,  pre- 
vious to  his  introducing  it  at  Rome. 
Aur.  Victor  fays,  he  brought  it 
from  Gaul  ;  hence,  the  name  in 
Gaul  and  Caledonia  would  be  the 
fame.  Nay,  Antoninus  may  have 
obtained  the  name  of  Caracalla,  or 
have  been  dead  long  before  Offiau 
compofed  his  poems,  and  he  indebt- 
ed for  the  nick-name,  to  the  homa- 
ges who  had  been  at  Rome. 

It  is  true  the  Irifh  pretend  to 
know  all  our  antiquities ;  and  of 
late,  Mr  Walker  tells  us,  that  Cor- 
mac  O'Con  was  proclaimed  Mo. 
narch  of  Ireland  in  254,  and  that 
in  his  reign  tw,  fon  of  Comhal, 
was  head  of  the  Fian,  and  with 
them  O'Con  failed  to  Britain,  where 
he  planted  a  colony  of  Scots,  as  an 
eftabiiiliment  for  Carhry  R'tada,  his 
brother-german  ;  hence,  fays  he, 
the  claim  of  the  Scots  to  the'  Fian. 
He  alfo  fays,  that  Fin  fell  in  Ire^ 
land,  in  294.  If  all  this  is  believed, 
for  there  are  various  reports  of  the 
bufmefsf,  mofc  certainly  we  mnll 
either  have  had  two  Fingals,  one 
Scotch,  and  the  other  Trifh,  or  the 
Carac-huil  of  Offian  was  not  Cara^ 
calla.    For  my  part,  I  believe  with 


f  Magcogachan's  MS.  Hi{}orv  of 
Ireland,    in   Britiih   iViufcum,  'fays: 
*♦  Anno   2^7,     Fytine  M'Covlc  thd 
great  hunter,  and  defender  of  Ire  land 
was  beheaded  ' 


4S3 


Si/ 


648  StriHures  on  Lainfs  Dissertation,  I3c.       Vol.  64. 


Sir  James  Ware  (de  Antiq.  Hib. 
cap.  4.)  and  witli  Mr  Loin^  himfelfy 
(p.  397.  line  21)  that  notliing  cer- 
tain is  known  of  Irifh  affairs  till  the 
middle  of  the  5th  age,  as  will  be 
evident  to  every  one  who  has  pa- 
tience to  wade  through  the  abfurdi- 
ties  of  their  early  hiilory. 

Nor.  is  it  impofTible  that  Fingal 
could  have  fought  with  Caracalhi  in 
211,  and  with  Caraufius  in  286  ; 
feeing  Offran,  who  celebrated  die 
battles  with  Caracal  la  and  Caraufius 
lived,  according  to  Walker,  beyond 
the  432.  At  any  rate,  fuppofmg 
Fingal  was  j  8  when  he  fought  with 
Caracalla,  he  might  alfo  have  en- 
gaged with  Caraufius  even  when 
clothed  with  the  purple,  at  the  age 
of  93,  no  uncommon  age  for  a 
Highlander  ;  but  the  truth  is  that 
Caraufus,  long  previous  to  286, 
had  charge  of  the  fea  coafts  of 
Gaul  and  Britain  ;  and  fo  the  en- 
counter may  have  been  much  ear- 
lier, at  leaft  previous  to  2 S3,  when 
others  fay  /'/^i  died. 

Mr  Laingnext  fays,  (p.  3 79.) "The 
deti'Ihnri  is  complete  with  refpedl  to 
Caraufius;'^  and  tells- us  a  long 
ftory  of  the  fabulous  Nennius,  who, 
he  fays,  miiled  Buchannan  and 
Macpherfon  to  think  that  the  wall 
of  Severus  was  between  the  Forth 
and  Clyde.  Now,  M^cpheifon  fays 
no  fuch  thing,  and  Laing  builds  his 
detection  on  falfehocd.  So  far  frcm 
believing  Nennius,  he  turns  him  in- 
to ridicule  ;  and  fo  far  frcm  liRen- 
ing  to  the  battles,  and  buildings  of 
Caraufius,  at  Carron,  that  in  his  In- 
t7^odu8lor,  (p.  154)  he  fays,  "The 
exploits  of  Caraufius  are  mere  fic- 
tion which  muft;  effediially  cat 
up  Mr  Laing's  complete  dete;ri:ion. 
How  idle,  then,  are  thefe  c-^:pref- 
fions,  "  That  on  this  wretched  fable 
the  additional  fidions  of  Ofijan  are 
conftrudled.''  Whether  the  Pocras 
of  Offian  allude  to  the  2d,  3d,  or 
4th  centuries  I  knov/  not  with  cer- 
tainty, but  it  is  by  no  means  im- 
probable that  Fingal  might  have 


encountered  Caraufius,  or  fome  Ro- 
man general,  to  whom  the  Gael 
gave  a  fimilar  name  on  the  banks 
Carron  ;  but  I  dare  not  attempt  to 
deduce  hiftorical  fa^ls  from  the  fic- 
tions ^of  poetry.  I  am,  however, 
not  altogether  fure  of  Mr  Macpher- 
fon's  afiertion  as  to  the  exploits  of 
Caraufius  being  fictions.  There  are 
fevcral  medals  of  him  in  the  Ad- 
vocatc*s  Library,  found  in  Scotland. 
One  of  them  has  Pax.  Aug.  on  the 
reverfe,  wiih  the  figure  of  peace, 
with  a  branch  and  cornucopia,  pro- 
bai^iy  ftruck  up^m  making  peace 
with  the  Caledonians.  ^Vid.  Sir  R. 
Si')bald's  Inq.  into  Rom.  Antiq. 
One  thing,  i  owevcr,  will  occur  to 
the  reader  from  Mr  Macpherfon' ; 
aliertion,  viz.  that  had  he  been  \}vt 
forger  of  Ofiian  and  of  the  name  of 
Caros,  he  never,  in  his  Introiluciiofu 
would  have  ufed  the  above  exprei- 
fions  fo  re-pugnant  to  the  proba- 
bility of  his  Ofiian. 

*'  Fingal,"  (fays  Mr  Laing, 
p.  300.)  is  reprefented  in  Comahi 
as  encountering  Caracalla  on  the 
banks  of  the.Carron,  and  returning  iu 
Carn'ckthura  from  an  incurfion  into 
the  Roman  province  of  VaUnt'iay 
which  did  not  then  exifi."  I  do 
not  altogether  underftand  this. 
Does  Mr  Laing  dream  that  the 
country,  lately  overun  by  Severus, 
could  have  no  exiilence  till  conquer- 
ed by  Theodolius.  it  ceitainly  ex- 
iiied,  though  it  did  not  get  the 
name  of  Valentia,  till  then.  L  have 
not  Qffian  by  rne,  nor  am  I  fo  for- 
tunate as  Mr  Laing,  to  be  able  to 
boaft  of  being  accommodated  wit/i 
tiie  firfi:  library  in  Scotland.  1  how- 
ever fuppofe,  that  in  his  Index  to 
the  poenr,  Mr  Macpherfon  may  have 
called  it  the  Roman  province,  which 
i:  certainly  was,  as  Dio  tells  us  the 
Caledonians  had  yielded  up  no  fm.all 
part  of  their  country  in  a  treaty 
with  Severus  ;  and  that  afterwards, 
when  they  rebelled  and  made  freili 
difturbances,  Severus  being  unable, 

from 


Aug.  i8c2.    Stridures  on  Lainfs  Dissertation,  iSc.  6^i} 


from  difeafe,  to  go  againft  them, 
lent  his  fo^j  Caracalla  ;  fo  that  it  is 
by  no  means  improbable,  that  Fin- 
gal,  after  defeating  him  on  the 
banks  of  Carron,f  might  return  to 
Carrickthiira.  Nay,  it  is  alfo  pro- 
bable, that  this  very  defeat  forced 
Caracalla  to  purchafe  a  peace  from 
the  Maeatae,  which  he  did  foon 
thereafter,  as  l)io  alfo  tells  us. 

Mr  L^iing  may  probably  have 
thought,  that  as  Severus  fortified 
the  wall  of  Adrian,  fo  he  muft  have 
relinquifned  Valentia  between  the 
vvalls  to  the  enemy.  But  this  does 
not  follow.  He  might  retain  the 
province  of  the  Maeawe,  yet  be  fo 
fufpicious  of  their  fidelity  as  to  for- 
tify the  wall  of  Adrian  againft  them. 
Mr  Laing,  if  he  choofes,  may  fee 
Mr  Pinkcrton's  arguments  on  this 
point»  Vol.  I.  p.  49. 

He  next  fays,  "In  Croma,  Of- 
car  oppofes  Caros  king  of  Ships, 
entrenched  at  Carron  behind  his 
gathered  heap,  which,  as  the  wall 
in  Scotland  was  not  built  by  Seve- 
rus, Caraufms  the  ufurper  did  not 
repair.''  And  then  he  dreams  wJjat 
1  am  fure  Mr  Macpherfon  never 
did,  "That  from  \h\s  gathered  hajp, 
ox  ccUeclion  of  ftones,  Macpherfon 
imagined  that  the  ftone  wall  afcrib- 
ed  to  Severus  (W  murvfn,  Newcallle,) 
belonged  to  Scotland  ;  and  was  ig- 
norant that  Agricola  merely  ereded 
a  chain  of  forts,  Antoninus  a  va//um 
or  turf  rampart,  and  trench.'^ 
'  I'his  is  a  wonderful  child ifh  dctctVion. 
He  here  fpeaks  as  if,  not  only  him- 
'f'^if,  but  Mr  Macpherfon,  and  ail  his 
readers  could  be  fo  ignorant  as  not 
to  know  that  -d.  rather vd  heap  may  as 
Well  be  applied  to  a  heap  of  tar  thy 
the  vail  um  of  Antoninus,  as  to  a 
ht  'jp  of  jl  .  nes^  the  mum  in  of  Severus. 
Bat  even  Antoninus's  Vallum,  as 


A  goIJen  niccli^l  of  CnracaliA  was 
i, among:  other  pieces  of  auiiquity, 

iamond,  in  Valentia,  h'.li  ceatmy. 
iir  R.  bibbald,  ut  Juj^ra, 


Sir  R.  Sibbald,  T.  Pont,  and  others 
tell  us,  had  stone  forts  at  regular  dif- 
tances,  which  may  have  been  built, 
or  at  lead  repaired  by  Caraufius,  for 
any  thing  we  know  from  hiflory  to 
the  contrary. 

He  next  tells  us,  (p.  381.)  that 
"  Carron,  Glenco,  Dunbarton,  th*; 
Alclaithof  Bede,  the  mod  noted  inA 
clatlical  places  in  Scotland,  are  thus, 
by  a  dextrous  anticipation,  appr'>- 
priated  to  Offian.  Balclutha, -ir< 
the  poem  of  Carthon,  was  burnt  by 
Comhal  the  father  of  Fingal.  Dun- 
barton  could  not  have  efcaped  the 
accurate  obiervation  of  Ptolcm.y,  a 
cotemporary,  had  it  exifted  then." 
Ptolemy  neither  mentions  Carron, 
Glenco,  Dunbarton,  nor  Alclulth  ; 
nay,  he  has  been  equally  unjuft  to 
the  Maeatae  of  Dio,  though 
wrote  after  Severus's  expedition. 
Balclutha,  i.  e.  Clydeftov/n,  may  be 
any  town  upon  Clyde,  as  well  as 
the  Alcluith  of  Bede,  which,  by 
the  bye,  rather  applies  to  the  caftle 
of  Dunbarton,  than  to  the  t(Avn. 
Dunbarton,  or  Dun-braiton,  a  for- 
trefs  on  a  high  place,  having  the 
Celtic  dw:^  indicates  equally  high 
antiquity  with  Alcluith,  and  both 
names  may  have  been  ufcd  for  Dun- 
barton cailie,  in  Bede's  time.  From 
the  former  name  Bede  may  have  been 
led  to  think  it  had  been  fortified  by 
the  South  Britons,  tho%  if 'it- had,  it 
Vv^ouid  have  been  called  Cair  Hnttotiy 
fimiiar  to  the  V/elfn  name  of  Briftol, 
in  Nennias,  of  the  fame  meaning  ; 
ib,  if  built  and  pofFeHed  by  the  Bri- 
tons, they  muft  have  been  Caledo- 
nian Biitons.  Balclutha  (if  the 
tov/n  of  Dunbarton)  was  in  Vefpa- 
fiana,  fome  miles  to  the  north  of  the 
wmIL  It  is  by  no  means  improba- 
ble that  it  was  burnt  by  Comhal 
when  the  Caledonians  invaded  and 
took  poirefiionof  thcprovince  in  1 70,* 


*  A.M.  4170.  Provincia  Vcfpa- 
fiana  ejiciantar  Reniani,"  lays  Richard. 

and 


Siri6lurcs  on  Lain£s  Dissertation^  \3c.       Vol.  62, 


and  afterwards,  when  recovered  by 
Theodofius,  the  town  may  have 
l>een  rebuilt,  and  called  I'Jieodofia, 
as  Laing  tells  us,  from  Richard. 

Mr  Laing  next  fays,  (p.  382.)  **The 
name  itfelf  is  an  oddit'ional  detcdion. 
When  ereded  by  the  Romans  it  re- 
tained the  name  of  Thcodofia,  and  the 
privilege  of  a,  Latin  town,  till  tranf- 
t'erred,  on  their  departure,  to  the 
native  Britons,  who  formed  the 
kingdom  of  Strathclyde,  Welfhj&c." 
'Tis  difficult  to  underftand  what 
Mr  Laing  vv^ould  be  at  with  this  ad- 
ditional detedlion.  Suppofnig  Vv^hat 
he  ftys  to  be  all  true,  and  that 
^rheodofia  was  built  or  rebuilt  in 
tJic  367,  is  this  to  hinder  the  pro- 
l)ability  of  a  town  called  Balclutha 
being  burnt  in  the  1 70  ?* 

He  fays,  (p.  382.)  that  on  becom- 


*  lucked  be  fccms  to  have  had  no 
other  reafon  in  atTording  us  this  dtttc- 
tion,  than  to  introduce  the  fiditious 
K-ingd(»m  of  Strathclyde  Wclih.  The 
Mat-aue  pofuffed  Valenria  between  the 
walls,  but  Alchj'uh  is  on  the  other  luie 
of  the  wail,  to  the  north  of  Clyde,  and 
as  Richard  (Lib.  i.  cap.  6.  §  43.)  fays, 
in  Ca'cdoni;!,  and  pofufllid  by  the  Ca- 
hdonians;  and  in  Bedc's  time  by  the 
Scotf',  as  wc  find  in  ihe  end  of  the  firft 
chapter  of  his  tir(t  book  ;  and  this  he 
iTiakes  ftill  more  evident  in  cap.  12  of 
the  fime  book,  where,  after  mention- 
ing the  firths  of  Forth  and  Clyde  as 
dividing  the  Britons  from  the  Piths  and 
Scots,  he  adds,  that  on  the  right  hand 
of  Clyde  is  "x\lciuiih,  quod  Ibiguu 
eorum  (i.e.  Scotorum,  ut  fupra)  fignifi- 
cat  pet  ram  chuih,  eft  e-tiani  juxta  fiuvi- 
iim  nominis  iliius."  Now  Alcluith  is 
pure  Gaelic  in  Shaw^'?  Dicfionary,  and 
litercilly  fignifies  Clyde's  rock,  or  Dun- 
barton  Caftle,  truly  a  rock,  on  or  in 
Clyde  ;  fo  that  the  Strathclyde  king- 
dom  is  truly  an  after-monkiih  dream, 
for  neither  in  WcUh  nor  any  other  lan- 
^ruoge  but  the  Gat  lie,  is  Al  to  he  found 
i^^nii'ying  a  rock;  and  Adomnan,  as 
Laing  tells  us,  very  properly  tranflates 
it  Pebracloltby  he  being  a  Caledonian  or 
'Scot,  and  vtrfdnt  in  that  language. 


ing  the  capital  of  the  Britons  "  it  re- 
ceived, or  perhaps  recovered  the  name 
of  Alclvyd^  explained  by  Bedetherock 
of  Clyde."    Now  there  is  no  fuch 
word  in  Bede, — it  is  Alcluith,  and 
what  is  here  otherways  advanced  is 
a  dream.    He  next  adds,   that  Mr 
Macpherfon  was  unable  to  difcover 
the  word  Al  in  Erfe,  "  fo  imagined 
that  Bede  was  miftaken,  and  tranf- 
lated  the  Gothic  and  comparative  j 
recent   names  of  Dunclidon  and  j 
Dunbarton,  the  town  of  the  Bri-  j 
tons,  into  Balclutha,  the  town  of  j 
Clyde."    To  fay  that  Macpherfon  ] 
did  not  know  his  own  language,  and  I 
that  he  could  not  turn  up  a  didion- 
ary,  is  rather  childilh.   The  word  Al 
is  both  in  Shaw  and  Lhuyd. — But, 
what  ftiall  we  fay  of  Ravennas,  an 
Latin  author,  writing  Gothic,  and , 
of  Dunbarton,  being  a  recent  Go-i 
thic  name,  fignifying  the  town  of 
the  Britons,  and  tranllated  the  town, 
of  Clyde  ?    r'lfum  ttneatis  am'icu  \> 
think  Mr  Laing,  as  being,  like  Pin-; 
kerton,  enamoured  with  the  Strath-, 
clyde  kingdom,  fliould  not  have  ob-/, 
jeded  to  Balclutha,  feeing  Bala  fig- 
nifies  in  Welfh  an  outlet  of  a  lake.' 
Now  Dunbarton  is  upon  the  Leven, 
the  outlet  of  Lochiomond. 

NEXThetensus,(p.  392,)  that  Fin- 
gai's  intercourfe  with  other  nations 
contains  the  fame  viinute  but  conciu' 
JiDe  detedions;  and  that  Macpherfon 
transfers  Inntjlorcy  the  ille  of  Boars, 
of  an  IriOi  ballad,  or  Torry  ifland, 
in  the  Weft  of  Ireland,  into  the 
Orkney  ' ifles,  which  he  inverts  or 
tranllates  into  Inniftore,  for  the  be- 
nefit of  the  found  i  Mr  Laing  is 
here  again  in  a  miftake.  Inmjlore 
does  not  fignify  the  Hie  of  Boars, 
hwi  Inntjlorc  or  InniJluit  Cy  as  may  bc 
feen  in  Smith's  Cathula,  and  in 
Shaw.  At  any  rate  Innis-Orc,  or 
Orc-innis,  appears  more  probably 
to  have  been  the  fcene  of  the  poems 
than  the  fmall  and  unknown  Ifle  of 
Torry.     Befides,  Macpherfon  had 


Aug.  1802.    Striaures  on  Lain/j  Dissertation,  Uc.  G-t 


110  occafion  to  tranflate  the  Orineys 
into  Erfe,  as  he  muft  have  known 
the  word  Orc-innis  as  well  as  Smith, 
who  in  a  different  poem  ufcs  the 
fame  Word. 

He  fays  alfo,   "  Confcious  that 
forre  never  fignified  a  whale  in  Erfe, 
Smith  converts  the  name  into  In- 
nis-orc    or  Orc-innis,  the  Ifle  of 
whales  from  the  Latin  orca  or  the 
Jtng/i/h  orcj   introduced  into  their 
language  by  the  Irj/h  prlejfs.''  This 
IS  a  ftrange  account  of  the  etymon 
of  the  Orkneys,  Orc-innis,  and  of 
courfe  of  the  Orcades  of  the  an- 
cients ;  viz.  either  from  the  Latin 
orca,  or  ftill ftranger,from  the Englifh 
orcy  introduced  by  Irilh  priefts,  pre- 
vious to  either  the  Englifli  language 
or  an  IriOi  prieiL    Ore  and  Erch 
alfo  denote  the  Orkneys  in  Welfh, 
and  ore  a  whale,  as  Lhuyd  tells  us! 
Milton  is  the  only  writer  that  ufes 
ore  ;  and,  if  an  Englifh  word  at  all, 
it  fignifies  a  feal,  from  the  Iflandic 
f^rkri,  a  feal ;  but  if  a  w^iale  is  meant, 
he  muft  have  borrowed  the  word 
from  the  Greek  and  Latin,  or  from 
the  Wellh,  who  certainly  got  it  from 
the  Gael;  Lhuyd  tells  us  that  rjr^ was 
:>bfolete  in  his  time,  and  that  "divers 
^*;ords  in  ufe  to  this  day  in  the  an- 
ient Scottilh,  once  common  alfo  to 
he  Britons,  as  ard  high.  Sec.  are 
ong  fince  difcontinued  by  the  Bri- 
ons." 

He  next  fays,  (p.  383.)  the  Ork- 
-leys  were  then  either  uninhabited  or 
'Offe/Ted  by  the  Pids,  andquotcsSoli- 
us.  ItistruethatSolinusexhibitsthe 
)rcades  as  uninhabited,  and  without 
"ces  in  his  time,  although  Agrico- 
I's  fleet  had  difcovered  and  fubdu- 
ii  them  long  previous  to  that  pe- 
od.    Mr  Laing,  however,  prefers 
ohnus's  accurate  and  pidurelque  de^ 
ription  to  Tacitus.    Of  his  accu- 
icy  the  reader  may  judge  by  turn- 
g  up  his  35th  chapter,  where  he 
»il  hnd  that  he  knew  Icfs  of  the 
ikneys  than  any  writer  that  pre- 
jCdcd  him.    He  fays,     Tai^o  days 


and  othzYfeven  days  andmghi^-  faUuir 
to  the  Orcades,  three  in  number,  bul: 
montory  towards  Thule,  briro-^  u;s 
to  the  Hebudes,>,  in  number, 
faihng  from  the  Caledonian  pro- 
Without  inhabitants  or  trees  ;  and/x- 
days  and  nv^hts  farther  to  Thule,  a 
large  inhabited  ijland,  producing 
and  fruits:'    Mela  fays  there"*  wer- 
30  Orcades  ;  Pliny  40  ;  and  the  coC 
mography  of  ^thicushas  34,  four- 
teen of  which  were  inhabited  2ind 
tiie  reft  defert ;  fo  that  Sohnus  can 
prove  nothing,  being  only  acquaint^  ' 
ed  with  three  of  thefe  defert  ifle 
unlefs  we  deem  Thule  to  be  one  of  th^' 
inhabited  ones.    GiiTord  thinks  the 
ongmal    inhabitants    were  Pi^s 
which  he  conjedures  from  th-  nJ* 
merous  Piaifh  burghs,  fo  called: 
and  the  word  Pift  he  derives  from 
^Mhtan  to  %ht,  or  tighlers.  In- 
deed,  it  is  not  improbable  that  th- 
early  Norweigan  and  Saxon  inv^d^ 
ers  might  have  given  to  the  Gael 
ot  the  Orkneys,  and  along  the  Eall 
coaft  of  Scotland,  where  their  ^r^\ 
attacks  where  made,  the  title  of 
fighters ;  and  from  which  the  Ro- 
mans  may  have  derived  their  Pid' 
and  the  Welch  their  Fichteit. 

After  all,  Mr  Laing  is  not  a. 
ware  that  from  his  criticifm  upon 
Inniftore,  he  has  furnifhed  us  with 
pretty  ftrong  evidence  that  Mac 
pherfon  and  Smith  truly  tranHuted 
from  originals  ;  for  had  they  meant 
to  deceive,    they  would  not  have 
amended  the  word  Inniftore,  but 
at  once  have  given  us  Inn^is-orc.  As 
to  the  circle  of  Loda,  the  falk-i 
oak,  and  a  lock  with  its  echoino- 
woods,  they  may  be  the  embeliiiV 
ments  of  OlHan,  of  after  bards,  or 
perhaps  of  the  tranflator  himfelf. 
Nay,  the  circle  of  Loda,  and  even 
woods  may  have,  in  O/Han's  days 
been  in  the  Orkneys  for  ouc^ht  we 
can  now  fay.     Certain  it  "is  that 
trees  are  found  in  their  moiYes  a- 
this  day;  as  well  as  hu^e  circles 
of  Hones  ill  thtir  moors';  aud  we 

fee 


Striclures  on  Lainfs  Dissertation,  ISc.      Vol.  64 


fee  what  Solinus  has  faid  above,  as 
to  Thulc,  that  it  was  inhabited,  and 
bad  trees  upon  it. 

In  a  note,  on  this  page,  he  very 
properly  laughs  at  Macpherfon,  for 
adducing /rkw/'*?  derived 
from  the  Gaelic  Jerlc.  He  alfo 
fneers  at  the  word  braid  broad,  and 
in  land  as  being  our  own  Engliih 
words.  If  Mr  Macpherfon  has 
mentioned  tliis  in  the  place  referred 
to,  he  rnuft  have  been  miflcd  by 
Monf.  Bullet  ;  ix)r,  in  his  Introduc- 
tion he  deduces  Britain  from  Brait 
hicrh  (not  broad)  and  an  or  in  a 
couatry. 

I  cannot  underftand  how  Mr 
Laing  can  conceive  (p.  3S4.)  that 
Torn'eo  and  Lulea,  towns  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  Gulph  of  Bothnia,  (hould 
be  infmuated  from  the  name  of  Tor- 
cul-torno,  king  of  Lulan.  As  to 
the  Romans,  knowing  nothing  of 
Scandinavia  beyond  the  Wener 
Lake»  it  is  a  dream  of  Pinkerton's*. 
The  invafions  from  Lochlin  were 
unknown,  fays  Mr  Laing,  till  the 
ninth  centuryf.  Hiftory,  indeed, 
which  only  commenced  after  the 
knowledge  of  letters  was  introduc- 


*  Ktar  Tacitus'  defcrlption  of  the 
Wcner  Lake,  "  Trans  Suionas  aliui  ma- 
le pigrum,  ac  prope  immotum,  quo 
cingi  cluJ.ique  tcrrarutn  orbem  hihC  6- 
des,  quod  extremus  cadentis  jam  lolis 
iulgor  in  onus  cdurat,  adco  clarus  iit 
lidtnihabctct,"  &^c.  Pliny  and  Soimus 
both  mentioii  the  northern  ocean,  and 
lay,  that  Philemon  tellr,  us  it  is  c:-!- 
led  Morimarufa  by  the  Cunbri,  figni- 
fying  the  d-ad  fca,"  6cc.  Now  VV. 
Barrent's  (Harris'  Voyages,  Vol.  I. 
p.  564.)  fays,  "the  Samoids  informed 
intin,  the  fea  to  the  eaftward  of  Wey- 
gates  was  called  Marmora,  that  is  to 
lay  the  calm  fea;  and  th^  people  of 
Wardhoufe  told  them  the  fame." 

t  Knox,  in  his  View  of  the  Bntiili 
Empire,  lays,  It  is  recorded  in  the 
Batavian  Annals,  that  the  Scots  fold 
their  herrings  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Netherlands,  as  early  as  the  9th  cen- 
tury/' 


the  impoflibility  of  former  inter- 
courfe  or  invafions  in  the  remoter 
invafions  about  that  period  ;  but 
neither  Mr  Laing,  nor  I,  can  prov« 
ed  among  the  Norwegians,  gives  U8 
the  firif  hiilorical  accounts  of  their 
days  of  ignorance.     The  comites 
littoris  Sa}<onici,  though  the  Saxony 
are  only  mentioned,  certainly  in- 
cluded the  Frif/i,  and  may  as  pro-^ 
bablvr  have  included  the  Norwegi-: 
ans,  as  it  certainly  did  the  inhabi-' 
tants  of  the  Saxon  ifles  in  the  Baltic,' 
all  comprehended    in   the  Gaelic' 
Lochlin.    The  Acotii,  quibus  ritu* 
habitufque  fuevorum,  lingua  Brita-^; 
nic^E  pi  oprior,:t     Tacitus  lays,  may^ 
have  had  intercourfe  with  the  Ca-^l 
ledonians  from  their  being  allied  at' 
Icafl:  in  fpeech.    As  to  the  SucoiW 
who,  clajjlhus  valenfy  it  feems  they' 
had  no  knowledge  of  fails  in  tliej 
2d  century  ;  and  Mr  Laing  fays; 
they  were  the  only  northern  natioa* 
poiTcffed  of  fhips,  although  Tacitur^ 
does  not  fay  fo.    Lideed,  were  aU| 
this  true,  I  would  fain  know  hoW; 
he  and  his  friend  Pinkerton  contriv* 
ed  to  bring  over  the  Pifts  300  yeaifj 
before  Chrift  ;   or,  fuppollng  thef 
had  come,  how  they  Ihould  have  fi> 
foon  forgot  the  way  to  return.  Wc 
know,  however,  that  in  Tacitus' 
time,  tlie  firll  century,  a  cohort 
of  the  Ufipii  deferted  from  Agrt* 
cola,  and  feizing  upon  fome  ftiips, 
made  fail  for  Germany,  but  were 
firit  intercepted  by  the  Suevi,  and, 
then  by  the  Frifii,  both  as  well  as 
the  Sueoiles,  fea-faring  people.^  The 
Frifii  in  particular,  from  their  in- 
curfions,  gave  the  name  of  Frefi- 
cum  Mare,  to  the  Firth  of  Forth,  a 
word  ufed  by  Nennius,  and  alfo  by 
Jofceline,  in  his  life  of  St  Kentigern, 
(To  be  Continued,)  - 


\  Theie  exprcfiions  of  Tacitus  de- 
cidedly prove  aeainfl  PinkertoQ  and 
Laing,  that  the  Briiiih  and  CakdoniaQ 
language  was  not  ihe  German. 


Aug.  1 8c: 


653 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


ON  LYCANTIIROPY. 


SIR, 

Among  the  popular  fuperftiiions 
of  Scotland,  there  feems  to  have 
beea  one,  the  traces  of  which  are 
now  almoll  obliterated,  the  origin 
of  which  might  be  a  fubjed:  of  ca- 
rious and  entertaining  difcuffion. 
Lycanthropy,  or  the  behef  of  the 
occafional  transformation  of  magi- 
cians, and  fometimes  of  other  per- 
fons  by  the  power  of  magicians, 
feems  formerly  to  have  been  very 
extenfively  difFufed.  In  Germany, 
the  belief  was  at  onetime  quite  cur- 
rent, and  is  alluded  to  by  various 
authors.  Among  the  Lazzaroni  of 
Naples,  the  manners  of  whom  gave 
too  much  verifimiiitude  to  the  idea, 
this  transformation  was  very  recent* 
ly  believed.  Bruce  found  a  fimjlar 
notion  prevalent  in  Abyffinia  ;  and 
relates  that  the  inhabitants  of  Gon- 
dar  imagined  the  hyaenas  that  in- 
fefted  their  ftreets  by  night,  and 
were  accuttomed  to  prey  on  mangl- 
ed carcafes,  were  individuals  of  the 
Jcwilh  tribes  of  Samen,  transform- 
ed into  the  lhape  of  that  ferocious 
animal.  Mr  Scott,  in  his  notes  on 
the  Ballad  of  Kempion,  in  the  fe- 
cond  volume  of  his  Border  Minllrel- 
fy,  has  adduced  fcveral  curious  ex- 


amples of  the  fuperftition  exifling 
among  the  northern  nations  :  and 
the  hulory  of  Merlin  the  Wild,  or 
the  Scotiih  Merlin,  who  is  repre- 
fented  as  fuffering  his  -wnrd  or  dci^ 
tiny  in  the  Ihape  of  a  wild  beaft  \\\ 
the  Prophecies  of  Waldhave,  affords 
us  an  inilance  of  the  fame  belief  in 
Scotland.  The  poem  of  Williaivi 
AND  THE  Wgrwolf,  which  Uiil  re- 
mains in  MS.  in  the  library  of 
King's  College  Cambridge,  would 
probably  furniih  fome  curious  illuf- 
trations  of  this  fubjed.  Mr  J.  Bry- 
ant, who  quotes  it  in  his  Obse?''vatians 
on  the  Poej/.'.s  of  Thomas  lioiv/ty,  Yo\, 
I,  p.  14.  73.  122.  fays,  it  is  written 
in  the  principal  dialedl  of  one  of  the 
w^elfern  counties,  and  is  in  many 
refpeds  fimilar  to  the  ftile  of  Piercs 
Plowman.  The  fubjecft  is  the  hif- 
tory  of  William,  a  royal  foundlings 
and  of  a  IVcr  ivolfhj  whom  he  w^as 
preferred.  The  Werwolf,  in  his 
transformation,  is  fuppofed  to  retain 
the  human  intelledt.  Probably  it 
may  be  in  the  power  of  fome  of 
your  correfpondents  to  introduce 
this  interefting  work  to  the  public, 
either  by  your  valuable  Mifcellany, 
or  by  fome  other  channel. 

Scrutator. 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  MEMOIR  of  the  late  right  hon, 
DUNCAN  FORBES,  or  CULLODEN. 


Contiaued  fiom  p.  540. 

AS  we  juftly  confider  the  early  thropy  and  tafte,  and  critical  dif- 

:ountenance  afforded  to  Thomfon  cernment  of  his  patron,  the  readers 

^  an  unequivocal  telt  of  the  philan-  cf  the  Scots  I>Iagazine  will,  wetrui}, 

a.  LXIV.                 "  4  T  per. 


654 


Memoir  of  the  laie  President  Forbes.       Vol.  64 


permit  us  to  indulge  in  a  fliort  dl- 
p^reffion,  v/ith  the  view  of  adverting 
to  this  conne<fl ion  with  Ibmecircinn- 
flantialit/. 

It  is  well  known  that  Thonnfon 
wasoriginally  deftinedfor  the  church, 
and  made  conflderable  progrefs  in 
thofe  ftudies  whicli  are  preparatory 
to  the  excrcife  of  tliat  profeQion. 
Lut  tlie  critical  ftrivflures  of  the  pro- 
feilbr  who  then  filled  the  divini- 
ty-chair in  this  univerfity,  convinced 
liim  that  his  expe(flations  from  theo- 
logy might  be  very  precarious.  Im- 
preifed  by  this  conviction;  lie  refl|^n- 
ed  hfs  views  of  the  clerical  profef- 
fion,  and  refolved  to  confecrate  his 
life  to  the  mufes.  Regarding  Lon- 
don as  the  only  ftage  on  which  a 
poet  could  appear  to  advantage,  and 
encouraged  by  a  lady  of  quality*, 
and  a  friend  of  his  mother,  then  in 
London,  he  quickly  prepared  for 
his  journey  thither,  and  in  the  au- 
tumn of  the  year  1725  embarked  at 
Leith  for  the  great  mart  of  litera- 
ture. 

Poor  Thomfon  was  miferably  dif- 
appointed  in  his  eipetStations  from 
his  opulent  relative,  tvhofe  pretend- 
ed encouragement  refulted  in  no- 
thing beneficial  to  his  fortune.  But 
he  was  in  polTeflion  of  recomm.enda- 
tions  to  feveral  other  perfons  of  dif- 
^tindlion,  and 'his  confidence  in  their 
efficacy  fuflained  his  fpirits  amid  the 
rcflecTaons  fuggefted  by  a  conicicuf- 
nefs  of  his  imprudence,  in  launch- 
ing forth  into  the  ocean  of  life,  un- 
iriended,  and  unpatronifed. 

On  lus  arrival  in  tlie  capital,  va- 
:  ious  flcries  are  told  of  the  tricks 
and  im.poficionsf^jccefsfully  prac^ifed 
t  T.  his  unfuipicious  temper.  Among 
'  ther  anecdotes  of  this  kind,  v/e  are 
t'iventounderftand,  that  whilft  faun- 
lerlng  along,  and  gazing  on  the  no- 
\eitics  which  he  beheld,  his  pockets 
vere  picked  both  of  his  handker- 


LtcC;  Grizzcl  Eailie, 


chief  and  of  the  recommendator 
letters  contained  in  it!  Smartinj 
under  this  double  misfortune,  h- 
found  his  way  to  the  Lord  Advo 
cate,  who  Vv'as  then  attending  hi 
duty  in  parliament.  His  Lordfhi] 
kindly  received  the  folitary  forlon 
poet,,  and  introduced  him  to  man^ 
valuable  cliaradlers,  with  whom  h'< 
lived  in  great  intimacy.  Am.ong  thef 
was  Aikman  the  celebrated  painter 
This  gentleman,  like  the  patron  o 
Thomfon,  poflelfed  a  juft  and  deli 
cate  tafle  in  the  kindred  art  of  de 
fcriptive  poetry.  He  therefore  con 
ceired  a  great  afFediion  forThomfor[ 
and  warmly  efpoufed  his  intereft.  ' 

The  fufceptible  mind  of  Thorn, 
fon  was  feelingly  alive  to  the  iitt 
prcfiions  of  gratitude,  and  as  he  ai 
fured  his  filtei-,  «  his  alFedions  na 
turally  very  fixed  and  conftant/ 
Of  the  countenance  afforded  him  ii 
his  exigence  lie  therefore  entertain' 
cd  a  due  fenfe ;  and  always  contv 
nued  to  regard  his  benefactors  witi 
the  warmell  reciprocity  of  kindntfil 
How  high  Aikman  flood  in  his  fa? 
vonrs,  and  how  much  he  was 
felled  by  his  premature  death,  i 
evident  from  his  pathetic  elegy  di 
that  occafion*.    And,  of  his  coni^ 


*  See  Euchan's  Effay  on  the  life# 
Thomlon.,  p.  190.  Aikman  died  .& 
London,  7th  June  1731.  He  was  tpc 
Ion  of  William  Aikman  of  Cairny,  \ 
an  advocate  cf  great  eminence,  and 
the  time  of  his  death  in  nomination  ff^t 
a  jud^c'i,  gown.  Aikman's  mother  w|s 
Margaret,  filter  of  Sir  John  Clcrk  oi 
PennycLiik.  He  was  born  on  the  24th 
Oiiober  16S  2,  and  was,  of  coniequencc, 
three  years  older  than  the  fubje6l 
this  memoir.  He  v.as  educated  willi 
great  care,  as  his  father  deligned  hiflu 
for  .his  own  profefiion  ;  biu  nat«nq 
pointed  out  to  him  a  different  courfCi 
and  he  arrived  at  great  eminence! 
the  profeffion  which  he  embraced, 
remains  were  conveyed  to  Scotlan 
and  lie  interred  in  the  Old  Gr^y  Fria 
Chuach  Yard. 


Aug.  1802. 


Mmair  of  the  late  President  Forbes  6^  5 


nued  tendernefs  for  his  patron,  to 
whom  he  was  indebted  for  the  friend- 
Ihipof  Aikman,  the  following  quot- 
ations from  letters  addreffed  by  him 
to  a  gentleman  in  this  city,^  afford 
ample  and  pleafmg  attertation  :  <<I 
am  whipping  and  fpurring  a  tra^^e- 
dyf  for  you  this  winter,  but  am 
fliil  at  fome  diftance  f  rom  the  goal, 
I  which  makes  me  fear  being  diitan- 
:ced.    Remember  me  to  all  friends, 
.and  above  them  all  to  Mr  Forbes. 
Though  my  affedion  to  him  is  not 
I  fanned  by  letters  ;  yet  it  is  as  high 
jas  when  I  was  his  brother  in  the 
^^'sriu,  and  played  at  chefs  with  him 
m  a  poll  chaife/'—'*  Forbes,  I  hope, 
^is  cheerful,  and  in  good  health;  ihAl 
never  fee  him  ?  Or  fhall  I  go  to 
lim  before  he  comes  to  us  ?  l^long 
!:o  fee  him,  in  order  to  play  out  the 
:;?ame  at  ch-fs  which  we  left  unfi- 
aiflied.     Remember  me  kindly  to 
^m,  with  all  the  zealous  truth  of 
;>Id  friendlhip.T" 

i  We  have  already  obferved  that 
Jhe  Lord  Adv^ocat  >  reprelcnted  the 
Northern  boroughs  during  the  whole 
j  eriod  of  his  adminiilralion,  he  was 

fcourfe  frequently  called  upon  to 
jifcharge  his  duty  in  the  great  na- 
|onal  council ;  and  it  was  uuiverfal- 

^  allowed,  that,  as  a  fenator,  none 
v  inced  a  higher  degree  of  pub- 

^  -iurit,  or  a  more  dihiueribd  zeal 
ii>r  the  welfare  of  his  country  ;  whde 
^;  his  private  capacity,  as  a  citizen, 
p  gjive  an  a^Hve  countenance  to 
l^:r  induftry,  her  trade,  and  her 
lianufkdturcs.    In  parliament,  the 

tegrity  of  his  heart,  and  the  rec 

•ude  of  his  condu(^,  were  well 
■^own,  and  duly  appreciated,  while 
ie  pathos  of  his  eloquence  and  the 
^mprehenfive  information  relative 
:  the  fuhjea  under  difcidfion  which 
'  difcovered,  fecured  the  attention, 
'd  excited  the  applaufes  of  that 
•gu^t  a/Il-mbiv. 


*Georore  Rofs,  Efquire. 

-iian'i;  ElTay,  S^.:.  p,  200-1. 


While  his  deportment,  as  a  pub.- 
lie  functionary,  was  thus  the  objecl 
of  univerfal  approbation,  the  frank 
fincerity  and  the  open  candour  or 
his  private  condud,  concihated  the 
perfonal  efleem  of  his  brethren,  and 
led  them  to  an  affiduous  cultiva- 
tion of  his  acquaintance.    In  Loiv' 
don,  indeed,  the  range  of  his  ac- 
quaintance was  foon  very  extenfive  ; 
and  he  lived  in  habits  of  intimacy! 
not  only  with  fuch  of  our  own  no- 
hihly  aj  poffeffed  congenial  tafte 
and  talents,^  but  even  wrdi  many  of 
the  foreign  ambaffadors,  who  v/ere 
charmed  with  the  politenefs  and  af- 
fabiHty  of  his  addrefs,  and  peculiar- 
ly gratified  with  the  intimate  know- 
ledge  he  difplayed  of  the  Latin  lan- 
guage, m  which  he  convcrfed  vnth 
the  utmoft  eafe  and  fluency.  Amonr- 
his  London  acqa JiUance  mav  more^ 
over  be  enumerat-d  Pope,'  Swift, 
and  his  excellent  countryman,  Dr 
Arbuthnot. 

Proportionate  to  his  progref; 
in  life,  were  his  exertions  in  the  fer- 
vice  of  his  country  makiplied.  In 
all  the  requifites  of  a  counfellor, 
proft.und  knowledge  of  the  law,  tht 
moft  ardent  love  of  juftice,  incor- 
ruptible integrity  of  heart,  and  a 
fervid  overpowering  eloquence,  he 
at  this  period  flood^unrivalled  ;  and 
he  invariably  brought^  the  whol^ 
force  of  his  talents  to  bear  upon  hii 
client's  c;^ufe,  with  ail  the  afFedlion- 
ate  attachment  of  a  brother.  The 
nacurai  refult  was,  >hat  lie  enjoved 
an  uncommon  fhare  of  tlie  public 
confidence,  and  was  frequently  cal- 
led  upon  to  arbitrate  in  cafes  of 
iiitricacy  and  of  importance.  On 
thefe  occafions  his  opinion  was  in- 
variably  received,  with  all  the  re- 
fpe^t  and  deference  due  to  aii.  ora- 
cle, and  his  decilion  implicicly  ac- 
qniefced  in,  as  the  refult  of  deep 
penetration,  and  of  uubiafTed  judo-- 
ment.  *^  ^ 

His  profeiiional  exertions  were 
not  conlined  to  the  place  of  his  refi- 
dcnce  ;  he  had  frequent  opportuni- 
4  T  2  ties 


6^6  Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.        Vol.  64. 


ties  of  difplaying  his  talents  on  an 
ampler  theatre.    At  the  bar  of  the 
Houfe  of  Lords,  he  repeatedly  ap- 
peared in  fupport  of  appeals  from 
the  fupieni*=i  court  of  his  country, 
to  that  higher  tribunal  ;  and  on  thefe 
occafions,  he  never  failed  to  arreil 
the  attention  of  his  judges,  and  to 
fecure  the  unqualified  applaufe  of 
his  audience.  He  was  alfo  occafion- 
ally  concerned  in  criminal  profecu- 
tions  ;  and  it  was  univerfally  oblerv- 
ed,    ihat  his  pleadings  before  the 
EngliOi  tribunals,  were  peculiarly 
char adtcrifed  by  an  uncommon  force 
of  argument,  and  energy  of  expref- 
fion     Thefe  exertions  foon  refulted 
in  confequences  very  advantageous 
to  his  fortune  ;  and  before  he  was 
called  upon  toprefide  in  the  fuprerne 
civil  court  of  this  nation,  the  profits 
of  his  praaice  bcibrc  the  Englilh 
courts  were  equivalent,  it  not  fupe- 
Tior,  to  the  emoluments  accruing 
to  him  frcm  his  extenfive  employ- 
ments in  this  country. 

Altho'  from  the  beginning  to 
the  clofe  of  his  public  career,  he 
held  the  emoluments  of  office  in 
•very  inferior  confideration,  yet  was 
he  now  in  poifeiricn  of  great  opu- 
lence :  for,  independent  of  his  pro^ 
feffional  appointments,  in  the  year 
1735  he.  fucceeded  to  the  valuable 


*  John  Forbes  of  CuUoden,  l.fq; 
fuftained  a  chavader  of  high  relpeda- 
^  bility,*  and  his  piemriture  death  ex- 
cited a  deep  and  general  regret.  As 
he  had  neither  the  natural  nor  the  ac- 
quired talents  of  his  brothtir,  he  ob- 
tained not  his  deferved  celebrity  ;  but 
in  perfonal  virtues  he  was  not  his  infe» 
rior,  and  he  moved  with  equal  credit 
in  his  humbler  fphere.  As  a  couDtry 
gentleman,  his  condu£l  was  exemplary 
in  an  eminent  degree,  and  his  numer- 
ous tenajitry  regarded  him  as  their  fa- 
ther. His  virtues,  however,  were  not 
whoUv  of  a  dome  flic  nature  •  they  em- 
braced  a  wider  range.  He  loved  his 
country  ;  and  when  danger  threatened 
her  conftitution,  ftood  forth  in  her  de- 
fence. He  reprefented  his  native  coun- 
ty, while  his  brother  was  returned  for 


eftate  of  hfs  anceftors,  by  the  death 
of  his  elder  brother*.  But  the 
grcateft  charm  which  this  acqui- 
lition  to  his  fortune  poffelfed,  in  his 
eftimation,  was  the  power  which  it 
afforded  him  to  fubferve,  in  a  ftill 
hi*';h-'r  degr'^'c,  the  purpofes  of  his 
patriotic  benevolence,  by  diffufnig 
comfort  and  happinefs  among  a 
greiiter  proportion  of  his  fellow 
creatures. 

We  come  now  to  advert  to  a 
memorable  tranfadlion,    in  which 
the  Lord  Advocate  aded  a  confpi- 
cuous  part.      In  the  year  1736, 
Kin.^^  George  II.  vifitcd  his  Ger- 
man dominions,  and  the  reins  of 
government  were  configned  to  Qjneen 
Caroline's  hands  in  his  abfence.  Tliisi 
princefs,howevcr,  feems  to  have  beei^ 
*  remits  in  the  execution  of  the  laws ; 
and  her  councils  betrayed  a  ci  imi- 
nal  inattention  to  the  (late  of  the 
public  mind  *  Thi^  fupinenefs  oi^ 
the  pnrt  of  government  com.pletely 
unhinged  the  morals  of  the  people  j 
an  alarming  degree  of  licentioufnefi 
pervaded  the  nation  ;  tumults,  anci 
riots,  and  confufion  were  univerfall); 
prevalent  ;  and  the  friends  of  reli' 
gion,  and  of  good  order,  v/ere  panic 
firuck  for  the  public  welfare.  ^  - 
But  of  all  thefe  fcenes  of  diilrac 
tion  and  of  violence,  the  moll 
mavkable  was  exhibited  in  the  cifj 
of  Edinburgh,  on  the  feventh  M 
of  September.      i  hree  fmuggfel^ 
had  been  concerned  in  breaking  «| 
the  cuftom-houfe  of  Kirkaldy  {? 
town  on  the  coaftofFife,)  and  k 
purloining  from  thence  a  part  p: 
the  public  revenue.    Of  thefe  rm 
juftice  foon  got  hold,  and  in  the  :# 
ience  of  the  Lord  Advocate,  W 
profecution  againft  them  was  ca.vi§< 
on  by  his  depute,  at  the  inilancf^l^ 
the  Crown.    The  crime  with  w}m 


the  diftridl  of  boroughs,  and  evincsf 
himfeif  an  enlightened  legillator.  Fcv 
men,  therefore,  have  deferved  bette: 
of  their  countrv  than  thei'e  gentletnfn 
and  they  may  'juflly  be  regarded  pa 
nobilefratmm,  .  , 


Aug.  1 8c  2.      Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.  657 


tbey  were  charged  was  fubftantlated 
a^ainft  them,  and  they  were,  of  con- 
fequence,  condemned  to  fulFer  the 
puniOimcnt  which  the  law  apporti- 
oned to  their  tranfgTefflon.  But,  on 
a  reprefcntation  of  the  circumftances 
of  the  cafe,  the  Lord  Advocate  pro- 
cured a  leprieve  for  one  of  them, 
as  being  of  the  three  the  lefs  crimi- 
nal ;  but  his  accomphces,  Andrew 
Wilfon,  and  George  Rohertfon, 
were  left  for  execution.  Robertfon 
afterwards,  hj  the  atHftance  of  his 
fellow  prifoner,  and  the  connivance 
of  his  guards,  afFedcd  his  efcape  ; 
and  Wilfon  fuffered  the  penalty  of 
the  law. 

This  poor  fellow's  fingular  ge- 
.ncrofity  in  contributing  to  the  ef- 
cape of  his  ailociate,  and  the  calm 
refignation  with  which  he  fubmit- 
mitted  to  his  own  doom,  made 
a  deep  impreffion  on  the  minds  of 
the  populace,  and  excited  a  general 
intereft  in  his  fate.  The  day  of  his 
execution  arrived,  and  as  the  ma- 
giftrates  were  aware  of  the  ferment, 
occafxoned  by  his  heroiim  towards 
his  comrade,  every  pofiible  precau- 
tion was  adopted  for  the  prevention 
of  tumults  '^r  diilurbancc :  Unfortu- 
nately, however,  thefe  meafures  for 
the  prefervation  of  the  peace  were 
not  completely  fuccefsful.  I'he  cri- 
minaPs  deportment,  indeed,  fuitably 
correfponded  with  his  unhappy  fi- 
tuation  ;  but  his  punilhment  called 
forth  the  moil  lively  fympathy,  and 
forrow,  and  compafiion,  and  rage 
were  depided  in  the  countenances 
of  the  mob. 

John  Porteous,  a  man  oF  a  bru- 
tal difpofitlon,  and  of  abandoned 
morals,  unhappily  commanded  the 
City  Guard  on  that  day.  This  pro- 
fligate, who  had  completely  divef- 
ted  himfelf  of  every  moral  and  fa- 
cred  oi:>ligation,  and  led  a  life  of 
the  groiiell  fenfuality,  had  the  good 
fortune  to  ingratiate  himfelf  with 
ibme  leading  men  in  council,  who 
actuated  by  that  fpirit  of  unprin- 


cipled monopoly  of  places,  and  blind 
mercenary  attachment  to  their  owa 
creatures,  by  which  the  condud  of 
their fuccelfors  in  oiSce,  in  arrangin:r 
the  appointments  in  their  gift,  tr> 
which  any  confiderable  emolumen^^ 
are  appended,  has,  in  latter  times,  not 
unfrequently  been  degraded,  intruit-. 
ed  him  with  a  coram.and,  of  wliich  h- 
was  wholly  unv/ortliy,  and  his  pa- 
trons had  nearly  expiated  their  guilt 
by  the  disfranchifement  of  the  city. 

Provoked  by  fome  infults  from 
the  populace,  Porteous,  without  ha- 
ving recourfe  to  thefe  previous  for- 
malities, which  the  law  has  wilely 
enjoined  on  fuch  emergencies,  twic(? 
lired  loaded  with  flugs  among  the 
crowd,  and  ordered  his  m^en  to  follow 
his  exam})le.  This  v^icked,  illegal, 
and  precipitate  mandate  was  unfor- 
tunately  obeyed,  fix  innocent  perfons 
were  killed  upon  the  fpot,  and  eleven 
others  mortally  wounded.  The  citv 
exhibited  a  fcene  of  uproar  and  of 
confuficn,  and  the  populace,  in  a 
fierce  and  eager  tone,  demanded  fa- 
tisfadion.  Some  bev/ailed  the  lofs 
of  their  children  ;  the  Vv^idow  exe- 
crated the  murderer  of  her  huib,;nd ; 
and  the  orphan  called  for  vengeance 
on  the  deitroyer  of  his  parent. 

Porteous  was  immediately  ar- 
reRed,  tried  for  tiie  murder,  con- 
vided  by  the  unanimous  vcrdicl  of 
a  jury,  and  fentenced  to  that  death, 
which  was  a  very  inadequate  atone- 
ment for  the  crimes  he  liad  perpe- 
trated :  But  the  Queen,  as  guardian 
of  the  realm,  inlligated  uo  doubt, 
by  Walpole,  the  exifting  m.inifter  at 
tiiat  time,  interpofed  in  his  favov.r, 
and  by  the  unfeafonable  exercife  of 
the  Royal  prerogative,  attempted 
to  fave  tnis  bloody,  gracelefs  rutiiaii 
from  the  imprecated  vengeance  of 
his  country. 

The  pafuons  of  the  people  wer? 
wound  up  to  a  degree  of  fury,  by 
this  ill  judged  exertion  of  the  no- 
bleft  yet  moil:  dangerous  privilege 
appertaining  to  Royalty.  Their  me- 
mories 


65S 


Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.     Vol.  64. 


mories  recurred  to  many  former  in- 
llances,  in  which  minifterial  power 
had  been  abufed^  in  fliiclding  the 
partifans  of  Government  from  the 
punifhment  due  to  murder,  and  to 
other  moft  heinous  crimes;  while 
the  regifters  of  the  jufticiary  courts 
were  fwelled  with  the  prefcriptions 
and  punifhnients  inflided  on  thofe, 
v/hom  oppredion  or  injufticc  had 
prompted  to  infringe  the  peace. 
Fired  with  jealoufy  and  refentment 
at  the  recollc<51iou  of  thefe  wrongs, 
and  firm  in  the  purpofe  of  appeaf- 
ing  the  injured  manes  of  the  llain, 
they  refolvcd,  that  even  Royal  mcr- 
(  y  itfclf  Ihould  not  refcue  Porteous 
from  that  doom,  which  the  Liw  had 
awarded  to  the  guilty  temerity  of 
his  condud. 

Pursuant  to  this  refolution,  a 
number  of  people  from  various  parts 
of  the  country,  repaired  to  Edin- 
burgh, on  the  night  preceding  the 
day,  on  which  the  fentence  of  the 
law  would  have  been  executed  on 
Porteous,  had  not  the  Queen  un- 
ieafcnably  interfered  for  his  fafcty. 
They  no  doubt,  found  many  in  the 
Capital,  heartily  difpofcd  to  lend 
their  alTiftance,  in  bringing  to  pu- 
nilhment  this  devoted  man,  who 
had  forfeited  his,  life  to  the  injured 
juflice  of  his  country.  But  the 
garbs,  which  their  various  diiguifes 
had  not  completely  concealed  from 
view,  as  well  as  the  mature  dcli- 
beratioii  with  wliich  their  plan  was 
concerted  and  executed,  authorifed 
the  inference,  that  the  deed  was 
countenanced  by  perfons  in  the  high- 
er orders  of  fociety,  and  that  the 
violence  which  they  committed,  had 
not  originated  in  the  ra(h  and  un- 
premeditated decifion  of  an  enraged 
populace. 

They  furprifed  and  difarmed  the 
Town  Guard,  fecured  the  gates  of 
the  city,  and  thus  prevented  the  in- 
terference of  the  troops,  Vv'ho  had 
been  Rationed  in  the  fuburbs.  They 
then  affailed  the  prifon  doors,  which 
refilling  the  force  of  tk(jir  hamme:  s. 


they  confumed  to  afhes.  The  other 
prifoners  they  -  reftored  to  their  li- 
berty ;  but  laid  hold  of  the  trem. 
bling  Porteous,  whom  they  accoded 
with  violent  threatenings  of  that 
tragical  cataftrophe,  which  his  guil- 
ty fears  had  anticipated.  Having 
thus  feized  their  victim,  they  march- 
ed with  lighted  torches  to  the  Grafs- 
market,  purchafed  a  coil  of  rope? 
from  a  fliop,  and  having  permitted 
Porteous  to  depofit  the  money  ia 
his  poiFefTion  with  an  acquaintance, 
to  be  delivered  to  his  relations,  they 
dragged  him  to  a  dyer's  pole,  con- 
tiguous to  the  fcene  of  his  brutal 
barbarity.  Having  now  upbraided 
him  for  the  murders  which  he  had 
perpetrated,  as  well  as  for  the  inno- 
cent blood  fpilt  by  his  orders,  they 
faflened  him  to  the  pole,  and  leav- 
ing him  hanging  by  the  neck,  quiet- 
ly difperfed  to  their  fevcral  habita- 
tions. 

The  intelligence  of  this  daring 
outrage  agalnft  Royal  authority, 
was  received  at  Court  with  the  ut- 
moPt  indignation.  It  was  deemed 
a  flagrant  infult  on  Governme.u  ; 
the  confequences  of  which  were  tlie 
more  ominous,  as  it  appeared  to 
have  been  concerted  and  executed 
without  didurbance,  and  vv^ith  cool 
deliberation.  His  Majefty  was  im- 
mediately apprifedof  the  contempt 
poured  upon  his  prerogative  in  the 
capital  of  one  of  his  kingdoms.  The 
offenders  were  a/Tured  of  pardon, 
provided  they  difcovered  their  ac- 
complices, and  a  reward  of  L.  200 
was  otFered  by  proclamation,  for 
the  detedion  of  any  perfon,  convic- 
ted of  having  a  Ihare  in  this  black 
tranfadion.  It  was  ftrongly  infmu- 
ated,  that  the  magiif  rates  of  Edin- 
burgh had  connived  at,  if  not  en- 
couraged^ the  riot,  and  it  was  con- 
fequently  refolved,  that  their  city 
fbould  feel  the  full  weight  of  minif- 
terial  vengeance. 

The  Lord  Advocate  v/as  inftant- 
ly  direded  to  order  the  Lord  Pro- 
vofl  into  cuftody ;  a  warant  was  ac- 


Avig.  1 8  02,    Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forles 


cordingly  iffued  for  his  commitment, 
but  after  fome  weeks  confinement, 
he  was  liberated  upon  bail.  The 
Lord  Provoft  with  the  four  Bailies, 
were  then  commanded  to  attend 
the  Houle  of  Lords.  Three  of  the 
Jufticiary  Lords  were  alfo  filled  as 
evidence  before  the  fame  tribunal ; 
But  this  part  of  the  procedure  gave 
rife  to  a  debate  on  a  point  of  privi- 
lege, for  w^hich  the  Union  had  made 
no  provifion,  and  for  the  elucida- 
tion of  which,  no  precedent  could 
be  adduced  ;  namely,  liow  the  Sco- 
tilh  Judges  fhould  be  interrogated, 
whether  on  the  woolfacks,  at  the 
table,  or  at  the  bar  ?  By  fome  of 
the  Scottifh  Peers,  it  was  keenly 
contended,  that  they  had  a  right  to 
be  feated  on  the  fame  bench  with 
the  Judges  of  England  ;  and  that 
no  inequality  or  diftin<ftion  fiiould 
be  obferved  between  the  Judges  of 
the  fupreme  court  in  Scotland,  and 
thofe  of  an  equal  rank  in  the  neigh- 
bouring kingdom.  This  plea  was 
over-ruled,  and  after  much  difcuf- 
fion  it  was  refolved,  that  the  Lords 
of  Jufticiary  fhould  appear  at  the 
bar  in  their  robes. 

The  Houfe  of  Lords  now  pro- 
I  ceeded  to  execute  judgment  on  the 
'  feemingly  devoted  Capital.    A  bill 
was   brought   in   for  difenabling 
Alexander  Wilfon,  Efq;  Lord  Pro- 
voft of  Edinburgh,  from  enjoying 
^;  any  office  in  that  city,  or  in  any 
V  part  of  Great  Britain  ;  for  confining 
i  him  to  clofe  cuftody  during  a  full 
I  year;  for  abolilhing  the  City  Guard; 
and  for  taking  down  the  gates  of 
the  Necher-bov/  Port,  that  a  com- 
munication might  be  opened  be- 
tween the  city  and  the  fuburbs,  in 
1  which  the  King's  troops  were  quar- 
tered. 

I  It  was  in  this  ftage  of  the  bufi- 
ijnefs,  when  the  Capital  of  his  native 
land  was  about  to  be  denuded  of 
ihofe  rights  with  which  Ihe  had 
t)cen  inverted  for  ages,  that  the 
[Lord  Advocate,  regardlefs  of  any 


injuries  which  his  pcifonai  fortune 
might  ftiltain,  braved  the  difplea- 
fure  of  the  Court,  and  oppofed  theie 
illegal  meafures  widi  uncomrnoii 
ene'-^y.  At  the  bar  of  the  Lords, 
he  appeared  in  his  profeHloiial  capa- 
city, and  contended  with  all  tiiti 
force  of  his  mafterly  eloquence,  tha*: 
the  proceedings  of  their  Lordfii!]:^ 
were  equally  harOi  and  unprece- 
dented, and  he  challenged  them  ig 
produce  another  inftance,  in  which 
the  whole  torrent  of  Parliamentai  y 
indignation  was  di reeled  to  over- 
whelm a  fmgle  individual,  much 
lefs  againft  a  whole  community,  for 
crimes  which  w^ere  within  the  jurtf- 
didion  of  the  inferior  courts  of  juf- 
tice,  and  of  which  it  was  his  pro- 
vince to  take  cognifance  in  ano:her 
place. 

With  equal  ftrength  of  argu- 
ment and  energy  of  diclion, 
Lordfliip  maintained,  that  if  the 
Lord  Provoft  and  citizens  of  Edin- 
burgh fiiould  fulFer  the  penalty  de- 
nounced againft  them  in  the  prefent 
bill,  they  would  fuffer  by  a  proce- 
dure equally  cruel,  and  unjufl:,  and 
fantaftical;  a  procedure  v/hich  might 
recoil  on  its  advifers'  heads,  or  on 
the  heads  of  their  defcendants,  if 
ever  the  nation  fhould  have  the  mif- 
fortune  to  be  ruled  by  a  partial  felf- 
interefted  adminiftration.  He  proved 
to  a  demonft ration,  tiiat  no  fi-eeman 
or  citizen  of  Edinburgh  vras  con- 
cerned in  the  riot,  which  refalted  in 
fo  unfortunate  a  cataftrophe;  that  it 
was  compofed  of  country  people, 
who  had  been  roufed  to  vengeance, 
by  the  pathetic  remonftrances  cf 
the  relations  of  the  people  who  had 
been  killed  or  v,'ounded  by  Porteous 
and  his  men,  at  the  fmuggler's  eie- 
cution :  He  admitted,  that  thef^ 
were  indeed  a  (lifted  by  apprentice 
boys,  and  fome  of  the  loweft  clafir  ^ 
of  the  community  ;  but  he  contend- 
ed,"  that  the  Lord  Provoft  had  ta- 
ken every  poilible  precaution  to  pre- 
vent mifchief,  of  which  the  urgency 

of 


66o 


Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.      Vol.  64. 


of  the  cafe  admitted  ;  that  he  even 
txpofed  his  perfoii  to  danger  from 
the  populace,  in  his  attempts  to  dii- 
perfe  them  ;  and  that  if  any  blame 
could  attach  to  him,  on  the  fc(-.e  of 
inattention  to  his  duty,  his  tault 
was  an  error  of  judgment,  and  not 
the  want  of  inclination  to  protedt 
the  unhappy  Porteous  ;  that  in  their 
vain  endeavours  to  quell  or  appeaie 
the  ferment,  the  magiilrates  vixM^e 
pelted  with  ftones,  and  threatened 
to  be  hied  upon,    l^e  brought  it 
clearly  out  upon  evidence,  that  Mr 
Lindfay,  the  member  of  Parliament 
for  the  city,  repaired  to  General 
Moyle,  Commander  of  his  Majelly^s 
forces  in  Scotland*  inirealcd  his  im- 
mediate aililhmce,  and  promifed  to 
condu^:  his  troops  into  the  city  ; 
but  that  the  General  refufed  com- 
plying with  his  requeil,  becaufe  he 
had  no  written  orders  from  the  ma- 
^>-iftrates  to  that  effed,  which  in  fuch 
turmoil  and  confufion,  he  could  nei- 
ther obtain,  nor  indeed,  w  ith  perlb- 
nal  flifety  carry  along  with  him 
through  the  midft  of  an  infuriated 
multitude.    His  Lordihip  then  ex- 
patiated on  the  articles  of  the  treaty 
of  Union,  which  regarded  the  pre- 
rogatives  of  Royal  Burghs,  and 
proved,  that  the  prefent  bill  was  a 
dire6l  violation   of  that  national 
compad;    becaufe  the  privileges 
which  it  went  to  aboliih,  the  citizens 
poffelfed  on  the  fame  tenure  as  they 
did  their  rehgion,    they  were  of^ 
courfe,  their  unahable  property,  ot 
which  they  could  not  be  divefted  by 
any  fubfequent  Parliament  of  Great 
Britain. 

Such  were  the  topics,  on  which, 
on  this  memorable  occafion,  the 
Lord  Advocate  defcanted  with  that 
fervid  eloquence,  which  diftinguiih- 
ed  his  pleadings,  and  fuch  the  argu- 
ments by  which  he  attempted  to 
v/ard  off  the  blow,  which  was  death- 
ful  to  the  moft  invaluable  privileges 
of  his  metropolis.  In  one  of  his 
fpecches,  after  having  prgved,  chat 


while  in  other  parts  of  the  kingdom, 
difcontents  prevailed,  on  account  of 
enadments  which  the  people  regard- 
ed as  oppreiTive;  more  efpecially,  on 
account  of  the  malt  tax,  a  mcafure, 
which  excited  their  peculiar  abhor- 
rence, the  citizens   of  Edinburgh 
condu^led  themfelves  with  fuch  ex- 
emplary quietnefs  and  decorum,  as 
attradted  the  attention  and  even  ap- 
plaufe  of  Government ;  and  after 
having  painted  in  the  moft  glowing  , 
colours,  the  injuftice  of  puniiliing  a 
whole  city  for  a  crime  committed  ' 
by  fome  unknown  offenders,  who  , 
from  refentment  for  the  peaceful  ' 
demeanour  of  its  inhabitants,  or 
with  the  view  of  exciting  an  infur*  \ 
region    again  (I  the   Rate,    might  , 
come  from  London,  from  Verfailles, 
or  even  from  Rome  herfelf,  he  thus  : 
concluded  :  "  Shall  then  the  metro- 
pohs  of  Scotland,  the  refidence  of 
fuch  an  illuftrious  race  of  kings,  ^ 
who  made  it  their  greateft  glory  to  ; 
dignify  that  noble  city,  fliall  fuch  a; 
place  as  this,  I  fay,  be  fti  ipt  of  her  ^ 
moft  valuable  privileges,  her  guards  * 
and  her  gates,  and  a  Scottiih  man ' 
calmly  behold  thehavock  ?  I  glory, 
my  Lords,  to  withftand  fo  rigour 
ous  a  procedure,  and  judge  it  my 
greateft  honour,  to  ftand  up  in  de* 
fence  of  my  native  country,  when 
the  fame  is  expofed  to  lofs  and  iri- 
famy.'^ 

'l^HESE  lively  reprefentations  of 
his  Lordftnp,  the  vig^our  v/ith  which 
he  combated  and  refuted  every  ar- 
gument, which  the  partifans  ot  mi- 
niftry  urged  in  favour  of  this  tyran- 
nical bill,  made  a  due  impreihon  on 
the  difmterefted  part  of  his  judges, 
in  fo  much,  that  in  this  ftruggle 
pro  oris  et  Jocis,  he  was  ably  fup- 
ported  by  m^ny  of  the  Lordb,  who 
contended,  that  on  the  one  hand, 
the  charges  were  vague  and  incon- 
clufive  ;  that  no  fatisfadory  proofs 
had  been  adduced  in  their  fupport, 
and  that  the  exculpatory  evidence: 
afforded  fuch  a  prefumption  of  ^ 


Aug.  1802.      Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.  66 1 


nocence,  as  ought  at  leaft  to  incline 
their  Lordfhips  to  the  fide  of  mer- 
cy ;  and  on  the  other  hand,  that 
even  upon  the  fuppofition  that  the 
charges,  upon  which  the  bill  refted, 
were  fubftantinted,  it  was  u/tra  vires 
of  their  Lordfhips  to  inHidl  a  pu- 
nifliment  fo  difproportionate  to  the 
crime  ;  becaufe  no  degree  of  culpa- 
bility in  the  magiftracy  could  juftly 
incur  the  forfeiture  of  the|5rivi!eges, 
or  difannul  the  charter  of  the  city. 
-  John  Duke  of  Argyle,  in  oppo- 
fition  to  his  brother  Lord  Hay,  an 
interefted  cieature  of  the  Court,  and 
a  keen  abettor  of  minifterial  influ- 
ence, made  a  vigorous  refiftance  to 
this  arbitrary  meafure,  influenced 
no  doubt,  by  the  Lord  Advocate's 
nervous  eloquence,  as  well  as  by  a 
laudable  attachment  to  the  jights 
and  privileges  of  his  native  coun- 
try. 

Notwithstanding  thefe  vigo- 
rous efforts  to  ftem  the  torrent  of 
minifterial  vengeance,   the  Court 
party  prevailed,  and  the  majority 
of  the  Lords  fanflioned  their  vio- 
lence.   The  bill  accordingly  pafTed 
the  Houfe,  and  was  fent  down  to 
the  Commons.    From  this  afTem- 
jbly,  however,  it  did  not  meet  with 
1  cordial  reception  :  It  was  indeed, 
mofl  ftrenuoully  oppofed  in  every 
lage  in  its  progrefs.    The  Lord 
^Vdvocate  feems  to  have  infpired  his 
:ountrymen  with  a  determined  fpi- 
;;it  of  refiftance  :    Like  him,  they 
:onfidered  the  mod  ineftimable  pri- 
i/ileges  of  their  Capital,  as  a  com- 
nunity  at  ftake,  and,  with  a  fmgle 
i  xception,  *  they  muflered  up  all 
I  heir  eloquence  in  defence  of  her 
ights.     In  this  patriotic  conteft, 
were  fupported  by  many  of 
Englifh  Commoners,  who  re- 

(  

*  We  regret  ibat  we  cannot  fpecify 
name  of  this  pfeudo-patrlot,  ia 
"  to  h?ind  it  down  to  the  execration 

,  >  il  r  i  I  y 

Vol.  LXIV. 


garded  the  meaftire  as  the  offspring 
of  national  prejudice,  foftered  by  an 
unconflitutional  ftretch  of  miniilcii- 
al  power. 

The  champions  for  the  liberty  of 
the  fabjedls  prevailed,  and  the  bill 
was  altered  in  its  moil  effential  cii~ 
cumftanccs.  The  claufes  for  im- 
priibning  the  Lord  Provo-t,  abolila- 
ing  the  City  Guard,  and  for  takin;^ 
down  the  gates,  were  expunged.  In 
the  lieu  of  which,  the  cit:y  was 
mulct  in  a  fine  of  L.  2000  for  tiie 
benefit  of  Porteous's  widow,  f  Ever* 
thus  amended,  and  ftript  of  its  moft 
offenfive  attire,  its  fate  for  a  feafon 
hung  in  eqailibrio,  and  it  was  at 
laft  carried  by  the  fmallefl  pofhblr: 
majority.  One  hundred  and  thirty 
members  voted  in  its  favour; 
recommitment  was  oppofed  by  an 
equal  number:  Its  late  was  of 
courfe  determined  by  the  Chair- 
rrian's  caiHng  vote,  who,  on  this  oc- 
cafion,  deviated  from  the  line  of 
condud,  ufually  obferved  by  perfons 
fimilarly  fituated,  and  inftead  of 
leaning  to  the  fide  of  mercy,  gave 
his  verdid  in  favour  of  this  oppref- 
live  procedure. 

After  all,  the  authors  of  this 
unjuft  enactment  were  hidebted  for 
its  fuccefs  to  another  meafure  equal- 
ly arbitrary.  Two  Scottifh  members 
of  the  Houfe  of  Com.mons,  gentle- 
men of  the  law,  v/ere  proiemonally 
engaged  in  the  difcuffion  of  an  ap- 
peal before  the  Koufe  of  Lords. 
It  was  in  this  Houfe,  that  the  bill 
originated,  and  it  was  acting  ii\ 
character,  to  throw  no  qbftrudion 
in  its  way  :    Their  Lordfhips  of 


f  Pvnrteous's  widow  on  account  ot 
the  favours  the  Town  Council  had 
(hewn  her,  accented  of  L.  1500  in  fall. 
The  expences  of  the  riiagiitratcs' jour- 
ney to  London  ;  of  their  ftay  there  ;  ot 
lawyers  fees,  &c.  in  London  and  Edir- 
burgh,  confideral.ly  exceeded  that  furr;. 
See  Atnot's  HiRory  of  Edinburgh, 
Ta^e  sio. 

4  U  couric 


662 


Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.      Vol.  64. 


courfe  refufed  thefe  gentlemen  leave 
of  ab fence,  and  thus  faved  thcm- 
felves  the  mortification  of  a  final 
defeat. 

This  part  of  our  narrative  has 
perhaps,  been  extended  to  an  undue 
length  ;  but  as  the  chartered  rights 
of  this  metropolis  were  in  eminent 
danger,  and  as  the  fubjed  of  this 
memoir  was  greatly  inftrumental 
in  their  prefervation,  it  was  but  juf- 
tice  to  his  memory,  to  record  the 
tranfadion  in  detail,  that  fuch'  of 
its  prefcnt  inhabitants,  as  infpecl 
your  Mifcellany,  may  be  taught  to 
appretiate  the  obligations  which 
they  owe  to  that  ornament  of  the 
community.  And  as  a  lafting  mo- 
nument of  his  dihnterefted  patrio- 
tifm,  be  it  moreover  recorded,  that 
when  the  Lord  Advocate  thus 
flood  forth,  in  defence  of  his  coun- 
try, and  fo  fuccefsfuUy  thwarted 
the  violent  meafures  of  miniilry,  the 
Prefident's  chair  was  vacant,  and 
none  more  eminently  calculated 
than  himfelf  to  fill  it ;  At  nnn  sihiy 
sed  iotij  his  great  foul  was  fuperior, 
far  fuperior  to  mercenary  confidera- 
tions,  and  when  ever  the  interefts  of 
his  country  came  in  cornpetiticn 
with  his  o\\^,  on  the  altar  of  the 
public  good,  perfonal  concerns  were 
made  an  immediate  and  a  voluntary 
facrifice. 

One  reflection,  the  fa-fls  which 
we  have  reviewed  naturally  fuggef}, 
and  with  this  refledion,  we  lhall 
difmifs  this  part  of  the  fubjed. 
cixty-fix  years  have  almoft  elapfed 
fmce  this  confpiracy  took  place,  ar.d 
notwithftanding  the  hirh  rewards 
offered  for  difccvery,  aiid  the  niim- 
ber  cf  people  which  mxx  'X  have  been 
engaged  in  carrying  it  into  effccS:, 
no  infoimation  was  ever  lodged^ 
and  no  fingle  individual  was  ever 
fufpedied  or  accufed.  Such  a  ftub- 
bom  incorruptible  fidelity  could  not 
have  been  diiplayed,  had  not  the 
a<5lors  in  this  fcene  been  governed 
byprinciple,  and  regarded  the  illegal 


deed  which  they  perpetrated,  as  a 
facrifice  due  to  violated  rights,  and 
to  injured  innocence. 

Justice  to  the  impartiality  of 
miniilers  requires   us  to  acknow- 
ledge, tliat  the  fteady  front  with 
which  the  Lord  Advocate  refifted 
their   favouiite   meafure   of  ven- 
geance, created  no  prepoffcfiion  a- 
gainfl  him  ;  at  lead  that  any  um- 
brage which  his  condu6b  might  have* 
excited  in  their  minds,  gave  way  ta  , 
the  high  fenfe  they  entertained  of 
his  great  capacity,  and  of  his  un- 
fuilied  integrity.    He  had  pa^Ted: 
through  all  the  inferior  departments  ' 
which  ufually  pave  the  way  to  thd 
Prefident's  chair,  and  his  progrefa, 
was  marked  by  quicknefs  of  difcern* . 
nierrt,  folidity  of  underftanding,  and 
an  ardent  love  of  juftice.  Thefe 
qualifications  fubftantiated  his  clain> 
to  ftill  higher  honours,  and  point- 
ed him  out  as  the  perfon  moft  emi-' 
nently  calculated  to  difcharge  an  of- 
fice which  gives  conftant  occafiori'^ 
for  their  exercife.  ' 

Less  implacable  than  many  of 
their  fuccelfors,  in  whofe  eyes,  an' 
oppofition  to  fuch  a  darling  fchemd 
as  the  Porteous  bill,  would  hav^ 
been  deemed  an  inexpiable  fin,  ihii 
miniftcrs,  by  a  commifiion  dated 
2ift  Jane  1737,  placed  him  at  the 
head  of  the  fupreme  court  of 
country.    No  foorier  had  he  pro-  ' 
duced  in  court,  his  commifiion  W 
this  high  ofiice,  than  a  manifeft  fa* 
tisfadion  v/as  painted  in  the  cc  un^ 
tenances  of  its  members.   They  had  ' 
ample  opportunities  of  appretiatin# 
the  candour,  and  honour,  and  zeaFy 
and  difinterefiednefs,  with  which 
invariably  atfted  in  the  fubordinat^ ' 
departments,  and  they  anticipated^' 
the  reformation,  which  his  adive  iii^  \ 
dufiry,  his  penetrating  judgment,  ' 
and  his  profclfional  knowledge,  aid- ' 
ed  by  the  authority  with  wliich  he  I 
V7as  now  verted,  would  effed  in  thtf 
procedure  cf  a  court,  whofe  forms,  i 
in  the  univerfal  opinion,  were  abun- 1 

dantly 


Aug.  1802.     Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.  663 


dantly  fufceptible  of  improvement. 
In  thefe  expectations,  they  were  not 
difappointed :  For  to  the  exertion 
of  Forbes  is  the  Court  of  Seflion  in- 
debted for  its  prefent  purity,  and 
the  higheft  praife  which  can  be  con- 
ferred on  his  fucce/Tors  in  office,  is, 
that  baud  passihus  aquis  they  have 
traced  his  footfteps. 

During  the  period  ofhisadmi- 
niftration,  juftice  flowed  through 
the  land  in  a  clear  untroubled 
Iheam,  free  from  thofe  obflrudtions 
which  have  fo  often  been  permitted 
to  retard  its  courfe,  and  which  are 
frequently  more  ruinous  to  the  con- 
tending parties,  than  even  an  ini- 
quitous decifion.  Affiduous  himfelf, 
and  arduous  in  the  duties  of  his 
profeffion,  he  infpired  into  the 
breafts  of  his  colleagues,  a  portion 
of  his  fpirit,  and  introduced  into 
law  proceedings,  a  vigour  and  a 
difpatch,  which  they  had  not  previ- 
oufly  known.  Infomuch,  that  the 
decifions  of  the  Court  of  Seflion, 
during  the  period  under  review,  are 
at  this  day  not  unfrequently  quot- 
ed, and  in  full  poffeflion  of  that 
weight  and  authority,  proportioned 
to  the  charader  of  this  illudrious 
judge. 

\     None  ever  made  greater  allow- 
'  ances  for  the  imperfedion  of*  our 
reafon,  or  was  more  feelingly  alive 
to  the  infirmities  of  human  nature ; 
'  but  falfehood  and  knavery,  he  re- 
:  garded  with  peculiar  abhorrence, 
and  while  he  indulgently  correded 
an  error  of  judgment,  he  punilhed 
every  wilful  perverfion  of  jullice 
with  marked  feverity.    No  fooner 
had  he  taken  his  ftation  at  the  head 
of  the  bench  of  juftice,  than  he  ex- 
hibited that  independence  of  mind, 
which  is  fo  prominent  a  feature  in 
the  character  of  an  upright  judge, 
conjoined  with  an  uniform  perfeve- 
rance  in  the  purfuit  of  truth,  and 
vvith  a  manly  intrepidity  of  foul,  fu- 
perior  to  the  frowns  of  fortune,  and 


proof  againft  the  influence  of  falfc 
lhame. 

He  ftudied  the  temper  of  the  ad- 
vocates who  appeared  at  his  bar, 
and  liftened  to  their  pleadings  with 
patient  and  polite  atcention ;  and 
while  effrontery  and  petulance  re- 
ceived from  him  falutary  corre-ftlon, 
una/Tuming  merit  and  ingenuous 
modefty  met  with  every  poflible 
encouragjement.  He  folicited  juf- 
tice from  his  colleagues  upon  the 
bench  ;  and  his  penetration  frequent- 
ly availed  him,  in  fcanning  the  mo- 
tives by  which  they  were  adluated. 
If  at  any  time  lie  fufpeded,  that  a 
prejudice  in  favour  of  a  powerful 
client,  perverted  their  opinions,  or 
biafled  their  judgment,  he  never 
failed  to  declare  in  open  court,  that 
he  would  give  his  thoughts  fmcere- 
ly  on  the  point  at  illiie,  and  to  call 
upon  their  Lordfhips  to  judge  in 
the  m.  tter,  under  the  im predion  of 
that  refponiibility  to  God,  which  at- 
tached to  their  fltuation.  In  deliver- 
ing his  own  opinion  on  the  fubjeCt 
under  difcuflion,  his  manner  was 
uncommonly  imprefllve,  and  his 
pronunciation  chafte,  as  his  inter- 
courfe  with  the  Englilli  courts  had 
completely  correded  his  provincial 
accent.  In  the  latter  part  of  his 
life,  his  voice  lofjng  fomething  of 
its  former  energy,  became  peculiar- 
ly foft  and  melodious :  His  appear- 
ance venerable,  his  language  copi- 
ous and  foli^itous,  and  his  eloquence 
flowing  iSe  exhibited  no  faint  re- 
femblance  of  the  Pylian  fagc 

ccv^y\,  I  Had.  A,  ver,  24^^-1;. 

It  is  of  courfe  no  wonder,  that  his 
addreffes  from  the  chair  command- 
ed univerfal  attention  ;  that  a  pro- 
found filence  pervaded  the  court ; 
and  that  both  bar  and  bench 
placed  tliemfclves  in  a  liftening  at- 
titude. 

4  U  2  The 


664 


Mcjnoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.       Vol.  64. 


The  enemies  of  our  conftitution, 
he  beheld  with  indignation ;  and 
their  attempts  to  fubvert  it,  he  ftre- 
imoull/  and  fiiccdsfully  oppofed. 
His  condud  in  the  year  1715,  we 
IvAYc  already  reviewed,  and  we  are 
now  to  contemplate  him  in  another 
jcafon  of  alarm,  when  Britain  fuf- 
tained  a  dangeious  convullion  in 
her  own  bowels,  and  when  a  gene- 
rous but  mdguidcd  part  of  lier  chil- 
dren threatened  the  ruin  of  her  con- 
ititution.  His  family  refidence  being 
placed  in  the  heart  of  the  High- 
lands, he  alFociated  with  the  chiefs, 
and  Ifudied  their  tempers.  Hofpit- 
able  in  his  own  difpoiition,  and  ac- 
K  ommodating  in  his  manners,  he 
entertained  them  at  his  table,  and 
c:onciiiated  their  attachment.  Thefe 
reciprocal  civihties  afforded  him  an 
opportunity  of  becoming  acquaint- 
ed with  that  rooted  averfion,  from 
the  exifting  order  of  things,  which 
Ibilered  in  their  breafts,  and  which, 
in  many  cafes,  penurious  circum- 
llances  and  peifonal  oppreffion,  and 
in  every  initance,  iludied  negle^ft 
and  inattention  on  the  part  of  ad- 
niinlftration,  had  Itrengthened  and 
exafperated  to  an  alarming  degree. 

This  growing  diffaffedion,  the 
Lord  Freiidtnt  deplored,  and  while 
he  warned  Government  of  the  tem- 
peil  which  brooded  in  that  remote 
region  of  the  political  hemiiphere, 
he  fuggeilied  a  meafure,  for  conci- 
liating the  malcontents,  which,  had 
it  been  adopted,  would  have  pre- 
vented all  the  havock,  and  blood- 
Ihed,  and  de vacation,  that  enfued. 
This  intereiting  tranfaolion,  which  af- 
fords fo  eminent  a  difplay  of  the  Pre- 
iident's  political  fagacity  and  attach- 
ment to  his  countrymen,  thehiilorian 
of  the  rebellion  of  1 745  relates  in  the 
following  terms,  which  we  lhall  here 
take  the  hberty  to  tranfcribe. 

"Duncan  Forbes,  born  a  young- 
cr  brother,  and  bred  to  the  lavr, 
had  paffed  through  the  different  of- 
fices "oi  that  profelEon,  which  ufual- 


I7  lead  to  the  chair,  univerfally  ef- 
teemtd,  and  thought  ftill  worthy  of 
a  higlier  office  than  the  one  he  held. 
Wlien  called  to  prcfide  in  the  fu- 
preme  court  of  jullice  in  Scotland, 
he  fully  anfwered  the  expedations 
of  his  countrymen :  his  manners 
gave  a  lulire  to  the  dignity  of  his 
Itation  ;  and  no  Prefident  of  th:i 
Court  of  Seffion  was  ever  more  re- 
fpeded  and  beloved.  He  was  a 
Wliig  upon  principle ;  that  is,  he 
thought  the  government  eftabhfh- 
ed  at  the  revolution  was  the  beft 
form  of  government  for  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Britain.  In  the  end  ojF 
Autumn,  in  the  year  1738,  he  came 
to  Lord  Milton's  houfe  at  Brunf- 
tane,  one  morning  before  breakfaft. 
Lord  Milton  was  furprifed  to  fee 
him  at  fo  early  an  hour,  and  a/ked 
what  was  the  matter  ?  A  matter, 
replied  the  Prefident,  which  1  hope 
you  will  think  of  fome  importance. 
You  know  very  well,  that  I  am  like 
you,  a  Whig ;  but  I  am  alfo  the 
neighbour  and  friend  of  the  High- 
landers ;  and  intimately  acquainted 
with  moll  of  their  chiefs.  For  fome 
time,  I  have  been  revolving  in  my 
mind,  different  fchemes  for  recon- 
ciling the  Highlanders  to  Govern- 
ment ;  now  I  think  the  time  is  come 
to  bring  forward  a  fcheme,  which, 
in  my  opinion,  will  certainly  have 
that  effecl. 

'•'A  WAR  with  Spain  feems  near  at 
hand,  which,  it  is  probable,  will 
foon  be  followed  by  a  war  with 
France  ;  and  there  will  be  occafioa 
for  more  troops  than  the  prefent 
ftanding  army:  in  that  event,  I  pro- 
pofc,  that  Government  (hould  raife 
four  or  live  regiments  of  Highland- 
ers, appointing  an  Englifh  or  Scot- 
tilh  officer  of  undoubted  loyalty  to 
be  colonel  of  each  regiment ;  and 
naming  the  lieutenant-colonels,  ma- 
jors, captains,  and  fubalterns,  from 
this  lift  in  my  liand,  vv-hich  compre- 
hends all  the  chiefs  and  chieftains  of , 
the  d.hfaffeded  clans,  who  are  the 

very 


Aug.  1802.     Memoir  of  the  late  President  Forbes.  66^ 


very  perfons  whom  France  and 
Spain  will  call  upon,  in  cafe  of  a 
war,  to  take  arms  for  the  Pretender. 
If  Government  pre-engages  the 
Highlanders  in  the  manner  I  pro- 
pofe,  they  will  not  only  ferve  well 
againft  the  enemy  abroad,  but  will 
be  hoftages  for  the  good  behaviour 
of  their  relations  at  home ;  and  I  am 
pcrfuaded,  that  it  will  be  abfolutely 
impoffible  to  raife  a  rebellion  in  the 
Plighlands.  I  have  come  here  to 
ihcw  you  this  plan,  and  to  entreat, 
if  you  approve  it,  that  you  will  re- 
commend it  to  your  friend  Lord 
Hay,*  who,  I  am  told,  is  to  be  here 
to-day  or  to  morrow,  in  his  way  to 
London. 

"I  WILL  mod  certainly  (faid 
Milton)  Ihew  the  plan  to  Lord  Hay; 
but  I  need  not  recommend  it  to 
him ;  for,  if  I  am  not  much  miila- 
ken,  it  will  recommend  itfelf. 

"  Next  day,  the  Earl  of  Hay 
came  to  Brunftane,  Lord  Milton 
iliewed  him  the  Prefident's  plan, 
with  which  he  was  extremely  pleaf- 
ed,  and  carrying  it  to  London  with 
him,  prefented  it  to  Sir  Robert  Wal- 
pole,  who  lead  the  preamble,  and 
ikid  at  once,  that  ic  was  the  moft 
fenfible  plan  he  had  ever  feen,  and 
was  furprifed,  that  nobody  had 
thought  of  it  before. 

"He  then  ordered  acabinet  council 
to  be  fummoned,  and  laid  the  plan 
before  thein,  expreffing  his  appro- 
|j  bation  of  it  in  the  ftrongeft  terms, 
and  recommending  it  as  a  meafure, 
which  ought  to  be  carried  into  exe- 
cution immediately,  in  cafe  of  a  war 
with  Spain.  NotwithRanding  the 
ininiiler's  recommendation,  every 
member  of  the   council  declared 


*  Archibald  Earl  of  Hay  (who  in  the 
year  1743  fuccccded  his  brother  John 
Duke  of  Argyle)  was  tne  friend  of  Sir 
jRobert  Waipole,  and  during  the  long 
adminiftration  of  that  miniller,  had 
I  the  management  of  the  King's  affairs 
inScotland ;  Lord  Milton  Juft\ce  Clerk, 
was  lub-niinifter  to  Lord  Hay. 


himfelf  againft  the  meafure,  affuring 
Sir  Robert  Waipole,  that,  for  his 
f;ike,  they  could  not  poffibly  agree' 
to  it ;  that,  if  Government  ftiould 
adopt  the  plan  of  the  Scots  Judge, 
the  patriots  (for  fo  the  oppofition 
was  called)  would  exclaim^  that  Sir 
Robert  Waipole,  who  always  de- 
figned  to  fubvert  the  conftitution, 
was  raifing  an  armv  of  Highland- 
ers to  join  the  ilanding  army,  and 
enflave  the  people  of  England. 
The  plan  was  fet  afide  ;  *  and,  next 
year,  Britain  declared  war  againft: 
Spain."  t 


*  This  account  of  the  Prefident's 
plan,  and  of  the  reafon  for  which  it  had 
been  rejedted,  was  given  lo  the  author 
of  this  hifcory  by  Lord  Milton. 

t  Britain  declared  war  againft  Spaiji 
on  the  23d  of  October  in  the  year  1730. 
See  Home's  Hiftory  of  the  Rebellion, 
1745-  i*agc  20—23. 


*^^Thc  fliort  difquifition  relative  to 
the  icenes  and  plot  of  the  Gentle  Shep- 
herd, into  which  his  fubject  led  the 
author  en  passant,  fuggefted  the  follow- 
ing note,  which  (liouid  have  been  in- 
ferted  page  540  of  the  preceding  num- 
ber. 

In  the  third  a6l,  Sir  William  Worthy 
feelingly  laments  the  ruinoui)  condition 
of  many  of  thole  ornaments  which  dii- 
tinguifhed  the  place  of  Newh^ll  in  Sir 
David  Forbes's  time,  and  which  had 
been  the  reiult  of  his  tafte  and  atten- 
tion. He  lappofes  the  avenues  which 
led  to  the  houfe  demoliOied,  and  of  the 
tapeitry  which  adorned  the  Advocate's 
room,  he  obferves, 

  No  chimney  left 

The  naked  wall  of  tap'ftry  all  bcrefc/' 

The  garden  and  offices  are  fuppofed 
in  ruins,  and  the  devaftation  thus  pa- 
thetically deplored, 

My  ftablcs  and  pavillions  broken  walls! 
That  with  each  rainy  bldft  decaying  falls 
IVIy  gardens  once  adorned  the  nioft  com- 
pleat 

With  all  that  nature,  all  that  art  nwks 
fweet,  Sec. 

But  overgrown  with  nettles,  docks  and  britr 
N."  jj'^cacinths  or  cgUntin;:s  aDoear. 


666 


The  Ants,  a  Fable. 


Vol.  64. 


When,  therefore,  the  poet's  connec- 
tion with  this  family  CMr  Forbes  of 
jVewhall's)  and  his  intimate  acquain- 
tance with  the  fcenes  delineated,  are 
taken  into  confideration,  a  Itron^  pre- 
fuwiption  arifes,  that  Sir  David  Forbes 
himfelf  furnilhed  the  original  from 
\vhich  Ra^fay  copied  his  knight's  pic- 
ture, ana  that  the  proprietor,  whole 


chara6ler  he  delineates,  was  diUinguifli- 
ed  by  the  name  of  Worthy,  in  compli- 
ment to  his  patron's  father.  On  this 
fuppofition  we  may  conclude,  that  he 
had  chofen  to  designate  his  hero  Wil- 
liam, in  preference  to  the  real  name  of 
this  gentleman  to  whom  he  alluded, 
merely  for  the  fake  of  found  or  alhie- 
ration.  (21?  be  continued-) 


For  the  Scots  Mjgazine. 
THE  ANTS. 

A  FABLE. 


IN  the  midft  of  a  thick  foreft, 
impenetrable  almoft  to  the  rays  of 
ihe  meridian  fun,  exifted  a  com- 
monweallh  of  ants. 

In  the  morning  they  rofe,  and 
Went  every  one  to  feek  what  food 
they  required,   for   prefent  fufte- 
nance,  as  well  as  provifion  again  ft 
the  gloom  of  winter.    Thus,  they 
continued  happy,  till  one  fuggeftion 
arofe,  which  luas  the  most  proptr  mode 
of  finding  fivhat  all  veededy  and  ai'hat 
they  ail  had  da't/y  recoune  to  ohtair, — 
Hitherto,  they  had  followed  the  in- 
itindl  of  nature,  and  thought  it  not 
worth  enquiring,  ivbLh  ivas  the  best 
roadj  while  every  one  felt  himfelf 
happy  and  pleafed — Some,  for  food, 
would  climb  the  fycamore,  and  take 
from  its  top  the  1  weets  of  nature — 
another,  for  the  fame  purpofe,  would 
ramble  into  the  valley  below,  and 
find  there  fome  broken  berry  or 
acorn  to  carry  home  with  him  — 
Some,  for  drink,  would  be  content- 
ed to  fip  the  dew  from  the  neigh « 
bouring  flower,  another  would  re- 
pair to  the  woodbine,  and  fatiate 
his  thirll  from  its  tender  leaves — 
while  a  third,   yet  more  daring, 
w^ould  venture  even  to  the  brink  of 
the  rapid  river  which  flowed  below, 
though  in  danger  of  being  fwept 
away  by  the  ftream,  and  loft — irre- 
coverably loft  !    Many  they  were, 
indeed,  who  thus  periflied. 


The  difpute,  taken  notice  of,  cre- 
ated innumerable  debates — and  de- 
bates at  laft  produced  divifions — 
The  commonwealth  became  many; 
they  envied  each  other ;  they  pro- 
voked each  other ;  they  tore  each 
other  ;  unhappy  creatures  ! 

As  they  drew  nearer  the  end  o^ 
their  days,  they  difcovered  their  er-; 
ror ;  and  as  many  as  were  led  hf 
an  unerring  Condudor,  gained  the: 
top  of  a  beautiful  hill,  where  the 
fun  fhone  bright  and  unclouded  — 
Here  they  met  with  many  of  differ- 
ent  focieties,who  would  hardly  fpeak 
to  each  other  before  ;  but  who  now 
enjoyed,  with  pleafure  unmingled, 
the  company  of  one  another ;  and 
each  congratulated  the  happy  indi- 
vidual, as  he  gained  the  fummit. 

MORAL. 

Apply  this  Fable  to  Religion's  ways, 
From  it  Initruftion  may  be  gain'd.  . 

To  Ants  direded  ;  *  let  us  not  defpiff 
Their  weaker  powers — Ours  not  r^- 
flrain'd. 

B'eft  Jefus  under  fiiadow  of  thy  wings  ; 

Enjoying  Peace  and  Love  below ; 
May  happy  I  in  patience  wait  the  houfi 

When  to  my  Father's  houfe  I'll  go.- 
And  let  the  Difputants  of  Earth  alone; 
Yet  glad  to  welconie  them  where  thou 
art  gone. 

*  Proverbs  v,  6.  and  xxi.  25. 


667 


Vol.  64. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine, 


TABLEAU  DE 


MON  SIECLE. 


THE  clofe  of  the  eighteenth  cen-  man  creatures,  naturally  *  ^Wand 

tiiry  of  the  Ghriftian  aera  has  exhi-  hid. pendent y  in  an  iron  chain  for  hfe, 

bited  a  feries  of  phenomena  in  po-  a  moft   diabolical  invention,  not 

litics,   philofophy,   and  literature,  much  inferior  to  that  of  Mezentius, 

which  charaderize  the  period,  and  who  rendered  one  and  indivisible  the 

place  it  in  a  refpedable  point  of  living  and  the  dead.     As  to  the 

view  above  all  thofe  which  have  third,  fubordination,  it  is  clear  that 

preceded  it.    Some  of  the  more  re-  the  f  moft  natural  and  perfect  ftate  of 

markable  of  thefe  may  be  mention-  all  men,  is,  when  they  live  by  them- 

cd  in  a  few  words.  felves  in  the  woods,  obedient  to  no 

First y  the  famous  dodrine  of  the  mafter  but  the  gende  fo vereignty  cf 

perfedibility*  of  the  human  fpecies,  of  the  paffions. 

which  is  fymptomatic  of  the  age,  Thefe  principles  naturally  fupport 
and  feems  to  have  operated  pracli-  and  influence  the  refined  Hteraturv^  of 
cally  in  the  f  change  of  every  old  the  times,  which  confifts  chiefly  in, 
thing  into  that  which  is  new.  i//,  A  rage  for  old  books  of  any  de- 
The  canfequences  of  this  pradice  fcription;  and  hiftories  of  thefe  ami- 
have  been  extremely  inftru6tive.  A  quated  volumes.  Any  author  who 
fbciety,  or  nation  inverted,  has  of  can  claim  the  dignity  of  an  ancient 
lat^  been  found  to  refemble  an  hour-  may  have  his  life  written,  and  his 
glafs  ;  when  turned  it  exhibits  a  works  rebound  and  foid,  privileges 
beautiful  appearance  of  change,  but  denied  him  by  the  iron  age  in  which 
it  runs  the  fame  fand,  and,  indeed,  he  w-ithered,  for  it  will  not  be  gather- 


Stcondy  A  moft  cordial  hatred  of  that  in  thofe  days  he  v/as  able  to 

religion,  and  marriage,  and  fubor-  flourilh. 

dination  ;  becaule  it  has  been  |prov-  2^,  A  tafte  for  forgery  of  all  kinds, 

ed  that  the  firft  is  a  fyftem  of  crtiel  which  operates   raoft  extenfively. 

arbitrary  written  laws,   and  there-  Poor  people  who  defpair  of  felling 

fore  inconfiftcnt  wiih  human  free-  their  ov/n  unripe  goods,  until  a  cen- 

dom  J  chat  the  fecond  is  a  tyrannic  tury  have  mellowed  them,  can  thrive 

il  ordinance  of  fome  ancient  def-  very  well  under  the  hrm  of  Oilian, 

,  who  contrived  to  tye  two  hu-  Shakefpeare,  and  Rowley. 


*  V;.L  Godwin,  paffirn.  *  Rights  of  Women. 

I  Abbe  Sieycs,  CoiuUtution  3d  year.  |  j  j  Rouff^a^. 


the  fame  courfe. 


ed  from  any  of  his  fellow  labourers 


'olt^iire,  vol.  70. 


668 


Answer  to  a  Biographical  ^ery.         Vol.  64, 


3^,  A  propoTtionate  love  of 
*fearching  out  theft,  and  of  writ- 
ing volumes  on  literary  police. 
This  is  a  darling  occupation.  It 
lie5  chiefly  in  refpedfuUy  v^^ringing 
the  nofe  of  feme  venerable  old  ge- 
nius, Milton,  Shakefpeare,  or  the 
like,  until  the  torture  oblige  him  to 
confefs  allliisfmful  imitations.  Thefe 
are  immediately  pinned,  by  way  of 
notes,  to  the  fkirts  of  his  pages  ; 
lhat  he  may  (land  a  puny  culprit  in 
the  eyes  of  the  public,  and  of  the 
g-reat  men  who  have  detected  him. 
What  a  delightful  triumph  it  is  for 
a  dull  knowing  one  to  trace  the  pro- 
gress of  bumfin  thou^ht^  to  be  able  to 
fay,  Milton  borrowed  the  monofyl- 
lable  the  from  Shakefpeare,  which 
Shakefpeare  cribbed  from  Spen- 
fer,  which  fame  Spenfer  purloined 
it  from  Chaucer,  which  fame  Chau- 
cer was  an  original  bard,  and  the 
father  of  Englilh  poetry,  for  there 


*  Vide  Editores  omnes. 


is  no  evidence  that  he  abftradled  the 
valuable  monofy liable  the  from  the 
works  of  any  man. 

\fh^  A  furious  love  of  f  flattcrn 
blank  verfe,  with  fhort  lines  inter- 
mixed with  long.  Thefe  are  the 
appropriate  vehicle  of  monftrous  im- 
probable (lories,  tales  of  terror,  &:c. 
which  were  once  confined  to  that 
horrible  Baftile  of  free  men,  the 
nurfery,  but  now  in  llature  reach 
the  iky. 

5//*,  A  minute  paflion  for  quota- 
tion of  authorities,  which  ferves  ad- 
mirably to  mark  theprogrefs  of  hu- 
man trifling. 

6//j,  A  paflion  for  Reviews  and 
Newfpapers,  as  the  firft  arejullly 
allowed  by  all  to  contain  the  only 
true  ciiticifm,  and  the  laft  the  only 
unadulterated  truth,  which  remain 
to  be  found  on  carth.*****i)^jz/«^ 
pauca. 


\  Thdlaba,  the  deftroyerof  ink  and  paper. 


ANSWER  TO  A  BIOGRAPHICAL  QITERY. 
jT the  Editors  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


SIR, 

The  query  of  aConftant  Reader, 
in  your  Magazine  for  lail  month, 
is  capable  of  a  very  Ihort  and  eafy 
folution  ;  but  the  information  which 
he  derives  from  Mr  Pinkerton,  that 
the  name  of  the  author  of  the  Ode 
on  the  approach  of  Summer,  was 
Seton,  of  the  Univerfity  of  Aber- 
deen, is  not  more  accurate  than 
many  other  literary  notices  of  that 
learned  and  pofitive  gentleman.  In 


fliort.  Sir,  the  author's  name  was 
neither  more  nor  lefs  than  Mr  Tho- 
mas Warton,  the  late  laureate,  who 
was  the  editor  of  the  Union,  and  the 
Ode  referred  to  is  accordingly  print- 
ed among  his  other  works  in  the 
laft  edition  of  his  poems,  as  well  as 
in  Dr  Anderfon's  Britilh  Poets  ;  fo 
that  the  fubjed  neither  admits  of 
doubt  Dor  difcufEon. 

Crito. 


Aug.  i8o2. 


669 


LITERARY  EXTRACTS 

AND 

NOTICES. 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  COWRIE  CONSPIRACY. 
From  CampbeH's  Tour  in  Scotland. 


IF,  in  tracing  the  outlines  of  this 
famous  ftory,  a  judgment  can  be  form- 
ed by  any  impartial  inquirer  at  the 
diftance  of  two  centuries  from  the  me- 
morable eventf,  the  following  imper- 
fe£l  Iketch  may  ierve  to  diredS  his  fur- 
ther mveitigations. 

It  is  unneceffary  to  dwell  long  on 
the  perfon,  manners,  and  habits  of  the 
imbecile  heir  prefumptive  and  fucccf- 
for  of  the  accomplilhed  Elizabeth. 
A  cotemporary  author  draws  his  por- 
trait thus :  He  was  of  a  middle  Ita- 
ture,  more  coipulent  thioghe  his 
clothes  than  in  his  body,  zee  fat  e- 
nouch,  his  clothes  ever  being  made 
large  and  eaiie,  ye  doubletts  quilted 
for  Itellets  proofe,  his  breeches  in 
grate  pleits  and  full  ftuffed.  He  was 
naturalie  of  a  timorous  difpofitione, 
which  was  ye  grated  reafone  of  his 
quilted  doubletts.  His  eyes  large, 
and  ever  rouUing  after  any  ftranger 
cam  in  his  prefence  :  in  fo  much  as 
many,  for  (liame,  have  left  the  roome 
as  being  out  of  countenance.  His 
beard  was  very  thin  ;  his  toung  too 
large  for  his  mouthe,  vich  ever  made 
him  drinke  very  uncomlic,  as  if  eating 
his  drinke,  wich  cam  out  into  ye  cup 
in  each  fyde  of  his  mouthe.  His  (kin 
vas  als  foft  as  tafta  farfnet,  wich  fc:lt 
fo,  becaufe  he  never  walht  his  hands, 
onlie  Tubb'd  his  fingers  ends  flightly 
vith  the  vett  end  of  a  napkin.  His 
legs  wer  verey  weake,  having  had 
(as  was  thoght)  fome  foul  play  in  his 
^outhe,  or  rather  befor  he  was  borne,| 


;   t  The  Earl  of  Gowrie  and  his  brp- 
!:1icr  were  killed  in  prefence  of  the 
j^Cing  on  the  5th  of  Auguft  1600. 
I  t  Alluding  to  the  tenor  his  mother, 
i  Vol,  LXIV. 


yet  he  was  not  able  to  (land  at  feueu 
zeires  of  age  :  that  weaknefs  made 
him  euir  leaning  one  other  men's  Ihoul- 
ders.'* — '*  He  was  wcrey  witty,  and 
had  als  maney  redey  vitty  jetts  as  aney 
man  liuinge,  at  vich  he  wold  not 
fmyle  himielffe,  bot  deliuerthem  in  a 
grave  and  i'erious  manner." — He 
wa's  werey  crafty  and  cunning,  in 
pettey  thinges,  as  the  circumveninge 
any  grate  man,  the  change  of  a  favour- 
ite, 6cc.  in  fo  much  as  a  werey  wife 
man  was  wount  to  fay,  he  beleeued 
him  ye  wifeit  foole  in  Chriftendome, 
meaning  him  wife  in  fmall  things, 
bot  a  foole  in  weighty  affaires — Flc^ 
was  infinitely  inclined  to  peace,  bot 
more  out  of  feare  than  confcitnce 
— *'  In  a  word,  he  was,  take  him  al- 
together, and  not  in  pieces,  luche  a 
King,  1  wilhe  this  kingdome  have 
neuer  any  worfle,  one  ye  condition 
not  aney  better:  tor  he  liued  in  peace, 
dyed  in  peace,  and  lefte  ail  his  kmg- 
dome  in  a  peaceable  conditione,  with 
hes  awen  motto  Beati  Pacifici*." 
To  this  may  be  added,  that  James  was 
a  believer  in  aitrology,  magic,  and 
witchcraft :  on  the  latter  fubjed  he 
wrote  a  book  y  and  not  untrequeutl/ 


Mary  Qj.ieen  of  Scots,  experienced 
when  David  Rizzio  was  murdered  in 
her  prefence.  The  King  mentions  this 
in  his  Bufuicon  Boron  :  *'  I  that  was 
perfecuted  by  the  Puritans  there,  no: 
from  my  birth  only,  but  even  fmce 
four  m.onrhs  before  my  birth."  King 
James's  Wo  ks,  folio,  p.  160.305. 

*Dalzeh's**  Fragments  of  Scoti(h 
Hiftory,"  Appendix,  No.  xiv.  p.  84. 

4  X  was 


670  An  account  of  the  Gowrie  Conspiracy.       Vol.  64. 


was  pre  Cent  on  the  trial  of  witches*. 
But  when  the  accompliflied  Earl  of 
Gowrie  is  brought  on  the  fame  canvas 
with  the  Kinj^  thus  pourtrayed,  the 
contraft  is  (hiking  indeed. 

John  Ruthven  Earl  of  Cowrie,  the 
peribnage  alluded  to,  fucceeded  his 
father,  who  was  beheaded  at  Stirling 
on  the  4th  of  May  1584,  in  his  eitates 
and  dignities,  and  was  foon  after  (A. 
D.  15SQ)  elected  Provoft  of  Perth,  an 
office  long  hereditary  in  the  fjimily  of 
Gowrie  :  but,  being  a  youth  polTelled 
of  an  ardent  dchre  of  knowledge,  he 
told  the  council  tliat  he  had  determin- 
ed to  purfue  his  ftutlies  abroad,  and 
obtained  leave  for  that  purpole.  Ac- 
ccidingly,  on  the  6th  of  Augiiit  1594, 
he  took  his  departure,  and,  travelling 
through  France,  arrived  at  Padua ; 
"vhere  he  fo  much  diiHn9;uinied  hirn- 
leif  that  he  was  honoured  by  the  Uni- 
vcrlity  of  that  place  with  the  Rector's 
cliair,  which,  itisfaid,  he  hlkd  with 
lingular  approbation.  It  was  not  to 
be  wondered  ar,  that  fo  enlightened  a 
mind  eagerly  embraced  the  new  fpread 
dodrines  0/  the  Reformation,  From 
Fadua,  he  removed  to  the  hot-bed  of 
herefy,  Geneva,  where  the  celebrat- 
o.d  Theodore  Beza  received  him  with 
open  arms.  With  Beza  our  young 
theologian  rem.ained,  and  was  hofpi- 
?ably  entertamed  for  three  months. 
.Leaving  Geneva,  he  fet  out  for  Paris, 
on  his  return  to  his  native  country. 
At  Paris  he  was  introduc-ed  to  the  Fng- 
lilh  Ambaflador,  from  whom  he  obtain- 
ed letters  of  recommendation  to  Queen 
Elizabeth,  who,  fenfible  of  his  en- 
ii^fhtened  underftanding  and  elegance 
ot  manners,  honoured  him  with  marks 
of  high  confideration.  Thefe  circum- 
Itances,  together  w  ith  the  zeal  which 
the  houfe  of  Kuthven  openly  manifeft- 


*  See  Ainot's  Criminal  Trials. — 
The  annuls  of  Scotland  were  not  dif- 
graced  v/ith  the  profecutions  againft 
iinfortiinate  and  deilitute  old  women 
till  the  year  147c,  when,  it  is  faid,  the 
fiiit  capital  punifiiment  for  witchcraft 
look  place  (See  Pinksr ton's  Hifl.  of 
Scot.  vol.  i.  p.  295.)  ;  and  the  laft  on 
recor4  (See  Arnot's  Criminal  Trials) 
happened  fo  late  as  the  year  172a. 
This  is  truly  a  humiliating  confidera- 
tion.— The  laws  agaiait  witchcraft  are 
lt*ll  unrepealed  i 


ed,  from  the  earlieft  dawn  of  the  Re- 
formation, in  accelerating  its  advance- 
ment and  eventual  fuccefs,  rendered 
the  young  Earl  an  obje6t  of  fufpicion 
in  the  eyes  of  the  King  and  his  mini- 
Itry.  Such  then  was  the  pofture  of 
affairs  on  the  return  of  Gowrie,  after 
a  fevcn  years  abfence,  on  the  20th  of 
IVlay  r6oo.  On  the  5th  of  Auguitfo!- 
lovv^ing,  early  in  the  morning,  while 
the  King  was  about  to  hunt  the  ftag 
in  the  foreft  of  Faulklandf ,  where  he 
chiefly  refided,  he  was  accofted  by 
Alexander  K  uthven^,  the  Earl  of  Gow- 
ne's  fecond  brother,  and  earneitiy  re* 
querted  by  Alexander  to  accompany 
him  to  Perth  without  delay,  on  pre- 
tence, as  it  is  faid,  of  difcloling  fome 
interefting  circumftances  refpedling 
hidden  treafure.  After  the  death  of 
the  Ita^,  the  King,  attended  by  a  few 
of  his  fuite,  fet  out  for  Perth,  and  ar- 
rived there,  at  an  early  hour,  to  din- 
ner. Immediately  after  dinner,  the 
Kmg  wifliing  to  retire,  Alexander 
Ruthven,  who,  it  was  alleged,  at 
times,  was  not  perfectly  in  his  fenfe'i, 
went  with  him  to  a  fmall  apartment  in 
the  round  tower  occupied  as  a  (fudy, 
among  the  upper  chambers  of  the 
houfe.  According  to  the  King's  own 
accounts,  there  appeared  to  him  a 
man  in  armour,  that  had  been  placed 
in  the  ftudy  with  an  intention  to  aflaf- 
finate  him||.    The  affrighted  monarch. 


f  Within  a  ftiort  diftance  of  Perth. 

X  Since  this  article  lefpedling  the 
Gowrie  confpiracy  was  written,  a 
theory  has  been  propofed  by  John  Pin- 
kerton,  Efq;  in  a  Diifertation  on  th: 
fubje6l  prefixed  to  the  hrft  volume  0 
Laing's  Hiliory  of  Scotland;  wherei:. 
Mr  P.  infmuates,  that  Anne  of  Den 
mark,  King  James  the  fixth's  Queer', 
was  (in  plain  Englifli)  a  wh-re,  anu 
Alexander  Ruthven  a  favomite,  ss 
well  as  the  file  author  of  a  defign  to 
feize  the  King's  perfon,  and  force  him 
to  abdicate  the  throne  in  favour  of  his 
fon  Prince  Henry,  during  vvhofe  mino  - 
rity the  Queen  herfelf  was  to  be  Re- 
gent:  Mr  Pinkeiton  afferts  his  **  firm 
averfion  to  the  Scandalous  Chronicle/* 
notwithftanding  I 

|j  Seethe  Account  publifhed  by  Au- 
thority, Sept.  1600.  See  alio  Moyes's 
Memoirs,  inferted  from  p.  2^53.  Rud- 
diman's  edition,  1755. 

with 


Aug.  1802.     An  account  of  the  Cowrie  Conspiracy.  671 


with  the  rapidity  of  thought,  marflnl- 
led  in  his  mind  the  danger  to  which  he 
was  thus  expofed.  The  Raid  of  Ruth^ 
Den^  as  it  is  called,  was  an  event  fu  re- 
cent, and  the  fatal  confequences  of 
that  affair  fo  frefh  in  his  memory,  that 
he  juftly  apprehended  his  liberty,  if 
•not  his  life,  to  be  in  the  power  of  the 
noble  perfonage  in  whofe  houfe  he 
found  himfelf ;  and  whofe  father  had 
been  brought  to  the  block,  but  fixteen 
years  before,  for  an  offence  fomewhat 
fimllar  to  the  prefent*.  Seized  with 
this  but  too  natural  idea,  in  the  firtt 
paroxyfm  of  his  agonizing  fears,  the 
Kmg  called  aloud  from  the  window  of 
the  ftudy,  **  Treafon,  treafon  I  Fy  I 
Help,  helpl  they're  murdering  t:ie 
which  fo  alarmed  all  who  heard  him, 
and  ran  to  his  afliftance,  that,  in  the 
uproar  and  confufion,  many  wounds 
were  given  by  each  party,  and  the 
Earl  of  Gowrie  and  his  brother  Alexan- 
der were  both  flain  in  the  prtfence  of 
the  King.  The  news  of  this  fad  difaf- 
ter  inftantly  fpread  through  Perth  : 
the  tumult  was  prodigious  ;  the  citi- 
zens were  clamorous,  and  it  was  with 
the  utmoft  difficulty  that  the  King,  fa- 
voured by  the  darknefs  of  the  night, 
made  his  efcape,  amid  the  imprecations 
of  an  enraged  multitude,  who  threaten- 
ed vengeance  for  the  lol's  of  the  chief 
magiltiate  of  their  city,  and  the  un- 
tim.ely  fall  of  his  brother.  James,  de- 
iiroua  that  no  blame  Qiould  attach  on 
him  in  this  unfortunate  affair,  infiflied 
llrenuoufly  that  an  attempt  had  been 
made  by  the  Karl  and  his  brother  on 
his  life  :  and  it  ferved  as  a  fubjecl  for 
public  declamation  and  private  conver- 
lation  during  the  remainder  of  his 
reign,  as  a  fmguiar  inltance  of  the  im- 
mediate mterpofition  oi:  divine  power, 


*  William  Earl  of  Gowrie  was  be- 
headed at  Stirling,  on  the  4th  of  May 
1584,  for  having  detained  the  King's 
perfon  as  he  returned  from  Alhol  on 
the  23d  of  AugLift  1582.  This  out- 
ratre  is  called  fhe  Raid  of  Ruthven." 
To  fcize  the  perfon  of  the  King  was  no 
unuiual  expedient  in  the  rude  policy  of 
the  Scotifh  nobility  :  befides  the  in- 
flance  juft  mentioned,  fimilar  attemprs 
had  been  made  on  James,  by  Francis 
Stewart,  Earl  of  Bothwell^  at  Falk- 
'■  •  and  Holyroodhoule, 


to  referve  the  **  Lord's  anointed"  for 
lome  glorious  end  ;  which  event  really 
was  jullified  on  his  afcending  the  im- 
perial throne  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire. 
land,  when  he  bore  the  high  foundin;^ 
title  of  Defender  of  the  FArrnf.  \\\ 
order  to  ftrike  clamour  dumb,  and 
prevent  enquiry  refpedting  this  my- 
llerious  bulinefs,  an  account  of  it  w<i> 
drawn  up  under  the  eye  of  his  Mafefty; 
and  publidied  by  authority t  ;  wherein 
it  is  made  to  appear,  that  the  unfortu- 
nate Earl  and  his  brother  had  intefi- 
tions  on  the  King's  liberty,  and  even 
his  life.  Nay,  to  leave  not  the  iLado'v 
of  doubt,  that  feemed  for  a  time  to 
hover  refpcciing  this  foul  confpiracy 
in  the  minds  of'fome  Puritan  fceptics, 
James  caufed  the  pulpit  to  thunder 
forth  its  anathemas  on  thofc  who  quef- 
tioned  the  fmguiar  interpofuion  of  the 
King  of  Kings  in  delivering  his  Scot- 
iili  Majefiy  from  foul  treafon,  mur- 
der, and  iudden  death;"  and,  to  en- 
force  convi61ion,  he  appeared  to  hi* 
loving  fubjeds  in  perfon,  feated  amid  ft 
his  nobles,  on  the  market-crofs  of 
Edinburgh;  while  his  chaplain,  with 
that  eloquence  which  the  awful  occa- 
fion  infpired,  developed  the  whole 
facls  and  circumftances  to  the  gazing 
multitude;  and  which  his  Majefty 
from  his  own  mouth  confirmed,  fo  that 
none  might  prerend  ignorance,  or 
doubt  in  the  truth  thus  folemnly  de- 
li vered  in  the  prefence  of  Aimighty 
God  and  the  facred  perfonage  who, 
himfelf,  had  been  the  chief  a>5tcr  in 


f  BiiTiop  Williams,  in  his  funeral 
feimon  on  the  death  of  King  James, 
p.  43,  makes  the  following  obfervation; 
'*  Not  a  particular  of  his  life  but  what 
was  a  mylfery  of  the  Divine  Provi- 
dence, to  keep  and  pieierve  thofe  ad- 
mirable parts  for  the  fettling  and  unit- 
ing of  fome  great  empire."  See  note 
on  A  Difcouife  of  the  unnatural  ani 
vile  ConipiraCy,  &cc."  p.  zi. 

\  See  "  A  Difcourfe  of  the  unnatural 
and  vile  Confpiracie  attempted  bv 
John  Earl  of  Gowr;e  and  his  Brother 
agamit  his  Majeitie's  Perfon,  at  St 
Jahnftoun,  upon  the  5th  of  Auguft 
i5co."  Tl^is  trafl  is  alfo  publiO^.ed, 
with  ibme  addition?,!  notes,  in  Cant's 
Hiftory  of  Perth. 


672 


An  Account  of  the  Gowrie  Conspiracy,     Vol.  64. 


this  tragedy*.  Still  farther,  the  King 
cauftd  the  dead  bedies  of  the  Earl  and 
his  brother  to  be  hung  on  a  gibbet, 
drawn  and  quarteied,  and  their  heads 
fet  up  on  the  walls  of  the  priionf  ; 
moreover,  their  lands  to  be  dittribut- 
ed  to  his  favourites,  their  titles  to  be 
fuppreffed,  and  the  very  name  of  Ruih- 
*uen  to  be  expunged  from  the  books  of 
arms'  and  nobility,  public  deeds  and 


*  The  1 1  of  Augufte,  being  Mon- 
day, the  King  cairiC  over  the  water. 
The  towne  ( Ldin.)  with  the  hail  i'u- 
burbis,  met  him  upone  the  fandis  of 
Xiiethe  in  armes,  wt.  grate  joy  and 
Ichutting  of  mufkettis  and  fliaking  of 
pikes.  He  went  to  the  kirk  of  Licthe 
to  Mr  David  Lindefaye's  orifone.  Yt. 
after  the  toune  of  Edin  :  having  con- 
vcneit  up  to  Edin  :  and  {iandingat  the 
hei  gait,  his  M.  paft  to  the  croffe,  the 
crofle  being  hung  wt.  tapeftrie,  and 
went  up  yr.  on  v/t.  his  nobiliis.  Mr 
Patrick  Gallaway  being  yair,  made 
ane  fermone  upon  the  124  Pfalm  ;  he 
declairit  the  hail  circumliances  of  the 
trcafone  propofit  by  the  Eaile  of  Gow- 
rie and  his  brother,  qlk  the  King  teiti- 
fiet  be  his  awcn  mouth,  fitting  upon 
the  crofle  all  the  tyme  of  the  feimone." 
See  the  **  Diary  of  Robert  Biriel," 
Conftable's  edition,  edited  by  Dalzell, 
Edin.  printed  1798,  p.  50,  51. 

t  "  The  28  Augull,  the  hail  fiiendes, 
tutors,  and  curators,  and  bairnis,  pre- 
tending any  right  to  the  pandom  of 
Gowvie,  fummoned  to  compeir  to  the 
Parliament  the  firft  day  of  November." 
— "  The  nynth  of  Odober,  ane  pro- 
clamation charging  all  thdme  of  the 
name  of  Ruthven  to  pais  out  of  the 
rountrie,  in  fpeciail  Alex:  father's  bro- 
ther to  the  laid  Earle,  and  the  faid 
Earle,  and  his  twa  brethers."- — *'  Tl-e 
35  November,  being  the  ryding  day 
of  the  Parliament,  the  Fs*  le  of  Gowrie 
and  his  brether  and  his  f2thei\s  biether^ 

with  twa  uther?,  ?.iid  he  of  thair 

rependers,  jjllforfaulled  (outlawed. )"'^ 
**  The  1.9  NovtTT-ber,  the  Earle  of 
Gowrie  and  his  brother  hariet  to  the 
gibbet,  and  hangit  and  quarterit  ^  pot 
yr.  after,  yair  twa  heidis  fet  upone  the 
heid  of  the  prifonc  houfe,  yair  to  fiand 
quhyll  the  wind  blaw  them  away.'' 
See  Birrel's  Diary,  p.  51? 


records,  and  extinguifh<-d  for  ever. 
Even  fuch  of  the  name  of  Ruthven  a» 
were  totally  unconnc6i:ed  with  the 
houfe  of  Gowrie,  were  ordeted  to  take 
other  names  ;  and  thus  futtered  a  ii- 
milar  fate  to  the  profcribed  clan  of  the 
Macgregors ;  a  profcription  worthy 
the  wortt  of  times,  and  a  blur,  amonjf 
others,  in  the  annals  of  Scotifh  hiflory, 
charaderillic  of  weaknefs,  folly,  and 
flavrant  injulf  ice  ;  at  a  time  too,  when 
the  advancement  of  knowledge  fliould 
have  checked  fo  wanton  a  fUctch  of 
power  in  fupport  of  arbitrary  mea- 
l"urcs|. 


X  Notwithftanding  the  prompt  and 
coercive  meafures  adopted  to  impreis 
the  nation  with  a  lenfe  of  the  danger 
to  which  the  King  had  been  expofed, 
many  of  the  Prefbyterian  clergy  le- 
mained  for  fome  time  lukewarm  in 
fupport  of  a  vindication  on  the  part  of 
his  Majefly  and  his  minifters.  An  ex- 
ception deferving  of  record  was  Robert 
Bruce.  Neither  hope  of  reward  nor 
fear  of  punifliment  could  move  him. 
lie  did  not  believe  in  the  conlpiracy, 
and  he  declined  propagating  what  h^ 
did  not  credit.  He  was,  in  confequence, 
fufpended  from  the  duties  of  his  othce, 
and  driven  mto  banUhm.ent.  His  bre^ 
thren  a^ed  more  prudently,  and  were 
fuffered  to  remain.  To  put  the  mat- 
ter refpedting  this  confpiracy  beyond 
all  doubt^  and  to  hand  dov^^n  to  pcf- 
terity  an  idea  of  the  happy  deliverance 
cf  the  5th  of  Augud,  the  King  com- 
manded that  day  to  be  thenceforth  an- 
nually obferved  as  a  day  of  folemn 
thankfgiymg,  with  preiching  and 
prayer."  On  the  5th  of  Augult  1614, 
Bnliop  Andrews,  in  addreffing  himfeif 
to  King  James,  obferves,  **  And  fo 
you  2iit  fcti?id  \  and  they  (meaning  th^, 
late  Earl  of  Gowrie  and  his  broth  er), 
as  the  children  of  perdition  iliouid  b-. , 
are  icfu  Heie  arc  you,  and  where  are 
they  !^  Gone  to  int'w  o^wn  places  to  Ju- 
(Lis  their  brother  ;  'and,  as  is  moll  kind- 
Iv,  the  Jonnes  to  the  fathsr  of  nxiickedvefi, 
there  to  be  plagued  for  ever.  The 
fame  way  may  they  all  goe^  and  to  the 
fame  place  may  they  -  all  come,  that 
Orall  ever  after  once  offer  to  do  the 
like,"    Is  this  charity  ?  : 


I     A  SHORT  ACCOUNT  of  the  SOCIETY  im  SCOTLAND, 

?  FOR   PROPAGATING   CHRISTIAN  KNOWLEDGE. 

From  Dr  Kemp's  Sermon,  at  the  Anniverfary  of  the  Society 
in  London,  17  th  May  1801. 


,  IT  is  s  matter  of  deep  regret  to  the 
,fncmbtTS  of  the  Society,  that,  notwith- 
'ftanding  the  many  accounts  of  it  which 
ihave  been  puhliflied,  the  nature  and  ob- 
ieds  of  their  inrtitution  are  fo  imper- 
Fedly  known  by  the  Public  in  general, 
— hy  many  benevolent  perfons  of  high 
zoiifideration  in  this  metropolis  in  par- 
ticular. A  fhort  account  of  it,  there- 
fore, will  not,  upon  this  occafion,  it  is 
hoped,  be  deemed  fuperfluous. 

That  Society  derived  its  origin  from 
:he  benevolence  and  public  fpirit  of  a 
f'ew  private  Gentlemen  in  the  city  of 
Edinburgh,  who,  in  the  beginning  of 
rhc  laft  century,  formed  themfelves  in- 
to "  a  Society  for  the  reformation  of 
manners.'^ 

Among  the  ohjeds  which  engaged 
:heir  benevolent  attention,  one,  and 
not  the  leaft  interelting,  was  the  de- 
plorable Hate  of  ignorance  and  rnde- 
nefs,  in  which  the  greater  part  of  their 
:!ountrymen  in  the  Highlands  and  111- 
mds  of  Scotland  were  then  involved. 

The  caufes  of  this  were  obvious 
Their  remote  funation-^their  total  want 
3f  fc  hools  for  the  education  of  youth- 
he  fmall  number  of  Proteftant  clergy 
n  their  country— the  immenfe  esteut 
>f  psrillies— the  natural  impediments 
o  intercourfe  between  them  and  their 
iTiinifters,  from  mountain:  ,  arms  of  the 
ea,  and  rivers  often  impai!;ible — their 
anguage,  a  dialed  of  the  ancient  Cel- 
ic,  unintelligible  to  the  inhabitants  of 
he  low  coiintriesof  Scotland— the  pre- 
valence of  Popei  y  in  many  diftrids,  and 
n  all,  the  infiui nee  of  feudal  jnrifdic- 
lon,  generally  adverlV  to  the  ditrulion 
)t  knowledge  among  the  fubjcdls  of  its 
llomination. 

T'v:  united  operation  of  thefe  vari^ 
'nies,  feenu'd  to  have  wreathed 
■)  ()ke  of  ignorance,  as  well  as  iU^ 
ll'cry,  about  the  necks  of  the  mif.-rabl.* 
nhabitants  of  thtfe  poor,  remote,  and 
cled  diUrids.   The  pity  of  the  be- 


nevolent Founders  of  this  Sncktv  yv;^^ 
excited— they  formed  a  noble  plan  for 
the^r  relief.  ' 

Fully  aware  of  the  difficulty  of  con^ 
veymg  knowledge,  efpecially  on  religi- 
ous fubjecls,  to  men  grown  up  to  ma- 
turity in  ignorance  of  fird  principles, 
they  refolved  to  begin  their  attempts 
for  reformation  with  the  rinng  genera- 
tion—to endeavour  to  rcfcue  young 
minds,  as  yet  undepraved  by  vicious 
habits  and  examples,  from  the  barba- 
rilm  of  their  parents,  to  furnilh  them 
with  the  means  of  knowledge  and  grn-e, 
and  train  them  up  into  a  fitncfs  for  be- 
coming worthy  frjembcrs  of  focicty  and 
of  the  church  of  Chrift. 

For  this  purpofe,  they  refolved  to  e- 
redt  and  endow  fchoclb  provided  with 
well  qualified  teachers,  in  as  manydif. 
tri(5ts  of  the  Highlands  as  pofilble,  for 
the  inftru^ion  of  youth  in  the  ftrft  prin- 
ciples of  religion  and  literature.  Their 
private  iunos  were  bat  fmall.  They 
made  known  their  plan,  and  fet  on  foot 
a  fubfcriprion.  The  deOgn  obtained 
general  approbation.  The  AlTtmbly 
of  the  Ciiurch  of  Scotland  piiTcd  an 
ad,  recommending  a  general  col- 
k^xion  for  its  fupport  in  all  the 
chnrches  within  their  junfdidion.  By 
public  and  private  charity  a  tliouf- 
and  'pounds  were  ra.led.  li^r  Ma- 
j^fty  Queen  Anne,  of  pious  memo- 
ry, gi anted  letters-patent,  under  the 
Great  Seal,  dated  in  May  1709,  ereift- 
ing  the  lubfcribers  into  a  corporate  bo- 
dy, by  the  defign.Uion  which  they  have 
ever  lince  born,  Tb,  Sochty  in  Srct^ 
land  for  Propagaiwg  CbnjTian  Kno-^u- 

in  that  charter,  the  objeas  of  the 
Society  are  well  detined;  "  For  rail^ 
ing  a  voluntary  contribution  towards 
the  farther  promoting  of  ChrifHaa 
knowledge,  and  the  increafe  of  pierv 
and  virtue,  within  Scotland,  efpecially- 
in  the  Highlands,  Iflands,  and  remote 

cor 


674  Society  for  Christian  Knowledge.        Vol.  64, 


cornerfi  thereof,  where  error,  idolatry, 
tuperflition,  and  ignorance,  do  moftjy 
abound,  by  reafon  of  the  largenefs  of 
parifheF,  and  fcarcity  of  fchools."  As 
nicans  for  accomplifliing  thefe  impor- 
tant ends,  the  parent  proceeds  to 
♦*  grant  Tinto  them  full  power  to  re- 
ceive fubftTiptions,  donatu^ns,  fiims  of 
money,  lands,  ^'oods,  &c.  and  there- 
with to  eied  and  maintain  fchools,  to 
teach  to  ic'^d,  efpccially  the  holy  fcrip- 
ture«,  and  other  ^^ood  and  pious  l>ooks ; 
rTS  alfo  to  teach  writing,  arithmetic,  and 
fiich  like  dc  grets  of  knowk^dge,  in  the 
Highlands  and  Iflands,  and  remote  cor- 
lu  rs  of  Scotland." 

The  firft  meeting  of  the  incorporat- 
ed Society  was  held  in  the  month  of 
November  1709,  where  were  prtfcnt, 
ati  members,  feveral  Noblemen,  four- 
teen out  of  fifteen  of  the  Judges  who 
compofe  the  Supreme  Court  of  Judica- 
ture in  Scotland,  many  Gentlemen  of 
rank  and  influence,  the  MiniAers  of  the 
city  and  neighbourhood  of  Edinburgh, 
and  not  a  few  of  its  moft  refpe^able  ci- 
tizens. 

At  that  meeting  a  general  plan  for 
conducing  the  affairs  of  the  Society 
was  adopted,  a  committee  of  managers 
was  named,  a  fecrelary  and  ireafurer 
cle(f>ed. 

Being  prevented  by  their  patent  from 
encroaching  upon  their  (lock,  they  re- 
foived  to  delay  tlie  commencement  of 
their  opt-rations,  till  the  intereft  of  it, 
and  farther  donations,  fhould  enable 
them  to  endow  and  maintain  a  few 
fchools. 

In  1 71 2,  when  their  capital  amount- 
ed to  about  L.40C0,  they  ereaed/Td-, 
and  fent  to  them  able  and  pious  teach- 
ers. The  delign  became  more  ?nd 
more  popular  ;  to  contribute  to  lie:  ad- 
vancement was  deemed,  and  juiMy,  one 
of  the  nobleft  works  of  charily;  the 
funds  rapidly  advanced,  and  the  num- 
ber of  Ichools  was  enlarged  in  exadt 
proportion. 

To  follow  the  progrefs  of  the  Socie- 
ty through  its  various  ftages  to  its  pre- 
fent  extcnfivc  cnablinimcnt,  would  be 
both  tedious  and  unfuitable  to  this  oc- 
cafion.  They  who  wifn  for  more  par- 
ticular information  will  find  it  in  the 
various  publications  of  the  Society  to 
which  there  is  the  eafieft  accefa 


*  Befides  earlier  publications,  an 
Account  of  the  Society,  written  by  the 


Here,  however,  it  is  proper  to  men- 
tion a  fad  of  confiderable  importance 
in  the  hiftory  of  the  inflitution. 

In  the  year  1738,  when  the  ftockofthc 
Society  aniounted  to  near  ?9,oool.and 
the  number  of  their  fchools  to  112,  the 
members,  confidering  that  the  inhabi- 
tantsof  the  remote Highlandsandlflands 
were  nolefsdeficient  in  theartsand  habits 
of  induO^ry  than  in  religious  knovvlrdj^e 
and  literature,  refolved  10  do  what  in 
them  lay  to  cure  thit  defci'h  With 
this  view,  they  applied  to  the  Crowf> 
for  an  enlargement  of  their  powers,  f 
as  10  include  in  their  plan  of  educatio 
the  moft  neceflary  branches  of  indujlry^ 
as  well  as  of  religion  and  literature. 

And  having  obtained  from  his  la' 
Majcfty,  George  II.  a  new  Patent, 
veiling  them  with  powers  to  carry  the; 
dtlign  into  effed,  they  have  ever  hm 
continued  to  adt  upon  that  Patent,  an 
their  fcho{)l8  of  induftry,  few  in  nun, 
ber  at  fn  ft,  have,  from  the  fupport  o 
public  and  private  charity,  increafed  t 
an  hundred,  at  which  are  trained  up  ; 
the  ufeful  arts,  no  lefs  than  two  thot; 
find  young  perfons,  chiefly  female,^ 
Jn  confequence  of  this  important  part 
of  the  Society's  plan,  the  women  of  the 
remote  Highlands,  many  of  whom,  a 
frequently  happens  in  rude  civilize. 


late  Alexander  Belfches,  Efq;  Advocate, 
was  publifhed  in  1774;  another  by 
the  Rev.  Dr  MTarlane,  late  Secreta- 
ry of  the  Society,  in  1783  ;  one  by 
the  Rev.  Dr  Hunter,  Secretary  (  f  the 
Correfponding  Board  of  I^ondon,  in 

1795  5  ^^'^  c"^>  ^'ii'  fuller,  by  the  prc- 
fcni  Secretary  of  the  Sc  cicty,  u»;dcT  the 
immediate  infpedion  and  authority  of 
the  Directors  of  the  Parent  Board,  in 

1796  f.  Bclides  thefe,  the  Society  have 
always  been  in  the  habit  of  giving  to 
the  public,  periodical  accoiints  of  their 
progrel's  and  operations,  in  appendixjl 
to  the  anniverfary  fermon^;  preached  H 
fore-  them.  S 

Some  of  thefe  publications  are  toM 
had  at  Scots  Hall,  Crane  Court,  Fl« 
Street,  London  ;  and  all  of  them  at  tH 
Library  of  the  Society  in  Edinburgh 


f  One  paragraph  of  that  account  ) 
p.  68.  was  written  by  a  moft  lefp  ' 
table  member  of  the  Board,  withe 
the  knowledge  of  the  Secretary,  a 
infertcd  by  order  of  the  Dire<f^oi  s. 

CO 


Aug.  1 802.     Society  for  Christian  Knowledge. 


countries,  were  formerly  employed 
moll  folely  in  the  labours  of  the  field, 
moft  unfui tabic  to  their  fex,  are  now 
occupied  in  fpinning,  ftwing,  knitting 
ftockings,  and  the  like  appropriate  em- 
ployments. At  the  fame  time,  by  thofe 
to  whom  their  education  in  thefe  bran- 
ches was  committed,  they  have  been 
taught  to  read  the  fcriptures  and  to  un- 
derftand  the  principles  of  religion. 

Meanwhile,  the  obje<fts  of  the  firft 
patent  have  by  no  means  been  negledcd. 
Thefe  were,  not  merely  to  teach  the 
children  to  fpeak  and  read  En^UJJjy  to 
write,  and  to  keep  accounts,  although 
every  one  muft  allow  the  great  utility 
of  thefe  acquirements,  not  only  to  the 
individuals  who  are  inftrudled  in  them, 
but  to  the  community  at  large, — the 
§:rand  and  important  end  which  the  So- 
ciety have  all  along  propofed  to  them- 
felves,  is  the  advancement  of  the  fpiri- 
lual  and  eternal  interefts  of  their  coun- 
:rymen.  To  this,  as  the  original  and 
oioper  object  of  their  inftitution,  their 
efforts  have  been  chiefly  direded.  The 
litimate  fuccefs  of  this  obje(5t  no  efforts 
3f  human  fagacity  or  zeal  can  com- 
nand.  To  furnifh  the  ufual  means  of 
t,  and  to  implore  that  blefiing  which 
>nly  can  give  fuccefs,  is  what  belongs 
o  man,  and  this  has  been  the  unifonn 
■ndeavour  of  the  Society. 

Convinced  of  the  fidelity  and  difin- 
ereftedntfs  with  which  thefe  obj?ds 
lave  been  purfued,  a  generous  Public, 
nd  pious  individuals,  have,  from  time 
o  time,  by  liberal  contributions,  fo  far 
ncreafed  the  funds  of  the  Society, 
hat  at  prefent,  they  have  upon  their 
Lftablifhment,  on^both  Patents,  above 
'^brte  Hundred  Teachers,  at  the  annual 
xpence  of  3500!.;  and  the  number  of 
oung  people  of  both  fexes,  attending 
nd  taught  at  their  fchools,  according 
o  the  laft  reports,  amounts  to  ho  few- 
r  than  Fifteen  t^joufandy  Fi've  hundred 
\  nd  Fifty -ft'ven. 

\  Pleafant  to  the  Society  is  the  thought, 
hat,  by  means  of  their  endeavours,  fo 
lany  young  ones,  refcued  from  the 
rols  ignorance  and  fuperftition  of  their 
ithers,  are  trained  up  in  the  knowledge 
f  true  religion,  found  morals,  and  ufe- 
•il  arts.  Many  of  thefe  children  prove 
iftruclors  of  others,  fome  of  them  ev- 
n  of  their  own  parents,  hoary  in  years 
nd  in  ignorance.  They  read  to  them 
ie  Scriptures,  and  fuch  pious  books  as 
I'ccn  printed  iii.theirowii  ianguage. 


They  even  tranflate  Englifh  books,  with 
wonderful  fluency  into  Gaelic ;  this  be- 
ing an  exercife  to  which  they  are  ac- 
cuftomcd  at  the  fchools  of  the  Society^ 
Nay,  it  is  a  fa6t,  authenticated  by  un- 
quelHonable  evidence,  that  by  fome  of 
thefe  fcholars,  their  parents  even  in  old 
age,  have  been  taught  to  read  the  Scrip- 
tures, and  fo  far  carried  forward  in  re- 
ligious attainments,  as  to  pre  fide  in 
their  families  in  exercifes  of  devotion. 

To  give  with  precifion  the  number 
of  children  who,  fince  the  commence- 
ment of  the  inftiiulion,  have  been  edu- 
cated at  the  fchools  of  the  Society,  is 
impoflible,  becaufe  the  reports  of  the 
annual  vifitation  *  of  them  have  not 
been  preferved  ;  but,  from  the  data  of 
a  calculation,  made  up  and  publiilied 
in  1796,  there  is  good  reafon  to  belie ve^ 
that  at  this  time,  they  amount  to  above 
three  hundred  thoufand.  Now,  when  it: 
is  confidered,  that  of  that  multitude  of 
young  people,  many  in  their  turn  be- 
come heads  of  families,  and  in  all  pro. 
pability  teachers  of  their  own  children, 
it  appears,  that  the  benefits  refulting 
to  the  community  /from  thefe  chari- 
table feminaries,  are  diffufed  to  an  in- 
calculable extent. 

As  a  proof  of  the  happy  effeift  of 
this  mafs  of  knowledge,  fpread  over 
the  wide  extent  of  the  Highlands 
and  Iflands,  we  may  appeal  with  con- 
fidence to  the  prefent  character  and 
manners  of  its  inhabitants  in  general— 
we  may  appeal  to  the  talents  and  good 
conduc^t  of  numberlef^i  individu.^ls,  who, 
in  confequence  of  early  inftru(5tion  in 
thefe  fchools,  have  emerged  from  their 
native  obfcurity,  and  rifea  to  eminence 
in  various  departments  of  fociety,  ia 


*  The  Schools  of  the  Society  are  an- 
nually vifited  by  tvro  Minil^ers  of  e- 
very  Prcfbytcry  within  whofc  bounds 
they  are  ftationed  ;  and  at  thefe  vifita- 
tions  a  Report  is  written,  and  tranf- 
mitted  to  the  Society,  of  the  number 
of  the  Scholars,  the  branches  they  are 
taught,  and  of  their  proficiency ;  alio 
of  the  chara<5ler  and  conduit  of  the 
teacher,  and  of  the  nature  of  the  accom- 
modations furniflied  to  him  in  compli- 
ance with  the  rules  of  the  Society, 
Till  that  report  is  received  at  the  office 
of  the  Society,  the  falary  cf  the  teach- 
ers is  net  paid. 

both 


Society  for  Christian  Knowledge.         Vol.  64. 


both  civil  and  military  life— we  may 
appeal  to  the  pious  exemplary  life  and 
comfortable  death  of  a  ftill  greater 
liumbtr,  furniihing  good  ground  of 
bX)pe,  that  ultimately  they  attained  to 
honours,  higher  far  than  any  ^hich 
this  world  can  confer,  and  thaf  now^ 
*•  they  ftiine  with  the  brightnefs  of 
liars  in  the  tirmanent'*  of  heaven. 

It  has  been  faid,  and  often  repealed, 
that  the  funds  of  the  Society  have  now 
become  fo  ample,  that  to  increafc  them 
by  r»cw  donations,  is  unneceflary. 

That  their  funds  are  large,  is  ad- 
mitted- But  if  the  neceflary  expendi- 
ture tally  correfponds, — if  it  is  devot- 
ed to  beneficial  and  important  public 
purpofes — if,  notwithflanding  the  nuin- 
her  of  their  fchools,  there  are  (till  many 
v<?mote  and  populous  diftri<5t8  utterly 
dciRituie  of  the  means  of  education, 
and  earnelUy  dcfiring  to  obtain  them-— 
if,  iiom  dcticicncy  of  funds,  the  Socie- 
ty, with  deep  regret,  are  obhged  to  re- 
fufe  their  petitions—  if  there  are  various 
other  objcCls,  ot  high  conlideration  to 
the  ends  of  the  inftitution,  which,  from 
the  fame  caufe,  they  cannot  accompliih, 
it  mult  appear  to  every  candid  mind, 
that  their  revenue,  in  place  of  being 
too  great,  is  far  lefs  than  a  liberal 
friend  to  religion  and  his  country  would 
wifli  it  to  be. 

A  thort  ftatement  of  a  few  of  the 
chief  objects  to  which  their  funds  are 
devote  J,  will  vindicate  this  conclu- 
fion. 

1.  They  fupport  as  has  been  already 
mentioned,  above  300  teachers  on  both 
patents,  at  the  annual  expence  of  3500I. 

2.  They  maintain  thirteen  mifiionary 
minifters  and  catechilts,  in  various  re- 
mote diftrids,  at  the  expence  of  from 
L.  300  to  L.  400. 

3.  They  give  burfaries,  or  annual 
penfions,  of  L.  15  each,  to  fix  ftudents 
of  divinity,  who  fteak  the  Gaelic  lan- 
guage, with  a  view  of  training  them, 
by  a  regular  attendance  upon  the  Di- 
vinity College,  for  the  office  ©f  the 
miniftry  in  the  Highlands  and  Illands 
— hence  L.  90  per  annum. 

4.  They  fupport  the  aged  and  infirm 
among  the  preachers  who  have  fpent 
tl^e  belt  part  of  their  life  in  the  fervice 
of  the  Society,  and  are  no  lons^er  able 
to  officiate.  The  expence  of  this  mull 
ofneceffitybe  various  and  uncertain, 
but  is  always  confiderable  ;  for  the  laft 
year  it  amounted  to  L,  147, 


£.  They  defray  the  charges  of  can- 
didates coming  from  remote  ddtanccs 
to  Edinburgh,  to  undergo  an  examina* 
tion  by  the  Ecclefiaftical  Dire6tors, 
concerning  their  fitneis  for  being  em- 
ployed as  Society  Schoolmaftcrb,  and 
ofien  of  their  reiidence  for  a  coniider-^ 
able  time  in  Edinburgh  for  their  im- 
provem^mt  *. 

6.  They  furnifh  their  Schools  with 
Bibles,  New  Teftaments,  Spelling- 
bouks,  Catechifms,  and  other  elemen- 
tary books  of  religion  and  morals,  at  a 
very  coniiderable  annual  expence. 

7.  They  have  caufed  tranflate  the 
Scriptures,  both  of  the  Old  Teltament 
and  the  New,  as  well  as  a  variety  of 
pious  and  ufeful  Treatifes,  into  the 
Gaelic  language,  and,  bymeans  of  their. 
Schoolmaiters,  circulated  them  through 
the  Highlands  and  Iflands. 

The  original  impreffion  of  the  New,' 
Teftament  in  Gaelic  being  exhaufted,r 
tliey  lately  printed  a  new  one,  confitting 
of  no  lefs  than  20,000  copies,  and  added 
to  each  the  Pfalms  of  David,  tranflated 
into  Gaelic  metre.  A  new  editioH  of 
the  Old  Teltament  is  now  alfo  very' 
much  wanted;  but  to  the  expence  of 
this  work  their  funds  are,  in  their  pre-; 
lent  Itate,  utterly  inadequate f. 


*  It  it  a  fixed  rule  of  the  fociety,  to 
adrflit  no  Schoolmaders  upon  their  ef- 
tablilhment  whom  the  Ecclefiaftical  Di- 
redlors  have  not  perfonally  exaruinedi 
and  found  qualifi^-d  for  that  office,  in 
rcrfped  of  their  capacity  to  teach  read' 
ing  Englijhy  fpellingy  <vjriting^  arithmetic^ 
and  ejpecially  the  principles  of  religiom* 
They  alfo  require  that  canditates  fh^H 
produce  fiifficient  atteftations  from  tlufi 
minifters  of  the  parifh  from  which  they 
come,  of  their  piety,  prudence  and 
general  good  condu(5t. 

If  canditates,  whofe  chara<5leris  well 
attclled,  difcovcr  figns  of  natural  U- 
lents  and  genius,  though  deficient  in 
cultivation,  they  are  put  under  the  tui- 
tion of  a  well  qualified  teacher  in  Edin- 
burgh, and  the  txp^nce  of  theirrefidcncfi 
as  well  as  their  coming  and  going,  js 
defrayed  by  the  Society;  and  by  t*" 
means  many  excellent  Schoolmafte 
befides  thofe  immediately  employed 
the  Society,  are  difperfed  through  t 
Highlands  and  Iflands. 

t  The  demand  for  Gaelic  Bibl 
from  every  part  of  the  Highlands, 


Aug.  1802.       Society  for  Ch 

From  thefe  articles  of  expenditure, 
kt  the  candid  and  impartial,  judge 
whether  the  Society's  funds  are  too 
ample— whether  on  the  contrary,  a 
very  confiderable  addition  is  not  necef- 
fary,  to  enable  them  to  accompliih 
great  and  much  needed  wprksj  of  chari- 
ty and  mercy. 

But  this  will  further  appear,  if  the 
fituation  of  their  Schoolmalttrs  is  taken 
into  confideration.  Their  number  has 
not  only  been  increafed,  but  their  fa- 
laiies  augmented,  in  proportion  to  the 
increafe  of  the  Society's  funds. 

Their  fjUaries  were  originally  fmall, 
beyond  what  can  ealMy  be  conceived 
by  an  Englifli  audience.  But  in  the 
remote  counties  of  Scotland,  living 
was  then  cheap,  and  the  teachers  were 
furniihed,  as  they  ftill  are,  by  the  pro- 
prietors, or  inhabitants  of  the  cliltnit, 
with  a  houfe,  garden,  fuel,  and  the 
maintenance  of  a  cow,  gratli.  At  pre- 
fcnt,  their  falaries  amount,  upou  an 
average,  only  to  L<  ptr  annum. 
Upon  this  pittance,  aided  by  occaiion- 
al  prefcnts  fron>  the  more  Wealthy  of 
the  parents  of  their  fcholars,  Society 
fchoolmalters  made  fhift,  till  of  late, 
live  with  tQlerabJe  comfort  and  respec- 
tability ;  but  now  the  value  of  monty 
has  fo  greatly  decreased,  and  the  price 
of  the  ucct  liaries  of  life  has  lb  much 
advanced,  that  they  are  reduced  to  the 
greatelt  llraits.  During  the  two  laft 
years  in  particular,  from  the  general 
failure  of  the  crop,  and  the  confequcnt 


urgent,  for  people  willing  to  pay  for 
them;— but  the  original  impreffion  of 
the  feveral  volumes  of  which  it  conlifts, 
were  fo  fmall,  that  the  Society  cannot 
now  fell  them  but  with  great  caution, 
left  they  fiiould  deprive  their  own 
fchools  of  the  poffibility  of  a  fupply 
before  a  new  edition  can  be  publifiied. 

It  is  a  meianclioly  confideration,  that 
people  eager  to  obtain,  and  willing  to 
pay  for  the  Scriptures,  fhould  not,  in  a 
Chrillian  country,  be  able  to  get  them 
in  the  only  language  which  they  under- 
hand. 

The  late  Honourable  and  pious  Ro- 
bert Boyle  publilhed  an  edition  of  the 
irilh  Bible  at  his  own  expence. 

Earneltly  do  the  Society  pray,  that 
God  may  put  it  into  the  hearts  of  fome 
pious  and  good  men  of  the  prefent  day, 
M  enable  them  to  do  fo  wiih  Ihc  Gac- 
Bible  I 
.  01..  LXIVJ 


istian  Knowledge.  G'jy 

enormous  price  of  corn*,  the  Socicty- 
in  order  to  preferve  them  aod  their  fa 
milies  froai  ftarving,  were  obliged  to 
advance  a  conliderable  fum  to  be  dif- 
tributcd  an)ong  them,  though  this 
could  not  be  done,  without  encroach* 
ing  greatly  upon  their  revenue. 


*  This  matter  being  more  particu- 
larly dated  ifi  the  Appendix  to  the  lalt 
Aniverfary  Sermon  preached  at  Edin- 
burgh, by  the  Rev.  Dr  Brown  of  Aber- 
deen, 5th  June  igoi,  and  printed  be* 
fore  this  went  to  the  prcfs,  it  will  not 
be  thought  improper  to  infert  the  paf- 
fage  here. 

"  It  was  ftated  in  the  lafl  Appendix, 
publilhed  in  1800,  that,  fioin  the  fai- 
lure of  the  preceding  crop,  and  the 
confequeut  fcarcity  and  high  price  of 
provihons,  the  Society  had  been  oblig- 
ed to  allow  a  conliderable  fum  for  a 
temporary  fupply  to  the  teachers  on 
their  eftablilhmtnt.  At  that  time  they 
little  imagined  that  anoiher  year  of 
fcarcity  wati  to  fucceed.  This  how- 
ever happened,  and  the  price  of  oat- 
meal rofe  from  403.  to  50s.  and  even 
L,  3  per  boll.  Tne  poor,  who  in  the 
former  year  had  been  fcverely  pinches', 
in  the  lalt  were  reduced  to  abfolutc 
want.  The  fchoolmalters  of  the  So- 
ciety had  their  full  iliare  of  the  com- 
mon calamity.  Their  reprcfcrttations 
of  the  miferable  condition  to  which 
they  were  brought,  were  aifrjtn.g  in- 
deed. Rather  than  futfcr  lucn  uieful 
lervants  of  the  public  and  their  fami- 
lies, to  ftarve,  the  Society  determined 
to  trefpafs  on  its  fund^.  At  ciiiFereiit 
periods,  no  kfs  a  fum  than  L.  500  Ster- 
ling was  voted  for  the  fupply  of  tfteir 
wants,  and  diliributed  among  them 
according  to  their  circumltances  and 
nccelTities; — a  boon  received  and  ac- 
knowledged by  tnem  viith  inc  vvarmelt 
exprehions  of  gratitude. 

"But  though  the  imperious  plea  of 
neceffity  faflicientiy  vindicates  the  cow- 
duv!:t  of  the  Society  in  making  this  large 
encroachment  on  their  funds,  yet  it 
muft  not  be  forgotten,  that  this  en- 
croachment is  made,  not  upon  their 
Jjccki  for  thaty  by  an  exprels  prohibi- 
tion of  their  charter,  cannot  be  touch- 
ed, but  upon  their  unniuil  rtrvj/iutf,  and 
muft  be  made  up  either  by  new  uona- 
tionsfrom  the  public,  or  by  an  abrid^e- 
inti  t  of  their  eilabliihmcnt. ' 

4  Y  But 


673 


Society  for  Christian  Knowledge. 


Vol.  64. 


But  for  tbi?  indifpcnfable  acH:  of  cha- 
rity, they  hope  to  receive  compenla- 
tion  from  the  generous  friends  of  reli- 
gion and  of  mankind,  among  whom  I 
have  much  pleafuie  in  numbering  not 
a  few  of  my  preftnt  rtfpecflable  hearers. 

If  (he  cxpence  at  which  this  great 
charitable  inftitution  is  managed,  he 
inquired  into,  it  will  be  found,  th;it 
none  was  ever  conduc^ted  with  /'rictrr 
ccconomy.  The  directors,  fifteen  in 
r umber,  have  no  emolument  whatever. 
I'hree  only  of  the  Officers  of  the  S(»- 
ciety  have  falaries,  and  thefe  are  but 
trifling  ;  they  were  fixed  many  yeai  s 
ago,  and  have  not  been  augmented*. 
The  falaries  of  the  Shoolm:.(>ers  we 
have  feen,  are  fo  very  fmall,  that  it 
may  juftly  excite  aftoiiiibment,  that 
young  men  of  tolerable  abilities,  fljould 
I: e  found  willing  to  accept  of  fo  labo- 
rious an  cfRce  with  fuch  poor  encou- 
ragement. But  ii)ch  is  ihe  fondntfs  of 
the  Highlanders  for  teachin^^  and  fo 
high  iheir  ideas  of  the  diAinciion  which 
it  confers,  that  as  foon  as  thty  thtm- 
felves  acquire  a  fmatttring  of  know- 
ledge, they  becoii.e  ambitious  of  be- 
ing appointed  initrudors  (jf  others- 
The  Society,  in  coirfequence,  have  en- 
rolled in  thtir  lift  of  fuftained  candi- 
dates, many  more  than  they  can  em- 
ploy. 

This  third  after  knowledge,  and  this 
defire  of  communicating  it,  have  re- 


*  The  Secretary,  whofe  office  leads 
him,  under  the  Diredors,  to  condncl 
the  whole  detail  of  the  lufuufs  of  the 
Society,  enjoys  no  falary  or  pecuniary 
emolument  whatever.  The  Trealurtr, 
who  colletfls  the  rtveiuie,  and  pays  a!l 
the  falaries  of  teachers,  all  accounts, 
and  every  article  of  tlic  expenditure  of 
the  Society,  has  a  falary  of  T^'er^iy-fiie 
pounds,  without  any  pel quifites.  The 
Book-holder,  who  keeps  the  account- 
books  of  the  Society  in  a  regular  fyfte- 
matic  form,  and  the  Cleik,  who  at- 
tends at  the  rffice  two  hours  eveiy 
lawful  day,  who  writes  the  minutes 
and  official  letters,  under  the  infptc- 
tion  of  the  Secretary,  have  each  the 
fame  fum  of  twenty-five  pounds  per 
onnup»  Were  not  the  Gentlemen  who 
fiil  thefe  offices  animated  by  the  fpirit 
of  the  inf^itution,  is  it  to  be  fuppofed, 
that  for  fo  trifling  a  remur;eratu}n,  thty 
^^Guld  lubmit  to  fo  n.uch  trouble  ? 


fulted,  in  a  great  meafure,  from  the 
labours  of  this  Society,  the  effects  of 
which  upon  the  general  character  and 
habits  of  the  people  at  lar.ue,  are  great 
and  confpicuous.  They  appear  pecu- 
liarly flriking,  when  contrafted  with 
thcfe  of  people  of  the  fame  order  in  a 
neighbouring  illand,  now  happily  vi« 
nited  into  one  empire  wiih  Great  Bri- 
tain. Both  nations  were  derived  from 
the  fane  ftock,  they  fpeak  the  fame 
language,  their  manners  and  cuftoms 
were  originally  the  fame.  How  widely 
different  the/  are  now,  let  recent  ex- 
perience tell. 

In  the  one  country,  a  general  com-i 
binaiion  with  declared  and  invading 
tneuiies,  to  deprive  thefe  kingdoms  ci 
tlie  bleffings  of  their  happy  conftitu^ 
tif)n  of  Government,  and  reduce  thenrt 
under  a  foreign  yoke,  has  lately  pro- 
duced all  the  horrors  of  rebellion  anii 
civil  war.  Rebellion  is  happily  fupi; 
preffed,  but  the  baneful  effeds  of  ihi 
fpirit  from  which  it  originated,  it  ill  ap- 
pear too  frequently  in  robberies,  mar 
ders,  and  fhocklng  cruelties,  commit 
ted  by  the  ignorant  and  ferocious  pea 
fantry  of  that  country. 

In  the  Highlands  and  lilands  of  Scot 
land,  peace  and  good  order,  and  loyal; 
ty  and  decency  of  manners  univerfail^i 
prevail.  Through  the  remoteit  di4 
tiids,  the  fingle,  unprote(Jted,  unarmed 
ft  ranger  may  travel  by  night  or  by  day 
in  perfetJit  fafety.  In  every  hamlet,'ir 
which  the  darkriefs  of  the  night  or  vio 
Itnce  of  the  ftorm  may  compel  him  t( 
t.ike  ftielter,  he  may  reft  afTured  of  1 
hofpitable  reception  ;  his  fare  will  b< 
homely,  but  it  will  be  the  beft  whicl 
the  cottage  can  afford ;  his  bed  will  l^ 
hard,  but  his  fleep  will  be  fccure.  Of 
this  head  the  Preacher  can  fpeak  wit| 
coiifideiice  ;  for,  through  thefe  diftri^ts 
in  a  courfe  of  fncceffive  years,  he  ha 
travelled,  and  fuch  was  the  treatiii«n 
V.  hich  every  where  he  expeiienced. 

If  it  is  afod,  what  confiitutes  A 
woi'derful  a  difference  between  th(' 
Highland  Scottiili,  and  the  Iriib  pea' 
lantry,  whofe  natural  conftiiution  o 
body  and  mmd  muft  be  fuppofed  toJ>' 
(:xa(^t]y  fim.ilar?  the  only  anfvver  tha 
can  be  given  i?,  that  the  one  clafs 
without  the  means  of  education  or  in! 
ftrudion  in  the  firft  principles  of  rcfii 
gion  and  literature,  are  left  in  all  tbil 
wildnefs  and  ferocity  of  uncuUivatc< 
mature,  while  the  far  greater  part  of  th 


Aug.  1802.       Society  for  Christian  Knowledge. 


679 


other,  are  trained  up  from  their  earlieft 
years  in  the  knowledge  and  practice  of 
true  religion  and  found  morals. 

To  this  mod  important  elfc(5l  the 
Schoolmafters  of  the  Society  have  in  an 
eminent  degree  contributed  ;  for  it  is 
to  be  ohfeived,  that  they  are  teachers 
not  only  of  youth  in  their  fchools,  but 
inftru(flors  of  the  inhabitants  of  their 
refpedive  diftridts  at  large. 

In  the  vaft  pariihes  of  the  Highlands, 
extending  forty,  fifty,  and  even  fixty 
niks  in  length,  with  a  proportional 
readth,  and  fometimes  conliOing  of 
"cvtral  fcparate  and  detached  iflands, 
Treat  numbers  of  the  inhabitants  can 
lut  feldom  enjoy  the  ordinances  of  re- 
igion  at  the  dated  places  of  worlljip. 

It  is  a  branch  of  duty  enjoined  upon 
:he  Schoolmifters  of  the  Society,  to  do 
ivhat  in  them  lies  to  fjpply  this  defect, 
rhey  teach  the  old  as  well  as  the 
i^oung,  from  houfe  to  houftj  during 
iVeek  days,  when  not  employed  in  their 
chools;  and  on  Lord's  days  the  inha- 
bitants of"  thediftrids  ilfcmble  in  fome 
arge  centrical  houfe,  but  frequently  in 
!|;ood  weather  in  the  open  air,  when 
•he  Schoolmaflers  read  to  them  the 
;  kriplures,  and  other  pious  hooks  with 
lA^hicli  the  Society  has  furnifhed  them, 
L'atechife  the  young  in  prefence  of  their 
;  wents  and  friends,  and  prehde  among 
I  hem  in  the  duties  of  prayer  and  praife. 
f  'n  not  a  few  places,  fuch  afifemblies  are 
I  :ompofed  of  fcveral  hundreds  of  peo- 
ple ;  and  thus  a  fenfe  of  religion  and 
:^f  good  morals  is  preferved  throughout 
he  country. 

To  thefe  piou"^,  though  humble  la- 
lourers  in  the  vineyard  of  the  gofpel, 
he  Preacher  who  has  now  the  honour 
Mrtfs  you,  is  happy  in  being  able 
e  honourable  teflimony.  Having, 
:-\  his  official  capacity,  perfonally  viht- 
\  A  them,  even  in  then-  remottlt  dif- 
I  rids,  and  inquued  minuttly  into  their 
I  haraifter  and  conduv't,  as  well  as  tx- 
I  imined  iiito  then*  own  c  apacity  and 
[  he  proficiency  of  their  leholar.s,  he  is 
^nabled  to  fpeak  vvith  certainty  con- 
<-rning  iheni*.    Among  fo  numerous 


In  the  year  1789,  the  Society  re- 
vived upon  a  meafurt,  which  had  lonjj 
>ccn  eanuiily  v\ijhed  for,  -z/s.  a  gene- 
vifUation  of  theirfchools,  by  ap.rlou 
o  whom  thoy  could  commit  authority, 
ind  in  whom  they  could  place  confi- 
'cnce. 


a  body,  he  found,  as  might  be  expe(5l- 
ed,  diverfity  of  talents  and  ufefulnefs; 
but,  taking  them  as  a  whole,  he  innfl 
be  permitted  to  fiy,  that  he  knows  no 


It  concerned  them  deeply  to  be 
themfclves  afcertained,  and  that  by 
th;:ir  means  the  public  fliould  kno.v, 
that  the  iums  f^-nt  by  them  to  the  re- 
m  )tc  parts  of  the  Highland-;  and  1(1  mds 
were  faithfully  dt  voied  to  the  impor- 
tant purpofes  for  which  they  were  def- 
tined  ;  that  the  teachers  in  their  em- 
ployment were  diligent  and  ufefal ;  and 
that  rhe  acco/nmodation  ftipulated  for 
them  by  the  Handing  rules  of  the  So- 
ciety, were  farnilhcd  by  the  people 
concerned. 

It  is  true,  that  certificates  as  tothcfe 
points,  were  annually  tranfmit- 
ted  by  the  feveral  Prefbyteries  in 
whofe  bounds  their  fchools  are  ftation- 
ed  ;  but  it  occurred  to  them,  that  a  vi- 
fitacion  of  them  by  one  of  their  own 
body,  who  would  eximine  minutely 
into  fadls  and  charatfters,  and  in  whnf* 
report  they  could  perfectly  confide, 
would  be  productive  of  many  impor- 
tant advantages  ;  that  in  general  it 
would  mark  an  aitention,  upon  their 
part,  to  the  ohjecls  of  the  inititution, 
which  would  be  acceptable  to  the  pu- 
blic at  large,  and  particularly  fo,  to 
people  of  ail  defcriptions  in  thofe  parts 
of  the  country  whe  re  their  feminaries 
are  ftationed  ;  and  that  it  would  terkl 
to  procure  for  them  notice  and  regard 
from  proorietors  and  perfons  of  dif- 
tindion  who  had  hitherto  viewed  them 
with  too  c.irelefs  an  eye. 

With  refped  to  their  fchoolmafter?, 
they  had  every  rcaf>n  to  expe<5t  tl.c 
happieft  effects  fro  n  fuch  a  vifitation  ; 
th.it  it  would  give  a  new  ttimuius  and 
encouragement  to  the  e::ertions  of  the 
worthy  and  deKrving,  and  a  necelTary 
rlicck  to  the  inattention  and  mifco!^duCt 
of  fuch  as  might  be  found  of  au  oppo- 
fite  characler. 

In  fine",  they  were  perfaidtd,  that, 
by  this  meafare  only^  the  real  llale  oi 
things  in  many  inftances,  and  particu- 
larly in  remote  parts  of  the  country, 
could  be  difcovcred,  and  fuch  know- 
ledge of  charaCterF,  fat^fsand  local  cir- 
cumltances  obtained,  as  would  enable 
the  Directors,  and  thofe  who  under 
them  carry  on  the  detail  of  bull  lefs 
and  corefpondeiice,  to  condu^  it  with 


6^6 


Society  for  Christian  Knowledge.  Vol.  64. 


clafs  of  men  in  any  fhition  more  ufcfiil, 
or  more  truly  deferving  of  public  gra- 
titude. Their  unwearied  zeal  and  eir- 
neflnefs  in  promoting  the  beft  intereRs 
of  religion  and  literature  among  the 
people  with  whom  they  are  connected, 
and  the  remarkable  fucctf^  which  h  is 
attended  the  inftiu(flions  of  many  of 
them,  often  excited  his  admiration. 
It  was  to  him  matter  of  frequent  fur- 
prife,  that  men,  whofe  talents  and  ac- 
quirements fitted  them  for  far  higher 
fpheres,  fliould  be  p(>ntent  to  remain 
in  the  humble  ftations,  and  with  the 
mean  appointments  of  charity  fchool- 
inallers.  Their  original  inclination  to 
teach,  the  power  of  habit,  and  the 
confcioiifnef?  of  ufcrfulnefs,  afford  the 
only  account  of  it  that  can  be  given. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  Highlands  and 
iflands  of  Scotland  who  enjoy  the 
fchools  of  the  Society,  are  fontiblc  of 
the  very  great  advantage  which  thiy 
derive  from  theiR,  and  highly  grateful 
to  thofe  by  whom  they  are  appointed. 

And  do  f'ot  the  inhabitants  of  the 
fouthern  and  wealthy  pn>vinccs  of  the 
Ifland,  permit  me  to  aflv,  lie  under 
very  confidtrable  obligations  to  them 


fatisfadion  to  themfelves  and  utility 
to  the  public. 

Moved  by  thefe  confiderations,  the 
Society,  and  the  Board  of  Diretftor?, 
urged  the  prefent  Secretary,  foon  after 
his  elediion,  to  undertake  the  office.  It 
was  forefeen  to  be  both  tedious  and  la- 
borious;but,  fully  fcnfibie  of  its  impor- 
tance, he  undertook,  and  perfevercd  in 
its  accompHlhment  through  a  fucceflion 
of  years,  till  he  had  vihted,  and  report- 
ed concerning  the  whole  of  the  Socie- 
ty's fchools,  not  only  through  every 
part  of  the  mainland  of  the  Highlands, 
but  through  the  Hebrides  or  Weftern 
Iflands,  and  thofe  ofShctland  and^Ork^ 
ney.  The  refult  of  Ins  travels  and  ob- 
fervations  were,  at  the  termination  of 
every  journey,  ftated  at  length  ;o  his 
conftitucnts,and  an  abridgement  oahem 
given  to  the  public  in  the  Appendix  to 
the  Aimiverfaiy  Sermon  which  imme- 
diately followed.  The  J:n>citty  have 
not  been  infenfibleof  the  benefii  which 
hath  refulted  from  this  general  vifita- 
tion  of  their  Lhools,  and  have  ftated 
their  fentiments  upon  the  fubje^t  \n 
terms  fufficiently  cxprcflivc  of  grati- 
tude. 


Is  it  not  in  an  eminent  degree  to  be  im- 
puteil  to  them,  the  happy  change  which 
has  taken  place  in  the  chara^^ter  and 
manners  of  the  Highlanders  of  Scot- 
land ? 

Inftead  of  p'tlnderers  and  rebels, 
too  many  of  them  formerly  were, 
whofe  [nedatory  incurlions  into  'he 
1  )w  ccMmtries  of  Scotland,  had  Wont 
to  create  to  the  inhabitants  both  t^^rr(>r 
and  lofs  of  property — nay  whofe  rehf;)- 
lious  invalion  even  of  England  about 
half  a  century  ago,  carried  alarm  to 
the  capital ;  we  have  now  in  thefe  poor 
people,  quiet  and  peaceful  citizens, 
loyal  fubjee'^s,  ufeful  fefvants  to  the 
public  in  every  department  of  civil 
life,  and  gallant  defenders  of  their 
country  in  time  of  war  and  danger. 

My  much  refpe^ed  heatefs,  your  be- 
nevolent v^iflits  certainly  are,  that  Itill 
farther  fuccefs  m^y  attend  a  cf»aritv 
which  h  IS  already  been  pi  odudive  (  i 
fuch  happy  effeets,  and  that  all  the  in- 
habitants of  thefe  remote  northern  re- 
gions  of  our  country  may  participate 
in  them.  The  Society  in  whofe  behal 
1  appear,  are  willing  to  take  the  trou- 
ble ;  they  afk,  they  exped  no  perfonal 
advantage  ;  they  want  only  the  means 
of  extending  the  benefit  of  their  plan 
to  the  diltint  corners  of  their  and  your 
country. 

For  much  of  what  they  poflVf*^,  they 
are  mdebted  to  you  and  your  f.^How- 
citizens  of  this  great  capital  ;  to  you 
with  anxious  expectation  they  look  fdfl 
fuch  farther  aids  as  opulence  and  benfl 
volence  united,  may  be  willing  to  be- 
ftow. 

Frequent  and  urgent  demands  have 
of  late  been  made  upon  your  charity, 
no  nation  under  heaven  could  nave 
nobly  anfwered  them.  fl 

Tne  m.eans  of  exercifing  this  gre*^ 
virtue  are  not  yet  exhauited.  In  what 
fphere  can  it  be  more  worthily  e3ter- 
cifed  than  in  refcuing  thoufands  of  yoiir 
hitherto  neglected  countrymen  frofl(» 
ignorance,  debafement,  and  wretchcd- 
nef:^,  and  railing  tljem  to  the  charadcr 
and ' dignity  of  ufeful  refpe<^table  citi- 
and  woithy  members  of  ti»« 
church  of  Chria  ? 

Men  of  bumnnitj—ycVl  will  liften  to 
Ihe  voice  which  m^Mtes  you  to  extend 
^he  blelTings  of  civilized  fociety,  bl<f- 
fings  which  you  enjoy  in  the  richeft  *t* 
bundance,  to  BrUsih  fubje^^s,  who, 
even  in  this  land  uf  liberty  have  hitbeN, 


Aug.  1802. 


Of  the  Boetzuanas^ 


to  in  a  great  meafure  been  Grangers  to 
them. 

Chnjlians — yours  is  ft  ill  a  nobler  am- 
bition ;  your  pity  is  excited  for  thou- 
finds  of  fouls  in  danger  of  pcriilnng 
for  lack  of  knowledge  ;  the  views  of 
your  benevolence  extend  as  far  as  eter- 
nity. Your  wifli  is,  to  train  up  a  mul- 
titude of  children,  now  forlorn  and  ne- 
gledled,  not  only  to  be  happy  and 
worthy  members  of  human  fdciety, 
but  to  add  tht'ir  names,  however  un- 
known in  this  world,  to  the  roll  infcrib- 
ed  ill  the  "  Limb's  book  of  life,  to  the 
general  aflembly  and  church  of  the 
the  firil  born,  who  are  written  in  hea- 
ven/' The  outlines  of  the  plan  adopt- 
ed for  that  purpofc  by  this  Society, 
have  been  candidly  ftated  to  you.  If 
you  approve  of  it,  if  you  wifh  to  give 
it  a  dill  wider  range,  and  if  you  wiih 
to  enjoy  in  your  own  minds  the  fatis- 
fa(5tion  refulting  from  the  confcioufnefs 
of  having  endeavoured  to  extend  its 
fphere  and  enlarp:€  its  ufcfulnefs — you 
u'ill  contribute  for  that  end*  as  God 
has  given  you  difpofitioa  and  ability. 


From  chanty  a!onc*,  this  noble  in- 
ftitution  derived  its  origin — by  charity 
it  has  been  noufifhed  and  foftered  up 
to  its  prefent  m  ignirude— and  upon 
charity  it  willingly  repofc'S  for  fach 
farther  increafe  as  to  the  wife  and  the 
good  fhall  feem  neceffary  for  promot- 
ing the  bed  intercfts  of  religion  and 
their  country. 


*  It  has  been  generally  fuppofed,  and 
f-imetimes  aiTertcd,  both  from  the  pul- 
pit and  the  prcfs  ia»L  ^ncjon,  that  th-; 
Society  receives  from  the  Crown 
L.  I  coo  pf^r  annum- 

It  is  true,  thai  thai  fiim  ha*?  been  an- 
nu'iily  given  for  many  years  to  t'he  Ge- 
neral Afll^mbly  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
bud,  '*  for  the  reforir.alion  of  the 
Highlands  and  Iflmds,"  and  it  is  faith- 
fully beitowed  in  final!  falaries  to  mif- 
fionary  minifters  and  catechifls. 

But  no  part  of  that  fiim  was  ever  re- 
ceived by  the  Socieiy,  nor  hwe  they 
ever  derived  any  pemmary  aid  from  ei- 
ther the  Crown  or  Parliament. 


OF  THE  BOETZUANAS. 

AN  AFRICAN  TRIBE. 


THE  following  is  an  Abftra(5l  of  the 
Account  which  has  bjcn  tranimitted 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  by  the 
Gentlemen  who  were  fent  by  the  Britilh 
Government,  on  a  Voyage  of  Dilco- 
very,  into  the  Interior  of  Africa. 

**  After  travelhng  about  300  hours 
from  the  Cape,   or,  as  we  fuppofe, 
about  800  Englilli  miles,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  N.  £.  or  thereabouts,  which 
would  bring  them  within  two  degrees 
of  the  lYopic,  they  came  to  the  Ca- 
pital of  the  BoetZLianas^  containing  a- 
■  bout  I  tjoo  houi'es,  and  7000  inhabitants. 
1  The  name  of  this  city  is  Likitow. 
;!  So  valt  an  afP^mblage  of  dwellings,  cx- 
j  Ceccling  the  number  of  thofe  in  Cape 
Town,  with  a  population  equal,  if  not 
'  liiperior,  excluding  the  ilavcs,  makes 
'  it  more  than  probable,  that  the  inha- 
bitants have  not  only  attained  a  very 
liderablc  pitch  of  civilization,  but 


it  impfies  alfo  a  more  than  ordinary 
degree  of  induftry  in  the  culciv^ati  )a 
of  the  ArtSj  and  tne  purfuits  of  A'^ri- 
culture.  ^ 

*' Surr-ounded  by  a  barren  countrv, 
and  bordering  to  the  northward  on  o- 
ther  tribes  of  people,  remaining  in  a 
fixed  and  ledentary  iife,  and  denvrao- 
litrle  or  no  fupport  from  commerc-?, 
we  are  entirely  at  a  lois  to  conceive 
in  what  manner  they  contrive  to  lub- 
fiii  fo  great  a  mulrit'ude.  The  detai  s 
of  their  political  and  domettic  econo- 
my mult  furnilii  new  and  hio-hlv  in  e- 
reiting  matter  to  add  to  theliiltory  of 
favage  nations.  It  would  be  eqaal'.y 
unaccountable,  that  in  the  courfe  of 
160  years,  no  correct  information  of 
the  Boetzuanas  lliould  have  been  ob- 
tained, if  it  did  not  occur  to  us,  that 
no  fingle  difcovery  has  been  effeded, 
nor  any  account  of  the  Southern  Angle 

of 


682 


Of  the  Boetzuanas. 


Vol.  64. 


^jf  Africa  been  made  public,  exxept  by 
occafiorial  and  foreign  vifitois.  It  may- 
be further  added,  that  the  country 
within  the  limits  of  the  colony  has 
been  better  knowr,  and  more  traverfed 
by  Europeans  and  feltkrs  within  the  laft 
ftve  years, than  during  the  whole  period 
of  its  colonization  prior  to  the  time  v/e 
mention.  At  the  capture  of  the  colo- 
ny, no  part  of  the  very  extenlive  dif- 
tnct  of  GraaiT  Ileynet  appeared  in  any 
of  their  charts,  except  Zwart  Kop*s 
Uay  ;  nor  were  there  then  three  men 
ill  the  whole  Cape  who  could  point  out, 
with  any  degree  of  accuracy,  where  it 
was  fitLiated.  This  dreaded  journey 
of  a  long  month  is  now  become  fami- 
liar, and  acomplilhod  by  a  Lritilh  Ofii- 
cer,  with  a  couple  or  three  hories,  in 
fix  days. 

*'  With  regard  to  the  Boetzuanas, 
iheir  name,  their  numbers,  their  fitu- 
ation  and  refourccs,  were  all  falfified  in 
the  accounts  given  by  thole  who  pre- 
tended to  a  knowledge  of  this  nation. 

"  The  literary  world  will  derive  no 
fmall  degree  of  gratification  from  the 
labours  of  the  prefent  expedition.  Be- 
iides  a  variety,  or  perhaps  a  new  fpecies, 
of  Rhirioccros,  no  lels  than  four  ani- 
mals of  the  Antelope  and  Bovine  ge- 
ms, hitherto  undel'cribcd,  have  been 
tlKcovered,  among  which,  one  is  ftat- 
cd  to  be  allied  to  that  finguiar  animal 
the  Gnco,  and  another  in  ibnr^  degree 
to  th.e  Hsrteboert  ;  and  the  Fine  Arts 
will  be  enriched  by  the  pencil  of  the 
very  able  Artilt  who  accompanies  the 
Expedition. 

**  Notwithftanding  the  great  diflance 
that  the  Boetzuanas  are  removed  from 
the  Cape,  they  complained  giievoufly 
of  ceitain  perfons  on  the  frontiers  of 
the  colony  committing  depredations 
on  their  cattle,  and  ili  treating  their 
people.  They  paiticularly  mentioned 
a  man  of  the  name  of  Jan  Blom,  who, 
with  his  gang,  had  of  late  years  very 
mdch  infcited  them  ;  and  they  conclud- 
ed, naturally  enough,  that  all  the  co- 
lonics were  like  Jan  Blom  ;  and  of 
courfe  they  were  at  firtf  guarded  and 
diilruiUul  of  the  prefent  CommiHion  ; 
which,  however,  by  a  refidence  \\&Ai\y 
of  a  month,    fufficiently  convinced 


them  that  all  Chriftians  were  not  of 
the  fame  defcription  as  Jan  Blom  and 
his  gang. 

**  J^Iumanity  iliudders  in  contemplat- 
ing the  deplorable  iituation  to  which 
the  bulk  of  the  native  inhabitants,  and 
rightful  owners  of  this  country,  have 
been  reduced,  by  the  arts  and  machi- 
nations of  fuch  lawlefs  mifcreants  as 
thcfe.  To  fuch  are  owing  the  nume- 
rous hordes  of  Bosjefmen,  who,  dri- 
ven by  imperious  want  to  aflail  the  ha- 
bitations or  the  flocks  of  the  colonilts, 
are  hunted  down  by  the  latter  with 
more  eagernels,  and  deflroyed  with  Icfs 
remorle,  (foi  their  deitru6tion  is  the 
caufe  of  triumpii),  than  the  vilell  or 
moft  obnoxious  beaft  of  prey. 

"  The  natural  difpofition  of  the  dif- 
ferent tribes  of  Hottentots  is  mild, 
peaceable,  and  cheerful  ;  and,  by  gen- 
tle ufage,  might  be  moulded  into  any 
fhape.  The  habits  of  life  in  which 
they  have  been  brought  up,  naturally 
incline  them  to  a  fondnefs  for  liberty, 
and  render  them  impatient  of  confine- 
ment and  reftiaint  ;  but  they  are  per- 
haps, of  all  the  people  in  the  world, 
who  have  been  accuftomed  to  a  roving 
life,  the  cnfieft  broken  in  to  coniiant 
labour,  and  reconciled  to  a  fixed  abode. 
As  a  proof  of  this,  we  need  only  re- 
fer to  the  exertions  of  the  MifTionaries, 
whole  endeavours  in  this  country  have 
been  crowned  with  better  fuccefs  than 
perhaps  in  any  other.  Degraded  as 
this  people  have  fiood  in  the  page  of 
hiiiory,  and  reprefented  as  tney  have 
generally  been  at  the  foot  of  the  I'cale 
of  rational  animals,  we  are  doubtful 
w^hether  any  nation  or  tribe  of  men, 
fdiiing  under  the  ufual  denomination 
of  Savage,  are  polfcfled  of  more  n:)- 
tural  endowments,  or  more  apt  to  ac- 
quire thofe  of  art,  than  the  Hottentots." 

The  Caffpes  who  rehde  on  the  eaft  of 
the  Hottentots,  in  perfonai  appccr- 
ance,  and  mental  qualities,  are  even  !  1- 
perior  to  the  .Hottentots.  Of  this  in- 
lerelting  people  lomenew  and  entertain- 
ing information  has  bec;ii  obtained  from 
the  milTionary  Vendeikemp,  with 
which  we  propofe  to  preftnt  our  ruad- 
ers  in  a  future  number. 


Aug.  1802. 


683 


HORNEMANN's  TRAVELS  IN  AFRICA. 


Continued  from  p.  5S9. 


HORNEMANN'S  account  of  Fez- 
zari,  the  Phazania  Regio  of  Piiny, 
coniirms  the  information  which  had 
been  obtained  by  Lucas,  one  of  the 
fifft  Geographical  Millionaries  of  the 
African  Society,  concerning  that  ex- 
tenfive  and  curious  Oalis.  The  great- 
eft  extent  of  the  cultivated  part  of 
Fezzan  is  about  300  miles  from  North 
to  South,  and  zoo  from  Eaft  to  Weft  ; 
but  the  mountainous  region  of  Harutfch 
and  fome  other  deferts,  are  reckoned 
within  its  territory.  Its  borderers  on 
the  North  are  Arabian  tribes,  who 
owe  a  nominal  allegiance  to  Tripoly  ; 
on  the  Eaft,  it  is  bounded  by  the  Ha- 
rutfch, on  the.  Weft  by  the  Arabs,  and 
on  the  South  by  the  Tuaiick  tribes 
and  the  Tibboes.  fezzan  contains  10 1 
towns  and  villages.  Mourzouk  is  the 
capital,  after  which,  Sockna,  Sebba, 
Hun  and  Wadon  on  the  North,  Gatron 
on  the  South,  Yerma  on  the  Weft,  and 
Zuila  on  the  Eaft,  are  the  principal 
towns.  The  climate  is  never  temper- 
ate ;  for  the  heat  is  intenfe  infummcr, 
and  during  the  prevalence  of  the 
South  wmd,  almoft  infupportable  ; 
while,  during  winter,  the  North  wind  is 
chill  and  penetrating,  rain  is  unfre- 
quent  and  imall  in  quantity,  whirl- 
winds and  hurricanes  are  frequent,  and 
io  icvere,  that  they  tinge  the  atmof- 
phere  yellow  with  fand.  There  is  no 
river  or  rivulet  of  importance  in  the 
country.  The  foil  is  a  deep  fand,  co- 
yering  calcaieous  rock  or  earth,  and 
lometimes  argillaceous  matter;  dales 
^re  the  ftaple  produce  of  the  country. 
1  hough  the  foil  is  fuitabL^  for  wheat 
and  barley,  yet  corn  is  never  railed 
lurticient  for  the  maintenance  of  the 
inhabitants.  Vegetables  a: e  produced 
m  abundance.  The  common  domel- 
tic  animal  is  the  goat.  Horfes  and 
■^lorned  cattle  are  but  few,  llic:ep  are 
i Chiefly  found  in  the  fouthern  parts  of 
-he  country.  Camels  are  only  kept  by 

chiefs  and  rich  merchants.  Fezzan 


is  the  great  emporium  of  the  caravans 
ot  Cairo,  Bengazi,  Tripoly,  Gadamis, 
iuat  and  Soudan.  The  commerce 
with  Soudan  is  carried  on  by  the  tribes 
of  the  Tuanck,  and  that  with  Bornou 
by  the  Tibboes  of  Bilma.  The  throne  of 
tezzan  is  hereditary  in  the  family  of  th^ 
Prince,  but  it  is  not  always  the  ibn,  but 
theeldeft  Prince  of  the  family  who'fuc^ 
ceeds._  Tlje  Sultan,  or  Prince,  poiT^f- 
les  unlimited  authority  in  Fezzan,  but 
•he  is  tributary  to  the  BaLha  of  Tripoly 
to  whom  he  formerly  paid  6000  dollars 
m  annual  tribute, thoughthis  is  now  re- 
duced to  4000.  The  guards  of  the  Sul- 
tan, who  form  a  fpecies  of  Mamelukes, 
confift  chiefly  of  Europeans,  Greeks^ 
and  Genoefe,  and  poflefs  the  chief  in- 
fluence in  the  country.  His  revenues 
arife  from  a  tax  on  gardens  and  culti- 
vated lands,  arbitrary  fines  and  re- 
quifitions,  duties.onthe  caravan  trade, 
and  a  teiricorial  revenue  icfultin-:^ 
from  domains  of  the  crown,  as  falt- 
pools,  natron  lakes,  royal  gardens  ani 
woods.  The  public  expenditure  con- 
fifts  chiefly  in  the  maintenance  of  th- 
Sultan,  his  court,  and  palace.  Th'- 
dccifions  of  juftice  are  direaed  by  the 
Mahometan  law,  old  cuftoms  and  efta- 
bliihed  praclice,  but  the  judcrment  m 
criminal  cafes  depends  on  the  arbitrary 
will  of  the  Sultan. 

The  population  of  Fezzan  may  be 
loolely  eftimated  at  70,  or  75,00^) 
louls,  all  of  whom  profefs  the  Maho-^ 
metan  religion.  The  complexion  of 
the  people  vanes.  In  the  Southern 
parts  they  rcfemble  the  Tibboes  cr 
Tuancks,  in  the  Northern  they  are 
limiiar  in  features  to  the  Arabs,  The 
genuine  orindi^enous  race  of  FezzaneVe 
are  a  people  of  ordinary  ftature,  by  no 
means  ftrong  or  mufcular  ;  their  co- 
lour  is  deep  brown,  their  hair  black 
and  fliort,  the  form  of  their  face  re^.i- 
lar,  and  their  nofe  lefs  flattened  thaa 
that  of  the  negro.  Their  mein,  \va]v' 
and  geflure,  denote  a  war.t  of  energy, 

either 


Hornmann's  T ravels  in  Africa.  Vol.  64. 


684 

either  of  m.nd  or  body.  The  richer 
people  wear  the  Tripohtan  habit.  There 
Lenolkilful  artificeis  m  Fezzan,  nor 
any  tradefmen  but  ftoetnakers  and 
Whs  the  latter  work  every  fpec.es 
Ket'al  a^d  the  toe  tn.n  who  forges 
fhoes  for  the  Sultan's  ho  le,  tn.ltes 
Imes  forhis  princetVcs.  The  womet, 
f  bricate  courle  woollen  cloths,  the 
exce'lence  of  which  manufattu.e  may 
be  cttimated  by  their  ignorance  of  the 
Sm  t  e/while  "the  woof  mferted  into 
the  arp.  thread  by  thread  and  work- 
Id  flly  by  the  hand.  The  women  of 
?ez?an'are'greatlyaddiaed  to  a  e,^ 

;^^£1^.,;utirirreptr^ 

^Mou>^oukl^an  in  any  other  crty 
.!f  the  fame  extent  and  population, 
m  Ln  -  greatly  add>61ed  to  d^ 

enne  "   which   with   the  mafic  and 
ennus,  wi      .    •      j^ij  conlUtutes 
dancino-  ol  the  lingmg  S"  » 
their  almoa  fole  amufemer.t.  The 
W  of  the  Fezzan  i'^gj.'^g .S'^ ,\ 
Soudanic,  and  the.r  muUcal  nftiu- 
ftient  confifts  of  an  excavated  calabafh 
fo  ^,ed  into  a  hcmifphere  and  covered 
vv.th  leather,  with  a  '0"g  ^^^'J,^'^ 
>«liichis  itx  etched  a  compaft  ftring  ot 
horle  hairs,  about  the  thrcknels  o.  a 

^^"Sehoufes  of  the  Fezzauefe  are  re 
irarkfblv  low,  and  mifcraoly  built, 
^hev  e  conitruaed  with  ftones  or 
br  cks  made  of  a  calcareous  earth  rnix- 
5d  wi^h  clay  dried  in  the  fun,  and  af- 
A.  fPriufted  with  a  mortar  of 
"hi:rc  icr^el^^^^  The  veHlges 
^f  ncient  buildings  were  obferved  by 
Hornemann,  amid  the  hovels  of  the 
xnodern  Fezzanele,  and  he  ^as  mforrn- 
ed  tl^  infcriptioas  might  ^^e wife  be 
obferved.  In  diet,  the  people  of  Hz- 
zan  are  remarkably  abftemrous.  Flelh 
fs  not  an  article  of  food  of  general  con- 
umption.  To  indicate  a  rich  man, 
atMourzouk,  the  ufual  expreffion  u 
'  he  eats  bread  and  meat  every  day. 

While  remaining  at  Mourzou., 
both  Hornemann  and  liis  mterpreter 
Frendenburgh  were  feize^  wit^i  the 
country  fever,  and  here  our  traveller 
ioft  h"  companion,  who  did  not  reco- 
ver On  the  r.-cftabli(hment  of  his 
health  he  proceeded  to  Tripoly. 
S  rc'be  arrived  about  the  middle  of 


Auguft  1799,  and  from  which  he  re- 
turned  to  iViourzouk,  after  having  ex-  , 
pedited  his  difpatches  to  England.  At 
his  return  to  Fezzan,  he  faw  a  perfoA 
who  had  feen  Mr  Browne  in  Darfoor : 
and  the  lait  letter  which  has  been  re- 
ceived  from  our  travelU-r,  dated  April 
6th,  i3oc,  represents  him  as  on  the 
eve  of  departure  for  Bornou,  with  a 
caravan.  Previous  however  to  this,  he 
had  colleaed  from  African  traders,  the  ; 
follovvingparticulars  concerning  the  m- 
terior  of  Africa,  which  we  lhall  now 
lay  before  our  readers. 

"  Westward  from  Fezzan,  and  to 
the  fouth  and  fouth  weft,  the  country 
is  inhabited  by  the  Tibbo,  who  com- 
rr.and  alfo  the  country  from  Fczzm 
tovvards  Egypt,  from  which  it  is  faul 
to  be  ftrparated  by  a  large  defart.  The 
neareft  mhabjted  places  north  of  Tib- 
bo  are  Ungila  and  Supah.  On  the 
fouth  thev  are  bounded  by  wandering^ 
Arab?;  and  on  the  weft  beyond  Ftz-^ 
zan,  by  the  dominions  of  the  Tua- 
ricks.  .     , ,   ,  ; 

The  Tibbo  are  not  c|mte  black  j 
their  growth  is  flender ; -their  limbs 
are  well  turned;  their  walk  is  light 
and  fwift;  their  eyes  are  quick,  their 
lips  thick,  their  nofe  is  not  turned  up,' 
and  not  large;  their  hair  is  very  long, 
but  icfs  curled  than  that  of  the  Ne- 
groes. They  appear  to  have  much  tia-' 
tural  capacity,  but  they  have  too  f;ew  ! 
opportunities  of  improving  it,  bein^  ; 
furroundcd  by  barbarous  nations,  o!  j 
Mahometans.    Their  intercourfe  witl 
the  Arabs,  to  whom  they  convey  flavcs  ! 
has  probably  corrupted  them;  the^ 
are  accufed  of  being  miftruftful,  trea 
cherous,  and  deceitful.     The  Fezza 
nians  do  not  travel  dngly  with  them 
for  they  are  afraid  of  being  furpriic( 
and  murdered  at  the  inftigation  ot  th^ 
company  with  whom  they  travel,  l/i 
language  of  the  Tibbo  is  fpokcn  win 
extraordinary  rapidity,  and  has  man 
confonants,  particularly  the  L  and  . 
They  number  thus: 


One, 

Two, 

Three, 

Four, 

Five, 

Ten, 


Trono. 

Agesso* 

Fo. 

Mar  hum* 


Their  clothing  confifts  of  fneep-fl^n 


Aug.  I  So 2.       Hornemann's  Travels  in  Africa. 


685 


which  they  drefs  with  or  without 
wool ;  the  former  for  winter,  the  lat- 
ter for  fuihmer ;  but  the  inhabitants  of 
the  principal  places,  or  others^  when 
they  go  to  Fczzan,  clothe  themfelves 
like  the  Burniians,  in  large  blue  fliirts; 
their  head  is  wrapt  in  a  dark  blue 
cloth  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  their  eyes 
only  are  feen.  Their  weapons  are  a 
lance  about  (ix  feet  long,  and  a  knife 
from  fifteen  to  twenty  inches  long, 
which  they  carry  on  their  left  arm,  the 
flieath  being  faflened  to  a  ring  of  lea- 
ther about  three  inches  wide,  which 
they  bear  on  their  wrift. 

The  Tibbo  are  divided  into  ftveral 
tribes,  the  principal  of  which  arc,  the 
Tibbo  of  Bilma,  whofe  chief  rt fides  at 
Dyrke,  about  one  day's  journey  from 
Biln^a.  This  tribe  is  a  good  deal  mix- 
ed, having  eftablifhtd  iifelf  forcibly, 
among  the  Negroes  who  lived  in  that 
difti  id:  to  this  day,  the  inhabitants  of 
Bilma  are  modly  Negroes ;  in  Dyrke, 
on  the  contrary,  they  are  Tibbo.  This 
tribe  carries  on  a  commerce  between 
Fezzan  and  Burnu,  and  apparently 
with  great  fafety  to  themfelves  ;  for 
they  travel  in  fmall  companies  of  fix 
or  eight  men ;  but  on  account  of  their 
bad  charader,  the  flaves  of  either  fex, 
from  Burnu,  who  have  been  freed,  do 
not  return  with  them,  as  the  poor 
people  are  afraid  of  being  plundered 
and  fold  again,  or  murdered  by  them. 

The  religion  of  the  Tibbo  of  Bilma, 
is  the  Mahometan^  but  it  is  faid  they 
hold  it  very  cheap. 

The  tribe  of  the  Tibbo  Rfchade,  or 
the  Ruck  Tibbo,  is  fo  called  from  their 
boufcs  being  built  under  rock*^,  and 
they  frequently  live  even  in  caves,  be- 
fore which  thty  build  huts  of  ruOies  in 
a  very  coarfe  manner,  for  their  fum- 
mcr  reftdence.  The  chief  of  this  tribe 
lives  in  Abo;  next  to  which  Tibcfty 
is  the  largeft  place.  The  Tibbo  Rfchade 
go  in  multitudes  to  Fczzan,  at  which 
time  they  clothe  themlelvcs  hke  the 
Tuarick  ;  however,  I  have  fcen  feveral 
wearing  their  Iheep  Ikins.  This  tribe 
is  reported  to  be  good  Mahometans. 

The  Tibbo  Burgu  are  faid  to  be  ftill 
Pagans;  the  diilri<5t  which  they  inha- 
bit, abounds  in  dates,  corn,  and  grafs. 

A  company  of  Fezzanians  having  this 
year  been  plundered  by  fome  of  the 
people  of  Burnu,  as  they  were  travel- 
ling from  Btrgami  toMouizouk,  the 
JiXoL.LXlV 


fultan  of  Fezzan  fent  a  fmall  army  in- 
to their  country  :  it  confiftcd  of  thirty- 
two  men  on  horfeback,  fevcnty  Arabs 
on  foot,  and  about  two  hundred  Tib- 
bos  of  the  Rfchade  tribe.  The  Arabs 
went  from  Mourzouk  into  G^tron, 
fifty-four  miles  fouth  of  that  place  ;  to 
Fegherie  thirty  three  miles  fouth  fouth- 
well  of  Gatron ;  then  to  Abo  fevea 
days,  and  Tibefty  three  days,  in  aa 
eaderly  diredion  ;  then  to  Burgn  eigh- 
teen days,  (reckoning  a  day's  jouriiey 
eighteen  miles.)  They  Hole  abjut  two 
hundred  people,  the  greateft  part  of 
whom  were  fold  in  a  treacherous  man- 
ner- 

The  women  of  the  Burgu  tribe,  wear 
their  hair  in  plaits,  which  hang  eiown 
from  their  heads,  but  the  hair  on  the 
fore-part  of  their  heads  is  cut  off.  The 
girls  are  accufed  of  becoming  pregnant 
by  their  brothers.  The  flave  of  one 
of  my  friends,  who  fpoke  the  Tibbo 
language,  alFured  me,  that  he  had 
cjuefiioned  a  young  woman  who  was 
with  child,  and  that  ftie  did  not  deny 
it. 

Farther  towards  the  eaft  lies  Arna, 
the  principal  place  of  another  Tibbo 
tribe,  at  the  didance  of  five  or  fix 
days. 

South  fouth-weft  of  Augila  dwell  the 
Febabo,  who  are  expoftd  to  the  yearly 
depredations  of  the  Arabs  of  Bengafi, 
who  go  out  with  the  Arabs  of  Augila, 
to  fteal  men  and  dates;  for  that  pur- 
pofe,  they  convey  with  them  feveral 
hundred  camels. 

1  he  diftance  to  Febabo  was  ftated 
to  me  by  the  Augilarians  to  be  ten 
day's  journey,  (twenty-one  miles  per 
day,)  and  that  cluring  the  firft  fix  days 
no  water  is  to  be  found.  The  moll 
fouthcily  of  the  Tibbo  tribes  are  the 
Nomadic  Tibbo,  who  live  in  the  Babr- 
el'Gasel,  which  is  faid  to  be  a  long  and 
fruitful  valley,  feven  day's  journey  from 
Bergami  northward. 

The  weft  and  fouth  of  Fezzan  is  in- 
habited by  the  Tuarick,  a  mighry  peo- 
ple, who  border  fouth-wcft  on  Burnu  j 
fouth  cn  Burnu,  Soudan,  and  Tombuc- 
too ;  ealtward  on  the  country  of  tne 
Tibbo  and  Fezzan  ;  northward  on  part: 
of  Fezzan,  and  the  Arabs  who  live  be- 
hind the  regions  of  Tripoly,  Tunis,  and 
Algiers;  and  weft  ward  on  the  great 
empire  of  Fez  and  Morocco,  of  whom 
4  Z  Sou- 


686 


Hornemann's  Travels  in  Africa.  Vol.  64,, 


Soudan,  and  all  the  I.ind  fouthward 
from  Ghaden.  The  Burnuan  nanr^e 
means  properly  only  Kano  and  Kafh- 
na,  and  the  country  lying  eaflward 
of  the  Tuarick  is  the  only  one  fpoken 
by  the  inhabitants* 

The  Tuarick  are  divided  into  many 
nations  and  tribes,  who  all  fpeak  the 
fame  language;  but,  by  their  colour 
and  manner  of  living,  it  is  probable 
that  they  diiTer  widely  in  their  origin. 
As  I  will  give  only  certain  informations, 
on  this  account  I  confine  myfelf,  in  the 
following  relation,  to  the  Tu;<rick  of 
the  nation  of  Kolluvi  and  the  tribe  of 
Hagara.  Thefe  are  thin  in  growth, 
rather  tall  than  fliort ;  their  walk  is 
fwift  but  firm  ;  their  look  is  ftern,  and 
their  whole  demeanour  is  warlike.  Cul- 
tivated and  enlightened,  their  natural 
abilities  would  render  them,  perhaps, 
one  of  the  greateft  nations  upon  earth. 
Their  eharafter  (particularly  that  of 
Kolluvi,)  is  much  elleemed.  The  west- 
ern tribes  of  this  nation  are  white,  as 
much  as  the  climate  and  manner  of  li- 
ving will  admit.  The  K(^lluvians  who 
reached  the  region  of  Afben  and  con- 
quered Agades,  and  mixed  with  the 
uatibns,  are  of  different  colours;  many 
of  them  are  black;  but  their  features 
are  not  like  thofe  of  Negroef.  The  Ha- 
gara and  Matkara  are  yellowifh,  like 
the  Arabs ;  near  Soudan  there  are  tribes 
entirely  black.  The  clothing  of  tliis 
nation  confifts  of  wide  dark  blue 
breeches,  a  fhort  narrow  iTiirt  of  the 
fame  colour,  with  wide  fieeves,  which 
they  bring  together  and  tie  on  the  back 
of  their  neck,  fo  that  their  arms  are  at 
liberty.  They  wind  a  black  cloth 
round  thei^  head  in  fuch  a  manner  that 
at  a  diftance  it  appears  like  a  helmet, 
for  their  eyes  only  are  fcen.  Being  Ma- 
hometans, they  cut  off  their  hair,  but 
leave  fome  on  the  top  of  the  head, 
round  which  thofc  who  wear  no  cap, 
contrive  to  fold  their  bl^ck  cloth,  fo 
that  it  appears  like  a  tuft  on  their  hel- 
met. Round  their  waifl,  they  wear  a 
girdle  of  a  dark  colour ;  from  feveral 
cords  which  fall  from  their  flioulders^ 
hangs  a  koran  in  a  leather  pouch,  and 
a  row  of  fmall  leather  bags  containing 
amulets.  They  always  carry  in  their 
hands  a  fmall  lance,  neatly  worked,  a- 
bout  five  feet  long.  Above  the  left  el- 
bow, on  the  upper  part  of  the  arm, 
they  wear  their  national  badjje,  a  thick. 


a  few  colonies  are  found  in  Sockna,  (in 
the  dominion  of  Fcz  m,)  Augila,  and 
Siwah;  in  which  places  the  language 
black  or  dark-coloured  ring,  of  horn  or 
flone. 

Their  upper  drefs  is  a  Soqdanian 
fhirt,  over  which  a  long  fword  hangs 
from  the  fhoulder.  The  travelling  mer- 
chants of  this  nation  c.irry  fire-arms; 
the  others  ufe  only  the  fwor^  »h<« 
lance,  and  the  knife,  which  they  carry 
on  their  left  arm,  like  the  Tibbo,  but 
the  handle  is  finely  worked ;  for  they 
have  the  art  of  giving  to  copper  as 
bright  a  colour  as  the  Englifti  artifts,' 
and  this  art  they  keep  very  fecret. 

They  carry  on  a  commerce  between 
Soudan,  Fczzm,  and  Gadames.  Their 
caravans  give  life  to  Mourzouk,  which,* 
without  them,  is  a  defart ;  for  they, 
like  the  Soudanians,  love  company, 
fong  and  mufic.  ' 

The  Tuarick  are  not  all  Mahometans' 
In  the  neighbourhood  of  Soudan  and, 
Tombud'loo  live  the  Tagama,  who  arc- 
white,  and  of  the  Pagan  religion.  Thi$ 
mufl  have  occafioned  the  report,  to; 
which  my  attention  has  been  called,  by< 
feveral  learned  men,  that  there  arc; 
white  Chriftians  in  the  neighbourhood^ 
of  Tombudoo.  I  am  convinced  thai 
the  fable  arifes  folely  from  the  exprei^^ 
fion  Nazary  (i.  e.  Chriftians,)  whichi 
the  Arabs  and  Mahometans  Ufe  in  g^i 
neral  for  unbelievers. 

The  greafeft  part  of  the'eaftern  Tu- 
arick lead  a  wandering  life.  A  placr,- 
for  inltance,  under  the  government  of 
Hagara  conp^lls  of  about  twenty-five  or 
thirty  ftone  houfes  only  ;  but  at  the 
time  of  their  markets  (which  arc  faid 
to  be  very  confiderable,)  many  hun- 
dred men  alTerable  there  witn  their  lea- 
thern tentf?.  I 
Behind  thefe countriesliesTombudtoo» 
of  which  I  fliall  fay  nothing,  as  I  have, 
not  got  aify  well  founded  and  certain j 
accounts,  fur  there  is  little  intercourfe. , 
between  this  region  and  Ftzzan  ;  how-  i 
ever,  it  certainly  is  the  moft  remark*  | 
able  and  principal  town  in  the  interior  i 
of  Africa.  .  | 

'  Eaftward  from  Tombudloo  lies  Sou- 
dan, HaufTa,  orAfna;  the  firtf  is  th(j 
Arabic,  the  fecond  is  the  name  ufcd  in 
the  country,  and  the  lafh  is  the  Burnu^ 
an  name.  Of  thefe  three  names  I  choofe 
the  fecond,  as  being  the  moft  proper, 
and  uiidtirflood  by  the  Arabs  belo\y 


Aug.  1802.       HornemanrCs  Travels  in  Africa'. 


687 


from  that  region  Afna,  but  incorredly 
fpoken,  it  comprehends  alfo  Tombuc- 
too. 

As  to  what  the  inhabitants  themftlves 
call  Hauffa,  I  had,  as  I  think,  very  cer- 
tain information. 

Thefe  regions  are  governed  by  Sul- 
tans, of  whom  thofe  of  Kaftina  and 
Kano  are  the  moft  powerful ;  but  they 
all  (either  by  conftraint  or  policy)  pay 
tribute  to  Burnu,  except  Cabi  or  Nyf- 
fe,  their  diftri(fts  being  at  too  great  a 
diftance.  Gubcr  pays,  moreover,  a  tri- 
bute to  Afben.  Zamtara  is  united  wirh 
Gnber;  the  Sultan  of  the  latter  having 
taken  poffefTion  of  it,  killed  the  Sul- 
tan, and  fold  all  the  prifoners  he  could 
take. 

The  HaufTi  are  certainly  Negroes, 
but  not  quite  black;  they  are  the  moft 
intelligent  people  in  the  interior  of  Afri- 
ca ;  they  are  diftinguifr.ed  from  their 
neighbours  by  an  interefting  counte- 
tenance;  their  nofe  is  fmalf  and  not 
fljittened,  and  their  ftature  is  not  fo 
difagreeable  as  that  of  the  Negroes, 
and  they  have  an  extraordinary  incli- 
nation for  pleafure,  dancing,  and  Ting- 
ing. Their  character  is  benevolent  and 
mild.   Induftry  and  art,  and  the  culti- 
vation of  the  natural  produdions  of 
the  land,  prevail  in  their  country;  and, 
in  this  refpea,  they  excel  the  Fezzani- 
ans,  who  get  the  .greateft  part  of  their 
clothes  and  houfhold  implements  from 
the  Soudanians.   They  can  die  in  their 
country  any  colour  but  fcarlet.  The 
culture  of  their  land  is  as  perfe^ft  as 
that  of  the  Europeans,  although  the 
manner  of  doing  it  is  very  troublefome. 
In  fhort,  we  have  very  unjnft  ideas  of 
this  people,  not  only  with  refpedt  to 
their  cultivation  and  natural  abilities, 
but  alfo  of  their  ftrength  and  the  ex- 
tent of  their  poffeflions,  which  are  by 
no  means  fo  confiderable  as  they  have 
been  reprefentcd.  Their  mufick  is  im- 
pcrfed,  when  compared  to  the  Euro- 
pean ;  but  the  Hauffanian  women  have 
ncill  enough  to  affea  their  hufbands, 
thereby  even  to  weeping,  and  to  in- 
flame their  courage  to  the  greateft  fury 
^gainft  their  enemies.  The  public  fing- 
*rs  are  called  K;>danka. 

Eaftward  from  HauOa  are  fituated 
he  dominions  of  the  Suitan  of  Burnu 
>.  e.  the  city.)  It  appears  to  be  much 
ncreafcd  fmce  the  time  of  Leo  Africa- 
as  other  legions,  belonging  to  it 


which  he  confidered  as  independent ; 
for  example,  Wangara,  alfo  Edrifi's 
Cauga,  &c.  belonging  to  it. 

The  Sultan  of  Burnu  is  reckoned  the 
moft  powerful  in  that  diftria ;  all  the 
neighbouring  ftates  pay  him  tribute. 
He  certainly  pofTefiTes  an  extenfive  trad: 
of  land,  but  he  gains  more  by  his  au- 
thority in  the  unceafing  animofify  of  his 
nei^hbourj^, 

The  Burnuans  are  blacker  than  the 
FlaMffanians,  and  completely  Negroes ; 
they  are  Hronger,  and  very  patient  of 
labour;  their  conltiiution  is  in  the 
greateft  degree  phlegmatic;  thc-y  are, 
altogether,  much  more  rude  and  unin- 
formed than  the  Hauffeinians.  Their 
men  are  fond  of  women  only  of  a  large 
fize  ;  the  Soudonians,  on  the  contrary, 
prefer  thole  of  a  llender  form. 

A  pafte  made  of  flour  and  tlefli  is  the 
food  of  the  Burnuans;  the  liquor  they 
drink  is  of  an  intoxicating  kind  of  beer, 
which  is  very  nourifhing.  The  belt  na- 
tural prodij^ion  of  Burnu  is  copper, 
which  is  faid  to  be  found  in  fmall  na- 
tive pieces.  That  which  is  gold  in 
Tombud-loo  and  Hauffa,  is  anfwered 
by  copper  in  Burnu;  the  v.^lue  of  all 
their  commodities  is  fixed  by  pound ;5 
of  this  metal. 

Northward  from  the  principal  town 
of  that  diftria  lies  Kanena,  v/hich  is 
inhabited  by  the  nation  Kojam,  fo  cal-# 
led  from  their  food,  which  is  cow's  milk 
and  beef. 

Towards  tlie  north-eafl  lies  Berg,?- 
tne,  the  capital  of  which  is  called  Mef- 
na.  Both  thefe  territories  arc  depen- 
dants of  Burnu.  Bergame  is  famou'? 
for  its  flave  trade,  perhaps  particularly 
fo,  as  at  that  place  the  greateft  number 
of  boys  are  mutilated. 

Southward  from  Burnu  lie  Margi 
and  Couga;  weflward,  Ungura,  (Wan- 
gara ;)  they  are  under  the  dominion  of 
governors  appointed  bv  the  Sultan. 

Towards  eaft  by  north  lies  Luifi;  by 
the  natives  it  is  called  Fiddri,  and  by 
the  people  who  dwell  eaft  ward,  Cougiu 
The  dominions  of  the  Sultan  of  F»ddri 
are  fituated  round  a  lake  which  bears 
the  fame  name.  This  realm  was  for- 
merly one  of  the  moft  powerful,  now 
it  is  confiderably  diminifliec,  by  the 
treachery  of  the  Sultans  of  Ber^ami 
and  Wadcy.  The  natives  live  in  fmail 
huts,  whi.-h  they  prefer  to  houfes; 
they  are  fuid  to  be  in  a  very  low  degree 
4^3  '  0: 


HornemanrCs  Travels  in  Africa.         Vol.  64. 


of  civlli:i:ation.  There  is  not  any  fait 
in  their  country,  but  they  procure  it  m 
the  following  manner:  thty  burn  a  great 
leap  of  ftraw  gas  sab,  gather  the  alh- 
<  s  and  put  them  in  a  b.nlket,  pour  wa- 
ter on  them,  and  collet  it  as  it  runs 
through  ;  this  water  they  boil  until  the 
fait  feitles. 

Towards  the  fouth-cafl  of  Fiddri  lies 
Metho,  a  fmall  independent  diftrift  in 
a  mountainous  country.  Eaftv.-ard  lit  s 
Wadty,  which  formerly  confiHed  of  fe- 
vtral  fmall  Oates,  but  was  conquered 
by  the  Arabs,  who  united  and  made 
tlicm  one  realm.  The  principal  lan- 
guage is  Arabic ;  but  above  ten  other 
l.inguages  arc  fpoUen  in  the  diftri(5t. 
\Var1deringArab3 occupy  the  fpacc  iVom 
Wadey  to  Bcrgame  northward. 

Eaflward  from  Wadey  lies  Darfoor  ; 
from  whence  flows  a  river,  the  banks 
of  which  are  vtry  rich  in  fugar  canes: 
it  runs  through  Wadey,  and  falls  into 
the  lake  Fiddri  above-mentioned.  I  had 
very  difierent  accounts  of  the  circum- 
ference of  this  lake,  as  in  the  rainy  fea- 
ibn  it  fwells  to  double  the  extent, 
which,  ordinarily,  is  from  four  to  eight 
dav's  journey. 

The  river  that  was  feen  by  Mr  Park 
on  his  journey  to  Tombudoo,  flows 
fouthward  from  Hau&sa.  .  It  waters 
Nyffe  and  Cabi,  where  it  is  called  Jul- 
♦bi;  and  runs  eaftward  into  the  diilrict 
of  Burnu,  w^here  it  takes  the  name  of 
Zad,  which  means  the  great  water  ;  ui 
fome  parts  of  Haufla,  it  is  called  Gaora, 
or  the  great  water. 

All  the  Burnuans  and  Hauffans  whom 
I  quelHoned  about  the  diltant  regions, 
agreed  in  telling  me,  "that  it  ran 
through  the  laud  of  Majies,  (i.  e.  Hea- 
thens ;)  by  Sennaar:  others  affirmed 
that  it  paffes  Darfoor,  in  its  courle 
eaftward,  and  Hows  to  Cairo,  being  one 
ftrcam  with  the  Egyptian  Nile.'' 


A  native  of  Egypt  from  Ofuit,  who 
had  travelled  feveral  times  to  Darfoor, 
and  fouthwaid  from  that  place  to  col- 
led! flave<^,  and  lately  returned  throu  h 
Wadey,  Fiddri,  and  Bergame,  to  Fez- 
zan,  informed  me,  that  the  river  called 
Bah  tl-Jbiady  is  this  river.  I  could  get 
no  intelligence  about  a  great  inland 
lake,  although  I  made  every  poflible  in- 
quiry. 

Befides  thefe  two  great  rivers  here 
defcribed,  there  are  feven  fmall  ftreams 
in  Haulfa,  which  fall  into  the  Julbi 
near  Btrva.  Northward  from  Burnu, 
there  is  a  river  which  difappears  among 
the  mountains,  and  is  faid  to  rufli  into 
the  earrh.  All  thefe  rivers  are  very  low 
in  the  dry  feafon,  and  fwell  amazingly 
during  the  rainy  feafon.  The  breaelth 
of  the  Zad  was  given  me  for  one  mile, 
(other^  faid  two;)  but  in  the  rainy  fea- 
fon, the  breadth  is  faid  to  be  a  day's 
journey,  (i.  e.  eight  hours.)  The  Bu- 
dumas  always  keep  themfelvcs  in  the 
middle  of  this  ftream ;  they  are  a  very 
favagc,  heathenifh  nation. 

Thefe  few  informations  are  the  beft 
that  I  have  been  able  to  colle(^l,  on  the 
interior  of  Africa.  In  this  relation,  I 
pafs  over  men  with  tails,  without  necks, 
and  without  hair,  without  land,  and 
living  only  on  the  great  fea.  It  would 
be  an  eafy  matter  for  me  to  write  you 
many  letters  on  the  interior  liate  of 
Africa;  but  I  might  thereby  convey 
information  inaccurate  or  untrue.  Be- 
fides, am  I  not  returning  to  England  i 
and  if  1  do  return,  Ihould  I  not  reft  rve 
fomething  new  and  interefling  to  plead 
my  excufc  for  returning  ? 

If  1  do  not  perifl)  in  my  undertaking 
I  hope  in  five  years,  I  (liali  be  able  i 
make  the  Society  better  acquainte 
with  the  people,  of  whom  I  have  give, 
this  fViOrt  delcription. 


SCOTISH  LITERARY  NOTICES. 


T^iTT  T  \  I  iTHOTOMY.— The  fir  ft  num-  jea  of  Lithotomy,  is  to  be  imttiediat« 
bef  of  thJ^^?^^^^^^^^^^  iypubhfhed.    This  fyftem  of  L.thotc. 

Beirs  furgery,  comprehending  the  fab.    my  will  comprehend 


A-ug.  1802.  Scotisb  Literary  Notices. 


689 


I.  The  anatomy  of  the  parts  of  gene- 
ration, and  of  the  Vifcera  within  the 
Pelvis. 

a.  Pradical  Obfervations  on  the  in- 
trodudlion  of  the  Catheter,  and  the 
fundtions  of  the  Urinary  bladder. 

3.  The  hifkory  of  Lithotomy,  and  of 
the  various  methods  in  which  it  has 
been  performed. 

4.  Plain  Rules  for  performing  the 
operation. 

The  Anatomy  of  the  parts,  we  un- 
derftand,  is  to  be  explained  by  draw- 
ings, the  various  operations  by  plans 
of  the  parts,  and  the  inftru6tions  for 
operating,  are  to  be  fupported  and  iU 
luftrated  by  (ketches  taken  from  the 
dead  body,  after  operating  with  the 
knife  and  with  the  gorget. 

The  fecond  volume  of  Mr  Bell's 
Surgery  is  to  contain  a  com  pleat  fyl- 
tem  of  Surgical  operations,  and  Surgi- 
cal difeafes;  and  as  the  principles  of 
our  author  have  been  exhibited  to  a 
certain  extent  in  the  courfe  of  Lec- 
tures which  he  has  been  in  the  habit 
of  delivering  publicly,  we  can  antici- 
pate with  confidence,  the  utility  of  his 
work  as  a  valuable  addition  to  Medi- 
cal fcience.  The  great  feature  by 
which  it  will  be  chara6lerized  is  the 
accurate  application  of  Anatomy  and 
Pathology  to  Surgery ;  the  firft  for 
the  illuftration  of  Surgical  Operations, 
the  fecond  for  the  explanation  of  Sur- 
gical difeafes.  Anatomy  has  always 
been  acknowledged  as  the  bafis  of  me- 
dical fcience.  It  comprehends  the  very 
elements  of  Surgery.  Animal  chemif- 
try,  Phyfiology,  and  Pathology,  all  re- 
fer to  the  ftrudlure  and  arrangement 
of  the  parts  of  the  human  body;  and, 
to  ufe  Mr  BelTs  exprelTion,  twine 
themfelves  round  this  great  trunk. 
Before  furgery  had  attained  a  refpefta- 
ble  rank  in  general  fcience,  the  phy- 
licians  who  were  anatomifts  theorizing 
in  their  clofets,  inflru^ted  the  furgeons; 
the  fuigeons  were  but  their  fervants, 
afiiflants,  and  operators.  When  the 
furgeons  began  to  learn  anatomy,  their 
part  of  the  profelTion  began  to  improve; 
for  it  was  then  only,  that  Anatomy  and 
Surgery,  the  theory  and  the  pradtice, 
were  rightly  combined.  In  the  early 
days  of  Surgery,  every  book  was  re- 
gularly prefaced  with  a  fyftem  of  the 
anatomy  of  the  human  body  ;  and  if 
this  preludium  be  omitted  now,  it  is 
becaufe  anatomy  is  become,  in  itfelf. 


an  important  ftudy,  a  fcience  which 
cannot  be  acquired  by  fketches  and 
flight  views.  But  even  at  prel'ent,  it 
is  by  no  means  uncommon  to  find  thefe 
flight  and  jejune  flcetches  of  general 
anatomy,  tranfplanted  from  the  fyfiem 
of  which  they  form  a  part,  and  whert: 
alone  they  can  be  intelligible,  if  thev^ 
be  intelligible  at  all ;  and  awkwardly 
ftuck  into  a  furgical  tieatile,  to  the 
operations  and  difeafes  defcrlbed  ni 
which,  the  anatomical  delineations 
have  no  immediate  or  perceptible  re- 
ference. The  fyftem  of  Surgery,  hov^- 
ever,  which  we  have  the  fatisfadtion  of 
announcing  to  the  public,  has  a  pecu- 
liar claim  to  the  title  of  AKATOMiCAL 
Surgery.  Combining  the  hiftory,  the 
theories,  the  rules,  and  the  actual 
pradlice  of  furgery,  it  reprefents  them 
in  fuch  a  clear  and  connedled  view, 
that  they  mutually  illuftrate  and  fup- 
port  one  another,  producing  an  impref- 
fion  on  the  mind  of  the  Itudent,  which 
conjoins  as  it  were,  the  experience  de- 
rived from  pradlice  with  the  theore* 
tical  knowledge  of  the  fcience. 

Pathology  relates  to  the  fundtions  of 
the  human  body  in  a  itate  of  difeafe^ 
and  the  changes  produced  by  difeafe 
on  the  anatomical  flrudture  of  the 
parts.  Beginning  from  anatomy,  it 
compares  the  efi^edts  of  wounds  ani 
difeafes,  with  the  natural  form,  the 
found  conftitution,  and  the  healthy 
adlion  of  the  human  body;  and  from 
this  comparifon,  it  colledts  thofe  (teady 
and  philoiophical  rules  of  operation, 
which  are  often  ufeful  in  corre^tin^ 
the  moft  inveterate  habits  of  pradtice. 

In  the  firft  volume  of  his  furgery, 
lately  publiflied,  Mr  Bell  treats  of  the 
ordinary  duties  of  a  furgeon,  and  ex- 
plains the  principles  of  the  art  as  far 
as  they  relate  to  the  three  great  fub- 
jedls  of  wounds,  aneurifms  and  frac- 
tures. On  thefe  trite  fubjedls,  it  was 
impoflible  to  look  for  the  fame  inge  - 
nuity  of  diicuITion,  or  the  fame  origi- 
nality of  matter,  which  m.ay  be  ex- 
pedted  in  that  volume  which  is  to  de- 
lineate the  circle  of  Surgical  opera- 
tions. Yet,  if  we  confider  the  re- 
fources,  which  the  author  has  found  ia 
his  anatomical  flcill,  and  the  illuftra- 
tions  which  he  has  derived  from 
his  knowledge  of  pathology,  the  uti- 
lity of  his  method  will  be  obvious 
to  every  capacity.  Thofe  dodirinc> 
which  have  been  broached  in  vague 

and 


690 


Scotish  Literary  Notices. 


Vol.  64 


and  obfcure  hints,  darkened  by  futile 
conje6lures,  and  buried  in  a  chaos  of 
confufed  orunintelligibleprinciples,  are 
evolved  with  fuch  ample  illultration, 
and  demonftrated  with  fuch  powerful 
evidence,  that  they  afTume  a  clear  and 
i'yfteniatic  form,  and  become  the  foun- 
dation of  (till  more  important  deduc- 
tions. As  the  firft  volume  of  Mr  J. 
Bell's  fyllem  of  Surgery,  from  the  ex- 
penfive,  though  accurate  liile  of  its 
publication,  cannot  yet  have  attained 
the  wide  circulation,  and  popularity, 
which  it  needs  oYily  to  be  known  to 
receive,  we  conceive  this  to  be  a  pro- 
per occafion  for  introducing  it  to  the 
knowledge  of  our  readfcrs  ;  and  this  is 
in  a  certain  degree  neceiTary  for  illaf- 
rating  the  fubjet^l:  of  the  fecond  volume. 

After  a  Preliminary  Dil'courie  cn 
the  education  and  duties  of  a  Sur- 
geon, written  in  that  energetic  and 
iraprefiive  ftile,  which  charat^terizes 
all  (jur  author's  publications,  be  pro- 
ceeds to  examine  the  important  doc- 
jine  of  Adhesion.  This  is  a  radical 
principle  in  Surgery,  and  on  the  opi. 
nlons  adopted  concerning  it,  the  me- 
thod of  treatment,  both  in  Surgical 
Operations  and  DifeaOs  muft  depend. 
After  a  curious  hiflorical  account  of 
the  different  doctrines  maintained  on 
this  fubje61,  and  an  expofition  of  the 
philofophical  principles  on  which  they 
were  founded,  illuftrated  with  appofite 
and  curious  examples;  the  fympatbetic 
cure  of  wounds,  the  method  of  fecret 
drelhngs,andthc  Taliacotian  doctrine  of 
adhefior — our  author  difcufles  with  un- 
common fkill  and  perfpicuity,  the  doc- 
trine s  of  fim  pi  e  and  com  pi  i  cate  d  w  oun  d  s , 
abfcefs,  fiftulous  openings  and  ulcers  ; 
and  under  each  of  his  feparate  heads, 
fums  up  his  principles  in  a  few  plain  and 
ufeful  directions  of  the  utmoft  import- 
ance for  the  regulation  of  practice.  The 
origin  of  the  Hospital  Gangrene,  an 
affection  of  the  fyltem  from  a  local 
wound,  is  then  examined,  its  different 
ftages  cf  inflammation,  infenlibility, 
and  gangrene,  and  renewed  pain  and 
fenfibility,  are  minutely  defcribed,  and 
the  method  of  prevention  fuggefted. 

We  are  next  prefented  with  a  curi- 
ous hiftorical  Eflay  on  Haemorihage, 
and  the  different  methods  which  have 
been  employed  for  its  fuppreflion  ;  as 
incantation,  cautery,  ftyptic,  and  com- 
preflion ;  the  natural  caufes  by  which 
a  Haemorrhage  is  fupprefled,  are  then 


pointed  out,  and  the  a6tual  conditioi 
of  an  artery  tied  with  a  ligature  exami 
ned.  Here  the  anatomical  and  patholo  j 
gical  knowledge  of  our  author  is  intro^ 
duced  with  great  cfTed,  and  from  hi;] 
knowledge  of  the  found  (late  of  thci' 
parts  affedled,  and  the  changes  w^hic^ 
they    fuffer   from   difcafe,  pra6lic 
rules  are  deduced,   applicable   to  < 
very  ca(e  from  the  moft  f.mple,  to  tl 
moft  dithcult  and  complicated.    Of  i 
late  difcovery,  have  been  many  of  tl 
moft  important  improvements  in  Su; 
gery,  that  the  pathology  of  the  arteries 
and  the  method  of  treatment  in  arteri- 
al difeafes,  as  pun6lures  of  the  arterit- 
aneurifm,  aneurifmal  varix,  are  liill  ut 
derftood,by  many  expert  Surgeons,  ' 
a  very  limited  degree.  On  this  lubje6' 
much  was  to  be  exped'led  from  fuch 
experienced  anatomift  as  Mr  Bell,  anr 
accordingly,  we  find   many  ingen. 
ous  and  original  obfervations,  not  only 
refpe6ling  the  mode  of  treatment,  bu* 
ev«n  in  the  anatomical  defcriprion  c 
the  parts  ;  particularly,  with  refpecl  t 
the  reduplication  of  the  Thoracic  Dud.  , 
the  general  inofculation  of  the  arteries 
the  comprelnon  of  the  large  arteries 
and  the  obliteration  of  the  large  aiter 
al  canals.    Thole  parts  of  the  fubjedt 
which  had  been  treated  in  a  vague  an 
un  fat  is  fa  dory  manner,  by  cautious  inli- 
nuation  rather  than  by  accurate  demon- 
firation,  here  aflume  a  fyffematic  ap- 
pearance,  and  the  general  do^fJrine 
of  Aneurism,  is  demonftrated  by  an 
extenfiVe  indudlion  of  fadts. 

Whether  we  regard  the  originality  of 
the  ideas,  or  the  perfpicuity  with  which 
this  fubjed  is  difculTed,  the  Difieita- 
tion  on  Aneurism  by  Anastomosis,  muft 
be  confidercd  as  a  mafterly  treatife. 
The  Aneurism  by  Anastomosis  is  an  ill- 
looking  purple  tumor,  large,  beating, 
painful,  covered  with  fcabs,  and  bleed- 
ing like  a  cancer  in  thelaft  ftage  of  ul- 
ceration ;  whence  it  has  often  been 
confounded  with  that  dreadful  difeafe. 
The  name  is  adopted  by  Mr  Bell,  be* 
caufe  the  tum^or  confifts  of  a  congeries 
of  fmall  a6tive  arteries,  abforbing veins, 
and  intermediate  cells,  which  carry  on 
a  perpetual  circulation  of  blood  with 
increafed  pulfation.  The  cells  or 
facs,  diftended  with  blood,  form  little 
apices  or  tender  points,  which  be- 
come livid  and  thin,  and  buift  from 
time  to  time.    From  the  nature  of  the 

difeafe 


Aug.  l802,  Scotish  Literary  Notices. 


dH-dle  being  imperfedlly  comprehend- 
ed, the  mode  of  treatment  by  compref- 
fion  or  partial  incifion  has  generally 
proved  ineffeaual.  Mr  Bell  has  there- 
fore introduced  a  very  important  mi- 
provement  into  Surgery  by  demon- 
ftrating,  that  the  I'ole  remedy  in  this 
difeafe  is  the  extirpation  of  the  tumor 
with  its  whole  congeries  of  adive  vef- 
fels  at  their  origin. 

The  Differtation  on  the  Hip-joint, 
exhibits  an  admirable  fpecimen  of 
the  immenfe  utility  of  anatomical 
and  pathological  knoAledge  in  Sur- 
gery ;  and  we  may  venture  to  af- 
fert,  that  the  moft  experienced  Surgeon 
will  derive  information  from  the  Dif- 
fertations  on  Luxations,  and  Fractures. 
It  is,  however,  chiefly  in  the  fecond 
volume,  of  which  we  announce  the  firft 
Fafciculus,  onthe  fubjedtof  Lithotomy, 
that  our  author  derives  the  chief  ad- 
vantage from  his  peculiar  fkill  in  Ana- 
tomy. Of  the  application  of  this  know- 
ledge to  the  great  furgical  operations 
of  Lithotomy,  Trepan,  Hernia,  Hydro- 
cele, Amputation,  &c.  we  fpeak  with 
confidence,  becaufe,  on  thefe  fubjedis, 
we  know  the  luminous  perfpicuity  of 
our  author's  public  ledures,  which  we 
regret  are,  for  the  prefent,  difcontinued. 
It  IS  therefore  with  much  fatisfadlion, 
that  we  look  forward  to  the  publica- 
tion of  this  volume,  as  an  event  which 
cannot  fail  to  elevate  the  opinion  al- 
^eady  entertained  over  all  Europe  con- 
cerning the  excellence  of  The  Scotish 
''CHooL  OF  Medicine. 


691 


the  fecond  edition  was  printed  towards 
the  latter  end  of  iaft  year,  we  under- 
ftand  the  greater  part  of  the  impremon 
is  already  fold. 

Dr  Mackay  has  likcwife  publiOied  a 
tradl  on  the  defcription  and  ufe  of  the 
Sliding  Rule,  in  the  menfuration  of 
wood,  ftone,  bales,  ficc.  alfo  the  de- 
knption  of  the  Hup-carpcnters  iliding 
rule,  and  its  ufe  applied  to  the  con— 
ftrudion  of  malts,  yards,  &cc. 

In  this  fmall  traa  we  fee  the  pre- 
cepts drawn  up  in  a  firnple  and  elegant 
manner,  intelligible  to  all  caoacities; 
and  the  rules  liiuitrated  with  proper 
examples;  fo  that  we  beg  leave  to 
recommend  it  to  the  carpenter,  joiner, 
mafon,  and  in  (liort  to  all  thofe  who 
v/ho  wilh  to  be  poflefled  of  a  ready 
method  of  performing  the  various 
operations  in  menfuration. 


Dr  Mackay  of  Aberdeen  has  receiv- 
'd  the  thanks  of  the  Board  of  Longi- 
tude of  France,  for  the  many  valuable 
hfcovenes  and  improvements  contain- 
•d  in  his  treatife  on  the  Theory  and 
^radice  of  finding  the  Longitude  qt  fea 

land,  in  two  volumes  8vo.  of  which 
ne  fecond  edition  is  lately  publiOied. 
t  IS  now  about  fifteen  yeaV  Imce  he 
^•as  honoured  with  the  thanks  of  the 
>ritim  Board  of  Longitude.  There  has 
-eenfogreata  demand  for  the  above 
^oiK,  that  before  the  fecond  edition 
vas  prmted,  upwards  of  four  times 
original  price  was  refufed  for  a 
^Py  of  tht  firlt  edition  5  and  although 


Fropofals  have  been  iflued,  for  pub- 
lifliing  by  fubfcription,  a  Sketch  of  tha 
hiftory  of  the  natives  of  Sierra  Leone, 
with  an  account  of  the  prefent  ftate 
of  medicine  among  them  ;  by  Thomas 
M.  Winterbottom,  M.  D.  Phyficianto 
the  colony  at  Sierra  Leone. 

In  this  publication  it  is  propofed  to 
exhibit  a  general  view  of  the  f^ate  of 
the  country,  with  obfervations  on  the 
nature  of  the  climate,  and  on  the 
manners  and  cuitoms  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Sierra  Leone,  and  of  fome  ad- 
joining tribes.  An  account  of  their 
religion  and  language,  their  manufac- 
tures, and  theftate  of  agriculture  among 
them,  will  be  included  in  the  work. 
It  is  farther  intended  to  point  oat 
'thofe  circumflances  of  their  domeftic 
(economy  which  are  efpecially  conr.eol- 
ed  with  health  and  difeafe  ;  to  give  an 
account  of  the  prevailing  difeafes  ;  to 
defcribe  the  modes  of  treatment  em- 
ployed ;  and  to  mention  thofe  medicines 
which  arc  the  produce  of  the  colony, 
and  are  likely  to  be  valuable  addil 
tions  to  the  Kuropean  Materia  Medica. 
—This  work  will  be  printed  in  one" 
thick  volume,  in  Odavo,  confiftingof 
about  600  Fa^es,  and  on  a  wove 
paper.  The  price  to  labfcribers  will 
be  ps.  board". 


Vol.  64. 


POETRY. 


lor  the  Scots  Mag^%ine, 
THE  DREAM. 
Addre!5Sed  to  W.  Drummond, 
of  hawthorkden. 

From  the  Latin  of  J.  Leocb*. 
I.OV^ED  of  the  mufe,  to  Venus  dear, 
My  Drtimmond  !  lend  thy  partial  ear  ; 
Thou,  gifted  bard,  canlt  beft  explain 
The  dreams  which  haunt  a  poet's  brain. 
Ere  night's  bright  wain  her  course  had 

rut), 

Venus,  to  me,  and  Venus'  fon, 
Dcfct-nding  in  a  radiant  car, 
Rapt  from  earth,  and  bore  me  far; 
Sparrows,  billing,  twitt(  ring  clear. 
Drew  us  on  onr  fwift  career  ; 
The  lovely  goddcfs,  ali  the  while. 
Glowed  with  pleafurc'b  wanton  Imile  5 
O'er  her  hovered  ail  tiie  Graces, 
Sighs,  and  Kiff.s,  and  Embraces  : 


*  John  Lcocby  the  correfpondent  of  Drum- 
mond  the  poet,  publifhcd  his  Mufj;  Priores 
ar.  London,  in  1620,  on  his  return  from  his 
travels.  He  appears  to  havfc  been  born  in 
Mar,  and  to  have  been  the  fon  of  a  cler 
j)yman.  In  one  of  his  eclogues,  he  com- 
plains of  having  been  deprived  of  part  of 
his  patrimony  by  the  Dakc  of  Lcven.  He 
i),udled  philofophy  at  Aber.'.een  ;  and,  when 
at  Pui(5liers,  app'ied  to  civil  lavv'.  After  his 
return  to  Britain,  he  lived  in  habits  of  fa- 
miliarity with  all  the  Scotifh  wits  of  the 
age,  as  Scot  of  Scoiftarvet,  Drummond  of 
Hawthornden,  whom  he  fometimes  terms 
<*Spinifer  Damon,"  Alexander,  Earl  of  Stir- 
ling ;  Set.cn,  Earl  of  Dumlermline ;  and  Ha- 
mikon,Earl  of  Melrofe.  He  dedicates  his  Love 
poems  to  Wdliam  Earl  of  Pembroke,  nephew 
of  Sir  Philip  Sidney.  His  Mufae  Priores,  the 
verfes,  of  which  fometimes  poffefs  conlider- 
able  elegance  and  fimncy  of  lli:e,  confift  of 
his  Erot'uon,  or  love  verfes,  written  in  imi- 
tation of  the  ancjent  models  ;  his  Idyllia^ 
and  hi-  Efigrammaia.  He  defend-  the  irte- 
dom  of  lonie  of  his  love  verfes  by  the  old 
apology  of  Catullus,  that  his  life  was  chatte, 
though  his  verlc  v^'as  wanton ;  or,  as  Gold- 
fmith  exprtffcs  it,  "  His  condud  ftill  right 
and  his  argument  wrong."  In  the  pre- 
face to  his  Idyllia  he  claims  fome  degree  of 
merit  for  the  variety,  as  well  as  for  the  ori- 
ginality of  his  ftilc.  "  Quotus  enim  quif- 
que  efl,  qui  tarn  varia  in  hoc  genere  aggref- 
fus  ?  namque,  ut  Bucolica  cxcipias,  in  qui- 
bus  non  pauci;  quis  oro,  praster  Sanaza- 


Around  her  fon,  in  vcfture  bright, 
Hopes  and  Murmurs  fluttered  lijibt. 
With  every  form  of  melting  blifs 
That  breaths  or  fucks  the  humid  klfs. 

Swimming  on  the  moonbeams  pale, 
Soon  we  reached  fweet  Tempe*,i  vale  : 
Zephyrs  fluttering  o'er  the  ftrand, 
Bade  every  glowing  flower  expand  ; 
While  the  nightingale  on  high, 
poured  her  liquid  melody. 

O'er  the  level  lawn  we  flew ; 
The  grove's  deep  fliadow  round  us  grew ; 
Deep  within  a  foft  retreat, 
Flowed  a  fpring  with  inunnur  fweet  ; 
"  Here  be  all  tiiine  off'erings  done,"— 
Softly  whifpered  Venus'  fon. 
*'  Here  let  clouds  of  incenfe  rife,** — 
Venus  whifpered,  "to  the  skies." — 

From  the  chariot  light  I  fprung, 
Shrill  the  golden  axle  rung ; 
Kneeling  by  the  chryflal  fpring. 
Every  Naiad's  charms  1  fing ; 


rium,  Pifcatorias  E.clogas ;  quis  praetcr  Hu 
gonem  Grotium,  Nauticas  tentavit }  et  il 
lius,  quod  dolori  maximo  tfle  poflit,  ecqui 
prjerer  unicum  Nauticum  exftat  Idyliium 
In  Amptlicisy  nuUus,  quod  fciam.  Hatftent 
primus  c^o  illas  agreffus,   nondum  tamen 
ingrefl"us."    The  Ampelic  eclogue,  or  Song 
of  the  Vintagers,  was  probably  attempted  in 
imitation  of  the  Italians.    A  long  poem 
in  this  (l-ile  was  compofed  by  Tanfillo,  and 
denominated  //  Vendemiatore. 

The  following  poetical  produdions  were 
likewife  publiftied  by  our  author: 

I.  Jani  Spirantis  Stre»ia,  Calendis  Janu- 
arii  1617,  a  Joan.  Leochaeo  Celurcano, 
1617. 

t.  Q^Nemo,  Calendis  Maii  a  Joan.  Lfr 
ochaso.  Edin,  1617. 

3.  Nemelis  Poetica,  a  Joan.  Leoch«© 
Edin.  1 6 17. 

4.  ]ano  Bifronti  Strena,  five  Cornua,  Cf- 
lentl.  Jan.  1622,  a  Joan.  Leochaso,  Andrm 
poL  1622. 

5.  Strenae  Calendis  Jan.  1626,  a  J^ 
Leochaeo,  Land.  1626. 

On  the  departure  of  our  author  frona 
ris,  in  162c,  the  following  Poetical  Add 
was  publiihed,  and  infer  ibed  to  him.  *'  Sy 
Leochieo  fuo,  Sacra,  five  Lycidse  Delidt 
um,"  a  Gtorg.  Carnerario,  bcoto,  Paris  i 

Some  memoirs  of  this  fluent  and 
tifarious  poet  would  probably  be  interc 
to  your  more  curious  readers,  in  this  and 
ther  countries. 


Aug.  1802. 


POETRY. 


693 


Echo  wafts  their  praifes  wide, 
But  chief  the  Naiad's  of  the  tide, 

Goddefs  of  the  ftream  attend 
0*er  thy  wave  I  fuppliant  hend; 
Grant  thy  fpring  may  ever  be 
Dear  to  Venus,  and  to  me. 

As  I  bent,  the  waves  to  kifs, 
Murmurs  rile  of  fofter  blifs ; 
For  the  fountain's  liquid  face, 
I  feel  the  humid  nymph*s  embrace; 
Clow  and  pant  my  labouring  veins> 
As  her  ivory  arms  ftie  ftrains  ; 
While  the  melting  kifs  fhe  fipf?, 
The  foul  fits  quivering  on  my  lipi. 

Sudden  from  our  watery  bed> 
Venus  flily  fmiling  fled  ; 
"With  her,  fought  the  fhady  grove, 
1  he  fmiling,  dimpling  god  of  love  ; 
Loud  through  all  its  dulky  bounds, 
"Hylas  !  a  fecond  Hylas,"  founds  ; 
While  the  vifion.  fled  in  air, 
And  Itft  the  bard  to  lone  defpair. 

By  every  fmiling  God  above, 
By  the  maid  you  dcareft  love, 
Drummond  !  to  all  the  mufes  dear, 
Lend,  to  thy  friend,  thy  partial  ear, 
Thou,  gifted  bard,  canft  bed  explain 
Each  dream  that  haunts  the  poet's  brain. 


Tor  the  Scots  Maga%ine, 
EPISTLE, 

TO  ALMIRA,  FROM  A  DANCING  BEAR. 

WHILE  beaus  and  foplings  fimper  mawkiHi 
praife. 

To  lifping  belles  of  thefe  degenerate  days, 
For  orient  brilliant,  or  the  fmart  aigrette 
Of  oftrich  plumes,  with  tafle  and  fancy  fee. 
Till  the  fair  head  no  longer  can  fuftain 
The  wafte  of  feather,  and  the  want  of  brain, 
What  praife  deferves  Almira,  dauntlefs  fair, 
Who  firft  afpired  to  lead  a  dancing  bear  ? 
Taught  him  to  bound  on  firm  elaftic  heel, 
In  winding  orbits,  round  the  fair  to  wheel, 
Advance,  retreat,  the  twining  ma€e  purfue, 
As  wanton  kittens  vex  the  trundling  clue. 
So,  charmed  by  Orpheus'  magic  lyre,  ad- 
vance 

The  Thracian  bears,  to  mingle  in  the  dance  ; 
While  broad  expands  each  clumfy  clutching 
paw, 

And  awful  yawns  each  wide  indented  jaw, 
With  aukward  force  their  lumpifh  limbs 
they  fling. 

And  flounce,  and  hitch,  and  hobble,  round 
the  ring  ; 

While  oft  the  minftrcl  paufed,  and  fmiled 
to  fee 

The  monfters  bounce  agaicft  a  capering  tree. 
Vol.  LXIV. 


But  then,  no  grateful  brute  in  tuneful 
lays. 

The  mufic  praifed,  as  I  thy  dancing  praife. 
What  though  thefe  rugged  limb's  forbid  to 
trace 

Each  mazy  figure,  like  the  monkey  race, 
Yet  not  devoid  of  skill,  I  boldly  claim 
The  right  to  celebrate  thy  dancing  fame; 
From  bears,  the  dancer's  art  at  firft  began. 
To  monkeys  next  it  paft,  and  then  to  man ; 
And  ftill  from  hears,  by  fate's  unerring  law. 
Their  dance,  their  manners,  men  and  mon- 
keys draw. 

Where  tempcfl  pile  the  fnows  on  Green- 

land's  coafl-, 
And  fieldsare  cramped  with  ever-duringfroft. 
The  fur-clad  hordes  the  hlubber.fcaft  prepare. 
And  for  their  dancing-mafter,  hail  the  bear; 
His  aukward  gait,  difplay  with  mimic  pride. 
And  fcamper  in  the  fliaggy  monfter's  hide, 
Kickroundthefliattered  ice  in  flippery  lumrs. 
While  evtvy  hhder-parv  the  pa'x^err.znt  thumpu 

In  fair  Edina,  famed  in  many  a  clime, 
Hotbed  of  beauty,  genius,  wit,  and  rhyme, 
Where  high  the  plant  of  fair  poiitenefs 
^  ,  (fruits. 
And  ghctering  blofl'oms  bears  inftead  of 
Long  did  the  beau  claim  kindred  with  the 
ape. 

And  fhone,  a  monkey  of  fublimer  fhapc, 
Skilful  to  flaunt  the  hat,  the  cane,  the  glove. 
And  wear  the  pert  grimace  of  monkey  love. 
Of  words  unmeaning,  poured  a  ceafclcli 
flood, 

While  ladies  looked  as  if  they  underftood  ; 
So  chats  a  monkey,  while  his  pertcr  brother 
Chatters,  as  if  he  undcrflood  the  othc^r. 

But  modern  heaus  dildaiu  the  monkey  air. 
And  in  poljfenefs  ape  fhe  furly  bear  ; 
Like  their  gruff"  brother  cubs  befidethe  pole 
Supinely  yawn,  or  indolently  loj], 
Or  carelcfs  Icated  in  an  elI)ow  chair. 
Survey  the  fretted  roof  with  curious  flare; 
Secure  of  pleafmg,  (hould  they  wifli  to  pleafe. 
They  truilthe  fair  may  term  txheir  rudenels' 
erife; 

The  modilh  eafe,  that  no  decorum  checks 
That,  proud  of  manhood,  dare  infult  the  fex  • 
And  ofr,  as  affeclations  charms  bewitch. 
Their  efforts  rife  to  a  luolimcr  pitch, 
With  maudlin  looks  the  drunkard's  mien  to 
fuit. 

Anxious  to  feem  a  more  degraded  brute. 
Such  are  the  modiih  youths,  at  bali,  or  play, 
Edina's  maids,  witlu  ut  contempt,  lurvey. 
Whom,   if  you  with  their  fellow  brutes 
compare, 

Muft  fink  inferior  to  the  horeft  bear  • 
Prove  man  the  only  brute  of  tiaturc's'race. 
That  finks  ins  rai.k,  and  powers^  and  co  urts 
difgrace. 

What  bear,  or  lion  drowns  his  fenfe  in  wine 
Sivc  the  red  iioa  on  the  Uvem  fi^-n  ?      '  * 


694 


POETRY. 


Vol.  64. 


What  bear  of  parti »  for  human  pranks  un- 
ripe, 

Aff«^<5ls  to  fmoke  the  Aim  tobacco  pipe  ? 
Ur  needs,  for  languor,  in  his  fecial  den, 
*i'o  play  at  conimtrcc,  whift,  or  brag,  like 
men  ? 

P>e  thine  the  praife,  that  thou,  Almira  fair, 
For  a  fpruce  beau,  didft  chuft  a  dancing  Lear, 
Horfure  with  men  like  thcfc,  in  order  placed, 
The  bear  himfelf,  muft  prove  a  beaft  of 
taftc. 

The  htfar  has  power,  as  Indian  ladies  fay. 
To  mend  your  vices,  take  your  faults  away. 
And, though  he  cannot  female  charms  renew , 
Kemove  the  fault  that  (hades  than  from 

the  view  ; 
As  patches  mar  the  human  face  divine. 
Or  envious  clouds  loibid  the  luu  to  lliine. 
Yctfome  pretend  the  bears  their  talents  hide. 
As  fuch  amendments  arc  fo  fcldom  cried ; 
Andfome  demand,  to  v.  it  and  beauty  blind. 

Take  all  their  lauiis,  pray  what  remains 
behind  ?" 

But  let  them  fneer— the  ladies  fwcar  they 
fhall 

Be  loved  lor  faults,  or  not  be  loved  at  all ; 
Unerring  virtue  nccd>  no  blind  affedtion, 
They  love  their  faults,  for  faults  rti^uirc 

protc(SlIon  ; 
Jlcnce  fprings  the  caufc,  that,  female  hearts 

incline 

The  firfl  in  faftiion's  meteor  lifts  to  fhine  ; 
While  baby  words  foft  affedation  minces 
W  ith  "  O  the  charming  lace  !  the  charming 

chintzes  (^he  fan, 

Hence  taught,  they  fiiit  with  tittering  skill 
Or  fcan  with  optic  glafs,  the  form  of  nxan, 
They  pout  in  filtnce,  or  exult  in  rioc, 
Abfurdly  prattlefome,  abfurdly  quict. 

Almira  1  thou,  whom  thy  companions  fee 
The  foul  of  parties,  ycc  not  feem  to  be, 
Boomed  to  excel),  yet  never  vvilh  to  fhine  ; 
Almira  !  fay  what  tault  wilt  thou  rtfign  ? 
The  wit,  though  feared  by  none,  by  all 

admired,  (iired, 
Good  humour,  praifed  by  none,  by  all  de- 
Softnefs  of  foul  to  which  our  hearts  fubmit, 
The  namelefs  grace  that  pieafcs  u-.ore  than 

wit ; 

Thefc  are  the  powers  that  every  bofom  move 
To  love  thee,  though  they  never  think  of 
love ; 

And  if  we  paufe,  we  oft  fhall  find  it  true, 
We  love  the  n  1  oil,  w^hen  love  is  leallxa  view. 
Are  thcfe  thy  faults  ?  Almira  !  blefl  is  he, 
1  oredoomed  to  lead  the  dance  of  life  wiih 
thee ; 

But  as  thou  treadefl  the  giddy  circling  maze 
While   all  our  youths,  with  admiration 
gaze, 

Still  faultlefs  hold  thy  courfe,  intrepid  fair, 
Nor  quite  forget  thy  furly  friend, 

TiiE  Beak, 


For  the  Scots  Maga7,ine, 
FRAGMENT  OF  THE  NIDI  WONPA, 

A  TAMUHC  POEM. 
From  the  Latin  »f  Baytr. 

THE  Perfian  pearl,  Golconda*s  ore. 
The  tanmr  bloffom  fair  to  view, 

For  beauty,  Tamul's  race  idorc, 

Nor  afk  the  place  where  firil  they  grew^ 

The  mufk*s  fweet  odour  fcents  the  air, 
The  filk  dilplays  its  K^offy  hue  ; 

Sweet  is  the  juice  the  bees  prepare, 
And  yet  we  afk  not  where  they  grevr  : 

Nor  afk  we,  as  we  fondly  gaze 

On  the  red  f^ndal's  perfumed  flame  ; — 

Then  give  fair  Virtue's  fons  their  praifc, 
Nor  alk  the  race  from  which  they  came 

L. 

For  the  Scots  Ma^a%ine, 
VERSES  TO  COTTAGE  CHIl^DllEN 

GOD  bldfs  you,  ye  fweet  little  fons  of  tl. 
hut! 

Why  ftartlc,  and  fly  from  your  play  ? 
Do  the  found  and  the  fight  of  a  flrange 
affright ! 

Ah  !  futcly  but  few  pafs  this  way. 

Yet  fweet  is  your  cottage,  that  flands  a 
alone. 

And  fmooth  is  the  fward  of  your  vale  ! 
And  clear  is  each  crook  of  the  wimplin^ 
brook, 

That  murmers  each  moment  farewell. 

And  high  are  the  hills  which  enclofe  yoi 
around, 

Where  your  flocks  ever  peacefully  feei 
And  blue  is  the  Iky  that  attrads  your  your 
eye, 

As  it  rells  on  the  green  mountain's  he;* 

Here  meek  meditation  might  love  to  rcfic 

To  filence  and  folitude  given. 
And  calm  as  they  glide,  might  her  moment 
divide. 

Between  her  mild  home,  and  the  heave- 

Ah  !  fmall  cottage  boys,  is  this  valley  0 
yours,  i-ifk 
Is  this  all  the  world  that  you  know  ?'J 
Yet  behind  that  high  mound  lies  a  vvoH 
without  bound,  . 
But  alai»1  Ms  a  world  full  of  woe  ! 

From  the  height  of  the  hill,  looking  on 
ward  afar,  ^ 
The  landfcape  may  charm  by  its  fmiW 
But  approach  it  more  near,  it  will  ruggl 
appear. 

And  bcfet  is  each  fcenc  with  a  toiJ^ 


Aug.  1802. 


POETRY. 


Then  quit  not  your  cottage,  ye  fons  of  the 
wild, 

And  ftill  of  your  valley  be  fond; 
For  what  da  you  lofc  but  a  myriad  of  woes, 
By  knowing  not  what  is  beyond! 

Let  the  mofs-eoverM  feat,  and  the  fiiadc  of 
the  thorn, 

Which  were  dear  to  your  father,  be  thine  ; 
And  the  hut  that  now  rears  your  infantine' 
years, 

Let  it  ihield,  too,  your  hoary  decline. 

And  deep  with  your  fathers,  how  foothine 
the  thought !  ^ 
When  the  funtide  of  life  is  gone  by 
Give  your  clay  to  the  fod,  and  your  fouls 
to  the  God, 
Who  dwells  in  yon  bright  azure  iky  ! 

A.  M. 

-^y  21,  i8o2. 

For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
TO  MISS  H  

FROM  A  STUDENT  OF  MEDICINE. 

FROM  lliades  where  the  mufes  dehVht  to 

refide,  ■ 
Of  genius,  of  fcience,  of  n^edVine  the  pride, 
iTom  Ca  ton's  fweet  profped,  from  Forth's 

pieafing  coaft, 
^nd  all  the  fair  Icenes,  Caledonia  can  boaft, 
rom  thcfe,  with  a  bolom  unmov'd,  I  could 

^ut  at  thought  of  my  Delia,  how  vibrates 


^95 


The  hour  of  departure  ferenely  IM  vir^*r 
Andfmiling,  bid  Scotland  for  ever  adieu! 
I0  rell  with  content  in  that  dear  native 
fpot 

Where  joy  gilds  each  moment,  and  care  is 
forgot; 

But  now.  not  the  world  could  one  pleafure 
niipart, 

For  forrow,  and  Delia,  encircle  my  heart. 

From  Delia,  from  We,  and  from  happiner5 
torn, 

The  exile  of  fortune  away  am  I  hornf-, 
But  to  fkies  more  propitious  my  pailion  Oiall 
tell, 

The  angui/h  1  fdt  when  I  bade  her  farewell. 
When  language  no  more  could  my  feelinir 

impart,  *=* 
But  fighs  breath'd  refponfive  the  vv'ocs  of 

my  heart. 

Yet  where'er  by  the  fates  I  am  dcftinM  to 
rove, 

My  foul  oft  Ihall  wander  in  queft  of  my 
love,  ' 

Retrace  the  fond  fcenes  that  with  her  I 
have  known, 

Recall  the  foft  hours  that  for  ever  are  fiow'n. 

And  WiOi  that  my  Delia  may  ne'er  feel  the- 
fmart 

Which  ^tortures  too  keenly  her  Corydon's 
heart. 

B.  R  / 

Edinburgh,  July  1S02. 


MONTHLY  REGISTER. 


FOREIGN  INTELIJGENCE. 

FRANCE. 

A  Politic  k  relrofpt  (5l  of  this  country 
unng  the  laft  month,  prefents  encrgc- 
c  meafures  of  the  Confuiar  Govern- 
'cnt  both  to  give  firmncfs  to  their 
«'n  admiijiO ration,  and  to  promote  the 
'ternal  improvement  of  the  Empire: 
"c  rebellion  in  St  Domingo  has  been 
'ought  to  a  compleat  tcrmin.Uion  ; 
onaparte  has  been  folemnly  inverted 
ith  the  office  of  Chief  Conful  for  lifex 
leveral  confiderable  changes  in  the 
rench  Conftitution  have  been  fubmit- 
the  conrtituted  authorities,  and 
^  their  fandion. 


Letters  have  been  received  from  St 
Domingo,  fo  l.Ue  as  the  24th  June  :  the 
violence  of  the  yellow  fever  had  aba- 
ted,  and  the  difarming  the  blacks  pro- 
ceeds  without  intereuotion.  Alt  opoo- 
fition  to  the  mother  country  feem3  to 
have  ceafed,  and  tranquility  has  been 
completely  rc-eftabliihed.  TouflVn- 
Louvertuie  has  been  conveyed  from  S: 
Domingo  to  Breft.  The  Frei^ch,  how- 
ever, have  I.)ft  feveril  ofthemoadif. 
tinguuTied  officers  of  their  Weft  liidi.i 
army,  m  confequence  of  the  fatigues  ot* 
the  campaign,  and  the  violence  of  the 
climate. 

An  official  letter  has  been  receiv^^d 
trom  General  Richepanfe,  containing 
3  A  ^  an 


696 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


Vol.64. 


an  account  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Flinch  army  in  Gundalope.  It  appears 
from  thefe  details,  that  Pcla-e  received 
the  French  at  Point-a^Petre  as  fnends, 
and  delivered  up  to  them  the  culop.y 
as  far  as  was  in  his  power.  His  inPii- 
ence  however,  was  not  able  to  brin^,' 
over  all  the  other  black  chiefs.  A  num- 
ber of  the  moft  powerful  with  a  very 
confKifrahlc  body  of  .f*ollowers,  fortifi- 
ed themfelves  at  B  ifllterre,  and  it  was 
not  till  after  a  fevtre  confl^d,  that  they 
were  driven  from  that  flation. 

Paris  papers  of  the  iSrh  July  add 
fome  few  particulars  refpc^^ting  the  pa- 
rade on  the  14th  July,  when  itandard  i 
were  delivered  to  each  demi-brignge  of 
light  infantry.  The  Chief  Conful  m.Kie 
a  ibort  addrefs  to  the  troops,  and  the 
detachments  from  each  demi.brigade 
fwore  to  defend  thefe  flandards  with 
their  lives. 

The  feftival  has  puffed  without  any 
event  of  moment,  if  we  except  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 
Theie  was  none  of  that  parade  and  mag- 
nificence, with  which  Bonaparte  is  ac- 
cuftomcd  to  mark  thofe  periods  which 
have  a  tendency  to  b»ing  himft If  for- 
ward confpicuoufly  to  the  public  eye. 

Private  letters  from  Paris  fpeak  of  a 
new  law  which  is  now  under  difcuiTioii, 
refpeding  the  reftoration  of  the  eltates 
of  tht  emigrants. ,  The  law  is  to  em- 
brace the  cafe  of  lands  which  yet  re- 
n^ain  unfold,  and  thofe  new  occupied 
by  real  purchafers.  In  the  one  cafe 
they  are  to  be  reftored  to  the  owners 
without  refervation,  and  in  the  ether 
there  is  to  be  a  paiticipation  with  the 
co-heirs,  who  have  not  en\igrated  du- 
ring any  part  of  the  revolution. 

A  private  letter  from  Hamburgh  af- 
ferts,  that  the  ratification  of  a  new 
treaty  of  alliance  between  Frufiia  i.nd 
France,  reached  Berlin  on  the  jath  JuiiCo 
The  objed  of  this  treaty,  it  obferves, 
is  not  confined  to  the  bufintfs  of  in- 
demnities, but  embraces  many  changes 
which  are  hereafter  to  be  eiTeded  in 
the  political  ftate  of  Europe,  and  more^ 
immediately  in  the  uoith  and  eaft  of 
Gcrmany^^ 

A  privat"e  letter  from  Pcuis,  dattd 
July  15.  fays,  "It  is  flrongly  repoiled 
here,  and  firmly  beheved,  that  the 
Ottoman  Miniaer  has  adually  figned 
at  Paris  a  convention,  by  v^hich  Che 
Porte  has  conceded  t€>  France  the  free 
navigation  into  the  Black  S^a  for  a  ^sr^ 


tain  time.  In  confcquencc  of  this  con- 
vention, France  has  undeitaken,  in  the 
moft  precife  mannt-r,  to  guarantee  the 
the  integrity  of  the  Tui  kifh  dominions 
in  Europe  " 

Piedmont  has  bern  definitively  an- 
nexed to  Fiance.  This  was  to  be  ex- 
ptded.  The  Chief  Conful  has  rtfolv- 
t'l  to  keep  it  for  Fiance,  and  pfTigns  as 
a  motive,  that  the  King  of  Sardinia,  by 
abdicating  the  crowu,  has  difchargfd 
the  Piedmoiitefe  from  their  oath  of  al- 
legiance ! 

Bonaparte  has  written  a  letter  to  the 
MiiiiUtr  of  the  Interior,  which  has 
bten  communicated  to  the  National 
InOitute,  ftating,  that  it  is  his  intention 
to  pt  opoli:  a  prize  mtdal  of  3000  francs 
for  the  beft  experiment  which  fhalJ  be 
made  every  year  upon  the  galvanic  flu- 
id;  and  alfo  a  fum  of  60,000  fi  anks  to 
Au-h  {5crfon  as  fhall  proniote  ele(i:triciry 
and  galvinifm  in  tlie  fame  degree  as 
Franklin  and  Volta  have  advanced  thefe 
fcitnces.  Foreigners  of  all  nations  may 
be  cornpttitors. 

The  progrelfive  decreafc  in  the  price 
of  grain  and  meat,  has  produced  a  pro- 
portionate diminution  of  the  price  c 
bread.  The  loaf  of  four  pounds,  whic; 
for  nine  mionths  paft  has  been  fold 
Paris  for  18  fous,  is  now  only  17  fous. 

Private  letters  from  Paris  mcntio 
that  L'Jcien  Bonaparte  has  fold,  f<  , 
three  millions  and  a  hi»lf  of  livres,  the 
diamonds  prefented   to   him  by  the 
Court  ofLifbon,in  confequence  ofth 
peace  which  he  negotiated    ith  Purtr 
gal.    They  were  fo  iiumer  jus,  and  k 
fuch  value,  that  had  he  difpofcd  . 
them  feparately,  it  is  calculated  tht 
w(mid  have  fold  at  a  much  high; 
price.' 

General  LecJerk  has  fent  to  Frani 
a  live  Caiman  (a  kind  of  aligator 
caugiit  in  a  river  of  St  Domingo.  C 
ders  have  been  given  to  cowvey  it  wi 
the  greateft  care  from  Breft  toPan 
It  will  be  the  ftrft  living  animal  of 
kind  ever  fcen  in  Fr^ance. 


La  Per&use, 
Extraded  from  a  Journal,  entitled 
■  Nouvellilte  dvs  liles  de  France 
de  la  Reunion. 

Mauritius,  F^b.  ' 
Captain  Ingenold,  Commander  of  j 
American  Oiip  the  Charlotte,  arrif 
from  China,  fays,  that  he  learnt,  in 
voyage  ia  the  Soulh  fca,  at  the  Satttf 


Aug.  i8o2. 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


wich  ifles,  and  on  the  north  weft  coaft, 
that  before  the  revolution  of  France, 
v'ithout  being  able  to  determine  pre- 
rifely  the  year,  a  veiFel  from  Breit  had, 
in  the  month  of  April,  anchored  in  the 
bay  of  Confhcrvar,  a  bay  which  is  53 
degrees  13  minutes  north,  oppoiite 
Englefield  bay,  in  the  iiland  called 
Queen  Charlotte's  illand. 

That  this  veflel  having  a  great  quan- 
tity of  fick,  was  attacked  by  the  ifland- 
ers,  who  got  on  board  the  moment  the 
crew  were  employed  in  reefing  the 
faiK'-;  that  they  mafiacred  the  Captain, 
who  was  on  the  deck,  and  the  whole 
crew,  with  the  exception  of  a  young 
man,  whole  fate  is  unknown. 

It  is  added,  that  the  iflanders  de- 
ftroyed  the  vcfTel,  after  having  unload- 
it.  It  is  to  be  prefumed  that  this  vef- 
fel  is  M.  La  Peroufc'e,  or  her  comp^. 
nion. 

HOLLAND. 

A  letter  from  the  Hague,  brought  by 
the  laft  Dutch  mail,  (tatea,  that  on  the 
25th  of  June  lalt  a  treaty  was  figned  at 
Paris  between  the  French  Republic  and 
'he  Porte,  in  which  the  la'dtr  graols  to 
Prance  the  free  nwuigaiion  of  the  Black 
S^af  If  this  intelligence  be  tiue,  it 
:>f  the  utmoft  moment ;  it  fhould  fcem 
IS  if  the  Porte,  convinced  of  iU>  own 
nibecility,  and  fufpicious  of  the  defigns 
)fRuffia  and  AuUria,  wiihed  to  pur- 
:hafe  the  fupport,  or  at  leait  to  buy  off 
he  enmity  of  France,  by  a  conceirion 
the  higbeft  national  importance, 
i^ct  Rnfiia  v.- ill  hardly  fubmit  to  it 
luitily,  and  this  country  will  not  view 
vithout  jealous  eyes  )o  valuable  a  pri- 
^lege  granted  to  tne  French.  It  does 
^ot  require  any  grtat  degree  of  iagaci- 
y  to  pronounce,  that  if  fuch  a  treaty 
)as  realiy  been  made,  the  peace  of  the 
continent  will  not  be  or  long  duration. 
»^et  between  PrulTia  and  France,  the 
)eft  uncierftanding  continues  to  fublilt. 
\  treaty  was  hgned  at  Paris  on  the  aift 
)t  May,  during  the  period  of  the  He- 
louaty  Prince  of  Orange's  rehdence 
that  capital,  in  which  the  King  of 
ruHia  renounces  formally  tiie  guaran- 
entered  into  in  the  year  1788,  of 
Stadiholder/liip  of  the  United  Pro- 
i'i"ccs,  recogniles  the  Bauvian  Repub- 
IjC,  and  promifjb  to  lend  an  Amijciira- 
lor  to  the  Hague. 

It  appears  that  the  ancient  feeds  of 
^louly  between  Antwerp  aBd  the 
''orts  uf  Holland,  are  bcginniug  to 


fpring  up  afrefh.  The  opening  of  the 
Scheldt,  ot  all  other  means,  has  thr 
greateft  eff  a  in  diffolving  the  tiea  ot 
the  Sister  Republics^ 

M.  Schimmelpinnink,  who  has  for 
fome  time  been  Ambaflador  from  the 
Bataviar.  Republic  to  the  French,  is  ap. 
pointed  Atnbaflador  to  Britain. 

The  Hereditary  Priixe  renounces,  if*, 
his  father's  and  his  own  name,  ail  pa-- 
tenhomi  upon  the  Batavian  Rtpublic  : 
For  this  renunciation,  the  Houfe  of  N->if- 
lau  Orange  is  to  receive  the  Biftioprick 
and  Abbey  of  Fulda ;  the  Abbey 'or 
Corvey^  the  Abbey  of  Weingaritcii 
and  Its  dependencies;  and  the  In-,prri- 
al  towns  of  Dortmund,  in  V/eft-  .haiia 
and  Yfaa  and  Backoam,  in  Suabi  a,  ' 

hide  mni  ties* 

The  following  is  ftated  to  'be  a  cor- 
rca  outlme  of  the  indemnities:— 

The  Eledorates  of  Treves  and  Co- 
logne are  to  be  abolifhcd.  The  Eiedo- 
rateof  Mentz  is  to  remain,  andAfchaf^ 
fenbourg  is  to  be  the  refi  .-^-nce  of  the 
Eiedlor,  who  is  to  have  i.bme  diitr^d^ 
m  the  territories  of  Wai.tzburgh  and 
Bamherg,  ;^nd  is  to  cede  to  the  Houfe 
of  Naffau^Ufingen  his  p  ofllffiono  from 
Hochif  to  Oberlahnftein.. 

The  Archduke  Arith  cnv  (^vho  was 
ekded  by  the  Chapters  01  Cjiogne  and 
Munlter)  is  to  be  tl^e  coad^'utor  of 
Mectz. 

Ih  iTc  Darmf^adt  i  g  to  hav-  part  of 
the  Duchy  of  Welipraiia,  and^he  Bai- 
hwicks  of  Starkenbourg,  Hipgentzdn, 
and  Benfheirn. 

Baden  is  to  havt^  the  remnant  of  the 
B.ihoprics  of  Strafbour^  and  Spares 
With  fome  of  the  liiiperial  cities.  * 

The  Gr^ind  Duke  of  Tufcany  i.  to 
have  Salz burgh,  PaiTau,  Beichtolfea- 
den,  &C.  ^ 

The  Ele(51or  of  Bavaria  keeps  the 
Innwiertfi,  and  is  to  receive  that  part 
ot  the  territories  of  Wurtzhurgh  and 
Bamt:ei;;,  which  is  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Maiiie,  together-^vith  Eifliitadt,  and 
apart  of  Uppc;  Saabi.i. 

TURKY. 

Letters  from  Ruifbon  fiy,  that  a 
lurkdii  courier  arrived  at  P.c/bou'c 
about  file  end  of  June,  with  verv  ia  - 
poitant  HUeiiigence.  His  difpuches 
tate,  th/t  Juiruff  Aga  having  advanced 
to  ^cV^r^dc  with  a  corps  of  Ottoman 
troops,  lent  a  very  threatening  fum- 
xiioas  to  the  Jauiflkries  cf  tnat  town. 

They 


698  Foreign  \ 

They  replied,  tliat  they  would  defend 
themfelves  to  the  laft  man.  Hoitilities 
immediately  rommenced.  The  com- 
munication between  Semlin  and  Bd- 
j^rade  was  completely  interrupted*  A 
heavy  cannonade  had  been  heard  for 
fome  days  at  Semlin, 

We  learn  from  the  frontiers  of  Ruf- 
Ha,  that  a  numerous  army  is  now  af- 
iembling  there,  probably  for  the  pur- 
pofe  of  reltoring  tranquility  in  Wal- 
lachia. 

Anarchy  and  revolt  pervade  almoft 
every  province  in  tht-  Turkifh  Empire, 
and  tlif  period  of  its  dilTolution  appears 
at  no  great  di fiance.  In  Egypt,  the 
Beys  have  been  fo  reinforced,  that  they 
are  enabled  to  fight  the  Grand  Vilier 
vpon  equal  terms.  It  is  even  faid, 
that  the  Divan  has  within  thefe  few 
days  received  intelligence  that  the 
Grand  ViOtr  has  been  defeated.  The 
Engiifti  remain  tranquil  Ipedators  of 
this  conteft,  notwithrtanding  the  re- 
peated folicitations  of  the  Grand  Vilier 
to  affifc  them.  In  Europe  the  danger 
is  ftill  more  imminent.  While  PalTwan 
Oglou  is  advancing  rapidly  in  Walla- 
chia,  Giorgi,  Ofman  pacha,  in  order  to 
cover  his  operations,  occupies  the  en- 
virons of  Adrianople  with  a  numerous 
corps,  which  is  daily  increafmg.  Under 
thefe  circumftaDces,  it  is  caly  to  ima- 
j^ine  the  embarrrtfiment  of  Government. 
The  Grand  Seignior  has  ordered  all 
the  difpofeable  troops  to  alfemble  at 
Conftantinople. 

BARBARY. 

If  we  mny  give  credit  to  the  lail  let- 
ters from  Algiers,  the  Dey  is  preparing 
to  declare  war  againft  all  Europe.  It 
is  chiefly  againft  Spain,  England,  and 
France,  that  he  pretends  to  try  his 
ftrength.  The  capture  of  the  Portu- 
-guefe  frigate,  which  wss  taken  by  being 
boarded,  and  31a  of  whofe  crew  have 
been  fent  to  the  galleys,  has  iiifufed  a 
frantic  enthufiafm  into  the  mind  of 
every  one.  The  Cbiefof  the  Regency, 
already  extremely  inclined  to  think 
liirafelf  the  moft  powerful  Prince  in 
the  world,  places  no  bounds  to  his  au- 
dacity. We  have  already  fpoken  of 
ihe  unexampled  outrages  which  two 
Englilli  Captains  experienced.  We  omit- 
ted Hating  what  the  Dey  faid,  after  ha- 
ving treated  the  agent  of  that  nation 
in  the  moft  unjuft  manner — God 
placed  me  on  the  throne  of  Algiers  to 
revenge  the  true  btlicvers  upon  the  in- 


telligence*  Vol.  64. 

fidels.  I  have  cannon  and  men,  and  if 
the  Powers  attack  me,  God  will  aflift! 
me." 

The  intelligence  which  has  reached! 
us  from  Algiers  for  fome  weeks  pafl:  is! 
of  a  very  difagreeablc  nature-  The  pi-' 
racies  of  thefe  barbarians  have  aflumed 
new  adtivicy.  About  the  end  of  April,' 
the  Regency  ftnt  out  eleven  corfairs  of 
different  force,  viz.  two  frigates,  one 
of  46,  the  other  of  36  guns ;  four  che- 
becks,  two  polacres,  two  fchooners, 
and  a  brig.  We  already  know  that  nine 
confiderable  prizes  have  been  made  by 
thefe  corfairs  in  the  fpace  of  fix  weekiv; 
namely,  five  Neapolitan  vtflel'^,  two 
Spanilh,  one  Englifh,  one  Genoefe,  and 
a  Portuguefe  frigate. 

The  Emperor  of  Morocco  has  alfo 
declared  war  againft  the  United  States. 

Extracft  of  a  letter  from  a  gentleman 
at  Gibraltar,  to  his  friend  in  Glafgow, 
dated  June  30.  1802- 

"  We  are  daily  vifited  by  vaft  num- 
bers of  Spaniards  of  all  ranks  and  def- 
criptions,  and  fome  very  fine  women 
often  come  in  riding  on  jack-afles.  We 
pay  feven-pence  a  pound  for  beef  and 
mutton,  and  vegetables  of  all  kinds  are 
cheap,  except  new  potatoes,  which  fv;:ll 
at  fourpence  a  pound — milk  and  but- 
ter are  dear  and  fcarce  ;  milk  is  dearer 
than  either  the  belt  port  and  fherry, 
which  may  furprife  people  at  home, 
and  rancid  fait  butter  is  about  twenty- 
pence  per  pound.  We  have  an  Ame- 
rican Commodore  lying  here,  and  a; 
good  many  of  their  fhips  cruifing  in  the 
Mediterranean  ;  they  are  at  war  witll 
mioftly  all  the  Barbary  Powers,  and  the 
Emperor  of  Morocco  has  ordered  their 
Conful  out  of  the  country.  One  of 
their  frigates  funk  two  Corfairs  belong- 
ing to  Tunis,  about  three  weeks  agu, 
near  Sicily,  mi  flaking  them  for  Tripo- 
letan  vefilis,  with  which  State  they  arc 
at  war,  and  which  I  fuppofe  will  aHb 
involve  them  in  a  war  wnth  the  Bey  of 
Tunis.'' 

AMERICA. 

The  laft  American  papers  of  the  2olh 
of  June,  received  on  Saturday,  ftatCf 
that  another  infurredion  has  broke  out 
among  the  negroes  in  Perquimens  and 
Hartford  counties,  North  Caioiina.  It 
is  faid  to  be  of  a  moft  ferious  nature;- 
fo  much  fo,  that  the  American  journa- 
lifts  decline  publifliing  the  particulars, 
from  motives  of  precaution.  Several 


Aug.  1802. 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


of  the  ringleaders  have  been  executed, 
hut  the  infurredion  was  by  no  means 
liibdued  when  the  veflel  that  brought 
the  above  accounts  left  Anfierica.  Thcfe 
alarming  accounts  have  been  the  caufe 
of  much  confternation  among  the  inha- 
bitants of  New  York,  on  account  of 
the  number  of  flavcs  in  tbat  vicinity. 
The  health  officer  at  New  York  con- 
tinues to  purfue  the  moft  vigorous 
mtafures  for  preventing  the  introduc- 
tion of  peftilential  difeafcs.  The  Ame- 
rican Houfe  of  Congrcfs  have  voted 
2©,ojo  dollars  for  creating  a  ftatue  of 
General  Walhington,  in  bronze. 

Na'ual  Operations  of  the  Creek  hidians. 

By  the  Martha  Brae,  Thomas,  ar- 
rived at  Briitol,  from  Jamaica,  v^e 
have  received  a  piece  of  information 
of  a  nature  which  moft  people  will  be 
inclined  to  think,  extremely  curious. 
Who  for  a  fmgle  moment  ever  enter- 
tained an  idea  that  the  American  In- 
dians would  fliew  theinrdves  on  the 
ocean  as  a  maritime  power  ?  Yet  fuch 
is  now  the  fadl.  It  is  true  indeed,  the 
beginning  is  but  fmall  ;  the  towering 
oak,  however,  was  once  an  acorn  j 
and  it  is  not  impoffible  that  in  future 
ages  the  hiftorian  may  produce  the 
following  fadt  as  the  ftrft  intiance  uf 
the  naval  exertions  of  the  greateit  ma- 
ritime power  upon  earth  : 

On  the  2  T  ft  of  June,  Cape  Antonio 
bearing  S.  by  W.  diitant  about  28 
leagues,  the  Martha  Btae  fpoke  an 
armed  fchooner,  under  Spaniih  colours, 
the  Captain  of  which  fpoke  good  Eng- 
Ulli,  and  alked  her  people  if  they 
knew  of  the  difturbance  between  the 
Indian  General  Bowles  and  the  Spa- 
niards :  he  then  hauled  down  the  Spa- 
niOi  colours,  and  hoiited  a  led  pendant, 
with  an  Indian  enlign,  and  faid  he  had 
a  commiflion  from  General  Bowles  to 
cruize  againft  the  Spaniards  :  that  he 
had  taken  one  Ihip,  and  got  her  fafe 
into  port.  He  then  made  fail,  and 
ftood  for  Cape  Antonio. 

The  Present  State  of  Europe, 
Our  readers  will  lind  a  fatisfa(5lion 
in  peruling  the  following  comfortable 
libfervations  on  the  (late  in  which  Eu- 
rope is  placed  by  the  definitive  treaty. 
From  the  pen  of  Mr  Bcllham,  an  hiito- 
rian  of  fome  reputation,  and  one  who 
I  :annot  be  fufpet^ted  of  any  undue  par- 
f  lality  to  Govern inent. 


"  In  regard  to  the  a^flual  Rate  of  Eu- 
rope, at  the  prcfent  time,  it  is  by  wo 
means,  upon  the  whole,  fo  unfavour- 
able to  the  interefl  and  fafety  of  thefe 
kingdoms  as  might  have  been  previouf- 
ly  expedlcd.  Ni>twithftanding  the  vafl 
territorial  acquifitions  of  France,  the 
other  principal  powers  of  Europe  have 
experienced  no  diminution  of  their  for- 
mer greatnefs.  Ruffia  retains  all  her 
colofial  torce  and  gigantic  preponde- 
rance in  the  North.  PrulTn,  in  fure 
and  certain  expeiftation  of  being  fully 
indemnitied  for  her  lolTe  -,  under  p  wife 
and  watchful  Government,  gradually 
cements  and  ftrengthens  the  founda- 
tions of  her  yet  recent  empire.  And 
what  the  politicians  of  the  lad  ai^e  fti- 
ied  **The  uiiracle  of  the  Houfc  of  Auf- 
tria,"  has  been  renewed.  After  a  nine 
year's  war,  in  which,  notwithdanding 
her  heroic  exertions,  (he  has  been  al- 
moft  uniformly  unfucccfsful,  the  Em- 
peror finds  himLHf,  at  the  conclufion  of 
a  general  peace,  more  powerful  than 
ever.  For  the  lofs  of  the  Nctnerlands — 
a  detached  and  diilant  territory,  very 
open  at  all  times  to  the  invalion  of 
France,  and  exceedingly  difiicu::  to  de- 
fend,— is  infinitely  more  than  compen- 
fated  by  the  acquiiuion  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  Venetian  ttrra  frma,  and 
the  whole  of  the  Venetian  Ddmatia, 
by  which  ht  is  become  obljlute  rnalter 
of  the  Adriatic.  Beiides  which,  he  wul 
probably  receive,  as  a  further  iiidemru- 
fication,  that  large  portion  of  Bavari  t 
lying  fouth-ealtward  of  the  Inn;  all  oi 
which  will  be  eafily  and  at  once  amal- 
gamated with  the  general  mafs  of  tiic 
Auftrian  dominiouo. 

As  to  Great  Britain,  fcparatcly 
confidered,  although  Ihe  has  lolt  tlic 
advantage  which  llie  formerly  cnjoyeil 
from  the  alliance  of  Holland,  it  mud  be 
conftlFed  th.tt  the  power  of  this  Re- 
public has  been  fj  much  reduced  i^i 
the  courfe  of  the  lalt  cenLury,  that  the 
aflit^ance  to  be  derived  from  ii  vva  , 
perhaps,  more  than  counterbalanced 
by  the  nectlFKy  of  defending  it.  Ow 
the  other  hand,  the  riches,  tne  power, 
and  the  population  of  Grtat  Britain, 
have,  during  the  fame  period,  fo  much 
increafvd,  that  flic  alone  is  of  far  great- 
er weight  in  the  political  fcale  than  the 
maritime  powers  were  llili  in  conjunc- 
tion: And  the  naval  preponderancy  of 
thefe  iflands  has  kept  pace  (an  impor- 
tant fadi)  with  the  military  preponde- 
rance of  France, 

"Whence 


«*  Whence  then  the  idle  terrors  which 
haunt  the  minds  of  our  prefent  alarm- 
ifts?  Vigilance  and  even  jealoufy,  that 
is  to  fay  a  wife  and  enlightened,  not  an 
envious  and  anxious  jealonfy— are  in- 
deed now,  as  at  all  other  times,  proper 
;ind  neccffary;  and  this  is  the  jcaloufy 
which  appears  to  be  txerciled  by  our 
prefent  Minifters. 

<*To  fum  up  the  whole:  If  wc  de- 
tach ourfclves,  as  far  as  circumftancts 
will  admit,  from  the  quarrels  of  the 
Continent,  and  content  ourft  Ivts  with 
fighting  our  own  battles  upon  our  own 
flement— though  peace  will  at  all  times 
be  highly  dehrable— Ihould  occalions 
firifc  to  render  war  really  juft  and  ne- 
ccfi-irv,  there  will  be  no  rtafon  to  re- 
^•ard  It  as  peciiliarly  dangerous  oi  ter- 
ilble.'' 


British  Intellige?ice. 


Vol.  64. 


BRITISH  INTELLIGENCE. 

Yrom  ti  e  London  Gazette, 


Whitehall. 
July  15.  The  King  has  been  pleaTed 
to  give  and  grant  uuto  the  Right  Hor,. 
Horatio  Vilcount  and  Baron  Nelfon  of 
the  Nilf,  andofBurnham  Thorpe,  m 
the  county  of  Nortolk,  Knight  ot  the 
Molt  Hon.  Order  of  the  Bath,  and 
Vic<;  Admnal  of  the  Blue  fqnadron  of 
bis  Majeily's  tieet  (alfo  Duke  of  Bronte 
in  Sicilv,  Grand  Crofs  of  the  Order  of 
Saint  Ferdinand,  and  of  Merit,  and 
Knight  of  the  Order  of  the  Cielcent), 
his'Royal  licence  and  perniiiTion  to  re- 
ceive and  wear  the  Lnhgns  of  Knight 
Grand  Commander  of  the  Equeftrian 
Secular,  and  Capitular  Order  of  Saint 
Joachim;   his  Lordlhip's  nomination 
to  the  fame  having  been  iignified  to 
him  by  Ferdinand    Charles  reigning 
Count    of    Leiningen  Wefterbourg, 
Grand  Mafter  of  the  Order,  by  his  let- 
ter bearing  date   at   Wefterbourg  in 
General  Chapter,  on  the  3d   day  of 
April  laft  :  And  alfo  to  command,  that 
this  his  Majeftiy's  conceflion  and  de- 
claration, together  with  the  relative 
documents,  be  regillered  in  his  Col- 
lege of  Arms. 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  grant 
unto  William  Kennedy,  late  of  the 
Ifland  of  Jamaica,  but  at  prefent  of  the 
city  of  London,  Efq.  his  royal  licence 
and  authority,  that  he  and  his  ifTue 
may  (in  compliance  with  the  condi- 


tions of  a  deed  of  entail,  beaiing  date 
the  20th  day  of  June  1727,  duly  cxe-. 
cuted  by  Walter  Laurie,  deceafed, 
grand  uncle  of  the  faid  William  Ken- 
nedy), take  and  ufe  the  furname  of 
Laurie  in  addition  to  his  prefent  narnc 
of  Kennedy  ;  and  that  he  and  his  ifl'uff 
mav  quarter  his  own  arms  with  thofc 
of  J^Hurie,  provided  fuch  arms  be  firlt 
duly  exemplified  according  to  the  Laws 
of  Arms,  and  recorded  in  the  Herald's 
Office  :  .  / 

And  alfo  to  order,  that  this  his 
Majerty's  conceflion  and  declaration  be 
regiftered  in  his  College  of  Arms. 

20.  The  King  has  been  pleafed  to 
grant  the  dignity  of  a  Baron  of  the 
united  kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  to  the  Right  Hon.  Charles 
George  Baron  Arden  (of  that  part  of 
the  united  kingdom  called  Ireland), 
snd  the  heirs  male  of  his  body  lawfully 
begotten,  by  the  name,  ftile,  and  title 
ci^Baron  Ardtn,  of  Arden,  in  the 
count V  of  Warwick. 

The  King  has  alfo  been  pleafed  to 
grant  the  dignity  of  a  Baron  of  the 
united  kingdom  of  Great  Britain  atid 
Ireland  to  the  Right  Hon.  John  Barpll 
Sheffield  (of  that  part  of  the  laid  unit-' 
ed  kingdom  called  Ireland),  and  the 
heirs  mlile  of  his  body  lawfully  begot- 
ten, by  the  name,  (file,  and  title  61 
i5aron  ShefheM,  of  Shefheld,  in  the 
countv  of  York. 


Downing'  Streets 
The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  ilf* 
prove  of  John  J.  Murray,  Efq.  to  \k 
Conful  from  the  United  States  of  AniC' 
rica  at  the  port  of  Glafgow. 

St  James^Sy 
27.  The  following  addrefs  has  been 
prefented  to  the  King,  which  addrefs 
his  Majefty  was  pleafed  to  receive  very 
gracioufiy  : 

TO  THE  KING. 

J^Tost  gracious  Sovereign^ 
We,  your  Majffly's  moft  dutiful  an* 
loyal  fubjeds,  the  General  Convention  0 
of  the  Royal  Burghs  of  Scotland,  a^^emble( 
in  their  annual  meeting,  according  to  th( 
ancient  ftatutcs  of  this  realm,  take  the  op 
portunity  to  return  your  Maj  lly  our  grate 
ful  acknowledgements  for  your  fucccUtu 
exertions  in  reftoring  to  your  people  tn 
bleflings  of  peace, 

jReprtfcntirg,  as  we  do,  the  comn^crcu 
*  an 


Aug.  I  So  I. 


British  Intelligence. 


and  mnnuhSiuTing  interefts  of  this  part  of 
the  united  kiti'jdoni,  we  take  a  warm  con- 
cern in  an  cvcnr,  which  aniidft  the  wreck 
of  narions,  has  not  only  prefcrved  entire 
your  Majefty's  doniii^ions  and  our  glorious 
conftitutiun,  but  which,  we  truft,  will  e- 
nabie  us  to  make  the  moil  bcneticial  ufe  of 
ihoie  refource?,  which  the  wifdom  and  vi- 
gour of  your  Majefty's  Councils  have  car^ 
ned  unimpaired  through  the  calamities  of 
war. 

That  your  Majcfty  may  lonor  enjoy  the 
blefTm^is  which  you  have  procured  for  us, 
and  Ice  your  people  flouriihing  in  arts  and 
commerce,  as  they  have  done  in  arms,  is 
our  fiacere  and  earneft  prayer. 

Sit^ned  in  our  prefence,  and  by  our  ap- 
pointment, at  Edinburgh,  the  fifteenth 
day  of  July,  in  the  year  one  thoufand 
eight  hundred  and  two. 

VVm  Fettes^  PrefeS6 


LONDON. 

Six  months  half-pay  has  been  iHacd 
to  all  the  reduced  offecers  of  his  iVla- 
jefty's  land  forces,  between  the  24ih 
of  December  i8ot  and  the  25th  of 
June  1802  ;  alfo  fix  months  ajlowance 
to  the  officers  and  private  gentlemen 
of  his  Majefty's  late  third  and  fourth 
troop  of  horfe  guards, for  the  fame  time. 

Sir  John  Boriafe  Warren  leaves 
London  towards  the  beginning  of  Sep- 
tember, on  his  embafTy  to  Pererfburgh. 
He  vvaits  to  fee  the  nuptials  of  his 
daughter,  who  is  going  to  be  married 
to  Captain  Sedley  of  the  Guards.  Mr 
Garlick  is  to  be  Secretary  to  his  em- 
bafly. 

The  alterations  at  the  Houfe  of 
Comnons  are  going  on  with  great  ra- 
pidity— there  \yill  be  feveral  Commit- 
tee rooms  ;  the  infide  of  the  loom  re- 
mains unaltered. 

July  2S>  His  Royal  Highnefs  tlie 
Duke  of  York  reviewed  the  regiment 
3f  Scots  Greys  on  Wimbledon  Com- 
mon. The  regiment  conuits  of  eignt 
troops  of  lixty-four  men  each  ;  "all 
ftne  looking  fellows.  At  nine  o'clock, 
they  reached  the  ground,  and  foon  af- 
ter ten,  the  Duke  of  York  arrived. 
The  line  was  formed,  but  owing  to 
the  unfavourable  weather,  tlie  troops 
did  not  march  paft  him  by  fmgle  file 
3Ut  by  fubdivifions.  The  wliole  fyf- 
tem  of  tactics  was  then  dilplayed  ; 
theyfirft  charged  in  fquadrons,' and 
whole  line  afterwards.  At  the 
L.  LXIW 


concUifion,  the  line  was  again  formed, 
and  after  fainting  their  Commander  in 
Chief,  they  marched  off  the  ground 
in  open  columns.  The  review  iaited 
an  hour  and  a  half.  General  Dundas 
and  Col.  Bothwell,  both  belonging  to 
the  regiment,  aded  as  fubalteras  un- 
der the  Field  Marlhall.  Very  little 
company  attended. 

Mr  Jackibn  is  going  Envoy  fcxtre- 
ordinary  and  Miniiter  Plenipotentiary 
to  BcHin,  with  Mr  ilolleitan,  jan.  as 
his  Secretary. 

An  account  of  the  number  of  velTels, 
with  the  amount  of  their  tonnage, 
which  have  been  annually  built  and 
regiilered  in  the  feveral  ports  of  the 
BntiQi  timpire,  between  the  5th  of 
January  1739  and  the  sth  of  January 
1802. 


T'ears, 

1789 

1790 

1791 

1791 

1793 

1794 

1795 


F'stels. 
827 
725 
766 
8ii 
800 
714 
719 


'Tons. 
71,090 
68,695 
68,940 
7^,i^*d 
75^085 
66,021 
72,181 


Years.  Vessels.  Ton:, 
823  94,97^ 

83J 
858 
1041 
1065 


1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
i8oi 


86,242 
89^31  ? 
98,044 
i34,i8S 


Thunder  Storms, 
The  tremendous  thunder  ftorm, 
which  took  place  on  the  24th  July  in 
Yorkftilre,  did  coniiderabie  mifchicf  in 
various  parts  ;  Amon^  other  accidents, 
two  cows  at  Maliis  Hall,  near  Kild- 
wick,  in  Craven,  and  two  horfes  near 
Bolton  Bridge,  were  Itruck  dead  by 
the  lightning, 

Au^'uft  14.  About  feven  o'clock  on 
Tuefd?ty  evening,  a  very  heavy  thun- 
der Itorm  came  on  at  Hull,  and  conti- 
nued with  little  intermiirion  until  nine 
o'clock.  The  lightning;  was  uncom- 
m.only  vivid,  and  the  lialbes  fucceeded 
each  other  with  fuch  rapidity  as  nearly 
to  produce  a  general  i';luminatijfi  ; 
farming  upon  the  whole  a  fcene  the 
mod  awful  of  any  we  have  ever  wit- 
neiYed.  Some  of  the  claps  of  thhndcr 
were  very  loud,  and  toliowed  tho  flafh 
at  an  interval  of  only  two  feconds.  The 
whole  was  accompanied  w^ith  v^ry 
heavy  torrents  of  rain,  infomuch  that 
many  of  the  ftreets  of  the  town  were 
for  fome  time  impaffable  for  foot  paf- 
fengers,  owing  to  the  collected  water 
being  more  than  the  fewer^  could  car- 
ry otF.  It  appears  the  ftorm  had  been 
general  thioughout  this  part  of  the 
country.  Two  flieep  we  underftand 
were  killed  by  lightning  near  Lincoln, 
5  B  and 


702 


Bricisb  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


and  a  fin  all  hay-cnck  fet  on  fire,  in  the 
iTiiiiit  of  the  rain,  near  Brigg. 

About  two  o'clock:  in  the  afternoon 
of  the  13th,  an  ox  was  ftruck  dead  at 
i^'itling*,  in  Hoidernels ;  the  clc6liic 
fiuid  hiavintj  entered  his  head,  juii  be- 
liind  tlie  horns,  where  the  hair  was 
flight !y  finged. 

State  of  the  Crops. 

7\ccounU  from  all  par*s  of  Kn|T]and 
fpeak.  in  the  moft  tavoiuable  tcnriS  of 
the  coming  cropN,  and  wholly  diflipate 
the  alarm  which  was  entertained  as  to 
the  ettefis  of  the  late  unafually  fevere 
;ind  continued  rains. 

In  the  weft  of  England  there  is  every 
prolpe^^l  of  an  abundant  hatveft.  The 
crops  are  every  wl^.ere  ftrong  and 
healthful  ;  and  inftead  of  the  late  frofts 
h'dving  done  harm,  it  is  laid,  they  have 
l  een  of  great  fervice  in  deilroying  the 
iiifeiSis,  &^c. 

The  wheat  is  hitherto  free  from  the 
appearance  of  fnult,  and,  with  the  bar- 
ky and  oats,  is  of  raoll  pleafnig  pro- 
mife.  Diy  wcdther,  alone,  is  now 
\vanting  to  fecure  the  fineft  harveft 
with  which  this  country  has  for  many 
years  been  blelTed. 

The  hay  in  many  places  has  fuffered, 
snd  in  others  the  grafs  remains  to  be 
cut,  but  with  this  folitary  exception, 
the  farmer  has  not  hitherto  had  caufe 
to  complain  of  the  leafon. 

We  are  happy  to  find  upon  enquiry, 
that  the  damage  done  to  the  growing 
crops  by  the  rtorms,  contrary  to  ex- 
peftation,  is  very  trii^mg  indeed.  Never 
c!id  the  country  wear  a  more  plt  aang 
afpedl.  The  crops  of  every  kind  of 
grain  are  uncommonly  promiiing;  and 
ihould  a  hne  harveit  take  place,  of 
which  there  is  every  profpe6l  from  the 
prefent  fettled  appearance  of  the  wea- 
ther, the  produce  will  be  found  rich 
both  in  quantity  and  quality.  Wheat 
was  cut  at  Sunk  Ifiand,  on  Saturday 
the  9j.h.  In  the  fouth  the  haiveit  is 
commencing  generally. 

Lately,  as  rhe  Edinburgh  mail  was 
jjtoceeding  up  Kingfland  Road,  a  iial- 
lion  came  furioufiy  from  the  brew- 
houfe,  and  moil  violently  attacked  the 
Iiorfes,  biting  and  tearing  them  with 
all  the  favage  ferocity  of  a  t>eaft  of 
f.rey.  At  length  the  pole  broke,  and 
the  horfes  difentangled,  gallopped  off 
with  the  bars  at  their  heels  tow^ards 
Bil]i(>pfgate,with  fuch  aftoniHiingipeed 


that  the  people  had  not  time  to  get 
get  out  of  the  way,  knocking  dowa 
men,  women,  and  children,  feveral  of 
whom  were  thrown  to  a  confiderable 
diflance,  and  very  muchbruifed.  They 
were  fortunately  ftopped  by  Shoreditch 
turnpike  gate.  The  horfe  whs  not  fe- 
cuted  till  after  an  attack  on  him  b^ 
the  populace  with  flicks  and  bludgeons^ 
I'he  fame  bead  got  loofe  and  attacked 
a  genth*man's  horfe  about  a  twelve-" 
month  fince..  The  coach  was  with  dif- 
ficulty prevented  being  overturned  by 
the  exertions  of  the  coachmen,  and  the 
mail  was  detained  a  confiderable  time 
iii  confequence      the  accident. 

POPULATION. 

OFFICIAL.. 

We  copy  the  following  particulars^ 
from  the  volume  now  completed,  and', 
in  dcliveiy   at   the  Vote   Office  of, 
the   Uoufe   of  Commons: — hngland 
3,!>S7,935*males,   4,343>499  females, 
total  8,331,343. — Wales  257,io8'males, 
284,368  tcmales,  total  541,546 — Scot- 
land 73  4,58  I  males,  86  ^,48?  females,to- 
tal  1,599,068 — Army  198,351  males,to- ' 
tal  198,351  —  Navy  126,279  males,  to- ^ 
tal  126,279 — Seamen  in  Reg.  Shipping*/ 
144,558   males,  total    144,558 — Con-^J 

vices  1,410  males,  total  1,410  Total) 

5,450,292  males,  5,492,354  females,  In  \ 
all  10,942,646. 

Observations, 

1.  The  total  population  of  Great 
Britain  mult  exceed  the  number  of 
perlons  fpecified  in  the  above  fumma-,  \ 
ry,  inafmuch  as  there  are  fome  p.irifiie|r' 
fiom  which  no  returns  have  been 
ceived.  ^ 

2.  The  number  of  houfes  in  Ireland  ' 
has  been  nearly'afcertained  by  the  col-'"' 
ledion  of  a  hearth-money  tax  ;  aud 
therefrom  it ^has  been  computed  thai 
the  population  of  that  part  of  the  unUj^ 
ted  kingdom  fomcwhat  exceeds  fou^i, 
n.iihons  of  perfons. 

3.  The  iflandi  of  Guernfey,  Jerfey^  ; 
Aiderncy  and  Sark,  the  Scilly  if;andS|; 
and  the  Ille  of  Man,  are  not  comprifed 
in  this  enumeration.  The  total  popu- 
lation of  thefe  illands  has  been  ufually 
ellimated  at  about  So,ooo  peifons. 

The  whole  population  of  Great  Bri- 
tain and  Ireland  is  therefore  betwixt 
15  and  16  millions. 

The  following  is  perhaps  one  of  the 
moft  melancholly  and  fatal  effects  of 


Aug.  1802. 


British  Intelligence. 


7-3 


a  dreadful  fcarlet  malignant  fever  that 
ever.  afFetted  one  family      About  a 
month  ago,  a  fine  girl,  the  daughter  of 
Mr  George  Cook,  a  refpedable  farmer 
at  Lining,  neat  York,  was  feized  with 
ficknefs,  and  almolt  inftantly  expired. 
In  a  few  days  after,  the  brother  and 
fifter  of  the  above  girl  were  attacked 
with'^  fimilar  complaint,  died  in  a  ve- 
ry Uiort  time,  and  were  both  buried  in 
'one  grave  on  Thurfday  laft.  Two  other 
boys,  brothers  to  the  above,  were  alio 
t^ken  ill  a  few  days  ago,  both  of  whom 
died  on  Sunday.    Another  little  girl 
likewife  was  taken  dangerouHy  iil  of 
the  fame  complaint,  b^t  is  happily  re- 
,  covered. — Theaffetlionate  parents  have 
'  to  lam-ent  the  lofs  of  five  of  their  chil- 
dren, the  eldeit  only  ten  years  of  age, 
in  the  fpace  of  a  fortnight. 
{  ".  Five  vefiels  are  arrived  at  Liverpool 
!  from  the   JBritiOi  fifliery,  having  on 
j  board  983,000  herrings. 

A  turnip  was  taken  up  iA|||"field  be- 
longing to  Mr  Robert  Johnfon,  of 
Oviiigham,  which  weighed,  exchirive 
of  the  top,  I  I  pourds  and  a  half,  and 
meafured  in  circumference  31  inches 
and  a  hajf.  It  is  fuppofed  to  be  one  of 
the  large (t  ever  gathered  at  fo  early  a 
•  period. 


SCOTLAND. 

Highland  Society  of  Scotland. 

A  General  Meeting  of  this  Society, 
in  terms'  of  their  charter,  was  held,  in 
their  Hall  here,  on  the  izth  of  July,  at 
which  there  was  a  niinurous  and  rel- 
pe<ftabie  attendance  of  Nf)b]emen  and 
Gentlemen,  when  35  new  Members 
vvtre  admitted. 

The  Society  next  proceeded  to  take 
under  conluieraiion  the  different  ar- 
ticled of  buhnefs  which  had  been  be- 
fore its  Committee  of  Directors  Hnce 
the  General  Meeting-  in  J  iiiuary  lait. 

The  Secretary  reported,  that,  i:)  terms 
of  the  inftrudions  of  la!l  General  Meet- 
'  ing,  a  mtmorial,  on  the  part  of  this  So- 
ciety, had  been  tranfmitttd  to  certain 
Members  of  Admiiiiftration,  ftating,  in 
the  moR  forcible  terms,  the  fcrifc  the 
Society  entertained  of  the  propriety 
and  neceflTityof  Government  letting  on 
loot  fon»e  public  works  of  utility  in 
the  Highlands,  particularly  the  facili- 
,tating  communications  by  roads  and 
I  bridges,  and  alfo  giving  additional  en- 


couragement to  the  fiflicry,  in  the  view 
of  at  once  affording  a  fonrce  ofinduj- 
try  and  employment  to  the  lower  clal- 
fes  of  the  people  in  Scotland,  and  r:*'? 
greatly  tending  to  the  p»"rmanent  im- 
prove ment  and  benefit  of  the  Empire 
at  large  :  And  as  it  appeared  by  an  an- 
fwer  to  the  Secretary  from  Lord  PjU 
ham.  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Hom^ 
Department,  and  other  letters  on  the 
table,  that  Government  was  much  dif 
poled  to  pay  attesi'.ion  to  thefe  impor- 
tant ohj(  <5t^,  the  Dii-ec'tors  had  deemtd 
it  proper,  efpeciaily  as  a  good  deal  olf 
information  had  latelv  been  obtained, 
tending  to  confirm  the  facts  Hated  ni 
the  report  laid  before  the  lafl  Crcneral 
Meeting,  of  the  great  utility  and  neccf- 
fity  of  foinc  effectual  rteps  being  fpeed- 
ily  taken,  again  to  lay  the  matter  be- 
fore the  Society  in  a  fecpud  report. 

The  Meeting  refoUed  to  remit  the 
matter  to  the  Committee  of  Diredors, 
with  powers  to  them  to  make  facli- 
farther  application,  and  hold  fuch  com- 
munication with  his  Majefty's  Minii- 
tcrs,  and  take  futh  other  means,  ux 
name  of  the  fociety,  as  they  fhali  judge 
moft  proper. 

On  motion  from  the  Secretary,  thz 
Meeting  refolved,  in  the  warmeft  man- 
ner, to  recommend  to  the  Nobility  and 
Gentry  of  the  country  at  large^  efpe- 
ciaily fuch  as  are  Members  c?f  this  So- 
ciety, and  to  their  Factors,  to  patronize 
and  encourage  the  recruiting  for  that 
gallant  corps,  the  42d  Regiment,  oi* 
Royd  Highlanders,  who  now,  after 
their  vvell-knov/n  exploits  in  Egypt, 
have  happily  returned  to  their  native 
country  and  this  metropolis,  to  recruit 
their  thinned  rardv*'. 

On  the  report  from  the  Committee 
on  Publications,  thanks  were  voted  to 
them  for  their  attention  and  trouble 
in  arranging  and  preparing  the  appro- 
ved effays  and  communications  given 
in  to  the  Society,  which  will  foon  ap- 
pear in  a  fccond  volume  of  the  Society's 
Tranf  iv^^iions. 

The  Secretary  laid  before  the  Meet- 
ing the  Profpe^fus  of  a  Didionary  of 
the  Aine  Coti,  or  ancient  Iriih,  com- 
pared with  the  language  of  the  Cuti  or 
ancient  Perfians,  with  the  Hindool- 
tmee,  the  Arabic,  and  Chaldean  lan- 
guages, by  General  Valiancy,  Vice-Pre- 
lident  of  the  Dublin  Society,  which 
had  been  communicated  to  him  by 
that  gentleman.  The  Meeting  autho- 
rifed  the  Secretary  to  return  thanks 
5  B  i  to 


yo4 


Brithb  IntelUgence* 


Vol.  64 


♦o  rerpct5):ab!e  author  of  this  Icnrn- 
td  work,  which  fccins  juftiy  lo  me!  it 
4he  attention  of  the  pubhc,  as  tending: 
to  throw  much  li^ht  on  matters  of 
Jiigh  antiquity,  aiid  to  acqu;tiiit  him, 
that  Society  will  be  ready  to  pa- 
tronize the  fame,  as  much  as  in  their 
powt  r,  wheo  pubhflied. 

On  motioir  /»om  Henry  M  'ckenzie, 
3Efq;  the  tiiarik^  of  the  focicty  wtic 
iinanimoiTny  votci*  to  M  jor  M.^clacl.- 
lan  of  Kilbride,  Ar^yleihire,  fur  h:s 
obliging  commiiricatious  to  the  So- 
ciety of  a  variety  of  curi^'US  arciert 
inartufcripts  in  the  Gaehc  ;ind  Iiifli 
bngUHge,  which  h<id  been  in  hit?  family 
for  foa  c  centuries  back. 

A  variety  of  matters,  of  importance 
to  the  improvement  and  prosperity  of 
this  country  at  large,  were  ren.iited  to 
the  Committee  of  Directors,  with  the 
Xifual  powers;  and  the  thanks  of  tlie 
Society  voted  to  the  Earl  of  Mor^^y, 
for  his  polite  attention  in  the  Chair  to 
the  bufinefs  of  the  day,  and  his  ready 
concurrence  on  every  occahon  to  pio- 
mote  the  views  of  the  inititution. 

Seven  ingenious  workmen  tiave  given 
Mr  Girvin  fpecimens  of  herring  nc  tting, 
%vrought  in  a  loom.  He  \  <\^  laid  one 
of  them  before  the  Roy.il  Hi^rhl  ind  00- 
ciety.  The  knot,  in  tiis  Opinion,  is 
more  firtu,  and  the  meflies  more  equi- 
tliftant,  than  others  prefented  to  him. 
The  national  advantage  which  he  hopes 
vill  arife  from  it,  in,  that  a  boy  or  girl, 
often  years  of  age,  niay  work  thirty 
fquare  yards  in  one  day,  of  56  melhes 
in  the  breadth;  and  the  machine  will 
not  exceed  five  pounds  lUriing  in  coft. 
The  invention  is  by  a  north  couatry 
Highlander,  who,  at  the  age  of  20  years, 
could  fpcak  no  other  tiiau  tnc  Gaelic 
language. 

At  a  Meeting  of  the  Caledonian 
Hunt,  held  here  on  i5tb  July,  they 
fixed  their  06tober  Meeting  to  com* 
iXKHce  at  Hamilton  on  the  i3th. 

EDINBURGH  RACl  S. 

Mondi^y  July  19th,  The  City  of  E- 
(dinburgh's  Plate  of  50I.  was  run  for, 
and  won  by  Mr  Kircaid*s  brown  colt, 
Overton. 

A  match  for  one  thoufand  guineas, 
betwixt  Mr  I  ictcher's  X.erhe,  8  ii.  6  15, 
and  Mr  John^tori's  Antelope,  7  ft.  10  lb, 
was  alio  run  for,  and  won  by  Lethe. 

20.  His  Majefty's  Purfe  of  an  hun- 
dred guineas  was  lun  for,  and  won  by 
Mr  Fletcher's  colt  Driver, 


2T.  The  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen'.s 
Subfcription  I'urfe  of  50  guineas  was 
run  for,  and  won  by  Mr  Fletcher's  bay 
cult  Driver. 

22.  The  Hunter's  Purfe  of  50  guineas 
was  won   by  Mr  Fletcher's  chefnct 
mare. — This  was  a  molt  excellent  race. 
The  lecond  and  third  heats  were  [• 
cloftily  run,  that  It  was  ditTicuit  t 
know  the  winner. — The  third  heat  a! 
the  Ibiee  horits  came  in  together. 

There  wjs  alfo  a  l;ack.  race  of  three 
heats,  which  alVorded  excellent  tport. 

23.  'Jl\e  1  adics'  Purfc  of  ^.o  guineas, 
was  won  by  the  Duke  of  Hjmjltou's 
tiack  mare  by  Kellleis. 

■;.4.  The  Purfe  for  the  beaten  horfe^ 
of  ih;;  week,  was  run  fi^r  over  the  fand^ 
i:f  Ltvfh,  and  won  by  Mr  Lonldale' 
Lo^ie  o\  Buchan. — rAs  the  hories  wcr.. 
paHing  th\  Itarting  poll  the  iall:  round 
of  the  fecofii  heat,  they  were  intercep-' 
ted  in  tlieir  progrels  by  tiie  prelfing  cjf ' 
the  cro\^fcand  before  the. riders  were 
able  to  c-neck  th(;m,  both  horfcs  felL— 
One  of   the   ridsri    was  vexy  much 
bruifed  by  the  fai^,  and  a  boy  in  the 
ctowd  was  knocked  down  and  nearly, 
killed. 

The  Marquis  of  DoUglas,  Lord  El-  ; 
cho,  and  George  Bailliei,  Efq  of  Jer- ' 
rifwood,  are  appointed  Stewards  of  the  ' 
next  Ldmburgh  races. 

Places  of  Piihlic  Amusement  Arring  -be 
Race  Week  at  Euiuburgh, 

A{ren>bli'cs  -  '         -  3 

Public  Breakfafts  -  6 

Races  -  -  6 

Flays  -  -  6 

Koyal  Archers — his  Majelty's  Prize  i 

Competition  of  Highland  i'lotiz  t 

T-aiis  and  Suppers  -  2 

25 

Grfour  on  an  average  everyday,  hc- 
fides  the  Panorama,  Phjutaimagorirf, 
(or  Exhibition  of  Ghofcs,)  and  Exhi- 
bition of  Paintings,  with  ir.any  othcis 
of  inferior  note. 

Therj  has  been  much  fewer  compa** 
ny  at  the  races  this  year  than  ufuar, 
owing  to  the  general  eie6lion. — Th,^ 
wediher  was  urulually  favourable. 

July  19.  His  P^ajeOy's  Prize  wais 
fliot  for  by  the  P.oyal  Company  of  Ar- 
chers, on  Burntstield  Links,  and  won 
by  Dr  Thomas  Spens. 

The  annual  ccmpe-ition  for  prizes 
given  by  the  Highland  S--ciely  of  Lon- 
don, 


Aug.  1802. 


British  Intelligence. 


7^5 


don,  to  the  three  bed  performers  on 
the  Great  Highland  Bag-pipe,  was  held 
in  the  Thcatrt^  Royal  here  ou  Tuciday, 
aoi-h  July,  in  prcllnce  of  a  Com- 
mittte  of  Judges,  appointed  by  tiie 
Highland  Society  of  Scotland,  and  a 
very  numLrous  and  brilliant  audience. 
The  hrit  prize,  being  a  haudfoiiie 
l^!()e,  properly  mounted  and  adorned 
with  a  hlvcr  plale,  upon  which  there 
has  lince  been  engraved  the  proper  xv,- 
fciiption,  together  with  Forty  Merks 
Scots  ipouty,  was  adjudged  by  ^hc 
Cotnmittee,  and  the  pipe  delivcrv.d  by 
Lord  Macdonald  their  Prcfcs,  in  the 
prefence  of  the  audience,  to  John  Bu- 
char  any  Piper- Major  to  the  4%d  regiment 
or  Royal Hi^^Jjlandcr s.  The  fecond  prize, 
being  Tbitiy  Merks,  was  adjudged  to 
Murdoch  Mackenzie^  piper  to  the  <)id  re- 
giment or  Gordon  Highlanders  :  And  i he 
third  prize,  being  alfo  Thirty  Mer^s, 
was  voted  to  Malcolm  Macgregor,  fron/ 
Olafgow.  The  audience  ^re  much 
entertained  with  dancing  dPHighland 
]Reels  and  Strathfpeys  introduced  be- 
tween the  adls. — The  competitors  in 
this  fort  were  repeatedly  encored  by 
the  company,  and  received  fuitable 
premiums  from  the  Committee. —  The 
whole  exhibition  went  off  with  much 
fpirit  and  eclat. 

23.  The  littirg  Magiftrate  fined  a 
hackney  coach  driver  in  one  guinea 
and  ordered  him  to  be  imprifoiied  tor 
eight  days,  for  being  drunk,  and  behav- 
}vg  improperly  to  a  company  at  the 
Theatre,  on  the  evening  of  Wedntfday 
Ltd.  That  part  of  the  fc  nt  iice  refpect- 
irig  the  ioiprifonmc  nt  was  afterwards 
remitted  by  the  Magiftrate,  at  tlie  iii- 
tcictflion  of  the  party  com^-laining. 

14.  I^obert  Bro<ivn  and  Jaynes  Clarhy 
«iias  Stei.vart^  were  ferved  with  mdi(^t- 
ments  this  day  to  iUnd  trial  before  the 
High  Court  of  Jnftici  ^iy  ft  r  the  rob- 
brry  of  the  wert  n  ail  un  tbe  morning 

the  I  ft  inHnnt. — The  trial,  we  are  «n- 

Med,  will  take  place  on  Mond-iy  the 

8.  His  Rcvyal  Highncfs  the  Duke  de 
^'  rri,  and  a  bri»ther  ot  the  Duke  of 
can-,  wi(h  fon.e  other  French  noble- 
^  arTlv(.d  at  lioiyroodhoufe.  They 
e  to  Leith  in  the  P>inctr  of 
ies,  explain  Murray  belonging  to 
Kxcife. 

ivohert  Trotter  of  Caftlel  iw,  Efq;  is 
ointtd  De  puty  Poiimaitcr  General 

Scotland,  in  the  room  of  the  dcccaf- 
vVill.am  Robcrtfon,  E:q, 


A  forgery  ha^  appeared  on  the 
Guinea  Notes  of  the  Greenock.  Bank- 
ing Company. 

A  forgery  has  alio  appeared  on  the 
Guinea  Notes  of  the  Bank  of  .Scot- 
land, 

ThuK'der  Storms, 

July.  20.  There  fell  at  Aber^ieen  the 
molt  tr^mcndoui  pour  of  rain,  accom- 
panied by  thaiuler  and  lightening,  ever 
remembered  there.  Sc^veral  fhowers  of 
hail  ado  fell  in  the  courfe  of  the  day. 

31.  A  violent  llgrm  of  lain  and  thuu- 
der  came  on  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Kelfo.  The  fiaflies  were  very  frcquewi: 
and  the  peals  tremendouay 'loud.'  It 
broke  upon  the  EJnam  highway,  at  a 
diiiange  of  not  more  than  two  fe^t 
from  the  porter's  lodj^e  at  Sydenham. 

The  trealurer  of  the  Lunatic  Iloipi- 
tal  at  Aberdeen  has  received  a  dona- 
tion of  lol.  from  a  lady,  bv  the  Rev. 
Mr  Blake,  for  the  benefit  of  that  cha- 
ritable mltitution.  Aifo  2I.  2s.  from 
a  lady,  by  Mr  James  Calder.— A  coi- 
ledion  for  the  bei)efit  of  this  hofpital 
was  made  at  all  the  churches  in  that 
city,  when  a  conhdeiabie  fum  was 
railed. 

It  appears,  that  emigrations  from 
the  weiiern  continent,  tiom  the  irorth 
of  Scctiand,  and  alfo  from  the  Noaii 
of  Ireland,  are  encreafing  to  an  alarm- 
ing degree.  Upwards  of  eighteen  r.un- 
dred  perfons  have  lailed  from  London- 
deny,  Eehaft,  ^c.  lince  the  begmninir 
of  June,  and  Itill  greater  numbers  are 
piepaniig  to  follow  as  foon  as  they  can 
provide  means  for  their  tranfportation. 
Surely  inch  a  deftrudive  depopnlatiou 
of  our  ifiand  calls  for  the  n.Timediate 
and  vigorous  interpofxtion  of  the  Le- 
giflature.  It  has  been  laid  that  this  is 
impcilible;  that  any  prohibition  to 
cmiorare  would  militate  againft  the  li- 
berty or  the  iuhjed.  If  this  emigra- 
tion were  a  mere  matter  of  choice, 
fuch  reakming  might  be  very  plaufib'e: 
But  he  who  fuppoles  that  a  Scots 
Highlander  would,  without  any  caul'e. 
leave,  in  bis  old  age,  or  with  a  giowi"^ 
family,  thufe  valleys  and  cottages, 
V.  here  his  forefathers  have  for  a  es 
lived  and  died,  is  Utile  acquainted  wuh 
the  fentimenis  of  that  people. 

Lately  pafied  from  Fort  Wiiliam 
three  vef/rls  with  emigrants  for  Aa^e* 
lica.  It  is  lamentable  to  think,  thcie 
a;c  no  lefs  than  12  Hiips  erga^ed  for 

the 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


the  Wefl  Highlands,  which  rauft  carry 
cfF  fourteen  or  fifteen  hundred  of  thofe 
deluded  people  from  their  native 
country.  Berore  they  had  been  three 
hours  at  fea,  fome  of  the  poor  creatures 
next  morning  came,  and  alked  one  of 
the  failors  if  the  land  they  faw  w<is 
America,  which  (hows  what  an  idea 
they  have  of  their  voyage. 

A  Hoop,  with  about  250  barrels  of 
very  fine  herrings,  arrived  in  Leith  late- 
ly. Thty  were  taken  and  cured  off  the 
lile  of  Man  month. 

Lall  year,  Mr  Gitvin  obfervcd  that 
a  lummtr  filhcry  might  be  found  in  the 
Frith  of  Forth.  Some  filliermen  from 
'Crail  have  made  a  trial  ui  a  boat  above 
the  Ille  of  May,  and  caught  a  few  her- 
rings of  an  excellent  quality. 

Good*  accounts  are  dady  cxpe(fled 
of  the  Caiihnefs  herring  fifhery. 

By  the  laicft  accounts  received  from 
the  Highlands,  we  are  happy  to  learn, 
that  the  fiftiing  is  general  and  fuccefs- 
ful  in  all  the  lochs. 

Greenock  market  has  been  mofl  a- 
hundantly  fupplit  d  of  late  with  excel- 
lent frelh  herrings — accounts  are  juft 
received,  that  the  haul  of  hei rings  on 
Monday  night  in  Lochlong  was  uncom- 
monly pkntitul 

We  hear  from  the  Ifle  of  Man,  that 
the  herring  ftihery  ftill  continues  to  be 
very  productive.  The  flioals  of  fifh, 
at  this  ftafon,  almofi  fiirround  the  if- 
land  ;  but  the  Peeletown  coaft  appears 
to  be  the  molt  abundantly  fupplitd. 
They  have  been  fold  there  fo  low  as 
IS.  6d.  per  hundred.  There  was.  a 
confiderablc  take  of  herrings  and  mack- 
rel  laft  week  near  Millom. 

Grain  of  different  forts  has  been  cut 
down  in  feveral  parts  of  Scotland. 

The  quantity  cf  rain  that  fell  during 
the  laft  month  was  equal  to  58^2  inches 
in  depth ;  and  nearly  equal  to  that  which 
fell  between  Chrittmas  laft  and  the  25th 
of  May. 

The  viciiTuudes  of  the  weaiher  have 
been  greater  within  the  lift  feven 
months  than  perhr^ps  were  ever  known 
in  this  country.  The  theraiometer  in 
the  month  of  January  was  about  5  deg. 
/je/oiv  the  average  heat  of  the  feafon, 
and  the  fucceeuing  months  it  was  ra- 
ther above  the. average,  till  near  the 
middle  of  May,  when  fuddenly,  on  the 
13th,  the  thermometer  fell  n  deg.  and 
continued  down  at  41  deg.  nearly  a 


week;  and  on  the  17th,  at  fix  in  thd 
evening,  it  rtood  at  30  deg.  the  wind 
being  at  the  fame  time  W.;  and  fo 
early  after  as  the  27th,  at  the  fame  time 
ofd-jy,  it  ftood  at  75  dog.  -making  a 
difference  of  45  deg.  in  five,  days  I 

Hi^h  Court  of  'Jiifticiury, 

Tuefday,  July  13.  The  Court  met  at 
eleven  o'clock,  when  Walter  Macfar- 
lane,  late  accountant  in  the  Gencr.:' 
£!xcd'e- Office,  accufed  of  fraud  and 
talffhood,  was  fugitated  for  not  ap- 
pearing to  ftand  trial. 

'I'he  Court  then  proceeded  to  the 
tri?d  of  Richard  Allan,  late  weaver 
and  refidentei  in  Dalkicth,  and  Mary 
Hood,  or  Allan,  his  wife,  accufed  of 
three  different  ads  of  theft,  and  alf 
of  refet  of  theft — Richard  Allan  pie  1 
not  guilty  as  to  the  theft,  \>\i\.  guilty  01 
the  relet.  His  wife  pled  not  guilty  to 
fne  whole  libel.  The  Lord  Advocate_, 
on  accoui||, of  certain  circumftances  in 
the  wife's  cafe,  deferted  the  chargr; 
againft  her  altogether,  and  ihe  was 
difmilfed  from  the  bar.  His  Lord/hip 
ailp  confined  the  libel  with  refpcdt  to 
Richard  Allan  to  the  refet  of  theft, 
and  to  an  arbitrary  puniffiment.  A 
Jury  was  then  chofen,  and  the  pannel 
having  judicially  confeffed  his  guilt, 
were  mcloled,  and  in  a  Ihort  time  re- 
turned a  verdidt,  finding  him  guilty. 

The  Court  fentenced  him  to  be  ba- 
nifhcd  from  Scotland  for  feven  years 
from  the  9th  of  Augull,;Uext,  under 
the  ufual  certifications. 

Vv  illiain  Hood,  cooper  in  Loanhea-J, 
brother-in-law  to  B^ichard  x\llan,  ac- 
cufed of  breakmg  into  the  Wauk-mill 
of  Da:k.ieth,  was  then  put  to  the  b^r. — 
The  libel  bemg  read,  he  pled  not 
guilty^  but  the  turther  prcceedmgs  in 
tliis  cafe  were  adjourned  to  the  izfl:i 
November  next,  and  Hood  was  admit- 
ted to  bail.  Counfel  for  Allan  and  his 
wife,  Mr  Walker  and  Mr.  A.  Dou^^las. 

Agent,  Mr    Douglas.  Couniel  for 

Hood,  Mr  A.Bell  and  Mr  J.  Frafcr. 
AgentjMr  R.  Fleming,  VV.  S. 


LISTS. 


MARRIAGES. 
At  Calcutta,  on  the  loth  December  laf^, 
Lieut.  CoL  Adams,  of  the  78[h  regiment, 
to  Mifs  Hulcombe,  third  daughter  of  the 
late  Canon  Refidentiary  of  St  David's. 


THE 

SCOTS  MAGAZINE, 

For    SEPTEMBER  1802. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

•Biographical  Memoir  of  the  Life 

of  John  Napier,  Lordof  Marchi- 

fton  7^2 
Notice  of  an  edition  of  DrumraoMd 

of  Hawthorriden's  Works  714 
On  the   difadvantages  refalting 

from  Difpating  Societies  715 
^lOn  the  Stud)^  of  Human  Nature  72c 
On  an  Indulgence  in  the  Flights 

of  Imagination  721 
On  the  Principles  of  Hiftorical 

Compofition  7^4 
On  the  word  Philofopher  728 
On  an  eftablilhed  Religion  730 
Stri6lures  on  Mr  Laing's  DifTerta- 

tion  on  the  Poems  of  Oflian, 

Contint/edy  733 
Anfwer  to  the  Queftion  in  Cofmo- 

graphy  738 
Life  of  Fenelon,  ro//f/w^^'^,  740 
Notice  concerning  J.  Leech  the 

poet  745 
LITERARY  EXTRACTS  AND 
NOTICES. 
Character  of  the  Georgian  and 

Circaflian  Women,   from  Oli- 

vier's  Travels  in  Tuikey,  &c.  7  46 
Natural  Hiflory  of  CaiTraria,  by 

Dr  Vanderkemp  75^ 
Narrative  of  a  Vovage  to  Cochin 
.  China,  by  Mr  Chapman  7^5 
Foreign  Literary  Notices  76  z 

Scotiih  Literary  Notices  7f3 


POETRY. 


Page 


The  Chace,  a  Ballad  755 

Sibylline  Veifes,  from  Zofimus  *j66 

The  Schoolmaster  767 

The  Rofes,  from  Aufonius  768 

Addrefs  to  Poverty  75ft 

Meeting  of  New  Parliament  75^ 

MONTHLY  REGISTER. 
Foreign  Intelligence. 
France,  Algiers,  and  America  7(^9^72 

British  Intelligence. 
From  the  London  Gazette  772 

London. 
Turkey  Company  wait  on  Lord 
Hawkefoury,  requefting  naval 
protection  773 
Egyptian  antjquitie3  arrive  773 
Incidental  Intelligence  '774-7 

Edinburgh. 
Ele6tion  of  the  Scotch  Peers  to 

Imperial  Parliament  777 
Letter  from  the  Lord  Lieutenant, 

toR.E  V.  bine  778 
Lilt  of  Gentlen^.en  who  have  been 

graduate  this  feafon  779 
Filhenes  and  Fairs  '  780 

Mail  robbery  and  other  robberies  7S1 
Aalumn  Circuits  7*--  z 

LISTS— Man i:igts,  Births,  5cc.   7S3  4 


EDINBURGH. 

Printed  by  i\LEX.  Chapman,  &  Co.  Forresicr's  JVyn-I^ 
For  the  Proprietors  : 
And  Sold  by  Archibald  Constable,  High  Street,  Edinburgh. 
And  to  be  had  of  the  Principal  Bookfellers  in  the  United  Kingdom, 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

The  Ingenious  paper,  on  The  choice  of  Subjects  for  Engravings,  hath 
been  received,  and  will  be  inferted  in  our  next.  Communications  of  this 
kind,  v^hlch  tend  to  improve  any  art,  by  explaining  its  principles,  are  par- 
ticularly interefting,  and  to  fuch  we  will  always  be  ready  to  pay  proper 
attention. 

Strictures  on  Literary  Patronage  will  alfo  appear  in  our  next. 

We  were  at  fome  lofs  in  forming  a  judgment  of  the  paper  on  Drama- 
tic Exhibitions,  whither  to  confider  it  as  a  fatire,  or  a  ferious  perform-^ 
ance.  We  were  at  no  lofs,  however,  in  determining  to  refufe  it  a  place. 

The  paper  of  Laicus,  on  a  Poetical  Tranflatlon  of  fome  Parts  of  the 
Old  Teftament,  will  be  inferted. 

The  Journey  through  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  by  a  Shepherd,  hath 
juft  come  to  hand,  and  will  be  inferted  in  our  next. 

The  Ode  of  S.  E.  from  Anacreon,  poffefTes  little  of  the  fpirit  of  xh 
Author. 

The  Verfes  of  W.  on  Youthful  Scenes,  poffefs  confidcrable  m^rit,  an 
■will  appear  in  our  next  Number. 

The  Verfes  of  S.  W.  upon  The  Robin's  Return,  have  been  receive 
We  are  obliged  to  the  Author  for  his  communication,  and  will  be  gl 
to  receive  fuch  others,  as  he  may  think  proper  to  fend  us.  ^ 

J.  W.'s  Poetical  Piece  on  The  Slave,  contains  fome  beautiful  lines,  a 
with  a  few  alterations,  will  find  a  place. 

We  beg  leave  to  inform  M.  N.,  and  our  correfpondents  in  general, 
that  Strictures  upon  Modern  Publications,  provided  they  be  made  with 
candour  and  ability,  will  not  be  refufed.  But  we  will  be  better  able  to 
form  our  opinion  by  feeing  a  fpecimen. 


Z  (OM  B  (>fMEM  CMIST<9N 


THE 


SCOTS  MAGAZINE, 

For  SEPTEMBER  1802. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  MEMOIR 

OF  THE  LIFE  OF 

JOHN  NAPIER,  LORD  OF  MARCHISTON, 

THE 

INVENTOR  OF  THE  LOG4VRI tHMS. 

WITH  A  PORTPAIT 


JOHN  NAPIER  of  Marchifton 
was  a  defcendant  of  an  ancient 
and  honourable  family  that  had 
been  long  fettled  in  the  counties  of 
Dunbarton  and  Stirling.  It  appears 
from  the  public  records  and  the  ar- 
chives of  his  family,  that  John  Na- 
pier, from  whom  he  was  tlic  12th 
in  defcent,  had  been  one  of  thofe 
Land4ords,  Vho  was  obliged  to 
fwear  allegiance  to  Edward  I.  king 
of  England  in  the  year  1296.  That 
he  was  the  9th  defcendant  from 
William  Napier,  who  was  Gover- 
liour  of  Edinburgh  Caftle  in  the 
year  140 1  ;  whofe  fon  Alexander 
was  the  firft  Laird  or  Baron  of 
Marchifton.  This  laft  was  father 
to  another  Alexander,  Vice-Admi- 
ral  of  Scotland,  and  one  of  the  Com- 
miffioners  fent  by  James  III.  to  the 
Court  of  England  in  the  years  1461 
and  1464. 

By  the  marriage  of  Elizabeth 
^Ionteith  of  Rufky  to  Sir  John  Na- 
Vol.  LXIV, 


pier*  of  Marchifton,  his  father's 
great  great  grandfather,  he  derived 
a  CO  heirfliip  from  the  noble  family 
of  Lennox,  now  reprefented  by  the 
Duke  cf  Richmond. 

His  father,  Sa*  Alexander  Na- 
pier  of  Marchifton  and  Edinbellie, 
was  Mafter  of  the  Mint  in  the  time 
of  king  James  VL,  a  learned  and 
worthy  gentleman,  for  whom  the 
king  had  a  high  efteem :  His  mo- 
ther was  Janet  Bothwell,  daughter 
of  Francis  Bothwell,  one  of  the  Se- 
nators of  the  College  of  Juftice. 
This  extraordinary  man,  who  was 
one  day  to  confer  more  honour  on 


*  "  John  Napier,  who  was  provoft 
of  Edinburgh  in  the  vear  1484,  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  and  co-heirefs  of 
Murdoch  Monteith  of  Ruikv,  by  Lady 
Margaret  Monteith  his  fpouYe,  daugh- 
ter, and  one  of  the  co-heirefTes  of  the 
fixth  Earl  of  Lennox."— Dowgias' 
Peerage, 

5C  his 


th^  F*  7^^-  ^^^^^^l^^ej-s  arc  forry  to  be  obliged  to  ftate,  that  owing  to  an  accident, 

tin  nt"!  M-^'  '^^'''^  ^"Sl^^  to  have  accoiupanied  this  Number,  muft  be  delayed 
wu  next  publication,  v  ^ 


yi2     Life  of  Napier,  Invento. 

his  family  than  it  was  poflible  the 
mofl:  illuftriotis  could  have  conferred 
upon  him,  was  born  at  Marchifton, 
near  Edinburgh,  in  the  year  1550. 

Young  Napier,,  as  he  himfelf  in- 
forms us,  received  his  education  at 
the  Unlverfity  of  St  Andrews  *. 
Here  he  conira^led  a  familiar  inti- 
macy with  a  certain  gentleman^  a 
Roman  Catholic  ;  which  may  be 
confidered  as  an  early  proof  of  a  li- 
berality of  thinking,  uncommon  in 
thofe  dayr^  of  zeal,  when  both  par- 
ties, Papifts  and  Protcftants,  were 
too  much  irritated  againfl  each 
other  by  their  mutual  injuries,  to  be 
well  able  to  live  together  in  harmony 
and  friendfliip.  Napier  himfelf  was 
a  pious  believer  in  the  doctiines  of 
the  Refoimers,  and  frequently  de- 
fended them  againfl:  the  attacks  of 
his  college  friend,  the  Catholic.  He 
attended  carefully  to  the  fermons 
o{  Mr  ChiiRophcr  Goodman  on  the 
Apocalypfe,  wiio  explained  its  my- 
fleries  by  an  interpretation  which 
applied  them  to  the  Papifts.  He 
appears  to  have  been  much  aife(rted 
by  thefe  difcourfes  ;  to  ufe  Iiis  own 
"Words,  "  I  was  moved  in  admira- 
tion againfl  the  blindnefs  of  the  Pa- 
pifts, that  could  not  moft  evidently 
fee  their  feven-hilled  city  Romey 
painted  cut  fo  lively  by  St  Jolm,  as 
the  m.other  of  all  fpiritual  whore- 
dom, that  not  only  burft  I  out  in 
continual  reafoning  againft  my  faid 
familiar,  but  alfo  from  thenceforth  I 
determined  with  myfelf,  (by  the  af- 
fulance  of  God's  Spirit)  to  employ 
my  ftudy  and  diligence  to  fearch 
out  tli£  remanent  myftcries  of  that 
holy  book.'' 

At  w  hat  tim.e  Napier  commenced 
his  ftudies  at  St  Andrews,  or  how 
long  he  continued  in  that  feminary 
of  learning  . is  not  now  known.  He 
takes  no  notice  of  either  himfelf, 
and  the  matriculation-record  goes 
jiot  fo  far  back. 


Ticf.  to  his  Piaiu  Difeovery. 


of  the-  Logarithms.     Vol.  64, 

From  Dr  Mackenzie,  who  wrote 
his  life,  and  the  lives  and  chatafters 
of  many  of  the  moft  eminent  writers 
of  the  Scots  nation,  we  learn  that 
w^hen  Mr  Napier  had  finiftied  his 
ftudies  in  philofophy  at  the  Univer- 
fity,  his  parents  fent  him  abroad  on 
his  travels,  into  the  Low  Countries, 
France  and  Italy.  Having  ftaid 
fome  years  abroad,  he  returned  to 
his  native  country,  and  applied  him- 
felf clofely  to  the  ftudy  of  the  ma- 
thematics. It  is  highly  probable 
that  he  acquired  his  tafte  for  this 
kind  of  learning  in  his  travels,  efpe* 
cially  in  Italy,  where  at  that  period 
there  were  a  confiderable  number 
of  mathematicians  of  reputation  j 
as  well  as  in  France  and  the  Nether- 
lands. Whether  he  may  be  confider- 
ed as  almoft:  the  only  mathematician 
of  reputation  in  his  native  country 
in  his  own  time,  James  BafTantin 
profeffor  of  mathematics  at  Parrs, 
who  died  in  1568,  excepted,  is  un- 
certain ;  but  nothing  is  more  true, 
than  that  he  had  the  happinefs  to 
live  till  he  was  acknowledged  by  all 
Europe  to  be  the  greateji  mathemalu 
cian  his  country  had  ever  produced* 

Whatever  advantages  young 
Napier  of  Marchifton  might  derive 
from  his  birth  and  connedious, 
joined  to  his  own  merit,  he  engaged 
in  no  public  employment  under  the 
government.  Indeed,  the  diftraded 
ftate  of  the  country  for  a  long  per 
riod  prior,  and  fubfequent>  to  tlie 
time  we  may  fuppofe  that  he  had 
returned  from  abroad,  might,  per- 
haps, appear  to  throw  many  obfta- 
clcs  in  his  way,  fhould  he  attempt 
to  arrive  at  power  or  riches  in  the 
fervice  of  the  ftate. 

At  this  period,  the  political  con- 
ftilution  of  Scotland  was  that  of  all 
the  other  kingdoms  of  Europe,  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury :  a  conftitution  which  origina- 
ted in  the  conquefts  of  our  warlike 
anceftors  of  the  North,  in  the  vari- 
ous provinces  of  the  weftern  divifion 


Sept.  1802.   Life  of  Napier,  Inventor  of  the  Logarithms. 


of  die  Roman  empire  ;  and  known 
:    long  under  the  name  of  the  Feudal 
Syjiem^ 

The  general  principles  of  this 
form  of  government  are  founded  in 
the  manners  and  government  of  the 
H'fnany  nations  who  anciently  inhabi- 
ted Germany  and  Scandinavia,  long 
before  they  left  the  recelFes  of  their 
/oref^s,  in  fearch  of  more  genial  cli- 
mates, and  more  fruitful  Ibils.  The 
generous   and   free  governments, 
thofe  conquerors  eftablifhed  all  over 
Europe,  made  amends  for  the  check 
they  put  to  the  pTogrefs  of  the  arts 
and  fcicnces.    It  maybe  queftion- 
ed,  whether  kmong  people  oppreffed 
by  the  tyranny  of  Roman  governors^ 
the  fciences  would  have  continued 
to  make  aily  greater  progrefs  ;  for 
it  does  not  appear  that  the  northern 
nations  were  profelTed  enemies  to  the 
arts  and  fciences.    They  might  ne- 
glec^,  but  did  not  hate  them.  The 
arts  of  war,  and  of  poetry,  they  cui- 
tivated  and  encouraged  with  an  en- 
thu/iafm    peculiar   to  themfelves, 
from  the  earlieil  ages :  and  in  time 
they  came  to  perceive  the  advanta- 
ges of  learning,  and  the  other  fcien- 
ces.    Of  the  ancient  manners  of 
thefe  conquerors,  Ca^far  and  Tacitus 
have  left  invaluable  accounts,  par- 
ticularly the  latter,  who  wrote  ex- 
prefbly  on  tlie  manners' of  the  Ger- 
mans, in  which  thofe  of  the  Scandi= 
navians   are    to  be  underilcod 
Tradition,  confirmed  by  the  chroni- 
cles,  inaitutions  and  cu(toms,  fome 
of  which  remain  to  this  day,  give 
Inch  weight  to  Caefar  and  Tacitus, 
that  a  very  competent  jndge  of  the 
rubjea,  Montefquieu,  in  his  Spirit  of 
;Laws, tells  us,  that  thefe  two  authors 
|ire  found  to  agree  fo  well  with  the 
:onftitutions  which  thefe  barbarous 
>eople  have  left  us,  that  in  reading 
l^aelar  and  Tacitus  we  every  where 
jind  thefe  conilitutions,  and  in  read- 


ing them  we  feem  to  read'C^far  and 
Tacitus. 

A  celebrated  tradition,  well  au- 
thenticated, prevailed  over  all  the 
north  of  Europe,  that  a  very  extra- 
ordinary perfon,  who  called  himfelf 
Odin^  the  name  of  the  fcpreme  God 
among  the  Scythians,  had,  in  an  age 
fo  remote  that  it  cannot  be  traced, 
a/Tembled  together  the  young  men 
of  the  Scythian  nations  which  border 
upon  Perlia,  between  the  Euxine  and 
the  Cafpian  fcas  ;  and  marched  at 
their  head  toward  the  north-weft  of 
Europe,  conquering  all  the  people 
he  met  with  in  his  palTage,  giving 
them  for  fubjecls  to  one  or  other  of 
his  Sons.    Thus  Suarlami  was  king 
over  a  part  of  Ruffia  ;  Baldeg,  over 
the  wellern   parts  of  Saxony,  or 
Weftphalia;  Sedeg,  had  eaftern  Sax- 
pny  ;  and  Sigge,  Franconia.  Many 
fovereign  families  of  the  north  are 
faid  to  be   defcended  from  tliefe 
princes  *.      Horfa    and  Hengift, 
the  leaders  of  thofe  Saxons  who 
conquered  the  Britons  in  tJie  fiftJi 
century,  reckoned  Odin  or  Wodin 
among  the  number  of  their  ancef- 
tors,  as  well  as  the  other  Anglo- 
Saxon  pf  inces,^  and  the  greater  part 
of  thofe  of  Lower  Germany.  It  was 
cuftomary  with  the  heroes' of  thofe 
nations,  as  well  as  with  the  Greeks 
and  Romans,  and  other  ancient  na- 
tions, to  fpeak  of  themfelves  as  dei^ 
cended  from  their  divinities,  efpeci- 
cially  their  god  of  war.    The  hifto- 
rlans  of  thole  times,  that  is  to  fay, 
the  poets,  did  not  foil  to  multiply, 
out  of  compliment  to  their  princes, 
the  defcendants  of  Odin,  who  cam.e 
to  be  coniidei  ed  as  thtir  god  of  war. 
Odin  having  fettled  his  new  govern- 
ment,   inftituted  a  fupreme"  coun- 
cil, of  twelve  pontiffs,    or  lords, 
whofe  bufmefs  was  to  watch  over  the 
public  weal  ;  to  diftribute'juftice  to 
the  people  ;  and  to  prefide  ever  tlie 


■^'')L.  LXIV.  5  -O  new 


714     Life  of  Napier,  Inventor  of  the  Logarithms.     Vol.  64, 


new  worfliip,  which  he,  as  chief 
prieft  of  the  god  of  the  Scythians, 
had  eftablifhed ;  and  to  preferve 
faithfully  the  religious  and  magical 
fecrets  he  had  con  niitted  to  their 
caie.  This  religion  taught  the 
being  of  a  fupreme  (}od,  niafter  of 
the  univerfe,  to  whom  a\\  things 
were  iubmifjive  ancj  obedient.*"  It 
forbade  the  ulls  of  temples,  and  cor- 
poreal reprefentations  of  the  divini- 
ty. From  this  God  fprang  other 
fubordinate  deities,  or  genii,  who 
prefided  over  the  operations  of  na- 
ture. To  fcrve  the  Divinity  with 
facrifices  and  praj^ers ;  to  do  no 
-wrong  to  others  ;  to  be  brave  and 
intrepid  in  themfelvcs,  were  the 
moral  confequcnces  they  deduced 
from  thef?  do(ftrincs  ;  and  the  be- 
lief of  a  future  (late  cemented  and 
completed  the  ftruc.ure.  Cruel 
torments  were  refervcd  in  a  future 
life  for  fuch  as  defpifed  thefe  funda- 
mental precepts  of  morality  ;  and 
joys  without  end,  and  without  num- 
ber, awaited  every  religious,  jull, 
and  valiant  man. 

Thih  was  too  refined  a  religion 
to  contmue  long  in  purity  among  a 
barbarous  people.  Accordingly,  in 
procefs  of  time,  that  Supreme  Be- 
ing whofc  idea  includes  all  exigence, 
came  to  be  retlrained  to  one  parti- 
cular province,  by  the  greater  num- 
ber  of  the  people  of  the  North  who 
regarded  him  chiefly  as  the  God  of 
war.  Hence  tliofe  frightful  pic- 
tures that  are  given  of  him  in  the 
Icelandic  mythology.     There  were 

*  Taci^o  German. 


three  great  feftivals  In  the  year. 
The  fird  was  celebrated  at  the  win- 
ter folftice.  The  niglit  on  which 
it  was  obferved  they  called  the  /^Jo' 
ther  Nighty  or  that  which  produced 
all  the  others,  and  it  began  the  year. 
This  feaft  was  called  and  ce- 

lebrated in  honour  of  the  god  7 hor^ 
or  the  fun.  The  fecond  vvas  held  at 
the  beginning  of  the  fecond  moon 
(month)  o  the  year,  in  honour  of 
J  I'cfty  or  tlie  earth,  and  the  wife  of 
Odin.  The  third,  and  the  moll 
confiderable,  was  inftituted  in  ho- 
nour of  OlI'ih  himfelf,  in  the  begiuf 
nmg  of  the  fpring.  ; 

The  facrifices  to  the  gods,  in  the 
earlieft  ages,  were  tlie  fruits  of  tliQ  . 
earth.  Afterwards,  when  they 
came  to  offer  animals,  and  they 
}i:id  adopted  the  idea  that  their 
blood  could  avert  the  anger  of  the 
gods,  they  were  careful  to  concili- 
ate them  by  a  method  fo  eafy.  But 
their  violent  defires  and  excefiive 
fears  luggefted  to  them  that  the 
blood  of  animals  was  not  a  fuffici- 
ent  atonement,  and  they  ventured 
to  Ihed  that  of  men.  Probably  this 
baibarous  pra(ftice  was  almoit  uni- 
verfal,  and  of  very  remote  antiqui- 
ty, it  was  not  abolilheJ  among 
the  northern  nations  till  towards  the 
ninth  century,  when  they  received 
the  light  of  the  gofpel.  In  time  of 
war  they  facrificed  captives,  and 
flaves  in  the^^time  of  peace.  How- 
ever, in  great  calamities,  they  of- 
fered up  vidims  from  the  higher 
ranks,  to  purchafe  the  divine  fa- 
vour. 

(To  be  Continued^) 


To  the  Editor  cf  the  Scots  Magazine. 

Sir, 

NONE  of  the  editors  of  Drum-  hitherto  examined  his  poems  with 
mondofHawthornden's  works  have    that  degree  of  critical  attention 

'  which 


Sept.  1802.  Notice  of  an  Edition  of  brummond' s  Works.  ^15; 


which   they  fo   amply  merit,  or 
pointed  out  the  models  which  he 
chiefly  followed.     In  the  daffical 
edition  of  his  works,  undertaken  by 
Dr  R.  Anderfon,  the  literary  world 
may  expc^fl:  to  fee  this  done  with  no 
common  degree  of  refearch  and  in- 
genuity. It  will  then  be  found,  that 
he  has  derived  many  of  the  ftories 
and  epigrammatic   points   in  his 
poems,  from  the  French  colledions 
of  popular  anecdotes,  which  formed, 
in  a  conliderable  degree,  the  genteel 
reading  of  that  period.    Thus  the 
epigram  entitled,  "  The  Statue  of 
Alcides,''  (Anderfon's  Britifli  Poets, 
vol.  iv.  p.  689.)  which  is  more  re- 
markable for  flynefs  of  refledion 
than  for  decency,  is  only  a  ftory  of 
Brantome'sverfified.  It  relates  to  the 
obfervations  of  a  lady  on  the  pro- 
portions of  the  ftatue  of  Hercules 
It  the  fountain  of  Fountainbleau  ; 
obfervations  which  could  only  have 
been  made  when  the  manners  of 
French   court-ladies  were  coarfer 
:han  thofa  of  modern  courtezans, 
CEuvres  deBrantome,vol.iii.  p.  67,) 
^mong    the   books   prefented  by 
Drummond  to  the  library  of  Edin- 
>urgh  College,  is  a  Macaronic  poem 
a    Franco-Latin    verfe,  entitled 
'  Aren^e  Carmen  Macaronicum, 
le  Bragardiffima  Villa  de  Solertiis," 
vhich  probably  fuggefted  to  the 
)oet,  the  idea  of  compofmg  his 
'*  Polemo-Middinia."      From  the 
^  preface  1  extrad  the  following  cu- 
I  ions  pa/Tage,  concerning  the  dances 


and  mufic  of  that  period.  Some  of 
the  dances,  as  the  Tordon  and  the 
Brangle,  appear  from  "  The  Com- 
playnt  of  Scotland,"  to  have  been 
popular  in  this  country,  in  the  i6th 
century  : 

"  Quid  eft  danfa  ?  eft  una  grof- 
fiffima  eonfolatio  (|uam  prenJunt 
bragardi  homines,  cum  bellis  gar- 
fis,  five  mulieribus,  danfando,  chor- 
ifando,  fringando,  balando,  de  cor- 
pore  gayo  et  frifco,  quando  menef- 
trius  carlamuairus,  flotairus,  juglai- 
rus,  tamborinairu.?,  bafTas  et  hautas 
danfas,  tordiones,  branlos,  martin- 
galas  et  alias  fautarellas  tocat,  fiblat* 
carlamuat,  fifrat,  taboiinat,  harpat 
rebecat,  floutat,  loudat,  organat^ 
cantat,degorgia,decarlamufa  clara, 
de  carlamufa  furda,  de  fluta,  de  ti  i- 
bus  pertufis,  et  de  flouta,  de  novem 
pertufis,  de  fifro,  de  ribeco,  de  harpa, 
de  lobaifo,  de  dofayna,  de  chalamia, 
de  trompetis,  de  corneto,  de  claue- 
rio,  de  organis,  de  efpineta  fula,  de 
efpineta  organifata,  de  manicordio, 
de  efcacherio,  de  chiplachaplo,  de 
fom  fonia,de  calamela,de  faccabotis, 
de  viola,  guiterra,  de  lendo,  de  ciavi- 
cordio,  de  fauterio,  de  taborino,  de 
tymbahs,  de  cimbis,  de  coro,  de  fla- 
violo  et  fic  de  aliis  inftrumentis  quae 
funt  fmiilia  per  totam  rubiicam  iF 
de  fide  inftrumentorum." 

To  the  learned  reader  an  expla- 
nation of  this  pafFage  would  be  un- 
neceffary,  and  to  others  it  would, 
perhaps,  be  little  entertaining. 


the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


ON  THE  DISADVANTAGES  RESULTING  FROM 
DISPUTING  SOCIETIES. 


Sir, 

HAVING,  in  a  former  paper, 
oint<?d  out  fome  of  the  advantages 


5D2 


to  be  derived  from  difputi/ig  foci'!, 
ties,  I  lhall  now  confider  the  difad. 
vantages  with  which  ciicy  are  at- 


tended. 


yi6       Tbe  Disadvantages  of  Disputing  Societies.    Vol,  64^ 


tended.  It  is  a  fa(5l  unlVcrfally  ob- 
vious, that  every  inflitution,  from 
the  fupteme  council  of  a  nation,  to 
the  mofl  limited  alTociation  of  pri- 
vate citizens,  is  accompanied  by  a 
train  of  difadvantHges.  This  cir- 
cumftancc  is  a  neccifary  rcfwlt  of 
the  prefent  confti ration  of  man  ;  for 
even  a  perfed  inflitution,  if  it  were 
pofiiblc  for  fuch  a  one  to  be  framed, 
Irom  its  not  being  adapted  to  the 
circum (lances  of  man,  would  be 
found  altogether  inadequate  to  ac- 
con:kplini  its  end.  It  would,  there- 
fore, be  foolilh  in  the  extreme,  to 
attempt  to  vindicate  difputing  fo- 
cieties,  from  all  the  charges  that 
may  be  brought  againtl  them.  But 
without  attending  to  thofe  incon- 
veniences whicli  are  common  to 
them  with  other  inRitntions,  I  lliall 
confine  my  remarks  to  thole  defe^fts 
which  feem  to  arilb  from  the  nature 
of  the  inflitution  itfelf. 

The  mofl  frequent  objedion 
brought  again  ft  them  is  this,  that 
they  encourage  a  fpirit  of  contro- 
verfy.  This  is  an  evil  of  no  fmall 
magnitude.  A  difpofition  to  con- 
trovert and  difpute  every  opinion, 
is  equally  adverfe  to  improvement 
in  knov/ledge  and  in  virtue.  A  per- 
fcn  of  this  defcription  can  have  no 
fixed  piinciples  upon  which  to  regu- 
late his  condu<5l  ;  becaufe  the  ad- 
vontages  of  knowdedge  and  virtue 
themfelves  may  be  called  in  quef- 
tion.  Indeed,  it  has  been  adually 
maintained,  that  the  folitary  favage 
who  roams  in  th*e  woods,  enjoys 
more  happinefs  than  the  perlbn  who 
hasfpenthislifein  the  cultivation  and 
improvement  of  his  rational  nature. 
Surely  we  cannot  expect  that  men, 
who  are  of  this  opinion,  fhouid 
make  fuch  efforts  in  the  acquifition 
of  knoVvdedge,  as  thofe  w^ho  are 
firmly  convinced  of  its  utility  and 
excelknce.  No  more  can  We  ex- 
pert that  thofe,  whofe  mind  is  waver- 
ing and  unfettled,  ready  to  contro- 
vert every  ()pinicn,  however  well 


fupported,  fhouid  adhere  to  the  rule 
of  duty  with  the  fame  ileadinefs,  a$ 
the  perfon  who  adls  from  a  deep 
conviiftion  of  the  reditude  of  his 
condudt.  A  difpofition  to  difpute 
every  thing,  leads  the  way  to  uni- 
verfal  fcepticilm,  the  dangers  of 
which,  it  is  unneceffary  to  point  out* 
Let  us  now  fee  how  far  this  ob- 
jection can  apply  to  difputing  focie- 
ties  ;  and  take  care  not  to  confound 
the  accidental  with  the  neceifary  bad 
conftquences.  If  there  be  any  de- 
feds  in  their  internal  arrangement ; 
if  no  care  be  taken  to  exclude  im- 
proper members  ;  or  if  there  be  a 
remi ffnefs  in  enforcing  the  obferv- 
ance  of  the  laws  ;  in  any  of  thefc 
cafes  the  worll  of  confequences  may 
be  expeded  to  follow.  The  time 
alloted  lor  the  difcuffion  of  impor- 
tant fubjeds,  may  be  fpcnt  in  bitter 
wrangling,  idle  quibbling,  or  dif- 
courfe  totally  foreign  to  the  objed 
of  the  meeUng.  Thefe  inconve- 
niences, however,  arife,  not  from 
tlie  nature  of  the  focieties,  but  from 
the  ignorance  and  mifcondud  of  the 
members.  An  ignorant  pilot  might 
turn  a  fliip  from  her  courfe,  dafli 
her  againll  a  rock,  and  deftroy 
rtiany  ufeful  lives  f  but  no  man 
would  conclude,  from  that  circuni- 
ftance,  that  a  pilot  Avas  of  no  ufc 
in  managing  a  ihip. 

They  muil  be  very  ignorant  of 
the  defign  of  difputing  focieties,  who 
fuppofe  that  they  are  inftituted  mere- 
ly for  the  fake  of  debating.  This 
pradice  is  encouraged  only  as  a 
meanof  promoting  a  particular  end ; 
of  diredin?  the  attention  of  their 
members  to  the  moll  important  ot 
thofe  fubjeds  which  may  occupy 
their  attention  in  their  future  life ; 
of  riveting  them  in  their  minds, 
and  of  enabling  them  to  explain 
them  to  others  with  fluency  and 
preclfion.  Convinced  of  the  utility 
of  difputing  focieties  for  thefe  pur- 
pofes,  it  muft  be  confe/fed  that  thofe 
who  attend  them  are  ia  fome  dan- 
ger 


Sept.  i8o2.  The  Disadvantages  of  Disputing  Societies.  717 


ger  of  going  too  far  ;  of  contradt- 
ing  too  great  a  fondnefs  for  a  talent 
which  they  look  upon  to  be  fo  im- 
portant ;  and  of  cultivating  this  ta- 
lenfat  the  expence  of  others  equally 
valuable. 

This  defedt  aiifes,  in  a  great  mea- 
fure,  from  a  fenfe  of  the  importance 
of  being  a  good  public  fpeaker.  The 
orator  who  is  able  to  convince  the 
underftanding,  and  influence  the 
conduct  of  his  countrymen,  is  be- 
held with  admiration,  and  excites 
in  others  the  laudable  ambition  of 
equalling,  or  of  excelling  him. 
This  ambition  is  natural,  but  it  is 
alfo  reafonable.  Reafoning  is  the 
foundation  of  all  true  eloquence, 
without  which  a  harangue  may 
dazzle  the  vulgar,  but  can  only  ex- 
cite the  contempt  of  the  mor€  dif- 
cerning.  While  the  true  orator, 
therefore,  attends  to  the  graces  of 
elocution,  he  never  allows  himfeif, 
for  a  moment,  to  lofe  fight  of  his 
argument.  A  notion  indeed  has 
been  fometimes  entertained,  that 
j  reafoning  and  eloquence  are  incon- 
fiftent;  as  if  the  arguments  of  Ci- 
cero and  Demoilhenes  were  in  any 
degree  weakened  by  thofe  powers 
of  language  with  which  they  were 
adorned.  Each  of  them,  feparately, 
is  capable  of  producing  a  confider- 
able  effed,  but  their  union  is  alto- 
gether irrefiftible. 

It  is  by  public  fpeaking  and  de- 
bate that  the  machine  of  govern- 
ment is  kept  in  motion  ;  that  laws 
are  eftabrdhed,  and  regulations  a- 
dopted,  for  the  fecurity  and  happi- 
nefs  of  mankind.  By  the  fame 
means,  many  important  fubjeds 
have  been  inveftigated  with  an  ac- 
curacy, of  which  they  would  have 
been  otherwife  deprived,  and  men 
have  been  roufed  to  employ  an  in- 
iduftry  and  refearch,  greater  than 
ithey  believed  they  polfeifed.  But 
the  talent  is  dangerous  in  propor- 
,  tion  to  its  importance.  When  pro- 
'  perly  dire(^ed  it  leads  to  knowledge, 


and  renders  eafy  the  fuccefsful  com- 
munication of  it  to  others.  It  is 
only  when  improperly  direded,  that 
it  leads  to  wrangling  and  ftrife. 
The  advantages  of  learning  are 
great  ;  but  the  pedant,  who  is  per- 
petually boafting  of  his  fuperficial 
acquirements,  is  held  in  univerfal 
contempt. 

The  importance  of  this  talent 
will  farther  appear  by  attending  to 
the  charadlcr  of  thofe  to  whom  tiie 
exeicife  of  it  is  principally  commit- 
ted. We  are  not  to  look  for  it 
among  the  vulgar  and  illiterate. 
We  mufl  dire(5l  our  view  to  our 
great  national  alTemblies,  in  which 
our  civil  and  ecclefiaftical  rights  are 
preferved  and  maintained.  And 
who  arc  the  members  who  compofe 
thefe  aflcmblies  ?  Not  men  who 
court  the  applaufe  of  the  multitude, 
but  men  of  fcience,  of  learning, 
and  of  public  fpirit :  men  who  have 
fpent  their  lives  in  the  purfuic  of 
knowledge,  and  now  apply  it  to 
one  of  the  chief  purpofes  for  which 
it  was  intended.  It  is  to  be  lament- 
ed, indeed,  that  this  talent  has  been 
frequently  abufed,  and  produdive 
of  lading  bad  confequences.  Socie- 
ties, by  encouraging  and  ilrength- 
ening  it,  increale  the  danger  ;  but 
when,  under  proper  reguJations, 
and  compofed  of  refpedable  mem* 
bers,  the  danger  becomes  little,  and 
the  benefits  to  be  expected,  great 
and  numerous. 

Disputing  focieties  are  accuf- 
ed  likewife  of  producing  vanity- 
This  is  a  pafHon,  againft  which  it 
is  extremely  difficult  to  guard.  The 
moil  vigorous  mind,  and  the  high- 
eft  attainments  aa-e  not  proof  againft 
its  influence  :  and  when  once  it  gets 
pofleffion  of  the  mind,  it  vitiates 
every  principle  of  our  nature.  The 
perfon  who  is  feized  by  it,  imme- 
diately fhews  fymptoms  of  its  at- 
tack. He  looks  upon  himfeif  as  fu- 
perior  to  the  reft  of' his  .compani- 
ons, and  thinks  that  he  is  eutitled  to 

uni- 


7 1 8       The  Bisauvatitagcs  of  Disputing  Societies.    Vol.  64. 


umverfal  admiration.  Accordingly, 
he  is  ever  attentive  to  ftrengthen 
the  opinion  of  his  fuperiority.  He 
lludies,  not  fo  much  to  acquire 
kno\vlcdge,.-as  to  make  a  difplay  of 
what  he  has  already  acquired.  His 
manners  become  aflected,  hiis  tone 
dogmatical,  his  approbation  guard- 
ed, and  his  cenlures  peremptory. 
He  hecofnes  more  and  more  con- 
ceited of  his  httle  learning,  and 
mors  and  rnore  inlenlible  to  ilie  ex- 
tent of  his  ignorance,  tiil  raifcd,  in 
his  own  opinion,  to  the  fnmmit  of 
that  eminence  on  which  he  is  llation- 
cJ,  he  fancies  tliat  lie  hatli  iittained 
the  pinnacle  of  improvement,  not 
obferving  the  hills  wliich  rife  high- 
er and  higlicr  beyond  iiim,  in  per- 
petual  fucc^Uion,  till  they  hide  their 
diihant  heads  in  the  clouds. 

That  difputiiig  focieties  Iiave 
fome  tendency  to  nourilh  this  prin- 
ciple cannot  be  denied.  They  give 
every  member  an  opport unity  of 
entering  intocompetiLion  with  Ins  fel- 
lows, and  llimulaie  him  to  employ  all 
his  ingenuity  in  order  to  excel  them. 
When  he  thinks  he  has  affected  his 
purpofe,  or  even  raifed  himfelf  to  an 
equality  wMlh  thofe  who  are  relped- 
able  for  their  abilities,  he  is  apt  to 
over  rate  his  attainments,  and  to 
reft  fatis fied  wiih  the  progrefs  in 
improvement  he  hath  already  made ; 
to  become  fond  of  difplay ing,  and 
negligent  in  cultivating,  the  powers 
of  his  mind. 

This  inconvenience,  however, 
proceeds  not  fo  much  from  a  habit 
of  difputing,  as  from  a  principle 
implanted  in  our  nature  to  ferve 
the  moll  ufeful  parpofes.  That 
principle,  I  mean,  from  which  we 
feel  a  fatisfa^lion  and  confcious 
w^orth,  when  we  have  made  our- 
felves  mafter  of  any  valuable  attain- 
ment. This  inw^ard  feeling  ftlmu- 
lates  us  to  proceed  in  the  profecu- 
tion  of  our  lludies,  and  if  regulat- 
ed by  prudence,  may  lead  todifco. 
veries  the  moft  beneficial  and  im- 


portant. If,  in  any  cafe  it  be  mif- 
applied,  the  blame  attaches  to  the 
individual,  and  not  to  the  fociety  of 
which  he  is  a  member.  It  is  only 
the  bctl  gifts,  and  moft  valuabb 
endowments  that  we  are  in  danger 
of  abufnig.  An  elevation,  from 
poverty  to  opulence,  from  infigni- 
ficance  to  power,-  frequently  cor- 
]  upts  thofe  who  experience  the 
change.  But  who,  on  that  account, 
would  blame  the  honcil  endeavour' 
of  rifing  in  the  woild  ?  We  have 
feen  thofe,  v/ho  have  railed  them- 
felves  to  the  height  of  literary  emi-i 
nencc,  employing  their  talents  in 
fubverting  the  conllitution  of  their 
country,  and  in  deftroying  the  peacv 
and  liappinels  of  mankind.  We 
have  feen  tlie  profound  politician 
employing  the  foldiers  and  refources 
of  liis  country,  in  promoting  the 
fchemes  of  his  own  aggrandifement. 
Surely  we  would  not,  on  that  ac- 
count, however,  depreciate  the  va- 
lue of  the  fcholar,  or  politician. 

From  an  imperfedlion  of  our  na- 
ture, power  of  every  kind  is  dan- 
gerous. Iiiilory  abounds  with  in- 
Itances  of  its  abufe.  Intelleclual 
vigour  is  more  dangerous,  as  its 
inlluence  is  more  extenfive,  than 
bodily  ftrength.  Hence,  if  dif- 
puting focieties  cherilh  and  ftrength- 
cn  the  energy  of  the  mind,  tliey 
are  dangerous  in  furnifaing  men 
with  a  weapon,  w^hich  they  may 
employ  to  the  moft  pernicious,  as 
well  as  to  the  moft  ufeful  purpofes. 

To  a  perfon  of  a  folid  judgement 
little  daugcr  is  to  be  apprehended 
from,  vanity,  in  the  acquitition 
knowledge.    To  whatever  departj 
ment  of  literature  he  turn  his  aH 
teation,  he  will  fee  a  field  fafficienwi 
ly  extenfive  to  exercife  his  diligence, 
and  check  liis  pride.    Perfons  who 
have   no  deure  for  i-mprovement, 
who  enter  focieties  merely  to  make 
a  fhow  in  the  eyes  of  their  compa- 
nions, or  to  pafs  away  fome  time 
that  would  oiherw^fe  hang  heavy 

upoit 


3ept.  1802.  The  Disadvantages  of  Disputing  Societies,  719 


upon  their  hands,  can  expecft  little 
advantage  from  the  inftitution. 
Their  own  levity  will  prevent  them 
from  feeling  their  defedls,  and  make 
them  too  conceited  of  any  talents 
they  may  naturally  po/feifi.  Hence, 
they  may  acquire  all  that  flippancy 
of  conduct,  which  I  have  mentioned 
as  the  natural  exprefiion  of  vaniLy. 
Difpuling  focieties,  however,  aie 
not  indicated  for  fuch  characters  as 
thefe.  If  they  liappen  to  be  com- 
pofed  of  fuch,  the  defign  of  their 
inilituiion  is  wholly  frultrated.  in 
every  human  aiTociation  there  are 
vain  and  contentious  perfons,  who 
turn  into  abufe  every  advantage 
wiih  which  they  are  favoured.  We 
ought  not,  therefore,  to  charge  dif- 
puling focieties,  in  particular.  With. 
cherilhing  this  temper,  without  bet- 
ter reafons  than  have  yet  been  af- 
figned. 

Disputing  focieties  are  farther 
accufed  of  being  unfavourable  to 
religion  and  morals.  Indeed,  if  it 
could  once  be  eftabliflied  that  they 
have  any  particular  tendency  to  ex- 
cite vanity  and  pride,  it  would  not 
be  very  difficult  to  make  good  the 
charge.  1  have  already,  however, 
endeavoured  to  do  away,  in  a  great 
nicafurc,  the  force  of  the  former 
objection,  and  Ihall  now  lliow  tl^at 
the  latter  is  equally  unfounded. 

The  chief  way  by  which  they  are 
fiid  to  be  unfavourable  to  religion, 
is  by  making  their  members  lacis- 
fied  with  fuch  a  fuperftcial  know- 
ledge, as  to  make  them  become 
fceptics,  but  not  philofophers.  Stu- 
dents, indeed,  when  members  of 
thefe  focieties  hardly  ever  think  of 
examining  to  the  bottom,  any  cf  the 
fubjeds  pvopofed  for  their  difcuf- 
fion.  Nor  is  it  proper  that  they 
Ihould.  At  the  early  period  of  their 
ftudies,  when  they  become  members 
of  thefe  inllitutions,  they  know  very 
little  of  the  importance  of  the  dif- 
ferent branches  of  knowledge  ;  and 


to  examine  fully  every  fubj<:v5l  to 
which  they  turned  their  attention, 
would  rclemble  a  perfon,  who, 
wilhing  to  get  acquainted  with  a 
particular  country,  (hoiild  begin 
his  refearches  by  examining  every 
plant  and  every  infe(ft  that  he  found 
ia  his  way.  Bat  when  the  circle  of 
knov/ledgc  is  Ipread  out  like  a  map 
beiore  the  fbiJent,  he  is  able  in  a 
iliort  time  to  run  over  its  different 
parts,  to  judge  of  th^ir  relative  va- 
lue, and  to  hx  upon  thofe  which 
appear  moft  dcferving  of  his  atten- 
tion, and  bed:  calculated  for  pro- 
moting the  end  to  wiiich  his  ftudies 
are  chiefly  directed.  The  profeflors 
of  pliiioibphy  in  our  m-jivdriities, 
propofe  to  thenifelves  the  fame  ectl 
in  their  public  inftru^tions.  They 
do  not  pretend  to  give  a  complete 
view  of  any  one  fubjedt  that  comes 
under  their  con  I  i  deration,  bit  only 
a  general  outiine  of  the  pMncipal 
fabjefls  which  belong  to  their  de- 
partment ot  academical  arrange- 
ment. 

Disputing  focieties  are  inilituted 
with  a  view  to  the  lame  end,  which 
they  promote  in  a  dilterent  manner. 
In  the  one  cafe,  the  iladent  liftens 
to  what  is  delivered,  and  perhaps 
endeavours  to  remember  it,  but 
feldom  takes  the  tiouble  of  thinking 
for  himfelf.  In  the  other,  he  is 
compelled  to  put  Kis  povvv^rs  to  the 
tell,  and  to  fupport  every  opinion  he 
advances.  Thus  he  ea)-Jy  acquires 
the  habit  of  examining  accurately 
every  proportion  that  is  propofeJ 
to  him,  of  dete(5ling  the  fallacy  of 
an  argument,  and  of  preventing 
himfelf  from  being  impoied  upon 
by  the  falfe  reafcning  of  dellgning 
men.  Both  inRi  tut  ions  contribute 
their  part,  in  llrengthening  and  ex- 
panding the  powers  of  the  mind  ; 
and  the  one  feems  to  be  an  uf:iful 
appendage  to  the  other. 

\^To  be  ContiuuiJ.) 

For 


720 


Vol.  64- 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
ON  THE  STUDY  OF  HUMAN  NATURE. 


THERE  are  few  fnbjecls  more 
mportant  or  agreeable  than  the  va- 
rijLies  of  iuleileclual  and  moral  cha- 
ra6i:er.  The  moll  obvious  way  of 
ftudymg  thefe  varieties  is  to  enu- 
merate the  peculiarities  ot  an  indi- 
vidual, to  trace  their  elFecls  ;  and, 
having  acv^uired  a  proper  number 
of  charadors,  to  dillribute  them 
into  clalles,  correfponding  to  the 
referablance  which  tliey  bear  to  one 
another. 

This  ftudy  has  been  rendered 
much  eafier  by  the  difcoveries  of 
thofe  phiiolbphers,  who  have  made 
the  human  mind  an  object  of  their 
attention.  They  have  difcovered 
bv  mdutftion,  laws  of  mind,  equally 
\iniverfal  v/ith  the  laws  of  matter. 
They  have  pointed  out  the  influ- 
ence of  particular  fituations  and  ha- 
bits on  the  human  mind  ;  and,  by 
this  means,  have  enabled  us  to  tracf; 
the  features  of  character  to  their 
caufes  ;  to  difcover  in  an  individual, 
the  characleridics  of  a  clafs  of  men ; 
to  difcover,  whether  our  regulaiity 
of  condud  has  any  other  founda- 
tion, than  a  happy  temper,  ora  fitua- 
tion  free  from  thofe  temptations, 
which  difcover  the  deceitfulnefs  of 
our  refolutions  ;  to  eftimate  juiViy 
the  merit  or  abilities,  either  of  our- 
felves,  or  others  ;  and  to  cultivate 
our  minds,  fo  as  to  obtain  moil  fuc- 
cefsfuUy,  the  great  ends  of  our  ex- 
iftence. 

An  attentive  perufal  of  their  wri- 
tings will  alfo,  have  a  moft  benefi- 
cial influence  In  afli fling  our  obfer- 
vations,  and  faciliating  our  difcove- 


ries in  the  examination  of  individu- 
al chara<^ers — Ic  makes  th^^ir  pecu. 
liaritics  appear  more  flriking,  and 
fewer,  fo  that  it  is  eafier  to  devc- 
lope  them.  The  knowledge  of  hu- 
man  nature  which  is  acquired  by 
habiLs  of  bufmefs,  is  generally  very 
confined.  Adive  bufmefs  of  all 
kinds  has  a  ten  dency  to  cngrofs  the 
mind,  and  weaken  the  ardour  of 
curiofity.  Under  its  influence,  men 
are  apt  to  confound  the  particular 
afped<;  of  human  nature  with  thofe 
general  laws  of  intelligence  and 
feeling  which  conftitute  its  identity 
in  all  ages  and  nations  ;  and  are  of- 
ten fo  completely  engroffed  by  kleas 
connected  with  /oss  or grrtty  that  tliey 
follow,  without  refleilion,  where 
others  lead  the  way,  and  grow  wife 
by  applying,  to  the  condudl  of  life,^ 
principles  fanclioned  by  the  example 
of  the  more  prudent  part  of  manf 
kind. 

Men  of  pleafure  ajfo  are  well  acJ 
quainted  with  the  world  ;  but  theti 
knowledge,  owing  to  the  fame  neJ 
gledt  of  general  principles,  is  feidon 
comprehenfive.    They  fee  human 
nature  in  its  worft  form.    They  at 
tach  the  charge  of  hypocrify  to'' 
every  charadler  not  openly  vicious. 
They  confider  vice  as  fo  natural 
and  unavoidable  in  one  who  mingles 
with  tlie  world,  that  they  make 
hardly  any  effort  to  reform  in  fu- 
ture, and  feel  hardly  any  compunc- 
tion on  account  of  their  paft  irre- 
gularities, but  what  is  inleparable 
from  a  heart  not  yet  completely 
hardened.  A.  Y. 


Sept.  1802. 


721 


ON  an  INDULGENCE  in  the  FLIGHTS  of  IMAGINATION. 


The  weary  foul  imagination  cheers, 
Her  plealin^  colours  pam.  the  future  gay  ; 
Time  pafies  on,  the  truth  itfelf  appears — 
The  piealing  colours  indant  fade  awaj'I 

ScdTT. 


DURING  the  une^inployed  pe- 
riods of  life  (for  notwithilanding 
the  buftle  and  outcry  of  fome,  every 
one  has  his  hours  of  indolence  and 
repofe)  there  are  few  who  do  not 
indulge  in  the  wanderings  of  imagi- 
nation, and  allow  their  fancy  on  oc- 
cafions  to  portray  fcenes  of  fu- 
ture happinefs  and  unalloyed  blifs. 
We  are  then  found  to  give  a  ready 
admiffion  to  reprefentations  of  the 
ple?ifure  \vhich  will,  fome  time  or 
other  we  think,  be  fecured  to  us ; 
aiid  fondly  cherifh  the  images  from 
which  this  pleafure  is  expeifled  to 
arife,  by  following  and  contemplat- 
irg  them  in  every  point  of  view  iu 
which  they  can  be  placed.  When 
our  minds  are  left  thus  ungoverned, 
we  form  plans  of  felicity,  and  wan- 
ton in  joys,  which  nature,  it  may  be 
faid,  never  intended  fliould  be  rea- 
lized, but  in  a  limited  degree,  even 
by  the  moft  favoured  of  mankind  ; 
we  fet  a  value  on  particular  objedls, 
in  order  that  we  may  be  occupied 
in  their  purfuit ;  and  not  unfre- 
quently,  from  the  eagernefs  with 
which  we  follow  thefe  fuggeftions, 
allow  ourfelves  to  become  enrap- 
tured when,  like  I.xion,  we  only  em- 
brace a  cloud ! 

BrsiDLS  thofe  fubje(fl:s  of  contem- 
plation to  which  circumftances  may 
have  given  rife,  and  whicl),  of  con- 
fequence,  may  have  fome  claim  to 
our  attention,  there  are  others  that 
find  acimi(rion  into  the  mind,  fo  un- 
accountable in  their  nature,  and 

Vol.  LXIV, 


boundleft  5n  their  extent,  that  we 
would,  it  is  believed,  often  blufli  to 
fee  them  expofed,  even  for  a  mo- 
ment, to  the  moit  indulgent  o-f  our 
friends. 

From  the  extravagance  of  fuch 
reveries,  and  the  difficulty  of  pre- 
fcribing  to  them  limits,  a  great  mo- 
ralift  '  has  fomewhere  taken  occa* 
fion  to  confider  all  thofe  irregular 
thoughts  which  go  beyond  the 
bounds  of  fober  probability,  as  no- 
thing elfe  than  temporary  fits  of  in- 
fanity :  an  opinion  he  probably 
founded  on  perceiving  the  diredion 
which  the  minds  of  thofe  purfae 
who  are  unhappily  fubje(5leci  to  a 
total  and  continued  privation  of 
reafon.  Nor  will  this  opinion  ap- 
pear, on  coniideration,  to  be  unrea* 
fonable,  or  far  removed  from  trutli. 
If  we  are  to  judge  from  the  appa- 
rent fimilarity  of  thought,  the  hrft 
aberration  may,  without  any  great 
ftretch,  be  viewed  as  the  founda*- 
tion  of  another  and  greater  irregu- 
larity of  mi  ad  ;  and  were  we  to  re- 
fled  on  the  orig'n  and  progreffive 
advances  of  that  calamity  lb  morti- 
fying to  human  vanity,  v/e  would 
find  every  idle  dream  allied  to  it. 
In  many  inftances,  it  will  be  feen  to 
proceed  from  an  overheated  imagi- 
nation, the  ebullitions  of  which  not 
unfrequently  engender  patlions,  ei- 
ther hateful  or  piealing  in  thfm- 


*  Dt  J'  hnfun. 

J  E  felves, 


722 


Indulgence  m  the  Flights  of  Imaginat  ion.     Vol.  64. 


felves,  as  jealoufy,  love,  &c  ;  and 
thefe,  by  continued  ndulgence, 
gradually  alienate  the  mind  altoge- 
ther from  other  objeds.  Every 
fourte  of  enjoyment  being  thus  ex- 
tin  ■•uifhed,  and  every  facuky  ab- 
forbed  in  the  ruling  paffion,  a  total 
feclufion  from  fociety  at  length  be- 
comes neceffary  for  the  unhappy 
vidim. 

The  confiderations  to  which  this 
view  of  the  fubjed  naturally  give 
rife,  will  lead  us  to  acknowledge, 
that  we  wantonly  expofe  ourfclves 
to  danger  wlienever  we  give  way  to 
thefe  dreams,  or  caRle-building  in 
the  air  as  they  are  called.  Though 
apparently  harmlefs,  and  only  cal- 
culated to  banifh  unpleafmg  reflec- 
tions, or  relieve  the  tedium  of  a 
lleeplcfs  night,  they  ought  yet  to  be 
repre/Ted  in  their  growth,  and  treat- 
ed as  the  fymptoms  of  a  real  mala- 
dy, w^hich  gains  (Irength  by  inatten- 
tion to  its  progrefs,  until  at  length 
it  baflles  every  prefcription. 

That  this  melancholy  confe- 
qucRce  does  fometimes  refult  from 
fuch  caufes  will  not  furely  be  deni- 
ed ;  nor  will  it  appear  extraordi- 
nary, when  the  feeds  of  fuch  a  dif- 
temper  are  fo  readily  foftered,  and 
"u^hen,  at  the  fame  time,  we  recoi- 
led the  eafy  and  infenfihle  progref- 
fion  from  a  moderate  indulgence  in 
fuch  pleafures,  to  that  ftate  when 
attempts  are  made  to  exhibit  the 
operations  of  the  mind  on  a  wal!. 

Although  it  is  true,  we  have 
few  exrampies  where  an  indulgence 
in  thefe  pleafmg  reveries  terminates 
fo  unhappily,  it  will,  never thelefs 
be  allowed,  that  we  ought  to  guard 
againft  the  advances  of  a  difeafe 
which  gives  us  a  diftafte  for  the 
common  occurrences  of  life,  and 
has,  befides,  a  tendency,  by  en- 
feebling the  mind,  to  render  us  un- 
fit for  more  adive  and  ufeful  em- 
ployments. 

If  we  were  to  confider  this  fub- 
jed,  therefore,  as  it  influences  our 


happinefs  in  life,  we  fliould  have 
confiderable  room   for  reflexion. 
Befides  weakening  the  energy  of 
our  minds,  the  imagination,  wben 
left  unreftrained,  will  be  found  to 
diniinifh  our  adual  enjoyment.  The 
mind  that  is  occupied  with  vifion- 
ary  projeds  has  little  room  for  the 
overflowings  of  another's  happinefs : 
nor  v/ill  the  heart  that  is  fct  upon 
fuppofitious  advantages  and  dillant 
pleafures  be  readily  entwined  by 
a  reciprocation  of  feeling,  or  wan- 
ton in  the  luxury  of  fympatliy.  Jt 
is  by  a  lamentable  perver/ion  in  tliQ 
exercife  of  our  faculties,  that  many  ' 
of  the  evils  of  life  are  produced, 
and  others  aggravated  beyond  wliat  , 
would  otherwife  have  been  known.  • 
We  permit  the  gay  vifions  of  fancy 
to  feize  on  the  underfjanding,  and 
readily  encourage  every  idea  that 
will  produce  a  plealing  fenfation. 
We  flatter  ourfelves  with  prlfcning  ' 
opportunities  and  fantaflical  advan-  ; 
tages,  which  reafon  might  tell  us  ; 
can  never  arrive.    The  difaj^point-  ' 
ments  that  follow,  ofj:en  embitter 
our  days,  and  render  us  a  prey  to, 
defpondency. 

In  almofl:  every  flage  of  life  we 
purfue,  with  fome  degree  of  earneft- 
nefs,  the  phantoms  of  hope  ;  but  it 
is  in  the  early  part  of  life  that  we 
are  in  tlie  greatefi:  dans^er  of  being  . 
mifled  by  expedations  fanguine  and 
unlimited.     During  the  feafon  of 
youth,  when  the  mind  is  untutored 
i^y  experience,  we  are  eafily  flatter- 
ed with  the  delufive  hope  of  enjoy- 
ing future  happinefs.    We  are  then 
naturally  difpofed,  from  a  love  of 
independence,  to  look  forward  to 
fach  circumftances  as  may  free  us 
from  the  domination  of  others,  and 
fix  us  in  life.   In  puifuing  this  fub- 
jed  of  contemplation,  w^e  often  al- 
low ourfelves  to  proceed,  fometimesj|| 
infenfibly  indeed,  beyond  thofc  li-B 
mits  which  reafon  would  fandion^B 
were  it  to  exercife  its  controlling  1 
power.    Ideas  of  continued  profpe- 


Sept.  1 8c  2.    Indulgence  in  the  Flights  of  Imagination, 


Titj  fill  the  mind  ;  and  we  enjoy, 
in  anticipation,  the  flattering  dif- 
lindtion  which  fuperiority  to  our 
prefent  fituation  does  not  fail  to 
produce.  Time,  however,  which 
pa/Tes  on,  ferves  to  convince  us  of 
the  fallacy  of  our  hopes.  Themis- 
fortunes  of  life,  which,  alas  !  of- 
ten prefs  with  unremitting  feverity, 
awaken  us  to  reality,  and  chafti- 
fes,  in  fome  degree,  our  bewildered 
fancy. 

Vv^iTH  minds  unfettled,  and  aban- 
doned to  the  devious  fuggeftions  of 
the   imagination,    we  continually 
place  our  thoughts  on  fome  acqui- 
fition,  the  attainment  of  which  is  to 
fecure  our  happinefs  ;  nor  do  we 
negledl,  in  thefe  mental  purfuits,  to 
dwell  on  the  felicity  which  we  are 
U>  receive  on  arriving  at  the  differ- 
ent  fleps  that  lead  to  the  objedt  in 
view.    It  is  on  thefe  occafions  that 
a  heated  fancy  is  allowed  to  ufurp 
the  place  of  leafon.    By  the  aid  of 
this  parent  of  every  paflion,  all  the 
profpeds  we  form  to  ourfelves  arc 
decked  out  in  the  faireft  colours, 
and  the  way  we  are  to  advance 
ftrewed  with  the  choiceft  flowers. 
On  fubjedls  fo  delightful  we  dwell 
^vith  unceafmg  fondnefs.   We  place 
them  in  every  point  of  view,  and 
make  them  undergo  numerous  va- 
riations.   We  return  again  and  a- 
[(ain  to  the  place  from  whence  we 
let  out,  and  Hill  find  new  pleafures, 
until  at  length,  the  mind  becomes 
fatigued,  or  the  fubjed  exhaufled. 
One  half  of  the  attention  thus  be- 
iowed  on  a  ufeful  puifuit  would, 
:iioft  probably,  fecure  that  fuperio- 
nty  which  is  fo  much  defired,  and 
^  of  real  fervice  to  us  in  life. 

Nor  are  the  approaches  of  old 
^ge,  fuperadded  to  the  numerous 
-ares  of  life,  fuiHcient  to  baniih  al- 
^gether  thefe  romantic  notions, 
-^n  the  contrary,  the  mind,  to  the 
ateft  hour,  and  before  recovering 
rom  the  fcverefl  pangs  of  afllidion, 
nd  to  fport  in  the  wide-fpread 


fields  which  the  imagination  opens 
to  view.  But  in  allowing  ourfelves 
to  be  captivated  by  thefe  profpeds,- 
we  are  often  condemned  to  mourn, 
with  real  -  forrow,  the  lofs  of  plea- 
fures and  advantages  which  had  on- 
ly been  perceived  at  a  diftancc. 
Notwithliandingthedifappointmcnts 
that  follow,  we  are  unwilling  to  ad- 
mit the  folly  of  fuch  fpeculations  as 
produced  them  ;  our  ardent  imagi- 
nations ll;ill  impel  us  to  look  for- 
ward to  the  accomplifhment.of  one 
objed  after  another,  until  we  have 
paifed  a  whole  lifetime  in  idle 
dreams,  and  often  been  a  prey  to 
forrow  and  difappointment. 

Thus  does  it  happen,  that  we 
lofe  the  prefent  moment,  with  the 
enjoyment  it  alFords,  for  the  viiion- 
ary  hope  of  future  happinefs ;  We 
thruft  from  us  the  advantages  that 
are  within  our  reach,  as  too  trifling 
to  be  received,  while  we  fix  our 
minds  on  fome  diftant  period,  and 
eagerly  defire  that  the  days  and 
years  which  fill  the  intermediate 
Ipace  may  elapfe  without  our  paf-  . 
fing  through  them :  like  the  mari- 
ner, who,  thinking  continually  on 
land  and  the  endearments  of  tender 
conneclions,  wHhes  the  intervening 
period  to  be  bloated  out  from  exift-  ' 
ence,  and  part  of  that  hfe,  other-  . 
wife  too  Ihort,  to  be  taken  away. 

Experience,  however,  if  it  do  not 
teach  us  to  value  every  moment  as 
it  paffes,  often  ferves  at  leall  to  raiie 
them  in  our  ellimation  after  they  are 
gone.  When  preifed  dow^n  with  mif- 
fortunes,  or  diiven  to  difpair  by  the 
accumulation  of  mifery,  we  look 
back  with  regret  to  thofe  hours  of 
happy  indifference  which  were  al- 
lowed to  pafs  away  unheeded  and 
unregarded.  We  figli  for  a  return 
of  what  vre  once  de.pifcd,  and  bit-* 
terly  lament  our  infenfibility  to  tirat 
happinefs  vrhich  wc  arc  afterwards 
made  to  prize. 
Broughiorty  I 

5  E  2 


7^4 


Vol.  64. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
OF  the  PRINCIPLES  of  HISTORICAL  COMPOSITION. 


THE  utility  of  fiift(^ry  is  utiJver- 
fally  acknowledged.  If  the  charac- 
ter of  the  writers,  and  the  number 
of  the  reader?,  be  the  rtandard  by 
which  we  are  to  eftimate  the  rank 
of  any  fpecies  of  literary  compofi- 
tion,  we  will  not  hefitate  to  affign 
a  Very  elevated  ftation  to  the  de- 
partment of  hi  ft  or  y.  In  the  clafs 
of  hiftorians,  we  find  men  of  the 
jnoft  diftinguifhed  eminence  for 
their  abilities,  their  virtues,  and 
their  fituation  in  life.  Sta  cfmen 
and  warriors  have  often  detailed 
their  own  tranfadlions,  or  thofe  of 
their  country;  while  philofophers 
and  divines,  ftudious  of  the  beft  in- 
terefts  of  fociety,  have  deemed  hif- 
torical  compofition  no  ufelefs  exer- 
cife  of  their  talents. 

Thfir  labours  have  beefi  amply 
rewarded  by  the  avidity  and  grati- 
tude  with  which  their  records  have 
been  perufed.  Nor  is  this  the  only 
cffedl  which  they  have  produced. 
Their  writings  have  formed  our 
minds  in  youth  ;  we  ftudy  them  in 
our  maturer  years;  and  they  are 
obferved  to  be  the  so/act^  and  entet- 
tainment  of  old  age. 

In  this  paper,  we  ftiall  coiifider 
the  general  principles  of  hiftorical 
compofition,  and  in  our  next,  offer 
fome  remarks  upon  the  moral  ufes 
of  hiftory. 

I  DO  not  recolle(5l  ever  to  have 
feen  a  definition  of  hiftory.  I  flat- 
ter myfelf  that  the  following  will 
convey  a  pretty  good  idea  of  the 
hiftorical  charader^    A  hiftxJrian  is 


Otle  who  obferves  the  operations  of 
the  human  mind,  as  difcovercd  in 
the  events  of  life  and  revolutions  of 
fociety,  and  records  them  for  the 
benefit  of  others.'* 

HowEVBa  imperfedl  this  defcrip* 
tion  may  appear,  1  believe  that  it 
will  be  eafy  to  deduce  from  it  the 
principal  properties  of  hiftorical 
compofition. 

To  begin  with  the  choice  of  a 
fubjedl.  Dionyfius  Halicarna/fus 
was  of  opinion,  that  the  fubjedt  of 
hiftory  ought  always  to  be  fortu- 
nate and  fplendid.  But  if  hiftory 
be  a  record  of  fa6is  for  the  inftrac- 
tion  of  mankind,  why  fhould  we 
conceal  the  misfortunes  of  a  people? 
From  their  difafters  as  v/ell  as  from 
their  vi<5lories,  the  leiTons  of  wiiUom 
may  be  gathered.  We  are  no  left 
anxious  to  avoid  pofitive  evil  than 
to  obtain  real  good.  National 
calamities  have  been  irt  general  oc- 
cafioned  either  by  vice  or  mifcon- 
dud.  If  we  would  therefore  wifti 
pofterity  to  profit  by  our  experience, 
if  we  would  vvifh  to  alleviate  the 
fufferings  of  men,  and  circumfcribc 
the  reign  of  folly,  let  us  ere^,  fc^r 
the  warning  of  others,  beacons  on 
thofe  rocks  which  have  proved  fatal 
to  former  adventurers. 

In  order,  therefore,  that  the  re- 
cord of  the  hiftorian  may  be  ufeful, 
the  author  muft  be  polfelfed  of  an 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  human 
heart.  The  influence  of  political 
caufes  on  public  affairs  is  great.  ^  Itt 
a  writer  of  this  clafs,  an  acquaint- 
ance 


Sept.  i8c2.  Of  the  Principles  of  Historical  Composition.  725 


ance  with  thefe  fs  abfolutely  necef- 
fary.    Still,  however,  the  ftudy  of 
human  nature  is  important.  The 
greatefl:  revolutions  in  focicty  have 
been  accomplifhcd  by  the  agency 
of  in  ividuals.    Empires  have  been 
ere£led  and  overturned,    and  the 
deftiny  of  nations  accelerated  or  re- 
tarded, by  the  efforts  of  fuigle  men. 
Of  the  four  ancient  empires,  three, 
the  Alfyrian,  Perfian,  and  Macedo- 
nian, v^ere  founded  by  individuals, 
and  the  Roman  owed  its  aggran- 
difemcnt,  no  Icfs  to  the  virtues  of  its 
generals,  than  to  the  valour  of  its 
foldiers.    In  modern  times,  though 
the  people  poifefs,  in  the  manage- 
ment of  national  concerns,  an  influ- 
ence unequalled   in  former  ages, 
there  are  not  a-wanting  inftances  of 
the  energy  which  public  operations 
derive  from  the  fkill  of  an  able 
leaden    Curioflty  is  gratified  by  an 
account  of  the  private  character  of 
great  men,  and  it  is  necefTary,  that 
we  fltould  be  informed  of  thefe  par- 
ticulars, fmce  the  temper  of  their 
mind  has  fuch  an  effedt  on  the  com- 
plexion of  public  events.  EfFedls 
muft  be  carefully  traced  to  their 
caufes.    While  the  progrefs  of  af- 
fairs is  accurately  delineated,  the 
fpring,  whatever  it  be,  ought  to  be 
no  lefs  diftinaiy  marked.    For  th^ 
moil  important  ufe  of  hi  (lory  is, 
that  by  givmg  us  an  opportunity  of 
obferving  the    correipondence  be- 
twixt the  means  and  the  end  on  for- 
mer occafions,  we  may  adapt,  with 
fafety,  our  meafures  to  our  prefent 
circumitances.    Hence  we  may  ea- 
fily  conceive  with  what  pernicious 
confequences  the  concealment,  or 
mis-ftatement,  of  a  fmgle  particular 
maybe  attended,  and  of  what  import- 
ance it  is  for  a  hiftorian  to  be  ac- 
quainted v/ith  private  chara(5!er. 

To  unfold  this  connexion  betwixt 
caufe  and  effedt,  conftitutes  much  of 
of  the  difficulty  of  hiilorical  com- 
poficion,  and  renders  it  peculiarly 
rkfome  tp  a  man  cf  genius.  In  the 


other  walks  of  literature,  the  mind 
often  depends  on  nothing  but  itfelf 
for  refources.    The  orator  may  a- 
vail   himfelf  of  every  argument 
which  imagination  can  fuggeft  in 
favour  of  his  caufe.    The  poet  may 
cfeate  a  ful>je(5l  for  himfelf,  or  adopt 
one  but  im perfectly  known.  Pro- 
vided he  exhibit  a  train  of  circum- 
ftances  confiftcnt  with  probability, 
his  invention  may  bid  defiance  ta 
reftraint.    But,  in  the  hiilorun,  g&- 
nius  muft  combine  its  efFeds  with 
induftry.    It  is  only  by  a  tedious 
and  painful  inveltigation,  that  he 
can  difcover  the  extent  and  diifefent 
bearings  of  his  fubje6t.    He  is  not 
permitted  to  indulge  his  fancy,  or 
fupply  by  invention  the  de^ciencies 
in  the  fources  of  his  information. 
It  may  happen,  that  the  greater 
part  of  the  fa6ls  which  he  relates, 
may  be  previoufly  known,  and  at  any 
rate,  the  channel  through  which  he: 
received  his  knowledge  is  open  to 
the  public.   Every  d^^parture,  there- 
fore, from  the  truth  is  liable  to  de- 
te(Sion.    But  even  fuppofrng  that 
he  could  conceal  or  mis-reprefent 
fadls  with  fecurity,  Ptill  however,  hs 
would  forfeit  the  title  of  a  hiilorian. 
For  veracity,  we  muil  remember,  is 
the  effence  of  hiilory.    His  fubje£t 
indeed,  will  give  him  frequent  op- 
portunities for  the  exercife  of  taite 
and  genius.    Still,  however,  thefe 
powers  muft  be  made  to  bear  o^i 
one  point.    They  may  be  frequent- 
ly employed    to    illuftrate  truth, 
when  known ;   but  he  will  often 
have  occafion  for  others  to  direct 
him  in  the  fearch,  when  it  is  con- 
cealed. 

But  veracity,  after  all,  is  only  a 
negative  virtue  in  a  hiilorian.  Other 
qualitications  are  neceilary  before 
he  can  lay  claim  to  this  honourabk 
appellation.  The  annalilt  and  chro- 
nologer  both  record  facfls.  But 
neither  obtains  the  name  of  hidori- 
an.  Their  labours  form  the  mate- 
rials for  regular  hiftory ;  but  the 


726        Of  the  Principles  of  Historical  Composition.    Vol.  64* 


hiftoriiin,  befides  pofTefling  their 
knowledge  of  fa(5ts,  mufl:  have  the 
talent  of  rendering  them  ufeful. 

Facts,  in  order  to  be  ufeful, 
xnuft  be  interefting.  Nor  is  it  fuf- 
ficient  for  iliis  purpofe,  that  they 
be  in  themfelves  important.  Unlefs 
the  circuinflances  which  intcrelt  be 
pointed  out,  tlie  greateil  events  may 
pafs  before  us  diJ'regarded.  In 
Ihort,  if  we  refled  but  a  little  on 
the  fa(5l,  we  will  find  that  the  inte- 
refl  we  take  in  hiitorical  narratives 
depends  lefs  on  the  nature  of  the 
lubjefl,  than  on  the  abilities  of  the 
writer. 

To  render  a  narrative  interefting 
and  inllrudive,  the  writer  mult  be 
pofTelfed,  in  a  high  degree,  of  fen- 
fibility,  imagination,  and  judge- 
ment. 

By  fenfibility,  w-e  do  not  mean 
that  depraved  temper  of  mind  that 
fiirinks  at  every  touch,  and  finds,  in 
every  incident  that  occurs,  a  fubje<ft 
for  the  focial  feelings.  The  hiitori- 
an's  fenfibillty  muft  indeed  be  acute, 
but  it  is  not  necefTary  that  it  be  fe- 
verifli.  It  is  a  temper  of  mind  a- 
live  to  the  moft  exquifite  beauties, 
and  fufcept:ble  of  the  fineft  impref- 
fions.  If  carried  to  excefs,  it  fug- 
gefts  emotions  which  the  fober  think 
unnatural,  becaufe  they  never  felt 
them.  Its  defed  is,  that  calloufncfs 
w^hich  excludes  impreffions  of  which 
others  are  confcious.  That  fenfibi- 
Iity  which  becomes  the  inflrument 
ef  genius,  is  equally  removed  from 
both  extremes.  Its  effects  are  great 
and  pleafant. 

Whek  the  emotions  of  the  WTiter 
keep  time  to  the  imprefTions  of  his 
fubjed,  the  enjoyment  of  the  reader 
is  proportioned,  to  the  abfoluce 
juftnefs  cf  the  author's  feelings,  and 
10  the  correfpondence  between  them 
;ind  his  own.  As  it  is  always  ex- 
pe<fted,  that  the  writer  be  equal  to 
his  fubjedl,  the  difguft  of  the  reader 
on  being  difappointed,  muft  be  in 
proportion  to  the  height  of  his  own 


expcflations,  and  the  infenfibility  of 
his  author. 

A  WRITER  pofFefTed  of  thefe  deli- 
cate feelings  will  catch  thofc  touch- 
ing circumftances,  which,  although 
they  efcape  an  ordinary  eye,  yet, 
when  pointed  out,  take  faft  hold  of 
the  heart  ;  and  thus  his  fenfiLility, 
by  multiplying  the  grounds  of  dcf- 
cription,  enlarges  the  range  of  our 
pleafure,  fmce  the  corredncfs  of  his 
feelings  leads  him  to  fuch  only  as 
are  juft. 

But  in  order  to  produce  an  ani- 
mated defcription,    fenfthility  can 
only  go  half  way.   A  fpedator  may 
ftrongly  feel  the  imprellion  of  a 
fcene,  but  however  vivid  his  f^nfa- 
tions  may  be,  if  pofTefred  of  notlilng 
more,  he  never  can  communicate  to 
a  ftranger  the  imprefTions  which  he 
felt.    The  moft  arduous  part  of  the 
talk  of  the  defcriptive  writer  is,  to 
excite  in  his  readers,  proper  concep- 
tions of  his  fubjed.    In  fom.e,  the 
mind  is  too  volatile  to  catch  the 
perception,  in  others  too  dull,  at 
the  firil  prefentation,  to  receive  the 
imprefhon  :  and  in  all,  he  will  find 
it  difUcult  to  excite  conceptions  that 
equal,  and  abfolutely  impoflible  to 
raife  fuch  as  furpafs,  the  vivacity  of 
his  own.  While  he  feels,  his  readers 
refled  ;  and  that  fenfthility  which 
to  him  was  the  po<iver^  becomes  to 
them  the  objed  of  perception.  To 
give  full  efFcd,  therefore,  to  his  def- 
criptions,  he  muft  call  in  the  aflift 
ance  of  imagination.    iSenftbility  i 
a  ftrong  perception  of  things  that 
are  real :  imagination  is  a  lively  ap- 
prehenfion  of  fuch  as  are  ideal.  A 
writer  poffefTed  of  a  juft  knowledge 
of  the  laws  of  afTociation  in  his  own 
mind,  is  by  that  means  enabled  to 
command   the   approaches  to  the 
minds  of  all  of  a  corred  tafte.  A 
confcioulhefs  of  the  ftate  of  his  own 
imagination  gives  him  the  power  to,] 
addrefs.  with  fuccefs,  that  of  his. 
readers. — A  minute  detail  of  parti- 
culars is  tedious,  difgufting,  and  of-. 


Sept.  1802.  Of  the  Principles  of  Historical  Composition. 

ten  known  to  convey  no  definite  idea 
of  the  fubjedl,  wliile  a  few  circum- 
llances  Ikilfully  fele^led  will  fugged 
a  perfed  image.  A  writer  of  a  well- 
regulated  imagination  feizes  on 
thofe  objects  which  are  calculated 
to  make  the  deepeft  impreffion,  and, 
while  he  only  fketches  a  few  points 
in  the  outline,  allures  the  imagina- 
tion of  his  reader  to  finifh  the  por- 


trait. 

In  this  art  of  hiftorical  painting, 
Tacitus  eminently  excels.  "  He 
paints  (to  ufe  the  words  of  the  late 
Dr  Blair)  with  a  glowing  pencil, 
and  polT^jifes  beyond  all  others,  the 
talent  of  painting,  not  to  the  imagi- 
nation merely,  but  to  the  heart.*' 

To  corretft  and  regulate  the  exer- 
cife  of  feeling  and  imagination  is 
the  province  of  judgment.  The 
power  of  judgment  is  cenforious  and 
not  creative.  It  may  lop  off  the 
luxuriances  of  genius,  and  guide  ics 
efforts ;  but  it  can  neither  infpire 
its  originally,  nor  fupply  its  deficien- 
cies afterwards.  Feeling  and  ima- 
gination may  tell  the  hiftorian  what 
is  due  to  others  ;  judgment  will 
teach  liim  what  becomes  him- 
felf. 

Thfse  three  powers  in  their  due 
proportions,  lay  the  foundation  for 
every  excellence  in  hiilorical  com- 
pofition.  They  make  beauty  the 
vehicle  of  indrudion,  and  drip  wif- 
^ipm  of  that  forbidding  c loitered 
^vch  in  which  (he  is  made  not  un- 
^requently  to  appear,  and  clothe  her 
in  the  robes  of  lovelinefs. 
^  An  author  polfeifcd  of  thefe  qua- 
il ties  will  be  deeply  imprelled  with 
^  fenfe  of  the  importance  of  his  of- 
fice ;  and  manifelt:,  on  every  occa- 
sion, a  becoming  concern  in  tlie  e- 
vents  before  him.  Thefe  are  often 
ot  the  laft  moment,  and  he  will  ne- 
ver allow  their  moral  to  be  palfed 
over  in  fdcnce.  He  will  not  indeed 
Hiterrupt  the  train  of  his  narration 
to  become  a  formal  inftruc^or.  He 
^'iH  convey  liis   lelfons  with  the 


r-7 

fame  delicacy  which  marks  every 
fubjedl  that  he  touches,  and  his 
performance  will  fljew,  that  there  is 
in  hiflory  a  curiosa  fel'v  itas  attainable, 
produdive  of  an  efFedt  no  lefs  beauti- 
ful, than  that  which  has  been  long 
felt  and  admired  in  poetry.  By 
a  dextrous  management  of  his  fub- 
]tC:y  he  will  make  the  fa<fts  then-:- 
felves  inculcate  wifdom  ;  or  if  ever 
he  be  obliged  to  deviate  from  thi^ 
rule,  his  obfcrvations  on  the  events 
before  him  v/iil  be  neither  trifling 
nor  mifplaced. 

With  regard  to  the  ftileofhif- 
tory,  little  need  be  faid  ;  the  ftile  of 
a  vn-icer,  poileffed  of  the  knowledge 
and  povrers  which  we  have  defcrib- 
ed,  muft  necefFarily  be  good. 

Verhaque  provisam  ?^em  tion  in- 
mta  sequnntur,  is  a  maxim  v/hicli 
long  obfervation  has  fhewn  to  be 
founded  on  truth.  An  embarrafled 
phrafeology  argues  either  great  ig- 
norance of  the  fjbje(5l,  or  indiffer- 
ence to  its  importance.  Whoever 
feels  its  weight,  and  comprehends 
its  extent,  will  for  certain  exprefs 
hiixiielf  in  appropriate  language. 
His  diction  will  be  natura',  and  if 
not  graceftd,  highly  imprelTi\^e.  Of 
good  ftyle,  there  may  be  varieties. 
One  quality  may  often  be  more 
prominent  than  anotJier ;  But  per- 
fpicuity  and  energy  uniformly  mark 
it.  It  is  I'lmple,  but  not  careleis  ; 
equally  removed  from  in  Ration  0:1 
the  one  hand,  and  negligence  on 
the  other ;  carelelfnefs  may  efcape 
the  languid,  and  bombail  may  even 
pleafe  the  injudicious,  but  the  read- 
er ot  a  cultivated  underltandr.ig 
cannot  fail  to  be  offended  a.t  both. 
A  hiftorian,  in  whom  tliefe  prin- 
ciples predominate  which  we  have 
delineated,  will  not  merely  avoid 
giving  otFence.  He  will  command 
eileem.  Whilft  by  the  variety  of 
his  tails  he  informs  the  underitand- 
ing,  the  purity  and  energy  of  his 
his  llyle  v»'ill  Uzwrc  the  attention  of 
his  reader  by  gratifying  his  talle. 


728 

Arri^cial  ornaments  he  will  care- 
fully exclude.  But  his  ftile  will 
not  therefore  he  me'lej?:anc.  If  Sim- 
plicity have  any  charms  if  energy 
can  imprefs,  or  dignity  enfure  re- 
fpeft,  his  ftyle  will  be  the  ohjed  of 
love,  and  the  v  hide  ofplealure. 
Such  a  combination  of  excellen- 


Vol.  64. 

cies  is  indeed  tare.  It  has,  how# 
ever  been  exhibited.  While  fuccefi 
fhould  encourage  emulation,  the 
fre<|uent  mifcarriages  of  former  can* 
didates  for  fame  in  this  walk,  ought 
to  infpire  the  young  adventurer  with 
caution. 

Lungridgf.  W.  H. 


On  the  "JDOrd  Philosopher. 


To  the  Publisher  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


A  M  O  N  G   the    many  abufcs 
which  ac  prefent  are  to  be  f(.und 
in   the    Engllfh   language,  there 
feems  to  be  none  moie  flagrant 
dian  the  mifapplication  of  the  word 
Phi('.f,phr.     In  thofe  days  when 
the  wwd  was  firft  ufed,  it  exprelTed 
nil  that  v/as  worthy  and  dignihed 
in  the  human  charader.    To  be 
entitled  to  the  illuftiious  appellation 
oi  Phik)fopher  was  an  honour  at- 
tained by  few,  for  few  were^  to  be 
found  who  poffelTed  the  qualities  im- 
plied by  this  name.    A  iif-^  fpent  in 
the  moll  ardent  purfuit  of  wirdcm,— 
tlie  m.oii:  profound  knowledge  of  all 
the  icitnces  then  dlicovered, — mo- 
rals  the  moft  pure,  and  dodlrines 
the  moft  fublirne  ; — thcle  qualifica- 
tions v:ere  to  be  poiTeifed  by  a  man 
of  thofe  times,  before,  by  the  gene- 
ral  voice  of  bis  cotemporaries,  he 
could  be  diiHnguilhed  by  the  epi- 
thet of  Philofopher.     No  human 
title,  then,  can  be  conceived  more 
venerable  and  more  exalted  than 
ibis,  when  taken  in  its  tiue  mean- 
ing ;    and  confequently  it  is  one 
that  can  very  rarely  be  ufed  with 
propriety.    Notwithftanding  all  this 
Jiowever,  tltis  word  is  at  prefent  to 
])e  found  in  every  author  ;  and  in 
every  one's  mouth,  let  the  fubjedl  be 
ever  fo  trivial.     In  future  ages, 
w^hen  the  prefent  generation  will 
only  be  known  by  its  writings,  men 


will  look  back  with  reverence,  and 

will  believe  the  whole  world  in  our 
times  to  have  b2en  peopled  with 
Philofophers.  But  when  the  hiftory 
of  the  prefent  day,  that  eventful  tif- 
fue  of  crimes  and  of  follies,  unpar- 
ralleled  in  any  future  aera  fhall  be 
read,  how  will  they  reconcile  the 
fad  detail  of  folly  and  depravity 
with  the  oftentatious  philofophy 
which  pervades  all  our  v/rilings; 
will  they  not  rather  think,  that  in 
ufmg  the  teim,  we  have  attempted 
a  deceit  as  m-iferable  as  that  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  who  buried 
enormous  fuits  of  armour,  to  in- 
fpire future  ages  with  wonder  at 
the  gigantic  fize  of  men  in  his 

time  ?  

It  may  indeed  be  faid,  that  in 
the  prefent  enlightened  ilate  of  fo- 
ciety,  the  more  frequent  ufe  of  this 
word  is  not  imprt)per,  as  any  well 
educated  man  poffeiies  more  know- 
ledge than  the  greateft  of  the  anci- 
ent Philofophers.  It  murt  be  re- 
membered,  however,  that  Pythago- 
ras  and  Aridotle  were  born  in  equal 
ignorance  with  their  fellows,  but 
that  the  ftrength  of  their  mind«, 
and  their  noble  efforts,  broke 
through  the  cloud  that  furrounded 
thero,  and  enabled  them  to  attain 
a  degree  of  knowledge,  which,  coni- 
pared  with  the  ignorance  of  their 
cotemporaiues,  appeared  fcarce  hu- 
man. 


Sept.  1802.  On  the  word  Philosopher. 


man.  It  was  this  ftfcngth  of  mind, 
this  great  ambition,  that  procured 
to  them  the  revered  title  of  Pliilo- 
fophers;  and  fhall  we  proftiiute  a 
name,  beftowed  as  a  reward  for 
fiich  exertions,  by  applying  it  to 
thofe  who  merely  have  acquired  the 
knowledge  which  defcended  from 
their  fathers? — the  idea  is  prepof- 
terous.  Thofe  who  apply  them- 
felves  to  the  ftudy  of  nature  or  of 
morals,  and  v/hofe  labours,  from 
the  difcoveries  they  produce,  are 
pregnant  with  good  to  mankind, 
may  juftly  be  termed  Philofopliers. 
From  the  greater  diffufion,  and  from 
the  confequent  greater  defire  of 
knowledge,  fuch  charavfters  are  now 
to  be  found  more  frequently  than 
in  former  'times.  In  the  fciences  of 
Moral  Philofophy,  Medicine,  Che- 
miftry.  Mechanics^  Aftronomy,  and 
many  others,  difcoveries  have  been 
made  of  fuch  vail  importance,  that 
the  world  is  well  warranted  in  be- 
ftowing  on  their  authors  the  title  of 
Philofophers. 

If  the  phrafe  were  to  be  limited 
"to  men  fuch  as  thefe,  all  would  be 
Well ;  but  every  dabbler  in  any  of 
the  fciences  now  dubs  himfelf  a  Phi- 
lofopher  with  tiie  utmoft  confidence. 
In  every  coffee  houfc,  club-room, 
public  walk,  and  even  ale-honfe,  we 
continually  hear  the  phrafes  — "  phi- 
lofophical  exprefrion,"-*<philofophi- 
cal  argument," — fuch  a  one  rea- 
fons  very  philofophically,'' — "  come 
now,  neighbour,  let  us  argufy  the 
topic  philofophically,"  61  c.  &c.  This 
mania  is  likely  to  feize  even  the  low- 
eft  mechanics,  and  there  is  every  pro- 
babihty  that  e're  long  we  lhall  have 
philofophers  to  m:nd  our  Ihocs,  or 
even  to  fweep  our  chimneys.  This 
appears  the  more  probable,  from 


what  I  myfelf  have  witueffcd.  In 
a  fmall  country  town,  not  far  from 
this  city,  a  party  of- thefe  pln'lofo- 
phers,  confifting  of  blackfmiths, 
weavers,  and  tailors,  eftablifhed  a 
Philosophical  Society.  They  began 
their  proceedings  by  debating  about 
the  centrifugal  motion :  finding  that 
they  made  but  little  of  this  fabjecl:, 
they  defcended  to  perform  philofo- 
phical  problems  upon  the  globes, 
and  ftill  finding  these  too  hard,  they 
betook  themfclves,  as  a  laft  rcfource, 
to  reading  Euclid's  Elements.  The 
Society,  however,  did  not  long  ex- 
ift.  The  members  found,  by  woeful 
experience,  that  philofophy  could 
not  procure  them  bread,  and  began 
to  think,  that  their  old  employments 
at  the  loom  and  anvil,  which  they 
had  thouglit  below  the  dignity  of 
philofophers,  were  more  for  their 
interefl  than  roving  about  what  they 
did  not  underftand.  It  certainly 
would  be  of  advantage  tofociety,if  all 
xh^QXhtXioi'disant  philofophers  would 
follow  the  example  of  thefe  poor 
mechanics,  and  leave  the  title  to 
thofe  who,  like  the  philofophers  of 
old,  labour  in  the  caufe  of  fcience 
for  the  inftra;flion  of  mankind. 

PIaving  now  endeavoured,  Mr 
di tor,  to  defend  an  old  and  vener- 
able word  from  prortitution,  I  take 
my  le^ve  of  you  for  the  prefent, 
with  the  hope,  that  the  appearance 
of  this  atrempt,  (if  it  fhould  be  io 
fortunate,)  in  a  work  of  fuch  ref- 
pedability  as  the  Scots  Magazine, 
may  give  it  a  degree  of  weight, 
which  otherwifc  it  would  not  have 
poireifed.— I  am,  Sir, 

Your  moll:  reipeftful  humble 
Servant, 

19.  1S02.J  ^' 


Vol.  LXIV 


Vol.  64, 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


Sir, 

IN  your  Magazine  for  May,  there 
is  an  Eflay  intended  to  prove  "  the 
Necessity  of  an  eftabliflied  Religion." 
On  this  fubjed,  1  cannot  agree  in 
opinion  with  your  corrcfpondent. 
The  point  on  which  we  differ  is  of 
great  importance,  and  therefore, 
merits  a  careful  difpaflionate  difcuf- 
fion.  Of  this  your  corrcfpondent 
feems  fenfible,  as  he  has  ftated  his 
opinion,  and  urged  his  reafonings 
with  a  proper  degree  of  moderation, 
and  has  refrained  from  any  acrimo- 
nious or  illiberal  inlmuations  againft 
the  motives  of  thofc,  whofe  fenti- 
ments  differ  from  his  own.  I  fhall 
endeavour  to  follow  his  example. 

The  whole  of  Laelius'  reafoning 
appears  capable  of  being  comprifed 
in  the  following  words.  "  Govern- 
ment is  inftituted  in  fociety  for  the 
purpofe  of  providii\g  for  the  happi- 
nefs  and  improTement  of  the  fpe- 
cies  ;  religious  principles  are  highly 
conducive  to  the  happincfs  of  man- 
kind ;  therefore  it  follows,  not  only 
as  a  matter  of  expediency,  but  of 
obligation,  on  the  part  of  every  well 
conftituted  ftate,  to  provide  and 
fupport  an  eftablifliment  to  inftrudl 
its  members  in  the  principles  of  re- 
ligion." 

The  erroneoufnefs  of  your  cor- 
refpondent's  conclufion  appears  to 
me  to  arife  from  a  want  of  fufficient 
accuracy  in  his  view  of  the  nature 
and  proper  province  of  government. 
Government  is  doubtlefs  inftituted 
to  promote  the  happinefs  of  man  ; 
but  the  way  in  which  it  ought  to 
operate  is  by  the  prevention  of  evil. 
It  ought  to  be  a  combination  of  the 
general  force  in  a  fociety,  to  re- 
ftrain  its  members  from  adions  fub- 
verfive  of  the  general  welfare :  Now, 
as  the  happinefs  of  a  man  confifts 


in  this,  that  he  be  allowed  to  do 
that,  to  which  his  oivn  feelings  or 
judgment  prompt  him,  as  promifing 
him  the  completed  degree  of  plea- 
furc  ;  and  as  the  happinefs  of  man 
is  the  end  of  government,  that  fyf- 
tem  of  government  will  be  the  moft 
perfed,  which  is  fo  devifed,  as  to 
allow  the  greatell  individual  free- 
dom of  adion,  being  the  fureft 
means  for  promoting  happinefs.  If 
thcfe  principles  be  true,  (and  that 
they  are,  appears  to  my  mind  with 
abfolute  certainty)  it  may  be  juftly 
inferred,  that  it  is  the  duty  of  a  go- 
vernment only  to  oppose  all  attempts  on 
the  part  of  any  portion  of  that  commU' 
nity  over  which  it  presides^  manifesting 
a  disposition  in  thai  portion^  to  trample 
on  the  rights  of  another. 

If  further  it  can  be  fhewn,  that 
religious  eftablifhments  tend  to  ob- 
ftrudl  the  improvement  and  diminifh 
the  happinefs  of  mankind,  it  follows, 
that  it  is  no  part  of  the  duty  of  a  go- 
vernment to  provide  and  fupport 
fuch  an  inftitution.  I  conceive,  I 
fhall  be  able  to  bring  forward  rea- 
fons  fufficiently  powerful  to  that  ef- 
fect ;  and  if  I  can,  your  correfpon- 
dent's  conclufion  will  ftand  confut- 
ed. 

When  a  government  appoints  a 
body  of  men,  in  the  capacity  of 
what  is  called  a  church  eftablifli- 
ment, it  always  (exprefsly  or  in  et- 
fedt)  prefcribes  to  them  the  promul- 
gation of  certain  dodrines  which  it 
decrees  to  be  truth,  and  reftrids  the 
conclufions  of  their  enquiries  to  a 
confiftency  with  the  prefcribed  doc- 
trines. This  at  leaft  is  what  has 
ever  been  confidered  the  nature  and 
effence  of  an  eftabliflied  church. 

It  is  admitted  by  Lachus,  nay,  it 
is  infifted  on   as  the  chief  ground 

of 


Sept.  1802.  On  an  established  Religion. 


of  the  expediency  and  neceffity  of 
an  eftablilhment,  that  moral  mtelli- 
gencc  is  the  fource  of  virtue.  But  re- 
ligious eftabliflimcnts  (of  the  above 
defcription)  are,  in  various  ways 
hollile  to  the  improvement,  and 
confequently  to  the  virtue,  and  con- 
fequently  to  the  happinefs  of  man- 
kind.   I  ft,  The  influence  of  an  efta- 
blifhment  upon  the  appointed  teach- 
er is  pernicious,  by  debafmg  his  ov^n 
mind,  and  rendering  him  hurtful  to 
others.    When  a  man  is  hired  to 
teach  a  particular  fet  of  dodlrines, 
he  will  most  frequently  teach  them 
because  he  is  paid;  and,  therefore,  he 
fcldom  can  be  the  difinterefted  ad- 
mirer, and  indefatigable  advocate 
of  truth.    Further,  when  a  man  can 
only  fay  what  is  prescribed  to  him, 
whether  he  himfelf  believes  it  to  be 
true  or  no, — when  all  his  inveftiga- 
tions  muft  terminate  at  a  point  de- 
fined by  another  as  the  ultimatum  of 
his  refearch,   his  communications 
muft  of  neceffity  be  loaded  in  many 
inftances,  with  errors,  which  mislead 
and  render  his  auditors  vicious  and  un- 
happy.   Such  a  man  cannot  deviate 
into  the  region  where  moral  truth 
is  only  to  be  found, — unreftrained 
fpeculation.    Befides,  it  will  be  at- 
tended to,  that  there  are  in  the 
world,   a  great  many  eftabliftied 
churches  teaching   religious  prin- 
ciples direaly oppofite  to  each  other; 
and  that  there  are  many  dodrines 
in  the  moft  perfed  creed,  which  not 
being  of  a  nature  capable  of  being 
afcertained  to  be  true  or  falfe,  by 
the  limited  faculties  of  man,  we 
muft  remain  generally  in  a  ftate  of 
doubt  regarding  them.   From  thefe 
fads  I  infer,/rj/,  That  all  the  creeds 
of  eftablilhed  churches  cannot  be 
true  ;  therefore,  seccndlyy  That  thofe 
men  muft  either  be  grofsly  igno- 
rant and  credulous  who  bind  them- 
felves  to   teach  any  one  creed  in 
nvhoie;  or  thirdly,  That  if  they  are 
able  to  difcover  the  error,  and  to 
perceive  the  impoffibility  of  the  af- 


certainment  of  the  truth  of  certain 
dogmas,  and  yet  ufe  their  utmoft 
endeavours  to  diffcminate  thofe  er- 
rors and  obfcurities,  as  truth,  they 
are  guilty  of  an  ad  of  dilhonefty. 
The  application  of  thefe  inferences 
is  very  obvious ;  a  credulous  igno- 
rant man,  on  the  one  hand,  or  a 
man  deftitute  of  principle  on  the 
other,  (either  of  which  a  church- 
man must  too  often  be )  are  in  my  opi- 
nion, very  inadequate  to  the  tafk  of 
beneficially  inftruding  mankind. — 
If  the  fads  above  ftated  be  indif- 
putable,  it  is  clear,  that  church  ef- 
tablifliments  are  hurtful  to  the  per- 
fons  appointed  to  teach,  and  inimi- 
cal  to  the  improvement  of  man- 
kind. 

^  2dly,  Religious  eftablifhments  are 
diredly  hoftile  to  the  improvement 
of  the  individuals  whom  they  pro- 
fefs  to  inftrud.  A  creed  is  fet  up 
as  the  ftandard  of  truth, —a  confor- 
mity to  it  is  demanded  by  its  fup- 
porters,  and  non-conformity  is  fure 
to  bring  difcredic  and  abufe,  at 
leaft,  upon  the  diffenter.  A  confi- 
derable  obftacle  is,  therefore,  thrown 
in  the  way  of  free  difcuffion,  and 
unlimited  communication  of  opi- 
nion, which  are  the  moft  ample 
ftores  whence  we  derive  ufeful 
knowledge.  Hypocrify  aUb,  under 
an  eftablilhment,  muft  be  a  gsneral 
vice,  and  whenever  a  man  puts 
away  from  him  that  fmcerity,  that 
intrepid,  independent  fpirit,  which 
forces  him  to  fpeak  what  he  believes 
to  be  truth,  he  divefts  himfelf  of 
his  brighteft  attribute, --he  ceafes  to 
be  virtuous,  and  therefore,  he  can- 
not be  happy. 

I  HAVE  confined  my  obfervations 
to  the  mere  patronage  of  particular 
dodrines  by  government,  and  con- 
fidered  it  in  the  moft  favourable 
point  of  view,  in  which  its  operation 
can  be  taken.  But  if  we  take  into 
the  account,  the  ordinary  adjunds 
of  religious  eftabhlhments,  viz.  pe- 
nal ftatutes,  difqualifications,  and 
5  the 


On  an  established  P.t'Iigion. 


Vol.  64. 


the  other  baneful  conipulfatory  me- 
thods of  creating  conformity  of  re- 
ligion ;  If  further  we  reflect,  that 
religion  is  the  filent  individnal  com- 
munion between  the  heart  of  man 
and  his  Creator  (if  it  is  noc  that  it 
IS  nothing)  and  that  though  tlie 
free  exercife  of  external  rehgious 
worfhip  may  be  prevented  by  pow- 
er, the  exiii:ence  of  the  right  to  that 
free  exercife,  is  an  eternal  and  un- 
extinguhhable  prerogative  of  our 
nature  :^If,  I  fay,  we  refled  on 
thefe  truths,  no  helitation,  I  appre- 
hend,^ can  exift  with  regard  to  the 
conclufion,  that  religious  ellablilh- 
ments  are  not  only  unnecellary  and 
ufelefs,  but  that  they  are  extremely 
pernicious,  and  their  influence  in  di- 
red:  hollility  to  the  happinefs  of 
man. — Lxlius  admits,  that  "  the 
rights  of  private  judgment  have 
been  invaded,  unity  of  fentiment 
facrificcd  to  polemical  fubtlety,  and 
difference  of  opinion  been  followed 
with   political  disfranchifement 
but  he  avers,  that    thefe  are  Diola^ 
iioTis  of  the  /eg'tii?h-tie  ends  vf  an  es'ui- 
h/ishmrnf.^' — Unlefs, however,  he  can 
fnew,  not  only,  tliat  the  evils  which 
he  admits  to  exift,  are  ncC  the  infe- 
parahic  concomitants,  but  merely 
^j'wlfifi'jns  of  the  ends  of  an  ellabliih* 
ment, — but  alfo,  that  the  fuperin- 
tendance  of  opinion  is  not  hurtful 
to  the  caufe  of  truth, — he  will  not, 
I  fufped,  be  warranted  in  conclud- 
ing as  he  has  done.    I  peife<;^ly 
agree  with  Lselius,  that  no  reafon- 
iv'z  :    •  '  •  :     on  the  abuses  of  religi- 
r  jmeiits,  ii  of  any  wetglu; 

bvil  li  Ui'jy  are  from  ihcir  'very  nature^ 
and  not  by  abufe  "  hp fl lie  to  liberal 
inveftigation,"  &c.  I  do  certainly 
think,  and  maintain,  that  they  are 
by  no  means  necesmry.*^  I  truft, 
I  have  already  lliewn,  that  religious 
eftablifhments  must  he  unfriendly  to 
liberal  difcuffion  ;  and  it  is  a  fadl, 
the  truth  of  which  every  page  of 
hiftory,  and  every  day's  experiei*ice, 
amply  teftify,  that  none  have  ever 


yet  exifted,  or  do  exlfl,  which 
have  not  been,  and  are  hodile  to 
lil)eral  inveftigation,"  and  fome- 
times  "  the  engines  of  governments 
for  tyrannical  purpofcs  and  if  fo, 
they  cannot  as  such  be  conducive  to 
happinefs.  And  if  they  are  not  as 
eitablidwienisj  and  independcfit  ahnge^ 
thi-r  of  the  nature  of  the  dodrines 
propagated  by  the  appointed  teach- 
ers, conducive  to  happinefs,  then  all 
argument  between  Laelius  and  me, 
i^i  at  an  end. 

It  is  my  decided  opinion,  that 
virtue  and  happinefs  depend  entire- 
ly upon  rcditude  of  principle,  whe- 
ther religious  or  moral ;  but  I  do 
not  think  that  reditude  of  principle 
is  the  creature  of  religious  eftablilh- 
ments.  When  I  turn  my  eyes  to- 
wards the  United  States  of  Ameri- 
ca, I  there  fee  no  religious  eftabhft- 
ment,  yet  I  there  fee  reli^^'on 
flourlihing  in  its  moft  genuine 
dour  :  —  I  there  fee  more  general  in- 
formation, and  a  greater  degree  of 
hnppinefs,  than  is  enjoyed  in  any 
01  her  nation  havhig  an  cftablillirncnt. 
No  Chnsti'ip  furcly,  can,  foi  ?  r  o- 
m;:;nt  imagine,  that  a  religion,  w.  ii 
recommended  icfelf  to  mankind  in 
former  times,  and  advanced  to  its 
prefent  pitch  of  eminence,  in  opp';- 
siiion  to  the  force  of  governmentsf 
and  tyrants,  has  not  fomething  ii) 
it,  vdiich  renders  it  independent  ibr 
its  exillence  or  effed,'on  the  petty 
fupport  which  men  can  give  it. 

L^ELius  fays,  "  the  rulers  of 
France,  once  fo  hoitile  to  thefe  ef- 
tablifamcnts,  feem  now  fully  fen- 
fible  of  the  truth  of  this  conclufion,'* 
VIZ.  "  that  an  eftablifhed  fyftem  of 
inftrudion  is  effential  to  enforce  up- 
on the  m.inds  of  the  people,  that 
moral  awe,  temperance,  and  love 
of  juftice,  necefTary  to  the  bemyytal 
exercife  of  authority."— Of  this,  I 
am  by  no  means  convinced.  I  be- 
lieve they  are  very  fenfible  of  the 
great  advantage  of  having  an  cfta- 
blllhed  clergy,  attached  by  the  ties 


Sept.  1802.         On  an  established  Religion. 


733 


of  intereft   to  their  government. 
Their  veneration  for  religious  prin- 
ciples, we  may  neverthelefs  fufpecl, 
is  not  very  profound.    The  efta- 
bhlhment  of  Chriftianity  in  France, 
by  a  perfon  who  formerly  fcrupled 
not  to  profefs  himfeif  a  Mohamme- 
dan to  serve  a  purpose^  renders  it  not 
improbable,  that  the  fame  motives 
Weighed  with  him  in  both  cafes  : 
I  And  the  re-eftablifhment  of  theflave- 
trave, — that  trade   which  adorns 
[  with  unfpeakable  luftrc  the  Euro- 
I  pean  character !  evince,  in  t}\e  clear- 
;  eft  manner,  that  the  rulers  in  France 
have  no  desire  to  promote  the  hap- 
pinefs  of  mankind.    How  then  is  it 
pofTible  to  prefume,  that  they  will 
;  $dopt  or  purlue  any  plan  for  the  at- 
i  tainment  of  that  end  ?  But  it  does 
i  not  fignify,  whether  they  are  or  are 
I  not  convinced,  that  an  eftabliflied 
religion  is  prom.otive  ofhappinefs: 
They  may  be  miftaken  as  well  as 
odiers. 


I  HAVE  thus  given  my  opinion, 
and  ftated  the  grounds  upon  which 
it  is  formed  ;  and,  if  that  opinion  is 
wrong,  I  will  be  glad  to  change  it, 
Vv  hcnever  I  fee  fufficient  reafon  for 
doing  fo. 

This  leter  is  written  in  a  ftile  of 
the  moft  perfed  freedom,  and  I  flat- 
ter myfelf  not  only  with  the  ^/r," 
but  the  reality  of  ''liberal  and  expan- 
five  views."— If  my  reafonings  are 
erroneous,  and  my  conclufions  dan- 
gerous, there  is  the  greateft  reafon 
for  your  aiFording  an  opportunity 
to  thofe  who  favour  eftablifhed 
churches,  of  detecting  the  one,  and 
expofmg  the  other.  I  am  therefore 
confident,  the  friends  of  eftablilh- 
ments  will  be  obliged  to  you  for 
the  publication  of  any  thing  which 
will  enable  them  to  fix  their  prin- 
ciples  on  the  firmeft  bafis — the  con- 
vidion  of  the  underftandinij. 

July  21.  i802.J  ADlSSENTER^ 


STRICTURES  ON  Mr  LAING'S  DISSERTATION  on  the 
POEMS  OF  OSSIAN. 


I  II.  Dttedions  from  the  middle  ages. 
i  Mr  Lain G  (p.  ^84)  now  hunts 
^through  the  middle  ages  for  detec- 
tion, and  comes  to  the  Norwegians 
and  Danes ;  «  To  whom,"  fays  he, 
"  the  iraduionary  poems  of  the  High- 
lands refer:'  Shaw,  Hill,  and  the 
Bifhop  of  Clonmore,  could  find  no 
trace  of  Swaran  in  the  Highlands, 
but  of  Magnus  Barefoot,  who  is  re- 
prefented  in  fome  rude  ballads,  as 
encountering  Fingal ;  and  Swaran, 
m  the  firft  fragments  of  Fingal, 
was  called  Garvc,  "  a  literal  transla- 
tion of  Magnus  into  Erfe.'' 
I  ^  In  the  9th  century,  the  Norwe- 
gians firft  began  their  hiftorical  in- 
curfions;  and  among  their  chiefs, 


(Continued  from  p.  652.) 


we  have  Harald  the  severey  literally 
in  Gaelic,  Garhh  or  Garve,  a  nick- 
name much  more  applicable  than 
to  Magnus  ;  alfo  Sverrerus  in  the 
1 2th  century,  not  far  from  Swaran, 
We  may  guefs  how  Macpherfon  firft 
called  Swaran  Garhoy  feeing  his 
name  in  Smith's  Dan  na  Du  'fhuln^ 
is  Gara  Mac  Stai?iny  or  Gara  the  fon 
of  Stairin  :  but  I  confefs  myfelf  at 
a  lofs  for  the  name  of  Swaran ;  and 
yet  Smith  ufes  the  fame  word, 
though  in  oppofition  to  a  common 
proverb  at  this  day  ufed,  to  denote 
a  man  of  uncom.mon  ftrength, 
Gara  Mac  Stairin:'  Macpherfon 
may  have  fubftituted  Swaran  for 
the  fake  of  the  found ;  as,  had  he 

meant 


734  Stridures  on  Laing^s  Dissertation,  i3c.     Vol,  64. 


meant  to  fabricate,  he  never  would 
have  chofen  a  name  fo  near  Svcrre- 
rus.  Anachronifms  will  naturally 
creep  into  oral  poetry ;  and  new 
heroes  be  fubftituted  for  old,  as  well 
as  modern  words  for  obfolete  ones  ;* 
nor  is  it  improbable,  that  Macpher- 
fon  may  have  altered,  or  embelliih- 
ed.  We,  however,  have  Smith's 
Gaelic  originals,  the  authenticity  of 
which,  none  has  yet  ventured  to 
deny.  Thefe  are  attefted  by  feveral 
gentlemen,  who  have  heard  them 
repeated,  and  they  are  acknowledg- 
ed to  be  authentic  by  Mr  Walker, 
among  other  Irilh  gentlemen ;  we 
can  therefore,  have  little  hefitation 
to  believe  Mr  Macpherfon's  tranfla- 
tions,  feeing  both  breathe  the  fame 
fpirit,  and  language  of  antiquity. 
Befides,  if  traditionary  poems  have 
been  preferved,  as  Mr  Laing  feems 
to  think,  from  the  12th  century, 
there  is  fomewhat  lefs  difficulty  in 
believing  them  preferved  from  the 
third. 

His  next  detedion,  or  rather  his 
averment  (p.  385)  is,  that  Cathula  or 
Cat-huil,  fon  of  Sarno,  is  no  other 
than  Ketil  the  Norwegian,  fon  of 
Biarno.  No  man  that  has  read 
Macpherfon's  introduclion,  will  ever 
think,  that  a  man  of  his  abilities 
and  underflanding,  had  he  meant 
to  deceive,  would  have  ufed  names 
fo  fimilar  to  thofe  above-mentioned. 
Befides,  Dr  Smith,  a  man  of  known 
integrity,  mentions  alfo  Cathula  or 
Cathuil,  and  gives  us  an  original 
poem  of  that  name.  It  therefore 
appears,  that  both  muft  have  tranf- 
lated  from  Gaelic  originals ;  and 
although,  as  I  have  already  faid, 
new  heroes  may,  in  oral  poems,  be 
fometimes  introduced  for  old  ones, 
yet  this  is  by  no  means  proved  to 
be  the  cafe  here ;  nor  has  Laing  ven- 


*  Shaw  in  his  analyfis  p.  T31,  fays, 
**Every  rt-ciring  bard  pronounced  iorae 
words  diftei  ently,  and  fometimes  fub- 
ftituted  one  lor  another.'* 


tured  to  aflimilate  the  hiftory  of 
CathuU  to  his  KeliL 

But  what  fhall  we  fay  to  Car- 
rickthura?(p.  386;  Mr  Macpherfon 
it  feems,  from  Iheer  want  of  genius, 
was  put  to  the  neceflity  of  borrow, 
ing  (Jarri  i  from  Orkney,  and  Thura 
from  Caithnefs,  to  fabricate  his 
Carrick-thura  ! — I  need  only  fay, 
that  the  original  Gaelic  poems  of 
Dr  Smith  have  alfo  Carrick-thura ; 
and  the  prefumption  is,  that  this 
ft  range  fort  of  a  loan  is  a  dream  of 
Laings. 

As  to  the  circle  of  Loda,  Cp.  387.) 
or  Lodda  as  Dr  Smith  has  it,  in 
Dari  an  Deirg,  the  prefumption  is, 
that  being  found  in  one  original 
poem,  it  may  alfo  be  in  another ; 
but  whether  a  place  in  Orkney  bears 
that  name  to  this  day,  I  know  not — 
I  confefs,  that  if  Mr  Macpherfon 
has  no  otiier  authority  for  faying  fo, 
than  the  one  quoted  from  Mallet, 
he  has  been  egregioufly  miftaken. 
Upon  the  whole,  it  has  often  allo- 
nifhed  me,  that  Offian  fhould  fpeak 
fo  much  of  an  early  intercourfe  with 
Scandinavia  againft  all  our  hiflo- 
ries ;  but,  on  reflexion,  this  very 
circumftance  is  a  proof,  that  Mac- 
pherfon tranflated  from  originals, 
for  had  the  poems  been  of  his  in- 
vention, he  would  have  lludied 
to  have  made  tliem  plaufible,  and 
to  agree  better  with  the  train  of 
our  hillory. 

III.  Tradition. 

(P.  387.)  At  firft  fight,  this 
feems  to  afford  the  greateft  difficul- 
ty. "  It  is  indeed  ftrange,"  (fays 
Hume  in  a  letter  to  Gibbonj  "  that 
any  man  of  fenfe  could  have  ima- 
gined it  pofCble,  that  above  20,000 
verfes,  along  with  numberlefs  hido- 
rical  fads,  could  have  been  pre^- 
ferved  by  oral  tradition,  during  50 
generations,  by  the  rudest  of  all  civi- 
lized nations,  the  moft  neceffitous, 
the  moft  turbulunt,  the  moft  un- 
lettled."  All  this  ftrikes  with  con- 
fiderable 


I  Sept.  1802.    Stridurcs  on  Laing^s  Dissertation,  Vc. 


Cdcrable  force,  but  I  believe  a  little 
refledlion  will  tend  to  make  the  ap- 
pearance lefs  obdurate. 

Etery  body  knows  what  anti- 
quity has  faid  about  the  Druids  and 
Bards.  Caefar  (Lib.  6.)  fays  of  the 
Gallic  Druids,  whofe  fchool  was  in 
Britain,  that  they  learned  to  repeat 
their  verfes  from  memory,  being 
ftriiflly  forbid  writing  them  down, 
both  to  prevent  their  reaching  the 
vulgar,  and  to  exercife  the  memory. 
The  Bards  and  Euhages  were  in  the 
fame  clafs  with  the  Druids.  It  was 
the  peculiar  bufmefs  of  the  Bards 
to  fmg  the  adlions  of  heroes,  and  ac- 
company their  fongs  with  the^harp, 
as  Marcellinus  tells  us.  *  Writing 
was  very  uncommon  in  the  e^irly 
periods  of  Celtic  and  German  hif- 
tory ;  and  their  books  were  only  to 
be  found  in  the  tongues  of  the  Bards. 
The  tales  of  other  ti  es  could  not 
be  known,  or  handed  down  without 
them,  a  circumftance  that  fell  natu- 
rally  to  induce  their  continuance 
among  nations  ignorant  of  letters. 
In  proportion  as  civilization,  writ- 
ing, and  the  ftudy  of  Greek  and 
Roman  literature  advanced,  the 
fong  and  fame  of  the  Bards  de- 
creafed.  Accordingly,  we  find  they 
continued  longer  among  the  rude 
nations  of  Scandinavia,  than  in 
Gaul  and  Germany  ;  and,  as  might 
be  expeded,  it  was  only  among  the 
rudeit  of  all  civ{Ii%cd  nations,  as  Hume 
has  it,  the  Highlands  of  Scotland, 
that  the  fame  and  fong  of  the  Bards 
continued  till  laft  century.  It  was 
only  the  ruder  ages  of  Greece,  that 
produced  the  Aoidoi  or  Rhapfodifts, 
the  firft  requifite  of  ^vhofe  profef- 
lion,  was  to  learn  and  repeat  many 
foothing  tales,  and  their  daily  ob- 
jcd,  as  Homer  tells  us,  to  delight 
the  gods  and  men.  f   la  thofe  days, 

^  Vide  Smith's  Hii^ory  of  Druids, 
^ndDrMacpbeTfon'sDiffcjft-irion  on  the 
Banis,  :^na  quotations 

f  Vide  GiUies's  excellent  Hidorv  of 
Gwece,  Vol.  I.  cap.  <J.  and  the  quota- 


when  few  could  write  or  read,  there 
was  no  way  of  knowing  the  feats  of 
former  years,  but  from  the  fong  of 
the  Bards ;  and,  in  proportion  as 
letters  and  civilization  increafed, 
they  became  lefs  fought  after ;  and 
inftead  of  fending  for  a  Bard  to  be- 
guile a  tedious  night,  or  to  divert 
the  anguifh  of  grief,  one  could 
cither  read,  or  caufe  to  be  read,  the 
foothing  tale  from  a  MS.  The  early 
poetry  of  Greece  was  rehearfed  at 
the  public  games,  as  well  as  in  pii- 
rate  ;  and  there  can  be  little  doubt, 
that  had  Greece  continued  ignorant 
of  letters  and  of  writing,  and  had 
been  ilill  unconquered,  Bards  would 
have  arifen  from  time  to  time,  and 
handed  down  the  v/orks  of  the 
Joidoiy  though  perhaps  a  little  alter- 
ed, to  the  prefent  day. 

The  Highlands  of  Scotland  has 
ever  been  unconquered;  and  of 
courfe  the  inhabitants  had  no  fpur 
to  roufe  them  from  their  early  ha- 
bits. They  have  for  ages  continu- 
ed  in  the  fame  ftate  of  poverty  and 
want  of  letters.  The  introdudion 
of  Chriftianity  had  little  effedl  to  al- 
ter their  manners,  put  an  end  to 
Druidical  ceremonies,  or  deftroy 
their  love  for  the  Bards.  Sequeftred 
in  the  lonely  glens,  the  Highlander 
had  no  other  way  of  beguiling  the 
long  and  dreary  winter  evening, 
but  in  liftening  to  the  fong  of  the 
Bard.  It  is  only  of  late,  that  fchools 
have  become  common,  and  the  bulk 
of  the  inhabitants  taught  to  read 
and  WTite.  For  money,  they  can 
now  have  recourfe  to  books,  but 
formerly,  they  would  have  been  en- 
tirely without  refource  in  the  dreary 
fcafon  of  winter,  had  they  not  con- 
tinued  the  ancient  praflic'e  of  meet- 
ing at  night,  to  liileii  to  the  tales  of 
other  times  from  the  ftrolling  bard. 
In  fhort,  no  nation  but  the  rudcft 
and  moil  neceifrLOus  could  poiCbly 
have  prefer ved  by  oral  tradition,  fo 
many  thouJand  verfes  to  the  pre- 
fent  times.  They  cannot  however, 
be  expeded  to  be  hand-jd  down  en- 

tirely 


SiriElures  on  Laing's  Dissertation^  l^c.       Vol.  64. 


tirely  free  of  mutilations  or  interpo- 
lations. 

Mutahiiiiy  of  Language. 

The  poems,  he  fays  (p.  388.) 
could  not  be  preferved  by  oral  tra- 
dition in  an  obfolete  didion,  and 
that  the  mutability  pf  language  is 
counteracted  only  by  letters  and 
the  art  of  printing — True ;  fome  of 
our  oral  proverbs,  Blind  Harry, 
Barbour,  Winton,  and  poems  of 
the  Bannatyne  colledtion  are  not 
eafily  underftood  by  many  people 
acquainted  with  letters ;  yet  thcfe 
very  proverbs  and  poems  are  much 
better  underRood  by  ignorant  coun- 
try people,  and  the  lower  clafs, 
with  whom  alone,  the  old  language 
is  befc  preferved.  The  ufe  of  let- 
ters and  printing,  inftead  of  coun- 
terading  the  mutability  of  our  lan- 
guage, has  filled  our  didionaries 
with  new  words  from  other  nations, 
of  which  the  vulgar  are  ignorant, 
although  they  can  explain  Blind 
Harry,  and  ^Vinton,  better  than 
thofe  acquainted  with  letters.  The 
Gaelic  has  been  almoft  folely  con- 
fined to  the  vulgar  for  many  centu- 
ries pafl,  and  hence,  their  change  of 
language  is  the  leaft.  Some  of  our 
old  ballads,  as  well  as  tunes,  ftill 
remain,  though  few;  many  more 
would  have  remained  had  not  the 
life  of  letters  and  printing  furnifhed 
us  daily  with  new  ones,  as  well  as 
new  words,  whereby  the  old  be- 
came negle6ted. 

If  the  Irilh,  as  Laing  fays,  can- 
not now  read  a  MS.  a  few  centu- 
ries old,  the  Iriih  written  ballads  he 
.alludes  to,  and  the  Irilh  Fiansmuil: 
be  modem  indeed-  But  what  does 
he  fay  to  the  poem  in  Walker's  me- 
moirs of  IriiTi  bards  (p.  3.)  written 
by  Amergin,  on  the  (lorm'  that 
arofe  on  the  fecond  landing  of  the 
Milcfians,  long,  long,  before  Offian's 
days,  beginning  with  Inseach  muir 
VLQllach  tiry  &c.    It  feems  it  is  ftill 


read,  and  defcribes  the  fiffi  to  be  fo 
aftonifhed  at  the  ftorm,  that  they 
left  their  element  for  dry  land  ! 

As  to  what  he  fays  of  our  hifto- 
riiins  being  filent  about  the  fix 
kings  of  Morven.  This  need  occa- 
fion  no  wonder,  feeing,  as  Tacitus 
and  the  ancients  tell  us,  that  Cale- 
donia, in  early  times,  was  divided 
into  fmall  ftates  or  clanOiips,  with 
a  variety  of  Reguli.  Thefe,  how. 
ever,  might  all  join  and  ele^fl  a  lead- 
er or  king  againft  a  foreign  enemy 
at  a  time ;  but  I  no  more  believe 
the  bulk  of  our  early  monarchs, 
than  I  believe  that  Ireland  was 
peopled  before  the  flood.  And  I 
think  it  mud  occur  to  every  perfon, 
that,  had  Macpherfon  fabricated  the 
poems  of  Oflian,  he  would  have 
paid  fome  attention,  to  have  his  he- 
roes correfpond  fomewhat  better 
with  the  early  Kings  of  our  hifto- 
rians  ;  and  his  differing  fo  widely 
from  them,  is  a  farther  proof,  that 
he  tranflated  folely  from  originals. 

AUestattons, 

"  No  fooner  (fays  Laing,  p.  389.) 
were  the  tranflations  publilhed,  than 
the  tradithnary  existence  disappearcdJ^ 
Why  he  makes  this  falfe  avermenj 
I  know  not.    A  long  lift  of  refpejB 
table  gentlemen  and  clergymen  afl 
teft  the  authenticity  of  the  tranflatioH 
in  the  appendix  to  Dr  Blair's  dilfertJI 
tion — Nay,  20  years  after  Mr  Ma9 
pherfon's  tranflations  werepublifhe^ 
Dr  Smith  difcovered  and  gave  ifl 
from  oral  tradition,  feveral  addition 
al  poems  of  Oftian,  and  (p.  300)  Wk 
gives  us  the  original  Gaelic  of  th|l 
part  of  Macpherfon's  tranflation  m 
Tcmora,  treating  of  the  grief  of 
Bran  for  the  death  of  Ofcar ;  and 
in  his  Sean  Dana,  we  have  feveral 
other   originals   of  Macpherfon^s 
tranflations,  fo  that  the  difappear- 
ance  of  their  traditionary  exifteiueil 
is  an  abfolute  falfehood. 

He  next  would  fain  perfuade  uSf 
that  the  numerous  atteftations  of 

thofe 


Sept.  i8o2.     Stri^ures  on  Laing's  Dissertation,  \Sc 


737 


thofe  who  have  heard,  or  remem- 
bered to  have  known  the  originals, 
cannot  be  beheved,  becaufe,  they 
poirefled  none  of  them  in  writing, 
could  repeat  none  of  them  from  me- 
mory, nor  y)/rr//j-WMacpherfon  with 
a  fmgle  fragment.  *  Which  is  fay- 
ing in  other  words,  that  no  witnefs 
can  be  admitted  in  a  court  of  law, 
in  evidence  of  a  deed's  having  been 
read  over  before  figning,  ualefs  he 
pofTelfed  a  copy  of  it  in  writing, 
could  repeat  it  from  memory,  or 
had  furniihed  one  of  the  parties 
with  a  fragment  of  it.  He  then 
(p.  390)  names  five  or  fix  gentle- 
men, who  had  fearched  the  High- 
lands, in  vain,  for  the  originals  of 
Offian  ;  but  he  does  not  fay  that 
they  ever  applied  to  any  of  the  per- 
fons  pointed  out  in  Dr  Blair's  ap- 
pendix, or  Dr  Smith's  diifertation. 
Had  he  done  fo,  and  thefe  perfons 
denied  any  knowledge  of  them,  he 
might  then  have  had  fomething  to 
fay ;  but,  from  the  circumftance 
of  thofe  gentlemen  not  being  able 
to  difcover  any  originals,  to  contend 
that  none  fuch  could  have  exifted, 
is  abfurd ;  and  Mr  Laing  might 
as  well  argue,  that  as  a  few  gentle- 
men of  his  acquaintance  had  drawn 
blanks  in  laft  lottery,  there  was  tru- 
ly no  prize  at  all  gained  in  that 
lottery. 

The  aflertion  (p.  390)  that  there 
never  was  a  Druid  in  Scotland,  is 
the  idle  whim  of  a  Pinkerton,  from 
whom  Mr  Laing  draws  all  his 
knowledge  of  antiquity.  The  very 
Celtic  name  Hill  exifting  in  the 
Highlands,  correfponds  with  that 
given  by  Caeiar  ;  and  the  Gaelic 


*  'Tis  fmgular  that  Mr  Laing  iliould 
have  forgot  his  own  quotation,  in  note, 
,  page  392,  where  Nicl  M'Murrich  de- 
j  dares,  in  preience  of  Angus  M'Niel, 
I  **  that  he  himfelf  ganje  to  Mr  Macpher- 
xo«  a  manuscript  containvig  some  of  ihe 
I  poems  which  are  noiv  tmnslateU  and  pub* 
iiihfdr 

Vol.  LXIV. 


and  Welfh  proverbs,  in  wliich  Dru- 
ids are  mentioned  or  alluded  to, 
are  common  at  this  day.  f  Mr 
Pinkerton  (Vol.  i.  p.  17.)  fays,  that 
**Druidifm.  as  we  know  from  Cxfar, 
was  a  late  invention  in  the  :'j(th  of 
Britain,  and  was  totally  abolifhedby 
Tiberius.  It  was  palpably  Pheni- 
cian,  and  was  taught  by  them  to 
the  inhabitants  of  Cornwall,  where 
they  traded  for  tin ;  nor  is  there  a 
fingle  authority  in  all  antiquity  for 
its  ever  extending  during  the  cen- 
tury or  fo  that  it  exifted,  beyond 
the  ifland  Mona  or  Anglefey,  and 
in  the  Garonne  or  fouthern  bound  of 
Celtica  in  Gaul.  They,  therefore, 
who  fpeak  of  Druidifm  in  Germa- 
ny, Cal-dnnia,  or  Ireland,  are  mere 
vifionaries."  This  Quiixotical  pa- 
ragraph led  Mr  Laing,  who  it  feemf 
cannot  dip  into  antiquity  for  himfelf, 
to  fay  of  Macplierfou  and  his  Drui- 
difm, (P. 391.)  **The  man  who  can 
thus  create  an  hirtorical  fa(fl,  requires 
nothing  but  genius  to  fabricate  an 
Epic  poem."  Let  us  therefore  exa- 
mine Pinkerton's  account,  or  rather 
falfe  and  abfurd  averment.  He 
fays,  Druidilm  was  a  late  invention 
in  the  south  of  Britain :  Now,  all 
that  Caefar  fays,  is,  (Lib.  6.  cap.  xii.) 

That  the  Druidic  difcipline  was 
thought  to  have  been  invented  in 
Britam,  and  brought  from  thence 
to  Gaul ;  and  that  thofe  who  wiHi- 
ed  to  Rudy  it  diligendy,  went  to 
Britain  for   that   purpole,"  with 


f  Vide  Toland  and  Smith's  Hiftoty 
of  Druids,  Dr  M'Pherfon's  DuTcrta- 
ticns,  and  M'lntoili's  Gaelic  Pioverbs. 
A  paiVage  in  Bede,  Lib.  ii.  cap.  13.  ^an 
only  be  underitood  from  the  Gaelic 
language.  He  mentions  Confi^  primut 
pontificum^  which  we  learn,  from  the 
Gaelic  proverbs,  (ignifics  the  arch  dru- 
id  ;  thus,  the  proverb,  p.  20,  is  *'  cho 
teomadh  re  Cbibhi  Druidh,'^  As  dextrous 
as  the  Archdruid ;  and  p.  34.  *'  The 
ftone  clings  not  faftcr  to  the  ground 
than  Comc's  help  to  the  needy."  Stc. 

5  G  whom 


738         Answer  to  the  S^^estion  in  Cosmography.      Vol.  64. 


xvhom  Pliny  agrees.  Pinkerton  had 
therefore  no  authority  for  confining 
it  to  the  fouth  of  Britain,  and  no 
other  reafon,  than  to  aid  his  other 
falfehood  of  the  Phenicians  teaching 
it  to  the  Cornifh.  How  he  came 
to  confine  Druidifm  to  the  fouthern 
bound  of  Celtica,  or  to  drown  it  tn 
the  river  Garonne^  I  know  not.  Cxfar 
fays  no  fuch  thing,  but  ufes  the 
words  in  omnt  Gulha^  and  tells  us 
the  Druids  afTcmbled  once  a  year 
in Jinibus  Camutu^ny  or  between  Or- 
leans and  Chartres,  the  centre  of 
Gaul,  in  a  place  confecrated  for 
the  purpofe  :  And  Strabo  (Lib  4.) 
after  mentioning  that  Gaul  was  di- 
vided into  three  parts,  as  Caefar  had 
done,  fays,  as  my  Latin  tranflation 
has  it,  Apud  omnes  trci  ptlfftm  na- 
ttones  eximio  in  honore  funt  Bardi 
Vates  Druidas.''  Druidifm  muft 
have  exifted  not  for  one,  but 
for  many  centuries,  feeing  it  was 
not  only  in  Britain,  but  had  fpread 
over  all  Gaul  in  Caefar^s  time.  As 
to  its  abolifhment  by  Tiberius,  his 
decree  could  neither  reach  Caledo- 


nia nor  Ireland,  fo  Mr  Pinkcrton*s 
obfervation  is  nothing  to  the  pur- 
pofe. Druidifm  was  found  in  An- 
glefey  in  Nero's  time,  then  firft  in- 
vaded by  Paulinus  ;  nor  was  it  .ex« 
tind  in  the  time  of  Aurelian  and  Di- 
oclcfian;  nay  Marcellinus  and  even 
Aufonius  fpeak  of  the  Druids.  Af- 
ter referring  the  reader  to  the 
Scotch  authors  above  quoted,  for 
farther  information,  1  fliall  only 
add,  that  the  2d  of  May  is  ftill  cal- 
led Beltien  or  Beltin,  from  the  Dru- 
idical  pradlice  of  kindling  fires  to 
Bel,  Belinus,  or  the  Sun.  Z7;v,  in 
his  hillory  of  Ruglen,  mentions 
thefe  Bel  Hires  or  Beannefircs,  as 
common  in  Clydefdale  ;  and  quotes 
from  the  records  of  the  prefbvtery  of 
Glafgow,  anno  1586,  that  the  pref- 
bytery  ordered  the  miniftcrs  within 
their  bounds,  "  To  try  who  made 
Beannefireslalimid-fummer'seven." 
Notwithftandlng  of  which,  he  fays, 
the  pradiice  partly  continued  down 
to  his  own  time. 

(  To  be  Continued. ) 


ANSWER  to  the  QUESTION  in  COSMOGRAPHY- Page  481. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


IN  your  Magazine  for  June,  I  ob- 
ferve  a  queftion  by  Scotus,  requir- 
ing the  difference  of  time  between 
the  moment  of  the  Sun's  rifing  at 
Jerufaiem  in  Paleftine,  and  at  Edin- 
burgh in  Scotland,  fionf  the  lati- 
tudes and  longitudes  of  both  the 
places  being  given. 

I  prefume  that  you  allot  a  part 
of  your  Magazine  to  exercifes  of 
this  kind,  with  a  view  to  the  amufe- 
meat  of  fome  of  your  readers,  and 


tlie  inRruv51ion  of  others  ;  and,  that,! 
in  the  fele<5i:ion  of  matter,  you  chufe  j 
the  more  ori'inary,  and  more  gene- 
rally known  fubjeds,  that  is,  fuch] 
as  are  witliin  the  comprehenfion  ofl 
the  bulk  of  your  leaders,  rather j 
than  thofe  queilions,  that  can  only 
be  folved  by  your  profound  calcu^ 
lators,  that  ^z/zzZ,  but  cannot  in-^j 
(Irud ;  and  perplex,  but  do  not  amufe. 
It  is  alfo  my  humble  opinion,  and, 
I  well  knovv,  tliat  of  many  of  your 
readers, 


Sept.  1802.  Answer  to  the  ^lystion  in  Cosimgraphy.  739 


readers,  that  pradical  exercifes  of 
the  firft  kind  in  a  periodical  publi- 
cation, contribute  very  confiderably 
to  the  advancement  of  fcience  ;  the 
ardour  of  the  ftudent  is  ftimulated, 
and  the  reader,  for  inflrutflion  or 
for  amiifement,  is  gratified  v/ith 
the  difcuflion  of  fubjeds,  the  nature 
and  tendency  of  wrhich  are  pretty 
generally  underftood.  But,  when 
the  abib'adt  and  more  intricate 
parts  of  fcience  are  brought  in,  the 
ohjecfl  is  then  looked  at  by  a  very 
great  majority  of  your  readers,  with 
indifference,  nay,  often  with  con- 
tempt; or  viewed  from  a  diftance 
with  depreffed  hope,  or  languid  dif- 
appointment. 

Without  troubling  you  with  all 
the  minutiae  of  calculation,  the  fol- 
lowing is,  I  think,  the  outline  of 
the  folution,  fuch  as  will  be  eafily 
followed,  and  readily  underftood. 
Therefore, 

For  the  better  illuftration  of  the 
fubjedl,  let  a  figure,  according  to 
the  data,  be  projected  with  tolerable 
accuracy,  and  not  upon  too  fmall 
a  fcale,  firft,  for  the  latitude  of  Je- 
rufalem,  and  next,  for  that  of  Edin- 
burgh—And,  from  it,  the  anfwers 
may  alfo  be  found  pretty  near  the 
truth,  with  inftruments  only. 

I.  By  this  projection,  a  right 
angled  fpherical  triangle  is  formed, 
in  which  are  given  one  of  the  fides 
(the  fun's  greateft  declination)  and 
one  of  the  angles,  (the  co-latitude 

4.  Time  at  Edinburgh,  when  fun  rifes  at  Edinburgh,  as*} 

above,  is  -  -  -  -  j 

Time  at  Edinburgh,  when  fun  rifes  at  Jerufalem,  as  in  7 
ftep  2d  -  -  .  -  j 

Sun  rifes  at  Jerufalem  at  fummer  folftice,  fooner  than  at") 
Edinburgh  by  the  difference  of  -  j 

5.  Sun  rifes  at  Edinburgh  at  the  winter  folftice,  as  in") 

ftep  3d,  at  -  -  -  J 

and  at  Jerufalem  at  ditto,  by  ftep  ift 

Difference  is  fooner  at  Jerufalem 

5G2 


fay,  of  Jerufalem;)  To  find  the 
other  fide,  the  equation  is,  Tar\g, 
Lat.xTang.  declination R.X»Sins 
of  the  fide  fought ;  or,  Tang.  lat.X 
Tang,  declination,  and  divided  by 
R.  gives  the  fide  fought.  This  being 
found,  is  an  arch  of  the  equator, 
which,  when  reduced  to  time,  is 
equal  to  i'*  2  48  ',  the  time  of  fun- 
riiing  at  Jerufalem  before  6  o'clock 
at  the  fummer  folftice,  and  after  6 
o'clock  at  the  winter  folftice,  ac- 
cording to  our  divifion  of  time  ;  or 
4''  57'  12'  morning  at  the  former, 
and  7^  2!  48  '  morning  at  the  lat- 
ter. 

2.  The  longitudes,  as  oppofite, 
being  added,  and  reduced  to  time, 
are  equal  to  2^  34'  2\\  the  time 
that  Jerufalem  is  ealt  from  Edin- 
burgh, which,  taken  from  4'^  57'  1 7!' 
the  time  of  fun-rifing  at  Jerufalem 
at  the  fummer  folftice,  as  above, 
leaves  2^  22'  for  the  time  in  the 
morning  at  Edinburgh,  when  the 
fun  rifes  at  Jerufidem. 

3.  By  the  folution  of  another  right 
angled  fpherical  triangle  for  the  la- 
titude of  Edinburgh,  as  in  ftep  ift, 
an  arch  of  the  equator  is  found, 
which  reduced  to  time,  gives  2"^  40^9" 
the  time  of  fun-rifing  at  Edinburgh 
before  fix  o'clock  at  the  fummer 
folftice,  and  after  fix  o'clock  at  the 
winter  folftice,  or  3'^  19'  51"  morn- 
ing at  the  former,  and  8^ 
at  the  latter.  Therefore, 


40  9 


19  51^ 

2 

22  51 

0 

57  0 

8 

40  9 

7 

2  48 

I 

37  21 

To 


Vol.  64. 

2^'  34  21" 


740  Life  of  Fenelon. 

To  which  add  the  time  con  efponding  to  the  difference  7 
of  longitude,  being,  as  in  ftep  2d  -         -  \ 

Sum  is,  the  time  that  the  fun  rifes  at  Jerufalem  at  the  7 
winter  folftice,  fooner  than  at  Edinburgh         -  ] 


If  4^^  11'  42''  be  taken  from 
8'^  40'  g  \  the  difference  is  4'^  28'  27'' 
the  time  in  the  morning  at  Edin- 
burgh when  tlie  f\m  rifes  at  Jerufa- 
lem at  the  Ihortefl  day. 

6.  The  time  correfponding  to  the 
difference  of  longitude,  being,  as 
above,  2''  34.'  21"  is  the  time  that 
the  fun  riles  at  Jerufalem  fooner 
than  at  Edinburgh  at  the  equinox, 
or  when  it  is  3^  25'  39"  o'clock  in 
the  morning  at  Edinburgh. 

N.  B.  The  times  of  fun-fetting 
may  now  be  readily  found  at  the 


4  II  42 

two  places,  at  the  above  mentioned 
periods,  and  their  differences  com- 
puted accordingly. 

By  a  fmiilar  invcftigation,  the 
problem  may  be  extended  to  any 
other  two  places,  and  any  time  of 
the  year. — I  am 

Your  obed.  humble  Servant, 

Don  Sid  y     )  r» 

V  ^  .Q^^  r  KURICOLA.* 
Aug,  7.  1002.  3 


*  The  futujc  correspondence  of  this 
Gef:tt,emufi  is  rtspe-lfuUy  retiuested. 


LIFE  OF  FRANCOIS  de  Sr\LIGNAC  df  la  MOTTE  FENELON, 

ARCHBISHOP  AND  DUKE  OF  CAMBRAY. 


Conclude'!  fr nm  p.  c;;6. 


WE  now  proceed  to  follow  this 
venerable  man  through  the  reft  of 
liis  journey  through  life.  And  de- 
lightful, indeed,  is  the  fcene  pre- 
fenied  to  view.  We  are  prefented 
\vith  the  good  man  living  in  his 
dlocefe,  tlie  friend  of  humanity,  and 
the  pdtron  of  virtue.  At  a  diftance 
from  the  cliicane  of  courts,  and  the 
ftorms  of  fadion,  he  made  the  pang 
©f  forrow  his  own,  and  the  only  li- 
mits of  his  i^unificence  were  the 
wants  of  indigence.  Maintaining 
that  dignity  upon  which  the  refpec- 
tability,  and  therefore  ufefulnefs  of 
liis  charadler  depended,  he  exhibit- 
ed among  the  peafantry  of  his  dip- 
cefe,  the  moft  winning  condefcen- 
fion,  and  engaging  humility.  Sooth- 
ing their  cares,  confoling  their  for- 
rows,  relieving  their  wants,  he  ac- 
quired their  efteem,   and  fecuied 


their  affection.  He  ufed  to  vvalk 
frequently  alone,  and  on  f<r>ot,^^  fay:3 
D'Alembei  t,  in  his  diocefan  vifns 
in  the  environs  of  Cambray  :  He 
entered  the  houfes  of  the  peafants, 
fealed  himfelf  near  tlicm,  folaced 
and  comforted  them.  Old  men  who 
are  yet  alive,  and  have  had  the  hap- 
pinefs  to  fee  him,  ftill  fpeak  of  hiui 
with  the  moft  tender  veneration. 
There  !  fay  they,  there  !  is  the  woodm 
chair  on  ivhlch  our  good  archbishop  vsc'J 
to  seat  himself  among  us  ! — sioait  see 
him  no  more  I — And  they  hurst  into 
tears 

"  I  HAD  profited  little  by  my 
books,'*  faid  a  great  literary  charac- 
ter, on  feeing  his  library  in  flames, 
"  had  I  not  learned  to  lofe  them." 
The  faying  is  defervedly  admired ; 
but  Fenelon,  on  a  fimilar  occafion, 
faid;  "  I  am  much  better  pleafed 


Sept.  1802. 


Life  of  Fenelon. 


741 


that  my  hooks  fhould  be  burnt,  than 
the  cottage  of  a  poor  farnily." 

In  the  v/ar  1701  he  kindly  re- 
ceived the  Duke  of  Marlborough 
and  Prince  Eugene  ;  and,  in  return, 
enjoyed  that  veneration  and  efteem, 
which  he  fo  juflly  deferved.  The 
French  courtiers  who  ferved  in  the 
army  of  Flanders  avoid  d  feeing 
him.  The  bafelt  paid  court  to  their 
foperiors,  by  pouring  contempt  u- 
pon  his  charader  ;  whilO:  it  was  the 
higheft  effort  of  virtue  not  to  blame 
him.  The  Duke  of  Burgundy,  his 
pupil  was  perhaps  the  only  inhabi- 
tant of  Verfaiiles,  in  whofe  memory 
he  was  cheriflied.  That  virtue  and 
afFedion  which  Fenelon  had  infpired 
flill  tended  towards  their  fource. 

During  the  campaign  in  1708, 
in  which  this  prince  commanded, 
he  implored  the  king,  his  grandfa- 
ther, to  permit  him  to  vifit  the  per- 
fon  to  whom,  of  all  men,  he  con- 
sidered hlmfelf  the  mo  ft  indebted, 
and  to  whom  he  had  the  warmeft 
attachment.  Louis  refufed.  What 
rendered  this  barbarity  flill  more 
pungent  was,  that  there  were  few 
opportunities  of  epiftoiary  corre 
fpondenee,.  In  the  firft  letter  which 
this  amiable  youth  had  an  opportu- 
nity offending  his  mafter,  he  writes 
as  follows  :  I  have  fullered  many 
affii6tions  finee  our  feparation  ;  but 
one  of  the  greatefl  has  been  that  of 
not  being  able  to  give  you  any  proof 
of  my  affeclion  for  you,  all  this 
while*.  I  have  had  a  fecret  indig- 
nation at  all  the  ufage  you  have  met 
with  ;  but  we  muft  fitbmit  to  the 
divine  will,  and  believe  that  all  has 
come  to  pafs  for  our  good."  This 
excellent  prince  died  in  1712,  when 
Fenelon  fuffered  the  laft  pang  that 
terreftrial  revolution  could  inflidl. 
In  tears  he  vented  the  feelings  of 


*  Four  years  :  The  letter  is  dated 
Verraillcs,  Dec.  24.  1701.  Ramfay's 
Life  of  Fenelon,  p.  3^0. 


nature  ;  and  refigned  himfelf  to  the 
will  of  heaven.  On  the  death  of 
the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  many  of 
Fenelon's  letters  were  found  in  his 
cabinet.  In  thefe  appeared  the  pre- 
ceptor and  the  friend.  To  give  '2. 
fpecimen  of  the  ftyle  and  manner  of 
them,  I  fKall  extrad  a  few  fenten- 
ces  from  the  only  one  of  them  which 
is  extantf .  Let  it  be  feen,"  fays 
he,  "  that  you  have  thoughts  and 
fentiments  becoming  a  prince.  You 
muft  make  yourfelf  beloved  by  the 
good,  feared  by  the  bad,  and  e- 
fteemed  by  all.  There  is  nothing 
weak,  melancholy,  or  conftrained, 
in  true  piety.  It  enlarges  the  heart. 
It  is  fimple  and  lovely.  It  becomes 
all  things  to  all  men,  that  it  may 
gain  all.  The  kingdom  of  God 
does  not  confiil  in  a  fcrupulous  ob- 
fervation  of  pundilios.  It  confifts 
in  the  exercife  of  the  virtues  proper 
to  each  man's  ftate  and  vocation. 
Be  the  heir  of  the  virtues  of  St 
Louis,  before  you  inherit  his  crown. 
Remember  that  his  blood  flows  in 
your  veins,  and  that  the  fame  fpirit 
of  faith,  by  v^^hich  he  was  fanclified, 
ought  to  be  the  life  of  your  heart." 

The  letter  from  which  thefe  ex- 
trafts  are  made,  is  the  only  one  of 
Fenelon's  in  this  correfpondence,  I 
obferved,  which  now  remains.  The 
reft,  as  we  are  informed  by  Ram- 
fay,  Louis  did  himfelf  the  infernal 
pleafure  of  burning  vrith  his  own 
hand  !  For  the  one  which  ftill  re- 
mains,  we  are  indebted  to  Madame 
de  Maintenon,  who  fent  it  enclofed 
with  an  account  of  the  fate  of  the 
reft,  to  the  Duke  of  Beauvilliers. 

The  fe verity  of  the  winter  of 
1709  completed  the  defolation  of 
Fentlon*s  native  country,  which  had 
been  ravaged  by  war  during  the 
eight  years  preceding.  This  was  a 
field  for  the  difplay  cf  his  virtues. 
"  I  love  my  family",  this  was  his 


f  Fvam-  Life  cf  Fen.  p.  3^4.  an  J  327. 

,  maxim. 


Life  of  Fenelon. 


Vol.  64. 


maxim,  and  thcfe  his  words,  bet- 
ter than  myfelf :  I  love  my  country 
better  tiian  my  family  :  but  I  love 
mankind  better  than  ni}"  country." 
Thcfe  are  pretty  generally  the  fen- 
timents  of  modern  philofopheis  ; 
but  they  were  the  bafis  of  Fenelon's 
condudl.  There  was  at  this  time, 
in  iiis  granaries,  corn  to  the  amount 
of  an  hundred  thoufand  francs.  Re- 
fufmg  any  con^ptnfation,  he  diftri- 
buted  the  whole  to  the  foldiers. 

The  king'"  laid  he,  "  owes  me 
nothing  ;  and  in  the  misfortunes 
with  which  the  people  are  oppreffed, 
I  ought,  as  a  Frenchman  and  a 
bifhop,  to  reftore  to  the  Rate  what 
I  have  received  from  it."  It  was 
thus  that  Fenelon  revenged  his  dif- 
grace. 

His  munificence,  however,  was 
not  confined  to  his  countrymen. 
Enghlhmen  likewifc  fhared  of  his 
bounty  ;  and,  to  their  honour  be  it 
recorded,  they  were  not  ungrateful. 
In  return  for  that  philanthropy, 
which  the  circumftance  of  being  an 
enemy  could  not  extinguifh,  a  fafe 
condu(5t  was  granted  to  the  good 
archbilhop,  whenever  the  voice  of 
humanity  pronounced  it  expedient, 
and  it  was  then  only  that  it  was 
valued.  Of  the  ufe  which  he  made 
of  it  we  fhall  have  a  better  idea,  by 
attending  to  a  particular  inftance. 

It  is  but  jult  to  fay,  that  on  this 
occafion,  the  wretched,  without  dif- 
lindion,  found  in  Fenelon  a  father, 
and  in  his  palace  a  home.  He  be- 
came literally  the  fervant  of  all." 
At  the  board  which  he  fpread  for 
all,  he  himfelf  ferved.  He  one  day 
obfexved  a  peafant  dejected  and  me- 
lancholy, whofe  grief  did  not  permit 
him,  though  hungry,  to  repair  de- 
caying nature.  "  Why"  faid  Fene^ 
Ion,  "  do  you  not  eat  ?"  "  Ah  I 
Sir,"  replied  the  peafant,  <^  I  had 
a  cow,  the  fupport  of  my  family, 
which,  when  flying  from  ray  cot- 
tage, I  had  not  time  to  take  along 
•with  me  i  By  this  time  fne  is  in 
the  hands  of  .he  enemy,  and  I  (hall 


never  find  her  equal  more  !"  Under 
the  prote(51ion  of  his  fafe  condudl, 
the  venerable  archhifhop  immediate- 
ly fet  off,  accompanied  with  a  fingle 
domeftic,  found  the  cow,  and  re- 
ftored  her  to  the  peafant.  "  Un- 
happy thofe",  fays  D'Alembert,  by 
whom  this  is  related,  "  to  Vv^hom 
this  alFedting  anecdote  feems  un- 
worthy of  being  told  before  this  re- 
fpedable  afTembly  !"  He  means  the 
French  Academy,  before  whom  the 
Eloge  v/as  delivered. 

In  17  ro  was  introduced  to  Fene- 
lon, Andrew  Micliael  Ramfay,  a 
Scotfman,  commonly  known  by  the 
name  of  the  Chevalier  Ramfay,  to 
whom  I  have  been  chiefly  indebted 
in  drawing  up  f.iicfe  memoirs.  The 
elegant  author  of  the  Travels  of 
Cyrus,  bom  in  a  country  where  li- 
berty of  confcience  is  not  retrained 
by  the  laws  of  the  land,  and  where, 
of  confequence,  the  human  mind 
difco vers  itfelf  freely  in  all  its  forms, 
Ifad  not  the  happinefs  to  turn  to  ad- 
vantage this  bed  of  privileges.  In 
Scotland,  where  the  earlier  part  of 
his  life  was  pa  (fed,  he  embraced,  in 
fucceffion,  the  tenets  of  almoll  every 
feet  of  protefbints,  and  then  turned 
from  all.  He  became  a  deift.  "  I 
could  not,  however,"  fays  he,  "fhake 
off  my  refped  for  the  Chriilian  rc- 
lig^ion,  the  morahty  of  which  is  fo 
fublime*."  Such  was  the  ftate  of 
his  mind  when  introduced  to  the 
'Archbiihop  of  Cambray,  "  who," 
he  fays,  "  received  him  with  that 
fatherly  afFedion  v\hich  immediate- 
ly gains  the  heart."  For  the  Jpacc 
of  fix  months  religion  was  the  fuh- 
jedl  of  minute  inveftigation,  and 
careful  difctiffion.  It  is  no  fmall 
honour  to  Fenelon's  talents  for  com- 
munication, as  well  as  his  engaging 
manners  and  indefatigable  patience, 
to  add,  that  he  fucceeded  in  per- 
fuading   Ramfay  to  embrace  the 


*  Life  of  Fen.  p.  1  pi. 


Sept.  1802. 


Life  of  Fenelon. 


743 


Chriilian  religion.  From  this  pe- 
riod till  Fenelon's  death,  he  lived 
with  him  in  the  clofeft  friendihip ; 
and  in  his  « life  of  Fenelon''  has 
left  on  record  a  teib  mony  erf  grati- 
tude to  him  who  was  the  inftrument 
of  eiFedling  what  he  terms  "  the 
happieil  occurrence  in  his  life.'' 

Thc  Archbifliop.had  now  furvi- 
vcd  his  mjich  efteemed  pupil,  the 
Duke  of  Burgundy,  three  years; 
and  had  feen  himfelf  bereaved  of 
his  moft  intimate  friends  and  confi- 
dents, the  Dukes  of  Beauvilliers  and 
Chevreufe — His  meeknefs,  fubmif- 
fion,  and  inviolable  attachment  both 
I  to  church  and  ftate,  made  fuch  an 
impreffion  on  the  mind  of  Louis,  that 
breaking  loofe  from  the  fhackles  of 
his  former  prejudices  and  hatred,  he 
refolved  to  recal  him  to  court.  But, 
of  a  treafure  of  which  his  former 
condud  had  rendered  him  unwor- 
thy, heaven  now  denied  him  the 
poiTeflion. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  year 
1715,  Fenelon  was  feized  with  an 
inflammation  in  his  lungs,  accom- 
panied  with    a   continued  fever. 
Equally  removed  from  levity  and 
ftoical  apathy,  he  maintained  the 
j  magnanimity  of  a  Chriftian.  His 
lillnels  lafted  between  fix  and  feven 
jdays.   His  laft  words,  uttered  amid 
jthe  rending  pangs  of  diifolving  hu- 
manity, were,  "  Not  my  will,  but 
thine  be  done.*'    On  the  8th  of  Ja- 
inuary  17 15,  and  in  the  64th  year 
of  his  age,  this  venerable  man  brea- 
thed his  laft. 

In  memory  of  this  virtuous  pre- 
late, w'e  are  informed  by  D'Alem- 
[jbert,  that  there  is  in  the  cathedral  of 
ijCainbray,  a  long  but  infipid  epitaph, 
ijwhich  he  does  not  think  worth  pre- 
'i^erving,  <'Let  us  dare,''  l^iys  he,  "  to 
ipropoie  a  fliorter  one:".-<<  Undei 
>hiT  ftone  refts  Fenelon  :  Paifenger 
fjifface  not,  by^thy  tears,  this  epitaph, 
put  let  others  have  an  opportunity 
pf  reading  it,  and  like  ihe^  ^  of  weep- 


ing."—We  are  informed  by  Profef. 
for  Bygge,*  that  in  the  hall  where 
the  National  Inftitute  holds  its  • 
meetings,  there  are  a  few  ftatues  of 
fome  of  the  moft  illuftrious  men 
whom  France  ever  produced  ;  and 
that^  among  thefe  few  which  have 
furvived  the  reign  of  terror,  there  is 
one  of  Fenelon. 

To  write  the  life  of  Fenelon  is 
a  tall  for  which  the  author  of  thefe 
memoirs  confe/Tes  himfelf  unfit,  and 
could  hare  been  induced  to  it  only 
from  a  defire  of  fupplying,  in  fome 
meafure,  a  defedl  in  the  gratitude 
of  the  learned  to  this  "greatly  good 
man."— To  attempt  aliimmary  of 
his  characfter  as  a  man,  as  a  Chrifti- 
an,^  and  as  an  author,  is  ftill  more 
difficult.    Enough  cannot  be  faid; 
and  what  can  be  faid,  it  is  difficult 
to  fay  as  it  ought  to  be  faid.  The 
manner  in  which  tlie  narrative  of 
his  life  has  been  prefented  to  the 
reader  will  render  it  the  lefs  necef- 
fary ;  and  the  writer  of  it  flatters 
himfelf,  that  he  will  be  excufed  from 
entering  into  a  critical  examination 
of  works,  on  the  merits  of  which  the 
world  has  fo  long  ago,  and  fo  fa- 
vourably  decided.  A  few  fcntences, 
however,  in  both  refpeds  may  here 
be  permitted. 

Of  the  adive  benevolence  of  Fe- 
nelon we  have  few  parallels.  He 
v/as  anxious  to  do  good;  and  no 
lefs  fo  to  conceal  it.  Of  Bartheie- 
niy,  the  Neftor  of  French  literature, 
it  is  faid  by  his  friend  Dulfaulx, 
that  he  ufed  frequently  thus  to  ex- 
prefs  his  philanthrophy :  "  Why  is 
it  not  permitted  to  a  mortal  to  be- 
queath profpcricy  to  his  feilow-crea- 
tures  Could  fuch  a  wifh  be  rea- 
lized, the  brighteft  difplavs  of  vir- 
tue  would  be  impofllbie.  The  lan- 
guage of  Fenelou's  heart  appeared 
in  his  condudl.    It  v>'as  this  :  Let 


*  Travels  in  France  p.  316— Lor 


744 


Life  cf  Feneton. 


Vol.  64. 


lis  anticipate  the  future,  by  doing 
the  moll  good  \vc  can  in  the  pre- 
fent."  In  one  line  of  Lucan  all  is 
fummed  up : 

"  Nil  adlurn  reput^ns  fi  quiil  fuperenet 
agcndiirA." 

Though  a  member  of  the  church 
of  Rome,  his  mind  was  feldom 
warped  by  her  prejudices ;  and  his 
heart  was  never  debafed  by  her 
principles.  He  beheld  a  brother  in 
every  country  ;  and  ChriRians  in 
every  church. 

Warm  in  his  piety,  pure  In  his 
morals  ;  in  his  iniercoiirie  with  men 
generous,  benevolent,  fympatlietic  ; 
inflexibly  Iteady  in  what  he  deemed 
the  caufe  of  truth  and  virtue  ;  and 
in  fufFering,  poffelfed  of  an  equani- 
mity and  fortitude  which  detrac- 
tion could  not  dillurb,  or  malice 
fliake,  he  enforced  the  dotftrines  and 
precepts  which  he  taught  by  the 
moft  powerful  of  all  incentives, — 
living  example.  As  a  preceptor^ 
he  realized,  what,  to  many  has  ap- 
peared a  dream,  and  what,  it  mull 
be  confefTed,  has  feldom  exilled'but 
in  theory.  To  corred  the  head- 
ftrong  piopenfities  of  impetuous 
youth,  he  has  Ihown  us  is  poiTible  ; 
hut  that,  for  the  performance  of  the 
tafk,  are  requiilte,  prudence  in  a  de- 
gree that  is  rare,  and  patience  inde- 
fatigable. 

As  a  writer,  he  is  certainly  one 
of  thofe,  whofe  works  iliall  lail  for 
ages  and  will  ceafe  to  be  rea  J, 
only  when  elegant  fimplicity  ceafes 
to  be  admired.  By  his  works,  the 
philofopher  v/ill  be  taught  to  blend 
the  agreeable  With  the  ufeful ;  and 
to  drew  with  flowers  the  paths  of 
fcience  and  virtue.  He  who  courts 
the  mufes,  will  do  v/ell  to  keep  Fe- 
nelcn  in  view,  whilft  he  labours 
up  the  fteep  afcent  of  ParnafTus ; 
and  like  Lim,  inltruds  by  pleafmg. 

*•  Omne  tulit  pun^lum  qui  mifcult  uti- 
le dulcL.'' 


"  The  Telemachus  of  the  celebra- 
ted Archbifhop  of  Cambray,"  fays 
the  elegant  Hawkefworth,  is  a 
work  of  fuch  reputation,  that  it 
would  be  fcarce  lefs  abfurd  to  recom- 
mend it,  than  to  recommend  the 
Writings  of  Homer  and  Virgil." — 
His  theological  writings  favour 
fomevvhat  of  the  church  of  which 
he  was  a  member.  His  "  Demon- 
ftration  of  the  being  of  a  God," 
will  be  generally  read  with  pleafure 
and  pro^it ;  although,  in  determin- 
ing the  llandard  of  Biblical  inter- 
pretation, my  countrymen  may  not 
be  inclined  to  coincide  with  his  fen- 
timents  in  his  "  Letters  on  Religi- 
on and  Metaphyfics."  His  "  Ounyret 
\f>lritut-l/ei*^  are  addre/Ted  to  a  parti- 
cular fed,  in  a  particular  church. 
On  the  mind  of  Fenelon,  they  had 
a  good  efFed ;  but  with  others,  the 
fame  fcntimelits  might  be  dange- 
rous. 

His  "  Dialogues  on  Eloquence," 
and  his  "  Dialogues  of  tlie  Dead," 
are  as  much  admired  as  they  are 
generally  read ;  and  to  fpeak  of 
them,  either  by  way  of  cenfure  or 
commendation,  where  the  public 
have  already  decided,  would  be  e- 
qually  prefumptuous. 

"  The  Lives  of  ancient  Philofo- 
fophers,"  is  not  fo  well  known.  Th.t 
reafon  perhaps  is,  that  they  have 
not  yet  appeared  in  an  Englifh 
drefs.  To  the  author  of  thefe  me- 
moirs, the  merit  of  this  book  ap- 
peared fo  great,  that  for  his  own 
private  pleafure,  he  completed  an 
Englifh  verfion  of  it,  when  profe- 
cuting  his  philofophical  ftudies ;  a 
period,  when  it  murt  be  highly  ufe- 
ful as  well  as  entertaining  to  all. 
And  if  it  once  appear  in  that  lan- 
guage in  which  it  can  be  generally 
read  ;  there  is  no  doubt,  but  it  will 
be  generally  admired ;  and  from 
the  clofet  of  the  ftudent  will  pafs 
into  the  parlour,  and  become  the 
favourite  entertainer  at  the  tea- 
table. 

What- 


Sept.  1S02.     Notice  concerning  J.  Leech  the  Poet. 


745 


Whatever  has  fallen  from  the 
pen  of  Fenelon,  deferves  to  be  read : 
and  the  Lives  of  the  ancient  Philofo- 
phers, written  by  the  author  of  Te- 
lemachus,  may  be  prefumed  worthy 
of  the  public  attention.  The  order, 
in  which  the  illuftrious  names  of 
antiquity  are  here  prefcnted  to  us, 
is  that  of  time  ;  and  from  Thales 
to  Zeno  inclufive,  no  name  of  im- 
portance is  omitted.  The  method 
in  which  each  of  the  lives  is  con- 
ducted is  natural  and  eafy ;  (imple 
and  perfpicuous  ;  inftrudive  and  en- 
tertaining. We  are  prefented  with 
a  brief  account  of  the  leading  fadls 
in  his  life,  his  opinions,  and  his 
mode  of  deducing  his  principles 
from  others  more  general,  and  lefs 
obvioufly  conneded  with  his  own. 
The  number,  variety,  and  excel- 
lence of  the  anecdotes  with  which 
this  little  piece  abounds,  give  it  a 
juft  claim  to  the  regard  of  the  ftu- 
dent ;  and  muft  rivet  the  attention 
of  the  general  reader.  In  this  view. 


it  will  be  found  more  complete 
than  the  quartos  of  Enfield.  With 
the  ftudent,  however,  it  ought  not 
to  fuperfede  that  valuable  work  — 
On  phyfics,  ethics,  and  logic,  the 
tenets  of  the  philofopher  are  deliver- 
ed without  thofe  remarks  which 
every  intelligent  reader  may  make 
for  himfelf ;  and  without  that  con- 
traft  with  modern  opinions  which 
is  the  province  of  another  depart- 
ment. In  the  words  of  the  origi- 
nal editor:  "  There  appears  no- 
thing in  this  abridgment  to  give 
the  lie  to  the  reputation  of  its  au- 
thor :  it  is  methodical  and  circum- 
ftantial :  the  ftyle  neat,  concife,  and 
natural.  With  a  glance  of  the  eye, 
as  on  a  map,  you  run  over  the 
birth,  the  education,  the  travels,  the 
adventures,  the  phyfical  principles, 
the  moral  and  political  maxims,  and 
the  "  bf^ns  mots^^  of  all  the  ancient 
philofophers  of  Greece,  drawn  up 
with  order,  precifion,  variety,  and 
connexion. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


Si 


ALLOW  me  to  add  to  the  in- 
formation colleded  by  your  coiref- 
pondent  p.  692.  concerning  the  poet 
Leech  or  Leoch,  the  correfpondent 
of  Drummond,  the  following  notice, 
which  is  given  in  the  quaint  ftiie 
of  the  original  author. 

*'  I  MUST  forbear  to  fpend  enco- 
mions  upon  that  worthy  gentleman 
Mafter  David  Leech,  who  is  a  moft 
fluent  poet  in  the  Latine  tongue,  an 
ixquifite  philofopher,  and  profound 
:heolog.  Seeing  I  am  come  to 
peak  againe  of  Scotifti  poets,  which 
■lave  flourilhed  of  late,  the  forefaid 
I   Vol.  LXJV. 


Mr  Leech  hath  an  elder  brother, 
named  John,  who  hath  fet  forth 
four  or  five  moft  excellent  books  of 
Epigrams  and  Eclogues  in  tiie  La- 
tine  tongue/' — Urquhart's  Jevv^el,  p. 
J  99. 

This  fingular  work,  compofed  in 
tlie  moft  extravagant  ftile  of  bom- 
baft  and  fuftian,  contains  feveral  cu- 
rious notices,  concerning  the  Sco- 
tilh  writers  of  the  early  part  of  tlie 
feventeenth  century,  which  well  de* 
ferve  the  attention  of  the  literary 
biographer. 

Crito. 

^  H 


746 


Vol.  64. 


LITERARY  EXTRACTS 

AND 

NOTICES. 


A  CHARACTER  of  the  GEORGIAN  and  CIRCASSIAN 
WOMEN. 

From  the  Travels  of  G.  A.  Olivier,  in  Turkey,  Egypt,  and  Perfia. 


THROUGHOUT  the  Eaft,  much 
is  laid  in  praife  of  the  beauty  of  the 
Georgian  and  CircalTinn  women,  flaves 
brought  to  Conftantinople,  and  there 
fold  while  young,  and  thence  fcattered 
all  over  Turkey,  in  order  to  ferve  in 
the  harems,  or  produce  children  to 
their  mafters.  Thefe  women,  from 
the  account  which  has  been  given  us 
of  them,  by  the  female  Chriftians  of  the 
country  who  frequent  them,  and  from 
the  fmall  number  of  thofe  whom  the 
pradlice  of  phyfic  has  afforded  us  an 
opportunity  to  fee,  have  European  fea- 
tures :  almoft  all  are  fair,  w  ith  dark 
hair  ;  all  are  finely  proportioned  when 
they  are  young,  but  they  generally 
acquire,  through  repofe,  good  living, 
and  the  frequent  uie  of  baths,  an  cn 
hon  point  which  cOnftitutes  the  delight 
of  the  Turks,  and  which,  neverthelefs, 
exceeds  the  limits  of  beautiful  propor- 
tion. 

The  Turks  have  nearly  the  fame 
ideas  of  the  beauty  of  women  as  the 
Europeans,  except  that,  in  general, 
they  prefer  the  fair  with  dark  hair,  and 
thofe  with  light  brown,  to  the  flaxen  ; 
and  cxceffive  en  ben  point  to  thinnefs  : 
it  may  even  be  faid  that  women  m 
good  health,  and  plump,  pleafe  them 
much  better  than  thofe  whofe  (hape  is 
llendcr,  whofe  perfon  and  limbs  are 
pliant,  and  not  very  fleflw. 

One^muft  not  be  lurpiiied  that  thefe 
tv'omen  are  in  general  very  well  made, 
fmcc  they  are  the  choice  of  all  that  is 
anoft  beautiful  among  thofe  that  are 
fold  in  the  Turkifli  markets,  by  the 
parents  themfelves.   But  what  mufl 


excite  aftonilhment  is,  that  avarice 
ihould  overcome  religious  prejudices ; 
that  father  and  mother,  at  the  light  of 
gold,  Ihouid  fliut  their  hearts  to  tender* 
nefs,  and  to  the  fweeteft  affe6lions ; 
that  they  fhould  abandon  and  give  up 
without  remorfe  a  child,  to  be  brought 
up  in  a  different  religion,  and  ferve 
for  the  pleafures  of  whoever  will  pur- 
chafe  her.  And  the  Chriftian  priefts 
in  that  country  endure  and  permit  this 
infamous  traffic  for  a  few  prayers  and 
fome  alms  :  fo  true  it  is,  according  to 
them,  that  there  is  a  nvay  of  accommodate 
ing  matters  nvith  heaven. 

The  price  of  thefe  flaves,  in  the  mar- 
kets of  Conftantinople,  varies  like  that 
of  all  merchandize,  and  is  regulated 
according  to  their  number  and  that  of 
the  purchafers.  They  commonly  coft 
from  500  to  icoo  piaflres,  that  is, 
from  1000  to  20C0  livres  ;  but  a  female 
flave  of  a  rare  beauty  amounts  to  an 
exceffive  price,  without  there  being  a 
neceffity  of  expofing  her  to  fale,  be- 
caul'e  moft  of  the  rich  men  are  always 
ready  to  make  pecuniary  facrif.ces  la 
order  to  procure  fuch  for  thcmfelves. 
The  men  in  place,  and  the  ambitious, 
are  liktwife  eager  to  purchafe  them, 
in  order  to  lay  them  at  the  feet  oftheir 
fovereign,  or  preient  them  to  their 
prote(^^lors,  and  place  about  them  wo- 
men, who,  being  indebted  to  them  for 
their  elevation, rLiayendeavo'jr,through 
gratitude,  to  contribute  to  that  of  their 
former  mailers. 

In  no  cafe  does  a  female  Have  Ihew 
herfelf  naked  to  him  who  wiihes  to 
purchafe  her;  this  is  contrary  to  Ot- 
toman 


Sept.  1802,       Georgian  and  Circassian  Women. 


747 


toman  decorum  and  n^anners :  but 
.when  flie  is  marriagable,  it  frequently 
happens  that  the  purchafer  fends  a 
matron  of  his  acquaintance  to  examine 
her,  and  afcertain  whether  fhe  be  a 
viigin. 

The  prejudices  of  Europe,  in  regard 
to  birth,  not  being  known  in  the  Le- 
vant, moft  of  the  Turks  marry,  with- 
out difficulty,  their  flaves,  orgivetheni 
in  marriage  to  their  fons.  In  like 
manner  they  give,  without  repugnance, 
their  daughters  in  marriage  to  the 
male  flaves  with  whom  they  are  pieaf- 
ed  ;  they  grant  them  their  freedom, 
and  procure  them  commiflions,  em- 
ployments, or  give  them  money  to 
undertake  a  trade,  or  excrcife  a  pro- 
feffion. 

The  trafhc  for  flaves  was  forbidden 
to  the  Jews  and  Chriftians  who  inha- 
bit Turkey.  No  one  is  fuffered  to  en- 
ter the  bazar,  where  women  arc  ex- 
pofed  to  fale,  but  Muflulmans.  Euro- 
peans cannot  be  introduced  there  with- 
out a  firmaun  of  the  Sullaun,  which  is 
granted  only  to  the  ambafladors  and 
agents  of  foreign  powers,  when  they 
are  on  the  eve  of  quitting  the  Ottoman 
empire.  A  few  days  before  our  depar- 
ture, we  with  plcafure  availed  our- 
felves  of  the  firmaun  which  Citizen 
Carra  Saint  Cyr  obtained,  in  order  to 
fatisfy  our  curiofity  in  that  refpe6l. 
In  company  with  him,  we  faw  the 
monuments  efcaped  from  barbarifm, 
time,  and  fire,  the  principal  mofques, 
the  madhoufes,  the  menagerie,  and 
the  market  for  female  flaves  ;  but  whe- 
ther the  traders,  apprized  of  our  ar- 
rival, had  made  them  retire,  or  whe- 
ther this  was  not  the  feafon  when  they 
are  moft  numerous,  we  found  few 
flaves  in  the  bazar,  and  among  thofe 
that  we  faw,  the  greater  part  were 
veiled  and  fliut  up  in  their  rooms ;  fo 
that  we  could  not  fee  them  but  for  a 
TTjOment  through  a  window,  which  was 
by  the  flde  of  the  door. 

We  (topped  to  contemplate  three  of 
them,  who  ftruck  us  by  their  beauty 
and  the  tear§  which  they  fhed.  They 
were  tall,  well  naade,  and  fcarcely  fif- 
teen years  of  age  5  one  of  them,  with 
her  head  and  left  arm  refting  againft 
the  wall,  vented  fobs  which  \yrungus 
to  the  heart.  Nothing  could  divert 
hpr  from  her  profound  grief :  her  com- 
panions, leaning  the  one  againft  the 
other,  were  holding  each  other  by  the 


hand  while  we  furveyed  them.  They 
caft  on  us  looks  which,  doubtltfs,  ex- 
prefled  their  regret  at  having  loft  their 
liberty,  at  being  torn  from  the  arms  of 
.a  too  cruel  father  and  mother,  at  hav- 
ing been  feparated,  perhaps,  from 
thofe  with  whom  love  and  hymen  were 
to  unite  their  fate. 

The  traders,  fwayed  with  ridiculous 
prejudices,  fear  the  mifchicvous  looks 
of  Chriftians  and  Europeans :  a  woman 
cannot  be  feen  by  them  without  being 
depreciated,  \vithout  running  the  rifk 
of  being  affc6led  by  their  malignaat 
influence.  Belides,  thefe  female  flaves, 
flUl  Chriftians,  may,  according  to 
thefe  traders,  fall  fuddenly  in  love 
with  a  man  of  their  own  religion,  and 
attempt  to  make  their  efcape.  They 
like  wife  fear  that  the  too  great  affliclioa 
into  which  the  flaves  are  plunged,  by 
every  thing  that  recalls  to  their  mind 
recolledtions  extremely  dear,  may  oc- 
cafion  them  to  fall  flck,  or  bring  on  sl 
melancholy  that  n^ay  afFedt  their 
health. 

The  building  has  nothing  remark- 
able, and  does  not  correfpond  with  the 
beauty  of  the  caravanfaries,  which  it 
refembles  in  point  of  form  andconftruc- 
tion,  nor  to  that  of  moft  of  the  bazars 
of  the  capital.  You  fee  a  i'uite  of  fmall 
naked  chambers,  which  receive  the 
light  only  by  a  door  and  a  little  grated 
window,  placed  on  one  nJe.  It  is  in- 
to one  of  thefe  rooms  that  the  unfortu- 
nate creatures  who  belong  to  the  fame, 
trader  are  crowded :  there  it  is  that 
each  waits  till  fate  throws  her  into  the 
hands  of  a  man,  young  or  old,  robuft 
or  infirm,  mild  or  paflionate,  good  or 
bad,  in  order  that  Ihe  may  become  his 
wife  or  his  concubine,  or  wait  on  the 
women  of  his  harem. 

Ti  e  ncgreflcs,  whom  commerce 
draws  annually  from  Ethiopia  or  Nubia, 
are  brought  up,  as  well  as  the  white 
female  flaves,  in  the  religion  of  Ma- 
homet, and  treated  with  the  fame 
kindnefs  as  the  others ;  but  being 
more  particularly  intended  for  the  fer- 
vice  of  the  harems,  it  feldom  happens 
that  they  fhare  the  bed  of  their  mafter. 
After  a  few  years  fervice,  the  greater 
part  of  them  are  married  to  white 
flaves.  Being  both  at  liberty,  to  the 
huft)and  is  given  wherewith  to  fet  up  a 
little  ftiop,  or  exercife  a  profeflion, 
which  may  provide  for  their  mainte- 
nance. Frequently  they  are  kept  ia 
5  H  2  the 


74S 


Georgian  and  Circassian  W$men.         '  Vol.  64* 


the  houfc  without  being  liberated ; 
the  wife  ferves,  in  cafe  of  neceflity,  as 
a  wet  nurfc  to  the  children  of  her  mif- 
trefs,  and  continues  in  the  fervice  of 
the  harem  :  the'hufband  remains  about 
the  perfon  of  his  mailer,  and  performs 
the  fame  feivice  as  before  ;  he  follows 
liim  in  his  walks,  in  his  expeditions, 
and  in  the  journies  which  his  trade 
renders  neceJary. 

In  the  Eaft,  the  women  have  not 
yet  fufpedled  that  the  method  to  pre- 
fcrve  longer  their  bloom,  and  enjoy 
without  interruption,  the  fafcinating 
plealures  of  fociety,  was  to  draw  them- 
iclves  from  duties  the  moft  facred,  by 
delivering  into  the  hands  of  a  hireling 
the  precious  pledges  of  their  marriage. 
They  find  the  carefles  of  the  infant  that 
they  nourifh  with  their  milk  far  more 
fweet,  far  more  agreeable,  than  the 
fmiles  of  a  perfidious  and  corrupt 
world.  If  their  mode  of  life  is  more 
limple,  lefs  tumultuous,  if  their  plea- 
fures  are  lefs  lively,  lefs  ftriking,  they 
are  amply  indemnified  by  the  calm  of 
the  fenfes,  by  the  peace  of  mind,  by 
the  health  they  prefervc,  and  by  that 
which  they  tranfmit  to  their  children. 
In  the  Eaft,  they  arefcarcely  acquaint- 
ed with  that  multitude  of  diforders  oc- 
cafioned  by  the  difperfion  of  milk, 
thofe  ladeous  indurations  and  fecre- 
tions  which  affii6l  fo  many  European 
women,  and  carry  them  off  in  the  flow- 
er of  their  age. 

If,  through  any  extraordinary  caufe, 
a  woman  lofe  her  milk,  and  find  her- 
felf  obliged  to  have  rccourfe  to  a  ft  range 
Rurfe,  (lie  receives  her  into  her  houfe, 
and  caufes  her  to  be  treated  with  the 
fame  refped,  and  the  fame  attention, 
that  file  herfelf  receives.  Whether 
MufTulmm  or  Chriftian,  it  depends  on 
this  fofter  mother  no  longer  to  aban- 
don the  infant  that  fhe  has  fed  with 
her  milk^  to  continue  towards  it  her 
maternal  care,  and  to  receive  all  her 
life,  from  it  or  from  its  parents,  marks 
of  the  moft  lively  gratitude :  it  de- 
pends on  her,  in  a  word,  to  be  incor- 
porated in  the  family,  and  to  be  there 
conftdetcd  and  refpeSled  as  a  fecond 
mother. 

Through  a  luxury  advantageous  to 
the  indigent,  from  which,  befides,  no 
inconvenience  refults,  moft  of  the  o- 
pulent  mothers,  in  the  intention  of 
preferving  their  en  bon  pointy  of  rcpof. 
ing  more  quietly  during  the  night,  and 


of  giving  a  more  abundant  nourifhment 
to  their  children,  place  about  them  a 
fecond  nurfe,  charged  with  the  moft 
laborious  fundions,  to  fuckle  them 
during  the  night,  to  an^ufe  them,  and 
divert  their  attention  during  the  day  ; 
but  the  mother  does  not,  on  that  ac- 
count, think  herfelf  exempted  from 
watching  over  the  health  of  her  child, 
from  feeding  it  with  her  milk,  from 
providing  for  all  the  wants  that  it  ap- 
pears to  have,  and  from  beftowing  on 
it  all  the  care  that  its  age  and  wcak- 
ncfs  require. 

Throughout  the  Eaft,  fteiility  of 
women  is  confidered  as  one  of  the 
greatcft  misfortunes  that  can  happen 
to  them  ;  independently  of  a  barren 
woman  not  obtaining  the  confideration 
which  file  would  have  enjoyed  as  mo- 
ther of  a  family,  Q^e  finds  herfelf  almoft 
always  ncgleded  by  her  huft)and  ;  fhe 
fees  him  pafs  into  the  arms  of  another 
woman  ;  (he  is  obliged  to  lubfcribe  to 
the  divorce  which  he  demands  ;  and, 
to  complete  her  misfortunes,  fhe  can 
fcarccly  ever,  in  fuch  a  cafe,  find  a 
fecond  hufband,  Befides,  fterility; 
prefents  with  it  the  idea  of  an  imper- 
fedlion  in  the  organs,  which  humiliates 
her  who  is  the  object  of  it. 

When  the  figns  of  pregnancy  do  not 
manifeft  themfelves  a  few  months  after 
maniagc,  the  wife,  in  her  impatience, 
never  fails  to  addrefs  herfelf  to  matrons 
and  phyficians,  in  order  to  afk  them 
for  fome  beverage,  fome  particular  re- 
cipe that  may  facilitate  and  haften  the 
moment  of  conception.  The  former 
prepare  pcflaries,  in  which  are  contain- 
ed the  hotteft  and  moft  irritating  fub- 
ftances,  fuch  as  mufk,  amber,  bezoar, 
sloes,  cardamum,  finger,  pepper,  cin-. 
namon,  cloves,  &,c.  They  at  the 
fame  tim.e  cauie  moft  of  thefe  drags  to 
be  taken  as  an  opiat^,  or  mixed  with 
aliments,  at  the  rilk  of  producing  fome 
inflammation,  or  fome  other  diforder 
move  or  lefs  dangerous. 

Unlefs  the  number  of  children  be  al- 
ready confiderable,  or  the  fortune  of 
the  hufband  deranged,  if  the  wife,  ftill 
young,  after  one  or  more  lyings-in, 
find  too  great  an  interval  before  fhe  be 
pregnant,  fhe  has  recourfe  to  the  fame 
means,  and  fhe  employs  the  fame 
drugs. 

The  houfes  of  the  Muflulmans  are 
difpofed  in  fuch  a  manner  that  the 
lodgings  of  the  women  is  always  fe- 

parated 


Sept.  1802.     Georgian  and  Circassian  Women. 


749 


parated  from  that  of  the  men  :  the  for- 
mer is  called  harem,  or  facred  place, 
and  the  latter  felamlik,  or  habitation  of 
the  man.  At  the  houfes  of  the  great, 
there  are  two  piles  of  buildings  which 
communicate  with  each  other  by  inter- 
mediate apartments,  of  which  the  huf- 
band  alone  has  the'  keys.  Accefs  to 
the  harem  is  ftridly  forbidden  by  menj 
the  male  fervants  and  Haves  never  en- 
ter it ;  and  the  male  relations  them- 
felves  are  never  admitted,  except  it 
be  on  the  two  grand  feftivals  of  the 
year,  and  on  the  occafion  of  weddings, 
lyings-in,  or  circumcifion. 

Commonly  the  harem  has  no  win- 
dows towards  the  ftreet,  or  if  there  be 
any,  they  are  lofty,  and  grated  in  fuch 
a  manner,  that  one  cannot  fee  from 
without  what  is  pafiTing  within. 

We  frequently  experienced  difficul- 
ties in  the  courfe  of  our  travels,  when 
we  wiflied  to  afccnd  to  elevated  places 
in  order  to  have  a  view  of  a  town,  and 
judge  of  its  extent,  becaufe  the  inha- 
bitants  were  afraid  that  our  obje6l  was 
to  obferve  the  women  who  were  walk- 
ing in  their  gardens,  or  taking  the  air 
on  the  terrace  of  their  houfes.  It  has 
frequently  happened,  on  thefe  occa- 
fions,  that  Turks  have  fired  mufquet- 
fhots  at  Europeans  whofe  intentions 
appeared  to  them  fufpicious. 

The  wife  of  a  certain  rank,  when 
young,  goes  very  little  from  home, 
becaufe  it  is  not  fafhionable  for  her  to 
appear  in  the  flreets,  although  veiled, 
becaufe  the  law  exempts  her  from  go- 
ing to  the  mofque,  becaufe  fhe  has  in 
her  own  houfe  baths,  which  (he  ufcs 
at  pleafure,  and  becaufe  ftie  is  fur- 
rounded  by  female  flavcs  who  watch 
over  her,  and  female  relatives  who 
countera6t  her  inclinations.  To  pleafe 
her  hufband,  to  detain  him  in  the  ha- 
rem as  long  as  his  affairs  permit,  to 
take  care  of  her  children,  to  occupy 
herfelf  with  her  drefs,  and  very  little 
with  her  family,  to  pray  at  the  hours 
prcfcribed  by  religion,  and  to  pafs  a 
part  of  the  day  without  doing  any 
thing;  another  in  fmoking,  drinking 
coffee,  receiving  female  friends,  ref- 
lations, or  women  under  her  protedlion, 
fuch  are  the  duties  and  pleafures  of  a 
Muffulman  woman.  She  feldom  can 
read,  and  fcarcely  ever  write  ;  fhe  has 
learnt  to  few  and  embroider,  prepare 
comfiti  and  dainties,  and  make  fher- 
tct  ^  but  ihc  finds  it  more  plcafant  to 


do  nothing,  to  remain  quiet  in  her 
fofa,  and  roll  between  her  fingers  a 
chaplet  of  coral  or  agate.  She  confiders 
it  as  a  delightful  enjoyment  to  hold  for 
a  time  a  difh  of  coffee  in  one  hand,  a 
pipe  in  the  other,  and  to  carry  them 
alternately  to  her  mouth,  at  the  fame 
time  inhaling  the  vapour  of  the  one, 
and  retaining  as  long  as  poffible  that  of 
the  other;  what  afterwards  gratifies 
her  the  mofl,  is  to  have  it  in  her  po^v. 
cr  to  difplay  to  the  eyes  of  the  women 
whom  fhe  receives,  feme  rich  trinkets 
and  a  robe  of  great  value. 

A  Muffulman  is  very  poor  if  he  have 
not  feveral  flaves  to  wait  on  his  wife, 
and  the  latter  is  very  unfkilful  if  flie 
does  not  foon  convert  into  dreffes  and 
trinkets  the  greateft  part  of  her  huf- 
band^s  fortune.  This  extraordinary 
and  prcpofterous  condud,  efpecially- 
in  the  mother  of  a  family,  appears  to 
me  to  arife  naturally  from  the  laws  and 
cuftoms  eftabliOied  in  Turkey.  It  is" 
vvell  known  that  the  fovereign  has  the 
right  to  confifcate,  to  the  benefit  of 
the  imperial  treafury,  the  inheritance 
of  the  agents  that  he  has  em  loved, 
and  that,  in  this  cafe,  the  property  of 
the  wife  is  always  refpeded.  Befides, 
when  a  divorce  takes  place  between  a 
married  couple,  the  wife  keeps  her 
jewels  and  her  wardrobe,  independent- 
ly of  the  other  cffeds  ftipulatcd  in  the 
contract  of  marriage. 

The  wife  takes  her  meals  alone,  or 
with  the  mother  and  the  female  rela- 
tions of  the  hufband,  who  are  with 
her  m  the  harem.  He  eats  w^ith  his 
father  and  the  male  relations  who  live 
with  him  ;  and  when  he  is  alone  and 
caufes  himfelf  to  be  ferved  in  the  ha- 
rem, which  frequently  happens,  even 
the  wife  does  not  eat  with  him ;  fhe 
waits  on  him,  or  fees  that  the  flaves 
are  attentive  in  waiting  on  him.  The 
meal  being  finilhed,  the  hands  and 
mouth  wafhed  and  wiped,  fhe  herfelf 
prefents  him  the  pipe  and  coffee. 

When  there  are  feveral  wives,  each 
has  her  houfehold,  her  table,  her  a- 
partments,  and  her  flaves  in  the  fame 
pile  of  building.  It  is  very  uncom- 
mon for  a  fecond  woman,  or  flavc,  to 
be  lodged  in  another  houfe;  this  fcarce- 
ly happens  except  among  the  chiefs  of 
caravans,  who,  obliged  to  live  half  the 
year  in  one  town,  and  the  other  half 
in  another,  wifh  to  have  a  wife  in  each 
of  tbofc  two  towns. 


Georgian  and  Circassian  Women.  Vol.  64. 


75^ 

No  religious  precept  is  more  fcru- 
puloufly  followed,  no  law  is  more  n- 
goroufly  executed,  in  any  religion,  and 
amon^any  people,  than  ablutions  and 
^.a^lnngs  in  Turkey.    Before  the  five 
prayers  of  the  day,  before  and  after 
meals,  at  every  itool,  whenever  he  has 
been  touched  by  any  impure  body,  the 
MufTulman  muft  purify  himfelf  by  par- 
tial ablutions.    But  when  he  has  co- 
habited  with  a  woman,  or  has  expe- 
rienced a  fimple  pollution,  he  is  t^ub- 
mittcd  to  a  general  waihmg  ;  and  the 
woman  befides  is  obliged  to  obey  this 
cuftom  after  her  lying.in,  and  at  the 
end  of  the  indifpofitions  natural  to  her 
fex     Thence  thofe  ablutions  almoit 
continual,  and  thofe  frequent  vapour 
baths  with  which  no  one  diipcnies,  ot 
xvhich  all  have  madethemfelves  a  want, 
and  in  which  both  fexes  find  a  deli- 
cions  charm. 

What  inclines  the  women  to  wilh 
for  baths  with  the  mod  lively  cagernefs 
is,  that  they  there  make  themfelves 
amends  for  the  conftraint  to  which  the 
laws  and  cuftoms  have  fubjeaed  them. 
It  is  at  the  baths  that  they  meet  and 
make  appointments  with  each  other  ; 
there  it  is  that  they  fee  each  other  witn 
familiarity,  that  they  converfe  without 
conftraint,  and  give  themfelves  up  to 


the  fweeteft  voluptuoufncfs.  There  it 
is  that  the  rich  women  can  difplay, 
v/ith  the  greateft  minutenefs,  their 
moft  fplendid  attire,  and  their  moft 
colUy  garments.  There  they  are  ferv- 
ed  with  pure  mocha,  exquifite  reflora- 
tivcs,  and  fumptuous  collations.  There 
they  lavifli  effcnces  and  perfumes ;  and 
the  entertainment  is  frequently  termi- 
nated by  mufic,  dances,  and  the  ornbrcfs 
Chinoifci :  but,  on  thefe  occafions,  the 
bath  is  (hut  to  the  public  for  the  whole 
day. 

The  poor  women,  almoft  without 
any  expence,  there  find  pleafures,  lefs 
T^oify  indeed,  but  perhaps  as  warmly 
felt.  Common  coffee,  common  fher- 
bet,  no  other  perfume  than  tobacco, 
dainties  which  they  themfelves  biing, 
and  fome  fruits  of  the  feafon  :  this  is 
to  reftore  the  body  and  gratify  the 
fenfcs.  Their  vanity  is  flattered  in  dif- 
playing  a  fine  Ihift,  clean  drawers,  de- 
cent clothes,  necklaces,  chains,  and 
other  ornaments  in  fequins.  In  ^l^o^t, 
they  no  longer  have  any  thing  to  wi(h 
for  when  they  have  undergone  com- 
plete  depijation,  when  their  locks  are 
arranged,^  their  braids  plaited,  their 
eyelids  and  eyebrows  painted  black, 
and  the  nails  of  their  hands  and  feet  of 
an  orange  colour  yelloWo 


NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  CAFFRARIA. 
By  Dr  Vandeikemp. 


TH''^  author  of  the  following  tra(5t, 
is   the   Rev.  J.  Theo.  Vand^rkemp, 
M.  D.  a  native  of  Holland,  who  prac- 
tiffd  phyfic  with  fuccefs  in  that  coun- 
try for  many  years.    After  an  unfor- 
tunate accident  in  i79i»  by  which  he 
loft  his  wife  and  daughter,  who  perill- 
ed in  a  water  excurfion,  when  their 
boat  was  overfet  by  a  water-fpout,  re- 
ligion obtained  a  powerful  influence 
over  his  mind,  till  this  period  he  had 
been  a  cor  firmed  Deift.    In  the  year 
I7Q7,  he  devoted  himfelf  to  the  ardu- 
ous mi  ffion  of  Caff-raria,  and  was  li- 
cenced by  the   Scots   Prefbytery  of 
London  cn  the  third  of  November, 


that  year.    Vifiting  Holland  again  fo 
a  fhort  period,  he  founded  the  Nether^ 
land  Miffionary  Society;  and  at  hi 
return  proceeded  to  the  Cape  of  Goo 
Hope  in  the  Hilliborough,  a  velTd  em 
ploytd  to  convey  convids  to  B;)tan 
Bay.    On  his  voyage,  the  new  nruflion 
ary  found  abundant  fcope  for  his  rcli 
gious  zeal,  as  well  as  for  the  exercifi 
of  his  medical  knowledge.    The  vt 
ftl  was  crowded  almoft  Uke  the  loath 
fome  receptacles  of  a  negro  trader 
and  a  malignant  putrid  fever  prevaileo 
amone  the  convi^s.     Among  tfteic 
favaecs  of  civilized  life,  the  Rev.  Doaar 
exerted  himfelf  with  the  ^^J^J^"^ 


Sept.  1802.       Natural  History  of  Cafraria. 


751 


wearied  affiduity,  and  undeterred  con- 
ftancy  of  mind,  in  the  application  of 
medical  aid  to  the  fick,  and  confola- 
tion  to  the  dying.  This  was  the  triumph 
of  piety,  and  his  fuccefs  was  propor- 
tionate to  his  zeal.  After  his  arrival 
at  the  Cape,  he  founded  the  South 
African  MifTionary  Society,  while  mak- 
ing preparations  for  his  journey  to 
Ciffraria,  where  he  has  hitherto  refid- 
ed.  His  refidence  among  thefc  bar- 
barous tribes,  as  our  readers  will  fee, 
has  not  been  totally  ufelefs  to  faience, 
and  let  them  recoiled,  that  to  men 
like  this,  Europe  owes  no  inconfidera- 
ble  fhare  of  that  fuperiority  of  civiliza- 
tion, and  the  arts  of  polite  life  which 
her  fons  exhibit,  when  compared  with 
the  ruder  tribes  of  Africa. 


I.  Religion.  If  you  underftand  by  Re- 
ligion, reverence  of  God,  or  the  cxter- 
'nal  adions  by  which  that  reverence  is 
exprefied,  I  never  could  perceive  that 
they  had  any  religion,  or  any  idea  of 
the  cxiftence  of  a  God  ;  I  am  fpeaking 
rationally ;  for  there  are  many  indivi- 
duals who  have  fome  notion  of  hisexif- 
tence,  which  they  have  received  from 
adjacent  nations.  A  decifive  proof  of 
what  I  here  fay,  with  refpedt  to  the 
national  atheifm  of  the  Caffres  is,  that 
they  have  no  word  in  their  language  to 
exprefs  the  Deity;  fome  individuals 
calling  him  Tbiio,  which  is  a  corruption 
of  Tbuike,  the  name  by  which  God  is 
called  in  the  language  of  the  Hottentots, 
literally  fignifying  o?ie  ivho  induces  pain. 

Mr  Vaillant  teils  us,  that  there  can 
be  no  fuperftition  v^here  there  is  no  re- 
ligion. If  he  had  lived  among  this  na- 
tion, he  would  foon  have  difcovered 
that  they  are  extremely  fuperltitious 
without  religion  ;  and  mu(t  have  been 
convinced  of  the  falfity  of  his  conclu- 
fion.  Witchcraft  is  very  common  a- 
mong  them  ;  and  though  its  pra<5tice 
is  prohibited  by  the  king,  and  conne(?t. 
cd  with  infamy,  he  himfclf,  like  Saul, 
c;d!s  in  forcerers  to  difcover  fecrets, 
particularly  guilty  perfons ;  and  thofe 
who  are  indicated  by  the  magicians  as 
guilty,  are,  without  any  further  exami- 
nation, puniflied. 

Their  medical  operation^  are  alfo, 
for  the  grcateft  part,  magical ;  and  moft 
or  their  complaints  are  cured  by  ex- 
traaing  ftones,  ferpents,  bones,  pieces 
or  wood,  &c.  out  of  the  body  of 


the  patient.  Another  mode  of  cur- 
ing is,  when  the  dodor  orders  fome 
cattle  to  be  flain,  divided  in  pieces, 
and  laid  in  a  river  by  way  of  expiation. 
In  a  third  cafe,  the  complaint  is  con- 
fidered  as  a  work  of  the  devil  poflcfTin^ 
the  patient.  When  the  devil  is  ca(t 
out,  the  doctor  pretends  to  take  hold 
of  him  to  kill  him  ;  but  is  commonly 
obliged  to  run  after  him,  over  moun- 
tains and  through  vallies,  with  an  af- 
fagay  in  his  hand,  and,  returning,  tcIU 
the  credulous  people  that  he  could  not 
overtake  him,  or  that  he  has  killed 
him.  In  the  latter  cafe,  he  fliews  the 
blood  of  the  devil  on  his  aflagay  ;  af- 
furing  the  patient  he  is  radically  cured: 
but  in  the  fird  cafe,  the  devil  returns, 
and  the  cafe  becomes  worfe. 

Near  the  mouth  of  the  Keifkamma 
there  lies  an  old  anchor,  belonging  to  a 
fliip  which  was  loft  on  the  coaft.  Cha- 
chabe,  who  governed  this  country,  as 
far  as  I  can  find  out,  about  the  year 
1780,  ordered  a  piece  of  this  anchor  to 
be  cut  off.  The  CafFre  who  was  em- 
ployed in  this  work,  died  foon  after. 
This  accident  was  enough  for  this  peo- 
ple to  take  it  into  their  heads,  that 
this  anchor  had  the  power  of  punilh- 
ing  every  one  who  fliould  treat  it  with 
difrefpe(5t ;  and  alfo  that  it  had  fome 
dominion  over  the  fea.  In  order  to  re- 
concile it,  it  has  been  honoured  with  a 
peculiar  name  ;  and  when  a  CafFre  paf- 
fes  by,  he  falutes  it. 

Within  the  laft  three  years,  there 
appears  (as  they  firmly  believe)  in  all 
great  thunder-ftorms,  in  their  kraals, 
a  man  drefled  in  green,  and  always 
leaning  agaitjft  the  ftump  of  a  tree, 
having  his  eyes  fixed  on  the  ground. 
W^hen  they  offer  him  corn,  meat  or 
milk,  or  invite  him  to  come  into  their 
houfes,  as  they  commonly  do,  ne  ne- 
ver accepts  of  the  invitation,  and  fel- 
dom  fpeaks.  Once,  in  a  tremendous 
Itorm,  he  was  heard  :o  fay,  **  Do  not 
be  afraid  ;  I  only  play  with  this  coun- 
try." I  converlcd  with  a  rnan  born  of 
a  European  father  and  a  Bengalefe 
mother,  who  lived  in  a  Caffre  kraal, 
on  this  fubjedt.  He  affured  me  the 
report  was  true,  thoui^h  he  hin^.fclf  had 
never  fcen  this  apparition.  I  had  fome« 
time  before  explained  to  him  the  way 
to  everlafting  life,  by  faith  in  the  San 
of  God  ;  and  he  ftrongly  believtd  this 
apparition  to  be  the  Lord  Jefus,  fhew- 
in^  his  good-will  t©  the  Caiirc  nation. 

When 


Natural  History  ofCaffraria.  Vol.  64. 


75^ 

When  this  man,  whom  the  CafFres  call 
the  Lord  from  above  (pezoulo)  is  fcen  in 
a  kraal,  the  people  immediately  retire 
from  it,  leaving:  every  thing  behmd: 
they  flay  Ibme  beafts,  and  put  on  new 
garments. 

I  lived  in  a  place  near  the  Keilkam- 
ma,  where  I  obfcrved  a  great  heap  of 
flones;  and  that  every  one  who  palTed 
by,  threw  a  ftone,  or  a  handful  of 
grafsto  it.  The  CafTre  captain,  Khanja, 
who  lived  in  the  fame  place,  declared, 
that  he  himfelf  was  totally  ignorant  of 
the  reafon  of  this  cullom.  The  Hot- 
tentots throw  ftones  upon  the  graves 
of  their  people  ;  but  thib  was  not  a 
grave.  ,       .  . 

1  will  not  detain  your  attention  with 
any  more  of  thife  difgulting  tales, 
which  ft>ew  at  leaft  that  credulity  and 
unbclkf  go  hand  in  hand,  as  well  m 
CafFraria  as  in  Europe. 

%.CyJloms.  What  I  have  to  fay  re- 
fpeding  this  article,  is  in  a  great  mea- 
fnre  difperfed  under  the  former  or  fol- 
lowing heads.  I  will,  theretore,  only 
mention  a  few  particulars,  for  which 
I  can  find  no  other  place. 

When  a  Caffre  kills  a  lion,  upon  his 
returning  home,  every  thing  is  taken 
from  him;  he  is  driven  from  the  kraal, 
and  obliged  to  fleep  that  night  out  of 
doors,  in  the  field. 

When  they  have  killed  a  man,  they 
drefs  their  meat  on  a  fire  nr^.ade  ot  a 
kind  of  wood  they  cal^  imithnti,  but  the 
Dutch  niejhovt,  becaufc  it  is  powder. 
Though  it  has  very  little  (mell,  it  is  a 
l^rong  errhine,  (a  fneezing  powder). 
It  is  very  rtf.nouh,  and  its  fmoke  gives 
the  meat  a  very  bitter  tafte.  Afterwards, 
they  rub  their  faces  with  the  coals. 

When  they  kill  cattle,  they  never 
eat  the  breaft,  as  it  belongs  to  the  king; 
•and  is  fometimes  brought  to  him  froni 
fuch  a  diftance,  that  it  is  quite  putrid 
before  he  s:ets  it. 

When  they  meet  one  another,  they 
make  ufc  of  no  faiutation,  except  when 
they  ccme  into  the  king's  prelence, 
^\hom  they  fnlute  by  prefixing  tlic 
word  ^7/to'his  name,  lading.  An  Gtika; 
but  in  kaving  his  con.pany,  they  make 
FiO  ufe  of  any  ceremony.  , 

They  do  not  bury  their  dead,  but 
throw  them  fc3r  the  w  olvefe:  to  be  hur- 
ried is  the  king's  eydufive  privilege. 
Biit  they  commonly  lay  their  fick  peo- 
ple out  in  the  field,  to  be  devoured  by 
the  wolves  before  they  die,  as  foon  as 


they  confider  their  cafe  as  dcfperate. 
They  are,  however,  often  miftakcn  in 
their  prognofis^  and  the  fick  perfon  re- 
turns to  his  houfe,  and  recovers.  If 
not,  the  confequence  is  a  fecond,  and 
perhaps  a  third  exportation;  after 
which,  the  laft  ftep  is  to  lock  up  the 
patient  in  his  houfe,  with  a  little  meat 
and  drink ;  and  then  the  whole  kraal 
breaks  up,  and  they  leave  him  to  die. 
It  was  a  long  time  before  I  could  trace 
the  real  motives  for  this  cruel  pra^ice; 
but  fincc  I  am  a  little  more  acquainted 
with  the  chara^er  of  this  nation,  I 
think  it  is  only  love  to  felf  prefcrvation. 
They  fancy,  that  if  they  fuffer  the  di- 
feafe  to  go  on,  it  will  bring  on  the 
whole  fociety  (1  know  not  what)  great- 
er calamity.  To  prevent  this,  they 
know  no  other  remedy  than  to  deftroy 
the  fubjedt  of  the  diaemper,  and  fo  to 
make  an  end  of  it.  Their  conduct,  in 
other  fimilar  cafes,  is  perfe^ly  analo- 
gous. When  they  fee  a  friend  in  dan- 
ger of  being  drowned,  his  panic  fright- 
ens them  ;  and  they  will  run  from  him, 
or  throw  ftones  at  him,  rather  than 
help  him.  Likewife,  when  a  child- 
bearing  woman  is  feized  with  labour, 
tvery  one  runs  from  her,  and  ihe  is 
left  helplcfs. 

When  they  intend  to  honour  a  per- 
fon whom  they  efteem  they  give  him  a 
new  name;  the  meaning  of  which  i8 
known  only  to  him  who  invented  it; 
and  it  is  furprifing  how  quickly  this 
name  is  fpread  over  all  the  country. 

Though  they  are  extremely  favage, 
they  obferve  a  peculiar  decency  m 
their  manners.  I  recollea  only  one 
inftance  of  a  Caffre  from  whom  an  in- 
decent word  efcaped  in  company ;  he 
was  but  a  boy,  and  he  was  immediate- 
ly turned  out  of  doors  for  it. 

It  was  only  to  deceive  Mr  Vaillant, 
and  to  make  a  jeft  of  him,  if  the  Caffres 
with  whom  he  met  offered  him  milk  i  i 
a  balkct,  wafhed  out  with  their  urine, 
to  make  him  believe  that  this  was  cul- 
tomaiy  among  them.  I  know  that  a 
Caffre  would  not  drink  out  of  fuch  a 
baiket  himfelf,  any  more  than  a  Euro- 
pean. On  the  contrary,  ihey  are  nicer 
in  this  point  than  Europeans  m  general. 

I  think  Mr  Vaillant  has  been  fervcri 
more  than  once  in  this  manner,  fori 
ftance,  when  he  dtfciibes  the  iocmjQ. 
as  a  mufical  inftrument ;  as  this  word 
is  a  verb  in  the  Caffre  language,  andoi 
obfeenc  import.  ^  ^^^^^ 


ral. 


Sept.  1802,       Natural  History  of  Coffr aria. 


753 


1.3.  Population.  All  that  I  know  of  this, 
'  tmounts  to  the  followin^c  obfcrvations: 
— CafFfaria  may  he  confidtTed  ss  a  rec- 
tnigle  of  240  X  120  Enj^liih  miles- 
One  of  the  lotigeil  tides  extends  itfelf 
?\Qn^  the  Indian  ocean,  and  runs  fromi 
S.  W.  to  N.  E. ;  it  is  terminated  on  the 
K.  E.  fidc^  by  the  Tamhouchis  and  Ma- 
douanos  ;  on  the  N.  W.  by  the  Abba- 
toana  ;  and  on  the  S.  W.  by  the  colony. 
On  my  way  from  the  centre  to  the  fea, 
I  met  v.ith  about  12  kra<*ls,  in  and  on 
both  (ides  of  the  road.  Thefe  were  in- 
cluded in  a  parallelogram,  fixty  milear 
long,  and  (as  I  fuppofc)  fix  miles 
broad.  I  take  for  a  medium,  that  each 
kraal  contained  forty  mtn,  without 
women  and  children.  The  number  of 
the  men  inhabiting  this  parallelogram, 
nmff,  according  to  this  fuppofition,  be 
4^0  ;  and,  as  Cafiraria  contains  eighty 
of  thefe  parallelograms,  the  whole  num- 
ber of  its  male  inhabitants  will  be 
38,400.  This  fuppofes,  that  all  the 
eighty  parallelograms  are  equally  popu- 
lous. This  is  certainly  not  the  cafe, 
but  I  fee  no  reafon  to  fuppofe  that,  on 
an  average,  they  are  Icfs  inhabited. 

Government.  This  is  monarchical ;  and 
the  king  has  a  right  to  nominate  his 
fucccflbr,  who  is  not  always  the  eldeft 
fon  of  the  former  fovereign.  Thus, 
the  prefent  king,  Geika,  has  appointed 
no  one  of  his  children  to  be  king  after 
him,  hut  Hientza,  a  fon  of  his  benefac- 
tor Kaeitha. 

In  the  exercife  of  his  arbitrary  pow- 
er, he  derives  all  his  ftrength  from  the 
good-will  and  alTedion  of  his  people- 

Their  att.ichment  to  the  king  indeed 
is  very  ftrong.  They  conhder  him  al- 
molt  as  a  deity,  and  fwear  by  no  other 
name  than  his,  or  by  that  of  one  of  his 
predecefiors. 

He  kills,  robs  his  fubjeds,  and 
changes  laws,  rights,  (Sec.  according  to 
his  pleafure  ;  and  his  people  bear  this 
^vith  a  filial  fubmiffion.  He  has  his 
counfellor  (pagati)  who  informs  him 
<'fthe  fentiments  of  his  people:  and 
his  captains  admonilh  him  with  great 
fiecdom  and  fidelity,  when  he  abufes 
his  authority  to  fuch  a  degree,  that 
there  is  reafon  to  fear  that  the  nation 
yillihew  him  their  difplcafnre.  This 
IS  done,  if  he  treats  the  admonition 
with  contempt,  not  by  vv^y  of  infurrec- 
|ion,  or  taking  up  arms  againil  him, 
but  moft  tiredually  by  gradual  emigra- 
tion :  Some  kraal;j  break  up  and  march 
VoL.LXIV. 


towards  the  borders  of  the  countr>', 

and  there  they  ftay,  keeping  themfclvc^ 
ready  to  emigrate  to  another  country. 
71icy  are  luccefiively  followed  by  o- 
thers;  and  this  feld^m  fails  to  produce 
the  delired  effect.  I  myfelf  have  been 
a  W'itnefs  of  thefe  proceedings;  but  I 
only  ki.ow  of  one  inftance  of  the  na- 
tion taking  up  arms  againit  its  fovereign, 
which  I  lhall  (»oticc  under  the  hii'tory 
or  thib  nation. 

Every  kraal  is  governed  by  a  Cap- 
tain. Thefe  differ  in  power  according 
to  the  number  of  perfgns  under  their 
dircclion  ;  fomciimes  the  people  be- 
longing to  one  Captain  are  divided  into 
two  or  three  kraaL,  and  then  he  has  a 
reprelentative  in  each.  His  dignity  ia 
hereditary;  and  when  he  has  no  child 
nor  brother,  another  perfon  is  chofcn 
in  his  place  by  the  people,  or,  at  leaft, 
confirmed  by  their  approbation.  I  do 
not  know  that  the  prefent  king  has 
ever  appointed  captains,  though  he 
has  fometimes  taken  vacant  kraals  to 
himfelf,  and  depoild  Captains.  The 
king  has  no  forces  in  pay ;  but  every 
Caffre  who  is  able  to  bear  arms,  is  a 
voluntary  foldier.  Slavery  is  not  known 
in  this  country. 

4.  Mode  of  iivuig  and  Means  of  Suhfif^ 
tcncc.  They  fubiift  upon  their  cattle, 
which  is  only  of  the  ox  kind;  they 
have  neither  fheep,  hogs,  nor  fowls. 
If  a  man  be  poor,  and  have  no  cattle, 
he  goes  to  the  king,  or  fome  of  the 
captains,  who  always  give  him  more 
than  a  fufficient  quantity.  1  hey  have 
a  fecoiid  refource,  by  hunting;  and  a 
third,  by  agricultiue.  BdiJes  this, 
they  take  immenfe  quaniities  of  cattle 
from  the  Chrillians ;  and  are  recipro- 
cally robbed  ot  their  own  by  the  Abba- 
toana.  They  never  eat  fiih,  except 
fome  kraals  which  arc  very  poor;  but 
they  are,  as  it  were,  ilparated  fro^n 
the  common  focicty,  and  on  that  ac- 
count are  defpifed. 

They  have  no  money ;  but  cattle^ 
and  other  articles  neccflary  for  fubni- 
tence,  fupply  its  place,  by  way  of  ex- 
change. 

In  the  centre  of  the  kraal  is  a  large 
circular  area,  fenced  by  trees,  cut 
down,  and  laid  in  the  manner  of  ab- 
batis.  In  this  beatt- kraal,  al!  the  cattle 
belonging  to  the  kraal  are  drivtn  in  ihe 
evening,  and  milked  ;  and  in  the  morn- 
ing, after  milking  again,  led  cut  into 
tlx  field,  and  watch  id  by  a  few  of 
J  I  their 


754 


Natural  History  of  Cqffraria.  Vol.  64. 


their  young  people.  In  the  middle  ot 
this  beaft-kraal,  each  family  has  ils 
corn-magazine,  which  is  a  pit  dug 
pretty  deep  into  the  ground.  In  this 
pit  the  corn  lies  on  the  bare  ground, 
but  is  covered  with  the  ftravv  of  the 
corn,  and  this  again  by  cow-dung  ;  the 
reft  is  filled  up  with  earth  taken  from 
the  kraal.  In  thofc  pits  the  corn  le- 
mains  dry,  as  the  cow-dung  keeps  out 
the  rain,  and  fucks  in  the  moifture. 
Every  one  knows  his  own  pit,  though 
there  is  no  mirk  upon  it.  When  the 
pit  is  opened  for  the  fit  ft  time  after  the 
harveft,  the  proprietor  gives  a  b^fkft 
full  of  it  to  every  family  in  the  kraal, 
and  a  fomev/hat  larger  portion  to  the 
captain. 

Every  kraal  has  its  common  garden  ; 
and  many  families  private  ones.  Hiey 
are  fenced  nearly  in  the  fame  m  uintr 
MS  the  L>eaft  kraal  ;  but  they  ufe  more 
wood  to  them.  Every  year  they  make 
a  new  fence,  and  the  old  one  fcrves 
lor  fuel.  Befides  the  beaft-kraal,  they 
Jiiave  a  fmalier  one,  in  which  they  lock 
up  their  calves,  which  they,  night  and 
day,  keep  fcparate  from  the  cows,  ex- 
eept  at  the  time  of  milking.  Round 
the  beaft  and  calf-kraals  are  placed 
their  houfes,  perhaps  loo  paces  from 
them.  They  are  hemifpheroidal  huts, 
built  by  their  women :  tht-y  draw  a 
•.irclc  on  the  gtound  of  from  about 
eighteen  to  twenty-five  feet  diameter; 
they  place  on  its  circumference  long 
llicks,  at  about  the  diftance  of  a  foot, 
leaving  a  fpace  for  a  door;  there 
rhey  bend  and  join  them  fo  as  to 
tbrm  fo  many  arches,  crofTmg  each 
other  at  the  top.  Acrofs  thefc  they 
fix  thinner  ones  in  various  directions ; 
this  kind  of  dome  is  fjpported  by  one 
or  more  (two,  three,  or  four)  ftront? 
poles,  thatched  with  itraw,  and  lined 
in  the  inlide  with  clay  mixed  with  cow- 
dung.  The  entrance  is  two  or  three 
feet  high.  At  the  infide  is  commonly 
ibrmtda  kind  of  portal.  Thtfe  huts 
have  no  chimney  ;  but  the  hre  efcapcs 
through  the  ftraw  of  the  roof.  The 
Caffres  never  place  tiieir  kraals  clofe  to 
a  river,  but  keep  always  at  a  diftance 
of  3  or  400  paces,  to  avoid  the  cold 
and  fogs  ariLlng  from  it ;  and  prefer  a 
woody  country :  whereas  the  Bofche- 
men  avoid  wouds,  and  kfep  theuifelves 
in  the  rocks. 

The  Caffre  corn  is,  I  tbuik,  a  kind 
«.f  inilkt,  but  grovrs  froni  fuvc'ii  to  tea 


feet  high ;  the  ftalke  are  about  an  inch 
thick,  which,  chewed,  have  a  faccha^ 
rine  lafte.  I'hc  corn  itfelf  is  eaten 
boiled  ;  and  is  more  palatable  tha  i 
rice.  They  alfo  bruife  it  "between  two 
ftones,  and  make  unleavened  bread  of 
it.  They  likewifc  malt  it,  after  which 
it  is  boiled,  and  the  decodion  ferment- 
ed.   This  drink  they  call  Tjaloa, 

When  they  fow  this  corn,  which  is 
the  work  of  the  women,  they  ufe  nei- 
ther plough  nor  fpade,  nor  any  m.uiurc, 
— but  only  throw  the  feed  on  the  grafs; 
after  this,  they  pufli  off  the  grafs  witfi 
a  kind  of  wooden  fpade.  By  this  opera- 
tion, the  feed  falls  on  the  ground,  and 
is  covered  with  the  gral>.  From  under- 
neath this  half-dried  and  half-rotteu 
grafs,  the  coru  afterwards  fprings 
up. 

'I'here  is  another  kind  of  corn,  which 
they  call  lio7ia\  and  is  knov^^n  in  the 
colony  by  the  name  of  Meaiis,  and  in 
Holland  by  that  of  Turkiih  corn.  The 
grains  grow  much  larger  here  than  ia 
Europe,  and  are  equal  to  peas. 

They  fow  aUo  pumpkins,  and  a  pecu- 
liar kind  uf  water-melons.  Befides  this 
garden-ftuff,  they  ufe  feveral  vegetables 
which  grow  wild;  moft  of  them  are 
roots  and  fruits  unknown,  as  I  think, 
in  Europe.  Of  the  laft,  I  will  only 
mention  that  which  is  called  Ingonja. 
It  is  a  large  tree,  bearing  a  fruit  of  the 
drupa  kind,  which  is  of  a  delicious 
flavour,  refcmhiing  that  of  fugar  aci- 
dulated with  lemon  juice:  it  is  of  an 
oval  form,  about  two  inches  in  length. 

The  Cafires  cultivate  tobacco  in  great 
quantities  ;  and  draw  its  fmoke  fronn 
a  wooden  pipe,  which  is  inferted  in  a 
cow's  horn,  half  filled  with  water. 
The  head  of  the  pipe,  containing  the 
tobacco,  is  placrd  vertically  ;  the  ftem, 
running  obliquely  downwards,  pierces 
the  fide  of  the  horn,  below  the  furtace 
of  the  water.  l*hey  clofe  up  the  ori- 
fices of  the  horn  with  the  p<iln3  of  their 
band,  leaving  only  a  fmal!  aperture, 
through  which  they  fuck  in  the 
fmoke. 

The  Caffre  dinikes  fa!t ;  and  inRead 
of  it,  rolls  his  meat  through  cow'a 
dung,  and  fo  throws  it  on  the  fire  to 
roaft  it ;  being  firft  cut  into  long  fiices 
which  run  zig  z^g.  When  one  of  their 
principal  men  dines,  thefe  fiices,  hang- 
ing on  a  fiivk,  areoifered  him  by  a  fer- 
vant.  He  cuts  off  hi-  piece  with  his  af- 
fagay,  ar*d  divides  it  Wong  ibrae  or 


Sept.  1 802.  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China* 


755 


the  company,  to  whom  he  gives  a  piece 
of  his;  who,  in  receiving  it,  fiys, 
kofs^  (I  thank  you.)    After  this  every 
one  cuts  for  himfclf. 

Fire  is  kindled  by  thefridtion  of  one 
flick  againft  another,  of  the  wood  call- 
ed Dethe.  The  one  lier,  flat  upon  the 
ground  ;  the  other  is  placed  vertically 
upon  the  former,  and  its  end  refts  in 
a  cavity  made  in  the  middle  of  the 
horizontal  one;  the  vertical  ftick  is 
then  turned  quickly  between  the  two 
hdnd^,  and  at  the  fame  time  ftrongly 
prefied  downwards;  by  this  means 
ibme  powder  U  rubbed  off  the  two 


fticks,  which  grows  gradually  hot, 
black,  and  at  la(t  catches  fire. 

The  eflence  of  marriage  confifts  not 
u\  a  mutual  confent  of  the  two  parties; 
but  the  woman  is  bought  by  her  huf- 
band  from  her  parents,  who  give  htr 
to  hira  lor  fome  cattle;  and  by  this 
contrail  ihe  becomes  his  wife,  but  he 
has  no  right  to  fell  her  to  another. 

Polygamy  is  pradifed  among  them  ; 
but  common  Caffres  content  themfelveti 
with  one  or  two  wives;  captains  take 
four  or  five  ;  befides  thefe,  they  have 
flieir  concubines. 

(Tb  be  Co7iti?iued.^ 


A  NARRATIVE  of  a  VOYAGE  to  COCHIN  CHINA. 

Together  with  fome  particulars  of  the  Manners,  Ciiftoms,  and  Hiftory  of  its 
Inhabitants,  by  Mr  Chapman. 

From  the  Afiatic  Regifter,  Vol.  III.  jiifc  publlihed. 


IT  m.iy  not  be  improper,  before  I 
give  an  account  of  this  voyage,  to  men- 
lion  the  circumftances  which  led  me  to 
the  undertaking,  the  reafons  urged  for 
the  profecution  of  it,  and  the  advanta- 
ges expected  to  be  derived  from  it. — 
Having  dated  thefe  leading  points,  I 
proceed  with  a  brief  and  faithful 
detail  of  the  tranfa^tions  in  which  I  was 
engaged,  from  the  tiaie  of.  my  arrival 
on  the  coafl  of  Cochin  China,  to  that 
of  my  leaving  it ;  inter fperfing  it  with 
fome  obfervations  on  tfie  country,  its 
inhabitants,  and  produdions. 

In  the  month  of  February  1778,  two 
mand.^rins,*  of  Cochin  China,  were 
brought  to  Calcutta  in  a  country  fliip 
called  the  Rumhold*  The  novelty  of 
this  circuniflance  excited  the  curioRty 
of  the  whole  fettlement :  It  was  report- 
ed to  the  Governor-general  by  MefTrs 
Croftcs  and  Killican.    Thefe  gentle- 


*  Mandarin  is  a  Portugucfe  word  from 
the  verb  mandar^  to  comn\ancl.  It  is  totally 
unknown  amonp;ft  the  Chincfe,  the  Cochin 
Chinefe,  and  Tonquinefe  :  The  word  ufed 
hy  all  thofc  nations  for  a  perfon  in  aaiho- 


men,  who,  I  believe,  were  cither  th-: 
entire  owners  of  the  veffel,  or  partly 
concerned  in  it,  llkewife  acquainted 
him,  that  their  vi filing  IJengal  was  ac- 
cidental, and  had  happened  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner: — The  Rurnhcld  being 
defined  on  a  voyage  to  China,  her  own- 
ers, in  confequence  of  fome  very  fa- 
vourable accounts  of  Cochin  China, 
had  directed  the  commander  to  touch 
on  that  coall  in  his  waybick-  He  went 
to  the  Bay  of  Turon,  and  during  his 
(iay  there,  application  was  m.ade  to 
him  by  Serhor  Lorico,  a  Jefuit  miflion- 
ary,  f^r  a  paiTage  for  himlelf  to  Bengal, 
and  for  two  Mandarins  of  diftinftion, 
related  to  the  royal  family.  They 
wifhtd  to  be  landcrd  at  Donai,  the  mc?c 
fou:hern  province  of  Bengal,  whither 
the  king  had  re::rcd,  on  account  of  an 
i-ivafioti  of  the  ronfiern  provinces  by 
the  Torquinefe,  and  a  rebellion  whicu 
had  broken  out  in  feveral  of  the  mi:> 
land  provinces.  The  commander  ha- 
ving heard  that  Stnhor  Lorico  was 
highly  efteemed  by  the  natives,  and  had 
behaved  with  great  humanity  to  the  of- 
ficers and  crew  of  the  Admiral  PocQ:k 
Indiamen,  when  driven  into  Turon 
Biy  by  ftrefs  of  weather,  ia  the  year 

1764, 


Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China.     Vol,  64. 


176^1,  complied  with  his  requeft.  He 
fojii  after  weighed  anchor,  intending 
to  land  the  Mandarins  at  Donai ;  but 
a  fl.-ong  current  and  a  violent  ga^e 
coming  on,  forced  the  (hip  {o  far  to 
the  fouthward  of  that  province,  that  he 
was  unable  to  make  it,  and  he  w;?s 
obliged  to  bring  all  his  p^flengcrs  to 
Bengal. 

The  follovving  morning  the  mandn- 
rins  dnd  Se'nhor  Lorico  were  introduced 
to  the  governor-gen(  ral,  by  whom  they 
■were  received  with  the  grcatcit  atten- 
tion and  humanity,  and  re-nlfiircd,  by 
exprcflions  of  good  will,  ncceflary  tr) 
give  them  confidence  in  the  people 
they  were  come  amongft.  They  were 
given  a  houfc,  ferv^nts,  and  every  ne- 
cefl'^ry ;  they  were  Ihewn  everything 
curious  in  the  fettlement,  and  treated 
in  fiicli  a  manner,  that  the  time  they 
prifltd  amongit  u^  proved  highly  agree- 
able to  them. 

The  inand.-^rins  remained  in  Bengal 
till  the  middle  of  April.  In  the  inte- 
rim, MelTrs  Croftes  and  Itillican  had 
equipped  a  fmall  vcfiel,  of  between 
and  80  tons  bnrthen,  to  cairytntm 
back.  Some  days  before  the  time  fixed 
for  their  departure,  I  was  reqnelted  by 
Mr  Croftes  to  Inggeft  to  the  governor- 
general  how  acceptable  a  fmal!  prefent 
from  him  would  be  to  the  mandarins. 
This  I  took  the  firft  convenient  oppor- 
tunity of  doing,  and  he  was  not  only 
pleafed  to  acquiefce  in  it,  but  alfo  fig- 
nified  his  intention  of  fending  foir.e- 
thing  handfonie  to  their  king,  aiui  de- 
fired  that  I  would  coiifult  Meflrs 
Croftes  and  Killican  upon  what  articles 
"would  be  fuitable  for  this  purpnle,  and 
that  I  would  bring  hin)  a  iifr;ofthem. 
While  we  were  adjuHing  this  matter, 
our  converi'ition  naturally  turned  upon 
Cochin  China.  In  the  coiirlV  of  it,  thefe 
gentlemen  txpatiated  upon  the  advan- 
tages which,  might  accrue  to  Bengal^ 
:ind  to  the  Corapany,  if  a  coinmerciai 
interconrfe  was  opened  with  that  coun- 
try ;  enumerated  the  feveral  valuable 
commodities  it  produced,  and  expref- 
fed  their  wiihes  that  the  prefenr  favour- 
able occaHon  might  not  be  neglected,  of 
forming  a  connecftion  with  the  govern- 
ment of  it.  pieafed  with  the  hopes  of 
difiinguifhing  myfelf,  I  declared  that  I 
would  readily  undertake  the  voyage,  if 
the  fupreme  council  Hiould  think  it  pro- 
per to  fend  me  in  a  public  capacity. 
Some  conyerfAtions  I  had  afterwards 


with  thefc  gentlemen,  their  commun?- 
cating  to  me  fome  papers  relative  to 
the  country,  with  the  accounts  given 
by  the  commander  of  the  RumboU,  and 
the  a(rurances  of  the  mandariiis,  con- 
firmed nie  in  my  refolution  of  under- 
taking the  voyage  ;  and  I  made  the  pro- 
pofal  to  the  governor-gener.^il.  I  re- 
quel^ed  that  he  would  be  pleafed  to 
fptak  to  McfiTrs  Croftes  and  Killican 
on  the  fubjedt;  and  the  repreft  ntations 
thefe  gentlemen  made,  both  to  the  go- 
vernor-general, and  other  gentlemen  of 
the  fupreme  council,  brought  them  to 
approve  of  their  plan.  The  Jmoo^or?, 
a  fmall  fnow  belonging  to  the  Compa- 
ny, was  ordered  to  be  made  ready  for 
the  accomn)odation  of  the  masdarinf:. 
The  companions  of  my  voyage  were 
Mr  Hiyard,  a  gentleman  of  the  Com- 
pany's fcrvice,  Mr  Totty  a  furgeon, 
Captain  Maclenan,  mailer  of  the  /Ima- 
zon,  and  Captain  Button,  mader  of  the 

The  end  propoft  d  by  my  appoint- 
ment was  the  ciiablifTiiTient  of  a  com- 
mercial intercoUrfe  between  the  Com- 
pany's fc  ttlemcnts  in  India  and  Cochin 
China,  and  the  attainment  of  fuch  pri- 
vileges and  advantages  to  our  velfels 
importing  thither,  as  vvc  might  find 
the  government  difpofed  to  grafit.  The 
bencHts  hoped  from  this  intercourfe 
was  the  larger  exportation  of  the  com- 
modities of  Europe  and  India  to  that 
country,  and  the  importation  of  its  va- 
luable productions  in  return. 

Having  thus  explained  the  induce- 
ments to  this  voyage,  I  fliall  proceed  to 
a  detail  of  the  tranladions  which  occur- 
red in'  the  profecution  of  it. 

The  Ama%on  having  fallen  down  to 
Budg-Budg,  I  embarked  the  i6th  of 
April,  wi.h  the  principal  mandarin, 
and  five  or  fix  of  his  attendants.  The 
other,  by  his  own  defire,  went  on  board 
the  liule  vefTel  firit  prepared  for  them 
both.  She  failed  a  fcyj?  days- before  ns, 
and  was  to  rejoin  us  in  the  Straits  of 
Malacca,  froni  whence  flie  was  to  i»c- 
Gompany  us  during  the  remainder  of 
the  voyage.  We  had  on  board  fome 
I'pecimens  of  the  commodities  of  Eu- 
rope ?.nd  India,  by  which  we  might 
judge  what  would  be  moft  in  rtqueft 
in  the  country  we  were  bound  to.  Bad 
weather, -and  the  want  of  a  (loop,  did 
not  permit  us  to  difmifs  our  pilot  un- 
til the  cj9th,  when  we  were  obliged  to 
ftnd  him  on  fhore  at  Baliafore,.  ii^aCtJIy 


Sept.  1802.    Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China.  757 


a  month  after  this  we  anchored  at  Ma- 
lacca, and  failed  from  thence  the  id 
of  June  for  Tringano,  a  Mallay  port 
on  the  other  fide  of  the  peninfula;  we 
reached  it  the  lath  following.  Here 
Mr  Hutton  informed  me  of  the  death 
of  the  mandarin,  his  paffenger,  which 
happened  a  few  days  after  leaving  Ma- 
lacca. This  accident  gave  me  a  good 
deal  of  concern,  as  he  wavS  a  fendble, 
fteady,  well-behaved  man,  and  1  relied 
much  on  him  for  afTiftance  amongft 
his  countrymen.  We  found  at  this 
place  lliirty  or  forty  of  the  natives  of 
Cochin  China,  whofe  vciltl  had  been 
riven  off  their  own  coait,  and  wreck- 
near  Tringano.  According  to  the 
p(Uicy  of  the  Mallays,  they  were  be- 
come their  (laves,  and  their  elfecls  the 
property  of  the  rajah;  They  gave  our 
n>ai)darin  fome  information  relative  to 
the  ilrite  of  his  country,  after  his  leav- 
ing it,  but  indiltindi,  and  little  to  his 
f.itisfa^tion.  I  endeavoured  to  procure 
the  rcleafe  of  fome  of  thefe  poor 
people,  and  was  not  a  little  furprifed 
at  a  feeming  backwar/lnefs  in  them  to 
accept  it.  During  our  ftay  here,  I  was 
Ipoken  to  by  the  king's  brother  (the 
king  being  abfent)  concerning  the  Com- 
pany's eflablifhing  a  tadory  at  Tringa- 
no and  I  heard,  on  my  return  to  Ma- 
lacca, that  there  had  been  a  letter  lent 
to  the  fupreme  council  with  this  pror 
pofal.  This  complaifance  arifcs  from 
from  the  king's  p.pprehenfions  of  a  hot- 
lile  vifit  from  the  king  of  Rio,  and  from 
a  defire  of  ( xtending  his  terriroiies  by 
means  of  the  Company's  afiirtance.  Jf 
it  were  thought  worth  wlule  lo  fettle 
jn  any  part  of  the  peninfula  of  Mallay, 
a  more  eligible  fimation  than  Tringano 
might  be  found.  Some  months  in  the 
year  this  is  a  dangerous  lee  fliore,'  and 
inacceflible  to  iiiipping.  I  do  not  think 
th^t  eAabliOnnents  can  be  made  by  us 
with  any  T»d vantage  among  the  Mal- 
lays.*  ^*t  Tringano  they  pnrctiafe  an- 
nually two  hundred  chtltc.  of  opium, 
fome  white  goods,  a  fm^ili  quantity  of 
iron  and  copper,  and  a  few  other  ar- 
liclei;  of  liuie  note;  for  thefe  things 
they  give  in  exchange  pepper,  gold  dull, 


*  It  is  only  a  few  years  fi nee  the  prefi- 
dency  of  Fort  St  George  attcmpc^d  a  fettie- 
«icnt  at  Acheen,  under  the  condua  of  the 
Hon.  Edvi^ard  Mon(5lon,  but  were  obliged 

v.  iihdraw  it. 


and  tin  ;  the  latter  article  is  not  the 
produce  of  the  place,  bi|t  carried  thi- 
ther  by  Mallay  and  Buggis  prows> 

Our  ftay  at  Tringano  being  prolong- 
ed a  day  or  two,  that  v/e  might  furni/li 
ourfelves  with  a  good  ftore  of  refreHi- 
ments,  as  we  expected  but  fcanty  fup^ 
plies  at  Cochin  China,  we  did  not  weioh 
anchor  till  the  1 7  h.  The  20th  vvc 
came  in  liglit  of  Pulo  Ubi.  'J  he  next 
night  we  anchored  clofe  to  it,  and  the 
following  d^y  found  ourfelves  in  the 
latitude  of  8^  35  N.  which  muft  have 
been  nearly  the  latitude  of  the  point  cf 
Can.bodia,  as  it  then  bore  welt  of  us; 
it  is  laid  down  by  our  geographers  and 
hydrographers  lo  or  15  miles  more  to 
the  northward.  Pulo  Ubi  is  a  fmail 
iHand,  feen  from  a  great  dif^ance,  and 
htuated  exadly  on  the  ealtern  extre- 
mity of  the  Gnlph  of  Siam.  My  in. 
tention  in  taking  this  route  was,  that 
we  might  have  an  opportunity  of  coaft- 
ing  the  fouthern  fliore  of  Cambodia, 
which  is  but  little  known  ;  of  entering 
the  weifern  branch  of  the  great  river 
which  feparates  that  coiintry  from  Co- 
chin Chijia,  where  J  expeded  certain 
accounts  of  the  Ifate  ci  that  country, 
and  of  procuiing  an  interview  with  the 
king,  who  was  faid  to  be  at  Donai,  the 
fouthtrmofl  province. 

We  were  but  a  liule  more  th;in  two 
days  going  from  Pulo  Ubi  to  Cambo- 
dia River-  The  pomt  of  Cambodia, 
as  Well  as  the  whole  coaft  from  thenci? 
to  the  mouth  of  the  ueftern  branch  of 
the  river,  is  covered  with  underwood, 
ar.d  exceedingly  low.  The  water  is  fo 
/hallow,  that,  at  thediftance  of  f.ve  or 
hx  miles  from  the  fhore,  we  rarely  had 
more  than  four  fathoms.  Althoueh 
the  commander  of  the  i'lnp.U  vefTel,  our 
coidbrt,  made  repeated  attempts,  he 
could  never  approach  the  fijore  nearer 
than  within  two  or  three  miles.  Few 
iidiabitants  appeared,  and  only  two 
boats  near  the  entrance  of  the  i'ivcr. 
Our  boat  was  fent  to  fpeak  to  them, 
but  they  being  poor  Chinefe  fifherm.en, 
they  could  not  underitand  our  Cochin 
Chinele  linguift. 

The  24th  of  June  we  anchored  ia 
fight  of  the  mouth  of  the  weft  channel 
of  Cafnbodia  river,  between  three  and 
four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  in  barely 
ihrf-e  fathom  water,  a  ftrong  ebb  tide 
fettingout:  the  tide  to  the- welUvard 
had  been  obferved  the  preceding  even- 
ing to  life  tv;o  fathoms  and  a  half;  it 

theic- 


758  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China.     Vol.  64. 


therefore  ccrt-ainly  behoved  us  to  be  on 
our  guard  agaifid  iis  fnUing  as  much  : 
The  captain  was  apprifed  of  this  by 
his  oflfictr,  but  he  making  light  of  it, 
the  tide  by  fix  o'clock  left  the  vtflcl 
frifl  aground;  but  as  fl\c  lay  in  foft 
mud,  our  fituation  was  by  no  cncans 
dcingcrous.  The  captiio  made  fail  as 
foon  as  the  vefTtl  floated,  in  a  dark 
night,  uncertain  whither  a  rapid  ti^de 
might  drive  us.  The  vtflel  grounded 
a  fccond  time,  and  when  the  floating 
tide  relieved  her  from  this,  iWW  a  third 
time.  Here,  or  on  fonie  other  part  of 
the  ihorc,  1  cxpeiftcd  we  mufk  have  left 
t!ie  veflll  her  head  was  only  in  a  fathom 
nnd  a  half  of  water,  and  her  (tern  was 
beating  upon  a  fand  as  hard  a^  a  rock. 
The  boat  with  the  chief  officer  atid 
mod:  of  the  Europeans,  was  now  fent 
to  found  ;  during  their  ahftnce  the  wa- 
ter rofc  to  two  fathoms  and  a  quarter; 
the  Amazon  drew  twelve  feet;  the 
flood  tide  was  fully  made.  Anxious 
for  our  boat,  we  made  fignal  alter  hg- 
rial  for  it  to  return,  and  when  it  diJ, 
the  report  of  the  offictr  was  fir  from 
fatisfadory,  having  met  with  (Iioals  all 
around.  There  was  now  the  appear- 
ance of  a  hard  fquall  coming  on,  the 
man  with  the  founeling  hue  warned  us 
there  was  but  a  few  inches  more 
than  the  veflel  drew,  and  it  being  the 
top  of  high,  water  of  a  fpring  tide,  we 
Itad  no  piofpe^t  of  fnrther  relief.  Hap- 
pily, however,  we  encreafvd  the  depth, 
and  the  fquall  coming  on,  prcfcntly 
drove  us  into  tive  fat  horn.",  where  we 
dropt  cur  anchor. 

After  the  fatigue  and  anxiety  which 
we  fuffered  the  preceding  night,  we 
were  happy  to  devote  thi^  day,  the  25th, 
to  rcpoic. 

The  a6th  I  went  onboard  the  Jenny^ 
which  Ir'y  at  a  conliderable  cUitance 
from  our  vefft  l,  near  the  rrouth  of  the 
river.  The  commander  acquainted  me 
he  had  fent  his  boat  into  the  river  for 
intelligence,  and  piopofed  to  n  e  to 
ttand  in  and  meet  U,  Having  no  ob- 
jtdtion,  he  weighed  his  anchor:  as 
foon  as  we  opened  the  firft  reach  we 
peiceived  a  veffci  at  anchor,  and  the 
boat  making  towards  us  :  we  continued 
our  courfe  in  a  good  channel  of  three 
and  four  fathoms  water,  as  i'ar  as  the 
tide  would  permit  us.  By  the  officer 
who  went  in  the  boat,  we  learned  that 
the  veffel  in  light  was  a  Portugueze 
Ihow  from  Maccao;  that  there  was 


another  higher  up  at  a  village  called 
Bathai ;  and  that  a  Ihip  had  left  the 
river  feven  or  eight  days  before.  Mr 
Moniz,  (a  Portuguese  gentleman  I  be- 
fore mentioned  to  have  accompanied 
the  mandarin  to  Bengal,)  who  went  on 
board  the  Portugueze  vvlfel,  acquaint- 
ed me  that  he  heard  from  the  com- 
mander, that  the  rebf^l  lenaack  had  car- 
ried  every  thing  before  him  in  Cochin 
China;  tnat  the  king  having  fled  to 
Pulo  Condore,  had  been  taken  there 
and  put  to  death  ;  and  that  his  brother 
had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  ufurp- 
er,  who  obliged  him  to  marry  his 
daughter.  1  afterwards  found  that  hia 
brother  w^as  the  elder  ot  the  two  fong 
left  by  tr.e  late  king;  hut  Q^uick 
Foe,  the  prime  mniifter,  who  had  ac- 
quiicd  an  unbounded  irfiaence  in  the 
1  itter  part  of  the  reign,  had  married 
his  daughter  to  the  youiiger  prince,  and 
contrived,  upon  the  death  of  ih^-  old 
king,  to  place  his  fon-in-law  upon  Xht 
throne,  l^his,  with  the  minifter's  un- 
popular meafure  of  impofing  a  poll-tax 
upon  all  the  native  itihrtbitants  of  what- 
Ibcver  age,  fex,  or  concjition,  was  the 
caufe  of  the  troubles  which  broke  out 
in  the  interior  provinces,  and  furnifhfd 
a  pretext  for  the  Tonquinefe  to  invade 
the  countiy  ;  for  when  the  army  enter- 
ed the  northern  provinces^,  they  de- 
clared their  defigns  to  be  Iblely  bent 
againft  the  perfon  of  the  miniitcr,  whofc 
n»al  adirinillratioa  had  involved  his 
country  in  a  civil  war,  and  promiftd, 
upon  his  being  delivered  up  to  them, 
to  aflift  the  king  in  fubduing  all  his  o- 
ther  enemies:  the  young  king,  inltiga- 
ted  by  the  enemies  of  this  minilter, 
blindly  fell  into  the  fnare,  and  thereby 
proved  to  have  aded  as  politically  as 
the  fceep  who  delivered  their  do.;  to 
the  wolves.  Qjiick  Foe,  though  a  bad 
man,  was  allowed  to  be  a  man  of  abi- 
lities; and  by  the  difcerning  eifeemed 
the  only  one  capable  of  making  head 
againft  the  dangers  that  now  threaten- 
ed the  king  on  all  fides.  Senlible  of 
this,  the  Tonquinefe,  as  foon  as  he  was 
delivered  into  their  hands,  treated  him 
with  the  utraoft  deference,  and  made 
ufe  of  his  knowledge  to  poffcfs  them- 
felves  of  the  country.  They  immedi- 
ately laid  f:ege  to  Hue,  the  capital,  and 
took  it ;  the  king  fled  to  Donai,  from 
thence  to  Pulo  Condore,  where  he  was 
taken  and  put  to  death.  The  minifter 
was  carried  to  Tonquin,  where  be 

was 


Sept.  1802.  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China. 


759 


was  allowed  to  enjoy  an  honourable  re- 
treat. 

The  next  day  1  returned  on  board 
the  AmaxoTiy  to  prepare  a  few-  necelTa- 
ries  to  go  up  to  Bathai  in  the  Jenny, 
and  defined  Captain  Hutton  to  wait  for 
jne  where  he  was.  Early  in  the  morn- 
ing I  fet  out,  accompanied  by  Mr  Bay- 
ard and  MrTotty  ;  on  approaching  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  I  perceived  the 
Jenny  running  out  with  the  Portugueze 
fn ow.  Expreffing  my  furprife  at  this, 
1  found  Captain  Hutton  had  received 
intelligence  that  fome  perfons  he  had 
left  at  Turon  the  year  before,  had  been 
put  to  death  by  Ignaack,  and  that  20 
or  30  of  his  gallies  were  then  cruifing 
in  a  branch  of  the  river,  two  days  fail 
from  Bathai.  Unacquainted  with  the 
force  of  thefe  galleys,  and  having  too 
much  reafon,  from  the  information,  to 
fufpe<ft  their  hoftile  difpofition  towards 
us,  cfpecially  if  they  were  apprifed  of 
our  having  a  relation  of  the  late  king 
on  board,  and  the  Amazon  being  deem- 
ed to  draw  too  much  water,  and  built 
too  fharp  to  be  brought  into  the  river^ 
I  thought  it  mod  prudent  to  drop  ray 
defign  of  proceeding  to  Bathai.  Under- 
ftanding,  however,  that  there  was  ftill  a 
party  of  the  king's  people  making  head 
againft  Ignaack  in  Donai,  it  was  de- 
termined to  proceed  thither,  in  order 
to  place  our  mandarin  and  his  people 
amongft  their  friends.  Captain  Hutton 
having  received  what  inftrudtions  the 
Portuguefe  captain  could  give  him  ref- 
pcding  the  paffage,  (no  pilot  being  to 
be  had,)  was  to  lead  the  way,  we  were 
to  follow;  thefe  points  adjufted,  I  re- 
turned on  board  my  own  veifel,  and 
the  next  morning  we  failed. 

The  iirft  of  July  we  anchored  under 
a  promontory,  fuppofed  to  be  Cape  St 
James,  about  a  degree  and  a  half  dif- 
tant  from  the  weft  channel  of  Cambo- 
dia river.  This  was  the  firft  high  land 
on  the  continent  we  met  with.  Here 
again  we  were  all  at  a  ftand,  nobody 
being  able  to  point  out  the  road  to  Do- 
nai. The  mandarin  and  his  people  ne- 
ver having  being  there,  could  give  us 
no  information.  V^exed  at  my  djfap- 
pointment,  I  determined  to  go  on  Ihore 
myfclf  in  our  pinnace,  and  to  endea- 
vour to  gain  fome  intelligence.  Mr 
Bayard  and  the  fecond  officer  accom- 
panied me  ;  I  took  two  of  the  manda- 
rins fervants  as  linguiiis.  When  we 
reached  the  beach  I  fent  the  linguifts 
©u  Oiore,  keeping  every  body  clfe 


in  the  boat;  after  fome  time  they 
came  back,  leading  tv;o  or  three  of 
the  moft  miferable  looking  objeds  that 
ever  I  beheld,  upon  the  very  point  of 
perifliing  with  hunger  and  difeafe. 
The  linguifts  telling  us  we  might  land 
in  fafety,  we  did  fo.  Thefe  poo* 
wretches  acquainted  me  that  they  be- 
longed to  a  village  hard  by,  in  which 
were  left  about  fifty  more,  much  in  the 
fame  condition  with  theinfelvcs ;  that 
a  fleet  of  I^^naack's,  in  its  way  to  Do- 
nai, which  it  was  now  blockading,  had, 
two  months  before,  paid  them  a  vilit^ 
and  plundered  them  of  the  fcanty  re- 
mains left  by  a  horrid  famine,  fuppofed 
in  the  preceding  year  to  have  carried 
off  more  than  one  half  of  the  whole 
inhabitants  of  Cochin  China,  and  that 
they  had  nothing  to  eat  now  but  a  root 
thrown  up  by  the  furf  on  the  beach, 
which  caufed  them  to  break  out  in 
blotchefS  all  over  their  bodies;  it  was 
fhaped  fomething  like  a  fwect  pota- 
toe,  but  longer.  I  was  now  no  longer 
at  a  lofs  to  account  for  the  indifference 
the  wretches  I  faw  at  Tringano  fhewed 
to  my  offer  of  procuring  their  releafe ; 
they  were  not  pofi'cfied  of  fufficient  pa- 
triotifm  to  prefer  liberty  with  fo  fcanty 
a  fare  in  their  own  country,  to  flavery 
with  a  full  belly  in  a  foreign  one.  There 
is  no  llavery  in  Cochin  China.  On  per- 
ceiving the  mouths  of  two  or  three  fi- 
vers to  the  N.  W.  and  afking  their 
names,  they  told  me  one  of  them  led 
to  Donai.  Several  more  of  thefe  ob- 
jects were  now  gathering  round  me  ; 
diftrelTed  at  this  fcene  of  mifery  not  in 
my  power  to  relieve,  I  ha^ened  on 
board  my  boat,  and  took  with  me  an 
old  man,  who  appeared  the  moft  intel- 
ligent, to  inform  our  mandarin  of  all  he 
knew,  and  to  enable  us  to  deteruane 
what  was  next  to  be  done. 

A  comfortable  meal  having  cheered 
up  the  old  man's  fpirits,  he  had  a  long 
converfition  with  his  countiymcn;  thi 
refuit  of  which  waf,  that  a  villjge  cal- 
led Huttien,  a  few  hours  fail  from  where 
we  then  were,  having  rtliiled  the  at- 
tacks of  Ignaack's  fieet,  the  mandarin 
was  delirous  of  going  to  it,  hoping  to 
get  fome  fatisfaiftory  mteliigtnce  of  his 
friends.  Thither  we  bent  our  courfe, 
the  old  man  ferving  as  a  pilot ;  the  nexL 
morning  we  anchored  a-breaft  of  it.  A 
number  of  filhing  boats  hovered  about 
the  veifel,  but  kept  aloof  till  two  of  the 
mandarin's  fervants  were  fent  to  thera 
in  a  fmail  prow.   They  then  came  to 

the 


harrativeof  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China.  Vol. 


the  number  of  fourteen  or  fifteen.  Our 
mandarin  fcnt  a  meffage  to  the  chief  of 
the  village  by  them.  The  people  in 
thefc  boats  were  ftout  perfonable  men, 
and  had  not  the  leaft  appearance  of 
war) I  amongit  them.  Every  boat  was 
well  furniilied  with  bows  a[»d  arrows^ 
fwords  and  lances.  In  the  afternoon,  the 
mandarin  of  the  village  fent  his  compli- 
ments lo  our  mandarin  with  a  prefent 
of  beetle,  and  apologized  for  not  wait- 
ing upon  him  in  pcrfon,  on  account  of 
his  being  much  indifpofcd  ;  our  man- 
darin being  lo  well  fitisficd  that  he  de- 
termined to  go  on  Ihore  next  morning, 
myfelf  and  the  other  gentleman  pro- 
mifed  to  attend  him.  Having  fent  the 
mandarin  of  the  village  notice  of  our 
intentions,  early  in  the  morning  fome 
boats  came  from  the  lliore  to  coijdudt 
us  to  the  landing  place.  Our  mandi- 
rin's  fervants  who  went  on  liiore  the 
evening  before,  and  ftaid  all  night,  came 
with  them,  and  gave  their  mafter  a  fa- 
vourable account  of  the  inhabitants. 
They  alfo  brought  on  board  with  thcni 
a  man  who  had  formerly  ferved  as  a  fol- 
dier  under  the  mandarin's  command. 
He  feemed  tranfported  with  joy  on  re- 
cognizcing  his  old  mailer.  Afcer  breakfaft 
wefet  out,  the  foldier  fitting  at  the  man- 
darin's feet;  and  during  our  pafiage 
towards  the  fliore,  he  recounted  to  his 
mafter  the  particulars  of  Ignaack*s  fuc- 
cefles,  the  king's  death,  and  how  the 
people  of  this  diftrid  had  repulfed  the 
rebel  fleet.  He  acquainted  him  that 
the  king's  brother,  whom  they  called 
Antoine,  diflatisfied  with  his  wife,  and 
the  reftraint  he  was  kept  under,  had 
found  means  to  efcape  from  Ignaack, 
and  was  gone  in  anns  with  a  confidera- 
ble  force  into  Benthoan.  Yet  before 
the  boat  reached  the  There  our  manda- 
rin was  feized  with  a  panic,  which  I 
never  couid  Jearn  the  real  caufc  of, 
and  defired  m.e  to  put  about  and  re- 
turn to  the  vefTel.  Unable  to  conceive 
his  motives,  his  own  fervants  afTnring 
me  there  was  no  caufe  of  apprehenfion, 
we  continued  our  courfe  tiU  the  pin- 
nace came  into  flialiow  water,  and 
could  proceed  no  further.  Here  wc 
were  preparing  to  get  into  a  country- 
boat,  when  the  mandarin  caught  hold 
of  my  clothes,  earnellly  entreating  me 
to  delift,  crying  out  "  /yju«  /  tyson  I" 
Which  is  the  name  the  adherents  of  Ig- 
naack  go  by  in  the  couotiy.  Mr  Moniz 
feeing  this,  offered  to  go  on  Ihorc  to 


learn  who  the  people  really  were  ;  Mr 
Bayard  accompanied  him.  They  foon 
came  back  with  the  principal  manda- 
rine of  the  village.  He  came  into  our 
boat  and  invited  our  mandarine  on 
Ihore,  the  foldier  offering  to  remain  an 
hoftage,  and  to  forfeit  his  head  if  any 
harm  betel  him.  All  was  infufficient  to 
remove  his  fears ;  he  ftill  cried  out 
louder  than  ever  to  put  back.  Finding 
his  timidity  not  to  be  overcome,  J  alk- 
ed  the  mandarine  of  the  village  to  go 
with  us  and  fee  our  veflel ;  he  did  not 
hefitate.  After  he  had  been  on  board 
a  fliort  time,  he  complained  of  being 
very  fick;  I  theref(jre  difmiffed  him,  lirlt 
making  him  a  fmail  prefent. 

We 'then  left  the  village  of  Huttein, 
and  contimied  our  courfe  along  ihorc 
fix  or  feven  days,  and  anchored  at  a 
filhing  village  near  Pulo  Cambir  de 
Terrc,  to  iuquire  for  water  and  other 
refrelhments ;  but  the  water  there  be- 
ing very  brackifh,  one  of  the  fifheimen 
otfering  to  pilot  us  to  Q^uinion,  where 
plenty  of  good  water  and  frefli  provi- 
lions  might  be  had,  we  accordingly 
proceeded  thither.  No  fooner  did  our 
mandarin  learn  that  we  intended  to 
touch  at  Qjinion,  than  he  rufhed  from 
the  cabin  in  a  mod  dii1r;iv5ted  manner, 
and  threw  himfelf  at  my  feet,  when  he 
informed  me  that  Quinion  was  the  pro- 
vince in  which  Ignaack  refided,  and  that 
its  harbour,*  to  which  we  were  going, 
was  the  rendezvous  of  his  fleet.  It  did 
rot  however  prevent  me  frotn  proceed- 
ing, as  I  knew  that  the  greateft  part  of 
Ignaack's  force  was  to  the  fouthvvard. 
We  continued  our  courfe,  and  the  13th 
July  we  anchored  in  the  bay.  The 
coalt,  in  many  places  highly  cultivated, 
had  now  a  moll  delightful  appearance, 
the  lowlands  planted  with  paddy,  and 
the  hills  with  pepper  to  their  very 
tops. 

Here  we  found  twoPortugueze  fnows; 
and  the  fupercargo  of  one  of  them  co- 
ming on  board,  a  little  before  we  anchor- 
ed, I  underdood  from  him  that  we  had 
nothing  to  fear;  on  the  contrary,  that 


*  Opinion,  or  Chincben-bay,  is  an  excel- 
lent harbour,  where  veffeis  may  be  peife*^- 
ly  fheltered  from  every  wind;  the  entrance 
is  very  narrow,  and  the  want  of  a  fuificient 
depth  miift  oblige  (hips  of  large  burthen  tf> 
wait  till  high  watei  to  go  i.n.  It  is  fituated 
in  kt.  13^  5^'  N. 

Ijnaack 


Sept.  1802.  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China.  761 


Ignaack  himfdf  was  exceedingly  alarm- 
ed at  our  arrival,  and  would  be  well  fa- 
tisficd  to  find  that  we  had  no  hoftile 
intention  againft  hirn,  which  he  was  in 
dread  of  fronn  what  had  happened  laft 
year  at  Turon.    This  difpute  arofe 
from  the  rebels  attacking  and  taking  a 
boat,  conveying  military  ftores  from  an 
Englifh  (hip  to  the  royal  party.  The 
king's  party  having  received  a  lignal 
defeat  while  the  Ihip  lay  in  the  harbour, 
the  mandarins  fled  on  board  for  pro- 
tedlion,  and  induced  the  commander 
to  undertake  to  carry  them  to  Donai, 
promifing  to  indemnify  him  for  the  lofs 
when  he  arrived  there.  How  they  were 
difappointed  and  brought  to  Bengal  I 
have  before  related.    As  foon  as  we 
anchored,  I  fent  a  young  man,  who 
ferved  me  as  a  writer,  on  fhore,  with 
my  compliments  to  the  mandarin  in 
charge  of  the  fort,  to  acquaint  him  that 
the  veflel  belonged  to  the  EngUfli  go- 
vernment of  Bengal,  and  that  our  bufi- 
nefs  in  Cochin  China  was  to  fettle  a 
friendly  intercourfe  and  commerce  be- 
tween the  two  countries.  In  the  even- 
ing he  returned  with  a  very  civil  an- 
fwer  from  the  mandarin,  purporting 
that  he  (hould  immediately  fend  notice 
of  our  arrival  to  the  king  (Ignaack,) 
and  that  in  the  mean  time  we  were 
welcome  to  furnifli  ourfelves  with  wa- 
ter and  all  other  refrefliments  the  place 
afforded.  Next  day  the  mandarin  him- 
felf  came  on  board,  and  brought  me  a 
prefent  of  a  hog.    Ever  after  he  vifited 
me  daily  during  our  ftay.    He  was  a 
jolly  man  of  between  50  and  60  years 
of  age.    By  his  defire,  I  fent  my  writer 
on  Ihore  to  go  with  him  to  the  king's 
brother,  who  lived  near,  to  whom  I 
fent  a  prefent  of  a  piece  of  muflin,  two 
pieces  of  chintz,  and  fome  bottles  of 
liquor.    On  his  return,  he  acquainted 
xne  that  he  had  been  gracioufly  re- 
ceived, and  aflured  me  that  the  king 
was  exceedingly  well  difpofed  towards 
the  EngliOi,  and  would  not  fiil  to  treat 
nie  with  the  moft  honourable  dillinc- 
tion ;  and  that  the  king's  fon-in-law, 
who  was  his  prime  minifter,  would 
come  down  to  fee  me  in  a  few  days. 
He  accordingly  arrived  the  i6th,  and 
I  the  next  morning  having  received  an 
invitation,  I  landed  to  make  him  a  vifit. 
We  were  met  on  the  beach  by  the  man- 
darin of  the  port,  who  conduced  us 
to  a  large  ftraw  (bed,  which  he  inform- 
:  cd  me  was  his  houfe,  where  his  high- 
I  ncfs  was  waiting  to  receive  us.  On 
|.    VeL.  LXIV. 


each  fide  of  the  entrance  were  drawn 
up  twelve  of  his  guards,  drefled  in 
blue  linen,  and  a  kind  of  helmet  on 
their  heads,  made  either  of  leather  or 
of  paper,  lacquered  over,  and  orna- 
mented wiih  flowers  and  devices  of 
block-tin,  as  were  the  hilts  and  fcab- 
bards  of  their  fwords,  fo  that  they 
made  a  regular,  if- not  a  martial  appear- 
ance. On  our  entrance  we  found  a 
young  man  of  a  pleafing  afped,  feated 
crofs-legged  upon  a  low  table.  He 
role  on  our  approach,  and  pointed  to 
fome  chairs  which  were  placed  on  each 
fide  of  him  for  our  accommodation. 
After  a  fev^  ordinary  queftions  on  his 
fide,  as  whence  we  came  ?  what  had 
brought  us  to  Cochin  China?  how  long 
we  had  been  on  our  pafTage,  &c.  I  ac- 
quainted him  I  was  a  fervant  of  the 
Englifh  government  in  Beng.^1,  to  which 
the  veffei  I  came  in  belonged ;  that  my 
bufinefs  in  Cochin  China  was  to  fettle 
a  friendly  intercourfe  and  commerce 
between  the  two  countries,  which  I 
made  no  doubt  would  be  for  the  ad- 
vantage of  both.  I  then  defired  to 
know  whether  he  was  atrthorifed  to  in- 
form me  upon  what  conditions  fuch 
commerce  could  be  carried  on  to  the 
ports  in  their  pofllffion  ?  Inftead  of  an- 
fwering  me,  he  desired  to  know  what 
prefcnts  I  had  brought  for  the  king, 
and  whither  I  intended  to  go  to  court  ? 
I  told  him  I  would  go  if  the  king  fent 
me  an  invitation,  and  carry  fiich  pre- 
fents  with  me  as  I  hoped  would  be  ac- 
ceptable. I  prefentcd  him  with  a  pair 
of  neat  piltols,  and  fome  pieces  of 
cloth,  &c.  I  could  now  get  him  to 
talk  of  notiiing  but  prtfehts.  Before 
we  parted,  I  applied  to  him  for  the  ufe 
of  a  ftraw  hut  near  the  watering-place; 
he  told  me  he  was  not  authorifed  to 
grant  it.  He  then  informed  me  he 
Ihould  return  to  court  the  next  day, 
and  invited  me  to  accompany  him.  I 
begged  to  be  cxcufed,  asl  wiflied  before 
I  lit  out  to  receive  an  invitation  from 
the  king.  He  appeared  rather  hurt  at 
this,  fearing  I  fufpedted  he  had  not  au- 
thority to  invite  me.  I  obferved  that 
his  refufal  of  fo  mere  a  trifle  as  a  hut 
to  hve  in,  which  I  offered  to  pay  for, 
vvasalmoit  fufficient  to  doubt  it.  Soon 
after  I  took  my  leave,  when  he  affured 
me  he  would  defire  his  father  to  lend 
me  an  invitatio;i  without  delay  ;  and 
as  for  a  houle,  I  might  take  any  one  i 
chofe  in  the  place. 

1  hrec  days  after  I  received  a  formal 
5  ii  written 


Literary  Notices. 


Vol.  64. 


veritten  invitation  and  fafc  condiufl  from 
Igiiaack  i  it  was  brought  on  board  with 
jreat  ceremony  by  feveral  m^idarins. 
They  dcfired  the  colours  might  be  hoilt- 
cd  on  the  occafion,  an  umbrella  raif- 
ed  to  open  it  under,  and  that  I  (hould 
ft  and  up  to  receive  it  ;  all  thefe  requi- 
lUions  being  complied  with,  it  was 
opened,  read,  and  prefented  to  me. 
The  mandarins  did  not  fail  hinting  to 
nie,  how  exceedingly  happy  the  bearers 
of  thivS  diftinguiflnng  mark  of  the  royal 
favour  would  be  to  receive  fome  token 
of  acknowledgement  for  their  trouble. 
Having  treated  them  with  a  defert  of 
wine  and  fvveetmeats,  I  difmiflred  them 
fatiffied,  firft  fettling  with  the  port 
mandarin  to  be  on  fliore  next  evening, 
lleep  at  his  houfe,  and  fet  off  the  next 
morning  for  the  royal  rtlidence.  lie 
engaged  to  have  a  palanquin  ready  for 
me,  horfes  for  the  two  gentlemen  and 
my  writer,  who  were  to  be  of  the  par- 
ty, and  coolies  to  carry  the  king's  pre- 
fent6  and  our  own  nectlTiries. 

When  his  invitation  was  explained 
to  me,  I  was  much  farpiiftd  to  find 
that  his  m^jefty  fliould  think  it  incum- 


bent on  him  to  account  to  me  how  he 
became  poflefTed  of  his  prcfent  digni- 
ties. It  began  by  fetting  forth,  "That 
the  Tate  king  of  Cochin  China  and  his 
minifters,  having,  by  their  opprefTinns, 
ftarved  the  people,  it  had  pleafed  God 
to  make  him  the  inftrument  of  their  de- 
liverance, and  to  r;ufe  him  to  the 
throne,"  &c.  5cc.  Our  poor  unfortu- 
nate mandar  in,  who  was  now  on  hoard 
incog,  and  the  better  to  conceal  him- 
felf,  drefled  in  an  Englifli  drefs,  his 
beard  lhaved,  his  teeth  cleaned^  and, 
what  diftreflVd  him  mofl  of  all,  his  nails 
reduced  three  or  four  inches,  dt firing 
to  fee  the  paper,  told  me  with  te^  ra  in 
his  eye?,  that  the  feal  affixed  was  the 
ancient  al  of  the  kings  of  Cochin  Chi- 
na, which  the  villainous  pofftfTor  had 
ftolen;  that  the  reafons  he  afligned  for 
fcizing  the  government  were  falfe,  and 
that  he  alone  was  the  fole  author  of  the 
calamities  his  country  had  and  flill  ex- 
pcrienced.  He  conjured  me  not  to 
trufl  myfelf  in  his  power,  for  I  (houJd 
never  return. 

(  To  be  continued  J) 


FOREIGN  LITERARY  NOTICES. 


M.  D'Ohsson  is  publifliing  the  Bio- 
graphy of  all  the  Sultans  of  ConftantJ- 
iiople.  This  work  he  draws  from  ori- 
ginal materials,  which  Lis  long  refi- 
tlence  in  that  capital,  and  his  perfect 
knowledge  of  the  Turkifli  language, 
have  afforded  him.  The  life  of 
each  Sultan  will  be  accompanied  by 
his  portrait,  copied  from  the  original 
portraits,  which  are  carefully  kept  in 
the  Seraglio  of  the  Grand  Seigniur. 

In  the  TurkiO)  printing-prefs  atCon- 
{lantiiiople,  which  was  fet  up  about  two 
years  ago,  under  the  protection  of  Sul- 
tan Selim,  there  is  now  printing  a  Die* 
tionary  of  the  Turkilh,  Greek,  Latin, 
French,  and  Perfian  languages,  in  three 
volumes  folio. 

Dr  Wittman,  of  the  Royal  Artillery, 
who  accompanied  Brigadier  General 
Koehler's  Military  Mifiion  from  Con- 
Itantinople  into  Syria  and  Egypt,  and 


who  a^ted  occafionally  as  Phyfician  to 
the  Grand  Vizier,  and  had  the  medical 
care  of  ihe  mifTion,  is  preparing  to  pub- 
lifh  an  account  of  his  interefling  Tra- 
vels in  Tuikey,  Syria,  and  Egypt,  in- 
cluding a  Meteorological  fournai,  and 
Remarks  and  Oblervations  on  the 
Plague,  and  on  the  other  difeafes  of 
thole  Countries,  accompanied  with 
plates. 

Among  thole  who  have  devoted 
themfelves  to  the  dangers  and  cares  of 
remote  voyages  to  extend  the  fphere 
of  human  knowledge,  Alex,  de  Hum- 
boldt is  highly  to  be  diftinguifhed,  who, 
with  a  moderate  fortune,  and  without 
the  fuccQur  of  any  goverinnent,  but 
with  uncommon  knowledge,  with  an 
ardent  zeal  for  the  fciences,  and  a  cou- 
rage proof  againfl-  every  thing,  haspro- 
pofcd  to  make  the  tour  of  the  globe, 
to  colledl  new  cbretvations  on  nature, 

and 


Sept.  1802. 


Literary  Notices. 


763 


and  on  men,  on  the  theory  of  the 
earth,  on  aftronomy,  on  geographical 
pofitions,  and  on  animals,  plants,  and 
{tones.  After  having  already  trayerled 
a  great  part  of  the  deiarts  of  South  A- 
merica,  he  has  lately  let  out  for  Peru, 
by  land,  with  a  defign  to  return  to  Eu- 
rope by  the  Ealt  Indies.  His  lart  let- 
ters are  from  Carthagena.  The  palfage 
which  he  made  to  arrive  thither  was 
extremely  dangerous.  After  having 
difembariced  on  the  rjvers  of  Rio  Sinu, 
where  he  found  a  multitude  of  croco- 
diles, and  of  the  Indians  of  Darixa,  who 
aie  diftinguifhed  from  theCaraibes  who 
furround  them^  both  by  their  fmaller 
fize,  and  by  their  plumpnefs  and 
ftrength,  he  encountered  a  tempeft, 
wherein  his  little  veflel  was  on  the 
point  of  being  overfet,  and  was  only 
iaved  becaufe  they  were  enabled  quick- 
ly to  cut  down  a  fail,  at  the  very  in- 
ftant  when  the  pilot  cried  out,  that 
the  (hip  would  no  longer  anfwer  the 
helm.  They  retired  behind  Cape  Gi- 
gante,  where  they  fortunately  efcaped 
death.  M.  de  Humboldt  difembarked, 
to  obferve  an  eclipfc  of  the  moon, 
which  took  place  on  the  29th  to  the 
30th  of  March,  and  which  was  total  in 
all  thofe  countries  ;  but,  when  he  was 
at  a  certain  diftance  from  his  compa- 
nions, he  faw  fome  Negro-fugitives 
making  towards  him  with  poniards ; 
and  it  was  with  much  difficulty  that 
he  was  able  to  efcape  them,  and  to 
reach  the  floop  before  them.  It  was 
on  Palm  Sunday,  and  precifely  the 
fame  day  wherein,  laft  year,  he  had  ef- 
caped a  danger  no  iefs  imminent,  on 


the  river  Oroonoko,  where,  fur  round- 
ed with  crocodiles,  his  little  bark  was 
near  overfetting,  and  giving  him  up  to 
thofe  voiacious  animals. 

About  the  end  of  laft  April,  fome 
workmen,  who  were  employed  in 
trenching  a  piece  of  ground  belonging 
to  the  Petrini  family,  at  a  fmall  dif- 
tance from  Rome,  difcovcred  the  fke- 
leton  of  an  animal,  which  attradted 
their  attention  by  the  immenfc  fizc  of 
its  bones.  A  bone  of  the  leg,  which 
they  meafured,  was  two  feet  and  four 
inches  in  circumference.  They  alfo 
found  feveral  teeth,  fix  inches  long, 
and  very  much  refembling  thofe  found 
in  Siberia,  and  on  the  banks  of  the 
Ohio,  in  Ameiica.  By  the  carelelTaefs 
of  the  workmen,  this  choice  fragment 
of  natural  hillory  was  very  near  being 
entirely  demoljn>ed  ;  a  part  of  it  alfo, 
on  expofure  to  the  air,  alrnqtl  immedi- 
ately diflblved  into  alhes.  [t  is  fup- 
pofed  that  thi^  Ikeleton  belonged  to 
one  of  thofe  fpecies  of  imn^enfe  ani- 
mals, fuch  as  the  Mammoth,  which 
are  now  totally  extindt,  and  can  only 
be  traced  by  the  cafual  difcovery  of 
theii  enormous  remains. 

Dr  Prieftley  intends  to  print  imme- 
diately two  confiderable  works,  viz.  a 
Continuation  of  his  Ecclefiaftical  Hif- 
tory  till  the  prefent  time  :  and  Notes 
on  all  the  Books  of  Scripture. 

Profeffor  Porfon  has  nearly  ready,  a 
fupplement  to  the  Notes  and  Preface 
of  his  firft  edition  of  the  Hecuba  of 
Euripides,  which  edition  will  render 
it  the  fame  as  that  lately  printed  at 
Cambridge. 


SCOTISH  LITERARY  NOTICES. 


Dr.  Tennant,  late  Chaplain  to  th^ 
King's  troops  in  Bengal,  is  now  prepar- 
ing for  the  Prefs,  an  interefting  Work, 
entitled — Strictures  on  the  Domes- 
tic AND  Rural  Economy  of  the  Hin- 
doos.—It  is  remarkable, confidering  the 
vaft  extent  of  our  pofleflions  in  Afia,  and 
the  long  period  during  which  we  have 
retained  them,  that  no  publication  pro- 
fcfledly  agricultural  has  yet  appeared 


to  defcribe  the  practice  of  this  moll 
ufeful  art  throughout  thefe  populous 
and  extenfive  provinces.  While  our 
countrymen,  with  indefatigable  induf- 
try,  and  no  inconfiderable  fuccefs,  have 
inveftigated  the  Antiquities,  Religion, 
Natural  Hiitory,  and  Literature,  of 
Hindoftan,  the  rural  economy  and  do- 
meftic  ftate  of  this  vaft  peninfula  has 
been  hitherto  almoft  entirely  over- 
5  K  3  looked 


764 


Scotish  Literary  Notices. 


Vol.  64. 


looked.  The  antuial  volume  of  re- 
fearches,  publiflied  by  the  Anatic  So- 
ciety, will  bear  a  lafting  and  honour- 
able teftimony  to  the  learning  and  en- 
terprize  of  its  members  ;  it  is  to  be  re- 
gretted, however,  that  agricultural  fub- 
jedlis  do  not  make  a  part  of  its  plan, 
or  that  the  individuals  who  compofe 
that  inftitution,  from  the  early  feafon 
of  life  at  which  they  leave  Europe, 
and  the  confequent  dircdlion  of  their 
Itudies,  are  not  generally  qualified  to 
difcufs  the  various  branches  of  this 
complex  and  important  fubject. 

The  ftate  of  Agriculture  in  any 
country,  is  perhaps,  of  all  others,  the 
molt  decifive  of  its  importance,  and  the 
rank  to  which  it  is  entitled  in  the  com- 
munity of  nations.  To  an  inquifitive 
mind,  this  will  always  be  an  objed:  of 
primary  inveltigation :  Independent  of 
its  more  immediate  utility,  it  enables 
us  to  afcertain  the  rank  due  in  the 
fcalc  of  improvement,  to  the  Oriental 
nations,  with  more  certainty,  than 
their  cai'ual  attainments  in  lefs  import- 
ant  branches  of  knowledge. 

Unqueilionably,  however,  much  may 
be  learned  by  an  acquaintance  with 
the  agricultural  pradice  of  a  numerous 
people,  in  fo  many  refueds  differently 
circumlianced  from  ourielves :  Even 
the  errois  and  imperfeiSlions  of  the 
Hindoo  hufbandry,  if  well  acquainted 
with  their  cauie,  may  enable  us  to 
correal  Ibme  of  our  own.  Where  the 
crops  are  of  iimilar  gram,  much  bene- 
fit may  be  derived  from  a  knowledge 
of  the  different  modes  of  their  culture ; 
"where  the  produ^Sls  are  different  and 
imfuitable  to  a  European  climate,  ilill 
they  are  our  own  ;  and  as  a  part  of  the 
empire,  are  entitlcxi  to  our  encourage- 
ment aiid  protcdlion. 

The  cultuie  of  indigo,  cochineal,  fu- 
gar,  opiam,  lac,  and  many  other  ar- 
ticles not  produced  in  Britain,  is  not 
to  he  legarded  merely  as  an  objecl  of 
curiofity  to  literary  men,  but  has  be- 
come abfolutely  necelfary  to  our  own 
commerce,  the  profperity  of  our  fo- 
reign dominions,  as  well  as  an  objedl 
of  pi oStabie /peculation  to  many  indi- 
viduals of  our  countrymen. 

Thefe  different  particulars,  the  au- 
tlior  of  the  prefent  publication  has  had 
the  belt  opportunity  to  inveftigate  and 
explain.  He  has  refided  long  in  the 
country,  and  travelled  over  moft  ex- 
t^nfive  tra6ls  of  it,  while  he  invaiiably 


minuted  upon  the  fpot,  the  articles  of 
information  which  he  received.  With- 
out labouring  for  the  ornaments  of 
ityle,  or  paying  any  minute  attention 
to  the  manner  of  conveying  his  know- 
ledge, his  liberal  education  and  ex- 
tenfive  acquaintance  with  agricultural 
fubje6ls,have  i'ecuied  him  from  any  in- 
accuracy or  obicutity  of  language. 

A  brief  ftatiilical  account  of  the  a* 
gricultural  anddomettic  economy  of  the 
Hindoos,  does  not  admit  of  tedious  rc<. 
learch,  or  much  originality  of  thought; 
one  iubjed,  however,  of  great  import- 
ance, will  be  found  placed  by  this  au- 
thor in  a  light  entirely  new.  This  is 
the  influence  upon  the  fecurity  and 
comfort  of  the  natives,  arifmg  from 
European  conquefls  in  Afia.  The 
anarchy  univerially  prevalent  in  Hin- 
doltan,  at  and  previous  to  the  period 
of  our  conquelts,  has  rendered  the  go^ 
vernraent  ot  Europeans,  however  ini- 
perfe<^l,  a  great  blelfing.  In  I'pite  of 
the  calumnious  mifreprefentations  of 
fome  popular  writers  upon  the  Conti- 
nent, this  pofition  receives  full  and 
complete  evidence  from  the  comparay 
tive  ftate  of  our  provinces  at  prefent, 
with  their  condition,  previous  to  thei]p 
conqueft. 

The  author's  own  language  will  beft 
convey  his  ideas  upon  this  interefting 
point ;  after  quoting  the  opinion  of  a 
refpectablc  officer  upon  the  fubjed,  he 
thus  proceeds  :  *'  Such  is  the  compara* 
tive  ftate  of  the  Britilh  provinces  and 
the  reft  of  India,  drawn  by  a  difin- 
terefted  fpeiSlaior :  I  have  often  had 
occalion  to  w itne fs  its  accuracy  and 
truth.  Is  it  envy  at  our  iuccefs,  or  from 
what  other  principle  does  the  Abbe 
Reynal,  and,  after  him,  fome  ignorant 
declairners,  give  out,  that  the  Engliih 
have  robbed  the  natives  of  their  pof- 
feiTions,  and  diftreffed  them  by  their 
cruelties  ?  The  reverie  is  the  facf. 
The  Britifh  territories  are  the  only 
part  of  the  country  which  they  peace- 
ably poifefs  :  The  only  afylum  where, 
at  this  hour,  they  enjoy,  in  any  com- 
petent degree,  either  comfort,  fecurity, 
or  protection. 

"Among  a  people  fo  long  accuftom- 
ed  to  mifrule,  it  would,  perhaps,  be 
too  fanguine  to  expedl,  that  habits  of 
induftry  and  fubordination  can  fpeedily 
be  eftablifhed.  Yet  that  the  extenfion 
of  European  dominion  over  this  yaft 
country  proved  a  great  blelTmg,  is  a 

truth 


Sept.  1802. 


Scotish  Literary  Notices. 


765 


truth  as  incontrovertible  as  any  in  the 
fcience  of  morals.  It  has  already  been 
brought  to  the  teft  of  experience;  and, 
as  tar  as  that  has  extended,  the  truth 
has  obtained  all  the  evidence  of  de- 
moniiration.  When,  therefore,  you 
hear  of  inftances  of  mifcondutt  in  our 
countrymen,  and  there,  no  doubt,  have 
been  iome,  thefe  cannot  overturn  the 
general  prmciple  ^  for  aiTuredly,  a  fyf- 
tem  in  ibme  reipedts  bad,  may  be  a 
great  improvement  on  another,  which 
has  always  been  effentially  and  radically 
woii'e." 

There  is  now  prinjiing  at  the  Glaf- 
gow  Univerfity  Prefs,  by  Meffrs  Scrym- 
geoLirs,  an  edition  of  Herodotus,  in 
7  Vols.  Small  Odiavo,  from  Wefieling's 
Text  and  Tranllation,  corrected  by  the 
learned  Profefibr  Poribn. 

Dr  Mackay's  Ti eatife  on  th^  Sliding 
Gunter  is  in  the  prefs.  In  this  tra6t, 
the  ufe  of  the  above  rule  is  applied  to 
the  ibkxtion  of  all  the  various  problems 


in  Navigation  ;  viz.  in  rcfolving  Plain 
Sailing,  Traverie,  Parallel,  Middle  La- 
titude,  Mercator's  Oblique,  Windward 
and  Current  Sailings  ;  the  conftra6tion 
and  Ufe  of  Charts ;  the  method  of  find- 
ing the  Latitude  by  double  Altitudes, 
the  Variation  of  the  Compafs  by  Am- 
plitudes and  Azimuth's;  Lunar  Ob- 
servations^ a  Sea  Journal,  &c.  With 
an  introduction  containing  its  defcrip- 
tion  and  ufe  in  Arithmetic  and  Trigo- 
nometry ;  to  which  are  added  the  def- 
cription  and  ufe  of  the  Maritime  Scale; 
with  tables  for  calculating  the  latitude 
from  the  meridian  altitude  of  the  fun 
or  a  fixed  itar.  A  treatife,  written, 
exprefsly  on  the  ufe  of  the  Sliding  Gun- 
ter in  Navigation,  has  hitherto  been  a 
4efideratum,  and  >ve  are  happy  to  fee 
it  undertaken  by  fo  able  a  hand. 

Tropofals  have  been  iffued  for  pub- 
lifhing  in  Numbers,  an  edition  of  Mil- 
Jot's  celebrated  Work,  The  Elements 
OF  General  History,  which  we  hope 
vvill  meet  with  due  encouragement. 


o 


R 


For  the  Scots  Magazine, 

THE  CHACE,  A  BALLAD. 

WHERE  Loch  Mary  roars  round  its  moun- 
tainous fhores, 
And  lends  the  young  Tarrozv*  its  wave; 
Where  Dryhope  is  dun  with  the  fultry  fun, 

Stood  the  caftle  of  Gilbert  the  brave  : 
Of  Gilbert,  the  fear  of  the  fouthern  race. 

In  the  moonlight  combat  afar  on  the  hill. 
The  boaft  of  the  JForat,  and  chief  in  the 
chace, 

Wbofe  ftern  eye  of  war,  and  whole  love- 
foften'd  grace. 
Were  the  pride  of  rhe  fair  Anne  Morvillc. 
At  the  fall  of  even,  when  dufky  the  heaven, 

The  lovers  had  met  in  a  grove, 
To  breathe  their  foft  vows  beneath  the 
green  boughs, 
Where  the  cufhat  fat  cooing  above ; 


♦  The  river  Yarrow  flows  out  of  St 
Mary's  loch. 


They  whifperM  the  date  of  tlje  nuptial 
day,^ 

And  figh'd  that  three  mornings  were  yet 
to  awake. 

His  fjgh  was  deep  as  his  rage  in  the  fray. 
And  the  love  of  the  damfel  was  mild  as  the 
ray, 

That  now  play*d  on  the  heaving  lake. 
In  the  following  mom,  at  the  found  of  the 
horn. 

The  yell  of  the  huntfmen  arofe  ; 
And  the  clarion  Ihrill  fhook  every  hill. 

As  if  trod  by  a  thoufand  fees. 
O  gay  was  the  revel  along  the  green. 

When  the  quiver*d  horfcmen  ikirmifliliig 
join'd. 

But  never  a  chief  of  fo  gallant  a  mien. 
Though  many  affcmbled,  on  that  day  was 
feen, 

As  Gilbert,  whofe  bow  hung  behind. 
Ah!  many  a  hart  from  the  hind  fhall  depart, 

And  the  dens  of  his  love,  in  the  wood ; 
And  the  bridled  boar  fhall  welter  in  gore. 

Far  far  from  his  laft  night's  abode. 


766 


POETRY. 


Vol.  64. 


But  though  all  the  beads  of  the  mountains  fall. 
Can  the  red  tide  atone  for  a  ruddier  ftain? 
A  hundrtd  antlers  hung  in  the  hall. 
And  the  trophied  tulks  of  the  boar  were 
hut  fmall. 
For  the  life  of  a  chieftain  flain. 

LoJftaiTtthedun  roes  at  the  found  of  their  foes, 

And  the  fear  of  the  hunter's  wile. 
For  With  bugle  and  hounds  the  region  re- 
fe>unds, 

0*cr  many  a  copfc-covcr'd  mile. 
And  a  hnadrcd  courfers  neigh'd  in  the  wind, 
On  ihe green  hUh  of  Hcndcrland*, found* 
ing  afar, 

The  lake  of  6t  Alary  the  revelry  join*d, 
And  thnndtr'd  throughout  to  its  mountains 
behind, 

The  fliout  of  the  woodland  war ! 

Ere  felt  V.  as  the  power  of  the  noontide  hour, 

Ten  deer  fell  by  Gilbert's  hand  ; 
And  twice  fix  more  were  pierced  at  the 
core, 

By  the  reft  of  the  hunter  band ; 
Whe«,fnriou8and  foaming  his  hungry  teeth, 

A  bellowing  boarrufh'd  on  thro'  the  dell, 
A  tcmpeft.  of  arrows,  fwift  ridden  by  death, 
Difcharged  on  the  monfter  its  ravenous 
wrath, 

Bat  more  than  a  monfler  fell  1 

Sigh  ye  fon$  of  the  bow,  for  the  hunter  laid 
low. 

By  the  chance-erring  arrow  mifled, 
And  bewail  the  fad  hour,  ye  dames  of  the 
bowt^r. 

And  comfort  the  bride  of  the  dead  : 
For  fallen  is  the  fear  of  the  louthern  race. 

In  the  moonlight  combat  afar  on  the  hill. 
The  boaft  of  the  foreft,  and  chief  in  the 
chace, 

Whofc  ftern  eye  of  war,  and  whofe  love- 
foften'd  grace, 
Were  the  pride  of  fair  Anne  Morvillc. 

And  deep  did  you  grieve,  and  your  hofoms 
heave, 

Ye  chieftains  and  dames  of  the  hall, 
But  the  haplefs  bride,  when  (he  heard  he 
had  died. 

She  wept  not — (he  wept  none  at  all ; 
For  the  blartihg  news,  like  a  bolt  of  the  Iky, 
In  a  moment  had  dried  up  and  withered 
her  brain  ; 

Not  a  tear-drop  remained  to  moiften  her  eye. 
And  the  foul-moving  fpark  of  her  reafondid 

fly. 

And  never  returned  again ! 


*  A  beautiful  farm  by  the  fide  of  St  Ma- 
ry's loch. 


Defpair  gnawed  his  prey  in  her  bofom  by 
day. 

Mid  the  darkeft  abode  of  the  tower  ; 
And  (he  went  to  the  grove  to  meet  with 
her  love, 
At  the  blue  and  moonli^^ht  hour  ! 
Thence  oft,  as  the  mood  of  her  madnefs  in. 
clin'd, 

She  flew  to  the  fpot  where  the  hunter  fell, 
Embracf  deach  bufh,  with  a  prclTure  fo  kind, 
As  though  (he  belicv'd,  in  her  nerve-broken 
mind, 

That  her  lover  was  yet  in  the  dell. 

Soon  her  body  fljc  gave  to  her  Gilbcrt'i 
grave, 

That  ^loomM  in  the  beechen  grove, 
Wbere  they  breaih'd  their  laft  vows  beneath 
the  green  bcu<;hs, 
While  the  cuihat  fat  cooing  above. 
And  the  villager  yet,  while  he  points  out 
the  place. 

Relates  wi  n  a  figh  their  fad  ftory  of  wo*-, 
And  adds,  that  they  wooed  'mong  a  mortal 
race, 

But  were  -weJJeJ  ^hove y  with  celeftial  grace, 
Which  the  children  of  earth  cannot 
know  ! 

Etterhk  Forest.  A.  M. 

far  the  Scots  Magrj%ine, 
SIBYLLINE  VERSES, 
On  the  Roman  Secular  Games, 

FROM  ZOSiMUS. 

BEYOND  the  longcft  term  affigned  to  men, 
When  flow  revolve  the  hundred  years  and 
ten, 

Then  Romatis  let  the  fanguine  current  flow 
From  victims  lacred  to  the  gods  below; 
Where  copious  Tiber  laves   the  igneous 
plain, 

Let  lambs  and  kids  your  deep-trench'd  al- 
tars (lain, 

Propitious,  to  the  Fates  of  Ocean  born, 
As  foon  as  Phoebus  Hirouds  his  fplendid 
horn. 

And  IlythyicE  of  the  fable  hue, 
Who  gave  our  fons  this  holy  light  to  view; 
But  offer  next,  as  mindful  of  your  birth, 
A  coal-black  boar   and  fow   to  mother 
Earth ; 

To  mighty  Jove  beneath  the  fun*s  pure 
light, 

Prefent  two  ftately  bulls  of  fnowy  white; 
While  milk-white  heifers,  Juno -s  ftirine  lhall 
ftain; 

The  fabie  hue,  celeftial  Gods  difdain. 
With  equal  honours  round  the  altar's  brim, 
The  Latin  youth  lhall  next  refponfivc  hymU 
Phoebus  Apollo  with  his  locks  unfhorn. 
The  graceful  God  of  bright  Latona  bo*fl. 


Sept.  1802.  POETRY.  767 


While  from  thefeparatc  choirs  the  Poeans  rife, 
Melodious  fvvelling:  to  the  clear  blue  Ikies, 
Let  maids  and  youths  retreat  with  hymns 

unfung,  ^ 
if  withered  lies  the  ftock  from  which  they 

fprung. 

But  let  the  dames  whom  marriage  bonds 

confine, 

Retreat,  to  kneel  at  Juno's  myftic  Ihrine ; 
For  tho'  to  either  fex  her  bounty  flows, 
Yet  partial  gifts  ^ty  matrons  (he  beftows. 
The  choiceft  diflics  that  your  banquets 
yield, 

Shall  crown  the  altars  in  the  facred  field : 
Appcas'd  by  thefe,  fell  dxmons  ccafc  to 
frown, 

And  high  immortals  look  propitious  down: 
While  frantic  crowds  around  the  tempie 
throng. 

High  to  the  nightly  heavens  they  raife  the 
foBg, 

The  conftant  dance  goes  round  both  night 
and  day 

*Till  three  fucceflive  funs  have  rollM  away. 
While  laughter  mingles  with  each  myftic 
deed 

Sacred  to  fable  Hell's  infernal  breed. 
Latium!  the  fceptre  ne'er  deferts  thy  hand 
While  thefe  remain — thou  (halt  the  world 
command.  O. 

For  the  Scots  Maga%me, 
THE  SCHOOLMASTER, 
MID  the  retirement  of  a  woody  vale, 
In  humble  hamlet,  which  the  trees  ob- 
fcure, 

Y  clad  in  common  garb,  by  ftudy  pale. 
Dwells  one  among  the  fimple  peafants 
poor. 

Well  vers'd  in  claflic  page  and  ancient 
lore ; — 

And  tho'  by  nature  clcpM  a  favourite  child, 
Whom  genius  taught  in  poefy  to  foar. 

He  IHll  prcfervcs  his  fimple  manners  mild. 

He  courts  the  fphere  where  luxury  has  fmil'd. 

Tho'  every  part  of  learning  kent  he  well. 
And  fcicnce  op'd  to  him  her  wond'rous 
.  page; 

In  teachinj^  village  ruflics  how  to  fpell, 
H:'  pal's'd,  foriboth — the  flower  of  his  age ! 
And  tho'  pofTefs'd  of  all  thut  forms  the 
fa^e, 

To  narrow  fphere  he  kept  himfelf  confin'd. 
He  never  did  in  any  work  engage. 

That  call'd  forth  all  his  energy  of  mind. 

And  to  his  own  perfe»5tions  he  was  blind. 

Well  we  may  wonder  that  a  man  fo  wife. 
Endow 'd   with  ail  that   ever  learning 
taught. 

To  climb  the  llecpy  hill  of  fame  ne'er  tries, 
Nd  genial  chmatc  for  th«i  iximU  ecr 
fought ; 


Nor  ever  tried  to  advaacc  his  fortune 
ought 

But  envy  often  blafts  the  laureat  wreath. 
And  fame  has  often  proved  moft  dearly 
bought, 

When  furies  fell  their  baneful  curfes  breathe. 
And  calumny's  foul  fling  that's  fhrirper  far 
than  death ! 

Oft  would  he  hie  into  the  green woo<?  (hade. 
While  he  the  playmates  of  his  yoath  for- 
fook  ; 

And  on  the  fpanglcd  lap  of  nature  laid. 
He'd  pore  with  fludious  gaze  upon  Lis 
book,  ^ 

Lulled  by  the  found  of  noify  xippling 

brook ; 

The  focial  blifs  he  often  would  refiifc. 

And  rather  lie  in  fome  fequefterM  000k; 
Than  all  the  trappings  of  the  proud  he'd 

chufe 

To  meditate  and  woo  the  thanklefs  mufe. 

Each  fleeting  feafon  to  the  wight  was  dear. 
The  fmile  of  fpring  and  fumraer's  broad- 
eil  bloom ; 

The  mellow  autumn  with  her  foliage  fear. 
And  even  the  murky  fkies  in  winter's 
gloom  ; 

They  taughr,  in  nature's  language  to  pre- 
fume. 

The  pcnfive  bard  to  found  the  breathing 
wire. 

And  while  his  mind  the  mufes  bright  3- 
lunie. 

He  "  wakes  toextacy  the  living  lyre," 
Which  all  around  with  raptures  wild  admire. 

Ah  !  how  adverfe  are  the  decrees  of  fate. 
Which  often  caufe  the  illiterate  to  rife; 

Which  fee  apoflates  rank'd  in  robes  of  ftate. 
While  merit  faintly  blooms,  and  droo^js, 
and  dies ! 

Or  lingers  out  a  life  of  tears  and  fii^hs. 
Stung  the  bafe  brats  of  fjrrune  to  behold  5 
To  climes  remote  fioiu  **  profperous  foi- 
ly"  flies, 

And  dwells  unknown,  unblefl  with  fhining 
gold, 

With  mind  unflrung  by  poverty's  chill  coU. 

Oh!  had  I  but  the  noble  power  to  blef?, 
No  poet  wight  Ihould  ever  ling  in  vain ; 

I'd  caife  the  ingenious  children  of  diftrefs. 
And  each  alike  Ihoald  take  of  my  do- 
main  ; 

To  adminiller  to  want  be  ever  fain, 
And  from  diilrefs  to  wipe  away  the  teir  ; 

To  piry  fuffercrs  of  ilound  and  pain, 
And  to  their  piainrs  to  lend  a  ready  ear. 
Their  tales  of  wo3,  and  eke  rheir  thanks  io 
heur. 

C. 


768 


P  O  E 


TRY. 


Vol.  64. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine, 
THE  ROSES. 

FROM  AUSONIUS. 

ONE  vernal  morn  when  Hefper's  rofcate  ray 
Gleam*d  foftly  oVr  the  frefti-exhaling 
dew, 

I  wanderM  forth  ere  rofe  the  fcverlfh  day 
While  fanning  breezes  round  my  temples 
blew. 

As  flow  I  traced  the  garden's  fmooth-paved 
walk, 

On  every  bendingrofe  the  dew-hells  hune, 
While  big  drops  trickling  down  each  molTy 
ftalk. 

Quivered,  and  into  fudden  contafl  fprung. 

Faint  were  the  beams  of  Hefper's  fparkling 
hair, 

As  if  the  Rofe  had  flolen  his  light  away  ; 
For  Venus  miftrefs  of  the  radiant  pair, 
Had  crown'd  them  both  with  Love's  foft 
amber  ray. 

Thus  the  pure  lulirc  of  the  Morning  Star 
Adorns  the  Rofe,  the  favourite  flower  of 
Love, 

While  rofy  fragrance  breathes  from  Hef- 
per's car 

Perfuming  wide  the  airy  fields  above. 

Here  on  one  branch,  two  beauteous  rofes 
grew ; 

FuU-gemm'd,  the  one  her  purple  bofom 
heaves  ^ 
Her  foft  green  veil,  the  other  backward 
drew, 

To  (hew  the  tip  of  nicely-folded  leaves. 

The  leaves  expanding  in  the  genial  air, 
In  pregnant  pride,  her  yellow  feeds  dif- 
play  ; 

Meanwhile  the  other's  ruddy  flaming  hair 
Was  fwept  by  zephyr'*  gentle  breath  a- 
way. 

Still  bloorn'd  the  one,  but  while  I  mufing 
view'd' 

The  purple  petals  in  diforder  fpread 
An  eddying  breeze  along  the  furface  ftrew'd 
The  new-blown  honours  of  its  fmiling 
head. 

The  Rofes  thus  in  one  eventful  day, 

For    age   purfucs   the   role's  youthful 
bloom ; 

In  brilliant  beauty  flaunted  proudly  gay, 
And  withering  bow'd  their  fun-beat  pur- 
ple plume. 


For  the  Scots  Maga%ine» 
ADDRESS  TO  POVERTY. 
THE  various  themes  of  profperous  joy. 
May  fortune's  favour'd  fons  employ; 
In  lofty  drains  let  them  proclaim. 
Her  partial  gifts  of  wealth  and  fame. 
!^o  votary  I,  at  her  fair  fiirine, 
Whofe  fmiles  propitious  ne'er  were  mine; 
But  lowly  at  thy  feet  I  lie, 
And  hail  thee,  humble  Poverty ! 
Thou  conftant  inmate  of  my  bww'r, 
Companion  of  each  penfive  hour, 
Q^een  of  the  fcorn§d  and  abjcd  Itate, 
Defpotic  fovereign  of  my  fate  ; 
'Tis  to  thy  ruling  power  I  owe, 
That  peace  the  great  ones  never  know, 
Sheltered  beneath  thy  watchful  eye, 
Rapacious  plunderers  pafs  me  by  : 

By  no  fupcrfluoua  treafures  prefs'd. 
No  dreams  of  lofs  difturb  my  refl  ; 
No  flocks  have  I  to  guard  from  cold, 
No  chefls  furcharged  with  ponderous  gold. 
Emptied  of  all  my  little  ftore, 
Misfortune's  hand  can  grafp  no  more ; 
Freed  from  the  toll  pofleflions  give, 
In  carelefs  eafe  with  thee  I  live  ; 
Secur'd  within  thy  narrow  pale. 
The  world's  temptations  ne'er  affail ; 
No  courtiers  prefs  for  entrance  here» 
Nor  flatteries  bafe  annoy  the  ear  : 
Befl  guard  againft  ambitious  ftrife, 
Yet  friendly  to  the  moral  life ; 
At  thy  approach  fee  luxury  fly. 
And  pleafures  fade  away  and  die. 
Thy  touch,  thou  cold  repuifive  maid. 
Can  make  the  bold  and  bad  afraid ; 
Spurn'd  by  the  wealthy  and  the  proud^ 
Yet,  lovely  virtues  round  thee  crowd. 
See  Abftinence,  falubrious  fair  ! 
And  Prudence  with  a  brow  of  care ; 
See  Pity's  tear  for  other's  woe, 
Which  fympathy  has  taught  to  flow, 
Meeknefs,  the  child  of  diet  fpare. 
And  Modefty,  her  fiftcr  fair, 
Submiflion  with  an  equal  mind, 
In  every  (late  to  heaven  refign'd  : 
Humility,  with  down-caft  eye, 
And  blending  all  fweet  Piety  ; 
And  are  thefe  graces  all  thy  own  ? 
The  handmaids  that  adorn  thy  throne. 

Ah,  gentle  fair !  fuch  gifts  impart, 
Imprefs  them  on  thy  votary's  heart. 
Then  happy  will  my  portion  be, 
Tho'  Poverty  I  dwell  with  dice. 

ELIZA- 


Sept.  1802. 


769 


IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT. 


HOUSE  OF  I.ORDS. 
Tuesday^  August  31, 

This  day  at  two  o'clock,  pi^rfuant  to 
his  MMjcfty's  royal  proclamation,  the 
JLord  ehanctllor  came  down  to  the 
Houfe,  and  being  fcatcd  on  the  WooJ- 
ftck,  Mr  Quarme,  D.paty-Ufhcr  of 
the  Black  Rod,  was  fent  to  order  the 
attendance  of  the  Coinmons ;  and  ac- 
cordingly that  Houfe,  being  reprtfent- 
cd  on  this  occafion  by  Mr  Dyfon,  and 
the  principal  clerks  and  officers  of  the 
Houfc,  appeared  at  the  bar. 

The  Lord  Chancellor  then  ordered 
his  Majesty's  rectnt  proclaination  and 
writ  to  be  read,  which  was  according- 


ly done  by  the  readir?g  clerk,  and  by 
which  it  appeared  to  be  his  Majcrfty'j 
royal  will  and  pleasure,  that  the  Parlia- 
ment fhould  be  farther  prorogued  un* 
til  the  5Lh  day  of  Oct  ober  next,  ancj 
the  Lord  Chancellor  itated,  that  the 
Parliament  ftood  prorogued  till  that 
day  accordingly. 

L  )rds  Hobart  and  Pclh-»m  attended 
as  Peers  upon  this  occafion  ;  but  no 
commiffion  took  place.  None  of  the 
Members  of  the  new  Houfe  of  Com- 
mons attended,  as  not  being  duly  qua- 
lifi  ^J  ;  nor  was  the  mace  of  the  Houfe 
of  Commons  brought  up  on  the  occa- 
lion. 


MONTHLY  REGISTERe 


FOREIGN  INTELLIGEl^fCE. 

FRANCE. 

The  greateft  tranquillity  has  reigned 
in  the  French  Capital  and  Empire  tincc 
our  lait.  The  confular  gdvcrhmeht  is 
daily  acquiring  more  Itabilily  and  con- 
fidence, and  addrefles  have  been  pre- 
fented  from  every  quarter,  congratu- 
lating the  wifdom  and  vigbur  of  the 
Executive. 

Accounts  from  Leghorn,  of  the  35th 
ult.  Itate,  that  the  French  fquadron 
fent  to  Tunis  to  demand  fatisfadion  of 
the  Regency  for  the  infult  offered  to  a 
captain  of  a  French  yeirel,  artd  the 
commerce  of  France  in  general,  had 
fummoned  the  Dty,  in  the  name  of 
the  Fu  ll  Conful,  to  pay,  as  an  immedi- 
ate co;npenfaiion,  a  fum  of  200,000 
colorinarif  and,  in  future,  an  annual 
contribution  of  60,000  colo7inari, — In 
cafe  of  refufal,  the  French  Government 
threatens  to  declare  war  without  de- 
lay. Other  French  fliips  of  war  dif- 
patched  to  Algiers,  were  to  have  made 
equally  peremptory  demands;  and  a- 

Vol.  LXIV. 


naong  others,  that  of  ir.ftantly  fetting 
at  liberty  all  the  flaves',  of  whatever 
nation,  at  prelent  in  the  Algerine  ter- 
ritory. If  the  Dey  rcfufes  to  comply 
with  thefe  conditions,  the  French  vel^ 
feis  are  to  blockade  the  harbour. 

The  molt  important  intelligence  ia 
the  French  papers  relates  to  the  prc- 
ceeding^  between  Bonaparte  and  the 
Dey  of  Algiers.  Bonaparte  has  writ- 
ten a  letter  to  the  Dey,  demanding  fa- 
lisfadion  for  the  infults  offered  to  the 
Frencn  Republic.  The  Dty,  by  his  an- 
fwer,  eXprefles  his  rcadintls  to  fubmit 
to  all  the  demands  of  the  Firll  Conful, 
and  allures  him  of  his  having  adopted 
every  neceffary  meafure  to  appeafe  his 
vengeance.  '      •  • 

1  he  Moniteur  alfo  contains  a  report 
by  the  Muniicr  of  Foreign  Affaiis,  ref- 
pedting  the  treaty  between  France  and 
the  Porte.  The  minifter,  in  this  re- 
port,* makes  fome  general  obfervacious 
upon  the  antient  relations  between  th-c: 
two  countries,  and  touches  upon  the 
advantages  which  France  will  gain  by 
enjoying  the  free  navigation  of  th^ 
5  I-  '  Black 


770 


Foreign  Intelligence* 


Vol.  64. 


Bl2ck  Sea,  by  which  a  communication 
will  be  opened  with  the  fouthern  pro- 
vinces of  Ruffia. 

The  Firft  Confiil  has  made  a  pn  ft  nt 
to  the  bifhops  of  Amiens,  Autun,  Avig- 
non, Arrab,  Conftancc,  Evreux,  Gand, 
Limognes,  Meaux,  Mttz,  Mans,  Na- 
mur,  Nancy,  Orleans,  SoifTons,  St 
Bi  itux,  Troyes,  Vtrfailles,  and  Vannes, 
of  an  Epitcopal  Ring,  as  a  mark  of  his 
fatisfadion  at  the  re-eflablifliment  of 
good  harmony  between  the  priefls  of 
their  diocefei,  and  for  the  deltiudtion 
of  every  fe  ed  of  Ichifm. 

A  more  numerous  prcfcntation  of 
Britifli  fubjeets  to  the  Firll  Conful 
has  not  occurred  than  that  which  took 
place  on  the  2d  init.  Among  them  are 
the  names  of  fcveral  diflinguilhed  cha- 
rade rs. 

At  the  lafl  Levee  of  the  Firll  Conful, 
on  Thuifday,  after  the  grand  paraoe, 
Mr  Fox  was  prtftnted.  The  Fiift 
Conful,  we  are  inrormtu  by  a  gentle- 
man who  has  juft.  arrived  frt^m  France, 
Tcceived  Mr  Fox  with  peculiar  d ill i no- 
tion. He  converfed  with  him  with  a 
very  marked  attention,  and  he 
that  he  was  extremely  happy  to  have 
the  honour  of  feeing  a  man,  whofe  fame 
as  a  Statelman  filled  all  Europe  ;  and 
it  was  with  peculiar  pleafure  that  he 
could  add,  that  Mr  Fox  had  the  beft 
claim  to  his  eQetm,  in  being  the  fteady 
and  enlightened  fritnd  of  peace  and 
conciliation  between  the  two  coun- 
tries. Such,  at  lead,  was  the  report 
at  Paris  of  what  the  Firft  Conful  had 
faid  to  Mr  Fox.  After  the  Levee,  Mr 
Fox  dined  with  the  Firft  Conful. 

It  appears  from  the  reports  of  the 
French  Minifter  of  Police,  that  there 
are  now  in  Paris  not  fewer  than  i6,cpo 
-vifitors  from  Britain  and  Ireland.  Thcfe 
perfons  may  be  eiumated  to  expend, 
one  with  another,  each  105.  Sterling 
a  day  of  money  drawn  from  this  coun- 
try. Thus,  the  fum  of  Englifh  rnoney 
■which  is  now  transferred  10  Fraiice,  at 
the  capital  alone,  is  not  Itrfs  than  8000I. 
Sterling  a  day.  No  wonder,  then,  that 
the  excharige  with  Paris  ftioirid  be,  as 
it  now  is,  6d.  in  the  pound  Sterling  a- 
gairift  London, 

The  commercial  treaty  between  Bi  i» 
tain  and  France  is  believed  to  be  in  a 
train  of  negociation, 

A  letter  from  Paris  fays,  that  the 
jCivil  Lift  is  definitively  arranged.  The 
appointments  of  the  Firlt  Conful  are 


faid  to  be  24,000,000  (a  million  fter- 
ling,)  the  other  two  Confuls  1,500,000 
livres  each,  each  Minifter  200,000 
livres,  eacJi  Senator  50,000,  and  alfo 
the  Counfellors  of  State  50,000  each; 
each  member  of  the  Tribunate  20,000 
livres. 

A  report  is  now  prevalent,  that  the 
conferences  on  the  fubjVa  of  a  coip- 
mercial  intercourfe  with  France  are  in 
full  adiyity,  and  that  they  proceed  with 
fuccefs. 

Of  the  prohibition  of  Englifh  newf- 
papers  in  France,  there  can  no  longer 
be  any  doubt.  Mr  Axtel!,  a  refpedabic 
neNvfpaper  vender,  near  the  Royal  Ex- 
change, who  fupplies  the  Poft  Office, 
has  jiift  received  orders  to  ftop  fixty 
Engidh  nevvfpapers,  ftnt  d;^iiy  to 
Fiance.  We  believe  their  whole  cir- 
culation in  the  Great  Nation  does  not 
cxcetd  one  hui  dred  daily. 

A  flight  fhock  of  an  earthquake  was 
frit  at  Rf^chJie  on  the  171  h  ult.  ac- 
coiT.p?<riiLii  by  a  fubterrnneous  noife. 

Mr  Fox  labours  with  great  diligence 
in  the  refearch.s  he  is  making  in  the 
libraries  of  Paris,  for  materials  for  the 
Kiftory  of  England,  which  he  is  writing*. 

We  hear  that  a  C<Hiful  is  appointed 
by  the  French  Republic  to  relide  in 
Glafgow. 

The  place  of  ToufTaint's  confinement 
is  at  length  afcertanied^  He  has  been 
imprifoned  in  the  Caftle  of  Joux,  htu- 
ated  near  Mount  Jura. 

The  complaint  of  the  French  official 
journal,  on  the  fubjecft  of  the  counte- 
nance given  to  crimini\ls  in  the  illand 
of  Jerfey,  has  attrad^i-d  rnnch  attention. 
We  are  informed  that  even  previous 
to  the  fplenetic  article  in  the  Moniteuti 
M.  Otto^iad  addrclTcd  communica- 
tions to  this  Government  on  the  fub- 
je<ft.  M.  Otto  fpecified  nine  individu- 
iils  as  charged  with  aff^ffi nations  and 
other  crimes  in  France,  nay,  with  ha- 
ving actually  offered  money  to  induce 
men  to  undertake  fomething  againft 
the  life  of  the  Firft  Conful.-  It  is  faid 
that  thefe  perfons,  or  fome  of  them, 
had  formerly  been  employed  as  agents 
by  the  Prince  de  Bouillon,  our  Com- 
mander in  Jerfey  during  the  war,  a 
circumftance  to  which  no  blame  at- 
taches, and  it  is  not  even  pretended 
that  they  had  any  countenance  in  their 
defrgns  fince  the  peace.  In  confe- 
quence  of  M.  Otto's  reprefentatiort, 
however,  Government  fent  orders  to 

Jerfcfi 


Sept.  i8o2. 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


771 


Jcrfey  to  make  the  ftrldeft  enquiry  af- 
ter the  perfons  named,  and  four  of 
them  have  been  arrefted,  and  have 
been  brought  to  Southampton  to  be 
delivered  up.  The  other  five  are  fup- 
pefcd  to  have  gone  to  the  coaft  of 
France,  and  there  is  not  a  doubt  that 
they  will  not  be  permitted  to  return  to 
Jerfey.  In  addition  to  thofe  fpecifitd 
under  the  treaty  of  Aitiiens,  feventf  en 
perfons,  Chouans  or  Emigrants,  have 
been  brought  fjom  Jcrfey  to  South- 
ampton, ill  order  to  be  ftiit  out  of  the 
kingdom  as  aliens.  Nineteen  Hill  re- 
main, it  is  faid,  who  are  likewife  to  be 
brought  to  England.  It  is  to  be  ob- 
ferved,  that  none  but  the  nine  perfons 
named  as  guilty  of  fpecific  crimes, 
were  demanded,  and  that  the  fteps  ta- 
ken againft  the  others  have  been  volun- 
tary. 

The  Dutch  mail  brings  intelligence 
of  the  affcmbling  of  a  French  army  of 
30,000  or  40,000  men  on  the  Rhine, 
fbr  the  avowed  purpofe  of  military  pa- 
rade ;  but  probably  tor  the  more  im- 
portant objed  of  ?xcelerating  the  final 
arrangement  of  the  German  indemni- 
ties. 

The  Italian  Republic  has  not  yet  fol- 
lowed the  example  of  that  of  the 
French  in  ele'^ting  its  Firtt  Conful  to 
continue  during  life.  A  grand  fete  has 
however  taken  place  in  celebration  of 
that  event ;  and  it  is  probable  that  the 
example  of  the  French  Republic  will 
foon  be  followed. 

The  Govermment  of  the  Italian  Re- 
public is  now  engaged  in  placing  its 
army  on  the  peace  eftablifhmc  nt.  From 
the  firft  of  next  month  it  is  to  be  aug- 
mented, in  the  courfe  of  the  five  fol- 
lowing years,  to  60,000  men. 

The  commercial  intercouife  between 
the  Auitrian  and  the  Turkilh  domi ni- 
tons, overland,  and  acrofs  the  Danube, 
which  had  been  long  interrupted,  or 
rendered  exceedingly  infccure  by  the 
war  with  the  rebellious  Pachas,  has 
been  lately  renewed  with  perfcdt  fafe- 
ty.  It  favours  the  conveyance  of  Bri- 
lifh  goods  into  Turkey;  as  a  great  part 
of  thofe  of  our  manufactures  which  are 
fold  at  the  German  fairs  pafles  ulti- 
mately by  land  into  that  country. 

The  Bank  of  Amfterdam  is  re-efta- 
blillicd  in  full  activity.  A  new  Com- 
pany, con  fitting  of  five  perfons,  has 
been  inftitntcd  at  Amfterdam,  under 
the  authority  of  the  Dutch  Cgvern- 


ment,  which  has  for  its  objefl:  to  pro- 
fecute  the  South  Whale  Fifliery  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

The  arrangements  refpedling  the  in- 
demnities meet  with  more  oppofitiort 
than  many  would  have  thought  poffible. 
The  Auftrians  and  Bavarians  feem  evrea 
on  the  point  of  coming  to  blows. 

It  i^  faid  that  Admiral  Storey,  and 
the  other  Du'ch  oflicers  of  the  marine, 
now  in  England,  who  delivered  up  the 
Dutch  fleet  to  this  country  in  1799, 
intend  to  furreiidcr  themfclves  as  pri- 
foners,  in  order  that  their  couducl  may 
be  decided  upon  in  li  jlland  by  a  Coun- 
cil of  War. 

ALGIERsT 

The  Dey  of  Algiers  has  fcveral  thou- 
fand  Moors  in  his  fervice,  both  horfe 
and  foot ;  and  the  Beys,  or  Viceroys 
of  the  Provinces,  have  each  an  army 
under  his  command.  They  have  mur- 
dered four  of  their  Deys,  and  depofed 
two  within  the  fpace  of  20  years.  Al- 
giers is  built  on  the  declivity  of  a  moun- 
tain, and  is  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 
theatre next  the  harbour;  infomnch, 
that  the  houfes,  appearing  one  above 
another,  make  a  very  fine  appearance 
from  the  fea.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants is  faid  to  coniitt  of  100,000  Ma- 
homedans,  15,000  Jews,  and  5000  Chrif- 
tian  flaves.  Their  chief  fubfiftence  is 
derived  from  their  piracies. 

Algiers,  againft  which,  it  feems,  the 
French  are  preparing  an  expedition, 
has  for  ages  braved  the  reftniment  of 
the  mofl:  powerful  ftates  in  Chriften- 
dom.  The  Emperor  Charles  the  Fifth 
loft  a  fine  fleet  and  army,  in  an  i:nfuc- 
cefsful  expedition  againft  it,  in  1541. 
The  Engliih  burnt  their  velTlh  in  the 
harbour  in  1655,  and  in  1670,  It  was 
bombarded  by  the  French  in  1688.  In 
J  775,  the  Spaniards  made  a  dcfcent  near 
the  city,  witii  a  very  formidable  army, 
but  were  defeated  wilh  great  flaUghter. 
In  1784,  they  fent  a  powerful  H:et  to 
attack  the  forts  that  defend  the  har- 
bour; but  they  were  rtp.lkd  by  the 
Algerincs,  although  they  made  eight 
fuccelfive  attacks  with  great  fpii  it  and 
bravery.  In  1767,  the  Algerines  took 
the  lead  of  the  other  pir.;tical  ftates  of 
Barbary,  in  refufing  to  pay  any  longer 
their  contribution  to  the  Porte. 

AMERICA. 

American  papers  are  received  up  to 
the  a8th  of  July.  The  intelligence  they 
5  L  car.taia 


772 

contain  is  of  a  very  agreeable  n-iture. 
R  appears  by  the  accounts  tr<pvri  Phila- 
ilelphia,  as  we  formerly  (fit^c!,  that  the 
<iiftemper  at  firft  reported  io  tie  the 
yellow  fever,  has  almoft  entirely  Cfai feci, 
and  that  alarms  on  the  fubjcd  have 
difappeared. 


BFllTlSIl  INTELLIGENCE. 

FROM  THE  LONDON  GAZETTE. 

Douun'wg'Street,  Atg.  3. 

The  Kiiig  has  been  plcafed  to  ap- 
point R  'ht-rt  Liflon,  Efq.  to  be  his  Ma- 
jefty's  ti.nv(jy  Extraordinary,  and  Mini- 
jter  Pk-nipoteivtiary  t6  the  Batavian 
liepublic 

Tht  King:  has  alfo  been  pleafed  to 
appoint  John  Muntcr,  Efq.  to  be  his 
Majc'liy'ti  Conful-Gentral  at  Madrid. 
Whitehall,  Aug.  2,, 

The  Kin.r  has  been  ple  dl-d  to  order  a 
Conge  d'Elire  to  pafs  the  Great  Seal, 
empowering  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of 
the  C.ithcdral  Church  of  Rochelter,  to 
elect  a  Bifhop  of  that  See,  the  fame  be- 
ing void  by  the  tranflation  of  the  Right 
Rtv.  Father  in  God,  S.  muel,  late  Bi- 
fliop  thereof,  to  the  See  of  St  Afaph  5 
and  his  M^^je^W  has  alfo  been  pltafed, 
by  his  Royal  Sign  Manual,  to  recom- 
rhend  to  the  fdd  Dean  and  Chapter, 
the  Rev,  Thomas  Dampier,  Dodor  in 
Divinity,  to  be  by  them  elected  Bifliop 
of  the  faid  See  of  Rochefler. 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  appoint 
the  Rev.  William  Vincent,  Doctor  in 
Divinity,  one  of  the  Prebendaries  of 
the  Collegiate  Church  of  St  Peter, 
Weftminfter,  to  be  Dean  of  the  faid 
Collegiate  Church  of  St  Pettr,  Wed- 
minfter,  void  by  the  tranflation  of  the 
liifjht  Rev.  Father  in  God,  Samuel, 
late  Bifhop  of  Rochefter,  and  Dean  of 
the  faid  Collegiate  Church,  to  the  See 
of  St  Afaph. 

The  King  has  alf  >  been  pleaied  to 
prefent  the  Rev.  Edward  Dctpre,  Clerk, 
Dotflor  of  Lau  i?,  to  the  Deanryofthe 
ifland  of  Jerfey,  void  by  the  death  of 
the  Rev.  Francis  Le  Breton. 

At  the  Court  at  Weymouth,  Aug.  t6. 

PRESENT, 

The  king's  Mort  Excellent  Majcfty  in 
Council. 

His  Majefty  in  Council  was  this  day 
pkaftd  to  order  the  Right  lion,  the 


Vol.  64. 

Lord  High  Chancellor,  to  iffue  v^frita 
for  proroguing  the  Parliament,  which 
was  appointed  to  meet  on  Tuefday  the 
31ft  day  of  thisinftant  Aiiguft,  toTuef- 
&.  y  the  5th  day  of  06lobcr  next  ;  and 
alfo  for  prorogningthe  Convocations  of 
Canterbury  and  York,  which  were  ap- 
pointed to  meet  on  Wedncfday  the  ill 
day  of  September  next,  to  Wedncfday 
the  6th  day  of  October  next. 

Doiunirtg  Street^  Aug,  21. 

The  King  h  is  been  pleafed  to  appoint 
Sir  John  Borlafe  Warren,  Baronet, 
Knight  of  the  Moft  Honourable  Order 
of  the  B^th,  and  Rear-Admiral  of  the 
White  Squadrun  of  his  Majefty's  Fleet, 
to  be  his  M  .jefty's  AmbafTidor  Extra- 
ordi'.ary,  and  Plenipotentiary  at  the 
Court  of  St  Peterfburgh. 

The  Kirg  has  alfo  been  pleafed  to 
appoint  James  Craufurd,  Efq.  to  be  his 
Majtfty's  Agent  at  Rotterdam. 

fVhitehall,  Aug.  24. 
The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  grant 
to  the  Rev.  Samuel  Goodenough, 
Clerk,  Do(^tc)r  of  Laws,  the  place  and 
dignity  of  Dean  of  the  Cathedral 
Chuich  of  Rochefter,  void  by  the  pro- 
motion of  Doctor  Thomas  Dampier  to 
the  See  of  Rocheiter. 

mnteball,  Aug.  2S. 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  grant 
to  Willian)  Bews,  eldeft  fon  of  Wilham 
Bews,  of  Kirkwall,  North  Britain,  his 
royal  licence  and  authority,  that  he  and 
his  ifiTue  may  take  and  ufe  the  furnamc 
of  Bairymore  only,  purfuant  to  a  re- 
queft  in  a  codicil  to  the  laft  will  and 
teltament  of  his  maternal  uncle,  Wil- 
liam Barrymore,  late  of  Lifbon,  in  Por- 
tugal, deceaftd  :  Provided  fuch  hi* 
M  jcfiy'sconcefiion  and  declaration  be 
rtgutcred  in  his  College  of  Armj^,  o- 
therwife  to  be  void  and  of  none  efFcL^^ 
fVbitehall,  Sept.  4. 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  grant 
the  dignity  of  a  Baronet  of  the  U;  ittd 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
unto  Archibald  Dickfon,  of  Harding- 
ham-hall,  in  the  county  of  Norfolk, 
Efq.  Admiral  of  the  Blue  Squadron  of 
his  Majclty's  Fleet,  and  the  heirs  male 
of  his  body  lawfully  begotten,  with  re- 
mainder to  hid  nephew,  Archibald  Col-- 
lingwood  Dickfon,  Efq.  Captain  in  the 
Royal  N;u-y,  (eidett  fon  of  William 
Dickfon,  Efq.  a^fo  Admiral  of  the  Blue 
Squadron  of  his  Majefty's  Fleet),  and. 


British  Intelligence. 


Sept.  1802. 


British  Intelligence. 


the  heirs  male  of  his  body  lawfully  be- 
gotten :  Provided  fuch  his  Majefty's 
concv-flion  and  declaration  be  regiftered 
in  his  College  of  Arms,  otherwifc  to  be 
void  and  of  none  effect. 

At  the  Court  at  St  James's,  Sept.  8. 

PRESENT, 

The  King's  Moft  Excellent  Majefty  in 
Council. 

This  day  the  Right  H  >n.  Sir  John 
Borlafe  Warren,  Bart.  K.  B.  was,  by 
his  Majefty's  command,  Avorn  of  his 
Majefty's  Mofl  Honourable  Privy  Coun- 
cil, and  took  his  place  at  the  Board  ac- 
cordingly. 

Doqvning' Street^  Sept-  ii. 
The  Ki'ig  has  been  pleafed  to  appoint 
Francis  James  Jackfon,  fc.fq.  to  be  his 
Majefty's  Envoy  Extraordinary,  and 
Minifter  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Court 
of  Beilin. 

St  y antes* Si  Sept*  8. 

Count  St  Martin  de  Freul  having  re- 
ceived new  letters  of  credence  from 
his  Majerty  Vidoire  Enianuel,  King  of 
Sardinia,  giving  him  the  fame  chara^^ter 
of  Envoy  Extraordinary,  and  Minifter 
Plenipotentiary  from  Sardinia,  had  this 
day  a  private  audience  of  his  Majefty, 
to  deliver  his  faid  new  credentials. 

To  which  he  was  introduced  by  the 
Right  Hon.  Lord  Hawkefbury,  his  Ma- 
jefty's  Principal  Secretary  of  State  foi* 
Foreign  Affairs,  and  conduced  by  Sir 
Stephen  Cottrell,  Knt.  Malter  of  the 
Ctremonics. 


LONDON. 

On  the  27th  July,  a  deputation  of 
the  Turkey  Company  of  Merchants 
waited  on  Lord  Hawkefbury,  by  ap- 
pointment, to  obtain  the  necelTary  in- 
formation refpeding-  the  fituation  of 
affairs  in  the  Turkilh  provincss,  and 
tu  requeit  the  accommodation  of  one  or 
two  fhips  of  war,  in  cafe  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  rebels  ihould  render  it  ex- 
pedient for  them  to  order  off  any  part 
of  their  property  from  that  quarter. 
His  Lordlliip  informed  them,  that,  on 
our  part,  there  exifted  no  ground  of 
apprehenfion  whatever  in  this  refped  ; 
but  that,  as  Government  had  genei  al- 
ly allowed  a  fmall  naval  force  to  be 
stationed  in  the  Levant,  the  necclTary 
i  application  fliould  be  made  by  him  to 
I  ^  Admiralty,  to  permit  two  frigates 


to  remain  there  for  the  accommodatioa 
of  the  trade.  With  regard  to  the  ac- 
tual ftate  of  the  Turkifh  Empire,  his 
Lordfhip  alTuied  the  deputation,  that 
his  Majefty's  Miniiters  had  no  leafQii 
to  think  that  any  attempt  to  violate 
its  integrity  would  be  made  on  any 
fide  ;  and  as  to  the  fuppofed  conceffion 
which  Tuikey  had  made  to  France,  of 
the  fiee  navigation  of  the  Black  Sea» 
for  a  limited  period.  Government  had 
certainly  no  knowledge  of  any  fuch 
circumftance.  He  added,  that  if  the 
Ottoman  Forte  fhould  judgi;  it  proper 
to  form  an  arrangement  of  that  nature 
with  the  French  Republic,  the  mer- 
chants might  reft  aflured,  that  no  pri- 
vilege would  be  granted  by  the  Porte 
to  the  latter,  which  would  not  be  e- 
qually  enjoyed  bv  the  fubjcds  of  his 
Britannic  Majefty, 

Egyptian  Antiquities. 
A  confiderable  number  of  Egyptian 
antiquities  were  laft  week,  brou^^ht  to 
the  BritiHi  Mufeum.  Th'^y  we^e  col- 
le6led  by  the  French  during  th-ir  ftay 
in  Egypt,  and  were  fent  on  board  a 
velTei  for  the  purpofe  of  being  convey- 
ed to  France.  The  ve/iel  was  taken, 
by  the  Englifh,  and  tbeie  rem:^in3  of 
antiquity  were  fent  to  his  M-.jefty, 
who  prefented  them  to  the  Britifh 
Mufeum.  They  confilt  of  large  Sar- 
cophagi, which  have  fmce  been  ufed 
as  baths  ;  and  fome  of  a  fmallcr  lize, 
which  are  fuppofed  to  contain  the  allies 
of  the  dead.  There  are  feveral  ancient 
ftatues,  forae  with  the  heads  of  ani- 
mals and  the  human  form,  and  two  of 
alater  date,  one  reprefentinga  Warrior, 
and  the  other  a  Sage.  Among  thefe 
rarities  is  an  enormous  Hand  of  granite, 
fo  large,  that  it  is  conceived  the  fi- 
gure to  which  it  belonged  mull  have 
been  at  lead  eighty  feet. 

The  Egyptian  Antiquities,  now  at 
the  Britifh  Mufeum,  have  been  exa- 
mined by  many  gentlemen  of  known 
literature  and  talle,  who  all  pronounce 
them  the  moft  extraordinary  things  of 
the  kind  that  have  ever  been  feen  in 
Europe.  They  were  the  molt  perfect 
reliques  of  antiquity  in  the  country 
from  which  they  were  brought.  The 
people  of  that  country  viewed  them 
with  the  deepeft  lenfe  of  religious  ve- 
neration, conceiving,  that  while  they 
remained  in  the  country,  they  had 

poweK 


774 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


power  to  avert  any  calamity  that 
iDight  threaten  it.  1  hey  were  in  the 
habit  of  addreffing  their  prayers  to 
feveral  of  the  idols  among  thofe  re- 
liqaes,  and  nothing  could  exceed  their 
confternatiou  and  gTief,  when  they 
underftood  that  the  French  intended 
to  convey  th'^m  away.  When  theic  an- 
tique fpoils  were  put  on  board  the  French 
veflel,  the  natives  earneftly  implored 
perrailTion  to  pay  the  laft  homage  of 
their  refped  and  regard  to  them.  The 
French  Captain  aflcnted,  and  the  poor 
people  knelt  devoutly  before  their  late 
treafures,  and  with  tears,  and  the 
iirongeft  maiksof  affiidion,  bade  them 
farewell  1 

A  very  curious  ftone,  brought  frgm 
Egypt,  has  been  preicnted  to  the  An- 
tiquarian Society  ;  it  is  about  7  feet 
long  and  hve  feet  fquare  ;  it  has  three 
infcriptions  in  different  languages,  all 
fuppofed  to  be  on  the  fame  fubject.  The 
languages  are  Greek,  Egyptian,  and 
hieroglyphicks.  The  Greek  has  been 
made  out,  and  it  proves  to  be  an  edict 
of  their  prieit  for  deifymg  one  of  the 
Ptolen\ies  for  his  great  and  good  deeds 
done  for  his  country. 

Among  the  curiolities  brought  from 
Egypt  by  Colonel  Hill,  is  a  Turkilh 
tent  of  a  very  fingular  conllrnttion, 
and  richly  embroidered.  It  is  pitched 
in  the  pleafure-grounds  at  Hawkftone, 
with  the  following  infcription  over  one 
ot'  the  doors  : — **"  This  tent  once  be- 
longed to  the  famous  Murad  Bey  ;  it 
was  taken  at  the  battle  of  the  Pyra- 
mids by  the  French,  and  retaken  when 
Grand  Cairo  furrendered  to  the  Englifh, 
June  25.  I  So  I.*' — It  appears  that  it 
was  in  this  tent  that  the  celebrated 
treaty  of  El-AriOi  was  figned.  A  re- 
markable large  afs,  brought  by  the 
Colonel  from  Malta,  is  alfo  exhibited 
in  Hawkftone  Park. 

A  perfon  known  by  the  name  of  M. 
de  Verdun,  died  lately  of  a  cancer  in 
the  breaft,  being  it  appears  a  female, 
though  (lie  always  wore  a  mafculine 
habit.  By  papers  found  in  her  apart- 
ments, it  feems  fhe  was  the  natural 
daughter  of  the  late  King  of  Pruffia, 
and  came  to  England  with  Madame 
Schwellenberg,  MiRrefs  of  the  Robes 
to  her  Majefty.  It  is  underftood  (he 
was  once  in  pofieffion  of  property  to 
the  amount  of  8000I.  which,  trufting 
in  the  hands  of  a  .  foreign  banker  who 
failed,  ihe  entirely  loft.    She  has  ftnce 


fubfifted  by  teaching  foreign  languages, 
but  is  underftood  to  have  lived  very 
abftenr.ioufly.  In  her  lodgings  a  num- 
ber of  valuable  fuits  of  clothes  have 
been  found,  in  which  fhe  ufed,  till  with- 
in thefe  fev^  years,  to  attend  at  Court 
on  gala  days  in  the  male  chara^ler,  ha- 
ving never  been  known  in  any  other 
iince  her  relidence  in  this  country,  ex- 
cept to  her  patronefs  ;  her  external 
form  was,  however,  fuch  as  almoft  to 
have  cauied  a  fufpicion  of  the  real  fa6t. 
The  ensemble  of  her  figure,  when  deco- 
rated in  its  ufual  paraphernalia,  was 
vvhimfically  grotefque. 

Orders  were  fent  from  this  country, 
feveral  wreks  fince,  to  furrender  the 
ifland  of  Malta,  according  to  the  terms 
of  the  treaty  of  Amiens. 

The  Gazette  contains  notice  that 
his  Majefty  having  concluded  a  con- 
vention with  the  United  States  of 
America,  agreeing  to  accept  of  SisHun^ 
dred  Thoufand  Pounds^  in  three  inftal- 
ments,  for  the  debts  due  to  perfons  in 
Great  Britain  ;  thofe  who  have  claims' 
arc  requtrfted  to  lodge  them  without 
delay,  with  James  Williams  Hay,  Efq. 
London. 

The  Subfcribers  to  Lloyd's  CofFce- 
houfe,  London,  have  unanimoufly  vo- 
ted the  fum  of  two  thoufand  pounds 
from  their  fund,  for  the  purpofe  of  en- 
couraging the  building  of  Life  Boats  on 
different  parts  of  the  coafts  of  the  uni- 
ted kingdom.  The  parties  defirous  of 
undertaking  the  fame  at  the  different 
ports  or  places,  are,  however,  to  en- 
gage to  man  and  take  care  of  the  boats, 
as  the  Gentlemen  at  Lloyd's,  with  the 
greateft  propriety,  only  contribute  to- 
wards the  firft  coft. 

It  was  lately  ftated  in  the  Englifh 
papers,  that  the  weekly  payment,  on 
Tuefday  the  24th  of  Auguft  lafi,  into 
the  Excife  Office  in  London,  amount- 
ed to  225,000!.  being  a  quarter  of  a 
million ;  to  which  we  have  now  the  au- 
thority to  add-,  that  the  remittance 
made  from  the  Excife  in  Scotland  to 
the  Exchequer  in  England,  for  the  week 
ending  the  8th  of  September  inllant,  a- 
mounied  to  no  lefs  a  fum  than  130,000!. 
being  upwards  of  one-eighth  of  a  mil- 
lion. The  proportion  of  land-tax  be- 
tween England  and  Scotland  at  the 
time  of  the  Union,  was  fettled  at  two 
millions  for  England,  and  48,000!.  or  a 
forty-fecond  part  thereof,  for  Scotland, 
and  other  taxes  were  then  eftimated  to 


Sept.  1802. 


British  Intelligence. 


775 


bear  the  fame  relative  proportion  be- 
tween the  two  countries. 

General  Andreofli,  who  is  daily  ex- 
pe<^ed  in  this  country,  firft  diftinguifli- 
ed  himfelf  in  the  carnp.^ign  of  1796,  in 
Italy,  being  then  no  more  than  a  chief 
of  a  battalion  of  artillery.  He  com- 
manded the  gun-boats  in  a  falfe  attack 
i:pon  Mantua,  in  fo  mafterly  a  manner 
as  to  draw  ail  the  attention  and  fire  of 
the  garrilbn  upon  himfelf,  while  Gene- 
ral Murat  conduded  the  real  attack 
vnmolefted.  In  the  next  year,  being- 
commanded  by  General  Bonaparte  to 
found  the  Lizingo  for  a  ford,  he  threw 
himfeff  without  heljtation  into  the  ri- 
ver. He  affilled  Syeyes  in  the  organi- 
zation of  the  conftitution  and  revolu- 
tion of  St  Cloud,  and  was  rewarded  by 
ihe  Firft  Conful  with  the  poft  of  Chief 
pf  the  Staff  of  the  army  of  the  interior, 
;after  which  he  was  made  joint  Mmifter 
of  War  with  General  Berthier. 

Cow-Pi?jtr.—The  Managers  and  Phy- 
ficians  of  the  London  Foundling  Hof- 
pitai  have  publifhed  the  following  teft 
of  the  fecurity  of  Vaccine  Inoculation 
againa  Variolus  Infection.— "  In  1801, 
and  the  early  part'of  1802,  tbirtyt-fnc 
children  received  the  Cow-Pox  by  ino- 
culation, at  the  Foundling  Hofpital. 
The  fame  children  were  all  inoculated 
with  Small  Pox  matter  on  the  9th  of 
hft  mouth,  without  producing  the 
flighteft  indifpofnion.'- 

DrMacdonald,  the  zealous  propaga- 
tor of  the  Cow-Pox  at  Hamburgh,  is 
eftablilhing  an  Hofpital  there  for  Vac- 
cination by  public  fubfcription. 

The  arrangements  refpeifting  the 
Drnry-Line  Iheatre  have  finally  recei- 
ved the  fanaion  of  the  Lord  Chancel- 
lor, greatly  to  the  fatisfa^ion  of  all  the 
par-tits;  and  the  completing  of  the 
building,  we  underltand,  will  proceed 
V^'ithout  delay. 

A  material  redudion  continues  to 
take  place  in  the  expencts  of  our  naval 
department.  Molt  of  the  fhips  which 
arrive  from  the  Weft  Indies  are  imme- 
diately paid  off. 

Bartolozzi  in  a  fliort  time  takes  a  fi- 
nal leave  of  this  country,  in  oider  to 
lupcnntend  an  inttftution  for  the  en^ 
couragement  of  the  arts  at  Li/bon. 
Ihis  admirable  artift  has  exerted  his 
unrivalled  talents  with  confiderable  fuc 
Ctfs  m  this  country  ;  but  his  hofpitable 
ai^d  hbcral  fpirit  has  left  him,  at  a  very 


advanced  a^c,  little  more  than  his  high 
profelfional  repute. 

Poor  Bofii,  the  celebrated  compofer 
and  performer  on  the  violin,  on  Sun- 
day  evening  died  the  vidim  of  a  bro- 
ken heart,  in  the  King's  Bench  prifon. 
He  was  a  your.g  man  of  very  great  rnn- 
fical  g/nius  and  of  a  very  modeft  unaf- 
fuming  charader  in  private  life.  The 
debt  for  which  Bofli  was  originally  con- 
fined, was  abv)ut  ei^^hteen  pounds,  but 
was  raifcd  by  the  exptnces  of  the  law 
to  upwards  of  forty. 

An  interejling  a^d  important  Truth, — 
The  procefs  advifcd  by  the  Huinane 
Society  to  reftore  the  lives  of  the 
drowned,  has  been  lately,  in  frjem\\m^ 
ces,  fuccefsfully  employed  to  refufcitate 
thofe  who  have  been  llruck  dead  by  the 
vivid  fl  ifh  of  lightmn^. 

iW^-j.— Mr  Jones  of  Weprehalf, 
Flmtfhire,  has  found  that  moles,  which 
have  ufually  been  confidered  as  deftruc- 
tive  to  the  labours  of  agriculture,  are 
exceeding  ufeful  in  deRroying  the 
grubs,  or  brown  kettles,  their  favour- 
ite  food  :  Liftead  therefore  of  injnrinir 
he  proteds  the  race  of  moles.  He  fays| 
they  never  penetrate  deeply  into  the' 
ground,  unlefs  it  be  in  fearch  of  worrn^?, 
or  to  avoid  the  froit— that  when  th^ 
grafs  is  high  enough  to  cover  them^ 
they  live  upon  its  furface,  where  they 
find  food  in  the  numero?Js  citerpfllars 
and  infers  which,  in  the  early  part  of 
the  fummer,  crawl  out  of  the  e^^rth, 
and  they  continue  above  ground  till 
the  harveft.--  My  hay  and  pafture 
grounds  (fays  he)  are  every  fyvUv^ 
thickly  ftudded  with  mole  hi!io-ks- 
but  when  the  grafiTes  are  up,  the  moles 
ceafe  to  work,  and  fcai-ely  a  hillock 
appears  till  after  harveft." 

An  honeft  Engliili  lace  merchant  fair- 
ly confeifcd  at  Dover,  that  he  had  jud 
returned  from  France,  where  he  had 
fold  3000].  worth  of  lace  veils  manu- 
tav^lured  in  Gloucefterfliire.  Thefe  ar- 
ticles will  be  returned  to  our  coa!t  with 
all  the  forms  and  ceremonies  of  a  con- 
traband cargo,  and  fold  to  our  female 
admirers  of  French  lace  at  an  enorl 
mous  profit.  So  much  for  the  (econo- 
my of  female  fmuggling,  a  pafiion  for 
which  abfoluteiy  rages  in  the  bofom  of 
Enghinwomen,  and  thus  expofes  them 
to  the  ridicule  of  thofe  who  impofe 
on  their  credulity.  Enormous  qjanti- 
t!cs  of  Spltalfields  handkerchiefs  are 

thus 


^76  British  L 

thus  difpofed  of  on  the  coafts,  as  of 
foreign  n.  anufadures,  and,  though  of 
the  worrt  qoality,  are  bought  up  with 
avidity,  partly  becaufe  they  are  believ- 
ed to  bt  French  filk,  and  more  fre- 
quently becaufc  they  are  fuppofed  to 
be  fmuggled. 

Monthly  Commercial  Report, 

One  of  the  mofl  remarkable  events 
influencing  the  ftate  of  the  commerce, 
which  have  taken  place  lalt  nKjnih,  is 
the  diminutiDn  in  the  prices  of  the  ftock 
of  our  public  debts  oi  all  denomina- 
ticns.  That  diminulion  is  the  moft 
flriking  in  the  difcount  at  which  the 
Omnium^  or  total  allowance  from  Go- 
vernment for  every  lool.  of  the  new 
loan,  is  now  on  fale  in  the  Stock  Ex- 
change, a  difcount  of  not  Itfs  than  11 
j>er  cent.  The  3  per  cents  have  fallen 
to  68i.  Mnny  failures  have  taken  pUce 
among  the  money  dealers  ;  and  various 
engagements,  for  both  real  and  fictiti- 
ous fales  of  itock,  remain,  on  the  part 
of  thoi'c  by  ^hom  the  ftock  was  to  be 
received,  without  fulfilment.  For  this 
Jludluation  in  the  price  of  our  (locks, 
various  caufes  are  plaulibly  afTigned. 

A  number  of  the  richell  de.ders  in 
money  and  ftocks,  and, of  thofe  who  do 
the  mort  bufiriefs,  were  offended  that 
the  negociation  of  the  loan  fhould  not 
have  been  otherwife  managed ;  and 
havt,  therefore,  as  is  believed,  regula- 
ted their  tranfadions,  as  much  as  poffi- 
bie,  in  a  manner  to  make  the  bargains 
for  the  loans  to  turn  out  ferioully  dif- 
advantageous. 

The  (late  of  the  Continent  is  now 
fbch  as  partly  to  occalion  ftill  a  good 
deal  of  money  to  be  withdrawn  from 
the  Britilh  fu»id?,  which  was  deposited 
in  them  during  the  war,  or  before  it 
broke  out,  and,  in  part,  to  hinder  mo- 
ney from  being  brought  hither,  which, 
in  a  different  condition  of  affairs  on 
the  Continent,  would  (till  have  continu- 
ed to  be  laid  out  here  in  the  purchafe 
of  ftock.  The  circumftances  of  this, 
as  an  tiedion-year,  too,  have  neceffari- 
iy  occafioned  large  fales  of  ftock,  for 
the  fupply  of  Bank  of  England  notes 
to  be  laid  out  over  the  country;  and 
much  money  is  now  expended  in  pur- 
chafes  of  land,  in  adventures  of  trade, 
in  colonial  fpecuiaiions,  and  in  eftab- 
liihments  of  manufacture,  which  would 
otherwife  have  been  employed  in  the 
funds.    Befides,  for  thefe  few  weeks, 


^eUlgence,  Vol.  64. 

much  money  has  hctn  withheld  from 
purchafes  in  the  ftocks,  merely  on  ac- 
count of  the  extreme  uncertamty  and 
alarm  which  prevail  in  regard  to  their 
fludtuations  and  the  deprtffion. 

Fairs. 

At  Morpeth  market  on  July, 
wheat  fold  from  64s.  to  74s.;  rye,  405^ 
to  41s.;  oats,  1 8s.  Sd.  to  20s.;  beans, 
54s.;  peas,  35s.  to  38s.  per  quarter. 
The  beail  market  was  much  the  fame 
as  lalt  week;  beef,  frpm  7s.  togs.;' 
mutton,  about  8s.  per  Hone. 

At  Lancaiter  fair,  cheefes  fold  froi^ 
50s.  to  65s.  per  cwt.  Cattle  declined 
in  pi  ice. 

At  the  Rink  fair,  12th  July,  there 
was  a  confiderable  fhc  w  of  lambs,  which 
found  a  ready  fale  at  high  prices. 

At  the  fair  held  at  Newcaftle,  there 
was  a  great  number  of  horfes,  but  not 
many  capital  ones  ;  good  ones  fold  ve- 
ry high;  middling  and  inferior  forts 
fetched  ouly  indiffeient  prices.  The 
fliciw  of  horned  cattle  was  good,  but 
prices  were  high, — about  7s.  6d.  per 
Itunc  on  the  average.  There  was  a 
great  number  of  lean  cattle,  both 
Scotch  and  Irifh,  and  the  prices  have 
been  confiderably  lower  than  they  have 
been  for  fome  time  paft.  Swine  were 
in  great  plenty,  and  n^et  a  very  du!l 
fale,  at  prices  about  one-third  lower 
than  at  the  late  fair  at  Stagihabank. 
Leather  f  )ld — backs  from  25d.  to  zyd. ; 
hides  from  ipd.  to  aid.;  calf  fkins 
from  3od.  to  34d.  per  lb. 

flexham  fair  was  unufnally  well  at- 
tended.— Figs,  of  which  there  was  an 
immenfc  number  from  7  to  la  weeks 
old,  fell  in  the  courfe  of  the  day  about 
7s.  a-head  ;  as  did  likewife  (teers  and 
lambs;  milk  cows  of  tolerable  pro- 
mife,  were  the  only  article  that  fold 
high. 

The  annual  wool  fair  held  in  Lewes, 
was  attended  by  fever al  of  the  raoft 
confiderable  wool  Haplers  from  Lon- 
don, and  from  different  parts  of  the 
country ;  and  by  the  principal  wool 
growers  of  the  eaftern  divifion  of  our 
county.  The  meeting  was  fo  nume- 
rous that  no  one  houi'e  could  contain 
them. 

Lord  Sheffield,  who  had  been  the 
principal  founder  of  the  wool  fair,  pre-^ 
iided.  The  wool-buyers,  as  ufual,  afr 
ferted,  that  wool  was  not  worth  the 
laft  year's  price  ^  they  complained  of 


Sept.  1802. 


British  Intelligence. 


777 


the  deprefiion  of  our  foreign  trade  ; 
that  they  do  not  get  remittances  from 
the  manufa6turer  j  and  particularly  in- 
Ijfted  on  the  large  ftock.  of  wool  in 
hand.  Lord  Sheffield  anfwered,  that 
it  was  impoflible  to  conceive  why  fhort 
wool  fhould  be  a  drug  this  year,  when 
long  wool  is  higher  than  it  was  ever 
before  known  to  be  ;  and  when  France 
is  endeavouring  to  levive  her  manu-' 
fafiures  of  fine  wool,  and  confequent- 
iy  the  price  of  Spanilh  wooi  will  be 
high,  and  a  fmaller  quantity  will  come 
into  this  country. 

The  incrcafe  in  the-price  of  Spani(h 
wool  is  ieverely  felt  in  our  fineft  cloth- 
ing manufadtories :  This  is  luppofed 
to  have  arifen  from  the  preference 
given  to  the  French  merchants  in  this 
article  ;  It  is  riff  n  in  the  Englifh  mar- 
ket to  5s.  6d.  per  lb. 


EDINBURGH. 
Eledion  of  Peers, 

Aug.  10.  Tuefday  came  on,  at  the 
Palace  of  Holyroodhoufe,  the  election 
of  (ixteen  Noblemen,  to  rcprefent  the 
Scots  Peerage  in  the  enfuing  Imperial 
Parliament. 

John  Fringle,  Efq;  James  Ferricr, 
Efq;  Principal  Clerks  of  Selfion,  attend- 
ed as  deputies  of  the  Lord  Regifter; 
Dr  Carlifle,  of  Inverefk,  and  Dr  John- 
Iton,  of  North  Leith,  officiated  as  chap- 
lains. 

It  was  underi^ood,  previous  to  the 
election,  that  ail  the  Peers  who  fat  in 
lafl:  Parliament  were  candidates,  except 
Lord  Torphichen,  who  dcclint^d  (land- 
ing ;  and  the  candidates  for  this  vacan- 
cy were,  the  Earl  of  Balcarras,  the  Earl 
of  Lauderddlt,  and  Lord  Elphinflone. 

Beers  ptcsent.  Marquis  of  Tweed- 
daicf,  Earls  of  Morton,  Buchan,  Eglin- 
ton,  CalFiIiis,  Moray,  Strathmorc,  KeU 
lie,  L.iudtrdale,  Daihjulie,  Levcn, 
Northtlk,  Balcarras,  Aboyne,  Breadai- 
b:i«e,  Diinrnore,  Stair,  and  Glafgow  ; 
Vifcouin  Arbuthnot,  Lords  Sinclair, 
Sempill,  Elphinftone,  TorphicUen,  Na- 
pier, Banff,  Elibank,  Belhavcn,  Rollo, 
and  Kinnaird. 

The  whole  votes  having  been  called 
and  marked,  the  Clerk  announced  the 
Peers  returned  to  be  the  following : — 

Vol.  LXIV. 


Marquis  of  T\vceddale  54 


Earl  of  Eglinton  59 

Caffillis  57 

Strathraore  53 

Dumfries  51 

Dilhoufic  57 

Northc.flL  56 

Bd  car  ras  56 

Aboyne  56 

Breadalbane  57 
Stair 

Glafgow  5S 

Lord  Cathcart  53, 

Somervillc  50 

Napier  52 


The  Earl  of  Lauderdale  had  24,  and 
Lord  Elphinftone  37  votes. 

The  alicmblagc  of  genteel  company 
was  greater,  perhaps,  than  at  any  form- 
er eledion.  The  gailery  was  crowded 
in  every  quarter,  and  it  was  v/ith  dif- 
ficulty the  Peers  could  find  feats. 
Monfieur,  and  the  Due  de  Berri  were 
prefent. 

When  the  eledlion  concluded,  their 
Lordfhips  retired  to  the  Tontine  Ta- 
vern (Fortune -s J,  where  an  elegant  en- 
tertainment was  provided,  at  which  his 
Royal  Highnefs  Monfieur  and  fuitc,  \\\% 
Excellency  General  Vyfe  and  the  Stafi^ 
and  many  other  perfons  of  diftindion, 
were  prefent«  The  evening  concluded 
wMth  a  brilliant  Aflembiy  in  the  Af- 
fembly  Rooms,  George  Street. 

Represent aiion  of  Scotland, 
Some  important  conftitutional  quef- 
tions  are  foon  to  be  before  the  Impt-ri- 
al  Parliament,  relating  to  the  propriety 
Oi  alternate  reprefenta'iotiy  and  the  ina- 
dequacity  of  the  number  of  Members 
fent  from  Scotland,  compared  to  what 
Ireland  has  obtained  by  the  terms  of 
the  late  union.— WhiKt  i:z/7the  counties 
in  Ireland  fend  two  Members  each» 
there  are  no  lefs  than  nx  counties  irt 
Scotland,  whofe  reprelVntation  is  only 
alternaiey  three  of  thtrr,  fending  for 
one  b'cLs-liamen^  and  three  for  the  next. 
— The  Scotch  Uiiiverlities  alfo  are  noc 
reiirefenrcd,  though  thofe  of  England, 
and  the  Univerlity  of  Dnblin,  are»  The 
county  of  C^ithnefs  ha&,  mucn  to  its 
credit,  taken  up  this  buiintfs. 

la.  On  Thurfday  I  dt,  the  Edinburgh 
Gardeners   Society  held  their  Anni- 
verfary  Meeting  at  tiie  King^s  Arms  Ta- 
5  veru 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


vein  here.   This  Society  was  inftitut- 

ed  many  years  ago,  fourjdtd  upon  the 
principles  of  friendfhip,  and,  at  the 
fame  time,  having  for  its  objed  to  tx- 
cite  a  laudable  emulation  among  the 
members  to  achieve  improvements  in 
the  line  of  their  profeffion,  at  once  hon- 
ourable to  thcmfelve;:,  and  bencficiai  to 
their  country.  The  membtrs  conven- 
ed in  the  forenoon,  and  the  Commit- 
tee, who  had,  on  a  previofls  occ.-ilion, 
infpecHed  a  ihew  of  Pinks,  at  this  meet, 
ing  inrpe<5ted  the  Melons  and  Cnuli- 
jRowers,  Thofc  Ihown  were  of  a  very 
excellent  quality;  and  it  was  with  fome 
difficulty  the  judges  could  difcrimiiiate 
which  was  fuperior.  In  the  afternoon, 
a  very  numerous  company  fatdv)wn  to 
dinner  in  the  B  ill  Room.  Many  gen- 
tlemen of  high  rtfpc<5tabiiity  honoured 
the  Society  with  a  vifit. 

Sept.  3.  Bftucen  ten  and  eleven  at 
night,  in  a  ftrong  gale  of  wind  from  the 
north-eai^,  came  on  fhore,  a  little  above 
the  Battery,  a  (loop,  coal  ladi.n,  faid  to 
belong  to  Anllrutlier.  Tiie  people  at 
Newhaven,  and  along  iUt  Hiore,  being 
alarmed  by  the  cries  of  thofc  on  Ix^ard, 
haftened  to  their  aniflancc  with  Ian- 
thorns,  &c.  and  two  boats  immediately 
put  off  from  the  fhore,  by  which  means 
the  crew,  coniiding  of  four  perfons, 
were  refcued  from  the  VMtery  ele- 
ment. There  are  little  or  no  hopes 
of  her  being  fiycd,  as  a  number  of 
planks,  rudder,  pump,  Sec  have  been 
this  morning  vvafl)td  on  fliore. 

8.  On  Wecmtfday  lilt,  Ahxander 
SutherJarid  and  Hugh  Mitchell,  fcigeants, 
and  Wiiliam  Tbo)7:foni  private  loKiit  r  in 
the  Rofs  and  Cro.i  arty  Fencibles,  were 
committed  to  the  jail  of  this  city  upon 
a  Jufticiary  warrant,  at  the  imla  ice  of 
Daniel  Rofs,  furveyor  in  Abcr()een, 
whofe  fon  was  one  of  the  perfons  kiiied 
in  the  unfortunate  affair  viliich  took 
place  in  that  city  on  the  4th  of  June 
laft.  The  fame  vt'^arrant  includes  other 
three  perfons,  who  have  not  yet  been 
apprehended. 

Royal  Edinburgh  Falunfcers. 
Regimental  orders* — The  Lord  Lieu- 
tenant and  Colonel  has  received  a  letter 
from  Lord  Hobart,  one  of  his  M^jeliy's 
Principal  Secretaries  of  State,  inform^ 
jng  him,  That  he  had  laid  before  his 
Majefty  the  Lord  Lieutenant's  letter  of 
the  29th  July,  containing  the  renewed 
©ffcr  of  fervice  of  thi^  Regime ntj  and 


the  Royal  Edinburgh  Volunteer  Artil- 
lery, and  that  he  had  received  his  Ma- 
iefty*s  commands  to  exprefs  his  appro* 
bdtion  of  the  zeal  and  loyalty  by  which 
thefe  corps  have  been  actuated,  in  their 
renewed  offer  of  fervice. — Bnt  regret- 
ting that  the  determin-nion  not  to  con- 
limie  the  allowances  to  the  Volunteer 
Infanti  y  corps  having  been  made  by  his 
Mfjefty's  confideniial  fervant'^,  upon 
full  and  deliberate  conlideration,  it  wa&, 
not  in  hi^  Lordlhip*s  power  to  advife 
an  exemption,  evtn  in  the  inftance  of 
fo  rtfpecflable  and  ufcful  a  corps  as  the 
Edinburgh  Voluntee-rs.'* 

In  coufcquencc  of  this  letter,  the 
Regiment  will  now  coniider  their  re- 
newed offer  of  lervice  at  an  end  ;  and, 
although  it  had  not  bti  ft  thought  ne- 
ccfHiry  to  accept  of  that  offer,  the  Lord 
Lieutenant  is  certain  that  the  Regi- 
nitnt  will  rejoice  at  having  made  it,  as 
affording  thtm  an  addi  ional  opportu- 
nity of  inanifefting  their  loyalty  to  the 
belt  of  Kings,  and  attachment  to  their 
glorious  conditution. — On  theft  prin- 
ciples, the  Lord  Lieutenant  has  fuch 
§rm  icliance,  that  he  is  perfuaded,  if 
a  change  of  circumflances  ih ould  re- 
quire their  fervices,  that  the  Regiment 
will  again  come  forward  with  renewed 
alacrity. 

The  I^ord  Lieutenant  now  takes  his 
leave  of  the  Cvjrps  with  great  regret, 
?,nd  with  hncere  attachment. — And  he 
t'akes  this  opportunity  of  repeating,  in 
the  ftrongcft  terms,  the  fenfe  which 
liimfelf  and  his  brethren  in  the  M  igi- 
ftracy  entertain  of  the  ufeful  and  ho- 
nouiabie  fupport  which  they  have  re- 
ceived from  the  Regiment, 

By  order  of  the,  Lord  Lieutenant  of 
the  City,  and  Colonel, 

Wm  Coulter,  Capt. 
loth  Sept.  i8c2.  R.E.V. 

13.  Friday  laf^,  Archibald  Campbell, 
Efq.  Advoe^ate,  youngrr  of  Succoth, 
was  admitted  Dean  of  Faculty  in  the 
P'niverfity  of  Glaigow. 

The  Magiftrates  have  made  a  regu- 
lation in  the  Fifli  Market,  by  which 
the  beft  oyfters  are  to  be  fold  at  2S.  per 
130,  from  the  I  ft  of  December  to  the 
iti  of  March,  and  from  the  ift  of 
March  to  the  ift  of  December,  is.  6d. 
per  130.  For  the  leffer  ftze,  from  the 
lai  of  December  to  the  ift  of  March, 
IS-.  6d.  and  from  the  ift  of  March  to 
the  lit  of  December,  i:>.  None  under 
I  the 


Sept.  1802. 


British  Intelligence. 


779 


the  ftandard  fize  will  be  allowed  to  be 
expoftd  for  fale, 

Sept.  3.  On  Friday  laft,  were  fold  by 
the  2v]agiftrates  of  Perth,  fevcral  lots  of 
the  town's  wood,  as  advertifed  in  the 
papers.  This  ground  has  been  par- 
ctlled  out  in  a  very  judicioue  nianner, 
calculated  not  only  to  enrich  the  al- 
ready luxuriant  and  pi(fturefque  views 
about  Perth,  but  likewife  to  accom- 
modate men  cf  fortune  with  fuperb 
villas,  and  thofe  who  move  in  a  hum- 
bler fphtre  with  pleafant  cottages. 
The  induftry  of  purchafere,  has,  of  late, 
much  improved  thtfe  hitherto  uncul- 
tivated lands ;  and  the  weltern  prof- 
pect  from  Perth  bids  fair  to  rival  the 
cartern  banks  of  the  Tay.  Other  plans 
for  the  improvement  of  Perth,  we  un- 
derftand,  arc  ripe  for  execution.  The 
purchafe  of  Gov^rie  Houfe  is  almod 
finally  arranged  with  Government,  on 
the  lite  of  winch,  a  bridewell,  prifon, 
and  other  public  buildings,  are  to  be 
ereded.  Befides  the  advantages  to  be 
derived  from  the  eredion  of  thefe 
buildings,  it  will  expedite  the  opening 
of  the  propofcd  new  Itreet  along  the 
banks  of  the  river.  To  the  public  fpi- 
rited  conduct  of  the  Magiliracy,  the 
town  and  county  of  Ptrth  are  much 
indebted  for  thefe  ufeful  and  exteniive 
plans  of  improvement. 

A  fubfcription  is  opened  at  Dundee 
for  the  purpoie  of  defraying  the  ex- 
penfe  of  a  beacon  to  be  ereded  on  the 
rock  called  the  Oxters,  in  the  Frith  of 
Forth.  The  repeated  loffes  that  have 
happened  to  veiTels  pafiing  up  and 
down  the  Frith  of  Forth,  has  naturally 
drawn  the  attention  of  the  Matters  of 
the  Trinity-houi'e,  Leith,  to  this  im- 
portant objedt,  on  whofe  recommenda- 
tion the  fubfcription  is  begun,  and  we 
hope  they  will  be  warmly  feconded  by 
all  who  have  any  concern  in  the  Ihip- 
ping  of  this  place. 

Vni'verfity  of  Edinburgh, 

The  Univt  rfity  has  conferred  the  de- 
gree of  Dodor  of  Medicine  on  the  fol- 
lowing gentlemen  this  feafon,  after  the 
ufual  pi  ivate  and  public  trials. 


And.  Stewart, 
John  Aire> 


Alex.  Ramfay, 
John  Mitchcl, 


Alex.  Campbell, 


T.  S.  Traill, 

Geo.  Gumming, 
W.  C.  Brown, 
Thos  Willcs, 
Adam  Neak, 
Robt  Smith, 

EN 

Chas  Badham, 

T.W.Fitzgerald, 
Geo.  Ed.  Male, 
Jas  Clarke, 
Geo.  Dtnt, 
fh^neas  Phene, 

Jeremias  Kirbv, 
Jo.  Per.  Hill,  " 
Chas  Tice, 


De  Mentis  Jludiofa  Ma* 
lis. 

De  Febre  communi  Bri^ 
tannia  contagiofa  cm^ 
tinua. 
De  Cynanche  Maligna* 
De  Febribus  dkontiiiuisy 
et  pracipue  de  Mtdeiis 
in  lis  adbibendis. 
Dx  Ititelle3us  Faculta- 
turn  Conditione  in  Men" 
tis  Aberrationis  dinjer- 
Jis  generibus. 
De  Ufu  Aqiide  frigida-iin 

Typhoy  externa. 
De  Hydfope  Anafarca- 
De  Hydrothorace, 
De  Parulyfi. 
De  Acido  Nitrico.. 
De  Pneumonia. 

GLAND. 

De  Urina  et  CalcuUs 

rinafiisn 
DeAflhmateSpofmodko, 
De  "mtro. 

De  Slncope  Angentc 
De  Pneumonia. 
De  Menjium  Abundan* 
tia. 

De  Lentis  Caligine. 
De  Typho. 
De  Dyfenteria* 


SCOTLAND. 


Jimes  Keir, 
Thomas  Clark, 


De  Cynanche  T racheali, 
De   Humani  Corporis 

Temperiei  Mutationi" 

bus. 


Ed.  Middltton, 

Jofeph  Lynch, 
Wm  Lynch, 
Jo.  Latham, 
Wm  Saunders, 

DionvfuisHanan 
John  Finn, 
Jo.  O'Rcardon, 
Jas  Willes, 
Jos  H.^rte, 
Wm  Keatinj?, 
B'^n.  Robinfon, 
John  Breen, 


Peter  Maguire, 
Jos  Rjeade, 
And  Mannin, 
John  Elliot, 
Oliver  Halpin, 


IRELAND. 

De  Fcbris  Continue  Cu- 

rati')J7e, 
De  Coiica. 

De  Scarlatina  Angincfa* 
De  Infar/ia, 

Dc  Nat  lira  Caloriciy  et 
de  Colore  Anmialium* 
\yDe  Dyjpepiia. 
De  Pneumojiia. 
De  Itlero. 
De  hiHammatione. 
De  Febre  Intertnittente. 
De  Hepatitide. 
De  Hernia  I-iguinaii. 
De  Opit  Effeaibui,  ejuf. 
que  i  n  quorundc .  m  Mor- 
borum  Curaticnc  Fir- 
tut'ibus. 
De  Aniauroji. 
De  Icier 0. 
De  Vaccina. 
De  Diab^te  MsUito. 
De  Febrs  Inter mitt^nt^i 
5  M  2 


786 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


BARIXADOES. 

Jas  A],  Hendy,  De  Digitali. 
Samuel  Miller,    De  Dyfintena. 

/AMAICA. 

Thos  Jos  Gray,  De  Idtro. 
Peter  Murray,    De  Jeribus. 
Wm  March,       De  Ftbre  Fhi'va  India 
Occ'identaUs* 
AMERICA. 

Thos  Stock,       De  Hepatiiide, 
Fi/herles, 

Ayr,  Sept.  i.  On  Sunday  fe^cnnight, 
we  were  flattered  with  a  profped  of  a 
plentiful  herring  fifhing  in  this  bay  ; 
for  three  nights  vaft  numbers  canrie  up- 
on the  fhore,  and  fuch  boats  as  had 
TiCts  in  rcMdinefs  caught  a  great  many, 
even  people  wading  in  upon  the  beach 
could,  with  hand-nets,  riddles,  or  baf- 
kets,  take  as  many  as  they  could  carry, 
but  the  Itormy  weather  which  fucceed- 
cd,  drove  them  oil  the  coaft. 

A  cargo  of  very  fine  white  herrings 
has  been  landed  at  Port  Dundas  this 
week,  from  the  Ifle  of  Man,  for  the 
Glafgov/  Market,  cured  by  a  company 
at  Leith.  This  is  the  firfi:  cargo  brought 
there  from  that  ifland. 

The  red  herrings  made  at  Bumt- 
ifland,  from  the  cargo  of  roufed  her- 
lings  brought  there  from  the  Ific  of 
Man,  turn  out  remarkably  well. — Two 
hundred  barrels  have  been  brought 
ever  from  Leith, 

Mr  Noel,  Member  of  the  French 
"National  Inftitute,  arrived  at  Greenock 
laft  w»eek.  He  i»,  v/e  underftand, 
preparing  for  the  prefs  a  Natural  Hi- 
itory  of  the  Herring,  and  the  objedt  of 
liis  vifit  to  Greenock  is  to  add  to  his 
flock  of  knowledge  on  the  fubje(ft,  by 
converfing  with  Mr  Hugh  Craufurd, 
whofeAnown  attention  to  the  bufmefs 
of  the  fifheries  pointed  him  out  as  well 
cjualified  to  furnifli  the  deftrcd  infor- 
mation. 

Mr  Noel  arrived  at  Edinburgh  be- 
fore he  went  to  Greenock.  Saw  Mr 
Girvin,  and  had  leveral  comn;unings 
^pvith  him.  He  is  well  acquainted  with 
the  opinions  of  Sanfon,  Knox,  and 
others^  on  the  emigration  of  herrings, 
ivhich  he  refutes.  Mr  Girvin  thinks 
they  are  on  the  coafts,  in  the  lochs,  and 
friths  of  Britain  and  Ireland,  all  the 
year  round,  in  one  ftate  or  other.  Mr 
iio^l  differed  from  Mr  Girvin  as  to  the 


mafcidinum  fenien.  He  was  highly  plea- 
fed  on  leeiiig  Mr  Robertfon  weave  her- 
ring netting  on  his  model.  It  feems 
the  reception  he  met  with,  and  the  at- 
tention paid  him  at  Greenock,  by  Hugh 
Craufurd,  Efq-  and  other  gentlemen 
there,  has  been  very  gratifying,  as  he 
means  to  return  by  that  town,  after  vi- 
fiting  Rothfay,  Lochfine,  and  Campbel- 
town, for  this  place.  He  proceeds  to 
the  Continent,  and  goes  home  to  Rouen 
byway  of  Norway,  Sweden,  Hamburgh, 
and  Holland.  His  labours  in  the  natu- 
ral hi(tory  of  herrings  may  be  of  gene- 
ral ufe.  He  is  a  polite,  genteel,  well 
looking  gentleman. 

Within  thefe  few  days,  feveral  fields 
of  wheat,  barley  and  oats,  have  been 
cut  down  in  this  neighbourhood,  and 
the  harveft  along  the  coaft  will  foon  be- 
come general,  if  the  weather  continues 
favourable  as  at  prefent. 

Fairs. 

At  St  BofwelPs  fair  on  19th  July  lafl, 
there  were  a  great  many  lambs  an€i 
fhtep,  which  all  fold  at  high  prices, 
though,  from  the  quantity  in  the  fair, 
the  buyers  took  more  time  to  do  their 
bufinels  than  at  fome  recent  fairs;  the 
black  cattle  alfo  fold  very  readily  at 
high  prices.  Linen  cloths  had  a  ready 
fale,  but  at  lower  prices  than  laft  year. 
The  ftiew  of  horfes  was  very  consider- 
able, and  prices  high.  Riding  horfes 
of  figure  fold  readily  at  good  pricey, 
but  of  thefe  there  were  few. 

Aug.  5.  At  St  James' fair  (Kelfo), 
prices  of  corn  looked  up.  On  Friday 
no  corn  market  at  Kelfo,  in  confe- 
quence  of  the  fair.  Cattle  and  horfes 
fold  very  high  at  the  fair,  particularly 
the  former. 

A  two-fhear  ftieep,  reared  and  fed 
by  Mr  Brown  of  Rawflat,  was  lately 
flaughtered  at  Jedburgh,  the  carcafe  of 
which  was  20  lb.  heavier  than  that 
which  gained  the  proprietor  a  conii- 
derable  bet  at  Woburn  flieep-fheering, 
and  had  near  twice  the  weight  of  fat  * 
The  four  quarters  weighed  129  lb.  and 
the  tallow  24  lb.  odds;  the  head  and 
entrails,  &c.  were  not  weighed. 

Mail  Robbery. 

Early  on  Sunday  morning  the  ii^  of 
Auguft,  the  mail  betwixt  Glafgow  and 
Edinburgh  was  robbed  a  i'ew  miles  dif- 
tant  from  Falkirk  by  two  men,  who, 

after 


Sept,  i8o2,  British  Intelligence. 


after  having  difmounted  the  poft-boy, 
and  bound  him  hand  and  foot,  niade 
acrofs  the  fields  with  the  bags  which 
contained  the  letters  and  money — con- 
fiderable  fums  in  bills,  Sec-  were  in  the 
mail  of  that  day.  The  boy  was  re- 
leafed  by  a  traveller  who  was  pafling 
about  an  hour  after  the  robbery  was 
committed. 

3.  Robert  Bro'ivn  and  James  Clerk^ 
alias  Stewart  both  deferters  from  one 
of  the  regiments  of  Foot  Guards,  have 
been  apprehended  in  the  New  Town, 
on  fufpicion  of  being  concerned  in 
the  robbery  of  the  Mail.  The  cir- 
cumftances  that  gave  rife  to  the  fuf- 
picion are  faid  to  be  thefe  :  Two 
men,  ^Vo  now  turn  out  to  be  the 
prifoners,  went  to  a  public-houfe,  and 
alked  for  fomething  for  dinner.  The 
krvant  who  attended  them,  obferving 
them  counting  a  large  parcel  of  Bank 
notes,  fhe  communicated  this  to  her 
mafter,  who,  fuppofing  they  might  be 
concerned  in  the  robbery,  had  them 
followed  to  their  lodgings.  Informa- 
tion being  given,  and  a  warrant  ob- 
tained, they  were  next  day  apprehend- 
ed on  the  ftrcet,  and  carried  before  the 
Sheriff,  where  they  were  examined  and 
committed  to  ffcand  trial.  Upwards  of 
fixty  pounds  of  the  money  abftracfled 
from  the  letters  has  been  recovered. — 
The  letters  v.  hich  were  taken  from  the 
mail  were  found  hid  in  a  hill  to  the 
fouth  of  Linlithgow,  by  a  party  fent  by 
the  Sheriff,  accompanied  by  fome  of 
the  clerks  in  the  Polt  office.  All  the 
bills  which  happened  to  be  in  the  let- 
ters have  been  burnt,  in  the  view  ot 
preventing  detection.  The  following 
are  fome  particulars  of  the  robbery  : — 
They  led  the  horfe  and  boy  into  a  field, 
where  they  tied  a  napkin  over  the  boy*s 
eyes,  and  tied  his  hands  behind  his 
back,  threatening  inftant  deftrudtion  if 
he  made  the  fmallcft  noife.  They  alfo 
took  from  him  a  great  coat.  They 
then  carried  the  mail  about  100  yards 
from  the  place  where  the  boy  was, 
where  they  cut  up  the  mail  and  bags, 
and  took  out  the  letters.  The  boy  re- 
mained blindfold  and  tied  for  an  hour, 
when  he  found  means  to  refcue  him- 
felf,  and  feeing  no  perfon  near  him,  he 
made  the  bell  of  his  way  to  a  farmer's 
!  houfe  in  the  neighbourhood,  to  whom 
!     be  communicated  what  had  happened. 

The  farmer  immediately  fent  out  his 
1    'fcrvants  on  horfcback,  in  all  dire^^Hons, 


781 

but  tbey  could  get  no  traces  of  the  rob 
bers. 

Robberies, 
Aug.  II.  On  Wednefday  night,  about 
\  pad  twelve,  a  gentleman  was  attacked 
in  the  entry  to  Milne's  Court,  by  two 
or  three  fellows,  who  knocked  hi(rx 
down,  and  robbed  him  of  his  watch, 
bat,  &c. 

A  young  man,  a  few  days  ago,  was  de- 
tedded  coming  out  of  a  houfe  in  James'*s 
Square  with  a  parcel  of  cloaths  he  h^Kt 
flolen.  He  was  committed  to  the  City 
Guard.  Several  fimilar  depredatiotij 
have  lately  taken  place,  fuch  as  grea^ 
coMts,  hats,  3cc.  being  taken  out  of  lob- 
bies where  they  were  hanging. 

Some  villains  have  attempted  of  late 
to  rob  feveral  churches  on  the  north 
country  of  the  poors  rnoney,  which  they 
fuppofed  was  kept  in  them.  Lately 
they  broke  into  t  he  church  of  Belhel- 
vie,  but  finding  no  money  in  it,  they 
took  away  18  bibles  and  pf.ilm  book,^. 
Thefe  depredations  ought  to  be  a  warn- 
ing to  Scfiions  to  keep  nothing  of  va- 
lue in  the  church  ;  for  although  it  has 
long  been  efleemed  fo  facred,  that  no 
thief  would  dare  to  fteal  from  it,  yet 
now  there  are  fuch  facrilegious  villains 
in  the  country,  as  will  attempt  to  rteal 
out  of  the  church,  even  the  fmall  pit- 
tance colleded  for  behoof  of  the  poor- 

In  the  courfe  of  laft  month,  three 
men  have  been  committed  to  jail  for 
ftreet  robberies,  viz.  Thomas  Clayton 
and  George  M^Farlane,  both  weavers, 
charged  with  aflaulting  Peter  Ander- 
fon,  a  glafs-blower,  and  robbing  him 
of  15s.  and  fome  lead  credit-tickets  if- 
fued  by  the  Verreville  Glafsvvork  Com- 
pany, which  tickets  were  fuund  upon 

Clayton  when  apprehened;  and  

M^Ilwrattk,  weaver,  for  knocking  down 
a  man  in  Tradedown,  and  robbing  him 
of  what  money  he  had  in  hk  pccketii. 
It  is  very  creditable  to  the  waichmen 
and  police  officers  of  Giafgow,  that, 
though  the  crim.es  were  committed 
near  midnight,  the  principal  offender 
in  each  cafe  v;as  in  cuftody  in  lefs  thaa 
an  hour  after  the  deed. 

30.  Late  on  Mondny  evening,  as  four 
perfonp,  rcfidenttrs  in  Greenock,  were 
returning  from  the  fair  held  at  Beith, 
they  were  violently  attacked  betwixt 
that  place  and  Port  Giafgow  by  five 
men,  who  attempted  to  pull  them  from 
their  horfes,  with  the  view,  as  is  fup- 

pofcd, 


732 


British  Intelligence. 


Vol.  64. 


pofed,  to  rob  thenii  A  defperate  haU 
tie  enfiitd,  in  which  the  agjrelfors 
v'cre  very  roughly  handled.  One  of 
them  was  knocked  down  fix  times, 
and  lay  on  the  ground  as  if  dead. 
While  the  men  from  the  fair  were  like 
to  fccure  the  body  of  this  fellow,  to 
bring  him  to  town,  they  were  diverted 
from  their  objc<::t,  by  the  reft  of  the 
gang  ftizing  and  running  off  with  their 
bats,  which  had  fallen  10  the  ground  in 
the  fcuffle,  and  a  great  coat  which  had 
been  put  otf  in  the  beginning  of  it. 
They  immediately  let  off  in  purfuit  of 
the  villains;  and  the  man,  who  had 
bf^en  left  for  dead,  l('ok  the  opporlu- 
rity  of  their  abfence  to  crawl  over  the 
dyke,  and  efcapcd  through  the  daik- 
11  efs  of  the  night.  The  hoiT  s  in  the 
iTiean  time  had  gallopped  olT,  and  made 
the  belt  of  their  way  hon^e,  but  with- 
out any  injury,  as  far  as  we  have  learnt. 
During  the  ifl'ray  the  villains  fpoke  Ut- 
ile, but  from  their  diale»it  they  were 
iuppolwd  to  bt  Iriili. 

Sept.  9.  Thiirfday  night,  about  nine 
o'clock,  a  gentleman  was  attacked  on 
his  way  from  Ltith  to  Nevvhavtn,  by 
three  fellows.  He  affured  them  he 
had  neither  watch  nor  money  upon 
him  ;  notwithltandmg  they  beat  him 
in  a  moft  cruel  manner,  and  afterwards 
threw  him  over  the  wall,  a  little  to  the 
eaflward  of  the  Battery,  a  height  of  at 
leaft  two  ItorricvS,  where  he  lay  in  a 
Itatc  of  infenfibility.  Me  was  at  iaft 
relieved  by  foaie  people  paffing,  who 
heard  his  groan.s,  and  carried  him 
to  Newhaven,  from  whence  he  was 
brought  to  town  in  a  .coach  yelttrday 
morning,  and  now  lies  dangerouHy  ill. 
Happily  the  tide  was  back,  or  he  muft 
have  inevitably  perilhcd. 

A  boy  got  m  by  a  window  to  the 
houfe  of  a  lliopkeeper  at  the  head  of 
Portfburgh,  which  he  robbed  of  about 
twenty  ihillings,  and  gave  the  money 
to  tv/o  women  who  were  waiting  at 
the  window,  who  made  off  with  it. 
The  fellow  had  afterwards  the  audaci- 
ty to  go  to  a  back  room,  where  the 
inafter  of  the  houfe  and  his  witc  were 
in  bed,  and  to  take  the  women's  poc- 
kets from  under  her  head;  but  the  huf- 
band  awaking  at  the  time,  he  was 
Icized  and  committed  to  prifon. 
Autumn  Circuits, 

Sept.  4.  The  Circuit  Court  of  Jufti- 
ciary  was  opened  at  Stirling  by  the 
Kight  Hon.  the  Lord  Armadale,  when 
Rdicrtion  SUwart^  accvfed  of  breaking 


into  the  houfe  of  a  farmer  in  that  neigh- 
bourhood, and  dealing  from  thence 
the  clothes  of  two  of  the  men  fcrvantSj 
was  outlawed  for  not  compearing  to 
ftand  trial.  FMsabeth  Hamilton,  accufed 
of  being  art  and  part  of  the  faid  crime, 
petitioned  for  banilhment,  and  the  Pub- 
lic profecutor  having  confcnted,  Ihe 
was  fentenced  to  baniOimtnt  front 
Scotland  for  life. — No  utiier  buhnefs 
came  before  the  Court. 

8.  The  Circuit  Court  of  Jufticiary 
was  opened  at  Perth,  by  ihe  Right  Hon* 
the  Lord  Jultice  Clerk  and  Lord  Metli- 
Yen. 

Laurence  Bell,  lately  a  ferge.mt  or 
leader  of  the  band  of  the  lite  Nt)rth 
Lowland  Fencible  Regiment,  accufed 
of  murder  or  culpable  homicide. — The 
Jury,  all  in  one  voice,  found  the  libel 
not  proven,  and  he  was  affoiizitd  fun- 
pliciter,  and  difmiffcd  fiom  thc^  bar. 

Wil!ia7n  Turner,  vintner  in  Brechin, 
Martin  But ke,  horfehirer  there,  and 
Colin  Kid,  fervant,  or  late  fcrvant  to 
Peter  Jult,  tenant  at  Hatton  Mill,  in 
the  county  of  Forfar,  accuftd  of  vio- 
]ently  atinulting  and  carrying  off  by 
force  John.  Brand,  Efq.  of  Lauricfton, 
the  delegate  chofen  by  the  burgh  of 
Bervic,  as  he  was  travelling  from  Mon- 
trofe  to  Brechin,  in  his  own  carriage* 
having  forced  the  poltilion  todiimount 
and  taken  the  diredlion  of  the  horfes 
and  carriage ;  and  the  faid  Turner^ 
Burkcy  and  Kid  failing  to  appear  to 
Hand  trial,  fcntence  of  fugitation  was 
pronounced  againU  them. 

Barbara  Macdonaldy  refidenter  in 
Perth,  accufed  of  Ihecp  dealing,  was, 
upon  her  own  petition,  with  the  con- 
knt  of  the  Advocate  Depute,  banifhed 
from  Scotland  for  (even  years. 

Thomas  Wilsoti  weaver,  and  lately  a 
private  in  the  Strathmiglo  volunteer 
corps,  accufed  of  uttering  feditious 
language.  The  Jury,  all  in  one  voice 
found  the  libel  proven;  and  he  was 
fentenced  to  one  month's  imprifon- 
ment  in  the  tolbooth  of  Perth,  and 
thereafter  baniflied  from  Scotland  for 
two  years. 

John  Paul,  in  Coaltown  of  Burnturk, 
in  the  pariih  of  Kettle  and  county  of 
Fife,  accufed  of  affaulting  and  attempt- 
ing to  commit  a  rape  on  Sufanna  Mac- 
iniofh,  a  child  of  nine  years  of  age. 
The  Jury,  by  a  plurality  of  voices> 
found  the  libel  not  proven,  and  he  was 
affoilzied  fimpliciler,  and  difmiffed  from 
the  bar. 

Frederick 


Sept.  1802.  British  Intelligence,  ^c.  7S3 


Frederick  Doig  wrigh^  in  Maifis  of 
Ballendary,  pariili  of  Kirrymuir,  and 
county  of  Forfar,  accufed  of  afTiult. 
The  diet  againft  hirn  was  dcf:frted  ^rg 
loco  et  tempore,  and  he  was  difmifli;d 
from  the  b^r. 

Janet  Pater  son  and  Lobel  Bruce  ^  in 
Links  of  Abbotlh^l,  and  county  ol  fife, 
^ccnfed  of  child  murder.— The  Jury, 
all  in  one  voice,  found  the  libti  not  pro- 
ven, and  they  were  aflToiizicd  rinnp(ici- 
t;"r,  and  difmiflTed  from  the  bar. 

John  M'lanej,  tenant  in  Eafter  Mig- 
jjan,  in  the  unitecj  parifhesof  Si  rowan 
and  Monivaird  and  county  of  P:rth, 
a.ccufcd  of  fheep-rtealing.  The  Court 
referred  the  con li deration  of  this  oaf*., 
itnd  certified  the  fame  to  the  High 
Court  of  Juiiiciary,  to  meet  at  Edin- 
burgh, upon  the  fifteenth  of  November 
rext,  and  ordained  M'Imes  to  attend 
tit  that  time. 

yobfj  Miller,  carter  at  Rapploch,  in 
the  parilh  and  county  of  Stirling  ;  and 
/Indre^  Bryce,  fcrvant  to  Hugh  Camp* 
bell,  maltUian  in  Callendar,  parifh  of 
Cailendar  and  county  of  Perth,  accu- 
fed  of  deforcing  officers  of  the  revenue. 
From  particular  circumliances  attend- 
ing this  cafe,  the  Advocate  p.^pute 
moved  tht  Court  to  defert  the  diet  pro 
tpco  et  tempore,  which  was  done  accord- 
ingly. 

No  other  bufintfs  depending,  the 
Court  vi  ill  proceed  to  Aberdeen. 

{The  remainder  of  the  Circuits  will  be 
given  in  our  next,) 


L  I  S  T  So 


MARRIAGES. 

A'g.  18.  At  Sctnraille,  in  Ifliy,  the  Rev. 
Mr  M*lntofh,  to  Mils  At)n  Campell,  daugh- 
ter of  Captain  John  Campbell,  of  the 
ifrince  of  Wales  cluter. 

23.  Ac  the  fame  place,  Mr  William 
Johiillon,  nicTchint,  Cilafgovv,  to  Mifs 
JillcHor  Catiipbell,  daughter  of  Captain 
John  Canipbcil,  of  the  Prince  of  Wales 
cutter. 

30.  At  GhfgoAv,  Mr  James  Davidfon, 
maiiufacflurer,  to  Mifs  E  izaberh  Gardner, 
daughter  of  the  deccafed  Mr  William 
liardiier,  merchanr. 

31.  At  Mainhoufc,  Humble  Lamb,  Efq; 
of  Ryton,  in  the  county  of  Durham,  to 
Mifs  Chat  to. 

—  Mr  Thomas  Lethangjic,  lately  return- 
ed from  India,  to  Mils  Margaret  Duncan, 
pT  Dyfarr,  in  -Fife. 


Sept  t.  Robert  Grame,  Efq;  yonnger  of 
Garvock,  to  Mifs  Jean  Anne  Aycoun, 
daughter  of  the  late  William  Aytoun,  Efq; 
writer  to  the  Cgnet. 

a.  At  Hilton,  John  Dickf )n,  Efq;  of  Tod- 
rig,  to  Mifs  C.  Hogarth  of  Hilton, 

—  John  Campbell,  Efq;  of  Kiiberry,  to 
Mifs  Rankine,  riauc^ht»r  of  the  I a'tc  William 
Rdnkine  Efq;  merchant  in  Perth. 

4.  At  the  manfe  of  Gartly,  the  Rev. 
Mr  John  CruickilrauV,  mi'.ifter  of  Glafs, 
to  Mifs  Jane  Scott,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Mr  Scott,  miniOer  f)f  Gartiy. 

6.  At  Ardvoriich,  Perthibire,  Dr  Patrick 
Lindf-iy,  late  of  the  Medical  Staff  in  the 
Weft  Indi'^s,  to  Mifs  Chriitian  hUxlonc, 
third  daughter  of  the  late  James  Maxtone, 
Eiq;  of  Cultoquhey. 

—  Ac  AlJantoun,  near  Dnn-sfries,  John 
Johnfton,  Efq;  younger  of  Caftlehiil,  to 
Mils  bararj  Johnllon,  youngeft  daughter  of 
the  deccafed  xVIr  Johnfto'ie  of  Longbcdholm. 

13.  At  Skeidon,  J^hn  Taylor,  Efq; 
younger  of  BUck.houfe,  to  MTs  Annabella 
f  ullarton,  cldeft  d  injrhter  of  Major-Gcne- 
ral  Fullcrton  of  ^keldon,  in  the  iervice  of 
the  Hon.  Raft  India  Company. 

At  Teith,  Mr  V/altei  Gibfon  C^lTiIs, 
merchant,  to  Mifs  Jaoet  Scougall,  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  John  Scougail  Efq. 

BIRTHS. 

Aug.  31.  At  Aboyne,  Cadic  the  Countcfs 
of  Aboyne,  a  fou. 

Sept,  6.  At  Gordon  Lodge,  the  Lady  of 
Colonel  GordoB  of  Piilurg,  a  fon. 

7.  At  Coltneis,  in  L^^naikfkire,  the  Lady 
cf  Lieut.-Col.  George  Caliandcr,  your.ger 
of  Crai^forth,  ;i  daughter. 

8  .  Mrs  Duncan  of  Parkhill,  a  f  .n. 

I  J.  At  his  houle  in  George's  Square,  the 
Lady  of  Henry  Veitch,  Efq,  of  Edicck,  a 
fon. 

DEATHS. 
On  the  20th  of  March  laft,  in  the  Tall 
Indies  Captain  John  Inne;*,  fon  of  t!ie  late 
Mr  Alexander  Inncs,  Coaimilfary  Cierk  of 
Aberdeen. 

In  Clarendon,  Jamaica,  in  June  laft,  Mr 
Rupert  Daniel  Gordon,  fon  of  Robert  Gor- 
don, Efq.  of  Achnef?. 

At  Jamaica,  the  15th  June  laft,  John 
Robb,  Eiq;  of  Brownbcrry. 

In  the  Illand  of  Frinidaci,  on  the  26rh  of 
June  lali,  of  a  putrid  fcver,  Mr  George 
Dallas,  fon  of  the  late  Mr  John  Dallas  of 
Glaf^ow. 

Of  the  yellow  fever,  on  his  paffage  from 
Jamaica,  Mr  Jinits  Hunter  Rofs,  y  oungeft 
Ion  of  the  late  iVUj  ^r  Rofs  of  Balkdil. 

In  the  Illand  of  Canna,  Hctlor  M'NeiJ, 
Efq;  of  Cauna. 


784 


Deaths,  i^c. 


Vol.  64. 


July  6,  At  Trinidad,  Mrs  Balfour,  wife 
of  Lieut.-Col.  William  Balfour,  57th  rcgir 
XTicnt  of  foot. 

—  At  Greenock,  Mifs  Elizabeth  Gilmour, 
a.  maiden  lady,  in  the  8ilt  year  of  hcr'age. 
She  died  in  the  fame  houfe,  nay  in  the  ve- 
ry room  in  which  ihe  firft  drew  breath  ; 
und  during  the  courfe  of  her  hfe,  Dcver,  it 
is  believed,  flept  our  of  it. 

At  Dumfries,  Bailie  Robert  Porteous,  late 
merchant  there. 

At  Dumfries,  John  Brown,  Efq;  of  Mil- 
head. 

18.  Thomas  Dumarcfq,  Efi];  Admiral  of 
the  Blue,  aged  73. 

19.  Whiie  Mr  George  Scott,  furgeon  in 
Jedburgh,  was  rci  urning  from  St  Bof well's 
fair,  in  company  with  ftveral  of  his  acquaint- 
ance?, hi:j  horfe  came  down  wiih  him  upon 
the  turnpike,  and  in  conftquence  of  tlie  fall 
his  ikull  Wc:s  fradured.  Medical  afliilance 
was  quickly  got,  and  the  operation  of  tre- 
panning performed  in  three  different  places, 
but  the  wound  was  unhappily  mortal.  He 
lived  till  about  feven  o'clock  on  I'uefday 
xnornino-,  when  life  departed.  Mr  Scott 
was  a  young  man  of  a  moft  amiable  difpo- 
iition,  and  his  unfortunate  death  is  much 
lamented  by  every  pcrfon  acquainted  with 
hiai. 

—  At  London,  after  a  tedious  illnefs, 
"William  Robertfon,  Efq;  Deputy  Poftmaller 
General  of  Scotland. 

20.  At  London,  the  Right  Hon.  Ifaac 
Barre,  Clerk  of  the  Pells,  in  the  76Lh  year 
oi  his  age. 

21.  At  Glafgow,  Mr  John  Grindlay,  fe- 
cond  fon  of  -the  late  Mr  x-ilexander  Grind- 
lay,  n)erchant,  Glafgow. 

22.  At  Mr  Home's  houfe,  in  the  Society, 
Brown's  Square,  Mrs  Beiiock. 

—  At  Aberdeen,  Mr  James  Maffon, 
merchant,  aged  84. 

23.  At  Glafgow,  Mr  Walter  Lang,  late 
one  of  the  Magiftr^tcs  of  that  city. 

■25.  At  Edinburgh,  Mrs  Suianna  Mac- 
Gowan,  relidl  of  the  Rev.  John  Ker,  late 
minifter  of  Carmunnock,  aged  8i. 

26.  At  Glafgow,  in  the  94th  year  of  her 
9ge,  Mrs  Brown,  widow  of  George  Brown, 
Efq;  late  Provoft  of  Glafgow. 

29.  Mrs  Reid,  the  lady  of  Andrew  Reid, 
Elq;  of  Cleveland  row  St  Jameses. 

Augujl  2.  At  Poimaife,  Mrs  Ann  Camp- 
bell, wife  of  .William  Murray,  Eiq;  of 
Touchadam,  after  being  delivered  of  a  fon 
ind  daughter. 

4.  At  Anftruthcr,  Mrs  Janet  Halket  Pa- 
tullo  of  Balhouffie,  widow  the  late  John 
Patullo,  Efq. 

—  At  London  Charles  Count  Lockhart 
Wiflieart,  of  Lee  and  Carnwath. 

9.  At  Crieff,  Mr  P^obert  Gardner,  wfit. 
cr,  Dundee. 


10.  At  Aberdeen,  Mr  Ninian  Johnfton, 
merchant. 

11.  At  Kirkcaldy,  Mrs  Margaret  Hay, 
wife  of  George  Dryfdale,  Efq;  Colleaor  of 
the  Cuftoms,  Kirkcaldy. 

24.  At  Dundee,  Mrs  Jean  Scott,  fpoufc 
to  Mr  Robert  Millar,  merchant  there. 

26.  At  Ayr,  Mr  John  Hutchefon,  mer- 
chant there. 

28.  At  the  mmfe  of  Kingoldrum,  the 
Rev.  James  Badenach,  mimller  of  that  pa- 
rilh,  in  the  97th  year  of  his  age. 

—  At  Bervie,  James  Stewart,  Efq;  of 
Carncvran,  in  the  gSth  year  of  his  age. 

29.  At  Glafgow,  after  a  (hort  illnefs, 
^?>^^  37»  James  Hamilton,  lately  from 
Honduras,  fon  of  the  deceafcd  Qr  Walter 
Hamilton,  Middlepart,  Ayrfhire. 

31.  \t  Edinburgh,  Mis  Beatrix  Strong, 
wife  of  Mr  John  Milne,  jun.  ironmonger. 

—  At  Hamilton,  Mr  William  Brown^ 
furgeon,  aged  81  years. 

Sept.  I.  AtB.'ich,  Mrs  Jean  Welfli,  wi- 
dow of  the  late  Robert  Montgomery,  Efq; 
of  Bf)gfton,  in  the  94th  year  of  her  age. 

%,  At  Kirkcaldy,  Mr  James  Gourlay. 

4.  At  Binny,  Robert  btewart,  Efq;  of 
Binny. 

—  At  Invcrnefs,  Mifi  Ifabclla  Frafcr, 
cldeft  daughter  ef  the  late  Hugh  Frafer, 
i^fq;  of  Leadclunc, 

5.  After  a  lingering  illnefs,  the  Rev. 
Robert  Grcig,  miniller  of  the  Affociate 
congregatioiL  of  Stiichel,  in  the  29th  year 
ot  his  agcjjmd  6th  of  his  miniftry. 

—  At  Dumfries,  Mr  Hu'^h  M'Cornock- 
fen. 

7.  At  Aberdeen,  Deacon  Alexander 
Martin,  butcher. 

—  Mr  Thomas  Affleck  of  Armanoch. 

—  At  Edinburgh,  m  confequcnce  of  a 
contufion  of  the  head,  received  ia  an  affault 
on  the  High  Street,  Mr  William  Hutchi- 
fon,  writer  in  Edinburgh.  His  death  will 
loijg  continue  to  be  lamented  by  every  one 
who  hdd  an  opportunity  of  knowing  tho 

excellence  of  his  charac51:er.  A  particular^ 

account  of  this  unfortunate  affair  will  ap^ 
pear  in  our  next, 

8.  At  Brechin,  the  Rev.  John  Grey,  fe- 
nior  minifler  of  the  Affociate  congregation' 
there. 

9.  At  Edinburgh,  Robert  Sinclair,  Efq; 
one  of  the  Principal  Clerks  of  Seffi  >rj. 

10.  At  her  houfe  in  Argyle-fquare,  Mr», 
Bannatine. 

Haddington,  Sept,  24. 
Wheat,  42s.    Barley,  23s.     Oats,  i8s« 
Peafe,  19s.    Beans,  19s. 

Edinburgh y  Sept^  28. 
Oat-meal,   is.  ad.     Bariey^meal,  iid. 
Peafe-meal,  icd. 


THE 


SCOTS  MAGAZINE. 


For    OCTOBER  1802. 


CONTENTS* 


Pagei 

ORIGINAL  COMMUN'ICATIONS- 

Account  of  the  Life  and  Opinions 

of  Archibald  Earl  of  Kellie  7S7 
Original  Letter  of  David  Hunae  7931' 
On  Precifion  in  Writing  795  \ 

Kemaiks  on  the  Injury  done  by  | 
Squirrels  to  Trees  795 
Sirietures  on  Laitig's  Diltertatidil  | 
on  the  Poems  of  OiTian  797  ; 

On  the   Difadvantages  refalting  j 
from  Difputing  Societies  805 
Stridlures  on  Littirary  Patronage  S07 
On  a  Poetical  Tranilation  of  the 
Songsand  Lamentations,  Sec.  in 
the  Old  Teftament  811 
A  Journey  through  the  Highlands 

of  Scotland  812 
Profpei^us  of  a  New  Edition  of 

Bruce's  Travels  in  Abyninia  81S 
On  Contra6tions  in  Langa?ige  823 
The  Wanderer,  No  3.  824 
On  the  Choice  of  Subjecis  fot  En- 
gravings 825 
On  the  late  Robberies  S2S 

LITERARY  EXTRACTS  AND 
NOTICES. 

Natural  Hifiory  of  CafTraria,  Cori- 

tinned  S3 1 

A  Naifative  of  a  Voyage  to  Co- 
chin China,  Concluded  S34 

Foreio^n  Literary  Notices  S43 

Scotiih  Literary  Notices  845 


POETRY. 


Page 


Song,  tranfiated  from  the  Gaelic  84(> 
rhe  Slave  847 
The  Mountain  Pink  847 
The  Ways  of  the  World  S48 
From  a  Lady  in  America,  to  her 
Friend  going  to  England  848 

MONTHLY  REGISTER. 
Foreign  Intelligence. 
France  S49 
Germany,  Turkey,  India  850 
Mifcellaneous  Intelligence 

BaiTisri  Intelligence* 

From  the  London  Gazette  851 
London. 

St^^te  of  the  King*s  health  85z 

Dreadful  fire  at  Liverpool  85^ 

Lif<^-boat  launched  at  Liverpool  853 

Edinburgh. 

£le(?l;ion  of  M?fgiftrates  854 

Lift  of  Chief  Magii^ rates  in  the 
principal  Boroughs  855 

Intelligence  from  Glafgow,  Aber- 
deen, and  riundee  85 5 

Intelligence  from  Perth,  Inver- 
nel's,  occ.  8 55 

Number  of  the  Militia  to  be  bal- 
loted for  in  Scotland  S57 

Circuit  Intelligence  Ss7-3 

LLSTS-IMarriages,  Births,  Deaths,^ 


E  D  I  N  B  U  R  G  H:  ^ 

Printed  by  Alex.  Chapman,  &  Co,' Forrester s  IVyncfy 
For  the  PropPvIEtors  : 
And  Sold  by  Archibald  Constable,  High  Street,  Edinburgh. 
And  to  be  had  of  the  Principal  I3oo,kiGllers  in  th^  United  Kingdom. 


'      TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 


The  Communication  of  L.€lius,  in  anfwer  to  a  Diflenter,  hath  been 
received,  and  will  be  inlerted  in  our  next. 

We  received  the  paper  of  our  correfpondent,  ufing  the  fignature  H.  S. 
concerning  Intoxication.  The  dcfign  of  it  is  laudable,  but  the  execution 
is  far  from  being  fo.  We  hope  the  author,  upon  a  little  confideration, 
will  fee  the  propriety  of  our  refufmg  it  a  place. 

The  Sketch  on  the  Origin  of  Polytheifm,  will  probably  appear  next 
number.  The  Ballad,  communicated  fome  time  ago  by  the  author  of 
this  paper,  is  under  confideration,  and  may  perhaps  be  inferted.  We 
found  a  confiderable  difficulty,  however,  in  deciphering  ihe  charaders. 
We  hope  that  our  Correfpondents  will  perceive  the  propriety  of  paying 
fome  attention  to  dillindnefs  of  orthography,  particularly  in  uncommon 
proper  names,  and  ancient  dialecfts  ;  fmce,  from  the  want  of  this  atten- 
tion, miftakes  are  almoft  unavoidable. 

We  are  forry  that  we  cannot  gratify  fome  of  our  Correfpondents,  by 
inferting  the  Copy  of  a  Letter  from  an  Angry  Lover.  It  is  fuch  as  any 
illiterate  perfon  poffelfed  of  a  moderate  fhare  fj^  common  fenle  might 
write  to  another,  who  he  was  afraid  might  fupplant  him  in  the  objedl  of 
bis  love. 

We  read  over  L.'s  beautiful  ftanzas  on  the  Birth -day  of  a  Friend 
with  much  pleafure.  They  poliefs  a  fmoothnefs  of  verfincation,  and 
a  delicacy  of  fentiment,  which  do  honour  to  the  feelings  as  well  as  to 
the  tafte  of  the  author. 

The  Ode  of  B.  S.  hath  been  received,  and  will  find  a  place. 

We  have  received  feveral  other  poetical  communications,  which  we 
will  go  as  far  in  inferting,  as  their  merit  will  permit. 

The  Verfes  on  Youthful  Scenes  have  been  unavoidably  poilponed. 

We  have  to  requeft  that  our  Correfpondents,  who  have  already  favour^ 
ed  us  with  parts  of  Communications^  will  endeavour  to  fend  us  the  con- 
tinuations as  regularly  as  poflible. 


THE 

SCOTS  MAGAZINE, 

For  OCTOBER  1802, 


A  SHORT  ACCOUNT 

OF  THE 

LIFE  AND  OPINIONS 

OF 

ARCHIBALD  EARL  OF  KELLIE* 


Laudis  ea  'via  eft  redi/ftmai  quam  majores  nojiri  tutam  reliquerunt,  Cicero. 


"  T  T  has  been  frequently  obje<5led 
X  to  the  relations  of  the  lives 
of  particular  perfons,  that  as  they 
are  not  diftinguiOied  by  any  ftrik- 
ing  or  wonderful  viciflitudes,  they 
are  no  proper  obje(5ls  of  particu- 
lar regard.  But  this  notion  arifes 
from  falfe  meafures  of  excellence 
and  dignity,  and  mufl;  be  eradi- 
cated, by  confidering  that,  in  the 
cfteem  of  uncorrupted  reafon,  what 
is  of  moft  ufe  is  of  moft  value. 
There  are  many  invifible  circum- 
ftances  which,  whether  we  read  as 
enquirers  after  natural  or  moral 
knowledge,  whether  we  intend  to 
enlarge  our  fcience  or  increafe  our 
virtue,  are  more  important  than 
public  occurrences.  The  bufniefs 
indeed  of  the  biographer  is  to  pafs 
flightly  over  thofe  performances 
and  incidents  which  produce  vulgar 
greatnefs ;  to  lead  the  thoughts  in- 
to domeftic  privacies  ;  and  to  dif- 
play  the  minute  details  of  daily  life, 
where  exterior  appendages  are  caft 
Vol.  LXIV. 


iifide,  and  men  excel  each  other 
only  by  prudence  and  virtue." 

Such  were  the  fentiments  en- 
tertained of  biography  by  a  man  f 
who  excelled  in  that  fpecies  v  f  writ- 
ing ;  and  he  whofe  judgment  re- 
cognifes  their  truth,  will  regret  that 
the  fubjccfi:  of  this  ihort  memoir 
had  not  employed  a  pen  like  his, 
which  could  diiUnguifh  the  minutefl 
fliades  of  virtue  and  vice,  and  trace 
every  a6tion  to  its  latent  principle. 
The  prefent  writer,  as  he  confelfes 
himfelf  unequal  to  fuch  a  tafk,  pro- 
pofes  only  to  ftate  a  few  leading  in- 
cidents, and  from  them  to  draw  a 
general  charadter. 

Archibald  Erskine,  the  feventh 
Earl  of  Kellie,  was  born  at  Kellie 
Caftle  in  the  county  of  Fife,  on  the 
2 2d  of  April  1736.  He  v^^as  fecond 
fon  of  Alexander  the  fifth  Earl,  by 
Janet,  fecond  daughter  of  Dodtor 


t  John  fon. 
5  N  Pitcairn, 


*  This  account  was  printed,  and  circulated  among  the  Friends  of  the  family 
of  Kellie,  in  1797.  It  is  now,  for  the  firft  time, />2^Z7//^<?i  by  permilTion  of  the 
author,  George  Gleig,  LL.  D.  F.  R.  S.  Edinburgh, 


788  Account  of  the  Life  and  Opinions  of  the  Earl  of  Kellie.  061. 


Pitcairn,  phyfician  m  Edinburgh  ;  a 
man  TVhofe  flme  has  fpread  over 
every  European  country  in  which 
literature,  fcience,  and  genius,  are 
valued. 

It  is  part  of  the  defpicable  cant 
of  the  prefent  day  to  alfed  indiffe- 
rence as  to  the  ftation  or  the  merits 
of  a  man's  anceftors ;  but  as  his 
Lordfliip  had  not  adopted  the  phi- 
lofophy  of  France^  he  had  no  fuch 
affc(ftation.  He  thought  that  a 
noble  defeent  might  be  one  incite- 
ment to  the  performance  of  noble 
adtions  ;  and  he  certainly  confidered 
liimfelf  as  bound  to  maintain  the 
great  political  and  religious  prin- 
ciples of  that  anceftor  who  had  me- 
rited the  titles  which  he  poffeffed  by 
inheritance. 

To  every  one  acquainted  with 
Scorch  hiftory  the  rife  of  tlie  family 
of  Kellie  is  known  to  have  been 
moft  honourable.  The  founder  of 
it  was  Sir  Thomas  Erfkine,  fon  of 
Sir  Alexander  Erlkine  of  Gogar, 
brother  to  John  Earl  of  Mar,  Re- 
gent of  Scotland,  and  under  him 
principal  tutor  to  James  the  Sixth. 
Upon  the  death  of  the  Regent,  Sir 
Alexander  was  appointed  governor 
to  the  young  king,  and  diitharged 
that  important  trull  with  great  fide- 
lity. He  was  afterwards  made  go- 
vernor of  Edinburgh  caftie  and  a 
privy  connfellorj  and  amidll  the  nu- 
merous cabals  which  diftraded  the 
king-dom  during:  the  minoritv  of 
James,  he  appears  to  have  adhered 
Readily  to  the  caufe  of  his  royal 
raafter,  not  only  againfl  the  fercei- 
ous  fadion  of  which  the  Earl  of 
Morton  was  the  head,  but  fome- 
times  alfo  againft  the  politics,  whe- 
ther timid  or  falfe,  cf  his  nephew 
the  Earl  of  Mar. 

The  loyally  of  Sir  Alexander  was 
inherited  by  his  Ibn  ;  to  whom,  with 
Sir  John  Ramfay,  the  king  was 
principally  indebted  for  his  refcue 
from  the  Earl  of  Gowrie  and  his 
brother,  who,  on  the  5  th  of  Auguft 
i6co,  had  ccntrived  to  get  him 


conipletely  in  their  po\t'cr,  sind  cer- 
tainly intended  either  to  carry  him 
captive  into  England  or  to  deprive 
him  of  life.  For  this  meritori- 
ous fervice  thefe  two  gentlemen 
were  ennobled  ;  and  Sir  Thomas 
Erflvine  having  received  a  gift  of 
part  of  Cowrie's  eftates,  which  were 
forfeited  to  the  crown,  was  created 
Baron  Dirleton,  Viscount  Fen- 
ton,  and  fome  years  afterwards 
Earl  of  Kellie.  Nor  did  the  gra- 
titude of  James  ftop  there.  When 
he  ftrcceeded  to  the^throne  of  Eng- 
land, he  received  into  the  privy- 
council  of  that  kingdom  the  man 
who,  in  his  defence,  had  fo  nobly 
hazarded  his  life  ;  appointed  hini 
captain  of  the  yeoman  of  the  guards 
and  groom  of  the  ftole  ;  and  confer- 
red upon  him  the  Order  of  the  Gar- 
ter. 

To  the  principles  which  raifed 
Sir  Thomas  Erlkine  to  the  peerage, 
his  dcfcendants  have  faithfully  ad. 
hered.  During  the  civil  war,  which 
in  the  laft  century  deluged  the  coun- 
try with  blood,  the  loyalty  of  the 
Earl  of  Kellie  was  fo  confpicuous^ 
that  a  patent  was  made  out,  creat- 
ing him  an  Englifh  baron  ;  but  be- 
fore it  could  pafs  the  great  feal  in 
thofe  times  of  confufion,  the  King 
was  murdered,  and  the  conftitution 
overthrown. 

When  it  is  confidered  who  was 
the  Sovereign  who  intended  to  be- 
(low  upon  the  Earl  this  teilimony. 
of  his  regard,  it  cannot  be  doubtedi 
but  that  the  difappointment  was 
felt  as  a  very  fenfible  lofs ;  but 
it  was  not  the  only  lofs  w^hich  his 
Lordihip  was  doomed  to  fuffer  for 
maintaining  the  religious  and  poli- 
tical principles  of  his  anceftors.  By? 
the  ufurping  powers  he  was  profe- 
cuted  as  a  ■ruihgnanty  and  deprived 
of  great  part  of  his  extenfive.  do-* 
mains,  which  Charles  II.  wanted 
either  the  ability  or  the  inclination 
to  rellore  to  the  family  ;  and  from 
that  period  1.0  the  prefent,  the  opu-* 


j8o2.  Account  of  the  Life  and  Opinions  of  the  Earl  of  Kdlie,  789 


Jeace  of  the  Earls  of  JCelHe  has  borne 
no  proportion  to  their  rank  in  the 
ita.te. 

Their  innate  honour,  Jiowcver,  of 
which,  as  it  was  not  derived  from 
kin^s,  uf^rpers  could  not  roi>  them, 
remained  unlullied  ;  and  the  fubjed 
cf  this  memoir  was  educated  in  ;jill 
the  ancient  principles  which  charac- 
terifed  the  race  from  which  lie  had 
fprung.  He  was  taught  tio  coi;)iider 
the  Britiih  conftitution  as  the  moft 
perfed  fyftem  of  civil  polity  that 
the  world  has  ever  feen  ;  the  prero- 
gatives of  the  crowi;!  as  not  lefs  ef- 
lential  to  it  than  the  ipioft  boalted 
privileges  of  parliament ;  and  loyal- 
ty to  t,he  Sovereign  as  a  virtue  of 
liigh  rank. 

With  a  mind  on  \^liich  thefe  fen- 
timents  v/ere  deeply  imprelFed,  he 
entered  at  an,eairly  period  of  lite  in- 
to the  army  :  but  though  he  conti- 
nued in  it  for  twenty  fix  years,  he 
never  obtained  a  higher  commiffion 
than  that  of  Major. 

For  fuch  very  How  promotion  it 
is  not  eafy  to  account.  By  thofe 
who  ferved  with  him  in  the  only 
confiderable  atS^iqn  in  which  he  was 
ever  engaged,  his  behaviour  is  faid 
to  have  been  that  of  a  cool  and  in- 
trepid foldier  ;  by  none  who  knew 
him  will  he  be  fuppofed  to  have  been 
other  than  fcrupuloufly  attentive  to 
his  duty  ;  and  v^ithout  valuing  him- 
felf  on  that  fuperficial  knowledge 
in  tadiics,  which  renders  the  conver- 
fation  of  fome  officers  fo  difguRing, 
be  \vas  certainly  well  acquainted 
Witb  the  common  evolutions  of  the 
army,  and  had  read  more  on  the 
art  of  war  than  many  men  of  mean- 
er birth,  who  have,  in  a  lliortei  pe- 
riod, rifen  to  the  rank  of  General. 
His  pionarchical  and  high  church 
jiotions,  fuppoied  perhaps  to  fpring 
'  from  the  known  attachment  of  his 
family  to  the  houfe  of  Stuarty  may 
have  retarded  his  promotion,  fo  long 
>^  to  fpeak  contemptuoufly  of  that 
;;utife  -was  d'^emQjd  the  faielt  tcil  of 

VoL.LXrV. 


loyalty  to  the  reigning  Sovereign  : 
but  to  'all  who  had  the  happlnefs  of 
Major  Erf^inc's  acquaintance,  it 
muft  indeed  be  matter  of  furprifc, 
that,  after  thefc  illiberal  prejudices 
were  banifhed  from  the  public  mind, 
he  was  not  rapidly  raifcd  to  that 
rank  to  which  by  his  long  fervice 
he  was  fo  well  entitled. 

Although  no  man  could  be 
more  feelingly  alive  to  this  treat- 
ment than  he  was,  it  never  leffened 
his  dutiful  and  a{re6Li()nate  attach- 
ment to  his  Sovereign,  or  tempted 
him  for  a  moment  to  enlift  himfelf 
under  the  banners  of  any  of  thofe 
factions  which  have  difturbed  the 
government  during  the  prefent  reign. 
He  had  not  in  his  youth  learned, 
nor  in  his  manhood  could  he  be  per- 
fuaded  by  all  the  arguments  of  pa- 
tr'wtic  oratory,  that  *'  the  power  of 
the  crown  has  increafed,  is  increaf- 
ing,  and  ought  to  be  diminiOied 
but  negledled  as  he  was  by  the 
Court,  he  maintained  through  life, 
that,  in  a  mixed  government  like 
ours^  the  conllitutional  prerogatives 
of  the  crown  form  the  fareft  buL 
wark  to  the  liberties  of  the  fubject. 

Whi-n,  by  the  death  of  his  elder 
brother  in  i  781,  be  fucceeded  to  the 
titles  of  his  anceilors,  and  to  the 
wreck  of  their  fortune,  he  rery  juftly 
thought  that  it  became  his  disunity 
to  reiinquilh  a  profelhon  in  which  he 
had  met  with  fo  little  encourage- 
n:ient ;  and  he  foon  afterwards  dif- 
pofed  of  his  commiffion.  It  has  been 
already  obferved,  that  for  more  tlian 
a  century  pail  the  affluence  of  tlie 
Earls  of  Kellic  has  not  been  equal 
to  their  rank  ;  an^  it  muH  here  bs 
added,  tlxat  the  fixth  Earl  found 
himfelf  under  the  neceffity  of  felling 
the  eiUte  which  gave  him  his  high- 
eft  title,  and  which,  during  all  thcj 
viciffitudes  of  their  fortune,  had  hi- 
therto remained  in  the  poileffion  of 
tlie  liimily  I  To  gratify  fome  of  his  re- 
lations, he  refer  vca  indeed  the  Caale 
ar.da  fcw.iiijioied  dcids  about  ic  ^ 


790  Account  of  the  Life  and  Opinions  of  the  Earl  ofKellie.  06):, 


but  thefe  were  comparatively  of  fo 
little  importance,  that  none  but  a  man 
nobly  attached  to  the  inheritance  of 
his  fathers  would  have  thought  of 
retiring  from  the  world,  in  the  prime 
of  life,  to  employ  his  time  and  his 
tafte  in  improving  their  beauty  arid 
increafing  their  value.  Such  a  man 
was  the  fubjed  of  this  memoir. 

Archibald  Earl  of  Kellie,  as 
foon  as  he  had  quitted  the  army, 
refidcd  for  the  greater  part  of  every 
year  at  the  Caltle  ;  which,  without 
abflirdly  attempting  to  modernize 
its  gothic  grandeur,  or  to  change 
the  form  of  its  ancient  decorations, 
he  converted  into  an  elegant  and 
commodious  houfe,  every  way  fuit- 
able  to  the  dignity  of  its  owner. 
Nor  was  his  talle  lefs  fuccefsfully 
employed  in  embellifhing  his  fmall 
domain  than  in  adorning  his  man- 
fion.  At  his  acccdion,  though  agri- 
cultural improvements  had  for  fome 
time  been  making  a  rapid  progrefs 
through  Scotland,  the  lands  of  Kel- 
lie exhibited  to  the  eye  of  the  fpec- 
tator  the  fame  unadorned  profpedt, 
varied  only  by  pafturage  and  corn- 
fields^  which  they  mull  have  exhi- 
bited half  a  century  before  ;  but,  in 
the  compafs  of  a  very  few  years  they 
were,  under  his  management,  made 
to  affume  the  appearance  of  a  gar- 
den. 

While  this  Noble  Lord  was  thus 
embelliihing  what  remained  of  his 
paternal  eftate  at  an  expence  which 
might  have  been  fuppofed  to  exhauil 
almoft  the  whole  of  his  income,  he 
was  enabled  by  the  moft  judicious 
ceconomy  to  fupport  the  ancient  hof- 
pitality  of  his  houfe.  Delicate,  per- 
haps, faftidious,  in  the  choice  of  his 
companions,  he  was  not  indeed  in- 
cumbered by  crouds  of  vifitors  ;  but 
thofe,  who  were  admitted  to  his 
table,  experienced  at  Kellie  Caftle 
that  kind  of  entertainment,  w^iich 
cultivated  minds  wilh  to  receive 
from  men  of  rank  :  they  were  fure 
to  enjoy,  if  they  were  capable  of  fuch 


enjoyment,  "  the  feaft  of  rcafon  and 
the  flow  of  foul.'' 

The  Earl  of  Kellie's  time,  how- 
ever, was  not  to  be  wholly  devoted 
to  rural  amufements.  Being  chofen 
one  of  the  fixteen  reprefentatives 
of  the  Scotch  peerage  in  the  par- 
liament which  met  at  Weltminfter 
on  the  25th  of  November  1790,  he 
had  an  opportunity  of  difplaying 
the  worth  of  his  charafler  in  a  fta- 
tion  more  important  than  he  had 
ever  before  filled  ;  and  he  did  not 
difappoint  the  expectations  of  his 
friends.  He  was  not  indeed  fitted, 
either  by  nature  or  by  early  habits, 
to  make  a  figure  as  an  orator  ;  nor 
would  his  good  fenfe  permit  him  to 
attempt  what  he  was  confcious  he 
could  not  properly  perform,  and 
what,  when  performed  in  the  moft 
brilliant  manner,  he  confidered,  per- 
haps juftly,  as  of  no  great  import- 
ance :  but  he  paid  unwearied  atten- 
tion to  the  bufincfs  v/hich  came  be- 
fore the  houfe  ;  and  fuch  obferva- 
tions  as  he  made  on  the  different 
quettions  on  which  he  was  to  vote, 
were  always  to  the  purpofe.  As  % 
legiflator  he  adted  upon  the  fame 
monarchical  and  high-churcli  prin- 
ciples which  he  had  uniformly  pro- 
felFed  as  a  private  man;  and  of 
courfe  he  fupported  the  meafures  of 
the  crown  again  ft  the  fy  ft  ematical 
oppofition  of  what  he  deemed  a  fac- 
tion. 

Attached  however  as  he  was  to 
the  monarchical  branch  of  the  con- 
ftitution,  he  was  by  no  means  re- 
gardleis  of  the  rights  of  the  fubjedt. 
Of  his  attention  to  them  he  gave 
fome  very  convincing'  proofs  by  the 
adive  part  which  he  took  in  procur- 
ing liberty  of  confcience  to  two  bo- 
dies of  men,  who,  even  in  this  free 
country,  and  towards  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  were  liable  to 
be  legally  perfecuted  for  worihip- 
ping  God  after  the  manner  of  their 
fathers. 

From  the  era  of  the  Revolution; 

when 


r3o2.  Account  of  the  Life  and  Opinions  of  the  Earl  of  Kellie.  791 


when  Epifcopacy  ceafed  to  be  in 
Scotland  the  form  of  church-govern- 
ment fiipported  by  the  ftate,  penal 
laws  had  at  different  times  been  en- 
aded,  to  prevent  the  bad  confe- 
quences  of  t^ie  attachment,  whether 
real  or  fuppofed,  of  the  Scotch  Epif- 
copalians  to  the  abdicated  family  of 
Stuart ;  and  two  of  thefe  laws,  paf- 
fed  in  1746  and  1748,  w^ere  of  fach 
a  nature,  that,  even  in  thofe  days  of 
party-prejudice  and  political  ran- 
cour, they  were  deemed  injudici- 
oufly  fevere  by  enlightened  men  of 
all  defcriptions.  The  avowed  ob- 
jed  of  them  was  to  eradicate  difllif- 
fed:ion  to  the  government ;  but  their 
obvious  tendency  was  to  force  from 
the  communion  of  the  Epifcopal 
church  every  man  of  rank  and  opu- 
lence ;  though  it  might  have  been 
clearly  forefeen,  that  of  thefe  very 
few  would,  by  compulfion,  be  made 
to  unite  themfelves  with  the  eftab- 
lifhment. 

"  To  be  of  no  church  is  danger- 
ous. Religion,  of  which  the  re- 
wards are  diilant,  and  which  is  ani- 
mated only  by  faith  and  hope,  will 
ghde  by  degrees  out  of  the  mind, 
unlefs  it  be  invigorated  and  reim- 
prelTed  by  external  ordinances,  by 
ftated  calls  to  worfliip,  and  by  the 
falutary  influence  of  example."  The 
truth  of  this  obfervation  was  fully 
verified  in  the  Scotch  Epifcopalians. 
Excluded  from  their  own  chapels, 
and  prevented  by  pride  perhaps,  as 
well  as  by  principle,  from  frequent- 
ing the  churches  to  which  the  hand 
of  power  feemed  inclined  to  drive 
them,  the  religious  impreflions  of 
their  youth  gradually  vanifhed  from 
their  minds  ;  and  they  were  expofed, 
unarmed,  to  the  il;iafts  of  infidelity. 
The  Earl  of  Kellie,  whofe  principles 
were  untainted  by  the  faihionable 
philofophy  of  the  times,  being  him- 
lelf  a  member  of  the  Scotch  Epifco- 
pal church,  had  long  regretted  the 
tJie  reftraints  which  had  been  laid 
upon  her  worfhip ;  and  to  his  un- 


weared  exertions  it  was  chiefly  ow- 
ing that  in  1792  thofe  reflraints  were 
removed  by  an  Kdc  of  Parliament. 

In  ferving  the  caufe  of  Epifcopa- 
cy in  Scotland  his  Lordfhip  was  in- 
deed ferving  himfclf;  but  he  was 
foon  furnilhed  with  an  opportunity 
of  fhowing  tliat  he  could^a(5l  v/ith 
equal  energy  from  motives  lefs  inte- 
refted. 

The  penal  laws  which  opprefied 
the  Scotch  Catholics,  as  they  were 
a  flill  greater  difgrace  to  the  Statute- 
book  than  thofe  which  had  fo  lately 
been  in  force  againfl  the  Proteftant 
Epifcopalians,  every  man  of  a  li- 
beral mind  had  long  wiihed  to  fee 
repealed  ;  but  when  it  was  propofed 
in  1778  to  repeal  fome  of  the  feve- 
red of  them,  fuch  commotions  were 
exciced  in  Scotland  as  frightened 
thofe  who  then  guided  the  helm  of 
the  ftate  from  carrying  into  effedt 
their  humane  intention.  Mens  minds, 
however, became  gradually  more  en- 
lightened ;  and  when  the  meafure  was 
refumed  by  the  prefent  adminiftra- 
tion,  fuch  relief  was  granted  to  the 
Catholics  in  Scotland  its,  whether  it 
entirely  fatisfied  them  or  not,  was 
highly  grateful  to  the  head  of  their 
church.  This  appears  from  dide- 
rent  medals,  letters,  and  other  tef- 
timonies  of  gratitude  which,  for  his 
aftive  endeavours  to  procure  their 
emancipation,  the  Earl  of  Kellie  had 
the  honour  to  receive,  as  vn'cII  from 
the  Sovereign  Pontiff  as  from  other 
Italian  ecclefiaftics  of  very  high  rank. 

To  a  mind  like  his,  fuch  appro- 
bation of  his  conduci  would  un- 
doubtedly be  pleafmg ;  but  his  great- 
eft  pleafure  mufl  have  fprung  from 
the  applauding  whifpers  of  his  own 
confcience.  Humane  by  nature,  he 
abhorred  cruelty  under  every  form  ; 
juft  by  principle,  he  could  not  but 
fee  that  no  human  legillature  has  a 
right  to  prefcribe  to  individuals  the 
articles  of  their  religious  creed,  or 
the  rites  and  ceremonies  witli  which 
they  ftall  worihip  their  ]\Iaker  ; 

5  O  2  and 


Account  of  the  Life  and  Opinions  of  the  Earl  rf  KelVie.  0<ft. 


:tnd  deeply  impreded  with  a  fenfe  of 
the  highefl  honour,  he  mull  have 
thought  with  indignation  of  a  law 
t^hich  expofcd  the  liberty  and  pro- 
perty of  the  moft  harmlefs  member 
of  the  church  of  Rome  to  the  mean 
malevolence  of  every  vile  informer. 
It  c'An  therefore  excite  no  wonder 
that  his  Lordfhip  valued  himflOf 
more  for  his  exertions  in  behalf  of  the 
iScotcli  Epifc(;palians  and  Scotcli 
Catholics  than  for  any  other  action 
which  he  had  ever  performed. 

This  valuable  life  was  now  draw- 
ing towards  a  conclufion.  Tempe- 
rance had  hitherto  exempted  him 
from  almoft  every  difeafe  ;  but  in 
July  1795  he  exhibited  fome  alarm- 
ing fymptoms.  Thefe,  howcvct, 
yielded  to  the  powers  of  medicine  ; 
and  his  friends  tbittered  thcmfclves 
with  the  hopes  of  long  enjoying  the 
pleafure  of  his  Lordlhip's  fociety  ; 
but  their  hopes  were  quickly  blafted. 
The  former  fymptoms  foon  returned 
with  fuch  aggravation  as  too  furely 
evinced  that  his  fufFerings  were  oc- 
cafioned  by  hydrothorax  ;  a  difeafe 
againfl:  which  the  fkill  of  the  phy- 
fician  is  commonly  exerted  in  vain. 
It  was  f)  exerted  in  the  cafe  of  his 
Lordlhip,  who,  after  lingering  long 
imderthis  fevere  diflrefs,  on  the  8ih 
of  May  1797  refigned  his  foul  into 
the  hands  of  his  Creator  with  the 
calm  fortitude  of  a  pious  Chriftian. 

Of  his  general  character  the  rea- 
der muft  already  have  formed  fome 
opinion.  Inflexible  integrity,  a  high 
fenfe  of  honour,  and  an  unfhaken 
belief  in  the  Chriftian  religion,  di- 
reeled  every  important  tranfaclion  of 
his  life  ;  and  although  in  the  large 
circle  of  his  acquaintajice  there  were 
doubtlfcfs  many  who  did  not  regard 
him  with  the  fondnefs  of  friendlhip, 
it  is  not  perhaps  too  much  to  fay, 
that  Archibald  Earl  of  Kellie  had 
not  a  fmgle  enemy. 

Without  pretending  to  great  e- 
rudition  himfelf,  he  loved  learning 
ajid  learned  men  5  but  he  abhorred 


the  charaderof  a  morfgtn  philofopher. 
Such  philofophers  indeed  as  New- 
ton, and  BoYLK,  and  Eerkel  v, 
and  JoirKsoN,  he  i-evcred  as  the  of- 
namcnts  of  human  nature  ;  but  he 
■  could  not  fpcak  without  indignation 
of  thofe  who  are  daily  enlightening 
the  world  with  their  i/hccufrit-jt  in 
politics,  in  morals,  and  in  religion. 

I  have  heard  (faid  he  when  on  his 
death  bed)  many  infidel-arguments 
in  conveifation,  and  I  have  rrad 
fome  books  exprcfsly  written  againft 
the  authenticityand  infpiraf  ion  of  the 
facrcd  fcriptures  ;  but  I  thank  God, 
that  the  moft  impartial  inquify 
which  I  have  been  able  to  make  in- 
to the  ttuth  of  religion,  has  cOnfiim- 
ed  my  faith  ;  for  without  that  faith, 
how  comfortlefs  fhould  I  now  be  V* 
It  was  indeed  that  faith  which,  un- 
der very  fevere  fufFerings,  fo  com- 
pletely fupported  him,  that,  during 
the  long  courfe  of  nine  months,  he 
ncvtr  uttered  a  complaint  which 
would  have  difgraced  a  primitive 
martyr. 

His  Lordfliip's  monarchical  prin- 
ciples have  been  already  mentioned, 
as  well  as  the  attachment  of  his  fa- 
mily to  the  houfe  of  Stuart.  He 
was  himfelf  attached  to  that  houfe, 
but  not  to  fuch  a  degree  as  to  give 
reafon  to  call  in  queftion  his  allegi- 
ance to  the  family  on  the  throne. 
His  was  the  attachment  of  gratitude 
and  not  the  weak  prejudice  of  Ja- 
cobitifm  ;  of  which  the  following 
anecdote  maybe  given  as  an  inftance. 
In  1788  he  received  from  a  club  or 
fociety  in  Edinburgh  a  letter,  re- 
quefting  him  to  contribute  to  the 
expence  of  a  monument  to  be  erec- 
ted to  the  honour  of  King  Wilham, 
and  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of 
what  he  did,  at  the  Revolution,  for 
the  religion  and  liberty  of  thefe  na- 
tions. His  Lordfhip  having  read  the 
letter,  threw  it  from  him  with  great 
indignation.  "  It  would  appear 
(faid  he  to  the  writer  of  this  me- 
moir) that  thefe  patriotic  gentlemen 


l802. 


Original  Letter  of  David  Hume,  Esq. 


79i 


do  not  confider  gratitude  as  a  vir- 
tue, or  they  could  not  have  thought 
of  making  fuch  a  requeft  to  me. 
The  Revolution  has  indeed  been  pro- 
ductive of  many  happy  confequences, 
and  on  account  of  them  I  rejoice 
that  it  took  place  ;  but  no  good  man 
can  approve  the  motives  which  in- 
fluenced the  condudt  of  King  Wil- 
liam on  that  occafion  ;  and  furely 
no  fnan  of  the  name  of  Erskine, 
whatever  may  be  his  opinion  of  the 
laft  James,  will  contribute  any  thing 
to  fhow  thus  publicly  that  he  re- 
joices in  the  downfall  of  an  ancient 
houfe,  by  which  his  own  family  was 
raifed  above  the  common  rank  of 
their  fellow-citizens." 

His  Lordfhip's  private  virtues 
were  of  the  moft  amiable  kind.  He 
was  a  dutiful  fon,  an  affedionate 
brother,  a  Ready  friend,  an  obliging 
neighbour,  and  to  his  fervants  a  kind 
and  indulgent  mafter.  He  poflefTed 
a  quick  difcernment  of  whatever  was 
wrong  or  ridiculous  :  and  in  fmall 
panics,  confifting  of  men  whofe  prin- 


ciples he  approved,  he  was  not  un- 
willing to  expofc  it  ;  for  there 
his  converfation  was  eafy,  and  his 
humour  was  exquifite,  whilfl:  in  mix- 
ed companies,  and  even  before  a 
fmgle  ftranger,  he  generally  prefer- 
ved  a  dignified  filence.  By  thofe  to  - 
whom  he  was  not  intimately  known, 
this  filence  was  thought  to  proceed 
from  the  pride  of  birth  ;  but  it  v/as 
1  in  truth  the  offspring  of  taile  and 
diffidence — of  tafte  which  viewed  an 
ideal  perfection  to  v/hich  diffidence 
would  hardly  permit  him  to  afpire. 
That  he  had  a  due  value  for  noble 
birth;  is  indeed  knovm  to  all  who 
knew  him  ;  but,  as  he  valued  it  only 
for  the  reafon  vv^hich  has  been  al- 
ready  mentioned,  he  was  fo  far  from 
thinking  that  it  could  atone  for  the 
want  of  perfonal  worth,  that  no  man 
more  heartily  afTented  to  the  maxim 
of  the  Grecian  chief, 

Nam  gems  et  proaios  et  qucc  nonfe* 

cimus  jpsjy 
Vix  ca  nostra  voco* 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


Sir, 

IT  is  well  known,  that  with  liter- 
ary pcrfons,  any  thing  relative  to 
thole  who  have  excited  the  public 
attention,  is  very  defireable :  and 
this  is  particularly  the  cafe,  when 
ihefe  objedls  of  our  curiofity  have 
been  authors,  celebrated  on  any 
account  whatever.  In  this  view,  a 
man's  private  correfpondence  with 
a  friend,  mull:  be  admitted  to  be  the 
fureft  avenue  to  the  heart ;  and, 
tli;:refore,  to  the  enquirer,  mufl 
prcv'j  the  moft  interefling. — Thefe 
being  my  own  fentiments,  you  may' 
naturall)  conclude,  that  I  fuppofe 
myfelf  making  your  readers  a  very 
acceptable  prefent,  by  communica" 


ting  to  them,  through  the  medium 
of  your  much  admired  mifcellany, 
feveral  letters,  in  fucceffion,  of  Da- 
vid Hume,  Efq  to  Dr  John  Cle- 
phane,  phyfician  in  London.  The 
aufogruphsy  from  Vvhich  thefe  were 
tranfcribed,  are  in  the  pofTeffion  of 
the  Doctor's   accomplilhed  niece, 

Mrs  R~  of  K  k.    The  or- 

thography  of  the  originals  is  cb- 
ferved. 

I  am. 
Sir, 

Yours,  &c. 
Edinburgh  y       *)  y  ^ 

Sept.  19.  1802.    J  • 

Mr 


794  Original  Letter  of  David  Hume,  Esq.  Ode. 


Mr  Hume,  to  Dr  Cleph 

Dear  Doctor, 

I  KNOW  not,  if  you  remember  the 
giant  in  Rabelais,  who  fwallow'd, 
every  morning,  a  wind-mill  to 
breakfaft  ;  and,  at  laft,  was  choak'd 
upon  a  pomid  of  melted  butter,  hot 
from  an  oven.  I  am  going  to  com- 
pare myfelf  to  that  giant.  I  think 
nothing  of  difpatching  a  quarto  in 
fifteen  or  eighteen  months  ;  but  am 
not  able  to  compofe  a  letter,  once 
in  two  years ;  and  am  very  induf- 
trious  to  keep  up  a  correfpondence 
with  pofterity,  whom  I  know  no- 
thing  about,  and  who,  probably, 
will  concern  themfelves  very  little 
about  me,  while  I  allow  myfelf  to 
be  forgot  by  my  friends,  whom  I 
value  and  regard.  However,  it  is 
fome  fatisfadion,  that  I  can  give 
you  an  account  of  my  filence,  with 
which,  I  own,  I  reproach  myfelf. 
I  have  now  brought  down  my  hif- 
tory  to  the  death  of  Charles  the 
Firft  ;  and  here  I  intend  to  paufe 
for  fome  time  :  to  read,  and  think, 
smd  corrtcl  5  to  look  forward  and 
backward  ;  and  to  adopt  tlie  moft 
reafonable  fentiments  on  all  fubjec^s. 
I  am  fenfible,  that  the  hifloiy  of 
the  two  firft  Stuarts  will  be  moft 
agreeable  to  the  Tories  ;  that  of  the 
two  laft,  to  the  Whigs.  But  we 
mufl:  endeavour  to  be  above  any  re- 
gard either  to  Whigs  or  Tories. 

Hating  thus  fatistied  your  curio- 
fity ;  for  I  will  take  it  for  granted 
that  your  curiofity  extends  towards 
me  :  I  muft  now  gratify  my  own. 
I  was  very  anxious  to  hear  that  you 
had  been  moleftcd  with  fome  difor- 
ders  this  fummer.  I  was  told  that 
you  expected  they  would  fettle  into 
a  fit  of  the  gout.  It  is  lucky  when 
that  diforder  overtakes  a  man  in  his 
chariot ;  we  foot-walkers  hiake  but 
an  aukward  figure  with  it.  I  hope 
no  body  has  the  impertinence  to  fay 
to  you,  Phyjiciany  cure  ihyfelf.  All 


ANE,  Phyfician  in  London. 

the  world  allows  that  privilege  to 
the  gout,  that  it  is  not  to  be  cur'd. 
It  is  itfelf  a  phyfician  ;  and,  of 
courfe,  fometimes  cures,  and  fome- 
times  kills.  I  fancy  one  fit  of  the 
gout,  would  much  increafe  your 
ftock  of  interjcdlions,  and  render 
that  part  of  fpeech,  which,  in  com- 
mon grammars,  is  ufually  the  moft 
barren,  with  you  more  copious  than 
either  nouns  or  verbs. 

I  MUST  tell  you  good  news  of  our 
friend  Sir  Harry.  I  am  informed 
that  his  talent  for  eloquence  will 
not  ruft  for  want  of  employment : 
he  bids  fair  for  another  feat  of  the 
houfe ;  and  what  is  the  charming 
part  of  the  ftory,  it  is  General  An- 
ftru therms  feat  which  he  is  to  obtain. 
He  has  made  an  attack  upon  the 
GeneraPs  buroughs,  and,  by  the  af- 
fiftance  of  his  uncle's  intereft  and 
purfe,  is  likely  to  prevail.  Is  not 
this  delicious  revenge  ?  It  brings  to 
my  mind  the  ftory  of  the  Italian, 
who,  reading  that  pafTage  of  Scrip- 
ture, Vengeance  is  mme^  failh  the  L'jt  dy 
bur  ft  forth  ;  Ay^  to  be  Jure  :  it  fs  too 
fnved  for  any  mort^L  I  own  I  envy 
Sir  Harry  :  I  can  never  hope  to 
hate  any  body  fo  perfedlly  as  he 
does  that  renown'd  commander. 
And  no  victory,  triumph,  ven- 
glance,  fuccefs,  can  be  more  com- 
pleat.  Are  not  you  pleas'd  too  ? 
Pray  anatomize  your  own  mind< 
and  tell  me  how  many  grains  of 
your  fatisfiiction  is,  owing  to  malice, 
and  how  many  ounces  to  friend- 
fhip. 

I  LEAVE  the  reft  of  this  paper  to 
be  filled  up  by  Edmonftone. 
I  am, 
Yours  moft  fincerely, 

I     David  Hume. 

Oa,  28.  1753.  I 

P.  S.  After  keeping  this  by 
me  eight  days,  I  have  never  been 

able 


l802. 


On  Precision  in  Writing. 


795 


able  to  meet  with  Edmonftone.  I 
muft  therefore  fend  off  my  own  part 
of  a  letter,  which  we  projeded  in 
common.    I  ftiall  only  tell  you,  that 


I  have  fmce  feen  Mr  Ofwald,  who 
affures  me  that  Anftruther  s  defeat 
is  infallible. 


For  the  Scots  Magazint* 


ON  PRECISION  IN  WRITING. 

Ell  brevitate  opus,  ut  currat  fententia,  neu  fc 
Impediat  verbis,  laffks  onerantibus  aurca. 

T ranjiation* 

Concife  your  diclion,  let  your  fenfe  be  clear, 
Nor,  with  a  weight  of  words,  fatigue  the  ear. 


SOME  writers  employ  too  many 
words  to  exprefs  their  ideas.  "  Sen- 
fible  of  not  having  caught  the  pre- 
cife  expreffion,  they  help  it  out,  as 
they  can,  by  this  and  the  other 
word,  which  may,  as  they  fuppofe, 
fupply  the  defeat,  and  bring  you 
fomewhat  nearer  to  their  idea. 
They  are  always  going  about  it, 
and  about  it,  but  never  juft  hit  the 
thing."  They  do  not  indeed  con- 
ceive their  own  meaning  very  pre- 
cifely  themfelves,  hence  they  cannot 
communicate  it  with  much  preci- 
fion  to  others. 

I  SHALL  point  out  a  few  fenten- 
ces  which  Ihow,  in  a  ftriking  light, 
the  impropriety  of  ufmg  too  many 
words.  By  omitting  a  fourth,  a 
third,  a  half,  nay  even  two-thirds, 
or  perhaps  three-fourths  of  the 
words,  the  following  fentenccs 
might  be  greatly  improved,  and  the 
fenfe  not  diminilhed. 

'*  From  the  title  ivhich  I  have  gU 
ven  to  my  lucubrations,  it  is  po/Jibie 
\ht  goofUnatured  public  may  be  difpo- 
fed  to  give  me  more  credit  for  fmce- 
rky,  than  for  prudence,  for  can- 
dour, than  for  the  power  of  either 
amufing  or  inflru<5ting  them." 


The  fame,  with  one -fourth  of  the 
words  omitted : 

From  the  title  of  my  lucubra- 
tions,  perhaps,  the  public  may  give 
me  more  credit  for  fmcericy,  than 
for  prudence,  for  candour,  than  for 
the  pov/er  of  amufing  or  inftrudt- 

2.  ^'  To  propofe  my  loofe  reveries 
with  that  dogmatical  air,  which,  in 
this  enlightened  age,  pafTes  fo  general- 
ly for  the  indication  of  truth,  were 
extremely  prefumptuous,  in  a  pro- 
fejfed  dreamer,  like  myfelfy  if  the  prac» 
tice  were  not  fandioned  by  cuftom 
and  authority." 

The  fame,  with  one  third  of  the 
words  omitted  : 

To  propofe  reveries  with  that  dog- 
matical air  which  palfes  fo  general- 
ly for  truth,  were  extremely  pre- 
fumptuous in  a  dreamer,  were  it  not 
fandioned  by  cuftom  and  authori- 
ty- 

3.  If  my  readers  happen  to  be  as 
much  fatisficd  with  my  dreams  as  I 
my f elf  generally  am,  I  mj\^  f'^f^h  f^y 
that  I  fhall  continue  to  dieam,  in  fu^ 
turej  with  increafed  pleafure,  and  fa* 
tisfaSionJ" 

The 


79& 


Injury  done  by  Squirrels. 


oa. 


The  fame,  with  one  half  of  the 
words  omitted  : 

If  my  readers  be  as  fatisSed  with 
my  dreams  as  I  am,  I  fliall  continue 
to  dream  with  increafed  pleafure. 

4.  The  only  theory  of  the  earth, 
conjiruded  upon  the  true  prmciples  of 
philofophical  invefligafwtiy  is  that  of 
Dr  Hutton ;  though  it  mujl  be  cunfejfed^ 
that  even  he  has  nat  airways  Jlridly  ad- 
hered to  them. 

The  fame,  with  two  diirds  of  the 
words  omitted. 


The  moft  plnlofophical  tlieoryof 
the  earth  is  that  of  Dr  Hutton. 

Writers  Ihould  always  remem- 
ber, "  obftat  quicquid  non  adjuvat." 
— I  may,  perhaps,  trouble  you  with 
i*omething  more  on  this  lubjedl, 
Ihould  this  meet  with  a  favourable 
reception. 


Paisley  y  1 
March  26.  1802.  J 


Precisio. 


To  the  PubUJhers  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 

REMARKS  ON  the  INJURY  DONE  by  SQUIRRELS 
TQ  TREES. 

Sir, 

THE  following  letter  which  I  the  forefxs  in  Mid  and  Eaft  Lo- 
lately  received  from  a  Scots  gentle-  thian. 

man  refident  in  England,  concern-  The  fquirrel  fepds  on  nuts,  fruits 
ing  the  deftruiftion  of  young  planta-  and  corn,  of  whicS  it  lays  up  great 
lions  in  that  country  by  fquirrels,    ftoies  for  winter  provifioQ.    But,  in 


which,  in  a  poftfcript,  he  is  Uefirous 
Ihould  be  e-xhibitcd  in  your  Maga- 
zine, as  a  caution  to  his  countrymen 
againfl:  propagating  thefe  animals, 
joii  will  be  fo  obliging  as  infert  in 
your  next  Number,  with  thofc  few 
remarks  from  me  on  the  fubjed, 
which  his  letter  has  given  rife  to. 

London^  Sept.  17.  l8o2. 

"  I  have  juft  returned  from  De- 
vonfliire.  During  my  ftay  in  the 
nqrthern  part  oF  that  county,  I  was 
made  acquainted  with  fome  prodi- 
gious fcenes  of  deilrudion  commit- 
ted by  fquirrels  upon  the  young 
plantations  there.  Though  I  had 
always  known  that  they  hurt  young 
trees,  I  had  no  idea  they  cvqr  pro- 
duced fuch  extenfive  mifchief.  The 
larch  particularly  fairer s." 

This  lively  little  quadruped  was 
not  known  in  the  Lothic^ns  of  Scot- 
land till  Avithin  thefe  thirty  years, 
when  it  is  faid  to  have  been  intro- 
duced by  the  benevolent  Duchefs 
of  Buccleugh,  as  an  ornament  to  the 
woodb  o:  Dalkeith,  from  whence  it 
has  fpread  its  fpecies  over  moft  of 


fummer,  it  generally  live^^i  the 
tender  Ihoots  of  trees,  particularly 
of  the  larch.  H:nce  it  becomes  fo 
deftructive  to  young  plantations. 

Squirrels  of  almoft  every  fpecies, 
where  they  become  numerous,  are 
very  deftrutftive  to  fields  of  corn,  of 
all  kinds,  as  well  when  green  as 
when  ripe.  In  North  America, 
fome  yCfirs  ago,  the  crops  of  ^rain 
were  fo  devoured  by  thefe  animals, 
that  the  States  found  it  necelTary  to 
offer  a  leward  of  three  pence  per 
head  for  every  one  that  was  killed. 
How  numerous  they  were,  may  be 
judged  of  from  this,  that  in  one 
year,  Penfylvania  alone,  paid  in  re- 
wards on  this  account,  eight  thou- 
fand  pounds  currency. 

These  obfervations  are  defigned 
to  put  gentlemen  on  their  guard, 
and  to  Ihew,  not  only  to  the  plan- 
ters of  trees,  but  alfo  to  the-farmers, 
and,  of  courfe,  to  the  community  at 
large,  the  neceffity  of  deftroying, 
inftead  of  foftering,  fquirrels, 
Edinburgh,  1 
Oa.  I.  1802.  J  ^' 


l802. 


797 


STRICTURES  on  Mr  LAING'S  DISSERTx\TION  on  thf. 
POEMS  QF  OSSIAN. 


(Continued  from  p.  738.) 


IVIanusaipts. 
He  fays  (p.  391)  "  Let  a  fingle 
h(jok  of  Finjral  in  MS.,  fuch  as  tranf- 
lated  by  Macpherfon,  of  an  older 
date  than  the  prefent  century,  be 
produced  and  lodged  in  a  public  li- 
brary, and  there  is  an  en^  of  the 
queftion."'  So  it  would  feem  that 
he  deems  die  forgery  to  be  only  of 
Fingal.  That  one  fingle  book  in 
old  MS.,  if  lodged  in  a  public  li- 
brary,  would  fatisfy  him  though 
problematical,  may  be  true ;  but 
does  he  thinjc  that  any  peifon,  pof- 
fe/Ted  of  fuch,  would  merely  to 
pleafe  a  querulous  individual,  ever 
think  of  doing  fo  ?  — I  would  not. 
Mr  Laing  and  the  public  are  al- 
ready poflefled  of  1 74  quarto  pages 
of  original  Gaelic  poems  of  Oflian, 
&c.  edited  by  Dr  Smith  ;  equal,  if 
not  fuperior,  in  merit  to  thofe  tranf- 
lated  by  Macpherfon.  Their  au- 
thenticity ftands  uncontroverted, 
and  the  perufal  of  them  muft  lead 
every  fenlible  perfon,  unlefs  he  fees 
better  reafons  than  any  offered  by 
Laing,  to  believe,  that  Macpherfon 
alfo  tranilated  from  originals.  Had 
Mr  Laing,  previous  to  writing  his 
detedtions,  induftrioufly  gone  to  the 
Highlands,  and  applied  to  Dr 
Smith,  and  the  perfons  mentioned 
by  him ;  or  gone  the  length  of  Glaf- 
gow  to  Proleffor  M*Leod,  who  com- 
pared  two  whole  books  of  Fingal 
with  the  originals  ;  and  after  pro- 
curing every  pofTible  information, 
had  favoured  the  w^orld  with  the 
refult,  v/hether  for  or  againft,  every 
lover  of  truth  would  have  acknow- 
ledged  themfelves  indebted  to  him. 
But  what  does  he  do  ? — inilead  of 
putting  himfclf  to  any  trouble  to  get 
the  truth,  lie  barely  copies  the  falfi- 
VoL.  LXIV, 


ties  and  idle  whims  of  a  Pinkerton> 
and  with  the  peeviih  ill  nature  of  a 
Conandu'tney'^  oppofes  Dr  Blair  and 
Dr  Smith,  and  the  pofitive  evidence 
of  the  numerous  and  refpedable 
gentlemen  and  clergymen  referred 
to  by  them,  fubftituting  in  its  room 
a  long  firing  of  negatives,  the  natu- 
ral refult  of  ignorance  and  want  of 
information. 

He  fays  (p.  390)  with  Dr  John- 
fon,  that  no  Erfe  manufcripts  exift 
above  a  century  old  ;  yet  although 
Dr  Smith  had  mentioned  one  fome 
centuries  older  in  the  hands  of  Cap- 
tain M'Laughlan  of  the  55th  Regi- 
ment, he,  without  making  the  fmal- 
leil  inquiry  as  to  the  truth  of  the 
of  the  fad,  im.pudently  adduces  his 
own  fimple  negative  in  oppofition  ; 
thus  the  old  prieft  w^as  too  ignorant 
and  positive,  to  make  any  inquiry 
whether  Sumpsimus  was  the  proper 
word,  fo  pertinacioufly  continued 
his  m  iwpjimus.  Lhuyd  mentions  an 
old  manufcript  of  Ninianus  de  Pon- 
deribus  et  menfuris,  which  thougii 
not  fo  old  as  St  Ninian,  he  takes, 
from  tL?  refemblance  of  the  hand 
to  the  Scotiih,  or  Lifh  to  have  been 
written  by  a  Cambrian  Briton.  He 
next  notices  the  Cambridge 
r//j',  a  manufcript  of  poems  f  which 
he  fays  "  is  undoubtedly  either  a 
Cambrian  or  Piilifn  manufcript,  for 
the  hand  is  perfectly  Scottilh  ;  and 
I  am  well  alfured,  no  Briton,  buc 
either  a  Cambrian  or  a  Pi6t  would 
ever  have  rendered  the  word 
Canis  as  we  there  xind  it,  Cemthrmth^^ 
which  is  at  this  day,  with  a  fmall 

*  Vide  Dr  Smith's  Man'^s  note  p.  i6i. 
f  Ip  p.  %y^y  lie  fuppolcs  JuucK^us  lyj 
be     one  j:  ciir  ol'eit  Britnh  MSS. 

5  P  va. 


798 


Siriclures  on  Laings  Dissertation^  %Sc.  Od. 


variation  of  orthography,  Cin/iaih 
or  Caledonian  or  Albanian  Britifli, 
and  from  thence  Irilli.  Any  other 
Briton  would  have  written  PenluU, 
or  fomething  like  it/'  and  he  thinks 
it  came  from  the  north  with  a  colo- 
ny of  Britons  in  883,  From  what 
he  fays,  it  is  clear  he  had  feen  fome 
old  Scottifli  maiiufcripts  in  his  time ; 
and  that  he  aUb  heard  old  poems 
repeated  in  the  Highlands,  is  evi- 
dent  from  his  obi'ervations  on  'the 
oldeft  fort  of  verfe  called  J^^^fyn 
rni/ur  in  J.  Dav.  Rhys's  grammar, 
fimilar,  I  think,  to  what  is  ufcd  by 
Offlan.  He  fays  (p.  250.)  "  In  re- 
gard I  have,  though  but  rarely, 
heard  the  fame  in  the  shife  of  yJr/ylc^ 
and  alfo  in  Cornwall,  I  am  apt  to 
conclude  it  one  of  the  mofl  ancient, 
if  not  the  very  oldeft  fort  of  verfe 
we  ever  had  ;  and  that  it  was  in 
this  fort  of  metre  the  Druids  taught 
their  difciples.  That  this  is  ancient 
enough  to  have  been  the  verfe  ufcd 
by  the  Druids,  is  raanifcft  from 
theie  being  fome  trad'tional  retndms 
of  it  at  this  day  in  Wales,  Corn- 
wall, and  Scotlandy  though  it  be  im- 
memorial when  any  fuch  v/ere  Li/l 
made  J*  ^  ^ 

As  to  Laing's  obfervation  (391) 
on  Macpherfon  of  Strathmalhise, 
whofe  poetry  he  prsfumes  is,  in  other 
words,  intermixed  with  his  kinf- 
man's,  &c.  it  is  below  notice;  and 
the  reader  would  laugli  at  me  for 
being  at  any  trouble  prefump- 
ilons^  however  uncandid  and  rude. 

(392)  As  to  the  Red  Book  of 
Chnronaid^s  bard,  that  was  recorer- 
ed  from  Macpherfon,  and  which  is 
in  Mr  Laing's  hands,  and  contains 
the  exploits  of  the  Macdonalds  un- 
der Montrofe,  and  feme  lliort  fongs 
of  the  prefent  century  by  M*Vur- 
rick  ;  I  know  not  what  to  make  of 
it,  it  is  fo  Proteous  like  !  In  a  note, 
it  is  called  the  Leabhar  dearg,  the 
Red  Bogd  of  Clanronald  (not  of  his 
bard,)  and  which  is  faid  to  be  the 
only  manufcript  fpecihed  in  Blair's 
appendix,  as  communicated  to  Mac- 


pherfon." In  the  very  quotation 
that  follows,  we  find  that  the  Leab- 
har dearg,  or  book  of  Clanron^dd, 
containing  many  of  Osfian^s  pntmsy 
could  not  be  given  to  Macpherfon, 
as  it  had  been  carried  to  Ireland; 
and  that  it  was  a  different  manu- 
fcript that  was  given  to  Macpher- 
fon, viz.  one  gifted  by  Neil  Mac- 
murrick,  Clanronald's  bard,  "  con- 
taining fome  of  Ofhan's  poems  now 
tranflated  and  publifhed." — Next  he 
tells  us,  that  tbe  book  of  Clanro- 
nald which  went  to  Ireland,  inftead 
of  OfTian's  poems,  contained  the  hif- 
tory  of  Columba,  as  appears  he  fays 
from  "  Martin,  who  enumerates  the 
manufcripts  found  in  SouthLHft,"&c. 
and  that  the  life  of  Columba  was 
in  poffefHon  of  M'Donald  of  Ben- 
becula  afterwards  chief  of  Clanro- 
n.dd — "  That  the  family  knew  of 
no  other  than  Macvuirick's,  whofe 
fon  is  ftill  alive  to  atteft  the  fad." 
Here  we  muft  believe  that  Martin 
had  feen  every  individual  MS  in 
the  Weftern  ifles  or  Highlands,  and 
that  it  was  totally  impofTible  for 
Clanronald  to  poffefs  any  other  MS 
than  the  one  belonging  to  Benbe- 
cula  in  the  end  of  the  17th  century; 
and  that  M*Vurick's  fon  could  an- 
fwer  for  the  whole  of  Clanronald's 
family,  that  not  one  of  them  knew  of 
any  other  than  the  MS  of  his  fa- 
thers ! — He  next  fays,  "  Smith  and 
M^Nicol  knew  of  no  other  MS  when 
they  appealed  with  such  effrontery 
to  the  Red  book  of  M'Vurick,  and 
the  Red  rhymer,  a  folio  MS  which 
M'Pherfon  got  from  McDonald  of 
Gh  naUndale  or  Kyles  ;  and  thrse  ap- 
parersdy  are  the  two  genealogies 
which  Martin  quotes.  Thus  far  the 
genealogift  Macvurick  and  Hugh 
Macdonald  in  their  MS."  Now  Dr 
Smith,  at  the  place  quoted  byLaing, 
fays  nothing  of  the  Red  bo  ^h  f  Mm- 
vurirk,  nor  of  the  Red  rhymer,  but 
mentions  a  valuable  MS  of  Offian, 
given  to  Macpherfon  by  Mr  Mac- 
donald in  Groidart,  known  by  the 
name  of  Leabhar  dearg,  and  ano- 
ther 


iSo2.  Stndures  on  Lainfs  Dissertation,  Wc.  799 


ther  by  Macvurick,  hard  to  Clanro- 
nald.  With  what  efFrontery  then 
does  Laing  cite  Dr  Smith,  for  what 
he  has  not  faid  ?  As  for  the  Red 
book  of  Macvurick,  and  the  Red 
rhymer  being  the  fame  with  the 
two  books  of  genealogy  mentioned 
by  Martin  in  the  end  of  the  ijth 
century,  he  may  have  talked  with 
'  Mr  Martin  upon  the  fubjeift-— I  ne- 
ver did,  fo  know  nothing  about  it. 

He  then  goes  on  boldly  to  aver, 
"  that  the  m^iny  duodecimos  into 
which  the  MS  (but  which  of  the 
MSS  I  know  not)  is  now  multiplied^ 
are  therefore,  the  identical  Rid  booh 
of  Clanronald^  of  the  fame  fize  and 
Irifh  chara6i:er  which  I  never  met 
with  a  Highlander  able  diftinflly 
to  read.*'  This,  I  think,  is  faying, 
that  the  Red  hook  of  (Janrona/d^s  hnra\ 
containing  the  exploits  of  the  Mac- 
donalds — the  Red  book  of  Macvu- 
rick, the  Red  rhymer,  a  folio  MS, 
Macvurick's  and  H.  Macdonald's 
genealogies,  are  all  the  identical 
Red  book  of  Clanronald,  of  the  fame 
i2mo  fize  and  Irilh  charadler  with 
it,  and  which  no  Hi'yh lander  is  able 
distinctly  to  read,  I  fairly  acknow- 
ledge my  want  of  abilities  to  under- 
hand all  this,  Mr  Laing's  own 
quotation  mentions  a  Mr  M*Donald, 
declaring,  '*  that  he  had  feen  and 
read  a  great  part  of  an  ancient  MS 
once  in  the  poffelTion  of  the  family 
ot  Clanronald,  and  afterwards  car- 
ried to  Ireland,  containing  many  of 
Offian's  poems/'  Then  this  fame 
MS  is,  by  virtue  of  Mr  Laing's  ho- 
cus pocus,  transformed  into  a  life  of 
I  St  Columba ;  afterwards  v/e  find 
I  him  arguing,  that  the  family  of 
I  Clanronald  knew  no  other  MS  than 
i  that  of  the  Red  book  of  its  bard, 
j  which  he  fays,  contains  the  exploits 
1  of  the  Macdonalds  down  to  1686, 
ajid  fome  Ihort  fongs  ;  and  now  we 
have  the  whole  MSS  transformed  in- 
!  to  one,  viz.  the  Red  booh  of  Clanro" 
'  nnld^  which,  fo  far  from  containing 
'lie  hiftory  of  Columba,  or  the  ex- 


ploits of  the  Macdonalds,  cannot 
be  read. 

He  next  fays,  (note  p.  392.)  "The 
beginning  of  the  14th  and  15  th  cen- 
turies, in  which  they  are  faid  to 
have  been  written,  are  the  genealo- 
gical dates  1330  and  1400  which 
Macpherfon  of  Strathmafhie  and 
others  miftook  for  the  date  of  the 
volume ;  the  vellum,  illuminated 
letters,  and  number  of  volumes  at 
the  diftance  of  40  years  are  merely 
gratuitous ;  and  Fatd  Macvurick, 
Clanronald's  bard,  who  tranfcribed 
or  colleded  Oifian's  poems  in  the 
beginning  of  the  14th  century  (1300 
before  the  Clanronald  family  had 
feparated  from  the  lords  of  the 
ifles)  is  no  other  than  Nitdl  Mac- 
mhuirick  1726,  whofe  name  is  an- 
nexed in  the  Irilli  character  to  moft 
of  the  fongs."  Here  we  have  mere 
rant.  Paul  Macmhuirick  could  net 
have  been  bard  to  the  predeceffors 
of  Clanronald ;  or  rather  that  that 
family  had  none  exiting  in  the  14th 
century  !— Nay,  that  Paul  of  the 
14th  century  could  not  poflibly  be 
himself,  but  Niali  of  the  iBlh  cen- 
tury. * 

Though  formerly  he  had  denied 
that  any  ancient  MS  exifted  in  the 
Highlands,  he  now  acknowledges 
there  are  fome;  but  then,  ^'  thefe 
are  evidently  Ir'i^h^  as  the  characters 
are  neither  familiar  to  the  High- 
landers,  nor  the  conftruclions  un- 
d^rftood  by  the  bell  fcholars,''  He 
in  the  end  of  his  note,  however,  ac- 
knowledges, that  one  of  Mr  Arties'' 
fpecimens  infcribed  Cathal  Alacmuir- 
nuigh  ccy*  and  found  in  the  High- 


*  r  rccollecfl  nothing  equal  to  this, 
but  an  advcrtif^^ment  in  the  Balinfloe 
Journal  in  July  1792,  **  Whtrcasit  has 
been  report,  d,  tlut  I  was  the  man  pi!- 
lored  about  three  years  ago  in  Baiin- 
floe  ;  now  I  will  give  live  guineas  to 
any  one  body  that  will  prove  the  fame; 
or  I  will  bet  20  guineas  to  one,  that 
/  am  not  the  other  man. — Thady  Mac 
burlihy. 

5  P  2  lands, 


8co  Stridures  on  Laing's  Dissertation,  l^c.  061. 


lands,  is  indlfputably  Erfe ;  but 
then  fays  he,  "  the  infcription  is  e- 
vidently  luperadded,  above  the  il- 
luminated letter,  in  a  /ar^gr  and  ap- 
parently a  different  hand  ;  and  as 
the  fame  title  Cathal  and  Cathal  Mac- 
mutrnurnth  ccy  is  prefixed  in  the  fame 
character  to  different  ballads  in  the 
Red  book,  we  can  only  conclude, 
that  the  oU  MS  belonged  alfo  in 
the  prefent  century  to  the  fame 
Mac  vui  rick,  who  infer  ted  his  own 
^  name  above  a  flivourite  fong." — 
Still  more  rant  and  falfification, 
Mr  A  files'  fpccimen  is  infcribed 
Cathal  Macmu'trnuigh  rc^  the  more  an- 
cient way  of  fpclling  Macvu/rici 
(this  family  being  for  ages  bards  to 
Clanronald*)  fhows  us,  that  the 
colle(5lion  had  been  made  by  him 
at  an  early  period,  as  is  evident 
from  the  fpelling.  Again,  the  name 
Cathal  Macmulrneach  ccy  in  the  Red 
book,  mufl  be  a  different  man  alto- 
gether, perhaps,  the  fon  of  the  for- 
mer, as  the  different  fpellings  of  the 
name  and  adjeded  letters  Ihow  ; 
fo  he  puts  his  name  to  thofe  he  had 
w^rittcn  or  colleded :  And  as  to 
Nial  Macvuirick  in 26  written  above 
fome  of  the  fongs  in  the  Red  book, 
he  was  the  lafl  of  the  bards  ;  and 
probably  alfo  colleded  the  fongs  he 
infcribes,  or  perhaps,  jull  adhibited 
his  name  and  the  date,  in  the  way 
that  boys  are  accuftomed  to  do  on 
books  at  fchooL 

Ulanrien, 
Mfi  Laikg  (p.  394.)  here  addu- 
crs  Dio  and  Herodian,  the  lail:  of 
whom  gives  rather  a  hearfay  abf  ird 
t^ifcription  of  the  Caledonians.  Ta- 
t  itus  who  VvMs  among  them,  has 
not  obferved  that  they  differed  from 
the  other  Britoiis.  The  fpeech  he 
gives  to  Galgacus  has  been  every 
where  admired  ;  and  even  fuppo- 


*  W  .^  have  htre  two  Cathal.q,  and  Paul, 
and  Null,  i.  e.  four  duT-ient  bards  li- 
ving at  different  periods,  which  Mr 
Laing  would  fain  have  us  to  believe 
wcrt  all  OMc» 


fmg  Tacitus  himfelf  framed  it,  yet 
'tis  impoffible  to  conceive  tliat  a 
man  of  his  abilities  and  good  fenfe 
would  have  prefumed  to  put  filch 
noble  and  fpirited  fentiments  in  the 
mouth  of  Galgacus,  had  he  deemed 
him  a  favage,  and  unable  to  utter 
them.  Herodian  fays  they  were 
almofl:  naked,  in  contradiflindion  to 
the  full  and  moie  elegant  drefs  of 
the  Romans.  Indeed,  when  fight- 
ing, they  have  ever  deemed  cloathes 
an  impediment ;  and  even  fo  late 
as  the  battle  of  Killiecrankie,  the 
Highlanders  fought  almofl:  naked, 
fo  that  a  ftranger,  prefent  at  the 
battle,  might  have  thought  and  re- 
ported of  them,  that  they  always; 
ufed  to  go  as  naked.*  l^io  fays 
they  ufed  their  women,  and  fup- 
ported  their  children  in  common, 
and  I  believe  Jerome  fays  fomething 
of  the  fame  kind,  which  moft  cer- 
tainly took  its  rife  from  the  Caledo- 
nian pradtice  of  the  whole  people 
of  a  family,  with  their  guefts,  fleep- 
ing  on  ruihes  or  heath  on  the  fame 
floor,  and  often  in  the  hall,  where 
they  dined,  a  practice  but  lately  dif- 
ufed  in  the  Highlands.  Jerome 
fays  that  when  in  Gaul,  he  faw  the 
Scoti,  Aiacottti,  orC.itacotti  accord- 
ing to  the  different  readings,  a  Bri- 
tifh  people  who  ate  human  flefh. 
Had  this  been  true  of  the  Caledo- 
nians, the  cullom  is  fo  truly  mon- 
(Irous,  that  we  muft  have  heard  of 
it  from  other  authors.  The  next 
account  exhibi  ed,  is  that  of  Giidas 
a  moR  querulous  writer,  who  very 
naturally  vilifies  as  much  as  he  can, 
the  enemies  of  Britain.  He  is,  how- 


*  This  pra6llce  was  common  to  the 
Gau's,  Aal.  Gcllias,  Lib.  ix.  cap.  13. 
quotes  the  account  of  the  Gaul  who 
fjugbt  with  Maulius,  whom  he  def- 
cribes  as  nudtii  pr/eter  frutiim  et  gladi  s 
duos  torque  atque  armiUis  decoratzis^  and 
Plutarch  in  Wario  tells  us  the  Cimbri 
w^ent  naked  among  the  fiiow  of  the 
Alps,  to  ihev/  their  enemies  how  much 
Ihev  defied  the  cold, 
^      '  ever, 


i802.  StriSlurcs  on  Laing's  Dissertation,  iSc. 


ever,  much  more  fevere  againft  the 
Saxons,  whofe  dreadfnl  cruelty  he 
mentions  in  mod  melancholly  term3 ; 
nor  has  he  even  fpared  the  Britons 
themfelves. 

Mr.  Laing  (p.  395.)  now  com- 
pares what  trifling  accounts  he  has 
been  able  to  gather  of  the  Caledo- 
nian manners,  with  thofe  in  OQian, 
that  is  the  manners  defcribed  by 
enemies,  with  the  hyperbolic  poetry 
of  friends,  which,  as  to  no  fmgle 
nation  on  earth,  can  poffibly  bear 
any  comparifon.  I'hat  the  Caledo- 
nians were  acquainted  both  with 
the  ufe  of  iron  and  brafs  is  evident 
from  Dio.  Herodian  indeed  fays, 
they  were  without  hehnet  and  mail ; 
thefe  they  judged  impediments  in 
croffing  their  marlhes,  which  cer- 
tainly was  true  ;  but  he  does  not 
fay  that  at  all  times  they  were  with- 
out helmet  and  mail.  Their  fliip- 
ping  was  certainly  very  trifling,  but 
although  they  might  crofs  over  to 
Ireland,  or  go  20  miks  in  their 
Currachs,  *  yet  they  certainly  had  a 
variety  of  other  veifels.  Shaw  af- 
fords us  no  lefs  than  15  diiTerent 
vocables  for  vefTels  ufed  at  fea,  and 
almofl:  the  whole  of  them  are  ori- 
ginal Gaelic  words.  Sir  John  Clerk 
(Tcpog.  Brit.)  mentions  an  ancient 
boat,  found  on  the  banks  of  Carron, 
13  or  14  feet  below  different  ftratR, 
which  was  36  feet  in  length,  4-*-  in 
breadth,  and  upwards  of  4  feet  deep, 
all  of  one  piece  of  oak,  finely  polilh^ 
cd,  and  fmooth.  Scots  Mag.  March 


*  This  is  a  Gaelic  word,  and  dill  in 
^fe  on  the  eal^  coall  of  Scotland.  The 
Currach  is  uftd  in  fiihing  of  Salmon. 
Hence  Currach  fifnings.  Gildas  trar?- 
Ilates  it  into  L^tin  Carrucha,  although 
}  the  W'elch  ni'e  Kura^ly  and  fays  tiie 
i   ^cots  and  crofted  the  fitths  in 

i  Currachs^  which,  with  the  name  being 
\\\\\  ill  ufe,  is  no  bad  evidence  that  the 
Piv^ls  and  Scots  of  his  time  fpoke  the 
\  fame  language,  and  differed  from  the 
j  VVelch  in  dialeO.  Vide  Gildas,  P.Vir- 
;j  jii's  Edit.  an.  15-5. 


1 802.  The  Macataj,  who  were  for 
fome  time  provincial  Britons,  would 
probably  learn  fomething  of  fhip- 
building  from  the  Romans,  and  on 
joining  the  Caledonians  might  im* 
part  it  to  them.  Hence,  one  of  the 
vocables  for  a  fhip  is  Nao?,  perhaps 
from  Navis.  But  it  will  be  recol« 
le(5lcd,  that  long  before  the  Romans 
came  here,  the  Belg:^  had  naviga- 
ted to  Britain,  with  uicir  wives  and 
families.  And  Crtfar,  lib.  3.  c.  8. 
tells  us,  the  Veneti  of  Brittany  crof- 
fed  to  Britain,  over  the  wideft  and 
ftormieft  part  of  the  channel,  where 
T^o  currach  of  Wicker  and  Skins 
could  poffibly  live.  The  Belgac  and 
Veneti  might  therefore  teacli  the 
Gael  how  to  build  other  vefTcls  than 
currachs.  After  all,  Solinus,  in  the 
place  quoted  by  Laing,  when  talk- 
ing ot  the  wicker  boats,  is  not 
fpeaking  of  Caledonia,  hut  of  Ire- 
land, and  of  Irifh  navigation. 

As  to  the  Caledonian  houfcs. — 
They  certainly,  in  general,  ufed  turf 
and  watled  booths,  yet  it  is  an  un- 
doubted fad,  that  they  had  alfo 
fl:ronger  and  more  fuperb  buildings, 
witnefs  the  Duns,  and  vitrified  Caf- 
tles,  whofe  fragments  remain  to  this 
day.  A  refpedable  living  author 
would  have  us  to  believe,  that  the  vi- 
trification arofe  from  accidental  fire, 
or  by  an  enemy  ;  but  that  it  has  not 
always  been  fo,  is  evident  from  the 
ftatiftical  account  of  Miegle,  by  Dr 
Playfair.  The  Doclor,  in  mention- 
ing the  narrow  bridge  over  the  ditch 
at  Barryhill,  fays,  that  it  is  "  vitri- 
fied above,  belo-v,  and  on  both  ftdes  ; 
fo  that  the  whole  mafs  was  firmly 
cemented.''  This,  therefore,  mull 
have  been  purpofcly  done,  and  ex- 
hibits the  Caledonians  not  as  fava- 
ges,  but  as  a  thinking  and  confider- 
ate  people.  Tlie  Romans  had  not 
as  yet  invaded  them,  and  taught 
them  the  ufe  of  mortar.  They, 
however,  difcovered  that  the  fUici- 
ous  genus  of  ftones  would  vitrify, 
and  fo  made  ufe  of  them;  and  wood, 

of 


8C2 


Striclures  on  Lahig's  Dissertation,  iSc. 


Oct, 


of  which  they  had  then  plenty  to 
form  a  cement,  ftill  more  ftrong  and 
durable  than  mortar.  I  might  here 
have  mentioned  what  Plnkerton  fays 
about  thefe  vitrified  forts,  were  it 
any  how  worthy  of  notice.  Vide 
Pink.  vol.  ii.  p.  251. 

Mr  I.aing  (p.  395.)  fays,  Tlie 
hunting,  paftoral,  and  af^ricuhural 
flages  of  fociefy  ;  the  virtue  and  fu- 
preme  fehcity  of  the  favage  flatc, 
are  the  peculiar  dodrines  of  modern 
times  i''  This  betrays  great  igno- 
rance of  Greek  and  Roman  litera- 
ture, otherways  he  muft  have  known 
that  the  Satuniia  regno,  the  golden 
and  heroic  ages,  and  pailoral  life, 
have  ever  been  the  theme  of  the  poets 
of  every  country  and  age,  fo  by  no 
means  peculiar  to  llie  prefent. 
Any  arguments  deducible  from  falfe 
prcmifes  nuift  be  equally  falfe. 

(390.)  Soliiius,  when  defcribing 
Britain  and  its  iflands,  obfcrves  of 
the  HthridcSy  "  ^larum  mculig  tiefciunt 
frmfSj'^  which  Mr  Laing  would  fain 
extend  alfo  to  Caledonia  ;  and  he 
jeers  at  M*Phe;ibn's  etymology  of 
Crviihneacf'jj  the  Gaelic  name  for  the 
Fids,  i,  e,  wheat  eaters.  But  every 
Lody  muft  know  that  had  Caledo- 
T\y<\  alfo  been  entirely  deftitute-  of 
grain,  the  Hcbridians  would  not 
Ziave  been  particularized^  as  fingular 
in  the  want  of  it  ;  the  prcfumption 
therefore  undoubtedly  is,  tliat  grain 
was  at  leaft  known,  though  fparing- 
ly,  to  the  other  Caledonians.  Gal- 
gaci?s,  in  his  fpeech  fays,  "  Our  e- 
ihites  and  poifefiions  are  confumed 
m  tributes,  ourorr^^m  tn  crmtrih-jftons,'' 
Yet  he  afterwards  fays,  (what  is 
true,  vv^Jien  the  compavifon  is  with 
other  countries),  We  have  neither 
tuUiTntfd  land^,  mines,  nor  harbour s,^^ 
The  Romar;s  on  conqueiing  Valen- 
cia and  Vefpafiana,  tvro  provinces 
£tted  for  grain  of  ^very  kind,  could 
not  fail  to  introduce  wheat.  Both 
are  at  this  day  corn  countries  ;  and 
the  Caledonian  inhabitants  were  firft 
called  M^atai,.  (at  leaft  thofe  of 
Vakntia^\  and  afterwards  Ficti  by 


the  Romans,  but  Cruithneach  by. 
the  other  Caledonians  ;  fo  the  ety- 
mon  feems  not  wholly  void  of  foun- 
dation. Ru»:ilius  (Iter,  ift.)  fays  of 
the  Ficls  whofe  country  by  Claudian 
and  Richard  is  alfo  called  Thule ; 

•  Cojifcia  Thulff 

Et  quiciii  que  fer*  x  ai  va  Bi  itannus  ara^. 

The  Celtic  nations  every  vihere 
cultivated  barley,  ftill  almoft  die 
only  grain  in  the  north  of  Scotland, 
Pliny,  lib.  22.  c.  5.  fays  of  the  Hor- 
deum ;     Ex  iifdem  Hunt  et  potus, 
Coelia  &  Ceria  in  Hifpania,  Cervifia, ' 
er  plura  oenera,    in   Gallia,   aliifque  . 
provincm,*^  which  la  ft  words  may 
have  been  meant  to  denote  the  then  ; 
provinces  in  Britain,    nor   is  the  ' 
conjcdure   improbable,  feeing  Di^ 
0  cor  ides  i  lib.  ii.  c.  1 10.  mentions  ? 
Curmiy  a  drink  made  from  barley  ' 
by  the  Britons.    The  Gauls  when 
they   peopled  -  the    iftand   would  ' 
naturally  bring  the  cultivation  of 
barley  along  with  them;  nor  would 
even  the  foil  of  the  Highlands  be,  at  \ 
an  early  period,  fo  ungrateful  as  at  1 
prefent-     Tlie  Americans  on  the 
hrft  clearing  of  their  woods,  expe-  *' 
rlenced  much   better   crops    than  i 
now,  which  would  alfo  be  the  cafe 
in  Caledonia.   Rye,  peculiar  to  cold 
countries,  feems  alfo  to  be  a  Celtic 
grain.    Secale^  the  name  given  to  it 
by  Pliny,  evinces  its  introdu(5tion 
from  Gaul,  vdiere  it  was  called  Secl^ 
or  Sec/a  ;  by  the  Armoricans  5*6;^^//  . 
from  Vv'hence  the  SetoJe  of  the  Frenck 
l^he  Highlanders  call  it  Smj;/.  The 
Cornii'h  Soigel,  and  Irifh  Segol,  ail 
from  the  Gaelic.  *    After  all,  agri- 
culture muft  have  been  very  far 
from  general  in  the  Weft  High- 
lands.    A  few  patches  of  barley 
and  rye  here  and  there,  could  never 
entitle  the  Highlands  to  the  name' 
of  cultivated  lands. 


*  The  gnglilli,  Rje,  S.uxon  JUgi,  Re^ 
of  the  Wtifti,  and  Rog^o  ot  the  Teiit-)- 
nic  di?i}c(5ts,  words  entirely  difFering . 
from  the  Celtic,  fetHTi  to  be  derived 
fiom  the  Slavonic  or  Saimatic  Ro^^ 

^  We 


i8o2. 


Siri8ures  on  Laing's  Dissertation^  \Sc  303 


Religion. 


We  now  come  to  religion. 


He 

fays  the  gods  and  rites  of  the  Cale- 
donians were  unknown,  and  that 
M^Phcrfon  kept  off  that  fubjed,  for 
fear  of  detedion,  or  from  the  dan- 
ger or  diiFiculty  of  inventing  a  reli- 
gious mythology.    Now  it  is  felf- 
evident,  that  had  he  meant  to  fabri- 
cate, he  had  here  a  fair  field  left 
him  to  do  it,  without  the  pofiibility 
of  deteaion.    And  no  body  can  be- 
lieve that  the  perfon  polfefTed  of  a 
genius  to  frame  a  work  like  Offian's, 
would  ftirink  fiom  the  danger  or 
difficulty  of  fo  eafy  a  matter.  In- 
deed the  very  circumftance  of  no 
mythology  appearing  in  Offian,  is 
prefumptive  evidence  that  he  tran- 
flated  from  originals  ;  more  efpe- 
cially  as  Marcellinus  tells  us,  (lib. 
XV.  cap.  9.)  that  it  was  only  the 
bufniefs  of  the  bards  to  chant  the 
af^ions  of  heroes,  while  rell/ton,  and 
fublimer  fpeculations,  were  the  pro- 
vince of  the   Dru'ils  and  Euha<yes. 
Had  the  poems  of  Offian  been  the 
fabrication  of  the  laft  century,  I 
have  no  doubt  that  the  goddefs  Ad^ 
rajle  of  Boadtcta^  would  have  made 
a  fplendid  figure,  and  havp  been  in- 
troduced along  with  the  Gallic  dei- 
ties mentioned  by  Lucan  (lib.  i.j  : 

Teurattrs,  horrenfqiic?  fcris  altanbiis 
H  -  fu  V 

Ft  'far  IT  is  Scylhicii^  uon  mitior  Ara 

Giidas  mentions  fome  of  the  Britilh 
deities  previous  to  Roman  heathen- 
ifm,  to  which  the  Higljanders  at 
this  day  pay  a  kind  ofl-efpecl,  fuch 
as  the  fpirit  of  the  fun,  of  the  ilorm, 
the  genius  of  tlie  hill,  the  founiaio, 
and  the  fea.  ' 

Custoinu 

He  fays,  (p.  397.)  The  fame 
dijjicuiiy  occurred  in  the  adaptation 
of  circumQances,  peculiar  cuiloms, 
or  rites  of  the  age,''  which  only  re- 
guires  a  fimilar  aufwer  to  that  made 
above.  As  to  the  Caledonian  be- 
vcrege  being  left  to  obfcurc  coniec 


ture  !  I  do  not  under/land   the  ob- 
fervation.    Would  Mr  Laing  have 
an  epic  poem  to  contain  receipts  for 
brewing  and  diftilh'ng  >  or  Offian  to 
give  the  vulgar  and  unpoetic  name 
of  a  drink  then  univerfally  known. 
This  is  hardly  to  be  expected.  Tije 
very  filence  to  me  is  a  proof  that 
the  poems  are  no  fabrication.  Had 
it  been  otherways,  Mr  M*Pherfon 
would  have  plenilhed  his  goblets 
and  ffiells  with  whifkey,  made  like 
that  of  the  Siberians,  of  mare  or 
cow's  milk,  with  wine  of  the  birch, 
the  heath,  or  the  fomented  juice  of 
the  mountain  berry  ;  or  even  with 
the  fyre  of  the  ancient  Norwegians, 
and  prefent  Icelanders.    Thus  a  fa- 
bricator would  have  chofen  to  re- 
concile the  beverage  of  Fingal  to 
the  hunting  aud  paftoral  ages,  and 
at  fame    time   have  fatisfied  Mr 
Laing's  curiofity.     The  commcn 
drink  of  the  Caledonians  muft  have 
been  like  that  of  the  Britons  men- 
tioned   by  Ccefar,    and  Diodorus 
Siculus,  vi%.  water,  milk,  and  meed, 
Ireland  alone  being  faid  by  Solinus 
to  be  deftitute  of  bees.    The  cervi- 
fia  of  Pi  iny  is  already  mentioned, 
for  which  the  Gael  have  Lean  ;  a 
word,  if  not  included  among  the 
p/ura  genera  of  Pliny,  peculiar  to  the 
Gael  ;  and  by  no  means  like  the 
Engliffi  word  a/e,  (the  lOandic  gI) 
and  beer,  borrowed  from  the  Teu- 
tonic.   Diofcorides  names  one  kind 
of  barley  drink  %ytlmihy  and  ano- 
ther curmi',  ufed  in  Spain  and  Bri- 
tain.    Both  words  appear  in  Ul- 
pian,  /.  /  quis Jf,  dc  tritic.  at  vin,  Icjr, 
Now  cL^rnji  and  cunu,  fays  Whita* 
ker,  are  ufed  by  the  Welfn  for  ale  ; 
and  Dr  M'PJierfon  lUys,  that  every 
great  feail  in  the  Highlands  is  call- 
ed  curmi and  we  in  the  lowlands 
call  our  harveft  feail  hme,  vrcrds 
which  may  be  derived  from  the 
Gaelic  cvm.'i,  barley,  meaning  the 
feaft    of   the    barley,     or  barley 
harveft.      It  is  therefore  exceed* 
ingly  probabb,   tiiat  the  Caledo- 
luan?,  like  the  other  Britahis,  uiej 

malt 


Stridures  on  Laing's  dissertation^  iSc^  0£t. 


malt  liquor  at  times,  and  why  not 
vrine  alfo,  which  they  might  get  in 
exchange  for  Caledonian  bears, 
Scottifli  dogs,  and  morfe  teeth,  (the 
ivory  mentioned  by  Strabo  as  co- 
ming from  Britain)  &:c.  If  Virius, 
Lupus,  and  Baffianus,  purchafed 
peace  from  the  Caledonians  with 
money,  what  fhould  hinder  them, 
in  return,  from  purchafmg  wine 
from  the  Romans  with  part  of  that 
money.  Diod.  Siculus,  lib.  v.  tells 
us,  the  Roman  merchants  found  it 
for  their  advantage  to  trade  in  wine 
with  the  Gauls,  then  dertitute  of 
that  article  ;  and  why  not  alfo  with 
the  Britons,  in  after  times. 

He  next  fays,  (p.  397.)  "  In  the 
fird  fragments  of  Fingal,  the  tree 
of  the  ru filing  leaf  was  the  trembling 
foplary  cran  i?./  crith^  or  cntJ?tMn^  a  li- 
teral tranflation  of  the  Saxon  aspin  ; 
but  the  tranllator  difcovercd  that 
the  poplar  was  introduced  by  the 
Romans,  and  fuppreifed  the  name.'* 
Now  a  critic  ihould  furely  know 
fomethlng  of  his  fubjed  before  he 
begins  his  comment.  The  afpin  is 
truly  a  poplar,  one  of  the  popu/iy  and 
called  the  trembling  poplar  in  Eng- 
land— is  a  native  of  Caledonia,  and 
of  the  Weflern  ifles.  The  yew  tree  is 
alfo  a  native  of  Caledonia.  Mr 
Laing  fays  he  is  well  accommoda- 
ted with  books,  kt  him  turn  up 
Lightfoot's  Fior.  Scot.  Vol.  ii. 
p.  626.  and  he  will  learn  fomething 
of  the  yew  tree,  and  find  that  Glen- 
ure  ;  in  Upper  Lorn,  gets  its  very 
name  from  the  wild  yew  trees  grow- 
ing upon  it. 

His  next  obfervation  is  more  to 
the  purpofe.  The  filence,  fays  he, 
jefpedling  the  moofe  deer  in  the  hi- 
itory  of  Ireland,  whofe  large  horns 
are  found  in  its  bogs,  is  a  fufficient 
refutation  of  i/x  4\.ilejmn  antiquity^ 
end preterjion  to  letters  before  the  C/jn- 
Jiian  ara  ;  and  that  the  omiffion  of 
wild  cattle,  ivol/sy  lot^rs,  aud  bears^  of 
the  Caledonian  foreft,  refleds  equal 
difcredit  on  OfHan.    Offian  did  not 


write  a  hiftory  of  quadrupeds,  but 
an  epic  poem,  in  which  boars,  and 
boar-hunting  are  occafionally  men- 
tioned. In  Dr  Smith's  Diarmid, 
we  have  rather  a  foolilh  account  of 
one  ;  and  he  alfo  mentions  the  wolf 
in  Dan  clainne  mhuirne.  The  wolf, 
madadh  alladh,  or  wild  dog,  may 
have  been  tamed  and  ufed  in  hunt- 
ing by  the  Caledonians,  as  the  ori- 
ginal inhabitants  of  America  were 
accuftomed  to  do  ;  and  it  was  pro- 
bably from  them  that  the  Highland 
greyhounds  originated,  perhaps  the 
Scotici  Canes  of  Symachus,  now  I 
believe  extin<^l:.  The  common  black 
cattle  ran  moftly  wild  in  the  High- 
lands ;  and  as  for  the  Urus,  or  Be- 
zon  Scoticus,  it  probably  may  not 
be  mentioned  in  Oflian  ;  their  fke- 
letons  being  generally  found  to  the 
fouth  of  the  firths  where  pafturage 
was  more  abundant.  I  am  fome- 
what  at  a  lofs  to  account  for  the 
Bear  not  having  been  mentioned, 
which  is  the  cafe,  as  far  as  I  know. 
They  perhaps  were  not  common  in  ; 
Argylefhire.  At  any  rate,  had  the  j 
poems  of  Offian  been  the  work  of  a 
late  age,  and  of  a  claflical  fcholar, 
fuch  as  M*Pherfon,  the  Caledonian 
bear  would  not  have  been  forgot. 

Mr  Laing  next  fays,  the  method 
of  dreffing  venifon  in  pits  lined  with 
hot  (tones,  is  tranfcribed  from  Keat- 
ing's  account  of  the  Fions,  or  Irilh 
militia  ;  and  yet  he  fays  it  is  the 
only  appropriate  cujlom  of  the  age*  If 
fo,  what  occafion  is  there  for  bor« 
rowing  from  Keating.  The  heroes  ; 
of  Homer  did  the  fame.  Homer  j 
only  flourifhed  about  80  years  after 
the  Trojan  war,  an  age  not  much 
better  improved  than  the  one  he  de- 
fcribes.  Dr  Gillies  has  faved  Mr 
Laing  any  criticifm  upon  that 
head.  * 


*  Gillies)*  Greecf,  vol-i.  p.  iia.  and 
221. 

From 


l802. 


On  Disputing  Societies. 


805 


From  the  genuine  Offlan,  he  fays, 
(p.  398.)  we  Ihould  obtain  fome  in- 
fighc  into  domeitic  manners,  arts, 
and  occupations,  drefs,  diverfions, 
houfes,  beverage,  and  religious  rites. 
Had  Ollian  written  his  poems  for 
the  purpofe  of  explaining  and  hand- 
ing doWn  to  poUerity  the  hiftory  of 
thofe  fubje(^s,  I  dare  fay  he  would 
have  done  it.  He  however  has 
touched  upon  fome  of  them  pajfmu 
Mr  Laing  has  already  carped  at  his 
cookery,  and  we  fhall  ftill  find  him 
going  on  to  carp  at  every  hint  he 
gives.  Thus  the  occupation  of 
hawking  he  denies  to  the  Caledoni- 
ans, though  without  any  proof. 
The  early  wilh  of  children,  and  of 
manhood  in  infancy,  is  to  po/Tefs 
and  tame  birds  and  animals.  Hence 
the  dog  foon  became  domefticated, 
and  was  kept  to  catch  other  quad- 
rupeds,  as  the  hawk  would  alfo  be 
trained  to  catch  birds.    The  Thra- 


cians  and  Britons  ufed  hawking. 
The  Romans  knew  it  in  Pliny's 
time,  and  may  have  derived  it  from 
one  of  them.  Nemefianus  writes 
cxprefsly  dc  Aucupio.  Oflian  howe- 
ver only  mentions  the  olfer  of  100 
hawks,  which  can  fcarcely  imply  a 
knov/ledge  of  hawking.  As  to  the 
Irilh  ballad  he  talks  of,  with  the 
hundred  handmaids,  and  hundred 
fandified  girdles,  an  apple,  and  ar- 
row of  gold,  6ic.  it  is  not  Oflian's, 
and  I  have  nothing  to  fay  to  it.  I 
am  however  indebted  to  him  for  the 
idea  of  the  fticlds  in  Olfian,  rcfonnd- 
ing  like  an  Indian  Gong.  The 
brazen  apple  mentioned  by  Dio 
might  no  doubt  heighten  the  efFed", 
yet  I  only  believed  they  had  emitted 
a  found  fimilar  to  that  of  the  fhields 
of  Homer,  or  the  northern  Scalds. 
Thus  Snorro  Sturlefon  fimply  fays, 
"  Skehr  rorid^-  the  Boifes  ring. 
{To  be  Continued  J) 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


ON  THE  DISADVANTAGES  RESULTING  FROM 
DISPUTING  SOCIETIES. 


(Concluded  from  page  719.) 


BUT  to  fuppofe,  that  the  difcuf- 
fion  of  religious  fubje(5ls  is  hurtful 
to  piety,  implies  that  they  are  defti- 
tute  of  that  evidence  which  can 
bear  a  difcuffion.  If  they  are  not, 
the  more  their  evidence  is  examin- 
ed, the  more  firmly  will  the  mind 
be  convinced  of  their  truth  :  and  to 
believe  without  evidence,  is  credu- 
lity,  and  not  faith.  Religion  de- 
clines not  a  fair  and  candid  difcuf- 
fion.  Often  has  it  been  attacked, 
and  as  often  has  it  been  ably  vin- 

Vol.  LXIV. 


dicated.  When  opinions  of  a  dan- 
gerous tendency  are  publirhed  to 
the  world,  it  is  certainly  the  duty 
of  the  friends  of  religion  to  oppofe 
and  controvert  them.  Indeed^  it 
may  be  fafely  affirmed,  that,  had 
there  been  no  controverfies  about 
religious  fubjeds,  the  dominion  of 
the  Pope  might  have,  by  this  time, 
been  univerfal,  and  the  pure  reli- 
gion of  Jefus  difgraced  by  fuperfti- 
tion,  or  deftroyed  by  infidelity. 
These  controverfies,  it  is  true, 
5  bave 


8o6         The  Disadvantages  of  Disputing  Societies.  Oi\ 


have  been  produdive  of  much  mif- 
chief  to  the  Chriftian  world.  When 
men  are  irritated  by  oppolition,  and 
heated  by  pafTion,  they  think  of  no- 
thing but  of  vindicating  themfelves, 
and  expofmg  their  antagonilts.  The 
natural  confequences  of  this  difpo- 
fition  are  partiality,  jealoufy,  envy, 
impatience  of  contradi6lion,  and 
other  angry  paflions  which  deliroy 
the  principles  of  piety  and  devotion. 
Difputing  focietics,  however,  fo  far 
from  producing  thefe  confecpiences, 
have  generally,  a  contrary  efFe<5t. 
They  call  the  attention  of  the  Ru- 
dent  to  the  examination  of  truths, 
vrhicli  it  is  tlje  duty  of  every  man 
to  confider ;  excite  in  him  an  inte- 
reft  to  colledt  every  argument  that 
can  be  brouglit  to  their  fupport ; 
and  thus  ertablifh  his  belief  upon  a 
broad  and  rational  foundation.  In 
difputes,  indeed,  no  weight  is  laid 
upon  feeling.  This,  as  well  as  evi- 
dence,  comes  under  the  cognizance 
of  reafon.  To  regulate  our  condu(fl 
by  feeling  or  fentimcnt,  w^ould  be, 
in  plainer  terms,  to  do  whatever 
'w^as  agreeable.  It  would  be,  to 
fubvert  at  once,  the  principles  of 
morality,  and  to  give  a  loofe  to  all 
the  paffions,  which  it  belongs  to  rea- 
fon to  regulate  and  reftrairx.  Thus 
by  diftruiling  the  uncertain  evidence 
of  fentimenc,  with  refpe^ft  to  reli- 
gion, difputing  focieties  dircd  to  a 
guide,  wliich,  if  prudently  followed, 
wll  lead  to  the  belief  and  practice 
Df  divine  truths. 

Without  entering  further  into 
he  difadvantages  which  have  bpen 
lid  to  refult  from  Difputing  Socie- 
js,  I  fliall  only  take  notice  of  fome 
inve(^tives  that  have  been  thrown 
out  againft  them.    Their  members, 
it  has  been  faid,  are  often  admitted 
at  too  early  a  period  of  life,  ai)d 
contrafl  a  habit  of  haranguing  up- 
on fubje<5i:s  which  they  have  never  in- 
veftigated.     •  hey  have  been  accu- 
fed  of  being  fruitful  nurferies  df 
every  thing  that  is  pompously  ridicu- 


lous. The  operation  of  vanity  and 
ignorance,  which  they  have  been 
faid  to  produce,  has  been  compared 
to  the  tilting  of  a  balance.  Such 
opprobrious  reflexions  are  very  im- 
proper to  be  employed  againft  an 
inditution,  which  has  now  exided 
in  this  country  for  a  confiderable 
period,  and  which  is  Hill  maintain- 
ed and  encouraged  by  young  men 
diftinguillied  for  tlielr  talents  and 
their  virtues. 

I  HAVE  already  endeavoured  to 
lliew,  that  thefe  alfociations  are 
chiefly  adapteli  to  perfons  at  an 
early  period  of  life,  and  who  have 
made  no  very  confiderable  progrefs 
in  the  profecution  of  their  iludies. 
Thefe  perlbns  may,  and  fome- 
times  indeed  do,  harangue  upon 
fubje»fls,  with  which  they  are  very 
little  acquainted.  But  authors  alfo 
fometimes  adopt  a  fmiilar  pra<5Hce. 
They  attempt  to  write  upon  fub- 
je<5ls,  for  which  they  are  altogether 
unqualitied  ;  become  vain  of  the  lit- 
tle acquirements  they  have  made  ; 
fend  lorth  to  the  world  their  crude, 
misihapen  piodudtions  ;  and  thus 
render  themfelves  truly  ridicu- 
lous. But  how  the  operation 
of  vanity  and  ignorance  combined, 
can  be  compared  to  a  balance,  is  not 
very  eahly  perceived,  if  the  com- 
parifon  was  meant  to  ihew,  that 
as  ignorance  increafes,  vanity  dimi- 
nithes,  and  '^ncc  'versa,  the  directly 
contrary  is  the  truth.  But  perhaps,, 
it  was  only  a  pompous  exprefTion, 
without  any  definite  meaning? 
Such  expreilions  may  dazzle  the  ig- 
norant, but  they  can  only  excite, 
the  contempt  of  the  more  difcern- 
ing.  Till  more  powerful  objedions 
be  made,  than  what  have  hicherto 
been  produced,  difputing  focieties 
may  continue  to  flburifll,  notwith- 
ftanding  every  attempt  to  vilify 
them.  While  wc  would  allow,  that 
like  every  other  inftitution,  they  arc 
attended  with  difadvantages,  we 
ought  never  to  forget  the  fuperioj: 


Stri^ures  on  Literary  Patronage. 


807 


benefit  to  be  derived  from  them, 
particularly  to  tliofe,  whofe  views 
are  directed  to  the  pulpit  or  the 
bar.  Much,  however,  will  depend 
upon  the  laws,  by  which  they  are 
regained,  and  the  members  of 
which  they  are  compofed.  If  fuf- 
ficient  attention  be  paid  to  thefe 
things,  the  belt  effects  may  be  ex- 
pected to  follow  ;  but  if  thefe  be  ne- 
gledcd,  they  will  become  liable  to 
all  the  objedions  that  have  been 
brought  againll  them. 

Perhaps,  one  of  the  befl:  methods 
for  reviving  the  ftudy  of  clafTical 
learning,  would  be,  the  eftablifh- 
ment  of  focieties,  for  the  purpofe 
of  explaining,  criticizing,  and  com- 
menting upon  the  autliors  of  anti- 
quity ;  and  likewife,  of  pointing 
out  new  editions  of  the  claiTics,  fta- 


ting  their  refpedive  merits,  and 
candidly  judging  of  their  preten- 
fions  to  excellence."  Could  the 
Undents,  at  the  Scotifh  univcrfities, 
be  induced  to  adopt  fnch  a  plan,  * 
and  to  purfue  it  with  vigour ;  a  new 
ardour  for  philological  inveRiga- 
tions  might  be  excited,  and  gradu- 
ally dilFufed  through  the  remoteft 
part  of  the  country.  Scotland 
might  recover  from  its  prefent  ten- 
dency to  degenerate,  and  arrive  at 
the  firft  eminence,  in  philological 
learning. 

Edinburgh,     1  - 
July  23.  J  802.  J  ACADEMICUS. 

*  An  account  of  a  fucicty  at  Leipfic 
upon  a  plan  ibmewhat  fimilar  to  this. 
Will  be  found  in  the  Scots  Magazine 
In-  March  lalt,  p.  237. 


STRICTURES  ON  LITERARY  PATRONAGE. 


IN  every  country  where  learning 
has  been  cultivated,  there  has  al- 
ways been  more  or  lefs  literary  pa- 
tronage. The  number  of  reai  pa- 
trons, however,  has  in  no  age  or 
country  been  equal  to  what  the  im- 
portance  and  the  utility  of  letters 
were  entitled.  The  literature,  both 
of  ancient  and  modern  times,  can 
only  hoafl  of  a  very  few  names  who 
have  been  honourably  recorded  as 
the  generous  patrons  of  genius  and 
learned  indudry.  Wha't  is  Alex- 
ander in  Greece,  Maecenas  and  Pol- 
lio  in  Rome,  Leo  X.  and  Lorenzo 
de  Medici  at  the  revival  of  letters, 
Louis  XIV.  and  Frederic  III.  iu 
modern  Europe  ;  with  a  verv  few 
more  in  each  of  thefe  ages,  to  the 
vaft  number  of  ancient  patricians, 
and  modern  nobles,  whofe  oppor- 
tunities were  equal,  aud  who,  iu 
!  their  refpedive  ages  and  fituations, 
'  might  have  aided  in  promoting  the 
^•*  ifc,  in  which  their  princes  and 


their  peers  have  acquired  an  im- 
mortal name  >  For  thefe,  pleafures 
and  purfuits,  comparatively  igno- 
ble, have  had  greater  zeft,  for  which 
their  memories  have  been  juftly  con- 
^igntd  to  everlafting  oblivion. 

Iw  confequence  of  the  different 
arrangements,  and  modes  of  think- 
mg  ill  modern  fociety,  learning  is 
now  held  in  more  rcqiieft,  and  'has 
become  more  general  than  it  was  in 
ancient  military  governments.  It 
is  in  fome  degree  the  falhion  of  the 
age,  and  confers  a  uiperioritv  upon 
tlie  individual  who  cultivates  or  pro- 
tects it.  Whatever  becomes  fallion- 
abie  v.'ill  have  many  abettors. 
Fience  a  number  of  pretended  pa- 
trons have  aiteded  to  encourage  the 
profeffv^rs  of  hterature.  AVhat  is 
the  charaaer  of  this  group  who 
have  prefum.ed  to  range'  themfelves 
on  the  bench  of  the  repubh'c  cf  let- 
ters ?  Some  of  them  are  iuiiuenced 
merely  by  die  ever-varying  caprice 
5  "  of 


8o8 


Stri^lures  on  Literary  Patronage. 


oa. 


of  fafliion,  and  patronize  a  youth  of 
genius,  as  they  protedt  a  fkilful 
liorfe-jockey.  Others  are  a<5luated 
by  a  different  modification  of  vani- 
ty, and  the  wifh  to  procure  to  them- 
felves  private  adulation,  and  public 
applaufe.  Few,  vct  y  few,  are  thofe 
U'ho,  from  a  generous  love  of  liter- 
ature, and  the  public  good,  mixed 
as  it  mufl  be  with  a  laudable  love 
of  fame,  feek  to  encourage  the  ef- 
forts of  learned  fkill,  and  fan  the 
flame  of  infpiration. 

Many  of  thefe  pretended  Maece- 
nas's  would  willingly  appropriate  all 
the  reputation  of  this  dignified  cha- 
rafter,  without  any  of  tlie  cares,  the 
coils,  and  the  privations  which  it 
nece/Tarily  involves.  They  will 
readily  give  advices,  for  tlicfe  are 
eafily  imparted  ;  and  the  tafk  is  the 
more  agreeable,  becaufe  it  implies 
tlie  idea  of  fuperiority,  both  in 
ihrewdnefs  and  in  fituation.  They 
will  even  dare  to  didate;  f  or  the  very 
oflice  of  a  patron,  unlefs  in  difcrect 
liands,  encourages  prefumption. 
They  will  point  out  what  ought, 
and  what  ought  not  to  be  done, 
without  troubling  themfelves  in 
what  manner  thefe  are  to  be  accom- 
plifhed.  Perhaps  the  honour  of  a 
few  vifits  may  be  allowed,  and,  it 
Hiay  be,  returned  with  wonderful 
^ondcfcenhon  !  But  when  the  eiFen- 
tial  duties  of  this  ofHce  Ihould  be 
difcharged — when  real  deeds  fnould 
be  performed,  inftead  of  empty  pro- 
mifes  given — when  the  heart  fhould 
be  generous  as  the  tongue  has  been 
free  ;  what  a  mortifying  change 
takes  place  !  what  forry  IhuiRing  I 
what  meagre  apologies!  fluffed  vs-ith 
all  the  parade  of  rotten  poHtc'':efs, 
without  one  fpark  of  generous  mag- 
nanimity. 

Is  it  the  bufin^fs  of  a  patron  to 
tell  what  he  can  do,  and  what  he 
has  done  ?  to  explain  his  unbounded 
powers,  and  defcribe  his  extenfive 
connections — to  wound  tlie  delicacy 
of  one,  by  detailing  the  numerous 


obligations  of  another — to  extort  a 
compliment,  by  fhewing  that  it  is  , 
due — to  tantalize,  inftead  of  con- 
ferring  adtual  benefits— and  renew 
the  ancient  infult  of  giving,  inftead 
of  bread,  a  flone,  and  inflead  of 
fifli,  a  ferpent  !  Such  impoftors 
ought  to  be  fixed  on  the  pillories 
of  literature,  and  held  up  to  the 
fcorn  of  thofe  upon  whom  they 
would  attempt  to  impofe  ;  a  mark 
fliould  be  fet  upon  them,  that  they 
may  no  more  go  about  to  deceive  ; 
and  tlie  fire  of  indignation  ought  to 
be  let  loofe  upon  fuch  as,  wiiliout 
undtion,  and  the  proper  qualifica- 
tions, would  prcfumptuoufly  afpire 
to  miniiler  in  the  tabernacle  of  let- 
ters. 

The  man  who  has  a  juft  claim  to 
tlie  dignified  characSier  of  a  true  pa* ; 
troii?  is  one  who  is  a<5tuated  by  fen- 
tirnents,  in  which  are  conjoined  the 
honourable  views  of  a  gentleman- 
the  delicate  efteem  of  a  friend  -  and 
the  warm  aifecflion  of  a  father,  with- 
out the  aufterity  of  a  domineeringj 
parent.  He  is  more  anxious  for 
the  ultimate  welfare  of  his  protegee, ' 
than  careful  in  procuring  immediate 
gratification  to  his  own  private  va- 
nity. Modefty  refpecfting  his  own 
merits,  characterizes  and  fan<5i:i{ies 
all  his  generous  exertions  in  behalf 
of  others.  He  difdains  to  indulge 
in  boafiing  declamations.  He  keeps 
no  catalogue  of  his  good  works. 
He  will  not  announce  to  the  world 
by  trump  of  herald,  the  inflitutions 
he  has  founded — the  names  of  iiich 
as  were  faved  by  his  bounty — the 
fhclters  he  has  afforded  to  unfor- 
tunate talents,  and  the  purfes  of 
poets  which  he  has  filled.  Such  il- 
lultrious  deeds  are  done  without 
oftentation,  and  left  to  teftify  of 
themfelves.  The  recclledion  of 
them  lives  in  the  bofbms  of  thofe 
upon  whom  they  were  conferred, 
without  being  flirred  up  by  conti- 
nual allufions.  The  bread  of  fuch 
a  man  is  call  upon  the  waters ;  and 

it 


i8o2.  StriSlures  on  Liter anj  Patronage^  809 


it  IS  to  him  an  objed  of  no  great  fo- 
licitude  whether  he  fliall,  or  whe- 
ther he  fliall  not,  find  it  after  many 
days. 

Yet  the  memory  of  the  jufl:  fliall 
live  ;  and  the  warmed  gratitude 
fliall  fpontaneoufly  arife  in  retain 
for  noble  anions  which  fprang  from 
worthy  principles.  None  of  all 
thofe  things  which  are  conferred 
upon  an  elevated  mind  can  be  loft  ; 
but  the  gratitude  of  fuch  is  too  dif- 
criminating,  to  make  the  fame  re- 
turn for  what  was  gratuitoufly  be- 
ftowed,  and  what  was  bartered  for 
public  applaufe,  with  all  the  accu- 
racy of  a  trader.  The  feelings  of 
virtuous  genius  cannot  fympathize 
with  thofe  of  fuch  huckfters  of  pa- 
tronage ;  they  are  not  to  be  regula- 
ted like  the  balance  of  exchange  ; 
but  they  will  always  kindly  harmo- 
nize with  fuch  as  refemble  their  own 
nature,  and  the  generous  adion 
will  always  beget  the  generous  re- 
turn. 

It  is  not  the  bufmefs  of  a  patron 
to  attach  himfelf  with  irkfome  offi- 
cioufnefs,  to  literary  charad>ers  al- 
ready eminent,  in  order  to  fliare  a 
part  of  their  reputation.  Thefe 
ftand  in  no  need  of  fuch  patronage  ; 
and  it  is  a  fpecies  of  injuftlce  to  ap- 
propriate part  of  the  booty,  in  ac- 
quiring which  no  exertions  have 
l>een  made,  and  no  ftrength  has  been 
fpent.  But  is  the  proper  duty  of  a 
patron  to  fcek  for  obfcure  merit — 
to  elicit  the  latent  lire  of  genius — 
to  guard  the  tender  nurfling,  amid 
the  ftorms  which  rife  around  him — 
to  lead  him  Irom  darknefs  to  light, 
and  create,  as  it  were,  a  ne^ju  thing 
in  the  earih. 

After  all,  the  difliculties,  the 
tui  moils,  and  the  anxious  labours  of 
afpiring  talents,  have  been  crowned 
with  eventual  fuccefs,  and  are  about 
to  receive  their  reward.  After  the 
veffel  has  braved  all  the  violence  of 
the  tempefts,  and  is  now  in  fight  of 
the  harbour,  to  fend  out  ferry-boats, 


to  lend  an  affiftance,  now  no  longer 
needfuj,  is  an  infult  which  may  be 
frequently  repeated.  But  I  truft 
they  will  always  meet  the  contempt 
with  which  they  were  regarded,  in 
the  inftance  to  which  I  allude. 
There  are  Che ftcr fields  at  this  day, 
and  it  is  to  be  wiflied,  that  fo  much 
of  the  fpirit  of  a  Johnfon  may  yet 
remain,  as  to  rejed,  with  proper 
fcorn,  the  offer  of  fuch  unavailing 
patronage. 

Neither  is  money,  it  muft  be 
remembered,  to  be  the  only  medium 
of  connexion  betwixt  a  patron  and 
his  protegee.  There  are  fome  cafes 
where  ferviccs  of  this  kind  are  ne- 
ceffary,  and  there  are  others  where 
they  would  be  improper.  Prudence 
and  difcretion,  in  the  patron,  toge- 
ther w^ith  a  knowledge  of  the  parti- 
cular circumftances  of  the  protegee, 
muft  regulate  the  management  of 
occafional  donations.  There  will 
be  little  difficulty,  in  any  cafe,  in 
difcovering  the  proper  objeds,  and 
the  fit  opportunities,  for  difplaying 
a  due  generofity.  The  gift  of  mo« 
ney  would  affront  the  delicacy  of 
fome,  and  it  m^ay  lead  to  improper 
condu*ft  in  others.  The  difcretion 
of  an  elevated  mind  would  induce 
one  to  make  a  proper  ufe  of  what 
was  beftowed,  to  accomplifh  fome 
laudable  purpofes  ;  while  money, 
in  the  pofTeiHon  of  anoiher,  acquired 
without  labour,  and  held  without  a 
knowledge  of  its  value,  might  prove 
hurtful,  inftead  of  a  bleiling  to  him. 
Let  not  thefe  obfervations,  how- 
ever, tie  up  the  purfes  of  patrons,  as 
things  of  no  value.  Independent 
of  private  donations  to  unfortunate 
individuals,  there  will  be  many  oc- 
cafions,  in  the  iphere  of  patronage, 
for  a  difpiay  of  liberality,  where  pe- 
cuniary fupplies  will  produce  much 
good,  without  dircdly  offending  any 
one.  Thefe  occafions  can  fcarcely 
be  miftaken,  though  avarice  may  of- 
ten plead  ignorance. 

Buds  of  genius  opening  in  th'e 
vallics  i 


Sio 


StriBures  on  Literary  Patronage. 


Tallies  1  Youths,  whofe  hearts  have 
been  touched  with  a  iive-coal  from 
the  altar  of  infpiration,  and  who,  in 
your  feqneftered  abodes,  are  longing 
for  celebrity  in  your  fevcral  pro- 
feflions  ;  to  you  I  would  humbly 
beg  leave  to  addrcfs  fome  remarks. 
Perhaps  you  are  deilined  to  emi- 
nence, and  anxious  loi  the  accom- 
pliftiment.  But  be  not  too  fan- 
guine  in  your  hopes.  Moderate  the 
exuberancy  of  your  imaginary  ex- 
pedlations.  Be  diligent  in  acquir- 
ing that  merit,  and  thofc  fuperlative 
endowments,  which  alone  can  ren- 
der you  diilinguilhed.  Trull  to  no- 
thing but  what  you  yourfelves  can 
accomplifli.  Every  man  mufl;  be 
the  maker  of  his  own  fortune. 
Place  little  or  nothing  to  the  account 
of  patronage.  This  may  indeed 
prove  advantageous,  but  it  is  un- 
certain. A  man  who  fets  out  un- 
provided upon  a  journey,  would  be 
very  fortunate,  were  he  to  hnd  an 
unclaimed  purfc  by  the  way  ;  but 
who  would  abide  by  fuch  a  coutin- 
gency  ?  You  ought  not  to  be  too 
anxious  to  fecure  a  patron  ;  per- 
haps you  Ihould  be  altogetlier  paf- 
five  in  this  fituation,  and  labour  ra- 
ther to  be  couited  from  the  great- 
nefs  of  your  deferts,  than  to  enquire 
after  one  who  may  impute  to  you 
more  than  you  dcferve.  The  very 
circumibince  of  having  a  patron, 
though  it  may  be  ufefui  in  one  re- 
fpedV,  is  rather  hurtful  in  others. 
Sometimes  it  ilackens  perfeverancc, 
and  a  perfon  relies  more  upon  the 
exertions  of  his  patron,  than  upon 
Lis  own  endeavours  to  be  eminent. 
Befides,  a  young  man  v/ho  is  an- 
nounced to  the  public  notice  by  a 
patron,  is  liable  to  have  his  merit 
fufpeded.  Singular  excellence 
ftands  in  little  need  of  adventitious 
aid,  and  the  influence  of  a  friend  is 
often  a  neceffary  fuccedaneum  for 
perfonal  merlu  He  w^ho  flouriihes 
by  the  favour  of  another,  is  like  a 
t\^eakly  plant  which  needs  the  arti- 


ficial foftering  of  a  hot-bcd,  without 
which  it  would  ficken  and  die. 
Strive  rather  to  refemble  the  hardi- 
nefs  of  the  mountain-tree,  which 
thrives  in  every  foil— -which  lives  in 
the  bleak  blaft  of  tke  hill,  and  de- 
fies the  fury  of  every  tempeft  ! 

The  olfice  of  a  patron  require.^ 
high  qualifications,  which  but  few 
poifefs  ;  and  it  is  better  to  have 
no  patron  llian  an  improper  one- 
When  offers  ot  fervice  are  made,  be 
cautious  how  you  receive  them — ^ 
make  a  candid  eftimate  of  your  own 
powers — Itudy  the  peculiarities  in, 
the  difpofition  of  your  friend— and 
afcertain  whether  he  is  worthy  of 
the  dignity  after  which  he  afpires. 
Connexions  of  this  kind  are  often 
hallily  formed,  and,  for  this  reafon, 
broken  off  abruptly. 

A  PATRON  is  often  procured  at 
the  expence  of  that  dignity  of  mind 
which  ought  to  be  the  characfteriftic 
of  talents.  Defpife  all  protedlion 
held  upon  fuch  ignoble  terms.  Re- 
member, above  all  things,  that  your 
virtuous  independence  is  not  to  be 
facrificed — that  no  unworthy  con- 
cefiions  are  to  be  made — that  your 
honour,  as  men,  is  to  be  preferved 
entire  ;  and  that  you  mult  not  de- 
generate into  the  filly,  fupported 
creature,  of  a  man  of  rank. 

A  PATRov  will  maintain  the  dig- 
nity of  his  patrician  fituation. 
you  as  careful  to  fupport  the 
iionour  which  fhould  always  be  at- 
tached to  talents  and  worth.  You 
will  owe  much  to  generous  exer- 
tions :  but  the  obligations  arc  not 
all  on  your  fide:  a  patron  is  honour- 
ed by  an  eminent  protegee,  and  his 
official  charavSler  is  part  of  his  re- 
ward. In  a  word,  betwixt  a  pa- 
tron and  his  protegee,  let  there  ex- 
ift  that  fairnefs  and  cordiality  of  in- 
tercourfe,  w^hich  ought  always  to 
take  place,  and  which  the  w^orld 
w^ill  expedl,  w^hen  the  one  is  worthy 
of  his  character,  and  the  other  de- 
ferving  of  protedtion. 

FJUrlck  Ftrest.  A.  M. 


l802. 


8rf 


For  the  Scots  Magazine, 

a  poetical  TP.ANSLATION  of  the  SONGS  and  LAMEN- 
TATIONS, OR  ODES,  ELEGIES,  awd  PASTORALS,  ih  the 
OLD  TESTAMENT. 


WHILST  within  the  lad  hun- 
dred years,  the  moft  elegant  Tranf- 
lations  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  Claf- 
fics  have  appeared,  it  is  furpriiing 
no  pains  fhould  have  been  taken  to 
give  us  a  tranflation  of  the  Bible, 
fomewhat  like  the  original. 

As  to  the  Profaic  part,  it  fecms 
to  have  been  executed  in  the  bed 
ftile  of  Profe  compoiition  at  the  time 
it  was  written  ;  But  a  great  part  of 
what  was  Poetry  in  the  original,  has 
been  given  us  in  Profe  in  our  tranfla- 
tion, and  continues  fo,  except  the 
Pfalms,  and  a  few  Poetical  Para- 
phrafes  on  fuch  detached  parts  as 
ft  uck  the  compofers. — Prior'* s  Solo- 
vjon  is  a  fanciful  Poetical  HiHory 
of  that  monarch.  In  The  Fair  Circaf- 

Jini'y  as  a  tranflation  of  the  Song 
of  Solomon,  the  writer  does  not  leave 
loom  for  confidering  it  as  an  alle- 
gorical performance  ;  whilll  others 
have  run  into  the  contrary  extreme. 
Complaints  are  often  made  how 
little  the  Scriptures  are  read  ;  but  it 
may  fafely  be  afferted,  that  any  o- 
ther  ancient  work,  tranflated,  as  the 
Scriptures,  that  is,  from  poetry  to 
profe,  would  long  ago  have  fallen 
into  oblivion.  This  circumftance 
affords  a  ftrong  proof  of  th.e  majef- 
ty  and  fublimity  of  the  Scriptures, 
in  the  original,  above  any  human 
compofition. 

To  put  the  poetical  parts  of  the 

I  Holy  Scriptures  upon  an  equal  foot- 
ing with  the  works  of  the  Ancients, 
it  feems  requifite  a  Poetical  Tranfla- 

I  lion  fliould  be  made  of  the  Songs, 


Hynms,  and  Lamentations,  or, 
Odes,  Paftorals,  and  Elegies,  fyf- 
tematically,  they  occur  ;  as  thofe 
of  Mofes,  on  paffing  the  Red  Sea, 
and  before  his  death  ; — of  Deborah 
and  Barak,  on  their  vidory  over 
Sifera  ; — that  of  Hannah,  on  having 
a  Son  ;  —  the  Lamentation  of  David 
for  Saul  and  Jonathan  \ — the  Song 
of  Praife,  Ifaiah,  c.  26  ;— Hefe- 
kiah's  Thankfgiving,  c.  38;— Part 
of  the  Lamentations  of  Jeremiah  ; 
and  the  Prayer  of  Plabakkuk. — The 
Song  of  Solomon  might  be  turned 
into  Paflcral  Poetry  ;  the  Book 
Job,  poiFihiy  with  advantage,  into 
blank  verfe  ;  and  the  Pfalms  might 
be  revifed  and  retouched  ;  as  a 
complete  new  Tranflation  wonld 
offend  fome  fcrupulcus,  though 
well  meaning  perfons.  This  re- 
vifal,  and  the  tranflation  of  the 
Songs  and  Lamentation:^,  or.  Odes 
and  Elegies,  were  a  taflc  for  which 
the  late  Mr  Logan  was  admirably 
adapted  ;  but  there  are  perfons  at 
prefent  in  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
capable  of  giving  all  the  elegance, 
fublimity  and  pathos  of  the  odes 
and  elegies  to  a  cranflation,  and 
who  could  with  great  facility  turn 
the  Song  of  Solomon  into  Paftoral 
Poetry,  clear  of  all  extremes  ;  and 
the  Book  of  Job  into  blank  verfe. 

When  this  was  finilhed,  the 
Tranflation  might  be  fubmitted  to 
the  General  Affembly,  for  their 
approbation,  and  the  Poetical  Parts 
afterwards  publilhed  like  the  Para- 
phrafes. 

TlfT$ 


8i2       ji  Journey  through  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  Oct. 


This,  if  well  executed,  would  be 
a  vwk  much  to  the  honour  of  the 
Scotilh  Clergy,  and  for  the  intereft 
of  religion,  by  turning  the  atten- 


tion of  readers  of  taftc  more  to  the 
perufal  of  the  Scriptures. 

Laicus* 


the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


THE  inclofed  letter  is  the  firfl: 
of  a  fcries' received  by  me  from  a 
young  man  born  in  Etterick  Foreft, 
and  literally  bred  there  in  the  hum- 
ble fltuation  of  a  Ihepherd.  Vari- 
ous caufes  have  concurred,  in  Scot- 
land, to  excite  and  encourage  a- 
cutcnefs  of  obfervation,  and  ftrength 
of  charader,  even  among  thofe  who 
have  reaped  few  or  no  advantages 
from  fortune  and  from  education. 
From  the  remarks  of  fuch  men, 
efpecially  upon  fubjeds  which  they 
have  been  accuilomed  to  confider 
widi  accuracy,  more  information 
may  be  derived  than  perhaps  the 
pride  of  lettered  rank  will  readily 
allov^.  We  -  often  hear  the  trite  re- 
mark, tliat  a  ftrnnger  ufualiy  fees 
more  of  a  town  which  he  vifits  up- 
on his  travels,  than  thofe  who  have 
all  tlieir  life  been  its  inhabitants. 
Something  like  this  may  occur  in 
the  nclds  of  knowledge.  Thofe 
Tvhole  education  has  commenced 
witli  the  firft  opening  of  their  idccis, 
-who  Imve  never  known  what  it  was 
to  be  at  large  from  the  trammels 
of  an  inftruc1:or,  who  have  been  as 
It  were,  **  rocked  and  craddled,  and 
dandled"  into  men  of  literature, 
may  be  confidered  as  the  denizens 
of  the  realms  of  tafte  and  fcience. 
But  the  uneducated  and  hardy  in- 
truder, whofe  natural  ftrengtli  of 


mind  impels  him  to  ftudy,  and  to 
whofe  refearches  novelty  gives  all, 
its  charms,  may,  while  bewildering 
himfelf  in  unknown  ftreets,  and  oc-' 
cafionally  miftaking  gewgaws  and- 
trinkets  for  real  treafures,  view  ne-' 
verthelefs  receffes  untrod  before,  and 
difcover  beauties  negleded  by  thofe, 
who  have  been  bred  up  among; 
them. 

I  FELT  myfelf  deeply  impreffed 
with  the  truth  of  thofe  obfervations, 
on  perufingpart  of  the  journal  which' 
my  correfpondent  had  kept  during/ 
a  diftant  highland  tour,  and  at  my, 
requeft,  he  undertook  to  digeft  his< 
travelling  obfervations  into  a  feries^ 
of  letters.  Should  you  think  them', 
-worthy  of  a  place  in  your  Publica- 
tion I  Ihould  hope  many  of  your 
readers  may  be  amufed,  and  even 
intruded,  in  following  the  views 
and  ideas  of  fuch  a  charac1:er  as  t 
have  defcribed,  efpecially  when 
affure  you,  that  it  is  not  affumed  ta 
give  a  factitious  intereft  to  the  let- 
ters, which  are  really  and  unafFcsfled- 
iy  the  produdiori  of  a  fliepherd  of 
Etterick  Foieft. 

I  remain, 
Sir, 

Your  humble  fervant, 
S. 


Edinhu7gh^ 

2-6th  S:^Jft.  1002, 


} 


For 


l802. 


813 


A  JOURNEY  THROUGH  THE  HIGHLANDS  OF  SCOTLAND, 

IN  THE  MONTHS  of  JULY  AND  AUGUST  l802,  IN  A  SERIES   OF  LETTERS 
TO  ,  ESQ^ 


Djear  Sir, 

AS  you  defired  me,  I  am  now 
to  give  you  an  account  of  my  late 
journey  thro'  the  North  Highlands, 
and  am  afraid  you  will  be  much  dif- 
appointed  in  the  periifal.  Were  it 
not,  indeed,  that  I  know  that  you  ad- 
mire nature  moll  when  moft  fimply 
drelTed,  I  fliould  not  at  all  have  at- 
tempted it;  but, encouraged  by  this, 
I  will  endeavour  to  lead  your  eyes 
to  every  fcene  over  which  mine 
wandered  with  amazement,  whe- 
ther of  majeftical  deformity,  or  na- 
tural elegance  ;  and  though  I  am 
confcious  how  greatly  deficient  my 
intelligence  hath  been,  it  being  mere- 
ly an  outfide  view  of  things  which 
I  am  enabled  to  prefent,  I  have  the 
fatisfa(5tion,  however,  of  being  a/Fur- 
ed,  that  I  am  communicating  them 
to  a  mind  capable  of  giving  every 
hint  its  full  expanfion. 

Abou  t  ten  years  ago,  I  had  oc- 
cafion  to  make  a  jaunt  through  the 
weftofStirlingfhire,Montieth,Bread. 
albane,  and  Glenorchy,  in  which 
dillrid,  as  you  well  know,  there 
are  as  ftriking  views  of  Grampian 
fcenery,  as  are  any  where  to  be  met 
with.  Here,  too,  I  found  the  eco- 
nomy of  Iheep  farming;  not,  as  I  ex- 
pected, in  its  infancy  ;  but  managed 
with  as  much  fuccefs  and  care,  as  the 
fame  fpecics  of  fheep  were  in  the 
counties  fouth  of  the  Tweed  :  cii:d 
as  no  body  told  me  otherwife,  I 
returned,  fully  convinced,  that  the 
whole  Highlands,  as  far  as  John 
o'Groats  Houfe,  were  ftocked  in  the 
fame  manner ;  and  hence  formed 
conclufions  with  regard  to  the  ilate 
of  our  markets,  very  diff.renr  fiom 
the  refult. 

Vol.  LXIV. 


Last  year,  again,  I  took  another 
journey  through  the  eadern  parts 
of  the  Grampian  Hills,  penetrating 
as  far  as  the  fources  of  the  Dee, 
where  I  beheld  large  tradls  of  fine 
pafture  countries  appropriated  to— 
I  know  not  what,  unlefs  to  the  benefit 
of  fuch  wild  beafts  of  the  field,  and 
fowls  of  the  heaven,  as  are  pleafed 
to  make  them  their  refUng  places. 
1  gathered,  however,  as  much  in- 
formation as  furnilhed  good  matter 
of  difcourfe  with  my  country  neigh- 
bours for  a  twelve-month,  and  fome 
ilories,  that,  with  a  little  colouring, 
made  them  ftare  exceedingly.  Con- 
fulting  feveral  tours  through  Scot- 
land, I  found  in  none  of  them  any 
obfervations  on  the  great  negledl  of 
Iheep  ftock,  which  is  our  chief  ftaplc 
commodity,  and  the  only  animal, 
for  the  rearing  of  which  a  great 
part  of  Scotland  feems  defigned  by 
nature. 

My  own  remarks  being  in  time 
worn  thread  bare,  and  being  un- 
able to  recruit  them  from  the  ob- 
fervations of  others,  I  refolved  upon 
a  more  extenfive  circuit;  and  ac- 
cordingly, I  left  Etterick  on  the  2 2d 
of  July  1802,  and  took  the  road  by 
Blackhoufe  and  Peebles  for  Edin- 
burgh. But  as  you  will  expe«5t  me 
to  defcribe,  as  I  go  along,  I  niuit 
tell  you  what  fort  of  a  place  Et- 
terick is.  If  you  already  know,  you 
may  divert  yourfelf  by  comparin-r 
this  with  the  impreffion  engraven 
on  your  own  remembrance  ;  and, 
if  you  do  not,  it  is  time  you  did. 
At  any  rate,  it  wili  form  a  Itriking 
contrail  with  other  countries 
we  muil  immediately  furvcy. 

5  R     '  The 


S 14       ^  yoiirney  through  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  Oft. 


The  name  Ettericiv  is  of  great  anti- 
equity.  The  Gaelic  term,  from  which 
I  am  told  it  is  derived,  hath  fome 
reference  to  darknefs  ;  and  it  is  be- 
lieved to  have  been  delcriptive  of  fyl- 
van  fcenery,  rather  of  a  uifmal  na- 
ture, probably  in  the  near  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  parifh  church,  as 
it  is  there  only  that  fundry  places 
are  thus  particularized,  as  Old  Et- 
terick-hill,  Etterick-houfe,  Etterick- 
hail,  Etterick-penU,  &:c.  aithou^^h 
the  whole  country  is  termed  Etterick 
Foreft. 

The  hills  are  generally  of  a  beau- 
tiful deep  green,  thick  covered  with 
fheep  ;  high  and  fteep,  though  no- 
"v^'ile  rugged  or  tremendous.  Tlie 
higheft  is  Phaup-penn,  which  rii'cs 
:2370  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
fea.  The  view,  from  the  top  of  this 
mountain,  is  very  eitenfive  to  the 
Touth  and  eaft  ;  but  northwards,  is 
immediately  intercepted  by  the  in- 
terpofition  of  Hertft  ll  and  the  White 
Coom,  betwixt  whicli,  the  palm  has 
been  difputed  as  the  higheft  in  Scot- 
land fouth  of  the  Forth,  though  it 
certainly  belongs  to  the  latter,  its 
elevation  above  the  fea  being  2840 
feet.  The  view  from  this  moun- 
tain IS  truly  aftonifliing,  and  is,  I 
believe,  unequalled  in  Britain.  To 
the  north-eaft  and  fouth-weft,  it  is 
loft  in  the  German  and  Irilh  feas ; 
all  around,  to  the  fouth  and  eait,  at 
prodigious  diftances,  rife  the  Fells 
of  Cockermouth,  Skiddaw,  Cheviot, 
and  Lammermoor  ;  and,  in  the  in- 
terftices  between  thefe,  it  is  loft  in 
fpace.  The  afternoon,  when  the 
fun  is  \veli  about,  is  the  time  for 
a  view  fouth  ward,  when  all  the 
countries  that  lye  betwixt  thefe 
mountains,  with  theirvaricd  fcenery, 
are  feen  at  one  glance.  But  the 
rugged  grandeur  of  the  fcene  al- 
moft  immediately  below  your  feet, 
foon  attrads  the  eye,  and  draws  all 
the  attention  :  There,  you  fee  Loch 
Skene,  with  its  furrounding  rocks, 
which  hath  been,  time  out  of  mind, 


the  impregnable  refuge  of  the  fox, 
the  eagle,  and  all  the  other  beafts  1 
and  birds  of  prey  known  in  thefe 
countries:  There, you  fee  the  famous 
cataract,  called  the  Grey-mare's-tail, 
(overhung  by  the  Bubbly  craig  on 
the  one  fulc,  and  Turnberry  on  the 
other, \  which  falls,  with  only  one 
fmall  intermiilion,  near  300  feet. 

The  contemplation  of  thefe  ob- 
jeds  naturally  fills  the  mind  with 
difmal  and  melancholy  ideas  ;  but 
you  have  only  to  lift  your  eyes  to 
behold  the  cheering  and  enlivening 
profpe^l  of  a  large  extent  of  coun- 
try, flourilhing  in  peace  and  plenty, 
and  all  the  corners  of  the  world 
pouring  in  their  commerce  on  each 
fide  of  you.  Here,  I  will  leave  you 
to  your  own  reflections  during  the 
night ;  and  if  you  awake  in  time 
the  next  morning,  and  the  fky  clear, 
you  will  fee  the  fmoke  rifmg,  in 
many  a  fmall  ftreamer,  out  of  the 
city  oi  Glafgow,  and,  beyond  that, 
the  fovercigns  of  the  North,  headed 
by  Ben  Lomond,  like  a  regiment 
of  blue  pyramids,  towering  their 
everlafting  tops  behind  one  another^ 
vying  with  emulation,  who  lhall  ht 
firft  to  bid  good-morrovr  to  the  fun. 
But  this  is  taking  the  near  cut  to  the 
Higlilands  with  a  vengeance  ;  fo  I 
muft,  after  begging  your  pardon  fof 
this  digreflion,  which  I  am  carelefi 
whether  you  grant  or  not,  return  td 
Etterick,  which  I  left  abruptly  from 
the  top  of  Phaup-penn.  The  next 
to  it  in  proportion,  is  Etterick  Penn, 
which  rifes  behind  the  church  to  the 
height  of  2200  feet  above  the  fea> 
and  is  commonly  called  the  Weird  ; 
Loa.  All  the  mountains  of  a  de^ 
til  (  bed  nature,  efpccially  thofe  whofe 
outline  forms  a  I'emicirclc,  or  evea  : 
an  octave,  are  diftinguifhed  by  the* 
name  of  Law's,  or  La'a's,  of  which 
there  are  a  great  many. 

The  river  Etterick  taketh  its  rifd 
five  miles  8.  S.  E.  of  the  village  of 
Moffat, and  runs  a  courfeof  3omilef. 
About  a  mile  and  an  half  above 
Selkirk 


I  So 2.    A  Journey  through  the 

Selkirk,  it  is  augmented  one  half,  by 
the  tribute  of  its  fifter  Yarrow  ;  and 
as  far  below  that  ancient  burgh, 
the  Tweed  is  increafed  nearly  one 
»  half  by  thefe  united  ftreams.  It 
I  receives  like  wife  in  its  courfe,  be- 
'  fides  innumerable  other  rivulets,  the 
i  two  pretty  paftoral  ftreams  of  Ty- 
j  ma  and  Rankleburn,  exadly  fimi- 
i  lar  in  length,  largenefs,  and  foil. 

The  latter  was,  at  an  early  period, 
1  the  original  pofTeffion  of  the  Scotts 
j  of  Buccieugh,  which  is  ftill  the  name 
I  of  the  farm,  through  which  it  flows, 
and  the  title  by  which  that  noble 
I  peer  is  diftinguifhed.    His  Grace  is 
1  the  principal  proprietor,  both  in  Et- 
'  terick  and  Yarrow,  and  is  the  father 
and  benefador  of  his  country.  His 
name  is  never  mentioned  but  with 
refped  :  His  health  is  the  firft  toaft 
at  all  convivial  meetings  ;  and  the 
houfe  of  Buccieugh,  by  many  of 
j  mine  honeft  countrymen,  is  believed 
to  be  the  moft  ancient  and  honour- 
able now  exiting.    I  once  ran  a 
rifk  of  being  mobbed  for  mention- 
ing, as  its  competitors  at  leaft,  thofe 
of  Auflria  and  Brunfwick;  and,dur. 
ing  the  remainder  of  the  evening, 
was  diftinguifhed  by  the  outlandifh 
name  of  the  Hanover^tan, 

Since  my  remembrance,  his 
Grace's  tenants  have  only  had  leafes 
;  from  one  year  to  another;  but  fo 
alfured  are  they  of  their  welfare  be- 
ing  confulted,  and  of  their  Chief's 
(lability,  that  every  man  cultivates 
his  farm  with  as  much  a/Turance  as 
.  if  he  had  a  liferent  tack.  He  hath 
aow  offered  them  leafes  for  ten  or 
jfleven  years.  Lord  Napier  poflcf- 
Teth  a  large  eftate  around  the  church, 
I  :)f  which  he  is  patron.  There  are  fun- 
i  iry  ot^er  confiderable  proprietors. 

The  two  rivers,  Etterick  and  Yar- 
j-ow,  form  properly  what  is  called 
I  Etterick  Forefl,  which  was  the  Sylva 
illaledonia  of  the  ancients,  and  is 
I  low  the  Arcadia  of  Britain,  the 
j^hole  fcene,  life,  and  manners  of 
1  lie  inhabitants  being  truly  paftoral. 


Highlands  of  Scotland.  815 

In  the  upper  parts  of  the  country 
fmaM  indeed  are  the  remains  of  the 
wood  with  which  it  was  once  whol- 
ly covered  ;  but  in  tlie  lower  parts 
there  i.sfome,both  natural  and  plant- 
ed. The  dilhia  abounds  with  old 
towers,  vv'hich,  in  their  time,  had 
been  places, of  ftrength  ;  and  there  is 
not  one  in  ten  th;it  hath  not  fome  time 
been  inhabited  by  the  Scots,  branches 
ofthefamily  of  Buccieugh.  Thelives 
of  the  principal  fhepherds,  for  fo  I 
denominrate  the  Itore-farmers,  are 
very  eafy,  and,  to  thoie  who  can  re- 
lifh  fuch  a  life,  elegant  and  agree- 
able. They  are  much  employed  dur- 
ing  the  Summer  in  arranging  and 
marketing  their  flocks.  Their  chief 
rural  divcrfions,  in  that  feafon,  are 
fowling,  and  fifhing  Avith  the  rod. 
In  Winter,  they  afemble  in  mixed 
clubs  to  curl  on  the  ice,  and  trace 
the  fox  or  hare,  when  the  evenings 
are  fpent  in  the  higheft  mirth  and 
jollity.  Singing,  dancing,  and  drinks 
ing,  alternately  enfue  ;  and  in  very 
few  families  is  the  latter  ever  carried 
to  excefs.  They  deh'ght  greatly  in 
poetry  and  mufic,  in  which  fundry 
are  confiderable  proacients.  Burns's 
are  the  fivourite  fongs,  and  the 
Scotifh  ftrathfpeys  the  favourite 
rnufic.  Their  more  quiet  and  re- 
tired  divei  fions  are,  cards,  the  dam- 
board,  and  backgammon. 

The  manners  of  the  common  peo- 
ple are  truly  fmgular,  from  their 
fimplicity  :  they  have  generally  the 
mufical  ear  ;  are  pallionately  fond 
of  fongs  ;  and,  for  variety,  greatly 
excel  their  fuperiors.  The  good- 
man's  library  oft-times  confifts  of  a 
family  Bible,  Bofton's  four-fold  flate 
of  Man,  and  a  large  fheaf  or  two 
of  ballads.  In  no  place  are  there 
fo  many  old  longs,  tales,  and  anec- 
dotes  preferved  by  tradition  ;  whilft 
the  new  ones  are  early  introduced, 
being  fought  for  with  fuch  avidity, 
each  one  being  fond  of  fomethingnew 
to  divert  the  focial  circle.  Many 
of  Buras's  fongs,  and  McNeil's, 
5^2  were 


8i6      A  Journey  through  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  OCc. 


u^ere  fung  and  admired,  long  befoi;^ 
we  knew  who  were  the  authors  ;  and 
with  pride  I  relate  it,  many  popu- 
lar fongs  and  tunes  are  indebted  to 
the  Forefl:  for  the  firfl:  difcovery  of 
their  excellence  ;  yet  we  have  not 
a  noted  compofer  of  muiic  among  ft 
us,  our  beft  modern  tunes  being  of 
Perthfhire  original.  The  fhepherds 
having  much  fpare  time  on  their 
hands,  devote  it  to  acftive  paftimes. 
They  afTemble  at  certain  places  in 
the  month  of  March,  in  great  num- 
bers, where  fundry  prizes  are  exhi- 
bited for  the  beft  runners  ;  and  it  is 
extremely  diverting  to  fee  with  what 
eagernefs  the  palm  is  contefted. 
This  fhould  by  no  means  be  dif- 
couraged;  as  agility  and  fwiftnefs 
in  a  Ihepherd  is  a  principal  qualifi- 
cation. Befides,  it  is  well  known, 
that  the  minds  of  fuch  young  people 
muft  be  employed  on  fomething ; 
and  fuch  paftimes,  and  preparation 
for  them,  being  excellently  adapted 
for  invigorating  the  bodily  frame,  fo, 
the  thoughts  of  contefting  the  vic- 
tory with  his  opponent,  who  per- 
haps has  vanquiilicd  him  before, 
prefides  in  the  ihepherd's  heart  a- 
bove  every  confideration,  bearing 
down  thpfe  affeclions  which  might 
prove  far  more  immopjl  and  debili- 
tating. There  is  likewiie  one  ixnAW 
prize  for  him  who  leaps  fartheit  ; 
one  for  him  who  puts  the  ftone  far- 
theft  ;  and  two  or  three  for  the  beft 
wreftlers  :  all  of  wliich  are  well 
contefted,  but  never  viith  fuch  a- 
vidity,  as  the  races  are. 

And  laftly,  the  remainder  of  the 
day  is  fpent  in  playing  at  the  ball. 
This  is  the  moft  furious  conteft  of 
Jill.  Two  counties,  two  parifaes, 
or  oppofite  fides  of  a  water,  engage 
one  another  ;  and  when  one  party 
is  likely  to  come  to  the  worfe,  all 
ranks,  ages,  and  fexes,  lend  a  hand. 
I  have  often  feen  the  grey  hairs  di- 
vefted  of  their  covering  in  the  midft 
of  the  throng,  whilft  the  pofFeffor 
was  plying  and  exerting  himfelf  i?i 


the  general  concern  ;  and  even  he, 
who,  a  few  hours  before,  would  have 
been  expatiating  on  the  madnefs  of 
playing  at  the  ball,  would  grow  fo 
anxious  for  the  honour  of  the  youth 
of  his  own  party,  that  fuch  are  ge- 
nerally the  hotteft,  and  apteft  to 
quarrel  with  their  oppofers,  of  all 
that  are  there  engaged.  So  intent 
are  the  forcft  youths  on  thefe  fports, 
that  wlien  two  or  more  meet  on  the 
mountains,  fome  one  of  the  above 
are  immediately  reforted  to ;  nor 
will  the  vanquiftied  ceafe,  until  his 
failing  in  eyery  performance  con- , 
vinces  him  that  he  hath  done  his 
utmoft  in  vain. 

In  no  part  of  the  fouth  of  Scot- : 
land  hath  the  ancient  fuperftitionS ! 
fo  long  kept  their  grounct  The 
fairies  have  but  lately  and  relu6l:ant-«  J 
ly  quitted  its  green  holms  and  flow*, 
cry  glens.   Some  yet  alive  have  had 
intercourfe  with  them  ;  and  the  fto- 
ries  of  their  pranks  and  gambols  arc 
liftened  to  with  more  attention,  ancj*  i 
as  much  faiih  annexed,  as  the  gofpel  / 
according  to  Matthew.  I  have  heard  i 
my  own  Ibn  relate  how  he  had  fpo->i 
ktn  with  thcrn  tvyice  ;  and  thatbor  i 
thought  he  did,  las  well  believe,  as  ' 
that  1  am  writing  this  letter  tQ ' 
you.    We  are  perfuaded  that  they 
have  not  power  to  ftay  where  the  Pro* 
teftant  religion  is  fo  hrqily  eftH-" 
blilhed;  but  that,  in  the  Papift  coxxn^ 
tries,  they  are  as  thick  as  ever.  Th^ 
lait  brownie  that  left  the  fouth  of 
Scotland,  haunted  Badftjeck,  in  our 
vicinity  ;  the  tenor  of  whofe  lament- 
ation for  the  extirpation  of  his  tribCf 
on  the  night  of  his  departure,  is  yet 
well  known  here-abouts.  Gaifts  and 
bpgies  aie  as  plenty  as  ever. — Not 
potato  bogles,  rny  dear  Sir  ;  but 
awful,  terrible  bogles,  who  affume 
the  moft  fantaftical  ihapes,  and  play 
the  maddeft-like  adions,  which  the 
moft  whimfical  fpirits  can  invent. 
Scarcely  is  there  a  fteading  without 
a  place  near  it  that  is  not  occafional- 
Ij  haunted^  and  this  hath  been  thp 


i8o2.     ^  Journey  through  the  Highlands  of  ScotlancL  817 


gcpd  effe(5l  of  preventing  many  a 
night  walk  by  the  youtli  around, 
who  verily  believe  them  mod  apt 
to  appear  to  people  going  about 
fome  ill  end.  No  bad  trait  this. 
Sir,  of  the  Fore  ft  bogles.  I  could 
tell  you  fifty  ftories  of  the  caufes  of 
thefe  apparitions,  of  their  laying, 
and  how  vilely  they  have  fooled 
fome  of  our  parfons ;  but  if  we 
go  on  at  this  rate,  we  will  not 
reach  the  Highlands  this  feafon. 
There  are  many  of  our  old  ill-look- 
ing women  that  are  rank  witches  ; 
and,  had  we  been  fo  fortunate  as  to 
have  lived  under  James  the  Sixth, 
we  lliould  foon  have  had  our  poors 
rates  one  half  diminiflied.  The 
farm  of  Fauldiliop,  and  its  neigh- 
bourhood, it  is  believed,  never  has 
been,  nor  never  will  be,  without 
witches  ;  and  it  is  no  uncommon 
thing,  in  this  enlightened  age,  to 
hear  of  <^  fore  hunted  hare  running 
in  at  a  door  or  window,  and,  on 
the  poacher  following  in,  he  fees 
the  old  wife  lying  quite  forefet, 
and  hanging  out  her  tongue  with 
the  heat :  or  of  a  wounded  muir- 
fool  or  partridge  flying  in  at  the 
lum,  and  being  found  an  old  wo- 
man well  peppered  with  fhot. 

When  the  goodwife's  cat  is  ill 
fed,  confequently  of  a  lean  and 
meagre  appearance,  it  is  readily 
afcribed  to  the  witches  riding  on 
them  in  the  night  ;  and  I  have 
aduaily  known  very  grofs  incan- 
tations ufed  by  feveral  families 
for  the  removal  of  charms,  both 
from  themfelves,  and  the  cattle.  I 
was  mightily  diverted,  not  long  ago, 
with  the  ingenuity  of  a  ploughman 
of  my  acquaintance.  He  had  yoked 
kis  plough,  for  the  fir  ft  time  that  fea- 
fon, in  the  month  of  February,  and 
his  accoutrements,  by  being  three 
quarters  of  the  year  dormant,  were 
much  impaired,  as  may  well  be  fup- 
pofed.  He  firft  broke  one  thing, 
then  another,  then  another  ;  all  of 
\:/hich  he  knitted  or  replaced  with 


great  patience.  In  a  few  minutes, 
crafli  went  tlie  plough  !  Then  his 
eyes  were  opened  !  He  remembered 
he  had  quarrelled  with  an  old  wo- 
man fome  days  before,  and  was  too 
fure  he  was  bewitched,  for  that  he 
had  been  in  a  very  queer  way  ever 
fmce,  and  never  knew  what  ailed 
him  !  He  however  got  his  plough 
and  other  utenfils  repaired  ;  but  be- 
fore he  would  venture  to  yoke  a- 
gain,  travelled  feveral  miles  for  a 
whipfhaft  of  rown-tree,  to  which  he 
tied  the  thong  with  a  fcarlet  twine  ; 
then  he  yoked  and  turned  up  his 
roods  as  formerly,  and,  looking 
back  at  the  end  of  every  ftraight 
furrow,  he  repeated,  with  exulta- 
tion, the  very  old  couplet, 

Rown  tree  an'  rede  thread 
Pits  the  witches  to  their  fpeed. 

You  will  think  this  no  very  fa- 
vourable picture  of  a  country  which 
is  beginning  to  emerge  into  notice, 
where  indeed  there  are  many  very 
fcnfible  people,  and  where  the  youth, 
as  you  know,  have  made  great  pro- 
ficiency in  the  arts  and  fciences,  as 
well  as  in  trade  and  mauufadures. 
The  fa(*  is,  the  foreil  being  fur- 
rounded  by  high  mountains,  remain- 
ed long  excluded  from  any  inter- 
courfe  with  the  more  fertile  diftri<fts' 
furrounding  thefe  :  even  to  this  day, 
the  crofs  roads  are  in  a  ftate  of  na- 
ture. The  confequence  of  all  this 
was,  a  later  and  more  fudden  emer- 
gence from  barbarity  ;  and  fo  ufed 
have  the  people,  even  of  this  genera- 
tion, t^een,  to  hear  thefe  ftories  told 
as  authentic,  by  the  very  perfons 
whom  they  were  bound  by  nature 
to  believe  and  obey,  that  you  may 
as  well  think  to  argue  them  out  of 
the  belief  of  their  own  exiftence,  as 
of  their  authenticity. 

Such  was  the  country  I  left  be- 
hind  on  reaching  the  Tweed;  and 
it  being  at  the  fpawning  feafon,  all 
hands  were  employed  about  the 
flocks.  The  blooming  maids  afcend- 

ed 


8i8 


New  Edition  of  Bruce'' s  Travels, 


ed  to  the  ewes  milking  evening  and 
morning,  while  the  weary  fhepherd 
was  glad  to  catch  the  fmall  interval 
from  employment,  and  take  a  nap 
befide  his  faithful  curan, on  the  green 
turf  at  the  fide  of  the  bught. — I 
will  not  begin  another  fheet,  for 


fear  of  doubling  your  poflage,  but 
fubfcribe  myfclf, 

Yours  for  ever, 

C  ;  .3-  A  DHEPKERD. 

(  To  be  Continuea, ) 


PROSPECTUS  OF    A    NEW  EDITION    of    BRUCE'S  TRA- 
VELS  iM  ABYSSINIA. 


WITH  the  writings  of  the  cele- 
brated Britifh  traveller,  who  Hrft  vi- 
fited  AbyfTmia,  and  gave  his  enlight- 
ened countrymen  a  full  view  of  the 
peculiar  manners,  and  flatc  of  fo- 
ciety  in  that  unknown,  and  in- 
tcrefting  region,  Europe  is  al- 
ready familiar.  At  the  diilance  of 
thirty  years  from  the  time  in  which 
thefe  travels  w^ere  accomplilhed,  the 
public  is  at  laft  conrinced  of  the 
dangers  w^hich  an  Abyffinian  tra- 
veller mufl:  encounter  ;  of  the 
difficulties  which  he  muit  furmount ; 
and  of  the  abilities,  which  arc  ne- 
ceffary  to  eiilure  fuccefs  to  his  un- 
dertaking. Amongil  the  various 
circumftances  that  illuitrate  this 
obfervation,  it  is  none  of  the  leail 
remarkable,  that  no  European  has 
as  yet  been  able  to  reach  ti)e  fcene 
of  Mr  Bruce's  obfervations,  either 
to  improve,  confirm,  or  refute  his 
narrative.  Subfequenttravellershave 
fhrunk  from  a  trial,  which  feems  to 
be  delayed  until  time  ihail,  perhaps, 
have  made  it  impoffible  to  alcertain 
the  full  extent  of  his  adventures. 
They  have  left  him  alone  to  be 
checked  only  by  his  own  account, 
and  the  original  materials  that  re- 
main from  its  compofition.  Ab- 
ftra61ing  from  the  information 
which  he  has  furnllhcd  on  the  fub- 
jed,  the  coy  fountains  of  the  Ned  el 
\asreky  are  as  unknown  to  every  o- 


thcr  traveller,  as  thofe  of  the  riv^J" 
Ahiirl ;  had  it  not  been  for  the 
efforts  of  his  adventurous  fpij  it,  they 
had  both  remained  in  that  obfcuri- 
ty  in  which  they  had  been  loft  for 
ages,  and  the  fources  at  Geefh  had' 
been  equally  expofed  to  vague  geo- 
graphical coiije(5ture,  with  thofe- 
Nvhich  are  faid  to  defcend  from  the' 
Mount. Hiis  of  the  Mooru 

Confirmation  has,  however, 
flowly  and  gradually  arrived  in  Eu-. 
rope,  of  many  important  and  cha- 
racteriftic  fads,  which  a  few  of  theBri- 
tifli  Public,  or  rather  the  ignorance, 
of  party,  ventured  at  hrfl:  to  call  in 
queftion.  The  favage  deformity 
of  barbarous  manners  has  been  de- 
lineated by  other  travellers  ;  the  re- 
ports of  various  original  writers 
have  been  compared,  and  examin- 
ed ;  the  ferocious  pidure  given  by. 
Mr  Bruce  has  been  allowed  to  poflefs 
the  features  of  truth,  and  the  flat- 
tering defcriptions  of  a  Roulleaa. 
are  no  longer  legarded.  It  now 
appears,  wMth  ail  the  certainty 
which  report  can  beflow,  that  Mr 
Bjuce,  contrary  to  the  general  prac-. 
tice,  did  not  wander  over  Abyffinia. 
under  the  form  of  a  mendicant,  but 
lived  in  fplendour  at  the  court  of 
that  kingdom^  affociated  with  the 
firft  nobility,  was  promoted  by  its' 
fovereign  to  the  government  of  a  pro- 
vince^ 


l302. 


New  Edition  of  Bruce' s  Travels. 


-vince,  and  celebrated  for  his  perfon- 
al  addrefs,  and  for  feats  of  (kill  and 
courage,  both  in  the  metropolis  and 
frontiers;  The  name  of  Jagouhe  is 
dill  remembered  in  a  rude  nation 
where  the  deeds  of  the  hero  always 
furvive  the  memory  of  every  other 
qualification,  and  where,  perhaps, 
few  of  thofe  diftinguillied  perfons 
who  loved  and  honoured  him,  re- 
main alive  to  commemorate  his  fto- 

On  a  candid  and  moderate  elli- 
Jiiate  of  the  different  accomplilh- 
ments  which  enabled  Mr  Bruce  to 
execute  his  journey  to  the  fources  of 
the  Nile,  of  the  unequalled  dangers 
which  he  furmounted,  and  of  the 
aftonifhing  quantity  of  valuable 
knowledge  which  he  ccllecled  in  the 
eaft,  it  is  no  exaggeration  to  af- 
firm, that  of  all  the  travellers  who 
have  ever  explored  the  furface  of  the 
globe,  no  fmgle  individual,  with  the 
lame  afliftance,  has  ever  difcovered, 
or  effecled  fo  much.  Thofe  who 
ftill  remember  the  majeftic  figure, 
the  commanding  prefence,  and  the 
princely  form  of  the  Abyffinian  tra- 
veller, are  bell  able  to  compare  his 
perfonal  endowments  with  thofe  of 
other  men  who  have  ferved  the 
world  in  a  fimilar  capacity ;  but 
wl)»  n  we  reflcdl,  that  he  penetrated 
not  into  India  or  Arabia,  or  even 
into  the  fouth  of  Africa,  countries  of 
themfelves  fufficiently  dangerous  to 
explore  ;  but  that  he  entered  a  i  e- 
gion  full  of  Mooiifh  bigotry,  un- 
known in  its  general  outline,  inac- 
ceifible  to  Europeans  for  more  than 
half  a  century  before,  and  ever 
fincc  ;  that  he  raifed  himfelf  to  tiie 
dignity  and  honours  of  a  native 
chief;  revived  the  credit  of  Europe, 
where  it  had  been  contemptible  for 
ages,  and  during  nearly  three  years 
pafFed  in  comparative  fafety  through 
Its  various  provinces,  fo  as  to  afcer- 
tain  the  relative  geography  of  pla- 
ces, obferve  the  motions  of  the  ce- 
Uftial  bodies,  and  the  phenomena 


of  the  heavens,  in  a  tropical  climate, 
as  celebrated  for  its  efPedls  on  the 
face  of  nature,  as  obfcure  in  its  hi- 
(lory  ;  and,  at  the  fame  time,  deli- 
neate the  numerous  volumes  of  na- 
tural produdions,  which  remain  to 
teftify  his  unceafing  induftry ;  in 
fpite  of  every  prejudice,  it  may 
clearly  be  predided,  that  for  many 
years  to  come,  Europe  fhall  not 
boa  11  of  fuch  a  traveller*.  Others 
may  attempt  the  fame  courfe  with 
more  fcientific  fkill  in  arranging  the 
various  produdions  of  the  globe ;  their 
dcfcriptions  may  be  more  Linnean  ; 
their  volumes  more  elaborate  ;  but 
if  only  one,  of  five,  Europeans  furvi- 
ved  the  climate  of  Arabia,  how  ma- 
ny will  be  requifite  to  furvey  the 
Nubian  deferts  ! 

Mr  Bruce  returned  from  Abyffi- 
nla  by  a  route  in  which  the  natives 
of  the  country  themfelves  often  pe- 
rifh.  His  journals,  rich  with  geo- 
graphical, hiftorical,  and  mifcella- 
neous  information,  though  all  that 
could  reafonably  be  expedled  from 
a  traveller,  were  not  the  only  pre- 
fent  he  made  to  his  country.  He 
brought  into  Britain  about  feventy 
volumes  of  Arabic  MSS  ;  a  com- 
plete copy,  in  many  large  quartos, 
of  all  the  books  of  the  Old  and  Nev/ 
Te (lament,  in  the  language  of  the 
country  he  had  vifited,  familiar  to 
himfelf,  though,  perhaps,  not  un- 
derftood,  even  at  prefent,  by  many 
perfons  in  this  literary  ifland.  With 
thefe  he  imported  feveral  copies  of 
the  celebrated  book  of  Enoch,  a 
Gnoilic  volume,  quoted  by  an  Apo- 
ftle,  hut,  perhaps,  never  feen  be- 
fore by  any  learned  European. 
Not  to  mention  extenfive  fpecimens 
of  feven  Abyflhiian  languages,  pro- 
cured by  his  own  care,  the  Synax- 
ar,  or  lives  of  the  Abyfiinian  faints, 
the  Conilitutions  of  the  Apoftles, 
a  MS.  on  Papyrus,  in  the  Saliioic 
dialed!  of  Egypt,  all  of  which  are 
but  impel fcv::l:ly  known  in  the  liter- 
ary 


820 


New  Edition  ofBrucc's  Travels. 


oa. 


ary  world  ;  the  Chronicle  of  Ar- 
um, and  the  AbyfTinian  Annals, 
which  were  prefented  to  Mr  Bruce 
by  men  of  the  firft  rank  in  the  na- 
tion, enabled  him  to  give  the  public 
an  original  hillory  of  that  remote 
country,  whofe  geographical  and 
moral  itate  he  had  been  deftined  to 
explore.  His  collection  of  draw- 
ings, of  natural  hiftory,  and  ruined 
architecture,  objeds  which  had  at- 
tracted much  attention  during 
the  whole  of  his  refidence  in  fo- 
reign countries,  was  fo  copious^ 
accurate,  and  magnificent,  as  to  a- 
llonifh  the  world  at  the  extent  of 
his  labours  and  ingenuity. 

It  is  not  the  end  of  this  curfory 
view  to  difplay,  by  reafoning,  the 
merits  of  Mr  Bruce.  Thefe,  after 
prejudice  has  been  facrificed  at  his 
lomb,  will,  by  their  own  llrength, 
appear  in  their  nativx  character. 
A  bare,  unadorned  ftatement  of 
the  benefits  which  his  labours  liave 
already  conferred  on  various  de- 
partments of  fcience,  were  fuflicient 
to  vindicate  his  confcious  right  to 
gratitude  from  pofterity  ;  but  it  is 
much  to  be  lamented,  that  he  did 
not  live  to  exhibit  to  the  world  the 
fruits  of  his  long  induilry  and  re- 
fearch,  in  the  manner  which  they 
deferved,  and  to  finilh,  amidit:  the 
accumulating  fplendour  of  fimie, 
thofe  works  the  authenticity  of 
which  time  has  been  gradually  efta- 
blifhing,  to  the  confuiion  of  his  ene- 
mies. 

Mr  Bruce,  on  arriving  in  Europe, 
found  that  his  difcoveries  were  eili- 
2Tiated  w^ith  much  in<^ratitude.  He 
perceived  himielf  inadequate  to  the 
publication  of  his  fplendid  coileclion 
of  ancient  architedure,  and  natural 
hiftory,  from  various  circumftances 
of  which  he  certainly  might  not  be 
aware,  when  preparing  it,  particular- 
ly the  expence  of  engravmg,  which 
no  private  fortune  was  able  pru- 
dently to  bear.  Whether  he  expec- 
ted alTiftance  from  that  nation,  for 
the  inftruftion  of  which  he  had  fo 


often  expofed  his  life,  is  exceedingly- 
doubtful  :  certain  it  is,  however, 
that  the  works  of  very  refpedtabld 
travellers  have  been  publifhed  by  the 
governments  of  various  European 
countries,  much  to  their  credit  and 
honour.  After  a  delay  of  feveral 
years,  occafioned  by  circumftances 
with  which  all  his  friends  were  fully 
acquainted,  he  publifhed  the  five 
Volumes  of  his  travels  in  Abyflinia. 
In  thefe  he  was  obliged  to  omit  his 
prior  difcoveries  in  Barbary,  becaufe 
the  magnificent  plates,  neceffary  for 
that  part  of  the  work,  would  have 
enhanced  the  fize  and  expence  of 
the  whole  to  an  uncommon  degree  ; 
and  of  the  journals  which  naturally 
required  to  be  publifhed  feparateiy, 
he  chofe  the  moft  important,  in 
point  of  difcovery  and  fame. 

In  the  narrative  of  his  journey 
through    this  unexplored  African 
monarchy,  accurately  defcribed  be- 
fore by  no  geographer,  and  chroni- 
cled by  no  hiitorian,  he  thought 
himfelf  bound  to  interfperfe  feveral  , 
diiTertations  on  its  ancient  hiftory, 
and  on  other  topics  which  had  for-  - 
merly  engaged  the  attention  of  the 
greateft  monarchs  and  philofophers, 
but  which  are  ftill  confiderably  in- 
volved in  the  profound  obfcurity 
w^hich  darkens  the  parent  country  of 
ancient  wifdom.     If,  in  thefe  dif- 
cuflions,  he  was  not  always  fuccefs- 
ful,    his   plan    is   at   leaft  free 
from  thofe  obje<5tions  to  which  a 
traveller  would  be  liable,  in  writing 
an  account  of  his  journey  through, 
any  country,  whofe  ancient  ftate  is . 
already  known.    In  Egypt  and  A- 
byflinia,  thofe  digreffions  are  natu- 
turally  to  be  expeded,  from  every 
philofophic  obferver ;  their  propriety 
is   conftituted    by   the  imperfed 
knowledge  we  poffefs  of  thefe  coun- 
tries ;  and  the  defign  of  Mr  Bruce 
was  to  furnilh  a  complete  account 
of  thofe  regions  which  he  was  a- 
mongft  the  hrft  to  delineate. 

TOWARDS  the  end  of  the  year 


i8o2.         '    New  Edition  of  Bruce' s  Travels. 


821 


.1793,  he  began  to  rcvife  his 
work  for  a  fecond  '-^n.  Many 
typographical  and  gram,  \tical  er- 
rors with  which  the  firfl:  i.  d  been 
deformed,  from  caufes  unneceffary 
to  be  mentioned  here,  were  correct- 
ed ;  and  fuch  emendations  and  ad- 
ditions were  made,  under  his  own 
care,  as  promifed  evident  improve- 
ment in  every  part  of  the  publica- 
tion. In  the  geographical  pofitions, 
both  on  the  maps,  and  in  the  text, 
fuch  miftakes  had  been  committed, 
as  in  fadt  conliderably  diminilhed 
the  credit  of  that  part  of  the  work. 
As  the  book  was  now  to  be  pubiiih- 
ed  in  the  odavo  form,  a  confidera- 
ble  number  of  plates  were  prepared 
for  that  purpofe,  and  feveral  new 
ones  were  about  to  be  engraved. 
All  thefe  labours  were  interrupted 
^t  once,  by  the  fudden  death  of  the 
Author,  in  the  fpring  of  the  year 

Messrs  Manners  &  Miller,  and 
Mr  Conllabie,  Bookfellers  in  Edin- 
burgh, the  purchafers  of  the  copy- 
right, from  the  prefent  Mr  Bruce  of 
Kinnaird,  the  author's  fon,  having 
full  liberty  of  accefs  to  the  repo- 
fitories  of  this  celebrated  travel- 
ler, are  now  enabled  to  lay  be 
fore  the  public  a  view  of  the  plan 
on  which  the  r-ew  edition  will  be 
conduded.  The  whole  text  of  the 
firil  edition  will  be  given  in  the  ftate 
in  which  it  now  Hands  in  the  au- 
thor's correded  copy,  with  thofe 
emendations  and  additions  by  him- 
felf,  which  mull  render  it  the  only 
itandard  of  the  work  in  future.  As 
editors  of  a  pofthumous  work  cf 
fuch  reputation,  they  mufi:  beg  leave 
to  afluie  the  Public,  that  any  at- 
tempt of  theirs  to  mangle,  or  change 
the  form  ot  the  text,  beyond  the 
bounds  prefcribed  by  thefe  correc- 
tions, with  the  view  of  gratifying 
any  particular  clafs  of  readers, 
would  be  a  pofitive  infringement  of 
the  will  of  the  Author  ;  and  would 

Vol.  LXIV. 


difcredit  fo  much  the  authorltj 
of  a  more  refined  arrangement, 
that  they  could  not  cxpedt  their 
editioA  to  be  efteemed,  or  even 
read,  by  any  man  of  letters^ 
The  additions,  however,  which  they 
are  enabled  to  draw  from  the  ori- 
ginal journals  of  Mr  Bruce,  will  not 
only  illuftrate,  in  a  high  degree, 
many  parts  of  the  printed  work, 
but  even  bellow  new  evidence  and 
light  on  the  whole  of  the  narra- 
tive. They  Hatter  themfeives,  that 
the  Author,  and  the  work  itfelf, 
will  be  better  known  to  the  pub- 
lic in  general,  by  the  manner  in 
which  every  circumltance  will  b* 
examined;  as  the  original  letteis, 
and  a  variety  of  fads  which  they 
have  in  their  power  to  produce,  will 
more  fully  delineate  the  character  of 
the  one,  while  the  authentic  and 
minute  additions  from  the  journals, 
will  eilabiilh,  or  enlarge  the  truth 
of  the  other. 

The  new  edition  will  be  compre- 
hended in  feven  volumes  odavo, 
with  a  volume  of  plates  in  the 
quarto  form,  for  the  obvious  conve- 
nience of  a  larger  fcale.  Thtf.  -st 
volume  will  contain  a  life  of  Mr 
Bruce,  from  original  papers  pre- 
ferved  in  the  family  ;  from  a  writ- 
ten memoir  by  himfclf ;  and  a  very 
large  mafs  of  literary  and  mifcella- 
necus  correfpondence,  in  the  En- 
glilh,  French,  Italian,  and  Portii- 
guefe  languages,  from  which  will 
be  feleded,  and  annexed  to  the  life, 
?J1  thofe  curious  and  important  pa- 
pers, v/liich  are  neceifary  to  authen- 
ticate  any  part- cf  that  narrative ;  al- 
fo  copious  fpecimens  of  the  original 
journal,  written  immediately  after 
viliting  the  fources  of  the  Nile,  v;itli 
copies,  and  tianllations,  from  the 
Turkiih,  Arabic,  and  modern  Greek, 
of  firmans,  letters,  and  other  wri- 
tings, by  perfons  of  diftinclion,  ii> 
favour  of  the  Abyflinian  traveller. 

5  S  Thf 


822 


N(^w  Edition  of  Bruce* s  Travels. 


Oft. 


The  ffcond  volume  will  contain  ty  is  now  profefled  againfl:  Euro-  ; 

the  Author's  introdudion  to  the  peans  for  ever. 

firfl  edition,  with  references  to  the       Thv.  fourth  volume  will  contain' 
account     in    the    volume    prece-  the  tranfadlions  of  Mr  Brace's  jour- 
ding  ;  the  narrative  of  the  voyage  ney,  from  the  time  of  his  entrance 
till  his  arrival  at  Mafunh,  and  the  into  tlie  country  hy  Mafuah,  till  his 
introdudory  part  of  the  ancient  hi-  arrival  at  the  fources  of  the  Nile  ; 
ftory  of  Ethiopia  ;  enlarged  with  a  «nd  the  fifth,  the  remainder  of  that 
tomplete  and  accurate  view  (;f  the  journey,  till  his  arrival  in  England. 
Ethiopic  MSS,  brought  from  Abyf-  Tlie  feries  of  the  n.-rrative  will  all 
nia  by  Mr  Bruce,  with  an  abllrai-^  along  be  confirmed  from  the  origi- 
of  their  contents,  and  the  informa-  nal  journals  ;  and  the  various  to- 
tion    they  aiford  relative  to  tluit  pics  which  feem  worthy  of  obferva- 
country.     The   fmgular   book  of  tion,  will  be  examined  or  illuftrated. 
Enoch  will   be   examined  in  this  A  iwlume  o(  finilhed  drawings,  con-; 
place.    This  volume,  as  well  as  the  taining  the  poi  tr  aits  of  the  royal  fa- 
fucceeding  ones,  will  be  enriclied  mily,  and  courtiers  ol  Gondar,  and' 
'witli  fmne  appropriate  notes  from  of  many  of  the  natives  of  the  re-; 
former, >(ir  fubfecjuent  travellers,  en-  gions  through  which  Mr  Bruce  tra-1 
enlivening  the  fubjcd,  or  confirming  veiled,  was,  by  fome  accident,  un- 
til e  fadls.  feu  tunately  loll  in  his  own  lile-lime.j 
The  third  volume  will  compre-  The  original  Iketches  are,  however,, 
hend  the  remainder  of  the  AbyfTi-  ])rcfcrved,  though  many  of  them 
nian  hlftory  down  to  the  period  of  witliout  names.  Fiomthefe,  though; 
the  Author's  entr  ance  into  Habbefli.  certainly  much  inferior  to  the  fi-. 
This  hillorical  epifode,  whiclr  fome  nilhed  drawings,  will  be  given  por-; 
have  cenlured  as  injurious  to  the  traits  of  Ozoio  Efther,  Tecla  Ma-^ 
unity  of  the  traveller's  own  narra-  riam,  Woodage  Afahel,  and  feveralj 
tive,  wiD  fcarcelybe  reckoned  unin-  jother  diftingiiilhed  AbyfTmians.  [ 
terefting  by  thofe  who  r  eflc<5i:,  that       The y^'x//)  and  seventh  \o\\imt^  willj 
it  is  drawn  from  MoS.  never  before  contain  the  fpecimens  of  natural  hif-^ 
tranflated,    or  knovini  in  Europe  ;  tory  already  given,  and  fuch  feleded' 
that  it  is  richly  interfperfed  with  additions  as  the  expence  of  a  very  ex- 
vievv^s  of  Abyfimian  cuftoms  and  tenfrve  work  will  allow  the  publifh- 
manners,  and  almoft  abfolutely  rie-  ers  to  m/ake.  The  whole  of  the  Na- 
ceilary  to  introduce  the  reader  to  tural  E) i ftory  would,  by  itfelf,  form 
thofe  perfons  who  make  a  figure  in  one  of  the  moft  magnificent  works 
the  a^Siive  part  of  the  (loi  y.    But  if  which  lias  ever  been  publiihed,  and 
all  thefe  things  fliould  tlill  be  con-  fuch  as  it  were  entirely  improper  to 
fidered  of  inferior  value,  by  thofe  annex  tc  any  volumes  of  Travels, 
who  are  carelefs  about  African  af-  An  accurate  andfcientific  catalogue 
fairs,  let  it  not  be  forgotten,  that  it  of  the  vai'ious  produdions  of  natu- 
contains  the  hirtory  of  a  CJiriftian  ral  hiftory,  of  which  Mr  Bruce  pof- 
nation,  ailing  under  hfaHioU  autho-  fefl'ed  drawings,  will  be  given,  with 
rity,  defeated  by  the  very  means  as  perfect  a  defcription/of  the  feve- 
through  which  it  hoped  for  com-...-rararticles,  as  the  written  accounts 
plcte  iuccefs,  propagating,  either  di-  and  drawings  will  furnilh. 
redly  or  indiredly,  bigotiy,  immo-  '    A  small  MS.  dili'ertation  on  St» 
lality,  and  M^»honietanifrri,  inflead  rian  medals  will  precede  a  cata- 
of  the  gol'pel ;  and,  perhaps,  ciofing,  logue  of  medals,  brought  by  Mr 
by  its  vices,  the  bat-ricrs  of  the  bfiTy K^Tef^^  and  thelaft  vo- 
Afii^can  kingdom^  where  Chriftiani--  lumeuill  be  cc^pletedby  an  account ; 


lS02. 


On  Contr anions  in  Language. 


823 


of  the  Arabic  MSS.  in  the  Brucean 
colledlion  at  Kinnaird.  Extracts 
from  thefe  will  occafionally  be  gi- 
ven in  the  courfe  of  the  work,  when 
illuftrative  of  the  fubjedt,  but  the 
contents  of  the  whole  will  be  exhi- 
bited in  order,  as  being  evidently 
too  much  conne(5ted  with  the  Ori- 
ental literature  of  this  country,  to 
be  paffed  over  in  filence. 

The  adronomlcal  and  meteoro- 
logical obfervations  of  Mr  Bruce 
v/ill  be  carefully  given  in  their  pro- 
per places,  from  the  original  jour- 
nals. The  foimer  are  exceedingly 
numerous,  and  fo  effential  to  the 
geographical  furvey  made  by  Mr 
Bruce,  as  to  deferve  every  atten- 
tion ;  the  latter  are  very  copious  ; 
and,  in  a  tropical  region,  whofe  in- 
nundating  rains  fupport  Nature,  in 
one  of  the  moft  celebrated  countries 
in  the  world,  and  the  phacnomena 
of  whofe  winds  muft  confiderably 
eilabhih  or  refute  any  exifting  theo- 
ry on  that  fubjed,  can  never  be 
marked  with  fuperfluous  accuracy. 
A  journal  of  the  weather.  Sec,  kept 
at  Cairo  by  a  friend  of  Mr  Bruce, 
during  one  of  the  feafons  Mr  Bruce 
Was  at  Gondar,  enables  us  to  com- 
pare the  meteorology  of  Egypt  and 
Abyffinia  for  a  given  period. 

The  maps  of  the  printed  edition 
Vvill  be  re-engraved  from  copies  cor- 


re(5led  by  the  author,  and  afterwards 
minutely  compared  with  the  origi- 
nal plans  made  in  the  Eaft  ;  fever  al 
new  ones,  conftruded  by  Mr  Bruce, 
for  an  improved  edition,  will  alfo  bii 
infer  ted. 

Such  is  the  imperfect  fkctch  of 
a  work,  which  will  foon  be  fub- 
mitted  to  the  intelligent  and  litera- 
ry world.  The  pubiifhers  are  fuUv 
conic ious  how  much  inferior  the 
exertions  of  any  editor  mull  always 
be  to  thofe  of  the  author  himfelf. 
Yet,  from  the  nature  of  the  work, 
and  the  high  regard  which  they  are 
anxious  to  prefcrve  for  the  memo- 
ry of  a  man  who  did  honour  to  his 
country,  by  exploring  a  diftant  and 
unknown  portion  of  the  globe,  and 
by  returning  through  many  danger 
loaden  with  fuch  licerary  treafures 
as  no  European  traveller  could 
ever  boaft  of,  they  indulge  a  fuitable 
hope,  rhat  the  humble  toil  of  read- 
ing and  arranging  the  materials 
which  he  has  left  behind  him,  and 
conducting  through  the  prefs,  with 
diligence  and  accuracy,  the  pollhu- 
mous  edition  of  his  works,  will  be 
received  favourably  by  that  part  of 
the  public  for  wiiich  only,  to  ufe 
his  own  words,  he  thought  it  "wg^-th 
while  to  travel  or  to  write.'* 
Edinburgh,  Od.  1802. 


ON  CONTRACTIONS  IN  LANGUAGE. 


THE  abbreviation  of  long  words, 
by  contracting  the  vowels,  or  omit- 
ting particular  confonants,  is  an  ob- 
vious fadt  in  the  hillory  of  all  lan- 
guages. Moft  grammarians  take 
notice  of  this,  when  the  efFefts  of  it 
are  fo  great  as  to  create  a  difiiculty 
in  acquiring  any  particular  lan- 
guage ;  but  they  feem  to  confine 
thenifelves  to  limited  remarks,  and 
detached  obfervations.  In  the 
Greek,  where  contraction  is  fo  pre- 
valent, a  feries  of  obfervations  on 


the  fubjci^  was  fir  ft  arranged  by 
Profelfor  Moore,  \<'}th  a  degree  of 
perfpicuity  to  which  former  gram- 
maiians  had  not  attained.  Still, 
however,  the  laws  of  the  voice,  and 
that  prccefs  by  which  particular  ar- 
ticulations and  founds  gradually 
coalefce,  or  deftroy  one  another,  arc 
imperfedly  unJeritood.  The  me- 
thod of  tnduft'wn  has  not  as  yet  been 
properly  applied  to  this  part  cf 
grammar ;  which,  if  once  philofo- 
phically  done,  would  greatly  ailiil 
5  S  2  the 


824  The  Wanderer.  Od. 

the  ftudent  in  mcthodifinpj  the  art  lightened  phllclogifts  of  the  prefent 

of  acquiring  cognate  diiile^s,  and  day  ;    or  is  the  fahjea,  upon  the 

clearing  the  path  of  fcience.  May  whole,  unworthy  of  their  attention  ? 
we  expedt  this  from  any  of  the  en-  .  C. 


For  che  Scots  Magazine. 

THE    W  A  N  D  E  R  E  R— No.  III. 

it's  baldly  in  a  boJy's  power, 

keep  at  times  frae  being  four, 

T«)  Ite  how  things  are  iliar'd  ^ 
How  befl  o*  chiels  are  whiles  in  want, 
While  coofs  on  countleis  thoufand^  rant, 

And  ken  na  how  to  wair't.  Burns. 


NOTHING  is  more  common 
with  the  generality  of  mankind, 
than  to  envy  the  profperity  of  their 
neighbours.  We  are  eager  to  count 
every  advantage  which  they  enjoy, 
and  often  think  that  fortune  lhares 
her  gifts  with  more  liberality  to  our 
companions  than  to  us. 

Whatever  trouble  v/e  are  at  in 
numbering  their  advantages,  we 
feldom  think  of  the  loffes  they  fuffer, 
the  difficulties  they  encounter,  or 
the  dangers  to  which  they  are  ex- 
pofed. 

He  v/ho  thinks  that  he  has  taken 
the  wrong  road  to  preferment,  or 
that  his  companions  will  fooner  gain 
the  end  at  which  he  aims,  will  fel- 
dom lillen  to  the  voice  of  reafon, 
until  he  is  taught,  by  fatal  expcri- 
lience,  that  the  paths  of  life,  in 
w^hich  they  walk,  are  equally  illu- 
live.  Wherever  we  fuifer  dif^p- 
pointments  in  our  expe<5l:itions,  fan- 
cy is  at  no  iofs  to  i^oint  out  a  way 
where  thefe  v/ouid  have  been  avoid- 
ed, and  where  the  end  which  we 
had  in  view  v/ould  have  been  fully 
attained. 

However  defpicable,  or  however 
mean,  the  charader  of  the  envious 
rnay  be,  the  Wanderer  cannot  fay 
he  has  at  all  times  been  perfedly 
free  from  it.  One  day  during  the 
races  this  feafon,  as  I  was  trudging 
down  Leith  Walk  on  foot,  I  could 


not  help  envying  every  fpanking 
beau  as  he  gallopped  by  me  on - 
horfeback  ;  and  could  not  help 
thinking,  that  weie  I  in  his  fitua- 
tion,  I  would  be  much  happier.  In 
order  to  gratify  this  fooliih  defire,  l 
hired  a  horfe,  and  went  down  nex: 
day.  I  chanced  to  get  one  with 
rather  too  much  fpirit  for  one  fo 
little  accuftomed  to  ride  as  I  am,  and 
therefore  rode  flowly  until  I  reach-  j 
ed  the  fands.  I  was  there  about  an  || 
liour  before  the  race  ftarted,  and ' 
during  that  time  rode  about  from 
one  place  to  another.  Here  I  had 
an  opportunity  of  hearing  fever.d 
ingenious  difputes  upon  the  merit 
of  tlie  horfes  that  were  about  to 
run.  Many  pietended  fo  much 
knowledge  of  thefe  animals,  as  clear- 
ly to  determine,  at  firil  fight,  which 
of  them  was  to  be  vidorious.  Some 
fixed  upon  one  as  the  certain  con- 
queror, while  others  equally  pene- 
trating, and  no  lefs  pofitive  in  thei; 
opinions,  fixed  upon  another. 

'1  hesj:  difputes  were  often  main- 
tained with  fo  much  heat,  and  car^ 
ricd  to  fuch  heights,  as  either  to 
terminate  by  fome  afperfions,  from 
one  party,  upon  the  want  of  difcern- 
ment  in  the  other,  or  by  a  wager  of 
fomething  very  confiderable.  I 
could  not  help  refleding  upon  the 
folly  of  thofe  men  who  could  either 
quarrel,  or  run  the  rifk  of  lofmg  a 
coufiderablc 


l8o2.        On  the  Choice  of  Subje6ls  for  Engravings.  825 


confiderable  part  of  their  property, 
merely  to  fupport  a  prematurely 
formed  opinion,  about  a  matter  in 
which  they  were  only  to  be  intereft- 
ed  for  a  few  minutes. 

The  time  in  which  thefe  difputes 
were  to  be  determined,  was  now 
I  tome.    The  riders  were  mounted, 
and  people  flocked  from  all  quar- 
ters to  the  ftarting-poft.    1  happen- 
I  ed  to  get  near  the  infide  of  the 
;  crowd  ;  but  my  horfe,  not  being  ac- 
cuftomed  to  the  found  of  mufic,  as 
foon  as  the  ftarting  drum  gave  the 
firft  beat,  took  fright,  and  threw 
me  from  my  feat,  headlong  upon 
the  fands.    Several  gentlemen  were 
kind  enough  to  endeavour  to  get 
hold  of  the  animal  again,  but  none 
of  them  were  fuccefsful ;  for  he  foon 
found  his  way  oft  the  fands,  and 
came  to  Edinburgh.    Although  I 
fell  in  the  midft  of  an  innumerable 
crowd  of  horfes,  yet  I  had  the  good 
fortune  to  pafs  unhurt  by  any  of 
them  ;  but  my  hat  and  wig,  which 
were  both  toffed  off  by  the  fall,  were 
notfo  fortunate.  One  of  thehorfeshad 
the  impudence  to  fet  his  foot  in  the 
I  infide  of  my  wig,  and  excepting  the 
I   curl  that  hangs  over  my  left  ear,  it 
I   was  all  befmeared  over  with  fand 
ji   and  water.    After  1  had  got  up, 
1!   and  adjufted  matters  as  well  as  I 
could,  I  thought  it  proper  to  make 


the  bed  of  my  way  home,  as  my 
appearance  expofed  my  misfortunes 
to  every  fpedator.  Such  was  tlir 
reward  of  my  envy,  and  the  fruit  of 
my  ill  placed  expectations.  I  foon 
began  to  refledt  upon  the  fccne  that 
had  juft  happened,  and  the  dangers 
to  which  my  folly  had  expofed  rne. 

Happy  would  it  be  for  many  of 
the  fons  of  ambition,  were  their 
firft  deviation  from  the  path  of  du- 
ty punilhed  in  a  fimilar  manner  ; 
for  when  fuccefs  attends  their  fird 
attempts  at  romantic  greatnefs,  they 
are  hurried  on  by  vanity,  to  engage: 
in  fcenes  equally  foolifh,  until  they 
are  at  laft  involved  in  lhame,  if  not 
entire  ruin  Let  it  ever  be  re- 
membered, that  the  fure  foundation 
of  honour  is  to  preferve  an  unble- 
milhed  reputation  in  the  fituation  of 
life  in  which  we  are  placed  ;  and 
that  the  true  road  to  profperity  is 
the  practice  of  induftry  and  econo- 
my. 

Edinburgh^     1  H  S' 

August  1802.  j 


*  It  would  be  good  for  us  that,  in- 
ftead  of  envying  thofe  honours  and 
qualities  which  others  poiTcfs,  we 
would  think  of  the  means  by  which 
they  acquired  them. 


7o  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Maga%int\ 


ON  THE  CHOICE  OF  SUBJECTS  for  ENGRAVINGS. 
Sir, 

DURING  the  prevalence  of  the  tain  number  of  engravings  to  fet  oiT 
prefent  fiifaionable  mania  for  high-  its  merits,  it  is  of  Ibme  importance 
ly  ornamented  publications,  when  a  that  thefe  decorations  Ihould  be  exe- 
volume  of  poetry  is  hardly  fit  to  cuted  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to  an- 
appcar  in  tlie  world  without  a  cer-    fwcr  the  purpofcs  for  which  they 

are 


82(5         On  the  Choice  of  Suhjeds  for  Engravings. 


oa. 


are  intended.  I  profcfs  myfelf  no 
enenay,  on  the  whole,  to  ornamental 
defigns,  (though  by  enhancing  the 
price  of  books,  they  certainly  tend 
to  dimlnifh  the  enjoynients  of  thofe, 
who  would  be  willing  to  read  them 
for  their  own  fakes),  for  this  reafon, 
that  many  are  alhired  by  them  to 
pnrchafe  works,  which  they  proba- 
bly would  never  have  looked  into, 
3iad  not  the  fplendour  of  an  elegant 
frontifpiece  firll  caught  their  atten- 
tion. Were  proper  care  taken  to 
fuit  them  to  the  tone  of  the  compo- 
fition,  they  might  indeed  be  made 
to  ferve  a  much  higher  purpofe,  by 
affifting  the  dcfcriptive  powers  of 
the  poet,  and  enforcing  the  impref- 
fions  which  he  wilhes  to  communi- 
cate.  As  engravings  are  generally 
executed,  however,  this  objcvft  is  ve- 
ry feldom  attained.  Inllead  of  af- 
filling  the  writer,  it  much  oftener 
happens  that  they  have  a  contrary 
eifed,  and  do  him  confiderable  in- 
jury, by  checking  the  current  of  the 
reader's  emotioris,  and  introducing 
feehngs  of  difguft  into  his  mind, 
which  operate  unconfcioufly  during 
the  perufcil,  and  inHuence,  in  fome 
degree,  iiis  6pinion  of  the  perfor- 
mance. On  opening  a  volume  with 
engravings,  we  ufaally  Hnd,  that 
the  painter  has  either  given  us  a 
group  of  infipid  figures,  wiiich 
create  no  inteieil,  and  excite  no  e- 
motions  of  any  kind  ;  or  has  made 
choice  of  fubjec^ts  fo  far  above  his^ 
powers,  that  the  meek  fublimity  of 
his  pencil  only  excites  a  fmile. 
Poetry  delights  in  fapernatural  be- 
ings, a!:d  in  allegorical  perfonifica- 
tions  of  abftract  ideas  ;  fubjeas 
which  painters  of  ordinary  abili- 
ties are  very  apt  to  undertake, 
though  the  higheft  powers  are 
fcarceiy  competent  to  do  them  juf- 
tice  ;  and  thus  bring  contempt  both 
on  their  ov/n  art,  and  on  that  of  the 
engraver,  however  well  the  latter 
may  have  acquitted  himfelf  in  his 
ow^n  department^ 


It  would  probably  tend  in  a 
great  meafure  to  remove  this  evil, 
if  authors  would  themfelves  alfume 
the  tafk  of  feledling  fubje^ls  for  the 
defigns  that  are  to  accompany  their 
works ;  inftead  of  leaving  it  often 
to  an  illiterate  artiil,  or  perhaps  to 
the  bookfcller  by  whom  that  artiil 
is  employed.  Nor  is  it  ncceffary 
for  this  purpofe  to  polfefs  a  techni- 
cal knowledge  of  painting.  In  re- 
fpcdl  to  the  clioice  of  a  fubjecl,  and 
whatever  is  beyond  the  more  me- 
chanical execution,  a  man  of  gene- 
ral tafte,  though  ignorant  of  painl- 
ini^;,  will  be  a  better  judge  than  even 
an  ingenious  artift,  whofe  mind  has 
not  been  cultivated  on  an  enlarged 
fcale.  This  attention  on  the  part 
of  authors  w^ould  at  lead  prevent 
many  abfurdities,  arifing  from  en- 
deavours to  reprefent  to  the  eye 
thofe  ideal  creations  of  the  poet, 
which  derive  all  their  effedt  on  the 
imagination,  from  the  awf  ul  obfcu- 
rity  in  which  they  are  iuvolved,  and 
are  therefore  improper  fubjcds  for 
painting,  which  requires  clear  lines 
and  definite  conceptions.  For  ex- 
ample, what  painter,  who  knows 
the  limits  of  his  art,  w^ould  attempt 
a  reprefentation  of  Milton's  death  ? 

 "  BJach  it  Jlood  as  night. 

Fierce  as  ten  taries,  terrible  ab  hell, , 
And  iliock  a  dieadful  dart  j  ivhat 

fec!>i\l  his  heady 
Tiie  Hk^ncfs  of  a  kingly  crown  had 

on 

Yet  this  has  been  done  in  an  elegant 
edition  of  Paradife  Loft,  lately  pu- 
bhfiied  at  London,  and  by^an  artift 
of  confiderable  celebrity.  And 
fuch  a  figure  !  Hogarth  himfelf  ne- 
ver  drew  any  thing  more  perfedly 
ludicrous.  What  injury  is  not  done 
to  the  reader  w^ho  feels  the  fublimi- 
ty of  this  great  poet,  by  interrupt- 
ing his  attention  wirh  fuch  unwor- 
thy objedls,  and  forcing  his  mind  to 
r^linquifli  its  exquifite  elevation,  for 


i8o2.       On  the  Choice  of  Suhje6lsfor  En^ravin^s.  827 


the  vulgar  plcafure  of  laughing  at 
a  caricature  ? 

An  equally  glaring  example  of 
the  fame  impropriety  may  be  ob- 
•ferved  in  the  firil  edition  of  Mr 
Campbell's  Pleafures  of  Hope. 
The  poet,  in  alluding  to  a  principal 
article  of  the  Hindoo  mythology, 
has  the  following  noble  hncs  ; 

He  comes  I  dread  Brama  (hakes 

the  (unlets  llcv  1 
With  murm'ring  wrath,  and  thunders 

tiom  on  hig  ii  I 
Heaven's  fiery  hoife,  beneath  Lis 

warrior  form. 
Paws  the  light  clouds,  and  gallops 

on  the  Itorm  ! 
Wide  waves  bis  flickering  fword^  his 

bright  aimb  glow 
Like  fummer  iuris,  and  light  the 

world  below  ! 
Earth,  and  her  trembling  iHes,  in 

Ocean's  bed 
Are  Ihook ;  and  nature  rocks  be- 
neath his  tread  !" 

Of  this  fubllrne  and  terrific  be- 
ing, the  engraver  has  been  bold  e- 
riough  to  attempt  a  reprcfentation  ; 
and  what  has  he  given  us  ?  A  great 
brawny  feilov/  on  horfeback,  with  a 
face  of  vulgar  ferocity,  floariihing  a 
fabre  over  his  head  ;  whom,  if  it 
were  not  for  the  clouds  under  his 
horfe's  feet,  (and  thefe  may  very  well 
pafs  for  clouds  of  duh),  w^e  might 
iiaturally  take  for  a  German  huifar 
going'  through  the  fWord-exercife  ! 
Is  it  pofiible  to*«conceive  a  Ihonger 
inftance  of  the  bathos,  than  fudh  a 
figure,  fucceeding  fuch  verfes  ? 

To  check  the  immoderate  fond- 
nefs  of  painters  for  imaginary  be- 
ings, it  ought  to  be  preiled  on  dicir 
recolleaion,  that  thefe  are  not  only 
the  moll  difficult  fubjeds,  but  the 
leafl:  adapted  to  difplay  the  power 

their  art.  That  our  own  fpecies 
nrterelts  us  mod  Ilrongly  in  every 
kind  ot  reprcfentation,  is  a  principle 
almoft  too  obvious  to  be  menticnied. 
The  great  mailers  in  the  art  have 
all  felt  tiiis ;  and  the  moit  celebra- 


ted paintings  arc  thofe  of  which  the 
fubjeifls  are  taken  from  real  hiftory. 
The  elFed  of  a  picture  of  this  kind 
is  the  greater,  that  its  operation  is 
gradual,  and  confifts  chiefly  in  exci- 
ting the  imagination  of  the  fpeda- 
tor.    We  begin  with  fympathizing 
in  tlie  various  paffions  exhibited  by 
the  diiierent  aftors  in  the  fccne,  the 
received  relation  of  which,  to  the 
principal  fubjecl,  gives  that  unity  to 
our   feelings,  which  exifts  in  'the 
piece  itfelf ;  a  train  of  correfpond- 
ing  ideas  immediately  arifes  in  the 
mind,  which  proceeds,  of  its  own 
accord,  by  the  power  of  afTociation, 
kindling  widi   progreffivc  enthufr- 
afm,  till  at'length,  as  at  a  dramatic 
fpectacle,  the  iliufion  takes  entire 
polfcflion  of  the  imagination,  and 
we  receive  the  full  communication 
of  the  artiit's  feelings.     The  im- 
preffion  efiedted  in  this  manner,  we 
are  accuftomed  to  afcxibc  to  the 
power  of  painting,  tliough  it  is,  in 
a  great  meafure,  produced  by  the 
a(5lion  of  our  own  minds  ;  and,  with 
juftice,  becaufe  tlie  menial  excite- 
ment on  which  it  depends,  could 
neither  have  originated  witliout  tlie 
pidure,  nor  fuitained  itfeif  Vvidiout 
being  fed  with  continual  acceirions 
fiom  it,  as  the  fource. — 1  venture 
tiiefe  remarks,  with  a  view  to  fhow, 
that  what  the  mmd  derives  from 
the  painter,  is  chicily  ijints^  to  give 
motion  and  dire^iun  to  its  own 
thoughts  ;  and  hence,  that  even  a 
very    ordinary    performance  may 
have  a  coniidcrable  e^^e^53■  on  the 
fcehngs,  provided  the  fubje^ft  be  in- 
tereitmg,  and  there  be  no  jlarincy 
faults  to  check  imagination.  Thus 
thij  engraving  accompanying  thefe 
verfes  of  Mr  Campbell,  in  tne  edi- 
tion cf  the  Pleafures  of  Hops  above 
mentioned. 

And  fuch  thy  ftrength,  inf-iirin^ 
aid,  that  bore. 
The   hardv  Byron   to   his  native 
Ihore,"  ^c. 

Rude 


S28 


On  the  late  Robberies. 


Rude  as  !t  is,  is  not  without  its  in- 
terefl  ;  though  this  certainly  is 
greatly  weakened  by  the  tawdry  fi- 
gure of  Hope,  which  the  painter, 
according  to  the  prevailing  tafte, 
has  introduced  in  the  piece. 

As  it  may  feein  invidious  to  no- 
tice only  occafions  of  cenfure,  1  fhall 
mention  two  inftances,  among  feve- 
ral  that  occur  to  me,  in  which  the 
happy  efFeds  of  that  fimplicity  of 
tade,  in  the  choice  of  fuhje(fl:s  for 
engravinp;s,  which  I  am  delirous  of 
recommending,  appear  to  me  llrik- 
ingly  exemplilicd.  One  of  them 
is  the  frontii'picce  to  Mr  Gilhorne's 

Poems,  Sacred  and  Moral,"  in 
which  a  murderer  is  reprefented,  in 
the  inRant  after  the  })crpetration  of 
his  Clime,  preffing  with  his  foot  the 
dead  body,  and,  in  an  attitude  of 
frantic  defiance,  fixing  his  "  iron 
eyes'*  cn  heaven,  to  which  his  atten- 
tion is  drawn  by  a  flalh  of  light- 
ning, feen  to  iifue  from  a  cloud.  It 
is,  perhaps,  difficult  to  fay,  whether 
this  pifcure,  or  the  beautiful  poem 
which  it  illuftrates,  ranks  highcft  in 
tlie  general  fcale  of  art ;  or  which 
of  them  produces  the  decpeft  moral 
jmprcLlion  on  the  reader.  The  o- 
ther  inliance,  is  an  engraving  in 
Cooke's  edition  of  Thcmfon,  a  book 


in  the  hands  of  almoft  every  perfon  ; 
the  fubjeft  of  which  is  taken  from 
the  pathetic  defcription  of  a  man 
perifhing  in  the  fnow.  I  never  read 
the  paffage  juft  mentioned,  without 
involuntarily  refting  my  eye  on  this 
little  piece,  and  feeling  the  emotions 
raifed  by  the  poet,  heightened  be- 
yond what  mere  language  could  ei- 
ther excite,  or  exprefs.  It  will  be 
admitted  by  thofe  who  agree  with' 
me,  as  to  the  merit  of  thefe  two  de- 
figns,  that  the  arts  of  the  painter 
and  the  engraver,  when  thus  ap- 
plied, may  become  powerful  auxi- 
liaries to  poetry,  and  are  worthy  to 
co-operate  with  it  in  the  great  pur- 
pofe  of  promoting  moral  improve- 
ment, through  tlie  efficacious  me- 
dium of  taflc  and  imagination.  I 
fhall  however  be  fatisfied  with  the  ' 
effcd:  of  my  obfervations,  if  they 
contribute  in  the  fmalleft  degree  to 
induce  authors  to  pay  fome  atten- 
tion to  the  defigns  which  accompany 
their  works,  by  convincing  them, 
that  according  as  thefe  are  well  or 
ill  executed,  they  are  capable  of 
affifting,  or  of  counteracting  the 
effect  of  their  compofitions. 

1  am,  .Sir, 

Your's,  &c. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


ON  THE  LAT 

DIR, 

HAPPENING  the  other  day  to 
call  at  the  houfe  of  a  fiiend,  I  wns 
introduced  to  a  party  who  were  all 
in  very  good  humour.  I  began  to 
congratulate  myfelf  on  being  lo  for- 
tunate as  to  meet  with  fuch  agree- 
able company.  The  light  ot  day 
however  v/as  now  beginning  to  give 


I  ROBBERIES. 

place  to  the  fhades  of  night,  when 
one  of  the  ladies,  who  were  prefent, 
remarked,  that  it  was  now  extreme- 
ly dangerous  to  be  out  in  the  even- 
ing. This  gave  a  complete  turn  to 
the  converfation,  and  nxed  it  upon 
the  robberies  and  affaults  which  had 
lately  taken  place.    A  gloom  over- 

fpread 


On  the  late  Robberies. 


829 


fpread  the  company  —  refle(5Hons 
were  thrown  out  upon  the  negligence 
of  the  magiftrates,  and  the  defe<5t  of 
the  police — our  entertainment  was 
at  an  end  — and  all  began  to  prepare 
for  their  refpedive  homes. 

Upon  returning  to  my  chamber, 
I  could  not  help  meditating  a  little 
upon  a  fubjec5t  fo  important  and  a- 
larming,  and  endeavouring  to  ac- 
count for  it  upon  rational  principles. 
The  caufe  that  is  generally  affigned 
for  the  evil,  is  the  difbanding  of  the 
military,  and  thus  throwing  loofe 
upon  the  world  a  great  number  of 
men  unaccuftomed  to  regular  in- 
duftry.  Here  the  change  is  rapid,  and 
it  requires  fome  time  before  fituations 
can  be  found  fuitable  to  the  genius 
and  qualifications  of  each.  And  many 
of  them  indeed,  from  a  lone  habit 
of  idlenefs,  have  contraded  an  aver- 
fion  to  every  occupation  whatever. 
They  hang  as  a  dead  weight  upon 
fociety,  natt  confumers  fruges  ;  nay, 
tliey  are  fome  times  led  to  adopt 
the  moft  unjuftifiable  methods  for 
-procuring  fubfiftence. 
.  In  this  manner,  a  pretty  plau- 
fible  account  may  be  given  of  the 
diforders  which  prevail  about  the 
the  metropolis.  But  that  this  is  not 
the  only  or  even  the  chief  caufe,  will 
appear  from  this  circumftance,  that 
of  thofe  who  have  been  yet  de- 
teded  as  the  authors  of  thefe  out- 
rages, the  greater  part  have  been 
apprentices,  journeymen,  and  per- 
fons  of  a  fimilar  dcfcriptton,  who 
did  not  belong  either  to  the  army 
or  the  navy.  .  The  efFcd  therefore 
mud  be  traced  to  fome  other  caufe. 

Our  attention  is  next  called  to 
llie  police.  We  hear  almoft  every 
accident  that  takes  place,  afcribed 
to  the  negligence  and  carele/fnefs 
of  thofe  who  are  entrufted  with  the 
management  of  the  city.  We  are  told 
that  it  the  magiftrates  were  fuffici- 
cntly  adive  in  the  difcharge  of  their 
^uty,  if  they  were  careful  to  eftab- 

Vol.  LXIV. 


11  fh  proper  guards  through  the  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  city,  and  if  they 
ufed  proper  diligence  to  deted  and 
punifh  delinquents,  no  fuch  out- 
rages v/ould  be  committed. 

That  the  efforts  of  the  magif^ 
tates  may  go  a  great  way  in  check- 
ing licentioufnefs,  is  unqueftionable, 
ftill,  however,  thefe  efforts  are  limi- 
ted, and  of  themfelvcs  altogether 
incapable  of  producing  uniform  or- 
der and  tranquillity.  Ads  of  vio- 
lence may  at  times  burfl  out,  and 
elude  the  vigilance  of  the  ftrideft 
difcipline.  Hardened  wickednefs 
may  pradice  its  arts  in  fecret,  and 
defy  the  vengeance  of  the  befl  re- 
gulated government. 

Besides,  it  mud  be  remembered 
that  the  police  of  a  city  ought  al- 
ways to  be  regulated  by  the  man* 
ners  of  the  citizens,  becaufe,  were 
men  all  virtuous  and  good,  there 
would  be  no  need  of  a  police,  every 
one  without  compulfion  would  re- 
gulate his  condud  with  a  view  to 
the  public  good.  Coniequently,  if 
a  city  like  Edinburgh,  that  hath 
been  long  diftinguiflied  for  tranquil- 
lity and  good  order,  fhould  fudden- 
ly  change  and  become  a  fruitful  fe- 
minary  of  wickednefs,  fome  time 
will  be  requifite  before  adminiftra- 
tion  can  eilablifh  a  proper  plan  for 
curbing  and  reftraining  the  evil. 

But  fuppofe  a  proper  plan  of 
difcipline  were  formed,  it  might  go 
a  great  way  to  prevent  external  vio- 
lence, but  could  have  very  little 
efFed  on  the  morals  of  the  people  ; 
and  wherever  the  morals  are  cor- 
rupted, there  licetioufnefs  and  dif- 
ordcr  mull:  privail. 

The  conclufion  I  would  draw 
from  thefe  remarks  is  this.  That 
the  great  and  chief  caufe  of  the  late 
robberies  and  affaults  is  a  dilfolute- 
nefs  of  manners,  and  a  want  of 
principle,  evils  which  feem  to  be 
rapidly  increaling  among  the  lower 
orders.  It  is  a  painful  reflcdion, 
5  T  that 


830  On  the  late 

that  in  the  progrefs  of  fociety,  cor- 
ruption very  generally  keeps  pace 
with  civilization. 

When  a  nation  hath  once  arrived 
at  opulence  and  fplendor,  it  hath 
hitherto  univerfally  brought  along 
with  it  a  train  of  evils,  which,  by 
by  a  flow  and  fecret  operation,  un- 
dermine the  foundation  of  its  glory. 
The  Romans  were  the  flavesof  their 
paffions  before  they  fubmitted  to 
the  powers  of  their  barbarous  inva- 
ders. The  Greeks  were  corrupted 
by  wealth,  and  they  received  the 
Macedonian  yoke.  Our  nation  is 
at  prefent  flourifliing  in  opulence 
and  power  :  our  naval  glory  hath 
filled  the  world  ;  and  our  commerce 
is  bounded  by  thofe  limits  only 
which  nature  and  barbarifm  oppofe 
to  the  progrefs  of  man.  But  this 
very  circumftance,  again,  by  in- 
creafing  our  wealth,  contributes  its 
part  in  producing  difbrder  and  li- 
centioufnefs  at  home.  Penury  and 
labour  check  the  prefumption  of  the 
ignorant  and  the  giddy,  and  fecure 
in  the  community  that  tranquility, 
which  can  wich  difficulty  be  main- 
tained in  profperous  and  flpurilLing 
times. 

The  liberty  of  the  prefs,  too,  is 
an  advantage  which  Britons  have 
ever   cherifhed  with    the  fondeft 

f)ride,  as  the  great  prefervation  of 
iberty,  the  firme{^:  bulwark  againft 
ufurpation  and  tyranny.  But  even 
this  advantage,  great  as  it  is,  carries 
along  with  it  a  poifon,  which  con- 
fumes  every  thing  with  which  it 
comes  in  contact'.  The  prefs,  it 
cannot  be  denied,  teems  v/iih  pro- 
dudions  the  moft  licentious  and 
profane.  Thefe  are  greedily  fwal- 
lowed  by  the  ignorant  and  unwary, 
and  produce  in  the  conduct  their 
natural  effects.  Nay,  perfons 
have  arifen,  who  under  the  name  of 


^  Godwin,  C^ndorcet,  and  others, 
whofe  writings,' by  being  more  accef- 
fible,  are  more  dangetDus  to  the  lower 
orderso 


Robberies.  0£t. 

philofophers,  have  attempted  to  dif- 
folve  the  moft  facrcd  ties,  by  which 
focietyis  held  together,  and  to  un- 
hinge the  fyftem  of  civil  govern- 
ment. They  have  deluded  the  igno- 
rant with  imaginary  bleffings,  and 
made  them  neglect  thofe,  which  it 
was  in  their  power  to  obtain.  The> 
opinions  of  thefe  projectors,  when 
adorned  with  all  the  ornnments  of 
a  flowing  though  inflated  ftile,  en- 
ter deep  into  the  fyftem  of  morals^ 
and  tend  gradually  to  produce  a 
laxity  of  principle,  and  irregularity 
of  condu(^. 

In  order  to  guard  againft  all 
thefe  dangers,  the  principles  of  re- 
ligion ought  to  take  an  early  and 
firm  hold  of  the  mind.  It  is  in 
vain  to  think  of  fecuring,  by  any 
other  means,  lafting  tranquillity  and 
happinefs.  lot  without  religious 
principles,  the  mind  is  eafdy  thrown 
off  its  guard  :  Imall  and  fecret' 
vices  are  cherilhed  without  reftraint. 
Thefe  pave  the  way  to  greater  :  pri- 
vate and  public  rights  become  a- 
like  difregarded,  and  violence  and 
diforder  prevail.  But  when  edu- 
cation is  built  upon  the  foundation 
of  religion,  it  acquires  a  confiftency, 
which  enables  it  to  ftand  firm  and 
unlhaken  amidft  the  fury  of  the 
ftorms  and  the  violence  of  the  tern- 
pefts  with  which  human  life  is  agi- 
tated. The  focial  and  domeftic  vir- 
tues fpnng  up  as  in  their  proper  foil, 
and  refled  a  luftre  upon  the  charac- 
ter to  which  they  belong.  Indeed, 
the  princ^'ples  of  religion  and  mo- 
rality are  fo  intimately  conneded, 
that  if  the  former  be  wanting,  the 
latter  can  never  be  found  in  a  ftate 
of  purity. 

From  thefe  obfervations  it  will 
appear,  that  the  educairon  of  youth 
is  a  matter  of  no  fmall  importance. 
Upon  their  condudt,  the  profperity 
and  happinefs  of  their  country  will 
foon  depend.  Soon  will  it  depend 
upon  their  efforts,  whether  Britain 
ihall  rife  or  fmk  in  the  fcale  of  im- 
provement 


l802. 


Natural  History  of  Caffraria. 


831 


ment.  While,  therefore,  every  en- 
deavour is  ufed  to  prepare  them  for 
thofe  ftations  in  life  which  they  are 
intended  to  fill,  let  it  never  be  for- 
gotten, that  fuccefs  will,  in  a  great 
rneafure,  depend  upon  the  care  that 
hath  been  taken  to  feafon  their  ten- 
der minds  with  ihe  principles  of 
religion  and  virtue.  If  the  higher 
ranks  begin  this  plan  of  improvement, 
the  lower  will  follow  with  greater  fa- 


cility, becaufe  they  are  alv/ays  prone 
to  imitate  their  fuperiors.  Thefe  re- 
jfledtions  fuggefted  themfelves  to  me, 
from  the  circumftance  I  have  alrea- 
dy mentioned;  and  if  they  fhould  lead 
any  of  your  correfpondents  to  give  a 
proper  attention  to  them,  my  dcfign 
in  fending  you  this,  will  be  fully  an- 
f we  red. 

A  Constant  Reader. 


LITERARY  EXTRACTS 


AND 


NOTICES. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  CAFFRARIA, 


By  Dr  Vanderkemp. 
Continued  from  page  755. 


Manners*  The  man  fpends  his  life 
in  idkncfs:  his  only  employment  is  to 
go  to  war,  to  hunt,  and  to  milk  the 
cows.  The  woman^s  work  is  to  build 
houfes,  make  kraals,  utenfils,  clothes, 
Xo  till  the  ground,  to  cut  wood,  &c. 

Their  circumcifion  is  performed  on 
boys  of  about  twelve  or  fourteen  years 
old,  and  is  accompanied  with  ceremo- 
,iiics,  which  appear  emblematical  of  a 
total  renewal  of  the  perfon.  After- 
ward, he  is  painted  white  all  over  the 
body,  he  is  driven  into  a  river,  and 
there  waflied  clean  ;  his  old  garments. 
&c.  are  all  thrown  away,  and  new  ones 
given  him. 

Clothing*  The  Caffre  never  puts  on 
clothes  for  the  fake  of  decency  ;  and, 
therefore,  if  the  cold  does  not  compel 
him  to  cover  his  body,  he  goes  naked. 
Their  heads  are  always  uncovered,  but 
ornamented,  cither  with  a  chain  of  he- 
mifpherical  brafs  or  copper  grains,  of 
about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  diameter, 
in  the  form  of  a  diadem^  or  of  a  rib- 


bon an  inch  broad,  compofed  of  fmaU 
beads,  of  two  or  three  different  colours, 
put  clofe  together.  Sometimes  they 
wear  both  tbefe  diadems.  From  their 
arms  they  fufpend  a  lictle  chain  of 
beads,  fumetimts  three  or  four  inches 
long;  or  two  or  three  buttons;  or  a 
metal  wire  contorted  in  divers  man- 
ners, &c. 

Round  their  left  arm,  they  put  feve- 
ral  rings  of  ivory  (fron^  two  to  ten)  a- 
bove  the  elbow.  On  fome  who  wor- 
thefe  rings  from  their  youth,  they  are 
fo  tight,  that  they  c.innot  get  them  otY 
again  ;  and  I  have  fevr ral  times  been 
obliged  to  file  them  off,  to  deliver  the 
wearers  from  the  horrid  fwelling  and 
inflammation  which  was  pre  J  need  by 
the  prefi\ire.  Commonly  thefe  ring.i 
arc  three-fourths  of  an  inch  broad  ;  and 
five  of  them  are  lold  for  a  cow.  They 
are  an  ornament  peculiar  to  the  fdb- 
jedts  of  Gcika. 

On  the  right  arm,  jud  above  the  el- 
bow, tlicy  tit  five  or  fix  teeth  uf  a  ti- 
J  T  X  ^er. 


8^2 


Natural  History  of  Caffraria. 


oa. 


ger,  ftandfng  upright,  and  pointing 
backwards.  On  tht'  crown  of  the  head 
ftands  a  bunch  of  the  hairs  of  a  jackal, 
faftened  into  a  handle  of  brafs.  Round 
the  wrift  of  both  arms,  rings  of  Various 
tnctals  are  bent  :  they  are  thin,  and 
being  flexible,  arc  put  on  and  taken  off 
at  pleafiire. 

Their  loins  arc  encircled  with  a  fin- 
glc  Ihing  of  iron  or  copper  beads, 
which  are  cylindrical  abtnit  one-third 
of  an  inch,  and  one-eighth  high.  They 
are  very  fond  of  firings  of  beads,  or  of 
metallic  chains,  hanging  round  the 
neck  ;  the  loweft  of  which  hang  dowu 
to  the  Itomach. 

Round  the  left  leg^  "Juft  below  the 
knee,  they  tie  a  filler,  fiom  which  a 
piece  of  an  ox's  tail,  of  about  a  fr)ot 
long^  hangs  down  on  the  front.  The 
right  is  fometimcs  adorned  with  a  kind 
of  garter,  corripofed  of  very  fmall  yel- 
low glafs  beads,  which  give  it  the  ap- 
ptaranct:  of  gold  lace. 

To  proted  ihtrnfelves  againft  the 
cold,  they  wear  a  long  robe  or  cloak, 
^  hich  hangs  down  from  behind  to  the 
ground.  This  is  commonly  made  of 
cow's  fkins,  fo  prepared  as  to  be  as  foft 
and  flexible  as  our  clothes ;  it  is  then 
called  quobo  ;  but  ouncba^  if  made  of  the 
ikins  of  wild  animals.  The  captain  al- 
moft  uniformly  wears  one  of  tiger's 
fkir,  the  hair  being  turned  infide.  The 
colour  of  thefe  cloaks  is  always  brown, 
like  that  of  coffee. 

The  women  wear  none  of  the  before- 
mentioned  ornaments,  except  thofc  of 
the  ears,  the  beads  on  their  necks,  and 
the  rings  on  their  wrifts.  They  al- 
ways cover  their  heads  with  a  cap, 
ir.ade  of  the  Ikin  of  an  animal,  which 
they  call  Babala ;  but  the  colonilis, 
Bujhhiick*  This  cap  is  very  long,  and 
gradually  growing  narrower,  terminates 
^Imoft  in  a  point.  From  this  point  are 
fufpended  eight  or  ten  firings  of  metal 
beads,  about  tnree  inches  long.  The 
lower  part  of  the  cap  has  four  projec- 
tions (two  on  each  fide)  about  a  yard 
longj  and  two  fingers  broad,  (four  fin^ 
gers  where  they  expand  into  the  cap.) 
When  this  cap  is  placed  on  the  head, 
its  point,  with  the  ftrings,  lies  on  the 
forehead,  and  exactly  refembles  the 
epaulette  which  military  c;fiicers  wear 
on  their  ihculders.  The  bands  either 
hang  loofe  down,  or  are  tied  up,  by 
vhich  the  cap  and  its  point  are  feciircd 


in  their  pofition.  The  cap  is  common- 
ly adorned  with  fcvcral  rows  of  bead^. 

The  woman's  cloak  is  fattened  in  the 
middle  to  the  body  with  a  girdle  of 
leather  ;  the  upper  part  ia  reflected, 
and  hangs  down,  leaving  the  upper 
part  of  the  body  uncovered  ;  but  if  the 
woman  has  a  young  child,  fhe  places 
it  on  her  back,  and  fecures  it  there,  by 
drawing  up  the  upper  part  of  her  cloak 
tight  round  the  child  and  her  body,  by 
means  of  another  ftring.  Befides  this 
cloak,  they  wear  an  apron  of  the  fame 
ftuff  as  their  caps.  Both  fexes  wear 
rings  of  metal  on  their  fingers  and  great 
toes. 

I  forgot  to  mention  the  fhocs  which  , 
the   men   commonly  carry  in  their 
hands*  faftened  to  a  ftick,  in  order  to; 
put  them  on  when  their  feet  are  ia 
danger  of  being  wounded,  by  the  length  \ 
or  roughnefs  of  the  road.    They  are  ' 
nothing  more  than  foles  of  thick  lea- 
ther, two  or  three  inches  longer  and  ^ 
broader  than  the  foot ;  and  they  are  \ 
faftened  to  the  foot  by  means  of  two 
ftrings  and  a  piece  of  leather,  four . 
inches  broad,  which  cover  tiie  foot. 
Men  always,  but  women  never,  walfe  ■ 
with  a:  ftick  five  feet  long,  two  or  three  ' 
alTagays,  and  a  club.    I  never  faw  wo-' 
men  wearing  fhoes  ;  but  the  genteeler  j 
fort  few  rows  of  buttons  to  the  back  of  J 
their  cloaks,  and  to  each  Ihoulder  aj 
bunch  of  tails  of  different  animals  ;  the  , 
moft  common  of  which  are  tigers  and; 
wild  cats.    When  the  men  go  to  wan, 
or  to  hunt  lions^  they  nfe  Ihields  of  an 
oblong  fquare  form,  two  of  which  arc 
cut  out  of  the  hide  of  one  ox ;  whereas 
the  Imbo  ufe  circular  ones,  of  which 
only  one  can  be  made  out  of  a  hide. 

The  nature  of  the  country  is  mountain- 
ous, and  rich  of  water.  The  foil  is  ar- 
gillaceous, tempered  with  fine  fand^ 
and  very  fertile-  The  whole  furface/ 
and  even  the  tops  of  the  mountains, 
are  covered  with  woods,  ihrub?,  grafts, 
and  other  vegetables;  never  naked  and 
parched,  except  in  uncommonly  dry 
feafons.  The  winter,  which  is  the  rainy 
feafon  at  the  Cape,  is  in  Caffreland  the 
dryclt ;  and  moft  of  the  rain  comes 
down  by  thunder-ftorms  in  the  fum- 
mer.  I'he  country  in  general  is  conli-^ 
derably  elevated  above  the  level  of  the 
fea,  and  much  colder  than,  from  its 
nearnefs  to  the  tropic  (7^)  might  be 
cxpee^tcd.    I  think  the  pleutifui  rains, 

the 


1 8o2 .  natural  Histoi 

the  high  mountains,  and  the  ftrong 
cledricity  prcTailing  in  the  atmofpherc, 
may  be  mentioned  among  the  caufes  of 
its  fertility.  The  thundcr-rtorms, 
which  are  more  frequent  and  tremen- 
dous than  in  Europe,  exhibit  alfo  un- 
common phenomena.  The  flafties  of 
lightning,  which  in  Europe  difFufe  a 
light  through  the  air,  which  dazzle  the 
eye,  and  difappear  in  a  moment,  bere 
confilt  of  a  liream  of  diflindt  fparks 
drawn  by  the  earth  from  the  clouds,  or 
from  one  cloud  by  another.  This 
ftrtram  is  commonly  double  or  triple  ; 
and  fometimcs  laftstwoor  two  feconds 
and  a  half.  This  has,  of  courfe,  a  great- 
er force,  as  it  is  attended  by  lefs  light. 
I  never  obferved  any  boreal  or  rather 
audral  aurora.  There  is  little  differ- 
ence, with  refpedt  to  cold,  between 
fummer  and  winter:  and  if  fomctimes 
the  green  leaves  of  forae  trees  look  not 
lb  bright  and  lively  in  this  laft  fcafon, 
it  is  more  for  want  of  rain,  than  on  ac- 
count of  the  cold.  The  fwallows,  how- 
ever, leave  this  country  in  winter  time. 
Which  is  not  the  cafe  in  the  country  of 
the  Tambouchife,  where  they  ftay  the 
whole  year.  The  CafFres  fow  their 
corn  in  the  fpring ;  but  the  Tambou- 
chis  obfcive  no  feafon.  I  obferved 
that,  in  winter,  no  parrots  were  to  be 
feen ;  which  had  been  in  fummer  in 
prodigious  quantities. 

The  country  is  remarkably  healthy. 
I  do  not  know  any  inftances  of  inter- 
mitting fevers,  confumption,  fcorbutic 
hydropic  complaints.  There  is,  how- 
ever, fometimes  a  great  mortality  a- 
mong  this  people,  occafioned  by  putrid 
typhi,  arifing  from  their  diet,  when 
milk  is  fcarce  in  dry  feafons,  and  their 
clofc  confinement  to  their  huts. 

I  found,  the  5th  of  December,  1799, 
in  the  latitude  of  zg'^  41  the  variation 
of  the  needle  28'  wefterly ;  but  I  had 
no  inflruments  for  meteorological  ob- 
ftrvations. 

Sheep  do  not  thrive  well  in  CafFie- 
l^nd  ;  and  though  they  find  plenty  of 
rich  pafture,  emaciate.  I  obferved 
that  the  Iambs  born  in  this  country, 
never  got  that  enormous  fat  tail  which 
is  the  charaderiftic  of  African  fheep. 

There  was  alfo,  in  1800,  a  mortality 
among  the  calves ;  hnt  the  difcafs 
which  in  the  decline  of  the  fummer  de- 
ftroyed  fuch  vaft  quantities  of  horfes  in 
the  colony,  was  not  obferved  among 
tiur  horfes  in  Caffve-Iar.d  :  this  mouth. 


y    Caffraria.  833 

however,  it  appeared  while  we  (laid  ia 
that  of  the  Bofchemen. 

Soil  and  ToJJils.  I  have  had  no  time 
for  inveltigation,  and  no  inllrumentsto 
inquire  into  the  nature  of  the  obje<fts 
that  might  have  prefented  themfelrea 
to  my  view.  I  heard  fay,  that  nitre 
and  brimftone  are  to  be  found  in  Caf- 
fre-land  ;  but  I  have  never  met  with 
them.  That  the  colony  produces  both, 
feems  certain,  as  the  colonics  prepare 
gunpowder  from  thtm.  Between  the 
Dcbe  and  Qjiakoubi,  I  found,  aboi^t 
two  feet  under  ground,  a  Itratum  ot* 
round  grains,  of  the  fize  of  fmall  peafc, 
of  a  browiiifh  red  colour,  which  fcemed 
to  be  an  iron  ore. 

Vegetables.  The  moll  common  tree 
is  the  Lirge  thorn-tree,  from  which  the 
Gum  Arabic  exudes.  Its  inner  rin^l 
ferves  the  CifFres  fur  fuod  ;  and  the 
outer,  which  is  of  a  bright  red  colour, 
to  prepare  the  fkins  of  animals  fof 
clothing. 

I  recolle<^t  to  have  feen  only  three 
kinds  of  European  wood  ;  the  willow, 
and  the  black  and  red  ebony.  Betide^ 
thefe,  there  is  a  variety  of  timber,  of 
which  1  will  only  mention  the  names 
by  which  they  are  known  in  the  colo- 
ny, viz.  the  Geelhout,  Roodhout,  Af- 
fagaihout,  Yzerhout,  Buffelbal,  Nielli- 
out,  Stinkhout,  and  the  Gonjawood, 
which  I  could  not  diftinguifh  tronn  ma- 
hogany. There  grows  alfo  the  Boere- 
boon,  (called  by  the  natives  Inquaem) 
a  tree  which  produces  flowers  of  a 
beaiuiful  red  colour,  belonging  to  the 
decandriay  monGgynia^Jiamina  corolla;  pe- 
talis  hngiora.  CorroUa  pcntapetala* 
Calyx  tetraphyllis  corolla  concoLr.  Tbe 
fruit  is  a  Irgumen,  containing  large 
beans  of  an  excellent  ta!le  ;  the  bread 
tree  of  the  Hottentots,  which  this  peo- 
ple call  Kongwe ;  and  the  pith  of 
which,  reduced  to  a  powder,  they  ufe 
inltead  of  fiour,  for  bread. 

The  Euphorbium  antiquorum  sjerum 
grows  hert  in  vait  qiianiities,  and  lt> 
the  height  of  thirty  feet.  I  have  feeii 
trees  of  this  kind  lixtecn  inches  in  dia- 
meter. The  effect  which  its  juice  had 
in  curing  an  incipient  cataratit,  1  have 
mentioned  in  a  former  letter,  direded 
to  Dr  Haweis. 

Caffraria  might  be  looked  upon  by  a 
botanifl  as  his  paradife  ;  but  as  I  have 
no  tarte  for  that  fcience,  nor  indeed  for 
natural  hiftory  in  genera!,  my  know- 
ledge cf  the  character  of  a  few  more 

obvious 


834         Narrative  of  a  Yoyage  to  Cochin  China.  061.. 


obvious  plants,  is  too  fcanty  to  prcfcnt 
you  with  them  ;  nor  do  I  ibppofe  that 
you  would  look  even  upon  a  more 
complete  collection  as  much  iritereft- 
ing.  When  I  firftcame  into  this  conn- 
try,  I  took  down  the  charaders  of  ten 
or  twelve,  and  drew  their  figures  ;  but 
want  of  time  foon  hindered  me  from 
going  on.  I  obftrved,  that  though  the 
pCTita?:drla  clafs  ia  the  molt  numerous 


in  botanical  fyftems,  and  perhaps  ia 
the  univerfe,  in  C.ijRre-land  the  hexan- 
dria  feems  at  Icaft  to  be  equal  to  it. 
Among  the  aloetic  plants  belonging  to 
this  clafs,  I  found  a  genus,  the  juice  of 
which  refembles,  in  every  refpec^t,  the 
gamb6ge  of  the  Hiops  ;  which,  howe- 
ver, 1  think  is  the  prc>du(ft  of  another 
plant. 


A  NARRATIVE  of  a  VOYAGE  to  COCHIN  CHINA- 
Concluded  from  p.  762, 


PURSUANT  to  my  agreement, 
however,  with  the  mandarin,  we  went 
on  fliore  the  aid  of  July  in  the  even- 
ing. He,  to;*ether  with  feveral  others, 
received  us  upon  the  beach,  and  con- 
du61:ed  us  to  his  houfe  ;  when  it  grew 
dark  we  were  entertained  by  a  fet  of 
dancing  women.  Thefe  ladies  differed 
little  in  their  performance  from  thofe 
ofHinduftan.  The  muiic  confided  of 
a  kind  of  pipe  and  tabor,  caftinets, 
and  an  humble  imitation  of  the  violin. 
About  ten  we  retired  to  fupper  upon 
our  own  provifions.  Mats  and  cots 
were  provided  for  our  repofe.  About 
eight  in  the  morning  we  commenced 
our  march,  my  companions  on  horfe- 
back,  and  myfelf  in  a  hlken  net,  ex- 
tended at  each  end  by  a  piece  gf  ivory 
iibout  twenty  inches  long,  through 
feveral  fmall  holes,  in  which  pafied 
the  threads  it  was  woven  with,  which 
being  colle6ted  together,  formed  a 
loop,  by  which  it  was  fufpended  to  a 
pole  in  the  form  of  a  hammock  ;  over 
the  pole  was  a  pinjaiee  of  hne  matts 
covered  with  painted  paper:  it  requires 
but  two  bearers,  for  with  that  number 
I  was  carried  fifteen  miles  in  the  day 
without  changing.  Our  road  at  firft 
lay  along  the  banks  of  a  confiderable 
liver,  till  we  entered  a  well  cultivated 
valley,  which  appeased  encompalTed 
on  all  fides  with  high  mountains.  In 
►  this  valley  we  palTed  through  three  or 
four  pretty  villages  pleafantly  fituated, 
in  which,  as  well  as  on  other  parts  of 
the  road,  were  public  houfes,  where 
tea,  fruits,  and  other  refrefliments  are 
fold  to  travellers.   At  noon  we  alight- 


ed at  one  of  them,  and  partook  of 
dinner,  which  confifted  of  fowls  cut  in-! 
to  fmall  pieces,  drelfed  up  v^ith  a  little 
greens  and  fait,  fome  fifli,  &:c.  We' 
left  the  village  about  four  in  the  after- 
noon, and  in  the  dufk  of  the  evening' 
reached  another,  which  was  within  an 
hour's  ride  of  the  king's  refidence  ; 
here  we  Raid  during  the  night. 

Early  in  the  morning  we  purfued! 
our  journey  through  the  paddy  fields,, 
and  at  eight  o'clock  came  in  fight  of; 
the  fort  his  majefty  refided  in.  The] 
eaft  front,  by  a  gate  of  which  we  en- 
tered, extended  about  three  quarters.^ 
of  a  mile,  and  was  merely  a  Ihaight! 
ftone  wall,  in  many  places  much  out' 
of  repair,  without  guns,  embrazures, 
flanking  towers,  or  any  other  requifite 
to  make  it  a  pjace  of  flrength.    It  is 
fufficient,  however,  for  the  purpofes 
of  its  poflelTor.    I  was  informed  it  was 
a  fquare,  and  that  the  other  fides  cor- 
refponded  with  the  one  we  entered  at. 
When  we  came  tp  the  gate,  we  waited 
half  an  hour  in  an  hovel  ;  the  gate 
and  wall  were  entirely  without  guards, 
and  the  ground  within  laid   out  in 
paddy-fields.    We  then  proceeded  on 
about  half  a  mile,  when  wc  alighted 
at  the  houfe  of  the  king's  fon-indaw, 
where  we  ftaid  about  half  an  hour, 
and  partook  of  fome  beetle.    He  then 
conduced  us  to  a  houfe  near  his  own, 
which,  he  faid,  was  alloted  for  our  re- 
fidence.   He  requefted  to  fee  what  we 
had  brought  for  the  king,  which  we 
fliewed    him.     The    king,   he  faid^ 
would  grant  us  an  audience  next  morn- 
ing \  afterwards  he  took  his  leave. 


i8o2.        Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China.  S35 


By  fix  o'clock  next  morning,  a  mef- 
fage  was  brought  us,  that  his  majefty 
was  ready  to  receive  us.    We  then 
attended  our  condudtor  for  near  a 
mile,  till  we  came  in  fight  of  the  pa- 
hce  from  an  eminence  ;  here  we  were, 
defired  to  dii'mifs  all  our  attendants, 
and  to  leave  our  fwords,  as  it  was 
never  permitted  to  any  body  to  enter 
into  the  prefence  with  ara^.s.  Thsie 
preliminaries  adjufted,   we  advanced 
towards  the  palace.  In  the  front  were 
drawn  up  two  ranks  of  men,  confilHng 
of  100  each,  with  fpears,  pikes,  hal- 
berts,  Sec.  of  various  faihions,  with 
fome  banners  flying,  and  from  within 
appeared  the  muzzles  of  two  long 
brafs  cannon.  In  the  middle  of  a  gravel- 
led terrace,  in  front  of  the  palace,  was 
laid  the  prefents  I  brought.    As  foon 
as  we  afcendcd  this  terrace,  the  man- 
darin, our  conductor,  told  us  to  make 
our  obeifancc  in  the  fame  manner  he 
did,   which  confilied    in  proftrating 
himfelf  three  times  with  his  forehead 
to  the  ground.    Tiiis  mode  of  faluta- 
tion,  however,  appearing  to  us  rather 
bjo  humiliating,   we  contented  our- 
.fclvcs  with  making  as  many  bows,  af- 
[ter  the  Englifh  falhion.    We  mounted 
jhalf  a  dozen  ileps  to  the  apartment 
his  majel'ty  and  his  court  were  alTem- 
rbiedin  :  It  was  open  in  the  front  and 
at  the  fides,  the  roof  tiled  and  con- 
jltruCled  in  the  Cochin  Chinefe  fafnion, 
|fupported  by  fine  wooden  pillars,  the 
back  part  wainfcotted  ;  againft  this 
was  placed  the  throne,  which  rofe  two 
or  three  Iteys  above  the  floor  of  the 
apartment ;  and  on  the  eminence  flood 
\  an  arm  chair,  painted  red,  and  orna- 
mented with  the  heads  of  dragons,  in 
which  the  king  fat,  having  before  him 
a  fmall  table  covered  with  a  red  filk 
ciifliion,  wrought  with  gold  flowers, 
tor  him  to  lean  upon.    On  each  lide 
t  ;rone  was  placed  a  chair  ;  in  one 
ieated  his  brother,  the  otner  was 
empty,  and,  as  I  underltood,  belong- 
ed to  another  brother,  who  was  then 
at  Donai.    Several  rows  of  benches 
were  behind  theie,   and  upon  them 
'^^-s  feated  the  mandarins  according 
ir  rank.    The  king  was  clothed 
robe  of  fi!k,  of  a  deep  yellow, 
1  which  dragons  and  other  figures 
'.ic  wrought  in  gold  ;  upon  his  head 
iie  wore  a  kind  of  clofe  cap  turned  up 
,';)chind,   the  front   ornamented  with 
some  jewels,  and  on  the  top  of  it  was 


a  large  red  ftone,  through  which  paf- 
fed  a  wire,  raifing  it  a  few  inches, 
which  fhook  and  fpangled  as  he  moved 
himfelf.  The  mandarins  were  rnanv 
of  them  clad  in  gowns  of  filk  of  differ, 
ent  colours,  adorned  with  dragons, 
and  their  caps  with  flowers  of  gold  or 
gilt.  Round  tlicir  waifts  they  wore 
girdles,  fome  of  which  were  covered 
with  fcarlet  broad-cloth,  faltcned  with 
ciaips  of  gold,  and  decorated  wfth 
cornelian  Itones  let  in  the  fame  metal. 
Upon  the  whole,  their  appe«arance  was 
a  fine  one  :  and  although  the  fcene 
wanted  many  of  the  requifites  which 
conflitute  grandeur  and  magnificence 
among  other  eaitern  princes,  as  a  pro- 
fufion  of  jesvels,  carpets,  attendants, 
fiic.  the  regularity  and  decorum  ob- 
ierved  here  prefented  one  with  Ibme 
adequate  ideas  of  a  powerful  I'c^vereign 
furrounded  by  his  court.  In  the  front 
was  placed  a  bench  for  me  and  my 
companions,  v/here  we  were  feated 
next  to  the  king's  fon-in-law. 

I  then,  through  the  interpreter,  ad- 
drefled  m.yfelf  to  the  king,  telling  him 
that  "  I  was  a  iervant  of  the  Englifh 
government  in  Bengal,  from  whence  I 
had  been  deputed  to  fettle  a  commer- 
cial and  friendly  intercourf.^  with  the 
inhabitants  of  Cochin  China.*'  He 
faid,  **  that  the  fame  of  the  Englifh  ex- 
ploits at  fea  had  reached  him,  and  that 
he  had  heard  they  exceeded  all  other 
nations  in  the  number  of  their  Ihips, 
and  excelled  in  the  management  of 
them  ;  but  they  made  an  ill  ufe  of  the 
advantage,  f  jr  he  had  alfo  been  inform- 
ed that  they  indifcriminatelv  attacked 
and  plundered  whatfoever  veflels  they 
met  with  :  That  he  was  very  willing 
to  permit  the  Eqglilh  ro  trade  to  hjs 
ports  ;  and  hopeci  that  thev,  in  return, 
would  not  moleft  his  galleys,  boatr, 
or  other  veffeis."  I  replied,  **  that 
the  firit  part  of  his  info  rmation,  re- 
fpeding  the  power  of  the  EngliQi  bv 
fea,  was  liridtly  true  ;  but  the  latter 
v^as  abfolutely  falfe,  and  mull  have 
been  infmuated  to  him  by  thofe  who 
v/ere  jealcus  of  our  proiperity,  and 
wiihed  to  give  him  an  unfavourable 
and  unjuii  opinion  of  us  :  That  the 
Englilh  were,  at  the  prefent  time,  at 
peace  with  all  foreign  nations,  and 
that  their  ihips  reibrted  to  almofl:  all 
the  parts  in  the  known  v;orid,  whers 
their  merchants  were  renowned  for 
their  probity  and  the  faimtfs  of  their 
dealings." 


836 


Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China.  Od:. 


dealings."  He  then  acquainted  me 
that  the  Engliili  might  trade  to  his 
pons;  and,  alter  foine  explanation, 
Ix  was  at  length  fettled,  that  tor,  vef. 
fels  of  three  nvaits  yoso  quanf^  Ihould 
paid,  (they  allowed  us  five  quans 
for  ^  Spapilh  dollar,)  fjr  thufe  of  two 
malts  4000,  and  finaller  ones  2000 
quans  tsch. 

His  majcriT  Toon  after  witbdiew  to 
liis  private  houiV,  where  we  were  ihort- 
iv  atterwards  requeued  to  attend  hiin. 
Divefted  of  nis  robes  and  cap  of  (late, 
and  having  on  a  plain  lilk  j. ticket  but. 
toned  with  fmafll  diamonds,  and  a  pitce 
of  red  lilk  wrapped  round  his  head  in 
Ihe  foriTi  of  a  turban,  here  our  conver- 
f.Aion  was  general  i  he  be;>an  with  rc- 
i^eatino"  his  good  intentions  towards 
the  i^  ngVdl'.,  and  how  defuous  he  was 
nf  conneamg  himlelf  with  us.  That 
although,  to  fave  appearances  before 
his  council,  he  had  mentioned  a  ium 
of  money  to  be  paid  by  our  Hr-ps  for 
the  libti'tv  of  trading,  yet  to  procure 
the  frit:ndnnp  of  the  Engldh  nation, 
re  would  never  exa6t  it  from  them, 
but  would  lliew  them  every  indulgence 
inbispowei.    He  enumerated  the  ar- 
ticles produced  m  his  country,  as  pep- 
per,  cardcmoms,    cinnamon,  agula- 
wood,  elephants'  teeth,  tm,  and  many 
others,  which  he  laid,  the  ignorance 
of  bis  ncople  prevented  them  from 
inakincr'the  molt  of ;  and  that  for  this 
reaibn,''a3  well  as  for  inftructing  his 
people  m  the  art  of  war,  he  earneltly 
defued  that  the  Governor  of  Bengal 
would  lend  him  feme  capable  perlon. 

He  then  difcloied  fome  of  his  future 
defsgns  to  me  ;  ihey  were  no  Icls  than 
to  fubdue  the  kingdom  of  Gambodia, 
with  the  whole  peninfula  as  far  as 
Siam,  and  the  provinces  belonging  to 
Cochin  China,  to  the  noith,  now  in 
the  hands  of  the  Tonquinele.  To  ef- 
Uet  thefe,  he  wiQied  f  jr  the  aiTiftance 
of  fome  Engldh  veRels,  in  recompence 
for  which  he  would  make  them  iuch 
grants  of  land  for  fettlements  as  they 
inignt  thr-ik  proper. 

I  promiredhim  faithnilly  to  report 
what  he  bad  laid  to  the  governor-gene- 
ral in  Bengal.  He  paiticularly  re- 
quefted,  amon^ft  other  things  that 
1  would  procure  a  horle  to  be  lent  him, 
coft  what  it  w^ould,  by  the  firft  velVel 
to  Cochin  China,  of  a  bay  colour.  Al- 
ter being  treated  with  tea  and  beetle, 
we  took  our  leave.   In  the  evening 


he  fent  me  three  papers  ;  one  fealed 
with  the  great  feal  of  the  kingdom, 
fet  forth  the  conditions  upon  which 
Englifh  ihips  were  to  trace  to  his  «io- 
ininions  ;  the  other  two  were  fealed 
with  a  fmaller  feal  ;  one  defcribes  the 
horfe,  Sic.  the  other  contains  his  li- 
cence for  vifuing  any  of  his  ports. 

The  next  morning  we  fet  out  on  j 
our  return  to  the  vtfl'el.    We  reached  j 
Quinion  the  fame  day  (July  26,)  and 
in  two  days  after  failed  for  Turon. 
Upon  the  road  coming  from  court,  we 
v^ere  palled  by  his  majelt/,  who  was 
going,  on  account  of  fome  bad  news 
from  his  fleet  at  D<mai,  to  perform  ai 
fact  dice  at  a  temple  iituated  in  the  bay  , 
our  velTels  lay  in.    He  travelled  in  W 
neat  paUnqum,   diitingudhed   by  ixp 
being  red,  which  colour  no  fubje6l  it- 
allowed  to  ufe  in  drefs  or  equipage. 
The  ceremony,  I  was  informed,  con- 
futed chiefly  in  bowing  his  htad  to  the 
ground,  and  iiicr^ftcing  a  buffalo. 

Ignaack  hirnfelf  is  allowed  to  have, 
abilities  ; ,  but  thefe  are  ill  feconded  by. 
the  mandarins  who  govern  under  hinx^; 
they  are  all  low,  iLlirerate  men.  Fa«^: 
mine,  and  its  atrendanr^  pejfilence^ 
have  dc droved  one  half  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  country.  Shocking  arr 
the  accounts  of  the  methods  tnken  by^i 
the  remainder  to  preferve  a  mifcrable 
exidcnce  ;  at  Hue,  the  capital,  thou;'' 
in  poHelTion  of  the  Tonqumefe,  an 
better  fupplled  than  any  other  place, 
human  fl^fi  "ivas  puhlickly  fild  irtthe  mar- 
ket. 

The  force  of  Ignaack  byjand  is  very 
inconfiderable,  and  fo  deficient  in  the 
military  art,  that  I  may  fafely  aver 
that  300  diicipiined  men  v/ould  rout 
his  whole  array.  His  marmc  force, 
confiftingof  a  few  galleys  and  fome 
junks  feized  from  the  Chmefe,  is  al- 
moit  as  defpicable.  Finally,  his  go- 
vernment IS  held  in  the  utmoft  detel- 
tation  ;  yet  the  fpirils  of  the  people 
are  fo  broken  by  the  various  calami- 
ties they  have  been  aiRi6ted  with,  that 
they  want  courage  to  reiift  it  efioclual- 
Jy.  Many  of  his  foldiers,  and  almolt 
all  principal  people  I  met  with,  openly 
declared  to  me,  how  reludantly  they 
fubmit,  and  expreffcd  their  wifties 
that  the  Englilh  would  take  them  un- 
der their  protection ;  affuring  us  that 
upon  the  leaft  appearance  of  a  force, 
the  whole  C3untry  would  fly  to  join 

them.  ^ 

About 


l802. 


Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China. 


837 


About  two  degrees  to  the  north  of 
Quinion  lies  an  illand  called  Palo  Can- 
ton, and  between  thirty  and  forty  mi- 
nutes north  of  this,  another  named 
FubCampella:  the  latter  pofleires  a 
convenient  place  for  the  fhips  to  an- 
chor in,  and  other  advantages.  Upon 
the  continent  oppolite  to  tlus  iflcind  is 
the  entrance  of  a  river,  by  which  the 
junks  go  up  lo  Faifo  ;  and  there  is  a 
branch  of  it  which  tails  into  the  har- 
bour of  Turon. 

We  anchored  in  Turon  Bay  the  2d 
of  Auguit.  Having  obtained  permif- 
fion,  1  hired  a  houfe  in  the  village  of 
Turon.  There  are  the  remains  of  fe- 
veral  large  and  good  houfes  here, 
which  had  been  deftroyed  in  the  late 
troubles.  The  land  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  village  was  cultivated  with 
rice,  brinjalls,  and  fome  fweet  pota- 
toes ;  the  country  farthv^r  bdckfeemed 
entirely  negledted  j  covered,  how- 
ever, in  feveral  places  with  groves  of 
oranges,  limes,  jacks,  plantains,  and 
bamboos,  in  moft  ot  which  were  the 
remains  of  dwelling-houles.  When  £ 
had  been  here  three  or  four  days,  the 
mandarin  who  governs  the  province  of 
Cham,  on  the  part  of  Ignaack,  came 
down  the  river,  attended  by  four  gal- 
lies,  rowing  between  40  and  50  oars 
each,  and  landed  at  a  houfe  on  the  op- 
pohtc  fide  to  where  I  lived  ;  the  fame 
day  he  fent  to  know  when  he  ftiould 
wait  on  me  ?  I  chofe,  however,  to 
be  firft  to  make  this  compliment,  and 
crolTed  the  river  in  one  of  his  galleys 
for  that  purpoie.  He  received  me  in 
great  form,  himfelf  feated  on  a  bench 
placed  on  an  eminence,  the  inferior 
mandarins  and  foldiers,  to  a  connder- 
able  number,  placed  on  each  fide  of 
him.  This  being  the  mandarin  with 
whom  the  diipute  had  happened  the 
preceding  year,  f  after  prefenting  him 
the  pairport  1  had  received  from  the 
king,)  I  begged  he  would  inform  me 
How  it  had  aiifen,  and  the  caufe  of  his 
feveiity  to  the  people  who  had  fallen 
into  his  hands.  He  replied,  that 
the  commander  of  the  Engliih  (hip  had 
been  prevailed  on  by  fome  mandarins 
of  the  former  government,  then  in 
Jurms  at  Turon,  to  aflift  them  with 
men  and  arms ;  and  that  the  ihip*s 
boat  being  fent  up  the  river  with  them, 
had  been  attacked  by  his  people  and 
taken  j  that  feme  of  the  crew  were 
killed,  fome  jumped  into  the  xiver  and 


were  drowned,  and  fome  fled  into  the 
woods,  wiicre  they  perilh^d  with 
hunger."  He  then  gave  me  a  lice-ice 
for  trading,  itridly  enjoining  all  per- 
fons  to  piiy  for  what  they  parchafcd^ 
and  in  no  wife  to  moieit  or  ill  treat 
us.  After  he  had  given  ;ne  an  invita- 
tion to  vnit  him  at  Kaifo,  1  took  my 
leave,  and  he  returned  tne  fa^ne  nigHt. 

The  iSth  i  fet  out  for  Faifo.  At 
one  of  the  places  whei  e  we  Hopped  to 
give  an  account  who  we  were,  we 
found  ourfelves  under  a  hi^h  mountain, 
part  of  which  impended  over  the  river, 
and  it  feemcd  ready  to  tumble  and 
bury  us  under  its  rums.  It  was  a  large 
mountain  of  white  marbie,  lituate  on 
a  low  plain,  dole  to  the  water  lide^ 
unconnected  with  any  of  tne  diltant 
hilis.  We  could  perceive  leverai  cracks 
and  holes  m  the  body  of  the  moun- 
tain, and  round  it  were  lying  fo.ne 
valt  fragments.  The  eye,  in  wander- 
ing over  It,  prefented  ins  fancy  with 
the  ideas  of  pillars,  houfes,  towers, 
,&.c. ;  near  it  were  a  fjw  huts,  inhabit- 
ed by  Itone-cutters^  1  did  not  lee  any- 
other  fpecimcus  of  their  ingenuity 
than  peitles  and  mortars  of  dirferent 
lizes.  On  our  ai  rival  at  Faifo,  we 
were  furprifed  to  had  the  recent  rums 
of  a  large  city*,  the  itreets  laid  out  on 
a  regular  plan,  paved  with  flat  itonc, 
and  well  built  brick  houfes  on  each 
fide.  But  alas  I  tneie  was  now  little 
more  remainingthanthe  outward  walis, 
withm  which,  m  a  few  places,  yoa 
might  behold  a  wretch,  who  formerly 
was  the  polfeiTor  of  a  palace,  Ihelter- 
iiig  hiniielf  fiom  the  ^^ea^her  in  a  mi- 
ierable  hut  of  Itraw  and  bamboos.  The 
templ-cs  and  their  gods,  nowcver, 
were  no  further  moleiled  than  in  being 
robbed  of  their  bells,  which  were  feiz- 
ed  for  the  purpoie  of  be*  ig  coiaed  in- 
to money.  After  taking  ioine  refrelh* 
menc  at  t'aifo,  1  let  out  for  tne  i  fi- 
dence  of  the  mandarin,  which  was 
within  an  iiiclofure  formed  by  drivin^* 
Jfrong  itakes  into  the  ground,  inter- 
mixed with  bamboos  growing ;  and 


*  It  v/as  taken  anddeftroyed  by  01  c 
oflgnaack'5  generals;  before  that  ic 
was  a  place  of  vi^ry  jrreat  ti.i  le,  and 
furniihed  cargoes  of  fugar,  cinnamon, 
ptpper,  &.C.  to  hundreds  of  junks 
which  refortcd  thither  from  all  the  lea 
coafts  cf  Chiua  and  Japan. 


838  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cocbin  China.  Oft. 


for  fome  diftancc  round  it,  (hort  point- 
ed bamboos  were  driven  obliquely  in- 
to the  ground,  as  if  deigned  to  keep 
off  cavalry.  The  houi'e  was  fpacious, 
partly  confiding  of  brick  and  partly  of 
thatch  and  bamboos.  This  mandarin 
\vas  almoft  as  well  attended  as  his  maf- 
ter  Ignaack  ;  ieveral  cf  h:s  people 
were  well  drclTed,  and  had  fuords  in 
their  hands  j  the  hilts  and  fcabuards 
were  ornamented  with  plates  of  beaten 
gold.  My  converfation  with  the  man- 
darin was  but  Ihort  ;  1  was  informt:d 
that  he  was  an  illiterate  man,  a!id  had 
the  charader  of  being  ciuei  and  op- 
prcffive.  I  (laid  only  one  day,  and 
returned  to  the  vclVcl,  being  now  the 
1 5th  of  AuguiL 

^  On  my  arrival  on  board  the  Aina%ori^ 
I  was  viiited  by  a  Poitugueze  mer- 
chant juft  come  from  Hue,  tiie  capital 
of  Cochin  China.  He  told  me  he  was 
charged  with  a  verbal  invitation  to 
ine  from  the  Tonquinefe  viceioy,  to 
proceed  thither,  and  difpole  of  any 
articles  of  trade  we  might  have  le- 
maining.  Having^revioufly  difpatch- 
ed  my  writer  and  Mr  Moniz  with  a 
letter  to  the  Tonquinefe  mandarin,  re- 
quefting  this  favour,  and  hearing  that 
there  was  but  a  fmall  depth  of  water 
upon  the  bar  of  Hue  river,  1  propofed 
to  the  comm.ander  of  the  Jenny  to  go 
in  his  velTel,  which  might  give  him  an 
opportunity  of  difpofing  of  his  inveft- 
ment.  He  confented  ;  and  leaving  the 
.Amazon  in  Turon  Bay,  I  embarked, 
with  Mr  Bayard,  the  iSth  cf  Auguft. 
We  anchored  in  the  Eay  of  Chimay, 
which  is  the  boundary  of  the  Tonqui- 
nefe poHefiions  ;  here  I  was  met  by 
my  w  riter,  accompanied  by  a  manda- 
rin, named  Ong-ta-hia,  with  an  an- 
fwer  to  my  ktter,  containing  the  per- 
mifiion  of  the  viceroy  to  proceed  to 
Hue.  When  we!  came  to  the  entrance 
of  the  river,  the  miandarin  Rationed 
there  came  on  board  in  a  galley,  with 
a  number  of  foldiers,  and  undertook 
to  pilot  the  v e Re  1  in . 

Two  days  afterwards,  T  .proceeded 
lip  to  the  town.   Towards  the  fea  the 

land  was  fandy  and  barren,  but  on  ad- 
vancing, the  fcene'grrdually  changed, 
the  hnds  put  on  every  appearance  of 
fertility,  and  we  faw  the  hufbandmen 
on  the  banks  bulled  in  cultivation, 

Abreail  of  the  town,  twenty-five  Chi- 
nefe  junks  were  at  anchor  innumera- 
ble country  boats  were  palTmg  and  re- 


pairing, and  the  fhore  was  thronged 
with  people*  We  landed  at  Ong-ta- 
hia's  houfe  ;  it  was  the  refort  of  the 
Chmefe,  as  his  office  confiiled  in  re- 
porting the  arrival  of  their  junks,  and 
procuring  them  their  clearances.  The 
next  day  we  vifited  the  viceroy.  He 
riL^lidcd  at  the  palace  of  the  kings  of 
Cochin  China,  lix  miles  higher  up  the 
river  than  the  town  1  landed  at.  The 
Abbe  Raynai  informs  us  its  circumfe- 
rence is  a  league,  and  the  walls  of  it 
planted  with  thoufands  of  cannon. 
This  defcription  is  certainly  heighten- 
ed ;  I  vhncd  it  feveral  times  myfelf, 
and  a  peilon  who  accompanied  me 
found  an  opportunity  of  examining 
the  whole.  The  fortifications  is  an 
oblong  Iquaie,  the  greater  fides  ex- 
tending about  half  a  mile,  the  leffer 
two-thirds  of  that  diltancc.  It  is  form-' 
ed  by  a  retaining  wall,  behind  which 
a  rampart  of  earth,  10  or  11  feet  high, 
was  thrown  up,  with  fteps  rihng  to  a: 
convenient  level  for  the  difcharge  of 
milhle  weapons.  It  had  no  embrazurcs, 
the  guns  being  pointed  through  a  kind 
of  port-hoks  made  in  the  bottom  of 
the  retaining  walls.  The  number 
mounted  was  about  60  ;  the  largeft 
nine-pounders.  For  fix  or  eight  feet 
without  the  wall,  fliort  pointed  bam- 
boos, from  fix  to  twelve  inches  long,< 
Vv'ere  driven  obliquely  into  the  ground; 
beyond  thefe  was  a' ditch,  eight  feet 
wide,  and  as  many  in  depth,  fenced 
with  bamboos  growing,  which  was  fuc- 
ceeded  by  another  fpace  with  pointed 
ones  driven  in  the  ground,  and  the 
whole  encompafied  bya  lov^  checquer- 
ed  bamboo  rail.  The  ground  within 
the  fort  was  divided  by  a  number  of 
brick  walls,  meeting  at ,  right  angles, 
and  forfning  fquares  ;  fome  were  al- 
lotted to  the  holdu■^g  markets,  others 
to  granaries,  quarters  for  the  foldiers, 
(tables  for  horfes,  elephaHts,  &:c.  The 
w  hole  v^as  much  out  of  repair. 

The  palace  deferved  the  name  of  a 
good  io'vver-roomed  houfe.  The 
building  was  laid  out  in  fpacious  ve- 
randahs and  private  rooms.  In  one  of 
the  verandahs  I  was  introduced  to  the 
viceroy  j  I  found  him  fwinging  in  a 
net  hammock,  extended  between  one 
of  the  pillars  and  the  wainfcot  of  the 
inner  apartments.  Hz  was  a  venerable 
old  man,  about  fixty  years  of  age,  fil- 
ver  l)eard,  and  moil. engaging  manners. 
His  drefs  was  plain  ^nd  iimple,  conlift- 


1 8o2.         Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China.  839 


ing  of  a  loofe  gown  of  black  glazed 
linen,  with  large  fleeves,  and  black 
filk  cap,  and  fandals  on  his  feet.  I 
acquainted  him  with  my  bufinefs  in 
Gochin  China,  much  in  the  fame  terms 
I  had  made  uie  of  to  Ignaack.  I  then 
requeued  he  would  receive  the  prefent 
I  brought  him,  as  a  Imall  token  of  my 
refpett-  He  then  defcended  from  his 
net,  and  feated  himfelf  upon  the 
ground.  He  approved  of  my  propofal 
to  f jrm  a  commercial  intercourfe  with 
his  nation,  and  would  promote  it  all  in 
his  power.  He  then  inquired  feveral 
particulars  refpe6ting  the  nation  i  be- 
longed to ;  as  our  force  by  fea  and 
land,  our  commerce,  cuftoms,  and  re^ 
ligion.  He  alfo  examined  our  hats, 
fwoids,  and  other  parts  of  our  drcfs, 
very  minutely.  He  then  rcquefted  us 
to  partake  of  a  repaft,  coniiiling  prin- 
cipally of  minced  fowls,  vegetables, 
pork,  buffalo  beef,  filh,  rice,  fweet- 
meats,  tea,  fpirits,  Sec;  during  which 
feveral  war  elephants  were  brought  in- 
to an  area  fronting  the  verandah, 
;  where  fome  figures  reprefenting  fol- 
jdiers  were  placed  in  ranks  ;  theie  the 
;  elephants  attacked  with  great  fury, 
icized  them  with  their  trunks,  toiled 
them  in  the  air,  and  trampled  them 
under  their  feet.  Some  foldicrs  were 
employed  in  fhooting  at  a  butt,  with 
long  matchlocks,  w^hich  had  fwivels 
and  three-legged  ftands  to  fire  them  on. 
After  a  renewal  of  his  profelfions  of 
friendlhip  and  regard,  we  Hood  up  to 
depart;  he  ordered  all  the  mandarins 
who  were  with  him  to  attend  me  to 
the  general's,  to  whom  it  was  nccef- 
fary,  he  faid,  I  (hould  make  a  viiit 
whenever  I  came  to  him.  He  then 
iorced  our  acceptance  of  two  ingots  of 
fiiver,  as  an  equivalent  for  the  prefent 
(a  gold  repeating  watch,  fet  with  a 
few  fmall  diamonds,  emeralds,)  I  had 
^made  to  him,  and  we  departed. 

Attended  by  a  numerous  train  of 
mandarins,  who  marched  before  and 
behind  us  in  ranks,  we  prefented  our- 
fclves  at  the  gate  of  Quan-jqm-Quen, 
who  is  an  eunuch,  and  commander  in 
;  chief  of  the  fleet  and  army.  Half  an 
[hour  elapfed  ere  we  were  uflieied  into 
I  a  large  hall ;  we  feated  ourfelves  upon 
fome  chairs,  placed  for  us  before  a 
rattan  fereen,  from  behind  which  a 
ilhrill  voice  called  our  attention  to  the 
'object  of  our  viiit.  He  did  not,  how- 
ever, btcorne  viiible  till  the  common 


queftions  were  palTed,  and  I  had  ac- 
quainted him  with  the  reafons  of  my 
coming  to  Cochin  China.  The  fcreeii 
wavS  then  turned  up,  and  aglimmeiing 
light,  diffufed  from  a  fmall  waxen 
taper,  diiclofed  to  our  view,  not  tlie 
delicate  form  of  a  woman  the  foun  i 
had  conveyed  tlie  idea  of,  but  that  of 
a  monfler,  diiguftful  and  horrible  to 
behold.  He  was  fitting  in  a  kind  of 
boarded  fhrine,  in  form  like  a  clothes- 
prels.  He  was  fliort  in  itature,  which 
was,  however,  amply  made  up  to  him 
in  bulk  j  and  I  may  venture  to  afBrm 
he  meaiured  an  ell  over  the  fhoulders. 
Great  flaps  hung  down  from  his  cheeks, 
and  his  little  twinkling  eyes  were 
fcarcely  to  be  diicerned  for  the  flat 
folds,  which  formed  deep  receffes  a- 
round  them.  He  hardly  appeared  ci- 
vil, and  received  my  prefent  with  in- 
diflference.  In  my  fabfequent  vifits  I 
found  he  was  a  great  pedant,  and  va- 
lued himfelf  much  on  his  knowledge  of 
books. 

A  month  elapfed  in  a  mutual  inter- 
courle  of  civilities.  I  had  hitherto  re- 
sided in  the  houfe  of  Ong-ta-hia,  but 
finding  it  inconvenient,  I  made  repeat- 
ed applications  to  him  f.)r  a  feparate 
one.  He  as  often  evaded  complying, 
and  by  his  underhand  influence  prevent, 
ed  my  hiiing  one.  He  was  afraid, 
fliould  he  iuffer  me  to  remove  from  un- 
der his  own  eye,  fome  parts  of  the  un- 
reafonable  profits  he  hoped  from  Jiis 
connection  with  us  might  cicape  him  ; 
and  his  unwillingncis  to  diicharge  the 
amount  of  his  purchafes  that  he  had 
made  from  us,  may  be  confidered  as 
the  firit  caufes  leading  to  the  troubles 
v;e  were  afterv/ards  involved  in.  As  I 
found  this  man  was  the  particular  agent 
of  the  eunuch,  I  made  him  feveral  con- 
fiderable  prefents,  but  all  inadequate  to 
the  fatisfying  his  rapacity. 

The  latter  end  of  September  the  rains 
were  fo  heavy,  and  the  floods  came 
down  with  ib  much  violence  from  the 
mountains,  that  almolf  the  whole  town 
was  overflowed  in  Oxie  night,  during 
which  the  noife  made  by  the  rulhing  of 
the  water  through  the  Itreets,  and  the 
cries  of  the  people  removing  their  ef- 
feds,  was  horrible  and  alarming  beyond 
idea.  In  the  morning  great  "nunibers 
of  boats  were  pafling  in  the  ftreet^. 
Notwithilandmg  theie  floods  happen 
feveral  times  during  the  periodical 
rains,  few  precautions  are  taken  by  the 


840  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China.  061. 


inhabitants  to  fccure  themfelves  a- 
gainlt  the  fometimei  melancholy  con- 
lequences;  and  the  government  is  fo 
ablurd  as  not  to  allow  an  upi>er  roomed 
houfe  to  any  one  but  their  foveieign. 

Attention  to  our  health  obliged  me 
to  be  urgent  with  Ong-ta-hia  tor  his 
confent  to  remove  to  a  drier  fituation  ; 
and  the  application  apparently  recon- 
ciled him  to  it.  It  was  only  in  appear- 
ance; for  in  three  days  after,  a  young 
inan,  who,  with  his  father,  ferved  me 
as  linguilts,  complained  to  me  that  he 
had  been  fevereiy  beaten  by  Ong  ta- 
hia  for  bf^ing  inftrumental  in  my  leav- 
ing his  houie.  The  following  day  I 
was  alarmed  by  the  lame  perfons,  of 
his  going  to  put  to  deatli  two  of  my 
people.  I  immediately  haflened  to  his 
houfe,  accompanied  by  Mr  'I'otty,  and 
found  them  buficd  in  binding  a  poor 
lick  Frenchman,  and  a  cook  belonging 
to  Captain  Hutton,  to  the  piilars  of 
the  houfe.  Ong-ta-hia  was  (l-anding 
with  a  drawn  fword,  and  foaming  at 
the  mouth  with  palTion.  I  requeftcd 
to  know  the  reafon  for  luch  condu(Sk, 
but  he  replied  not,  and  withdrew.  I 
afterwards  found  it  was  in  confequencc 
of  fome  trifling  difference  between  the 
Frenchman  and  a  woman  in  the  bazar 
who  fold  eggs.  The  dcdor  and  my- 
felf  relealed  the  prifoners  without  any 
oppoUtion,  promifing  that  they  ihould, 
neverthelefs,  be  delivered  up  to  the 
viceroy  for  an  invelilgation  of  their 
conduct ;  which  being  done,  a  decifion 
was  given  in  our  favour.  No  redreis, 
however,  was  to  be  obtained.  About 
this  time  I  received  a  letter  from  Capt. 
Maclennan,  acquainting  me  that  the 
bad  Itate  of  his  health  had  led  him  to 
refolve  on  bringing  the  vefiel  up  to 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  that  he  might 
land  and  try  the  benefit  of  a  change  of 
air.  I  was  exceedingly  lorry  that 
Captain  Maclennau*s  health  (hould  ren- 
der fo  impiudent  a  ftep  neceiTary.  I 
was  convinced  it  would  alarm  the  go- 
vernment. I  haftened  tu  the  viceroy 
and  eunuch,  and  acquaintc.d  them  with 
the  caufe  of  h-^r  approach  ;  notwith- 
ftanding  which,  a  parade  of  guards  was 
made,  and  a  number  of  precautions 
taken. 

The  Amm^on  anchored  at  the  mouth 
cf  the  river.  The  captain  came  on 
lliore,  but  in  fuch  a  fituation  as  to  pre- 
clude all  hopes  of  his  recovery.  Hav- 
ing been  given  over  by  our  furgeon, 


he  tried  the  phyficians  of  the  country. 
All  was  in  vain,  and  Captain  Maclen-; 
nan  breathed  hislall  the  2d  of  Oditober. 
The  7th  of  the  fame  month  was  fixe4 
for  his  funeral,  and  earlv  in  the  mortif 
ing  we  alTcmbled  to  attend  it.  Tha 
Portugueze  burial-ground,  where  ( 
purchaled  permilTion  to  depofit  his  rc^ 
mains,  was  at  the  diltance  of  feven  or 
eight  hours  journey.  The  beauty  of 
the  country  round  this  fpot  was  not  t-o 
be  ecjualled  by  that  of  any  I  hjd  before 
fcen  in  the  f  ail. 

The  behaviour  of  the  Chinefe  had 
latterly  been  very  fufpicious.  On  my 
firrt  arrival,  they  fuppofed  I  was  coma 
with  a  force  to  avenge  the  wrongs  dona 
to  the  Englifh  Hup  the  yt;at  before,  by 
the  mandarin  cornraan  ing  at  Turon^ 
and  Teemed  to  vie  with  each  other  in 
fupporting  any  defigns  I  might  have 
either  agamil  the  Tyfons  or  the  Ton-, 
quinefc  thamfelves,  from  the  hope  of 
coming  in  for  a  fhare  of  the  , plunder^ 
which  would  compenfate  them  for  the 
lofn.s  they  before  had  fultained.  Dif- 
appointed  by  the  repeated  declarations 
of  my  intentions  being  entirely  pacific,, 
they  were  afraid  it  would  prove  to 
them  rather  detrimental  than  otherwife. 
An  alteration  in  their  behaviour  to  u$ 
foon  became  evident.  They  reprefent^ 
ed  to  the  mandarins  that  the  Englifhr 
were  come  to  deprive  them  of  their  I 
country,  and  invented  a  number  of  fal- 
lities  the  molt  abfurd  and  groundlefs,; 
I  was  frequently  warned  that  they  in- 
tended  to  plunder  us  :  our  lives  an4 
property  were  equally  at  their  mercy. 
My  houfe  was  perpetually  filled  with 
mandariris,  fent  to  hear  and  adjufl: 
thefefabiicatedgr)evances,from  whence 
there  wa^  no  other  way  of  didodgingf 
them  than  by  prefents ;  this,  in  tha 
tnd,only  proved  an  inducement  to  frelH 
parties  to  vifu  rae,  and  fomcthing  ar 
other  was  daily  devifed  to  give  me 
tiouble.  I  avoided  every  thing  I  could 
that  might  tend  to  altercation.  When 
I  reprefented  my  c?,fe  to  the  viceroy,  h« 
referied  me  to  the  eunuch,  and  only- 
legreted  his  want  of  power  to  afford  me 
redrefs.  From  the  eunuch^  whofe  pro- 
vince it  was  toadjuft  all  the fe differences, 
an  accumulation  of  injuries  iind  infult* 
was  all  I  could  procure. 

Things  contmued  in  this  difagree- 
able  fituation  till  the  beginning  of  Nov, 
ember.  The  monfoon  beat  with  great- 
violence  on  the  coaft,  and  oar  profpecb 


r8o2.        Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China.  841 


of  getting  away,  which  we  anxioully 
looked  for,  was  ttill  diftant.  A  few 
days  after  the  vefll-l  anchored  in  Hue 
river,  the  mandarin  we  brought  from 
Bengal  left  her,  and  retired  amongft 
fome  of  his  relations,  who  lived  in  dif- 
puife  at  a  fhort  dittance  from  town. 
From  the  time  of  my  arrival  in  Cochin 
China,  I  continued  to  receive  the 
drongett  proofs  of  the  gratitude  and 
aunchmenl  of  this  poor  man;  and  it 
willprefently  appear  that  we  were  in- 
debted to  him  for  the  prefervation  of 
our  lives. 

From  the  beginning  of  October  I  re- 
ceived frequent  hiats  that  the  govern- 
ment  had  treacherous  defigns  againft 
MS  i  that  the  eunuch,  our  declared 
pnemy,  had  brought  over  a  majority  of 
the  council  to  his  meafures.  On  the 
7th  of  November,  as  myfclf  and  Mr 
Totty  were  fitting  at  breaktatt,  a  mef- 
fenger  came  in  from  our  mandarin,  and 
dciired  to  fpeak  with  me  immediately. 
He  told  me  that  his  maiier,  alarmed  at 
the  danger  we  were  in,  and  anxious  for 
our  prefervation,  had  fcnt  him  to  adviie 
us  to  fecurc  ourfelves  on  board  the 
veffel  without  delay.  He  added  that 
the  Kmg  *  of  Tonquin,  inftigated  by 
the  reprefentations  of  the  eunuch,  had 
fent  an  order  to  the  government  to 
feize  our  veffel :  that  the  mandarins 
were  arming  their  galleys,  and  had 
ordered  their  troops  to  be  in  readineis 
for  fervice  ;  and  concluded  by  exhort- 
ino-  us  to  take  inftant  mcafures  for  our 
iecurity.  This  intelligence  was  pre- 
fcntly  corroborated  by  the  landlord  of 
the  houfe  we  lived  in,  who  informed 
me  that  the  Tonquincfe  had  determin- 
ed to  feize  our  velVel,  and  that  he  hour- 
ly expe^ed  a  party  pf  foldiers  being 
fent  to  fecure  our  perlbns. 

Having,  therefore,  put  what  we  had 
molt  valuable  into  a  imali  country  boat 
I  kept  in  pay,  Mr  Totty  and  myfelf, 
with  three  or  four  Bengal  fervants  and 
fomeChinefe  rowers, left  townbetween 
eight  and  nine  in  the  mornmg,  and 
reached  the  vtflel  at  noon.  The  fol- 
lowing day,  (Nov.  8th,)  my  wnter, 
Whom' I  had  left  in  town,  coatnved  to 


*  The  fovereign  of  Tonquin  has  on- 
ly the  (liadow  of  authority  ;  the  whole 
power,  fince  the  beginning  of  the  15th 
century,  having  fallen  into  the  hands 
of  the  general. 


fend  a  great  part  of  my  baggage  oa 
board  the  vefiel. 

On  the  ^th,  in  the  morning,  five 
Portugueze,  in  confequcnce  of  our  fud- 
den  departure,  fled  from  town  on  board 
our  vefiel  for  fafety.  In  the  evening 
they  were  followed  by  my  writer  and 
another  Portugueze,  difguifed  in  the 
habits  of  the  country.  All  hands  now- 
joined  in  putting  our  little  bark  in  the 
beft  flate  of  defence  fhe  would  admit  of,. 
Our  force  confifted  of  the  captain  and 
mate,  one  EngliOi  failor,  two  French- 
men, two  Portugueze,  and  thirteen 
lafcars,  which,  with  myfelf,  the  doc- 
tor, my  writer,  and  our  fervants,  a- 
mounted  to  about  50  perfons.  The  vei- 
fel  was  armed  witti  fevcn  or  eight  oJd 
and  very  bad  two-pounders,  for  which 
we  had  fcarce  any  (hot,  two  fwivels, 
fome  wall-pieces,  and  twelve  muiket$. 

The  loth,  I  fent  to  the  mandarin  of 
the  look-out  houfe,  jufl  oppoiite  where 
we  lay,  requefting  he  would  fend  me  a 
writer,  as  I  wanted  to  write  a  letter  to 
the  principal  mandarins.  He  complied. 
I  wrote  to  them  my  reafon  for  leaving 
town  fo  fuddenly,  but  added,  I  did  not 
believe  them  guilty  of  fo  bafe  a  defign, 
though  prudence  required  me  to  be  oa 
ray  guard  for  our  own  fafety. 

The  13th,  we  difcovered  fome  gal- 
leys and  large  boats  come  from  town, 
which  brought  too  at  a  little  diftance 
from  where  we  lay :  we  learnt  that 
they  were  laden  with  guns  and  ftores, 
to  ered  batteries  to  prevent  our  efca- 
ping  them. 

The  14th,  at  day-break,  we  difcover- 
ed two  large  armed  galleys,  full  of  men^ 
dropping  down  with  the  tide,  upon  the 
vefiel,  as  if  with  an  intention  of  board- 
ing us ;  we  hailed  them,  and  defired 
them  to  keep  clear  of  us ;  but  no  an- 
fwer  was  made.  The  captain  then  re- 
quefted  permifiion  to  fire  at  them  ;  the 
people  in  the  forecaftle  accordingly 
fired  fome  fwivels,  and  two  or  three 
guns  at  them.  Upon  this  the  galleys 
immediately  dropped  their  anchors,  and 
numbers  of  the  people  jumped  into  the 
river.  I  now  determined  to  follow  up' 
what  we  had  begun,  and  ordered  two* 
jolly-boats  to  be  manned  and  armed^ 
and  fent  them  to  bring  off  the  galleys, 
furnifliing  them  with  a  few  hand-gre- 
nades each,  which  I  dire^ed  them  t© 
throw  into  the  gallics  before  they  at- 
tempted to  board  them.  Thefe  direc- 
tions being  obferved,  oa  the  burfting' 

of 


842           Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  Cochin  China.  Oft. 

of  the  hand-grenades,  30  or  40  more  four  guns  began  to  play  upon  us,  and 

from  each  of  ihtm  jiimptd  ovtr-board,  continued  till  it  was  dark,  but  without 

and  fwam  to  the  fhore.    Our  people  any  etfett.     The  .boat  now  arrived, 

then  towed  them  off,  together  with  five  which  I  difpatched  to  Turon  ;  by  her  I 

others,  which  lay  near  them  ;  all  of  received  the  guns  and  (hot  I  had  dt-fir- 

which  wt  defiroyf :d,  except  one  with  a  fd,  with  a  letter  from  the  captain  of 

brafs  gun  in  her,  about  a  iwelv^-poun-  the  Aasazon,  informing  me  he  had  font 

cler  ;  ftie  however  foundered,  in  three  his  boat,  with  three  Europeans  and  five 

days  after,  in  a  gale  of  wiikil,  a/Vrn  of  iafcars,  to  our  afliiiaiice,  as  it  was  not 

our  vclfcl.    The  largeft  of  thefc  gal-  pofTr^ie  to  come  up  with  his  vtflel. 

leys  was  about  50  teet  lon^s  and  iz  In  the    night    I  was  awakened 

broad,  arnud  with  fpears  20  ixet  long,  by  fome   fliocks  of    the  velTcl  llri- 

and  matchlocks,  with  great  quaniitics  king  the   ground.      I  immediately 

of  puwtlcr  an(i  bails.  went  upon  deck.    The  fc.ne  which 

Confcious,  however,  that  they  were  then  priientcd  ilftlf  was  difmal  to  thtf 

Tiow  preparing  their  utmoll  force  to  at-  1-^^^  degree.    The  heavy  fwell  having 

tack  us,  and  that  the  various  mdlen-  driven  the  veflVl  from  her  anchors,  Ihe 

gers  they  v/ere  fending  on  pretence  of  was  the  n  thumping  her  bottom  upon  a 

making  an  amicable  adjudmcnt  of  dif-  hard  fand.    Not  a  lingle  pcrfon  was 

ferences,  were  nothing  more  than  fo  keeping  watch.    The  captain  and  his 

fnany  prettxts  for  protracting  our  de-  mate,  overcome  with  fatigue,  were  both 

parture,  I  was  ftill  exceedingly  appre-  ''»neep  ;  the  refi  of  the  fhip's  company, 

henfive  for  the  f^fety  of  the  veflci,  in  to   llielter  ihemfclves  from  the  rain, 

attempting  to  trofs  the  bar  at  the  pre-  '^verc  all  in  the  hold.    The  country 

fent  inclement  feafon.    From  this  con-  l>oat  had  broke,  loofe  from  our  venTcl, 

^deration,  I  determined  10  write  to  the  ^'^^  two  of  our  people  on  board,  and 

comniander  of  the  ArViazon,  to  come  was  never  afterwards  heard  of.  Being 

(if  praaicabJe)  to  the  mouth  of  the  ri-  low  water,  wh.  n  the  tide  rpfe  we  for- 

ver,  and  favcur  our  efcape,  or  to  fend  tunately  got  the  vefTel  otf  without  da- 

us  his  boa  to  aflitl  us  in  getting  ovtrr  mage.    At  day-break  the.  Tonqiiinefe 

the  bar.    On  the  16th  I  prdltd  a  boat  l^<-^^an  a  heavy  fire  at  us;  their  fliot 

for  this  puipofe,  and  difpatched  her  to  fi^*^^  i^'gh,  arid  the  only  damage  fuf- 

the  Amazon.  tained  was  in  the  uggmg.    We  return- 

The  ftvtn  following  days  the  wea-  ed  their  fire,  but  with  liiile  tfTcL^t. 

ther  was  fo  exceedingly  bad,  we  began  The  26th,  feveral  Ihot  (truck  the  vel- 

to  doubt  of  the  boat's  being  able  to  ^'^^'s  hull,  and  one  killed  the  only  Eng- 

reach  Turon.    In  this  interval,  feveral  ^i^^  i^^'or  we  had  on  board.  About 

meflages  paifed  between  the  viceroy  i^o^"*  ^  cry  of  joy  refounded  from 

and  me.    He  Uill  continued  his  alTur-  every  part  of  the  velTel,  that  the  Ama- 

ances  of  fritnddiip,  and  invited  me  to  zo^^'^  boat  was  m  fight.    But  the  furf 

an  interview.    The  bearers,  however,  l^^'»g       exceedingly  high,  we  almoft 

ss  regularly  afTured  me  of  his  infince-  delpaired  of  her  benig  able  to  reach  Us. 

rity,  and  informed  me  of  the  pre  para-  Unfortunately  Ihe  made  choice  of  a 

tions  carrying  on  againft  us ;  and  that  P^^t  of  the  channel  where  the  furf  broke 

the  badnefs  of  the  weather  had  dcftroy-  ^'^th  the  greateft  violence,  and  no  foon- 

cd  four  fire-fioats  they  had  conilruaed  entered  n,  than  fhe  difap- 

toburn  onr  vefTel,  and  which  had  re-  peared.    Being  unable  to  afford  them 

tarded  an  attack  being  made  on  us;  the  kail  affiftance,  we  concluded  the 

that  numbers  of  guns  were  carried  to  v^^^ole  boat's  crew  muft  pcrilh.  The 

ered  batteries  at  the  mouth  of  the  ri-  Tonquincfe  obferving  this  accident,  e- 

ver,  in  order  to  prevent  our  crofling  ^^^ed  with  joy,  fired  at  us  wUh  redoub- 

the  bar.  fury.    In  about  an  hour  the  heads 

'  The  24th,  the  weather  being  a  little  two  men  were  difcovered  fwimming 

fettled,  we  moved  our  veffel  a  little  far-  towards  the  vefiel :  our  boat  mftantly 

ther  out.    We  now  difcovered  crowds  P'^t  off  to  meet  them,  and  fliortly  re- 

of  people  on  fliore,  bufied  in  erecting  turned  with  two  Engliilunen.  I'hey 

batteries,  &c.    We  fired  fome  fliot  at  informed  me  that  a  Dutchman  was  loll 

them,  but,  owing  to  the  fmallnefs  of  the  furff,  that  lome  of  the  lafcais 

our  guns,  gave  them  little  interruption,  had  reached  the  fliore,  and  that  the 

At  fix  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  three  or  Tonquincfe,  with  wanton  cruelty,  du- 

-           •  ring 


l802. 


Foreign  Literary  Notices. 


845 


ring  their  perilous  fituation,  fired  at 
them  with  fmall  arms. 
,  The  27th,  all  our  forc-topmaft  rig- 
ging was  (hot  away ;  one  fbot  ftruck 
the  veffel  between  wind  and  water, 
which  however  was  repaired  with  fome 
difficulty. 

The  28th,  additional  guns  began  to 
play,  and  firveral  ftiot  ftruck  us,  weigh- 
ing  nine  pounds.  The  try-fail-maft 
was  (hot  away ;  the  bcft  bower  cable 
parted  clofe  to  the  haufe-hole,  being 
cut  with  a  (hot.  Our  fituation  now 
was  truly  alarming,  and  the  injury  we 
had  fuftained  was  very  material.  To 
pafs  the  bar,  while  the  wind  was  in  its 
prefent  diredion,  was  impodible;  to 
return  to  our  former  (lation  in  the  ri- 
ver, where  the  batteries  would  (till  be 
nearer  to  us,  was  returning  to  inevita- 
ble ruin;  and  to  reajain  where  we 
were,  expofed  to  the  fire  of  nine  or  ten 
.  pieces  of  cannon,  was  certain  deftruc- 
lion.  Critical  as  our  fituation  was,  it 
was  necc(rary  that  fomething  fliould 
fpeedily  be  done.  After  a  confultation, 
w^e  at  length  refolved,  (though  with  lit- 
tle hopes  of  fuccefs^  to  try  to  bring  a- 
bout  a  reconciliation. 

The  a9th,  at  day-break,  I  ordered  a 
white  flag  to  be  hoifted  at  our  top-gal- 
lav.t-maft-head  ;  and  our  people  beck- 
oned to  the.  Tonquinefe  to  come  on 
board.  They  immediately  pulled  down 


their  war  flag,  and  beckoned  to  us  in 
return.  The  Tonquinefe,  as  we  fup- 
pofed,  were  waiting  for  orders  from 
town,  fu(Fered  us  to  remain  unmolefted 
the  whole  day.  In  the  evening  the 
wind  changed,  and  at  half  paft  nine 
was  at  VV.  S.  W.  Our  anchor  was  im- 
mediately weighed,  our  fails  fet  in  the 
moft  profound  filence,  ftcered  S.  by  E. 
through  a  channel  not  more  than  60 
yards  wide  ;  and,  notwithftanding  the 
darknefs  of  the  night,  and  the  breakers 
(till  running  high,  at  half  paft  tea 
o'clock  we  croffed  the  bar.  The  Ton- 
quinefe then  perceived  we  were  giving 
tbcm  the  flip,  kept  up  a  briik  fire  at 
us,  till  long  after  we  were  out  of  the 
reach  of  their  guns,  but  not  a  fiiot 
ftruck  us.  The  wind  continued  fa- 
vourable the  whole  night ;  the  next 
morning,  at  eleven  o'clock,  we  anchor- 
ed in  Turon  bay,  at  which  place  we 
repaired  the  Jenny. 

The  i8th  of  December  we  left  Tu- 
r(m,  when  the  J-^nny  was  fcparated 
from  us  in  a  gale  of  wind,  which,  con- 
tinuing with  fuch  violence,  prevented 
us  from  again  touching  at  Cochin  Chi- 
na. We  then  bore  away,  and  on  the 
23d  of  December  1779,  anchored  in 
Malacca  roads,  failed  from  thence  the 
8th,  and  arrived  at  Calcutta  the  i6tia 
of  February  following. 


FOREIGN  LITERARY  NOTICES. 


OUR  cKterfive  and  valuable  fettle- 
ments  in  India  have,  of  late,  made  ma- 
ny turn  their  attention  to  eaftern  liter- 
ature. Mr  Richardfon  of  Calcutta, 
who  is  already  well  known,  on  account 
of  other  valuable  works  rclpedting  ori- 
ental learning,  has  lately  publiflied  a 
new  theory  and  profpedus  of  all  the 
Pcrfian  verbs,  with  their  fynonimes  in 
Engliih  and  Hindooltanee.  He  has, 
iikewife,  publiihed  a  fchemc  of  Ylr..- 
i  dooftanee  orthography^  in  Roman  cha- 
radcrs,  to  facilitate  the  trauflation  of 
the  one  charader  into  the  other. 

A  valuable  work  has  lately  bten  pub- 
liihed at  Copenhagen,  by  Profefibr 


Munter,  under  the  title  of  Obfervations 
on  the  Antiquities,  Infcriptions,  &.c. 
found  among  the  ruins  of  Babylon. 
To  which  is  added,  a  Diifertation  on 
the  Carthagenian  and  Vandalic  Mtdals, 
iliu  ft  rated  by  a  plate. 

There  will  fpeedily  appear,  in  the  li- 
brary of  the  academy  at  Jena,  the  firft 
volume  of  a  coUedlion  of  the  works  of 
Spinoza.  The  fccond  and  laft  volume 
will  follow  in  a  Ihort  time.  7  his  edi- 
tion is  quite  complete,  and  vtry  cor- 
re<^t.  The  editor  is  M.  Pju1u%  proftf- 
for  of  theology,  known  by  his  profound 
knowledge  of  the  eaftern  languages,  and 
by  his  Commentary  upon  the  Nevr 
Teftamentt 


844  Foreign  Literary  Notices.  0£l. 


Tcftament.  As  there  has  not  yet  been 
a  complete  edition  of  the  works  of  this 
great  philofopher,  and  as  fome  of  them 
arc  very  fcarce,  this  new  one  will  be 
equally  inteicfting,  to  men  of  literature 
and  fcience. 

Dr  Edward  Stevens,  we  learn,  is  at 
prefent  engaged  in  a  Natural  Hiftory 
of  St  Domingo,  compiled  from  the  ma- 
terials he  colle»5^cd  during  his  refidencc 
in  that  ifland,  as  Conful  General  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  This  work 
will  be  very  complete,  and  will  be  ac- 
companied with  engravings,  executed 
by  the  bcft  American  arlilts. 

It  is  expe(Jtcd  that  a  Life  of  Wafhmg- 
ton  will  loon  make  its  appearance  in 
Americ;?,  and  that  an  edition  in  Lon- 
don will  immediately  follow. 

The  fccond  volume  of  the  tranllation 
from  the  German,  of  Profeffor  Pallas's 
Travels  through  the  Southern  Provin- 
ces of  the  Ruffian  Empire,  illuftrative 
of  the  manners,  drtf ,  and  cuiioms,  of 
the  various  Tartar  nations,  is  in  great 
forwardncfs,  and  will  foon  be  publiih- 
cd. 

Mr  Nicholfon's  tranflation  of  the 
new  and  improved  edition  of  M.  Four- 
croy's  Syliem  of  Chemical  Knowledge, 
and  Its  application  to  the  phenomena 
of  nature,  is  in  the  pref^,  and  will  fpeed- 
ily  be  publilhed.  From  the  variety  of 
ufeful  information  contained  in  the  ori- 
ginal work,  it  will  be  gratifying  to  the 
public,  to  fee  it  in  an  Enghfli  drefs, 
particularly  when  executed  by  a  perfon 
of  fuch  celebrity  as  Mr  Nicholfon. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Falconer,  late 
fellow  of  Corpus  Chrilir  College,  Ox- 
ford, is  propoling  to  publifh,  by  fub- 
fcription,  a  tranllation  of  the  Geogra- 
phy of  Strabo,  illuft rated  by  Maps, 
Coins,  Infcriptions,  &c.  accompanied 
with  the  Noies  of  Thomas  Falconer 
Efq.  of  Chefter,  of  the  Oxford  editor 
entire,  of  Siebenkees,  and  Tzfchucke 
of  Germany,  and  with  his  own. 

We  hear  that  a  new  tranflation  of 
Apollonius  Rhodius,  by  Mr  Wm  Pref- 
ton  of  Dublin,  is  nearly  ready  for  pub- 
lication. 

The  Annals  of  Philofophy,  which 
were  begun  by  Dr  Garnett,  and  which 
met  with  general  approbation,  are  to 
be  continued,  and  the  fecond  volume 
will  foon  appear, 

Mr  Cavallo's  Elements  of  natural  and 
Experimental  Philofophy,  in  three  vo** 


lumes  8vo,  arc  preparing  for  publica- 
tion. 

The  Rev.  Richard  Warner,  curate  of 
St  J  ime&'s,  Bith,  is  about  to  publifh  a 
volume  of  Pra6iical  Difcourfes,  of  which 
four  are  upon  the  Evidences  of  Chrilti- 
anity. 

Mr  Giiborne,  we  are  informed,  is 
preparing  a  fccond  volume  of  Sermons, 

A  let  of  Elegant  Engravings  is  pre- 
paring for  publication,  entitled,  Brit- 
tannia  D.^picfa.  The  engravings  are 
taken  by  W.  Byrne,  from  drawings  by 
McfTrs  Hearne,  Smith,  Farington,  Tur-' 
ner,  &c.  One  of  the  objedts  of  the 
publication,  is  to  illuftrate  and  refer  to, 
the  new  general  furvey  of  Great  Bri- 
tain,-about  to  be  publifhed  in  the  fame 
arrangement,  by  the  Rev.  Daniel  Ly- 
fons,  and  Samuel  Lyfons,  Efq.  A 
Ihort  defcription  will  be  affixed  to  each 
engraving. 

At  Venice,  in  the  library  of  St  Mark, 
there  is  a  curious  Marine  Chart  of  the 
American  Seas,  by  Bianchi,  executed 
before  the  voyages  of  difcovery,  by  A- 
mericus  Vefputiiis.  This  chart  proves, 
beyond  all  queflion,  that  the  Eui  opeans 
had  fome  knowledge  of  America,  be- 
fore it  was  difcovered  by  Americus  or 
Columbus.  We  hear  that  it  will  foon 
be  publifhed  by  Morelli  the  librarian. 

The  Greeks  in  the  Northern  parts  of 
Turkey,  feem  again  to  be  beginning  to 
apply  themfelves  to  literary  purfuits. 
Martin's  general  Grammar  of  Sciences, 
has  been  tranflated  from  Engiifti  into 
modern  Greek,  in  two  volumes  8vo, 
by  Anthemus  Gazi,  fettled  at  Vienna. 
The  fame  gentleman  has  likewife 
printed  at  Vienna,  a  tranflation  of  Con- 
dillac's  Logic,  with  notes  ;  aiid  propo- 
fes  to  tranflate  into  modern  Greek,  the 
beft  elementary  books  upon  different 
fciences,  particularly  French  books. 
But  thefe  efforts  are  not  confined  to 
tranflations.  The  fame  Anthemus  Ga- 
zi, in  the  year  1800,  publifhed  feveral 
original  geographical  works.  This  is  a 
favourable  omen  of  the  revival  of  learn- 
ing among  that  once  celebrated  peo- 
ple. 

It  appears  that  a  general  pafTion  for 
reading  at  prefent  prevails  throughout 
Germany.  We  are  told,  that  in  the 
Protcffant  part  cf  that  country  alone, 
there  are  from  800  to  1000  circulating 
libraries;  and  that  in  molt  of  thefe, 
novels  and  plays  arc  almoft  the  only 

books 


l802. 


Scotisb  Literary  Notices. 


845 


books  that  are  read.  This  evil,  howe- 
ver, prevails  chiefly  in  the  villages,  and 
fmall  country  towns.  In  the  larger  ci- 
ties, reading  inflitutions  are  better  re- 
gulated, and  conduwted  upon  a  plan 
kfs  calculated  to  corrupt  the  tafte  and 
fentiments  of  the  people. 

The  firft  fair  for  books  lately  eftab- 
j  lifhed  at  New  York,  in  imitation  of 
\  thofe  of  Leipfick  and  Franckfort,  ex- 
I  cceded  the  moft  fanguine  hopes  of  fuc- 
!  cefs.    There  were  fold  at  it  no  lefs  than 
t  510,000  volumes.    Another  fair  of  the 
fame  kind  is  about  to  be  eftabliftied  at 
Philac^elphia,  which  will  be  held  upon 
the  firft  Tuefday  of  September.  Ano- 
ther will  take  place  at  New  York  in 
the  month  of  October. 

A  fpirit  for  agricultural  improve- 
ments feems  to  be  rapidly  difFuftng  it- 
fclf  through  all  the  countries  of  Ku- 
rope.'  At  the  lait  meeting  of  the  Soci- 
ety of  agriculture  and  arts,  lately  inlti- 
tuted  at  Boulogne,  a  prize  was  propo- 
fed-  to  the  perfon  who  fliould  preTtnt, 
at  their  next  meeting,  the  beit  paper 
upon  the  nature  of  marls,  the  different 
kmds  of  them,  and  the  moft  advanta.- 
geous  method  of  employing  them,  ac- 
cording to  the  nature  of  the  foil. 


The  academy  of  fcienccs  at  Rouer^, 
at  their  laft  meeting,  propofed  the  fol- 
lowing prize  queftion  :  What  are  the 
proper  means  for  condudtmg  agricul- 
ture, in  the  department  of  the  Lower 
Seine,  to  that  degree  of  perfedioa  of 
which  this  department  is  fufceptible  ? 
The  prize  is  a  golden  medal,  of  300 
francs  value. 

The  Society  of  emulation  at  Rouen 
concluded  its  laft:  meeting,  with  a  re- 
port from  M.  Brementicr,  who  had 
been  appointed  to  determine  the  merit 
of  the  papers  that  had  been  given  to 
refolve  the  queftion,  How  far  is  it  pro- 
per for  the  French  to  adopt  the  Greek 
cuftoms  ?  Four  papers  had  been  fent  to 
the  Society  upon  the  fubje«ft,  confider- 
ed  as  it  refpe<ft3  health  and  morals- 
The  paper,  No  2d,  gained  the  prize  of 
300  francs.  The  author  is  C.  Amaury 
Duval,  chief  of  the  department  of 
fciences  and  arts  at  Paris.  This  meet- 
ing was  numeroufly  attended  by  the 
fair  fex,  who  confidered  themfelves  as 
deeply  intercited  in  the  dccifion  of  the 
queftion. 


SCOTISH  LITERARY  NOTICES. 


PROPOSALS  are  ilfued,  for  publifh- 
ing  by  fubfcription,  a  fecond  edition, 
confiderably  enlarged,  of  Mr  Brydfon's 
book  **  Upon  the  Diftin(5lions  of  Rank 
in  Society  ;  their  Conne<^tion  with  the 
Britifb  Conftitution  ;  and  their  fpecific 
Charade rifiics,  derived  from  the  Ufa- 
ges  of  Chivalry,  and  the  general  Eco- 
nomy of  the  Feudal  Syftem,  illuilrated 
by  Heraldic  Figures.'*  This  work  is 
conducU'd  upon  a  new  plan.  Dr  Mil- 
lar of  Glafgow  has  inveftigated  the  di- 
ftindtion  of  ranks  with  much  ingenuity 
and  learning.  The  nature  of  the  feu- 
dal fyftem  hath  been  frequently  exa- 
mined ;  and  we  have  many  books  upon 
heraldiy  ;  but  the  obje^ft  of  Mr  Bryd- 
fon,  in  this  work,  is  chiefly  to  point  out 
in  .what  manner  thefe  fubjeifls  iiluftrate 
and  explain  each  other.  At  the  de* 
ftrudion  of  the  Roman  empire,  the 

Vol.  LXIV. 


northern  conquerers,  in  the  progrefs  of 
fociety,  perfeded  the  feudal  fyfteir.. 
Europe  was  divided  into  a  great  num- 
bfrr  of  petty  kingdoms,  which  were  in- 
fpired  with  a  fpirit  for  freedom,  and  a 
fondneVs  for  war.  Hence,  war  became 
the  general  profeffion,  and  appellations, 
relative  to  a  Itate  of  warfare,  are  ftill 
employed  to  chara<5ttrife  thofe  ages. 
They  are  called  Feudal,  becaufe  every 
kingdom  wa^  divided  into  eftates,  call- 
ed Fiefs  or  Fcus,  which  were  held  al- 
moit  univerfaliy,  on  the  condition  of 
performing  military  fervice.  The  fame 
period  is  alfo  called  the  Ages  of  Chi- 
valry, from  the  cavalry  with  which  wars 
were  chiefly  carried  on.  The  riders 
were  completely  armed,  and  the  molt 
diilinguilhcd  of  them  were  called,  by 
way  of  eminence.  Chevaliers,  (Knights.) 
Hence  origiiuted  the  dirferca:  *ippella- 
5  ^  ticaa 


846 


POETRY. 


tioiis  refpe(5ling  chivalry.  In  order  to 
dlftinguifh  the  riders  from  each  other, 
their  arms  were  decorated  with  ditfer- 
cnts  ornaments  or  emblems.  Thefe, 
with  whatever  belonged  to  the  difcri- 
mination  of  ranks,  were  under  the  re- 
j(ulalion  of  officers  called  Heralds. 
Hence  arifcs  an  intimate  connection  be- 
twixt heraldry  and  chivalry  :  they  tend 
to  throw  light  on  each  other,  and  are 
the  principal  charav5teriftics  by  which 
the  times  when  they  prevailed  are  di- 
llinguiilied.  When  accuratefy  and  phi- 
lofophically  invcflic^ated,  they  muft 
throw  much  new  light  upon  the  di- 
ftin(5lions  of  rank  in  Ibciety. 

Mr  Lockart  Muirhead,  libr;?rian  to 
the  Univerfity  of  Glafgovv,  intends  to 
publifh  foon,  an  Account  of  his  Tra- 
vels through  different  parts  of  the  Con- 
tinent, in  the  years  1787,  and  1789. 

It  |;ives  us  pleafure  to  ftate,  that  Pro- 
feflbr  Robifon  is  about  to  publifh  the 
Chemical  Ledtures  of  the  late  Dr 
Black  of  Edinburgh,  fiom  the  author's 
n^anufcripts,  accompanied  with  notes 
and  illudi^itijmis  by  the  editor,  in  order 
to  afcertain  TTie  claims  of  Drs  Black, 
Prieftly,  and  other  eminent  philofo- 
phers,  the  great  difcoveries  and  im- 
provements which  have  been  lately 
made  in  chemiftry.   Fio.n  the  celcbruy 


of  Dr  Black,  and  the  learning  and  abi- 
lities of  the  editor,  much  may  be  cx* 
pe<^ted  from  this  publication. 

Principal  Brown,  of  the  Marifchal 
College,  Aberdeen,  is  preparing  for  the 
prefs  a  volume  of  Sermons,  which  will 
be  publilhed  at  Edinburgh  early  next 
fpring.  We  congratulate  the  public 
upon  what  they  may  expe<5t  from  the 
well  known  talents  of  this  author. 

A  fifth  volume  of  the  Tranfadtions  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  is  now 
in  the  prefs,  and  will  be  publilh;;d  in  a 
iliort  time. 

Mr  Butcher,  Burgher  minifler  at 
Cumbernauld,  has  ready  for  publica* 
tion,  a  Concordance  of  all  the  words 
the  Greek  Teftament.  All  the  palFageg 
where  each  of  the  words  occur,  are 
carefully  detailed.  And  that  the  work 
might  be  compreffed  within  as  narrowi- 
bounds  as  poffible,  only  the  general 
meaning  of  every  word  is  given.  Aa 
an  index,  this  appears  to  be  the  mott 
complete  work  that  hath  yet  appeared^ 
and,  on  that  account,  we  hope  the 
author  will  meet  with  fufficicnt  en- 
couragement to  induce  him  to  publifh 
it.  « 

A  fmall  volume  of  Poems,  by  Johfj 
Finlay,  is  in  the  Glafgow  prefb,  ana 
will  be  publiflicd  immediately. 


o  E 


R  Y. 


For  the  Scots  Magazme. 
SONG. 

TrartJIated  from  the  Gaelic, 
BENEATH  a  hill,  'mangbirken  bufiies, 

By  a  burnie*s  dimplt  lin ; 
1  told  my  love  with  artlefs  blufties 
To  the  Laffie  of  the  Glen.* 
Chorus, 

O  the  birken  bank  fae  graffy  \ 
Hey  the  burnie's  dimplt  lin  :— 

Bear  to  me's  the  bonnie  laffie 
Living  in  yon  rafhy  Glen. 

Lonely  Ruail !  thy  ftream  fae  gUffy, 
Shall  be  ay  my  fav'rite  theme  ; 

*  The  original  begins  thus — 
Taobh  na  h-aimhne,  bun  na*n  llucan, 

Ann  an  coille  dhlu'  na'n  torn  ; 
Dh'innis  mi  *n  tus  run  mo  chridhe 

Do  na  chaileag  ghlinneach  dhonn. 


For  on  thy  banks  my  highland  laffie 
Firll  confefs'd  a  mutual  flame. 

O  the  birken  Sec. 
There,  as  Ihe  marked  the  fportive  fiihes 

Upward  fpring  with  quivering  fin, 
I  flyly  ftole  fome  charmiag  kiffes 
Frae  the  Laffie  of  the  Glen. 

O  the  birken  &.c.  ' 
What  blifs  ! — to  fit,  (and  nane  to  fafh  us,) 

In  fonie  fnug  wee  bonny  den  ; 
Or  fondly  ftray  amang  the  rafhes 
Wi'  the  Laffie  of  the  Glen. 

O  the  birken  &c. 
But  tho*  1  wander  now  unhappy. 

Far  frae  fcenes  we  haunted  then  ; 
ril  ne'er  forget  "  the  bank  fae  gralTy," 
Nor  the  **  Laffie  of  the  Glen." 

O  the  birken  bank  &.c. 


Rothefayy  1 
loth  Sept,  iSQ2.i 


A.F. 


l802. 


P  O  E 


TRY. 


847 


For  the  Septs  Magazine. 
THE  SLAVE. 

'  YE  wild  winds  of  Heaven  how  dreadful 
you  rave 

As  o*er  the  huere  billows  you  fweep, 
While  thunder  ftalks  forth  from  his  echoing 
cave 

.  And  lightnings  illumine  the  deep! 

The  mariner  ftarts  at  the  heart-rending 
found, 

,  As  the  tempeft  howls  loud  through  the  (ky. 
While  the  broad-blazing  Weilcin  fpreads 
horror  around. 
He  breathes  his  defpair  in  a  figh  ! 

1  Alas  !  to  his  bofom  is  nature  fiili  dear  ? 

For  Mar!  does  his  heart  dare  to  feel  ? 
Can  the  rapture  of  friendfhip,  the  blifs  of  a 
tear, 

'   To  his  foul  with  ilrong  energy  fteal  ? 

li  Yes!  the  heart-thrilling  hopes  of  a  far  dif- 
tant  wife, 

His  offspring  in  childhood's  foft  bloom. 
Makes  the  failor  fiiJl  value  the  treafure  of 
life. 

And  affrighted  recoil  from  the  tomb ! 
But  wekome  ye  ftorms  to  the  fetter-bound 
flave, 

'  Ye  thunderbolts  burft  on  his  head ; 
pppreffion  ne*er  frowns  on  the  realms  of 
the  grave. 
Nor  cruelty  tramples  the  dead ! 

Yc  band  of  oppreffors,  yon  vaft  mountain- 
wave, 

J  Now  towering  aloft  to  the  (kie, 
[s  big  with  deflru6hon,  no  efforts  can  fave. 
Ye  fiends  how  I  fmile  when  you  die ! 

Dear  {hades  of  my  parents  I  haflen  to  you, 

Now  robed  in  the  glories  of  heav'n  ; 
But  know,  to  this  breaft,  c  er  I  murmur'd 
!  adieu, 

[  Revenge  and  dread  triumph  were  given! 
'    Glasgonvy  7 
itb  September,^  i'^* 

For  the  Scots  Magazine, 

THE  MOUNTAIN  PINK. 

HERE  on  this  mountain's  bleak  and  lofty 
brow. 

Where  rocks  with  turf  are  thinly  cruiled 
o'er, 

Whofe  fcanty  grafs,  on  the  dry  mould  be- 
low. 

Is  fcorched  by  piercing  rays  at  noontide 
hour  ; 

Nor  nourilhment  fcarce  yields  the  Hinted 
flower, 


Which  grows  perchance  upon  its  parched 
up  brink ; 

Nor  haply  nurfcd  e'er  by  the  genial  fhower. 
Nor  early  morns  refrcfhing  dews  to  drink. 
But  on  the  crimpy  fward  its  head  is  apt  to 
fuik. 

Yet  here,  ev'n  here,  the  mountain  pink 
behold  ! 

By  nature  painted  with  the  richefl:  glow. 
The  opening  buds  its  radiant  flower  un- 
fold. 

Which  full  in  all  their  fragrant  fweetnefs 
blow : 

Its  beauties  bright  like  crimfon  velvet 
Ihovv, 

Tho'  fmall,  how  lovely  its  fair  bkx)ms  ap- 
pear. 

As  rich  as  thofe  that  in  the  garden  grow  ; 
Foftered  wiih  care  their  bulky  head  they 
rear. 

While  this  unfecn  untruded  fprings  and 
withers  here. 

But  now,  fwcet  flower,  I'll  thee  remove 

with  care  ; 
And  to  the  cultured  border  quick  tran- 

fplant, 

There,   henceforth,   thou  flialt  bloffom 

bright  and  fair,  . 
Nor  kind  attention  flialt  thou  ever  want; 
Tho'  here  thy  nourifliment  hath  been  hue 

fcant. 

There  may  thy  tender  roots  luxuriant 
fpread, 

Thy  widening  crown  produce  a  ftron^er 
plant,  ^ 

And  iengthning  ftalks  fupport  each  fwel- 
ling  head, 

AVhilfl:  withering  blafts  again  no  more  fliall 
thee  invade. 
But  ah  !  perhaps  my  kindnefs  I  may  rue, 
And  my  ofl[icious  care  may  prove  thy  bane. 
Thy  vtffeis  ftrained  with  juices  rich  and 
new. 

May  loon  with  blotches  thy  gay  verdure 
ftain ; 

And  then'  all  remedy  may  prove  in  vain. 
Ala»!  thy  blooming  beauties  foon  may  fade, 
Thi^n  fondly  I  might  wifh  thee  here  again. 
When  all  thy  honours  io  the  dull  arelaid. 
And  all  thofe  graces  gone  in  which  thou 

art  arrayed. 
Thus  oft  in  fome  fequefler'd  lonely  cot, 
A  genius  bright  flioecs  forth  unknown  to 

fame. 

Of  gen'rous  heart,  content  with  humble 
lot, 

Nor  e'er  defirous  of  a  lofty  name  ; 
if  but  in  virtue's  paths  withouten  blame. 
He  treads ;  tho'  all  day  long  he  toils  for 
bread, 

5X3 


848 


POETRY. 


oa. 


And  blooming  health   invigorates  his 
frame. 

He  little  clfe,  or  nothing  has  to  dread ; 
Kor  fortune's  furly  frowns  nor  favours  will 
he  heed. 

But  if  he  chance  to  beam  upon  the  fight, 
Of  fome  kind  Patron,  who,  with  good  in- 
tent. 

Spreads  wide  his  fame,  and  calls  him  forth 
to  light) 

Mo  longer  in  the  homely  cot  he's  pent ; 
But  now  whatever  lux'ry  can  invent, 
He  freely  fharts;  till  giddy  with  his  fta- 
tion 

He  heaillong  plunges ;  and  his  courfe  is 
bent 

Down  plcafurca  flream,  which  ends  in 
fore  vexntion, 
Whilft  in  his  fading  frame  is  made  fad  dc- 
vaftation. 

He's  now  flopt  Ihort  amidft  his  mad  ca- 
reer, 

And  death's  unerring  (hafts,  him  keen 
'affail, 

I.o !  his  approaching  fate  is  drawing  near— 
'Tis  o'er — The  grave's  got  him  within  its 
pale.— 

Ah !  what  doth  all  his  genius  now  avail, 
Sirce  in  the  earth  his  body  lies  to  rot; — 
How  vain'i  ambftion  fmcc  our  life's  fo 
frail ! 

JJnre  happy  is  the  man  of  humble  lot, 
Tho'  born  to  live,  unknown  and  haply  dies 
forgot. 

Tor  the  Scots  Maga^ir.e^ 

THE  WAYS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

I  HEARD  the  Blackbird  whiflls 
And  hah  the  early  Spring, 
The  Linnet  and  theThroille 
Their  merry  carrois  ling; 
I  fav  the  Fowler  near  them. 
From  fpray  to  fpray  they  fly; 
He  fires !  no  more  we'll  hear  them, 
They  flutter  and  ^hey  die. 

The  ways  of  the  world  are  various, 
1  hen  let  us  be  merry  and  gay  ; 
Since  fortune  is  fo  precarious, 
We  fhouid  enjoy  to  day. 

The  fmiling  morn  appears 
Difplaying  all  her  charms. 
The  day  dillolves  in  tears. 
The  ev'ning  hrings  alarms; 
And  fo  it  is  in  human  life, 
Fate  haBgs  upon  a  die. 
For  hours  of  love  lead  years  of  flrifc] 
The  fmile  begets  the  figh. 
The  ways  of  the  world  &c. 


The  foluicr  feeks  promotion, 

And  boldly  dares  the  foe; 
The  failor  braves  the  ocean, 

His  valour  well  we  know. 

But  time  and  chance  on  all  await, 

In  honour's  bed  they  lie. 

Or  if  old  age  fhouid  be  their  fate, 

'Tis  fpcnt  in  poverty. 
The  ways  of  the  world  &:c. 

The  merchant  ventures  fairly, 

His  riches  faft  increafc  ; 

He  hopes  to  leave  off  early, 

And  fpend  his  days  in  peace. 

But  lofs  on  lofs  comes  thick'ning  on, 

And  e'er  he  fills  the  page, 

The  airy  dream  of  wealth  has  flown. 

And  left  a  bankrupt  age. 
The  ways  of  the  world  &c. 

I  faw  the  fick  recover 

And  feel  the  glow  of  health, 

rieas'd  as  a  youthful  lover 

Who  fees  his  love  by  fleakh  ;  ' ' 

Care  fled  the  heufc;  of  forrow. 

The  dodor  pledged  his  farne. 

He'd  be  quite  well  to-morrow,  ' 

To-morrow  never  came.  ' 
The  ways  of  the  world  Sec. 

1  hen  let  us  all,  with  grateful  hearts^ 

In)prove  tlie  hour  that  flics ; 

W  ith  candour  aril  our  varied  parts  i 

.\iid  jjuis  be  truly  wife ;  ^ 

For  hncii  the  race  is  not  to  fpeed, 

Nor  vivtl'ry  to  the  fkrong  ;  ( 

Let  h$)nour  be  our  darljug  creed,  'i 

And  lv\eet  content  our  foug.  < 
The  ways  of  the  v/orld  &c.  ' 

Mathew,  ,  ' 

Tor  the  Scots  Magazine,  . 
FROM  A  LADY  in  AMERICA, 

TO  HER  FRIEND  GOING  TO  E>JGLAN1). 

WHILE  you,  my  friend,  forfake  your  long- 

lov'd  home. 
And  crofi  the  feas,  o'er  diflant  lands  toroaM*| 
Smooth  be  the  furface  of  the  rolling  tide. 
Safe  m.ay  your  veflel  on  the  ocean  glide. 
May  nought  retard,  nor  flow,  nor  adverfc 

|,aies, 

But  windb  propitious  fill  the  fpreading  fail^. 
Oft  have  I  wifti'd,  but  O  !  I've  wiih'd  ip 

vain, 

To  crofs  the  waves,  Britannia's  Ifle  to  gain. 
Oft  have  I  wifii'd  to  view,  with  fond  defirc. 
The  folemn  Abbey*  you  fo  much  admire. 
P  !  could  I  o'er  fair  Albion's  regions  rove, 
Bleft  v/ith  M— 's  converfe  and  her  love.  , 


*  Weflminfl:er  Abbey. 


I8C2. 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


849 


What  various  fcencs  I  there  ihould  furely 
find, 

To  charm  my  fancy,  and  improve  my  mind. 
But  ceafe  my  mufc ;  the*  here  we  foon  niuft 
part, 

No  diftance  fiiall  convey  her  from  my  heart; 
Let  but  my  lovely  friend  her  pen  employ, 
'  Twill  ill  niv  breaft  diffufe  an  hearlfelt  joy. 
To  thofe  fair  lines  oft  K— y  Ihall  repair, 
And  in  M— 's  abfcnce  view  her  there. 


Content  (he'll  wait  th*  cxpeaed  wifhM-for 

And  in  her  clear  defcription  view  the  climc. 
While  thus,  my  friend,  from  noife  and  war 
retreats. 

To  realms  of  plenty  and  far  happier  feats  ; 
May  heaven  protcr^l  her  from  all  rude  alarms. 
And  kmdly  give  her  to  hej  Edward's  arnii. 


MONTHLY  REGISTER 


FOREIGN  INTELLIGENCE. 

FRANCE. 

After  having  adopted  meafures  for 
enforcing  the  arrangentient  of  the  in- 
demnitics,  and  having,  by  a  vigorous  tone 
of  conducfl,  overawed  the  infolencc  of 
the  Emptror  of  Morocco,  the  French 
Government  has  again  begun  to  inter- 
fere in  the  political  affairs  of  Switzer- 
land.   The  Firft  Conful  has  addrefied 
the  Swifs  in  a  language  that  was  to  be 
txpeded  from  him.  He  tells  them  that 
thty  have  been  difputing  for  three 
years  without  underitandmg  each  o- 
ther ;  and  that  if  they  are  left  to  them- 
felves  any  longer,  they  will  difputc  for 
three  years  more,  without  coming  to 
a  better  iinderftanding.    He  remmds 
them  that  their  internal  wars  have  ne- 
ver been  put  an  end  to  but  by  the  efii- 
cacious  intervention  of  France ;  and 
he  declares,  that  he  neither  can  nor 
will  remain  infenfible  to  their  mifery. 
He  recalls  the  refolution  he  had  made 
not  to  interfere  in  their  affairs ;  declares 
that  he  will  be  the  mediator  of  their 
differences,  and  that  his  mediation  lhall 
be  efficacious.  . 

An  army  of  12,000  men  is  llationed 
on  the  borders  of  Switzerland  to  en- 
force the  mediation  of  the  French  Go- 
vernment. 

Kotwithflanding  the  interference  of 
France  in  the  diltraded  ftate  ot  Swit- 
zerland, the  enemies  of  the  new  con- 
ilitutlon  feem  determined  to  rifk  every 
thing  on  an  appeal  to  arms.  Their 
numbers  and  influence  increafe  every 
day,  and  fomc  adions  have  been  fought, 
;a  which  they  have  proved  fi;ccefsful. 


The  ftrong  caftle  of  Arburg  has  been 
reduced  by  the  infurgents  ot  Argovia, 
and  the  petty  cantons  have  given  no- 
tice  of  the  rupture  of  the  armiftice. 

It  has  been  lately  reported,  that  the 
Britii'h  Government  intends  takin^^fos^e 
fhare  in  fettling  the  differences  betwixt 
the  French  and  the  Swifs;  if  there  be 
any  tf  uth  in  this  report,  the  refiilt  may 
prove  difagreeabk,  and  again  plunge 
us  into  a  war;  we  hope,  however,  that 
matters  will  be  adjuaed  amicabiy. 

The  French  Government  has  pub- 
iifhed  a  proclamPtion,  by  which  all 
proprietors  of  la?id  in  St  Domingo  are 
required  to  repair  thither,  under  pa\a 
of  the  fequeftration  of  their  properly. 

Piedmont  is  at  length  formally  in- 
corporated with  the  French  Republic, 
and  divided  into  fix  departments.  The 
Deputies  whom  they  are  to  fend  to 
the  Legiflativc  Body  amoimt  to  feven- 
teen. 

The  Chateau  de  S|  Cloud  Is  ready 
for  the  reception  of  the  Firfl  Conful, 
who  will  remove  thither  with  hisfamily 
immediately.  It  is  faid  he  will  refide 
there  as  many  months  in  the  year,  as 
the  King  of  France  ufed  to  refide  a: 
Verfailles. 

The  Firfl:  Conful  ha^  ordered  a  fa- 
perb  fervice  of  china  to  be  completed 
at  the  manufadory  of  Loire  for  Lot  d 
Hawkefbury.  It  is  now  finiftied,  and 
confifts  of  three  fets,  viz : — 

"  I.  A  table  fct,  with  tortoife  fhell 
coloured  borders,  white  bottom,  and  a 
green  bugle-horn  in  the  centre. 

a.  A  table  fet,  with  brown  tortoifc 
fhell  coloured  borders,  bottom  white, 
veined  like  marble,  antique  cmbiema- 

tical 


850  Foreign  Inte 

tical  figures,  brcnze-coloured  in  the 
ctntre. 

3.  A  dcfert  fervice,  white  borders, 
rnriched  with  gold,  purple  coloured 
bottoms,  cypher  H.  in  the  centre." 

A  ningiiiHc^nt  prefcnt  of  porcelain, 
of  the  manuiadtory  of  Sevres,  has  been 
prepared  for  General  Lord  Hutchifon, 
as  a  prtfeiit  from  Bonaparte. 

A  fociety  has  been  formed  at  Paris, 
with  the  title  of  the  Galvanic  Society, 
compofed  of  the  phyficians  and  chy- 
mifts  who  have  been  mod  diflinguifticd 
by  their  refearches  in  Galvanifm.  The 
obje<^  of  the  inftitution  is  to  repeat  all 
the  experiments  relating  to  Galvanifm, 
and  apply  its  operation  in  cafes  of  dif- 
cafes. 

A  French  artlft  has  lately  exhibited 
fome  lingular  pieces  of  workmanlhip. 
A  little  cannon  of  gold,  mounted  on  a 
carriage,  with  all  the  apparatus  of  a 
piece  of  artillery,  is  drawn  by  a  flea 
which  in  this  manner  moves  400  times 
its  own  weight.  The  moft  remarkable 
contrivance,  however,  is  a  four  wheeled 
carriage  in  gold,  fiifpended  by  four  fteel 
fprinj>s,  which  is  drawn  by  one  of  thtfc 
infects.  There  are  two  perfons  within 
the  carriage,  and  a  driver  on  a  coach- 
box in  the  front.  ^ 

A  Mr  Botincau,  the  inventor  of  a 
Fiictljod  by  which  the  approach  of  fliips 
fea  may  be  difcovered  at  a  much 
fjrcatcr  dulance  than  it  can  be  difctrned 
iit  hv  any  common  means,  died  lately 
ir>  great  mifery  at  Pondicherry.  It  is 
;^i^)i  med,  thnt  if  he  had  been  on  board 
the  French  fleet  at  Aboukir,  his  art 
T^ouid,  by  directing  the  timely  efcape 
Cif  that  fleet,  have  prevented  the  vic- 
tory of  Ne'ifon.  He  would  not  difcovc-r 
ius  fecMtt  in  Frar.ce  otherwiic  than  for 
a  naval  vippointraent,  which  was  denied 
hi??!.  His  lecret  has  pcrifhed  with  him; 
but  a  Mr  Leroy,  a  medical  profeflbr, 
'  siiirm?,  that  he  is  now  capable  of  ex- 
plaining the  principles  of  that  art;  and 
»iTerts,  that  it  was  unknown  to  the  an- 
«:ieijts.  It  became  known  to  Botineau 
entirely  by  accident. 

GERMANY. 

The  extraordinary  deputation  of  the 
En-'pire  has  adopted,  in  its  full  extent, 
the  declaration  of  France  and  Ruflia, 
lefpeding  the  indemnities.  This  de- 
ciiion  took  place  on  the  8th  inl\.  and 
the  conclufiim  was  inflantly  communi- 
cated to  the  French  and  Ruffian  minif- 
ttrs. 


ligence.  Od. 

The  Emperor  of  Germany  is  devot- 
ing much  attention  to  the  equipment 
of  a  marine,  and  has  eftabliHied  the  re- 
lative rank  between  his  land  and  fca 
officers.-— A  Captain  of  a  fbip  of  the 
line  is  equal  to  a  Colonel  in  the  armv ; 
a  Captain  of  a  frigate  to  a  Lieutenant 
Colonel ;  a  Lieutenant  of  a  Ihip  of  the 
line  to  a  Captain  ;  of  a  frigate  to  a  firft 
Lieutenant,  and  of  a  Midfhipman  to  an 
Enhgii.  Their  uniform  is  dark  blue, 
with  Iky  blue  facings;  ^ky  blue  waift- 
coats  and  breeches,  half-boots,  and  la- 
ced hats. 

TURKEY. 

At  the  inflance  of  the  Grand  Vifier, 
the  Porte  has  accepted  the  fubmiflion 
of  Pafwan  Oglou  ;  confirming  him  in 
the  Government  of  VVidden,  and  raif- 
ing  him  to  the  dignity  of  a  Pacha  of 
Three  Tails.  The  Viher  has  obtained, 
as  might  be  expected,  for  Pafwan,  a 
complete  amnelty  for  all  pad  offences, 
and  he  has  even  been  aflured  by  his 
Government  of  payment  of  the  arrears 
due  to  his  troops.  On  his  part,  Paf- 
wan engages  to  remain  perfectly  obe- 
dient, and  moreover  to  difband  his 
troops  immediately  on  their  receiving 
the  money  doe  to  them.  It  is  not 
very  probable  however,  that  this  cele- 
brated rebel,  who  has  exercifed  pillage 
duiing  fo  many  years,  and  v.'ho  has 
been  the  fovcrei}:n  of  one  of  the  pro- 
vinces of  theTurkidi  empire,  will  con- 
fent  to  deprive  himfclf  of  his  forces, 
when  he  may  obtain  new  m.eans  of 
fupporting  them  on  an  impofing  foot- 
ing. The  peace  which  prevails  at  this 
moment  throughout  Europe,  furniflies, 
it  is  true,  to  the  Sublime  Porte  the 
means  of  attacking  the  rebels  in  its 
llates,  but  Pafwan  Oglou  has  already 
evinced,  that  he  knows  how  to  main- 
tain his  power  either  in  peace  or  war, 
being  affu red  of  the  neuirality  of  the 
neighbouring  powers. 

INDIA. 

Authentic  intelligence  has  been  re- 
ceived by  an  overland  difpatch  from 
Madras,  of  the  fudden  death  of  the  de- 
pofed  heir  of  the  Nabob  of  the  Carna- 
tic.  He  expired  on  the  6th  of  April. 
His  death  was  followed  by  thofe  of  his 
Flighneis's  father-in-law,  and  of  his 
deareft  friend  and  chief  counfellor,  the 
vtnerable  Najub  Khan,  who  furvived 
his  fovereign  but  nineteen  days.  The 
Prince  on  his  death-bed  made  a  will  in 

favour 


lB02. 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


851 


favour  of  his  brother  Huflein  Ul  Malic, 
who  of  courfe  fuccceds  to  all  his  legi- 
timate claims  to  the  Ibvereignty. 

H^ifTaun  is  not  deftitute  of  vigour  and 
talents,  and  has,  it  is  ftatcd,  poiitively 
refufed  to  f^gn  the  furrender  of  his 
rights.  He  is  kept  in  dole  confine- 
ment. 

MifceJlaneous  Intelligence^ 

Botany  Bay.—PihouX.  ten  leagues  to 
the  fouthward  of  Port  Stephens,  on  the 
banks  of  Hunter's  River,  a  coal-pit  has 
been  difcovered,  which  promiles  to 
prove  highly  beneficial  to  the  colony. 

Dr  Lcttfom  has  received  accounts 
from  his  correfpondent  in  America,  of 
the  happy  progrefs  which  the  Cow-pox 
has  m^jde  in  that  country,  particularly 
among  the  Indians,  to  whom  the  fmall- 
pox  ufed  to  be  as  terrible  a  fcourge  as 
ever  the  plague  was  in  Turkey,  or  the 
yellow  fever  in  St  Domingo. 

Dr  Olbers  has  difcovered  a  fmall  co- 
met. It  cannot  be  feen  but  with  good 
telefcopes.  At  one  minute  paft  eleven 
its  right  afcenfion  was  ^51  deg.  a8  min. 
declination  north  4  deg.  32  min.  On 
the  4th  of  September,  9  h.  7  min.  its 
right  afcenfion  was  251  deg.  28.  decli- 
nation north  7  deg.  57  min.  It  was 
difcovered  on  the  zd  inft.  at  nine  in  the 
evening. 

A  monument  is  about  to  be  eredted 
at  Zurich  to  the  memory  of  Lavattr: 
L.  250  fterling  has  been  fubfciibed  to 
defray  the  cxpence- 

Library  of  Herciilaneum* — About  fif- 
teen hundred  Papyrus  volumes,  refcucd 
from  the  buried  aihes  of  Herculaneum, 
are  now  in  the  mufeiim,  founded  by 
the  King  of  Naples  at  Portici  ;  but,  e- 
ven  before  the  late  invafion  of  his  king- 
dom, only  two  pcrfons  were  employed 
by  his  Majelly  in  unfolding  them,  and 
fince  that  period,  the  labour,  we  un- 
derftand,  has  been  entirely  interrupted. 
Befides  the  work  of  Philodemus,  on 
mufic,  which  has  been  printed,  another 
by  the  fame  writer  on  the  vices  and 
their  oppofite  virtues,  has  been  unfold- 
ed, and  M.  Bafii,  the  librarian  of  the 
King  of  Naples,  was  employed  in  tranf- 
lating  it  from  the  Greek,  when  he  fell 
a  vidim  to  the  laft  infurre(5tion  of  the 
Neapolitan  populace.  A  difcourfe  by 
Philodemus,  "concerning  Poems,"  has 
alfo  been  unfolded.  But  in  the  inftance 
of  this  library,  as  elfewher/  ,  it  is  re- 
fer ved  for  the  Engliib  nation  to  com- 


plete  the  ufe  of  the  opportunities  af- 
forded by  others.  The  treatife  of  Epi- 
curus on  the  Nature  of  things,  of  which 
the  title  alone  has  hitherto  been  knowa 
to  the  moderns,  but  which  the  ancients 
held  to  have  fupplied  Lucretius  with 
the  bafis  of  his  poem,  having  been  dif- 
covered amongft  this  literary  treafure, 
Mr  Haiter,  the  librarian  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  is  now  employed  at  Paler- 
mo, in  unfolding  and  tranflating  it,  aud 
we  have  great  pleafure  in  mentioning, 
that  his  Royal  Highnefs  is  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  this  ufcful  undertaking,  which 
occupies  ten  perfons,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr  Haiter. 


BRITISH  INTELLIGENCE- 

Ft^om  the  London  Ga%ette, 
by  the  king,  a  proclamatioif. 

George  R. 
Whereas  our  Parliament  which  we 
fummoned  to  meet  at  Weftminfter  up- 
on Tuefday  the  thirty-firft  day  of  Au- 
guft  lait,  fiands  prorogued  to  Tuefday 
the  fifth  day  of  06lober  next  ^  we, 
with  the  advice  of  our  Privy  Council, 
do,  for  diverfe  weighty  realbns,  here- 
by publiih  and  declare,  that  the  faid 
Parliament  fnall  be  further  prorogued 
on  the  laid  fifth  day  of  Odtober  next 
to  Tueiday  the  fixteenth  day  of  No- 
vember next :  And  we  have  given  or- 
der to  our  Chancellor  of  that  part  of 
our  united  kingdom  called  Great  Bri- 
tain to  prepare  a  writ  patent,  under 
our  great  feal,  for  proroguing  the  fame 
accordingly.  And  we  do  farther  here- 
by, with  the  advice  aforefuid^  declare 
our  royal  will  and  pleafiiie,  that  the 
faid  Parliament  lhall,  on  the  faid  fix- 
teenth day  of  November  next,  be  held 
and  fit  for  the  difpatch  of  diverfe  ur- 
gent and  important  affairs.  And  the 
Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal,  and  the 
Knights,  Citizens,  and  BurgeiTes,  and 
and  the  Commilnoners  for  Shires  and 
Burghs  of  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  are 
hereby  required  and  commanded  10 
give  their  attendance  accordingly  at 
Weftminlter  on  the  faid  fixteenth  da/ 
of  November  next. 

Given  at  our  Court  at  V/indfor  the 
eighteenth  day  of  September  one 
tboufand  eight  hundred  and  two, 
in  the  forty-fccond  year  of  our 
reign. 


Britisb  Intelligence.  Oft. 


852 

Boivning  Street y  Sept  15. 
His  Royal  Highnefs  the  Duke  of 
Suflex  has  been  pleafed  to  appoint 
Lieut.  Colonel  Sir  John  Douglas,  of 
the  Royal  Marines,  to  be  Equcry  to 
his  Royal  Highnefs. 

At  the  Court  at  St  James's  Sept.  22. 

lS02. 

PRESENT, 

The  King's  moll  Excellent  Majefly  in 
Council. 

This  day  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Chat- 
les  Morgan,  Bart,  and  the  Right  Hon. 
John  Smith,  were,  by  his  Majefty's 
command,  fworn  of  his  Majefty*s  Moft 
Honourable  Pi  ivy  Council,  and  took 
their  places  at  the  Board  accordingly. 

Bownirig  Street ^  Sept,  27. 
The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  ap- 
point Colonel  Prevoit  to  be  Captain 
General  and  Governor  in  Chief,  in  and 
over  his  MajeBy's  Ifland  of  Domi- 
nica. 

Whitehall^  Ocl.  2. 

The  King  has  been  pleafcd  to  pre. 
fent  the  Rev.  John  Mackenzie,  Clerk, 
to  the  Church  and  PariOi  of  Edderachil- 
iis,  in  the  prefbytery  of  Tongue,  and 
and  county  of  Sutherland,  void  by  the 
death  of  Mr  Alexander  Falconer,  late 
Minifter  there. 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  appoint 
John  Martin  Leake  and  John  Erfkine, 
Efqrs.  to  be  Comptrollers  of  Army  Ac 
counts. 

Whitehall,  051.  5. 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  pre- 
fent  the  Rev.  William  Haldane  to  the 
church  and  parifh  of  Kingoldrum,  in 
the  prefbytery  of  Meigle  and  county 
of  Forfar,  void  by  the  death  of  Mr 
James  Badenock,  late  Minilter  there. 

The  King  has  alfo  been  pleafed  to 
appoint  Mr  William  Ireland  to  be 
Clerk  of  the  CommifTariot  of  Kirkcud- 
bright, void  by  the  death  of  Mr  John 
Bulliby. 

St  James* Oclober  7, 
Count  St  Martin  de  Front,  having 
received  new  letters  of  credence  from 
his  Majeily  Vidloire  Emmanuel  King 
of  Sardinia,  giving  him  the  fame  cha- 
laftcr  of  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minifter  Plenipotentiary  from  Sardinia, 
had  this  day  a  private  audience  of  her 
MajcRy  :  To  which  he  was  introduced 


by  Edward  Debrow,  Efq.  her  Majcf- 
ty*s  Vice  Chamberlain,  and  concluded 
by  Sir  Stephen  Cottrel,  Knt.  Maitct 
of  the  Ceremonies. 


LONDON. 

The  King  is  faid  to  owe  his  prefcnt 
excellent  ftatc  of  health  to  a  material 
change  in  his  mode  of  living  :  For,  in- 
flcad  of  a  vegetable  diet,  and  water,  he 
now  dines  upon  fifh  and  animal  food, 
with  which  he  takes  four  glaifes  of 
port  wine. — To  this  fortunate  change 
of  diet,  his  Majefly's  Phyficians  afciibc 
the  happy  improvement  of  his  ftrength , 
and  fpirits. 

Sept.  29.  This  being  the  birth-day- 
of  her  Royal  Highnefs  the  Duchefs  of 
Wirtemberg,  who  completes  the  36th 
year  of  her  age,  the  Royal  Family  re- 
ceived the  compliments  of  the  nobility 
at  Wind  for. 

A  new  Square  has  been  marked  out 
at  the  top  of  Cumberland-place  ;  an 
eligible  lituation  communicating  in  a 
direct  line  with  Cumberland  Gate, 
Hyde  Park,  and  with  Portman  and 
Manchefter-fquares,  It  is  to  be  called 
Cuinherlatid  fquate. 

Application  is  alfo  to  be  made  for  an 
3(51  for  taking  down  London  Bridge, 
and  for  rebuilding  the  fame  on  the 
prefcnt  fite,  or  for  building  a  new- 
bridge  in  fome  more  convenient  fitua- 
tioh. 

All  defcriptions  of  retailers,  are  at 
prefent  fuffering  great  inconvenience 
from  the  fcarcity  of  copper  coinage. 
The  fame  fcarcity  is  undoubtedly  felt 
in  other  parts  of  the  kingdom  ;  it 
therefore  becomes  a  matter  of  fuch 
importance  as  to  render  an  application 
to  Government  for  an  additional  coin- 
age neceffary  and  proper.  It  is  faid 
that  the  copper  coinage  is  exported  or 
melted  down.  If  this  be  the  fa(5t,  it 
fliould  be  made  of  an  inferior  value. 

Mr  Fox,  we  are  credibly  informed, 
has  fucceeded  to  his  utmoft  expedla- 
tions,  in  his  refearches  among  the  raa- 
nufctipt  papers  at  Paris,  relative  to 
the  Family  of  the  Stuarts,  fo  that  the 
hiftorical  work,  on  which  he  has  been 
for  fome  time  employed,  will,  it  is  fup- 
pofed,  be  prepared  for  the  ptefs  with 
much  expedition  as  pcfhble. 

Deai^ful  fire  at  Liverpool, 
On  the  14th  of  laft  month,  in  t 
evening,  a  tremendous  fiiie  broke  o 


l802. 


British  Intelligence. 


853 


and  confumed  the  whole  of  the  exten- 
five  Warehoufes  fronting  St  George's 
Dock,  the  pride  of  Liverpool,  and  the 
admiration  of  itrangers. — It  is  not 
known  how  this  dreadful  calamity  ori- 
ginated ;  but  about  ten  o'clock  ihioke 
was  obfervcd  to  ilTue  from  the  centre 
of  Fiancis's  Buildings  ;  the  hre  bell 
was  inltantly  rung,  the  drum  beat  to 
arms,  the  military  turned  out,  and  t> 
veiy  exertion  that  active  attention 
could  furnilh  was  rendered.  The  re- 
mains of  the  Northumberland  Fen- 
cibies  were  particularly  active,  com- 
manded by  their  Adjutant, 

About  one  the  flames  burll  forth 
with  tremendous  fury,  and  continued 
laging  and  thieatcnmg  dettruction  to 
to  aii  around  till  fix  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  when  they  were  got  fome- 
what  under.  The  fury  with  which  the 
conflagration  raged  its  effects  will  belt 
demonftrate,  for  all  thofc  beautiful  and 
extenfive  buddings  reaching  from  VVi- 
ter-lane  to  Brunlwick-itrec^t,  with  the 
correfponding  ftore-houleij called  Fran- 
cis, were,  at  fix.  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing, one  prodigious  heap  of  ruins ! 

Various  rumours  are  circulated  as 
to  the  caufe  of  this  fcrious  accident; 
fome  afLrting  that  it  was  wilful,  o- 
thers  accidental ;  Be  that  as  it  may,  a 
confl.^gration  more  awful  and  deltruc- 
tive  in  its  conftquences,  was  never 
known  in  Liverpool,  or  threw  a  great- 
er damp  upon  the  Ipirits  of  commer- 
cial men.  Happily  no  lives  were  loit, 
though  fcveral  perfons  were  feverely 
hurt  by  the  falling  of  bricks,  -pieces  of 
timber,  S:c.  but  none  mortally.  A 
Committee  is  now  fitting  at  ibe  Ex- 
change, for  the  purpofe  of  invciligac- 
ing  the  caufe. 

The  infuranceon  the  propertydeftroy- 
cd  by  the  fire  amounts  only  to  95,000!. 
of  which  42,oool-  was  in  the  Sun,  Plice- 
nix,  and  Exchange  London  Offices, 
i6,Dool.  uifured  at  Liverpool,  and  the 
rcUviuc  in  oiher  offices.  Great  part  of 
thcdamageiwasin  foreign  conlignments, 
and  one  houfeatDantzick  will,  it  is  faid, 
lofc  6q,ooo1. — The  lofs  is  fuppofcd  to 
amount  to  205,000!. 

It  is  well  obferved,  that  while  great 
efforts  are  made  to  extingui/h  fires^  none 
arc  ufcrd  to  pr^"i;c>«^  tlmr  being  kindled. 
In  nineteen  caf^s  out  of  twenty,  they 
arc  occahoned  by  the  mott  reprehcnh- 
blc  negligence,  fuch  as  dropping,  the 
fnufF  of  a  candle  on  Itraw,  or  sither 

Vol.  LXIV. 


combuftible  materials,  &c.  There  is  a 
law  in  Germany,  the  adoption  of  which 
is  devoutly  to  be  wifhed  in  this  coun- 
try :  Any  perfon  feen  in  a  ware- 
houfe,  cellar,  liable,  workfhop,  or  ma- 
nufactory, with  a  candle  not  m  a  lantern^ 
is  liable  to  a  fine  or  imprifonment. 

5.  The  new  Life  boat,  conftruded 
and  built  on  the  moft  approved  princi- 
ple, by  Mr  Richard  Buihel,  was  launch- 
ed at  Liverpool  on  Tuefday  laft,  when 
it  anfwered  the  mott  fanguine  expe(fla- 
tions :  it  is  fo  perfedtly  buoyant,  that 
it  appears  impolfible  to  fink  it,  though 
filled  with  people,  and  water-logged  ; 
and  from  the  experiments  made,  it 
may,  with  the  utmoit  fafety,  be  ufed 
in  the  moft  ftormy  weather.  This  boat 
will  always  be  ready  to  put  ofFto  the  re- 
lief and  aiiiilance  of  any  vefTcl  in  diltrels. 

A  loom  has  been  invented  by  a  gen- 
tleman in  Devonihire,  for  weaving  fifh- 
ing  nets,  which,  it  is  faid,  has  fully  ac- 
coinplifhcd  the  wifhes  of  the  fociety 
for  the  encouragement  of  arts,  manu- 
factures, and  commerce;  and,  in  another 
pomt  of  view,  this  invention  promifesto 
be  highly  incereiiiag  to  the  commerci- 
ai  part  of  the  community,  as  a  machine 
fimiiar  to  that  for  wcavuig  nets,  in  e- 
very  refpeCt,  except  dimcnfions,  will 
raalce  beautiful  fine  lacci  and  thereby 
diminilh  thole  fams,  which  annually 
leave  the  country  for  the  importatiou 
of  foreign  lace. 

The  facilitating  and  diminifhing  the 
quantity  of  iaoour  by  machinery,  tne 
principal  caufe  why  Great  Britain  ha> 
obtained  fuch  a  fupciriority  and  cheap- 
ncfs  in  the  manufaittures  Ihe  produces, 
and  fends  to  foreign  markets.  As  vvhdt- 
evcr  tCiads  to  prcierve  our  fuperiority 
unimpared  is  of  coniequence  to  focie- 
ty, we  record  with  picafure,  every  dif- 
covery  which  leads  to  that  elfeviit ;  — 
Six  new  caliicoe  printing  preirvS,  on  an 
improved  plan,  have  lately  been  erect- 
ed at  VVooUbank  pruufidd,  njir  Car- 
lifle,  by  whicn,  independent  of  tiie  iu- 
pcrior  ncatnefs  with  wnich  the  work  is 
executed,  tlierc  is  an  immcnle  faving  in 
expence. — Tney  are  carried  on  by  wa- 
ter, and  only  require  tne  attendance  of 
one  man  eacn,  and  the  fix  prelles  turn 
off  as  much  work,  as  twenly-fevtn  mm 
C  m  do  in  the  ordinary  way,  and  eacii 
of  thefe  m^n  earning  fro:ii  one  guinea,' 
to  two  guiiiciab  per  week. 

It  may  be  iicceiriry  to  apprife  our 
maritime  readers  trading  to  Londoi7,- 
i  Y  that 


J)  5 4  British  h 

that  a  rock  has  been  (lifcovcred  in  the 
river  ThamtP,  a  link  below  Blackwall, 
wliich  renders  the  navigation,  at  a  par- 
ticular time  of  the  tide,  extrcnnely  dan- 
gerous. The  Trinity  Company  have 
offered  a  premium,  to  any  one  who 
fliall  hit  upon  an  expedient  to  remove 
if,  and  will  undertake  to  Carry  it  into 
cffea. 

A  perfon  in  the  town  of  Sheffield, 
by  trade  a  tailor,  has  predicUd,  that 
the  confummation  of  time,  and  the 
grand  conflagration  of  the  univerfe, 
luuO;  take  place  before  the  end  of  the 
year  1805.  He  urges  his  dod l  ines  with 
all  the  zeal  and  pertinacity  peculiar  to 
cnthufialm,  retorts  contradiction  by  a 
contemptuous  fneer,  and  fruiles  at  cx- 
pollulatioUi  As  a  proof  of  the  finceri- 
ty  of  his  belief,  he  has  withdrawn  his 
contribution  from  a  houfe  club,  con- 
cluding, tli  at  all  preparations  for  terrtf- 
tiial  accommodation  are  highly  prcpof- 
lerous. 


SCOTLAND. 

Edinburgh, 

Sept.  14.  The  Sheriff  gave  judgment 
upon  an  adion,  brought  by  his  Majtf- 
ty's  printers,  agaiult  a  printer  in  Edin- 
burgh, who  had,  without  a  licence 
from  them,  printed  an  edition  of  one 
of  the  Catechifms;  and,  after  examin- 
ing the  patent  rights  to  the  exclufive 
printing  of  Catechifms,  &c.  his  Lord- 
ihip  found,  that  the  defender  had  a^l- 
€d  illegally^  and  decided  againft  him 
accordingly.  This  decillon  afctrtains, 
that  the  books  included  in  the  patent 
of  the  King's  Printer?,  cannot  be  h  gal- 
ly printed  or  publiflied,  except  by  the  m- 
lelves,  or  under  their  authority;  al- 
tiiough,  after  being  fo  printed  and  pub- 
lilhed,  the  fame  become  articles  of  ge- 
neral commerce. 

a8.  John  Mitchell^  tinfmith,  one  of 
the  perfons  concerned  in  the  unfortu- 
nate affair,  in  which  Mr  Hutchifon  loft 
his  life*  was  brought  to  Edinburgh^ 
from  Newcadle,  in  cuftody  of  one  of 
the  police  officers  of  this  city  ;  after 
examination  before  the  fitting  Magif- 
trate,  he  was  comrriitted  to  prifon. 
,  29»  Wcdnefday  the  Prcfbytery  nruet 
here,  when  Thomas  Henderfon,  Eiq; 
Dean  of  Guild,  and  Thomas  Hay,  Elq; 
City  Chamberlain,  laid  before  them  a 
prcfentation  from  the  Lord  Provoff, 


'telUgence.  Oct 

Magiftrates,  and  Council,  in  favour  of 
the  Rev.  Dr  John  Thomlon,  minif^er  of 
the  New  Greyfriars,  to  be  miniller  of 
the  New  North  Church,  in  room  of 
pr  Gloag,  deceafed,  alio  Dr  Thorn- 
ton's letter  of  acceptance,  both  which- 
were  read  and  unanimouily  fuilained. 
—The  Prcfbytery  appointed  a  call,  to 
be  moderated  on  1  hurfday  the  14th 
of  Odober,  in  the  New  North  Church, 
which  wab  done  accordingly. 

MAGISTRATES  OF  EDINBUP.GH. 

061.  5.  This  day  the  Council  was  fill- 
ed up,  when  the  government  of  the 
city  was  vefted  in  the  following  gen- 
tlemen :  ^  ^ 

Lord.  Profo/f— The  Riirht  Hon.  NTEL 

iMACVlCAR. 
^rtzV/cv— Peter  Hill,  Efq;  Archibald 
^iENZIEs,  Efq;  John  Muir,  Efq; 
John  Walker,  Efq; 

hean  oj  Gui/d—THOMAS  HenDERSOK, 
tfq; 

Tfea/i.rer— James  Carfrae,  Efq; 

Oid  Provojl— William  Fettes,  Efq. 

Old  Bailies— AichibM  Gilchrift,  Archi* 
bald  Campbell,  Richard  Bannatyne, 
William  Tennant,  Elquires. 

0/d  Dean  of  Guild— James  Jackfon,  Efq. 

Old  Treajurer  and  Collage  Treajmcr— 
Archibald  Mackinlay,  Efq. 

Merchant  Councillors— M^i^us  William 
Calder,  George  White,  John  Turn- 
bull. 

trades  Councillors — James  Law,  John 

Patterfon, 
Cowicil  D<?«ro;7J— W^illiamRanken,  Con* 
<veener;   Robert  Norrie,  John  Thin,- 
John    Yule,    Peter   Pridie,  Adam 
Brooks. 

Extraordiriary  Coimcil  Deacons — John 
Bennet,  John  Simfon,  Archibald 
Stewart,  Robert  Cox, Thomas  Smith, 
Peter  Mellis,  William  Rofs,  William 
Raeharn. 

Mr  U  jliiam  Calder,  Captain  of  O- 
range  Colours. 

Archibald  Campbell,  Efqc  Admiral 
of  Leith. 

Richard  Eahnatyne,  Efq.  Baron  Bai- 
lie of  Canongate  ow^  Calton. 

William  Tennant,  Efq.  Baton  Bailie 
of  Eafter  and  Weller  Portfburgh. 

Mr  James  Scarth,  and  Mr  John 
Watfon,  fen.  were  appointed  Refident 
Bailies  of  Leith. 

Meffrs  James  Goldie  and  Andrew 
Wilfon, 


British  Intelligence. 


855 


i  Wilfon,were  appointed  refident  Bailies 
I  Df  Potter-row  and  Portrbur<;h. 

Meflrs  George  Rae  and  William  Ur- 
iquhart,  Refident  Bailies  of  Canongate  ; 
land  Mr  Joi'eph  Brown,  Treaiarer. 

The  following  Gentlemen  have  beeri 

eleded  Chief  Magutrates   of  tiie 

Principal  Boroughs. 
'Aberdeen,-  James  Hadden,  Efq* 
Arbroath,  James  Johnfion  Liq. 
Ayr,  George  Charles,  Efq. 
Burntifland,  Alexander  Pitcairn,  Efq. 
Dumbarton,  John  Denny,  Efq. 
Dumfries,  Gabriel  Richardfon,  Efq. 
Dundee,  John  Guild,  Efq. 
Forfar,  John  Watt,  Efq.  • 
Glafgow,    Laurence    Craigie,  Efq. 

Lord  Provoft. 
Paddington,    William  Cunninghame, 

Efq. 

Inverkeithing,    Sir  John  Henderfon, 
Bart. 

Irvine,  Lord  Montgomery. 
Kiikcaldy,  James  Fergus,  Efq. 
Lanark,  Richard  Vary,  Efq. 
Linlithgov/,  Alex.  Learmonth,  Efq. 
Montrofe,  James  Lyal,  Efq. 
Penh,  John  Caw,  Efq. 
Renfrew,  James  Burns,  Efq. 
Rutherglen,  Colonel  John  Spens. 
Stirling,  James  Glass,  fen.  Efq. 
St  Andrews,  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of 
Kelly. 

I.  Friday,  the  Rev.  Dr  Ritchie,  from 
Kilwinning,  was  admitted  minirter  of 
St  Andrew's  Church,  Glafgow,  and  cor- 
dially received  by  all  ranks  of  people. 
The  Rev.  Dr  Taylor,  of  the  High 
Church,  Glafgow,  preached  and  pre- 
lided  on  the  pccalion. 

The  Treafurcr  of  the  infirmary,  has 
received  the  following  fums  for  the  fup- 
pi)rt  of  that  humane  inftitution,  viz^ 
Fifty  pounds  from  the  Kirk  Stlfion  of 
Irvine,  and  fifty  pounds  from  the  ma- 
giftrates  of  that  place,  including  twen- 
ty five  pounds,  a  fum  formerly  voted 
by  the  Irvine  Volunteers,  from  the 
funds  of  that  corps. 

The  coliedtions  at  the  Tabernable, 
on  Sabbath  laft,  and  Monday  evening, 
for  publilhing  the  Old  Teftament  in 
the  Bengalee  language,  amounted  to 
ajil.  4s.  6|d. 

Aberdeen  • 

Accounts  from  this  place  mention  a 
dreadful  accident,  v/hich  happened 


there  lately  :  While  the  workmen  were 
bufily  employed  in  completing  the 
principal  arch  of  the  large  bridge,  now 
building  to  facilitate  the  entrance  to 
the  town,  from  the  fouth,  the  coombs, 
.  by  which  the  arch  is  fupported,  gave 
way,  and  in  an  inftant  a  great  part  of 
it  Icil  in  with  a  tremendous  cralh. 

The  groans  of  the  fuffcrers,  buri- 
ed under  the  ruins,  the  number  of 
whom  could  not  be  poffibly  afcertain- 
ed,  was  truly  dreadful.  People  were 
immediately  ftt  to  work  to  remove  the 
ftones  and  wood,  and  ftvtn  perfon;? 
were  brought  out,  with  their  limbs  ter- 
ribly torn  and  mangled.  Mo5t  of  theni 
were  carried  to  the  Infirmary ;  two 
of  ,,  tliem  have  had  each  a  leg  cut 
off,  and  there  are  but  faint  hopes  of 
their  recovery.  The  fuflerers  are  yet, 
as  far  as  I  have  heard,  ail  alive. 

Two  gentlemen  were  on  the  top  of 
the  arch  when  it  fell  ;  they  of  courfe 
came  down  vyith  it.  One  of  them,  pro- 
videntially, efcaped  with  little  injury  ; 
the  other  had  an  arm  broke,  and  wss 
otherwife  a  good  deal  bruifed.  It  is  re- 
markable, that  of  all  the  wood  in  this 
exteniive  arch,  not  a  Itick  (tood.  Moll 
of  the  arch  has  now  been  got  down. 

The  Treafurer  of  the  Lunatic  Hof- 
pital  has  received  a  donation  of  50I. 
Sterling,  from  the  Honourable,  the 
County  Club,  for  the  benefit  of  thot 
charitable  mititution. 

Dundee, 

The  difpofition  to  noclurnal  riot  and 
outrage  which  has  been  of  late  io  pre- 
valent in  other  places,  has  at  lalt 
reached  the  town  of  Dundee.  In  the 
courfe  of  lalt  month  fevejal  people 
have  been  knocked  down,  and  other- 
wife  maltreated  ;  particularly  one 
Grieve,  a  carter,  was  beat  fo  feverely 
as  to  endanger  his  lifjs.  No  intention 
oi  robbery  has  in  any  inftance  appear- 
ed. Thefe  riotous  proceedings  are  to 
be  attributed  chiefly  to  idle  people  be- 
ing difbanded  from  the  army  and  navy, 
newly  emancipated  from  difcipline, 
and  not  fettled  m  any  fober  occupa- 
tion. One  man  has  been  committed 
to  jail  for  the  aflault  on  Grieve. 

About  nine  months  ago,  during  the 
extreme  itate  of  depreffion  of  the  linen 
manufadlory  in  the  county  of  Angus, 
the  labourer  could  not  find  work  by 
which  to  earn  a  fcanty  fubfiltence ; 
now  we  have  the  pleafure  to  learn, 

that 


856 


British  Intelligence. 


that  the  cotton  trade  has  been  progref- 
fively  and  rapidly  incTeafing,  fo  that  in 
Dundee  alone,  ibme  thoufands  of  hands 
are  enlployed. 

Perth. 

We  under  ft  and  the  Right  Hon.  the 
Earl  of  Kinnoul,  has  given  to  the  town 
that  large  field  immediately  weft  from, 
and  adjoining  the  North  Inch,  in  ex- 
change for  ground  of  equal  value  con- 
tiguous to  his  own  property.  The 
North  Inch  of  Perth  is  one  of  the  moft 
extenfive,  ufi.>ful,  and  delightful  mea- 
dows in  Scotland,  and  when  this  field, 
^vhich  meafures  at  Icaft  30  acres,  is  ta- 
ken into  it,  it  will  hardly  be  equalled. 

Great  efforts  have  been  lately  made, 
and  are  flill  going  on,  to  enln^ge  and 
beautify  this  ancient  town,  h.s  build- 
ings are  d'-^ily  increafing  ;  its  manufac- 
tures are  in'the  moll  fiourilhing  ftate  ; 
and  tafle  is  I'econding  and  improving 
the  advantages  of  nature,  to  render  its 
pleafure  grounds,  and  neighbouring 
fcenerv,  the  delight  of  the  inhabitants, 
and  objcds  of  admiration  to  ftrangers. 

Inverness, 

A  canal  from  Invernefs  to  Fort  Wil- 
liam has  been  for  loroe  time  in  the  con- 
templation of  government. — Mr  Tel- 
ford, engineer,  has  been  thefe  two  laft 
fammer  feafons  employed,  by  order  of 
the  Treafury,  in  taking  the  elevations 
and  foundings  of  the  lakes,  and  feems 
perfc-(::Viy  fatisfied  of  its  pradticability  ; 
fo  much  fo,  that  what  he  confidered  at 
firfi  fight  as  the  moft  cxpenfive  and 
weighty  obiiaclcs,  appear  now  fuper- 
fluous  and  unneceflary.  Loch  Nefs 
and  Loch  Lochy  are  completely  navi- 
5: able  for  veffels  of  any  burden,  in  point 
of  depth  ;  and  in  the  event  of  contrary 
winds,  which  may  happen  in  all  fitua- 
tions,  there  are  lecure  anchorages  al- 
moft  every  three  miles.  The  benefit 
of  fuch  a  communication  from  fea  to 
-  dea  will  be  incalculable.  To  the  mer- 
cantile world  it  faves  the  immenfe  and 
dangerous  round  of  the  Weftern  Ifles, 
or  their  founds,  as  well  as  the  Pentland 
Frith,  on  going  round  the  Orkneys ; 
and,  in  like  manner,  the  additional 
dangers  to  which  they  might  be  fub- 
jeded,  in  cafe  of  a  rupture  with  the 
Northern  Powers.  As  a  national  bene- 
fit, the  employment  of  hands  in  the 
very  cutting  of  it,  would  give  a  check 
to  the  fpirit  of  emigration  fo  prevalent 
at  prefent  j  when  finiilied,  the  confe- 


quent  Increafe  of  manufa61ures,  and  in* 
flux  by  trade,  mull  iupply  thoufands 
with  proper  and  rational  employment, 
and  fo  preferve  among  us  the  friend^ 
and  defcendants  of  a  people  fo  much 
the  bulwark  of  our  nation,  as  the  Con- 
querors of  the  Invincible?,  and  their 
comrades,  have  been  ;  and  thereby  no^ 
only  fupport,  but  increafe  our  popula- 
tion, our  produce,  and  relburces.  Froti^ 
Mr  Ttl ford's  opinion,  the  probable  ex- 
pence  of  this  great  undertriking,  (fup* 
pofing  it  to  be  22  feet  deep,  and  50 
feet  broad),  was  only  345,000!.;  but 
of  this  it  is  fuppofed  45,0001.  might  b|e 
faved,  by  difpenfing  with  the  roads  a- 
long  the  lakes,  leaving  only  300,000!. 
a  fum  which  would  in  a  (hort  time  re- 
turn itfelf,  from  the  increaling  profpc- 
niy  of  that  part  of  the  conntry,  and 
the  advantages  accruing  to  commerce 
in  general. — The  employing  of  the  ma- 
ny able,  but  hitherto  idle,  young  men, 
difcharged  fo  lately  from  the  Fenciblei 
and  Militia,  is  alfo  an  object  worth 
mentioning. 

The  Burntifland  Fifhery  Society 
have  refolved,  that  the  fiih-curers  do 
not  begin  fiflung  on  the  Frith  before 
the  5th  of  November,  in  order  that  the 
frhool  may  be  prefervcd  entire  until 
that  time.  Saturday  laft  fevera!  bar- 
rels of  pickled  henings  were  fold  by 
au6lion  at  the  weigh-houfe  here,  which 
were  knocked  down  on  an  average  at 
four  Qnllings  and  fixpence  per  barrel.— 
What  m-uO  the  quality  have -been  ? 

22.  Wednefday,  the  gentlemen  of 
T^omfon*s  Club  met  at  Ednam,  to  ce- 
lebrate his  birth-day.  The  day  was 
fpent  with  the  utmoli  harmony  and 
focial  mirth. 

It  muft  be  a  gratification  to  every 
liberal  mind  to  learn,  that  one  of  the 
fons  of  Burns,  the  Scotish  Iheocritusy  has 
been  admitted  into  Chrift*s  Hofpital. 

As  bowel  complaints  are  at  prelent 
morcj  prevalent  than  has  ever  been  re- 
membered, a  m^edical  corrcfpondent  re- 
commends the  following  fafe  and  cer- 
tain cure  :  Grown  perfons  fo  afflicled, 
are  recommended  to  take  from  20  to 
25  grains  of  the  beft  Turkey  rhubard 
roailed,  and  to  drink  copioufly  of  wa- 
ter-gruel ;  roaft  and  baked  meats 
fliould  be  avoided,  as  alfo  vegetables 
of  all  forts,  and  malt  liquors.  Boiled 
meat,  and  toaft  and  water,  fhould  be 
taken  at  dinner,  and  a  fraall  tumbler  of 
v/eak  brandy  and  water  warm,  with 

ginger, 


l802. 


British  Intelligence. 


857 


ginger,  previous  to  the  patient  retiring 
to  reft.  The  complaint,  if  taken  in 
time,  is  by  no  means  dangerous,  but,  if 
negledled,  might  be  of  the  mod  ferious 
confequences. 

Militfa, 

The  following  are  the  numbers  to  be 
fnrnirtied  by  the  diiferent  counties: 


Aberdeen 
Ayr 
Fife 
Lanark 
Perth 
Renfrew 
Berwick 
Haddington 
Linlithgow 
Peebles 
Forfar 
Kincardine 
Invcrn^rf? 
Banff 
Elgin 
Nairn 

Kirkcudbrig 
Wigton 
Argyle 
Bute 

County  of  Edinburgh 

City  of  ditto 

Dumfries 

Roxburgh 

Sdkirk 

Caithnefs 

Sutherland 

Rofs 

Cromarty 
Stirling 
Dumbarton 
Clackmannan 
Kin  rofs 


2:ht 


Total 


640 

43^ 
484 
751 
653 
4C4 

459 

647 

745 

270 
4^5 
643 
487 


507 


461 


8012 


Circuit  Intelligenee^ 

5?ept.  9.  The  Circuit  Court  of  Jufticiary 
was  opened  at  Invtrary  by  the  Right 
Hon.  the  Lord  Craig. 

fVilltam  Daivjojj,  Lacblan  Thomson^ 
and  Peier  M' Far  lane  t  were  a  ecu  fed  of 
obftru<5ting  revenue  officers.  M'Farlane 
was  outlawed  for  not  compearing.  The 
hbel  as  to  Thomfan  was  found  not 
proven,  and  he  was  difmifled.  The  li- 
bH  as  to  Dawfon  was  found  proven, 
with  a  recommendation  to  the  lenity 
of  the  Court.  He  is  fentenced  to  be 
imprifoned  for  one  month,  and  to  find 
caution  to  keep  the  peace  for  a  year, 
under  a  penalty  of  600  merks  Scots. 


No  other  buunefs  came  before  th?? 
Court. 

13.  The  Circuit  Court  of  Jufticiary 
was  opened  at  Aberdeen  by  the  Right 
Hon.  the  Lord  Methven. 

Anne  Edmund^  accufed  of  houfc- 
breaking  and  theft,  was  guilty  by  her 
own  confeffion,  and  fontenced  to  be 
tranfported  beyond  Teas  for  feven  years. 

Robert  Burnet,  crofter  in  Little  Mal- 
dron,  in  the  parifii  of  Kincardine 
0*Niel,  accufed  of  forging  letters  in 
order  to  obtain  money  fjom  a  Banking 
Company  in  Aberdeen,  but  which  he 
did  not  obtain — he  petitioned  the  Court 
for  baniihment,  to  which  the  Advocate 
Depute  having  confentf^d,  he  was  fen- 
tenced to  be  banilhed  from  Scotland 
for  feven  years. 

Alexander  Reid  in  Buckie,  accufed  of 
perfonifying  an  Excife  Officer,  wa^s 
found  guilty  by  his  own  confeffion  ; 
but,  in  refped  of  his  ingenuous  confef- 
fion and  feeming  contrition,  the  Jury 
humbly  recommended  him  to  the  leni- 
ty of  the  Court,  and  he  was  fentenced 
to  be  imprifoned  in  the  tolbooth  of 
Banff  for  one  m^nrh,  and  ordained  to 
keep  the  peace  for  a  year,  under  the 
ufual  penalty. 

No  other  bufinefs  depending,  the 
Court  proceeded  to  Inverncfs. 

The  Circuit  Court  of  Juiliciary  was 
opened  at  Air,  the  nth  curt,  by  the 
Right  Hon.  Lord  Dununnan,  when  y<2- 
net  Rite  hie  t  formerly  a  midenter  in  Ca- 
trine,  accufed  of  the  crime  of  perjury, 
was  outlawed  for  not  appearin.ej  to 
fland  trial.  Th'^.rc^her,  Elizabeth  Setter 
alias  Steuenson,  wife  of  James  Stevcn- 
fon,  formerly  re  Tiding  in  Dumbarton, 
who  has  been  in  prifon  here  for  feveral 
months,  accufed  of  theft,  was  brought 
to  the  bar ;  flie  prefented  a  petition, 
fnbmitting  tjo  banifhmeut  from  Scot- 
land for  life,  which  was  confented  to 
by  his  Majefty's  Adv(.x:ate  Depute,  and 
Ihe  was  banifhed  accordingly. 

The  Court  then  proceeded  to  the 
trial  of  James  Myres^  alfo  a  prifoner 
here,  accufed  of  houfe- breaking  and 
theft.  The  Advocate  Depute  having 
feen  caufe  to  rcftrid  the  indicflment  to 
an  arbitrary  punishment,  the  pannel 
was  found  guilty  upon  his  own  confef- 
fion, and  was  fentenced  to  tranfporta- 
tiou  for  life.  The  Court  decided  ia 
two  appeals  from  Civil  Courts,  which 
concluded  the  bufinefs  of  the  Court  at 
at  this  place. 

Glafgow,  Sept.  14.  The  Circuit 
Court  was  opened  here  bv  the  Right 


858 


British  Intelligence. 


Hon.  Lords  Craig  and  Armadale,  when 
the  following  buftnefs  came  before 
them : 

John  TnJJipj  weaver  in  Govan,  accu- 
fed  ot  muidcr,  having  failed  to  appear, 
was  ouMawed. 

Allan  Henderfin,  for  theft  from  two 
bleachfield:.  and  a  dwelling-houfe,  ag- 
gravated by  being  habit  and  repute  a 
thief.  He  pled  not  guilty,  and  the 
libel  was  pafled  from,  in  fo  far  as  it 
charged  theft  from  the  dweiling-houre. 
Before  I^^iving  the  Court,  on  the  appli- 
cation of  the  Advocate-Depute,  war- 
rant was  granted  againft  Henderfon  for 
feveral  ads  of  houfe-breaking,  on 
which  he  was  committed  to  prifon. 

Andrew  'Steely  carter  in  Giafgow,  ac- 
cufed  of  the  murder  of  John  Cameron, 
carter  there,  on  the  Ayr  road,  in  April 
laft.  The  Jury  unanimoufly  found  the 
pannel  not  guilty,  upon  which  he  was 
difmiiTcd  from  the  bar, 

Robert  William/on^  farmer  at  White- 
hill,  accuied  of  vitiating  bills.  The 
diet  was  deferted  pro  loco  et  tempore, 

John  Smithy  flellier,  late  in  Glafgow, 
for  theft.  He  pleaded  guilty  ;  and,  on 
the  unanimous  verdid  of  a  Juiy  finding 
him  guilty,  was  fentenced  to  feven 
years  tranfportation. 

George  Scott,  labourer  at  Balgray, 
accufed  of  two  a6ts  of  theft,  and  being 
habit  and  repute  a  thief.  The  libel 
was  relhided  to  an  arbitrary  punilh- 
ment.  He  was  found  guilty  of  one  of 
t^ie  a£ls  of  theft,  bat  not  guilty  of  the 
other  charges  j  and  was  fentenced  to 
be  tranfporied  for  feven  years. 

Johu  Mar/hall,  late  ferryman  at  Bon- 
hill,  accufcd  of  houfe-breaking  and 
theft.  On  account  of  the  abfence  of  a 
necellary  witnefs,  the  diet  was  defert- 
ed  pro  loco  et  tempore.  The  Lords,  on 
the  application  of  the  pannel,  and  ob- 
ierving  that  the  crimes  are  charged  as 
having  been  committed  twelve  years 
2go,  admitted  him  to  bail. 

Andrew  Carrutb,  mefienger,  accufed 
of  forging  and  fabricating  law  execu- 
tions, pled  guilty  j  and  tht  Court,  con- 
iidering  that  he  had  already  fuffered 
five  months  confinement,  fentenced 
him  to  one  month's  imprifonment. 

John  Burnet,  accufed  of  houfe-break- 
mg  and  theft.  The  Jury  unanimoufly 
found  him  guilty,  and  he  was  fentenced 
to  be  tianfported  beyond  feas  for  feven 
years. 


Agnes  Wardrop  was  found  guilty  of 
houfe-breaking  and  theft,  on  her  own 
confelTion,  and  fentenced  to  tranfport- 
ation for  feven  years. 

Agnes  M^Grigor,  accufed  of  theft,  was 
like  wife  found  guilty,  on  her  own  con- 
feflion,  and  received  the  like  fenience. 

After  the  critninal  imdnefs  was 
finillied,  feveral  appeals  f:om  inferior 
Courts  were   heard  and  d-ttrmmed. 

The  a)r^  was  concluded  late  Uft 
night,  which  eqds  the  Autumn  Weft 
Circuit. 

Dumfries,  Sept..  i5.  The  Circuit 
Court  of  Jufticiary  w^s  opened  here 
by  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Calien. 

Mary  Tl^omfon,  xcfidentcr  at  Nether- 
mill,  in  the  parifli  of  Kirkmichacl,  ac- 
cufed of  dhild  .mutcler,  was  outlawed 
for  not  appearing  :o  (tand  trial. 

■John  'Thom/on,  fhip-carrentei  in  K.ir- 
cudbright,  and  Danid  M'lntofi,  day- 
labourer  there,  were  accuf^^d  of  tneft 
and  refet  of  theft.  Daniel  M*Incofh 
was  outlawed  for  not  appearing;  and 
the  libel,  fo  far  as  refpe61:ed  John 
Thorafon,  was  reflri6led  to  an  arbitiiiry 
puniihment. — He  wa«  found  guilty, 
upon  his  ovv'u  confcllion,  and  fentenced 
to  tranfportation  for  five  years. 

There  was  no  further  bufinefs  at  this 
place. 

Jedburgh,  Sept.  22.  The  Circuit 
Court  of  Juuiciary  was  opened  here  by 
the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Cullen. 

Peter  France^  Excife  Officer,  was  put 
to  the  bar,  accuied  of  the  wilful  mur- 
der of  James  Broctmfield,  carter  in 
Greenlaw,  by  (h&oting  him  with  a  pif- 
to),  on  the  25th  day  of  June  lait. — The 
Jury,  all  in  one  voice,  found  tiie  pan- 
nel Nat  guilty  ;  upon  which  he  was  af- 
foilzied,  and  difmiflea  fimpliciter  fion^ 
the  bar. 


LISTS. 


MARRIAGES. 

Sept.  9.  At  Aberdeen,  Mr  Thomas  Guth 
rie,  furgeon,  of  Bervie,  to  Mifs  Agnes  Fow] 
lie,  daughter  of  tiie  late  Mr  William  Fow 
lie,  merchant,  Cumineftown. 

—  Peter  Fwart,  Efq;  of  Manehefter,  t^ 
Mifs  Marriane  Kerr,  of  Edinburgh. 

—  At  Aberdeen,  Mr  James  Littlejohn 


i8o2.  Marriages y  Births^  Deaths, 


houfe  builder,  to  Mifs  Jane  Chalmers,  daugh- 
ter of  Mr  Chahncrs,  printer. 

—  At  Aden,  Mr  Thomas  Ferpuflbn, 
writer  in  Edinburgh,  to  Mifs  Catharine 
Cumine,  fecond  daughter  of  James  Cumine, 
Efq;  of  Kinninmouth. 

12.  At  Aberdeen,  John  Andcrfon,  Efq; 
late  of  Calcutta,  to  Mifa  Margaret  Glcnny, 
of  Aberdeen. 

13.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  George  Dobie,  of 
London,  to  Mifs  Sufan  Thomfon,  daughter 
of  Mr  Andrew  Thomfon,  of  Wemyfs. 

14.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  William  Camp- 
bell, furgeon  in  Dumfermlinc,  to  Mil's  Janet 
GuUand  of  that  place. 

15.  At  Kindeace,  Rofs-fhire,  Colonel 
John  Mackenzie,  of  the  78th  regiment,  to 
Mils  Lillias  Chilholm,  daughter  of  the  de- 
ceafed  Alexander  Chifholmof  Chifholm,  Efq. 

i6c  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  John  Fergus  Or- 
lock,  merchant  in  Kirkcaldy,  to  Mifs  Ifabel- 
la  Rae,  daughter  of  the  late  Mr  Peter  Rae, 
merchant  in  Edinburgh, 

17.  At  Edinburgh,  Mr  Patrick  Aitken, 
merchant  in  Stranraer,  to  Mifs  Margaret 
PritJgle. 

7.0.  At  Carllfle,  Mr  George  Auflin,  mer- 
chant in  Glafgow,  to  Mifs  Alice  Wilfon, 
aughter  of  Alexander  Wilfon,  Efq;  banker 
in  Carlifle. 

,  — T  Paul  Weflon,  Efq;  of  South  Carolina, 
to  Mifs  Antonia  Bentley,  eldeft  daughter  of 
Bcntley  Gordon  Bentley,  Efq;  of  Chipping 
Norton,  deceafed. 

21.  At  Lymington  Church,  the  Hon. 
Charles  Murray,  brother  to  the  Earl  of 
Mansfield,  to  Mifs  Law. 

23.  At  the  manfe  of  Rifolis,  Cromarty- 
JKirc,  Mr  Charles  Monro,  writer  in  Stone- 
haven, to  Mifs  Mary  Arthur,  eldeft  daugh- 
ter of  the  Rev.  Robert  Arthur,  minifter  of 
Rifolis. 

27.  At  Aberdeen,  Dr  James  Wiiliamfon, 
ph)rician  in  Banff,  to  Miis  Chriltian  Cock- 
burn,  fecond  daughter  of  tiie  late  Mr  David 
Cockburn,  Berwick-upon-  I'weed. 

—  Mr  Nathaniel  Gibfon,  oiic  of  the  tov;H 
clerks  of  Pajfley,  to  Mils  Jane  Patrick, 
daughter  of  the  Jate  Mr  Robert  Patrick, 
nici  chant  there. 

.  Otl.  I.  Ac  Lochmalony,  Fifefliire,  Pro- 
feflor  H.  D.  Hill,  of  the  Umvcrfity  of  St 
Andrew's,  to  Mifs  r>/Iargaret  Borthwick, 
eldeft  daughter  of  Archibald  BorthwAck,  Efq; 
tinker  in  Edinburgh, 

4.  At  Ayr,  Captain  Robert  Hamilton,  of 
the  79th  regiment  of  foot,  to  Mifs  Marga- 
ret Bowie,  fecond  daughter  of  WiUiaiii 
Bowie,  Efq;  of  Cambufifcan. 

BIRTHS. 
Sept.  10.  Mrs  Roy  of  Nenthorn,  a  fon. 
ii.  Mrs  Geo.  Robcrtfon,  Greenock,  a  fon. 


14.  At  Clifton,  near  Brlftol,  Mrs  Rofg, 
fpoufe  to  Captain  James  Rofs  of  tlic  Royal 
Navy,  a  daughter. 

19.  At  Dreghorn  Houfe,  Mrs  Trotter  of 
Dreghorn,  a  fbn. 

22.  At  Logic  Elphinftone,  Aberdecnfhire 
the  Lady  of  Robert  Dalrymple  Home  £U 
phinftone,  a  fon  and  heir. 

23.  At  Kirouchtree,  the  Lady  of  Lt.  Col. 
John  Shaw  Maxwell,  a  daughter. 

27.  Mrs  Cay,  wife  of  R.  H.  Gay,  Efq; 
advocate,  a  daughter.  ' 

30.  At  CarradfcU,  Mrs  Campbell  of  Car- 
radell,  a  daughter. 

Oa:,  3.  Mrs  Arbuthnot,  Quecn-flreet,  a 
fon. 

10.  At  Rednock  Houfe,  Mrs  Graham 
Stirling,  a  fon. 

13.  In  the  houfe  of  Lord  Hermand, 
George.ftreet,  the  Lady  of  James  FcrgulTon, 
Efq;  a  daughter. 

DEATHS. 

In  India,  on  the  20th  of  February  laft. 
Major  Thomas  Riddeli,  of  the  Hen.  Ea(k 
India  Company's  fcrvice,  fon  of  the  late  Pa- 
trick Riddeil,  Efq;  of  Mufelic. 

Lately,  at  St  Lucie,  Mr  Angus  Kennedy  ; 
at  Philadelphia,  Mr  Hugh  Kennedy ;  and 
at  Norfolk,  Virginia,  Mr  Archibald  Ken- 
nedy ;  fons  of  Mr  Daniel  Kennedy,  Glafgow, 

On  the  13th  of  July  laft,  at  Savannah  la 
Mar,  Jamaica,  in  the  21ft  year  of  his  age, 
Mr  George  Braid,  fon  of  Mr  Andrew  Braid, 
late  merchant  in  St  Andrew's,  much  and 
juftly  regretted  by  all  who  knew  him. 

At  Quebec,  on  the  14th  of  July,  Lieut. 
Col.  John  Nairn. 

At  Gordon's  D»Ie,  Virginia,  on  the  1 5th 
of  July,  Mrs  Scott,  relia  of  the  Rev.  Joha 
Scott,  and  daughter  of  the  late  ProfelTor 
Gordon,  of  King's  College,  Aberdeen. 

On  the  15th  of  July,  Mr  Thomas  Mar- 
fliall,  manager  of  the  Frome  eftate,  Jamaica, 
and  youngeft  fon  of  the  lace  Mr  Robcr: 
Marfhall,  Adam's  Court,  Glafgow. 

At  Demarary,  on  the  lath  Auguft,  Peter 
Nifbet,  Efq;  fon  of  Mr  P.  Nifbet,  of  Glaf- 
gow  ;  a  young  man  of  diftinguifhtd  talents, 
fincerely  regretted  by  his  friends,  and  whofe 
lofs  is  deeply  deplored  in  the  colony. 

Sept.  4.  At  Dumfries,  Mr  John  Maxwell, 
furgeon. 

9.  At  Perth,  Mrs  Agnes  Auftin,  relid  of 
the  deceafed  Wiiiiam  Fechney,  Efq;  ot  Ar- 
dargie. 

—  At  Hackney,  Robert  Stirling,  Efq; 
formerly  of  Jamaica. 

10.  At  Caftle  Huntley,  the  Hon.  Mrs 
Patcrfon,  wife  of  George  Pat^^rfon,  Efq;  of 
Caftle  Huntley. 

Ill  At  his  hciife  Gilnwur  Park,  Mr  Ar. 


86o 


Deaths,  l^c. 


chlbald  Scott,  late  of  Potter-tow,  Edinburgh, 
aged  85  years. 

12.  At  Alford,  near  Cheftcr,  Mrs  Mary 
Kobtrtfon,  late  milliner  in  Prince's  ftrect. 

13.  At  Dumbarton  David  Connel,  Kfq; 
town  clerk  there,  jurtly  lamented  by  every 
one  who  had  the  pleafure  of  knowing  him. 

—  At  Ratho  manfe,  the  Rev.  Mr  James 
Robertfon,  in  the  74i:h  year  of  his  age,  and 
^3d  of  his  minillry. 

14.  At  Prefton  Mill,  Thomas  Marlhall, 
Efq;  late  merchant  in  Paifley. 

15.  At  the  manfe  of  Olrick,  Mrs  Jean 
Ofwald  Brodie,  fpoufe  of  the  Rev.  Mr 
George  Mackenzie,  minifter  ol  Olrick. 

16.  At  Burntifland,  Mifs  Agnes  Thom- 
fon,  daughter  of  the  late  William  Thomfon, 
Efq;  of  Prior  Letham. 

—  At  Logic,  Mr  Robert  Bogie,  minif- 
ter of  that  pariib,  in  the  63d  year  of  his 
age,  and  35th  of  his  miniftry. 

—  At  Uppcrhaugh,  Mrs  Johnfton,  rc- 
]i6l  of  the  Rev.  Alexander  Johnflon,  late 
niiniflcr  of  Alford. 

17.  At  her  houfc  Antigua- flreet,  Mrs 
Mary  Johnftonc. 

—  At  Blairgowrie,  Mr  Alexander  Wat- 
fon,  furgeon,  late  of  his  Majcfty's  Royal 
Navy. 

18.  At  Dundee,  after  an  illnefs  of  eight 
days,  the  Rev.  John  Sandcrfon,  Mcthodift 
miniHer,  aged  40  years. 

—  At  Greenock,  in  the  75th  year  of  her 
age,  Mrs  Elizabeth  Stewart,  itW^  of  Mr 
Alexander  Morfon,  late  merchant,  Glafgow. 

—  1  homas  Maitland,  Lfq;  of  Maitland, 
aged  83. 

a  I.  Mr  Alexander  Angus,  bookfellcr, 
Aberdecn,?in  the  8 2d  year  of  his  age. 

24.  At  Invernels,  Simon  Frafer  of  Bo- 
Llainy,  Efq, 

^7.  At  Largie,  Jane  Macdonald  l.ock- 
hart,  daughter  of  Alexander  Macdonald 
Lockhart,  of  Lee,  Efq. 

28.  At  Haddington»  Mr  fiay  Donaldfon, 
town  clerk  of  Haddington. 

29.  At  Glafgow,  Captain  James  Fairfull, 
late  of  the  49th  regiment  of  foot. 

—  At  the  Yair,  near  Selkirk,  Mr  Ro. 
bert  Horfeburgh,  farrier  there,  much  and 
juftly  regretted. 

30.  At  Fort  William,  Mrs  Cochran,  wife 
of  Captain  Thomas  Cochran  of  the  Invalids, 
and  daughter  to  the  deceafed  Hon.  James 
Hay,  of  Newington. 

—  At  Paifley,  Mr  Ebcnezcr  Macome, 
teacher,  aged  63  years. 

oa.  I.  At  Edinburgh,  Mrs  Jean  Ander- 
fon,  fpoufe  of  the  late  Mr  David  Anderfon. 

2.  At  Perth,  Mrs  Anderfon  Grace  Jaf- 
frey,  wife  of  Mr  William  Blair,  manulac- 
tiircr  there. 

4.  At  LadilHibcg,  in  Pumbartonfhire, 


the  Rev.  Gordon  Stewart,  minifler  of  Boni 
hill,  in  the  68  th  year  of  his  age. 

5.  At  Dumfries,  Mrs  Lcarmont,  wife  ol 
Mr  George  Learmont,  gardener. 

—  At  Dormont,  William  Carruthcrg, 
Efq;  of  Dormont. 

—  At  Hampftead,  Mr  John  Homer, juo, 

—  At  her  houfe  in  Tiviot-Row,  Mrs 
Jean  Scott,  lifter  of  the  late  Walter  Scott  of 
Harden,  Efq. 

7.  At  Leflie,  Mr  George  Gray,  mcr* 
chant  there,  much  and  juftiy  regretted. 

—  At  Giefpin,  in  the  24rh  year  of  bit 
age,  Archibald  M'Ewan,  A.  M. 

II.  At  Glafgow,  after  two  or  three  dayt 
illnefs,  George  Gibbs,  a  pauper,  in  hii  103d 
year.  He  was  born  ift  May  1600,  at  NcJ» 
ther  Libberton,  near  Edinburgh,  being  the' 
fon  of  William  Gibbs,  gardener  to  Sir  John 
Batrd,  near  Dalkeith.  He  fcrvcd  his  Ma- 
jefty  many  ycart,  as  a  private  in  dragoons- 
afterwards,  for  22  years,  as  a  fergcant  in  the* 
48th  regiment  of  foot;  and,  fubfequently, 
in  other  corps  of  infantry  during  the  late 
American  war.  He  was,  in  1783.  a  pri- 
vate in  the  83d  foot,  or  Royal  Glafgow  rc* 
giment,  when  it  mutinied  at  Portfmouth, 
after  being  Ihipped  for  the  Eaft  Indies,  and 
of  courfc  he  ioft  his  right  to  Chclfea  Hof* 
pital,  from  which  he  had  long  enjoyed  d 
pcnfion.  Often  has  he  recounted  to  his 
neighbours  21  or  22  principal  a<5lions  tn 
which  he  bore  an  a<iilive  part  againft  die 
enemy,  at  home  and  abroad  ;  including  sB, 
the  engagcmcnrs  with  the  rebels  m  Scotland,' 
anno  1745.  He  was  at  the  right  hand  of 
the  laic  Colonel  Gardiner,  when  he  fell  tn. 
the  battle  near  Prcftunpans,  and  was  him- 
fclf  wounded  in  the  battle  at  Falkirk.  Hit 
vigour,  ftature,  and  mental  faculties  wert 
confiderable,  and  fcarceiy  fufFered  diminiii 
tion  by  years  ;  and,  at  death,  he  meafurei 
6  feet,  2  inches  high,  his  body  bei.ig  as  C- 
rei5l  as  in  early  years.  In  his  83d  year,  W 
married  his  fecond  wife,  then  22  years  ol 
age  ;  by  her  he  had  fcveral  children,  of 
whom  only  one  daughter  (his  own  image 
in  features ;  furvives,  now  in  her  I4:h  year. 

Haddington,  OSi,  24. 
Wheat,  36s.  Barley,  23$.   Oats,  19s.  6d. 
Pedfe,  18s.    Beans,  19s. 

Sdinburgby  0^.  28.  * 
Oat-meal,   is.  a^d.  Baricy'meal,  iid^ 
Peaie-mcai,  lod. 

STOCKS.— Oc^.  ao.  ^ 
New  5  per  C.  100, 99J 
Lone  Ann.  ioi4  g-lv 


Bank  Sock  

3  per  C.  Red.  66111- 
3perC.Conf  67ifii 

4  per  Cent.  84, 83.^^ 

5  per  C.  Ann.ioO;  99I 


Long  Ann.  I9i%  9' 
India  Stock  — 
Omnium  lolU  difc. 


f 

s  c 


For    NOVEMBER  1802. 


CONTENTS. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 


Biographical  Account  of  Robert 
Bruce  of  Kinnaird,  Miniiter  of 
the  Gofpel  in  Etlinburgh 

iStridtures  on  Laing's  DifTertation 
on  the  Poems  of  Ollian,  conti- 
nued 

On  an  Eflabllfhed  Religion 
On  the  Foundation  of  Moral  Ob- 
ligation 

Origin  of  Polytheifm  ;  a  Sketch 
Rfniarka  on  a  PalTage  of  Profefibr 
Stewart's  Life  of  Dr  Robcrtfon, 
Refpeding  the  late  David  Hume, 
Efq. 

Letter  of  David  Hume,  Efq.  to  Dr 
John  Clcphanc,  Phylician  in 
London 

Hints  for  a  Biographical  Sketch 
Lftttrof  a  Schoolmafter  to  a  Cler- 
gyman 


863 


873 
881 


S95 


897 


90a 

903 

904 


T  ITERARY  EXTRACTS  AND 
NOTICES. 

An  Account  of  Carron  Iron  Foun- 

dery,  from  St  Fund's  Travels  905 

Mode  of  Etiucarion  in  France  908 
O'l  Attending  Public  Places,  from 

from  Mori  ice's  Mentor  911 
On   Dreaming,  from  Beddoes's 

Eflays  on  Health  914 

Literary  Notices  917 

Sootiih  Literary  Notices  919 


.  POETRY. 

Vcrfes  on  Youthful  Scenes 
The  Robin's  Petition 
The  Waes  of  Druuery  Love 

LMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT. 

Houfe  of  Lords 
Houfe  of  Commons 

MONTHLY  REGISTER. 

Foreign  Intelligence. 

France 
Switzerland 

Turkey,  India,  Gibraltar 

British  Intelligence. 
From  the  London  Gazette 

London. 
Arrival  of  the  French  Ambaflador 
Britii'h  Ambdfllidor  fets  ofL  for 

France 
I  Lord  Mayor's  Day 
•  A  Lunatic  apprehended  at  Buck- 
j    ingham  Houfe 
I  Shock  of  an  Earthquake 

I  Edinburgh. 
\  Firft  Reg.  R.  E.  V.  prefent  a  piece 
of  Plate  and  Sabre  to  Colonel 
I    Ay  ton  934 
i  Vaccine  Innoculation  935 
i  Two  Urns  found  936 
'Incidental  Occurrences  936-7 
LIS  rS— Marriages, Birlhs,Deaths, 
1     &c.  937  4^ 


920 
921 
921 


924 
924 


927 
928 
930 

93^ 

933 
933 

933 
934 


EDINBURGH: 

Printed  by  Alex.  Chapman,  &  Co.  Forrestsr^s  IVynd^ 
For  the  Proprietors  : 
And  Sold  by  Archibald  Constable,  High  Street,  Edinburgh. 
And  to  be  had  of  the  Principal  Bookfellers  ia  the  United  Kingdom. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 


Thb  continuation  of  the  Shepherd's  interefting  Journey  will  appear  ia 
our  next- 

The  paper  upon  the  Strata  of  the  fliore  at  St  Andrews  will  likewife  be 
Inferted.  Communications  of  this  kind,  relating  to  Natural  Hiftory  or 
Chemiftry,  will  be  thankfully  received  from  our  learned  and  obliging 
correfpondents. 

The  remarks  of  A.  R.  on  the  Life  and  Poetry  of  Mctaftafio,  afford  a 
good  Specimen  of  Compofition  and  Criticifm. 

Providence,  a  Friagment,  hath  jufl:  come  to  hand,  and  will  find  a  place." 

Sincerus's  communication,  in  anfwer  to  a  Diflenter,  hath  juft  come  to 
hand,  and  although  fome  of  his  remarks  have  been  anticipated,  there  are 
others  which  liave  not,  and  which  entitle  it  to  a  place. 

Dr  Faustus's  paper,  on  improving  the  prefent  method  of  printing, 
before  being  inferted,  muft  undergo  a  confiderable  corredion. 

The  Author  of  the  Stridures  on  a  remark  in  ProfefFor  Stewart's  Lift 
of  Dr  Robcrtfon  will  fee  that  we  have  ufed  confiderable  freedom  witB 
his  paper.  Had  we  not  done  fo,  we  would  have  been  under  the  neceffity 
of  refufmg  it  a  place.  We  have  alfo  changed  the  fignature,  on  account 
of  its  having  been  already  occupied.  ' 

The  Elegiac  Verfes  figned  G.  have  been  received,  and  will  be  properly 
attended  to.  They  will  probably  be  inferted  in  our  Number  for  Januaryj 
if  not  in  that  for  next  month. 


The  beautiful  verfes  of  W.  G.  have  been  received,  and  will  alfo  be  id 
ferted. 


THE 

SCOTS  MAGAZINE, 

For  NOVEMBER  1802. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  ACCOUNT 


OF 


ROBERT  BRUCE  of  KINNAIRD, 

MINISTER  OF  THE  GOSPEL  IN  EDINBURGH. 


ABOUT  the  middle  of  the  fix- 
teenth  century,  the  reforma- 
tion of  the  Chriftian  religion  ad- 
vanced rapidly  in  Scotland.  The 
diffufion  of  general  knowledge,  by 
the  i-evival  of  ancient  learning,  was 
the  principal  caufe  of  t;his  event; 
but  the  motives  of  thofe  men  who 
accompliftied  the  falutary  underta- 
king, were  various  in  their  character, 
and  often  unworthy  of  the  caufe 
which   they  promoted.    It  would 
perhaps  require  an  extent  of  infor- 
mation which  can  fcarcely  be  at- 
tained at  this  diftance  of  time,  to 
alTign  the  paiticular  reafons  of  eve- 
ry adlor  in  that  diftinguifted  work  ; 
and  a  ftill  greater  penetration,  to  le- 
paratethevicesfromthevirtueswhich 
wrought  together  for   the  public 
good,  and  place  in  their  proper  view 
the  qualities  of  any  individual  who 
was  extolled  by  the  admiration  of 
-his  followers  as  a  model  of  perfec- 
tion, or  deprcffed  by  his  enemies 
below  the  level  of  his  merits.  The 
manners  of  the  age  were  rude  ;  the 
morals  generally  depraved.  Poli- 
tical conteft  had  long  exafperated 
the  minds  of  the  nobles  and  popu- 
VoL.  LXIV. 


lace,  while  the  violence  of  ambition 
was  transferred  to  religious  opini- 
on,  and  triumphed  in  the  extirpa- 
tion of  its  refpeftive  adverfaries. 
Hence,  toleration  of  a  different  faith 
was  unknown  amongft  either  the 
Catholics  or  the  Reformed.  The 
leaders  of  both  were,  in  the  eyes  of 
their  own  fed,  worthies,  men  of  God, 
prophets  and  oracles ;  but  they  mu- 
tually  viewed  their  opponents  as  thcj 
vileft  and  moft  reprobate  of  men  *  v 
The  dodrines  of  heaven,  which 
either  pretended  to  hold  exclufive- 
ly,  were  drawn  from  ancient  books, 
written  in  languages  with  which 
they  were  imperfectly  acquainted; 
and  this  may  often  account  for 
the  errors  of  underitandlng,  and  con- 
fequently  of  doctrine,  in  rcliglonifts  of 
every  perluafion ;  but  the  pertinaci- 
ty with  which  they  intrude  their 


*  Vide  Biographia  Scoticana,  or  the 
hiftory  of  the  Scots  Worthies  ;  a  book 
which  records  God's  dealings  ^v:th  the 
reformers  and  judgments  on  their  perle^ 
cutors,  but  fo  inaccurate,  as  to  aicrioc 
to  Robert  Eruce  tiie  letters  of  a  trat- 
fickin?  FopiQi  prieft  of  that  ndrae. 
"  5  Z 


864 


Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce. 


Nov 


own  opinions  upon  others,  muft  be 
referred  to  another  foiircc, — the  ac- 
tive principles  of  human  nature,  e- 
qually  confpicuous  in  every  exter- 
nal fituation. 

The  founders  of  the  Reformed 
Church  of  Scotland,  were  men  of 
the  boldcft  charader  and  enterprife. 
Not  contented  with  demolilhing, 
gradually,  the  fabric  of  Romifh  fu- 
perftition,  they  at  once  razed  it  to 
the  foundation.  The  facrifice  of 
the  mafs,  the  worrtiip  of  faints  and 
angels,  with  every  vanity  which  ig- 
norance had  adored,  or  fuperftition 
5nvented,peril]ied,inamoment,under 
the  ruin  of  their  temples-  But  this 
precipitate  reform,  which  could  be 
fandlioned  only  by  the  clcareft  con- 
vidion  of  its  propriety,  was  accom- 
panied with  an  intolerance  of  oppo- 
fition,  and  a  millaken  idea  of  eccle- 
fiailical  power,  which  oppreifed  the 
nation,  impaired  the  civil  govern- 
ment, and  in  a  few  yeais  overturn- 
ed the  Church. 

The  fubjcd  of  the  following  me- 
moir was  a  principal  aclor  during 
the  progrefs  of  the  Reformation. 
Defcended  from  a  Laron  of  diftin- 
guilhed  lineage,  who  could  trace 
his  genealogy  from  a  family  which 
produced  the  moft  illuftrious  of  all 
the  Scotifli  kings,  he  received,  by 
birth,   a   traditional  right  of  au- 
thority, a  more  liberal  education, 
and  a  larger  fortune,  than  moft  of 
his  afTociates.     Poireiled  of  great 
natural  abilities,  and  qualified  fur 
a  department  in  civil  as  well  as 
religious    affairs,    he  fucceflively 
enjoyed    the    favour,    and  bore 
the  refentment,    of  his  fovereign; 
and,  in  both  cafes,  with  equal  mag- 
nanimity.    His  hiftory  is  the  more 
important,  as  it  embraces  the  rife 
and  fall  of  the  Prefbyterian  Church 
under  the  fame  reign,  and  prefents 
us  with  a  view  of  the  fpirit,  the 
rulers,  and  meafures,  by  which  it 
\vas  governed. 

Robert  Bruce  was  the  fecond 
fon  of  Sir  Alexander  Bruce  of  Airth, 


in  the  county  of  StirHng,  by  Janet 
daughter  of  Alexander,  fit^th  Lord 
Livingfton,  and  Agnes,  daugh^cr  oi 
the  fecond  Earl  of  Morton.    His  fa. 
mily  was  lineally  defcended  of  a  ca- 
det  of  the  hoafe  of  Clackmannan, 
who,  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  of 
Scotland,  married  the  elded  daugh- 
ter of  William  de  Airth,  *  and  f  uc- 
cceded    to   his  inheritance.  The 
Braces  of  Clackmanna?!  were  defcen- 
dants  of  the  lords  of  Annandale, 
and   confequently   of  the  family 
which  produced  the  firil  fovereign 
of  that  name,  whofe  only  fon  David 
Bruce,  granted  them  the  lands  ot' 
Clackmannan   in   the  year  1359, 
From  his  age  at  the  tirrje  or  his 
death,  as  related  by  Calderwood,: 
Robert  Bruce  was  born  in  the  year 
1554,  but,  according  to  another  au, 
thority,  in  1 556.  f  His  father,  a  ba- 
ron of  the  firil  quality  in  the  king-  ■ 
dom,  had  relinquifhcd  the  caufe  of 
Popery ;  but,  like  thofe  of  his  own 
order,  he  was  probably  more  intenf 
upon  the  patrimony,  than  the  weU . 
fare,of  theChurch.  Accordingly, we  ; 
find  that  he  was  occafionally  engagr', 
ed  in  feuds  and  contentions  with  his  ; 
neighbours.  J     His  eldeil  fon  wa^ 
educated  at  home,  in  order  to  fuc- 
ceed  him  in  his  eftate  ;  but  [|  the  fe- 
cond he  deftined  to  the  law,  at  that 
time  the  only  profeihon  in  Scotland 
which  was  both  lucrative  and  ho- 
nourable.    With  a  view  to  qualify 
him  for  the  Bar,  Robert  was  lent  to 
Paris,  to  fludy,  under  the  muft  ap- 


*  Vide  NimiRo's  Hjftury  of  Stiriirg 
fill  re. 

t  Life  of  John  Livingfton,  MS. 
t  The  24th  of  November  1557,  at 
two   in   the  afternoon,   the  laird  of 
Air  the  and  ye  laird  of  Weeims  marM 
upon  ye  heigh  gate  uf  Edinbuighc  J 
and  they  and  thv::r  foilovvers  fauglit  A 
verey  bjondey  fkirmifh    quher  they 
wes  nianey  hurte  one  baith  iydes  vitM 
flioie  of  pHtoL — BirreTs  Diaiey  p  133 
in  Dalyeil's  Fragments  of  Scotilh  Hif  J 
tory.  i 
II  Vide  Calderwood's  Hiftory,  and 
the  Biograph.  Scoticana, 

proved 


lSo2.        Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce. 


865 


proved  civilians,  the  principles  of 
Roman  jurilprudence.  He  return- 
ed from  that  city,  and  applied  him- 
fclf  to  the  iXndj  of  the  laws  of  the 
kingdom ;  made  a  rapid  progrefs 
in  all  the  branches  of  legal  know- 
ledge, and  at  lad  began  to  conduct 
his  father's  bufinefs  before  the 
Court  of  Seffion.  That  Court  was 
then,  like  the  other  parts  of  govern- 
ment, corrupt  and  difordered  ;  the 
judges  were  appointed  by  the  in- 
triguing intereft  of  the  prevailing 
party  J  and  juftice  was  too  often 
perverted  to  ferve  the  purpofes  of  a 
powerful  litigant.  In  this  ftate  of 
the  College  of  Juftice,  the  youthful 
mind  of  Robert  Bruce  conceived  an 
averfion  to  the  law.  Although  his 
father  had,  to  ufe  the  expreffion 
of  thofe  times,  got  a  patent  enOir- 
id  for  his  betrg  made  a  Lord  of  Sff- 
■  ftorii  he  bpenly  declared  his  inten- 
tion to  abandon  the  profeflTion  for 
,  that  of  theology.  The  propofal  ex- 
!  cited  the  difpleafure  of  both  his  pa- 
I  rents,  .particularly  of  his  mother, 
who  threatened  to  deprive  him  of 
the  lands  of  Kinnaird,  the  appanage 
defigned  for  him  out  of  the  eftate 
of  Airth,  in  which  he  had  been  re- 
gularly infeofFed.  She  obliged  him 
to  renounce,  in  writing,  his  rights  to 
that  patrimony.  He  refigned  his 
pretenfions,  w^ith  a  firmnefs  of  refo- 
lution  which'  marked  every  future 
a»5tion  of  his  life ;  threw  off  the  em- 
broidered.4  fcarlet  drefs,  which,  at 
that  period,  was  worn  at  Court ; 
and  repaired  to  St  Andrews,  where 
he  immediately  began  the  iludy  of 
theology. 

It  is  one  of  the  acknowledged 
'  principles  of  the  Chriftian  faith, 
that  a  true  minifter  Ihould  be  cal- 
led of  God.  The  religion  of  Jelus 
thrift  cannot  be  taught  in  purity 
>y  one  who  under .akejs  the  cure  of 
buls,  as  if  he  chofe  a  common  pro- 
effion.  The  fir  ft  teachers  of  the 
iofpcl  refigned  many  advantages 
or  the  do(5lrine  of  tbe  Crofs.  Witli- 
VoL.  LXIV. 


out  pretending  to  explain  the  na- 
ture of  his  call,  it  is  certain,  that 
Robert  Bruce  believed  himfclf  cho- 
fen  to  preach  the  fublime  and  au- 
guft  revelation  given  by  God  to 
man  ;  and  in  no  inftance,  through 
life,  did  he  adt  unfuitably  witli  his 
pretenfions. 

Before  proceeding  to  relate  i:he 
ecclefiaftical  caroer  of  Robert  Bruce, 
a  concife  view  of  the  opinions  and 
fpirit  of  the  Scotifh  church,  at  the 
time  when  he  became  a  mmiftcr, 
will  prepare  the  way  for  explaining 
many  complicated  meafures,  both 
of  the  clergy  and  government.  Be- 
fore the  Relbrmation,  the  dovflrines 
of  WicklilFe  and  Luth,r  had  fpread 
throu2:hout  the  kingdom.  Tiiereign 
of  James  V.  had  been  difgraced 
with  executions  of  heretics,  more  at 
the  inftance  of  the  church  than  of 
the  government.  Every  funeral 
pile  of  a  k^^tic  was  a  fignal  for 
fembling  followers  of  his  periuafion. 
The  Cardinals,  Archbilhops,  and 
other  dignit  iries  of  the  Church,  were 
contemptible  for  their  vices,  and 
hatc-:l  for  their  pcrfecuting  fpiric. 
The  king  died,  leaving  a  daughter, 
diiqu.Liraed  by  her  fex  for  repreTmg 
the  turbulence  of  fo  many  afpiring 
nobles,  an  infmt,  and  therefore  fub- 
to  the  views  of  a  carelefs  and 
bigoted  regency,  and  the  moft  un* 
fortunate^  of  all  women,  in  being 
educated  in  that  rehgion  which  her 
fubjects  now  detefted.  Mary  of 
Lorraine  continued  to  rule  her 
daughter's  kingdom,  in  which  eve- 
ry noble  afpired  at  independence. 
The  Lords  in  the  Weft  were  preju- 
diced in  favour  of  Reform,  the/ 
maintained  preachers  in  their  houfes, 
and  joined  in  a  fecret  league  with 
the  Engliih  court.  Their  views 
were,  to  drive  the  French  party  out 
of  the  kingdom,  feize  upon  th« 
church  lands,  expel  the  eltabliihcd 
prelacy,  and  rule  the  natron  at  their 
pleafure.  Tha.t  religion  was  not 
their  only  object,  may  be  learned 
6  A  from 


S66  Biographical  Accomt  of  Robert  Bructf, 


Nor. 


from  their  condu<5l  afterwards.  Bat 
the  minds  of  the  preachers,  and  of 
the  common  people,  were  fincerc 
and  unanimous  in  extirpating  eve- 
ry veftige  of  Popilh  belief.  The 
Cftuncil  and  clergy  endenvoured  to 
oppofe  their  proceedings  in  rain. 
The  preachers,  bcfides  the  radical 
points  which  conllitute  the  differ- 
ence between  all  the  Popifh  and  Re- 
formed churches,  taught  their  pa* 
trons  *  the  following  dodlrines, — 
J.  That  the  form  of  religion  deli- 
neated in  the  Geneva  confeflion, 
tvas  the  only  true,  real,  and  apofto- 
lical  religion  of  Chrift,  exclufive  of 
all  others:  7.  That  the  church, 
ironfiAing  of  its  niinifters,  taken  in  a 
whole  body,  or  lawfully  reprefentcd, 
is  amenable  to  no  power  on  earth  : 
J.  That  kings  may  be  refifted  when 
ailing  contrary  to  the  riews  of  tlie 
church,  and  forced  to  execute  tlic 
decrees  of  that  church  :  j^.  That  it 
SI  the  duty  of  all  branches  of  the 
civil  government  to  extirpate  every 
fpecies  of  religious  opinion  not  con- 
formed to  the  national  ftandard.  In 
the  firft  of  thefe  do(flrines,  the  Re- 
formers appear  to  have  been  right, 
though  it  is  obvious,  that  the  con- 
fciences  of  many  could  not  alfent  to  it. 
1ft  the  hands  of  both  Papifts  and 
Protcftants,  the  fame  principle  has 
produced  the  moft  cruel  and  unwar- 
rantable perfecution.  The  fecond 
is  certainly  juft,  but  the  manner  in 
irhich  it  was  ufed  by  the  Reform- 
crs,  tended  to  fubvert  all  civil  go- 
vernment.  The  third  is  founded 
in  a  general  fenfe  of  the  rights  of 
the  majority  of  a  nation,  whofe  re- 
ligion, and,  of  cpurfe,  whofe  religi- 
ous policy,  ought  not  to  be  oppofed 
by  its  governn^int ;  but  even  this 
is  liable  to  abufe.  The  fourth  is 
perfecution  itfelf  in  plain  terms. 
Thefc  were  the  rigid  ccclefiaftical 


*  Vidt  Knox  and  Caldcrwood's  Hif. 


axioms  of  the  firft  Reformers ;  pro- 
duc'Hve  indeed  of  great  and  gooi 
coufequences,  and  a/Tcrted  by  a  bok 
dy  of  men,  whofe  purity  of  life, 
fimplicity  of  heart,  and  zeal  for  the 
truth  of  the  Gofpel,  have  not  been 
furpaffed  in  any  country ;  but  of 
fuch  a  nature,  in  pradlice,  as  cvi- 
dcntly  injured  the  caufe  which  thcjri 
fupported. 

In  the  courfc  of  a  few  years,  the 
whole  fabrick  of  Popery  was  over- 
thrown.    The  Lord  of  the  (]ongr^\ 
gatifftij  a  name  given  to  the  Protef. 
tant  party,  ravaged  the  kingdor^i 
demolilhcd  the  religious  houfes,  an<ij 
feized  the  patrimony  of  the  Church^ 
The  firft  General  AfTembly  of  Sco^j 
i(h  mini  ft  crs  met  at  Edinburgh,  W'l 
the  year  1560,  where  a  Parliamenll^ 
held  by  confent  of  the  Queen,  th^ 
in  France,  ratified  the  proceedingi'j 
of  the  Reformers.    The  name  <£\ 
Biihop  was  allowed  to  remain,  bul|^  1 
in  power,  he  was  only  a  fimplc  mi* 
nifter ;  and  all  the  prelatical  d[c> 
grees  were  abolifticd.  The  kingdom' 
was  divided  into  drftridts,  and  in  »; 
few  years  after  into  parifhes.  A  riotf, 
ous  hatred  of  Popery  was  ev€ry«»' 
where  difplaycd.    The  pulpits 
founded  with  the  dodrines  aboiF<> 
mentio?u;d  ;  the  bulk  of  the  natioi| 
acquired  a  feverc,  rigid,  and  per* 
haps  in  fome  meafure,  a  fanatical 
fpirit;  though  feldom  have  the  vital 
principles  of  Chriftianity  been  mora 
faithfully  received,  or  more  gen% 
rally  felt,  than  at  that  period.  Thsi 
leading  defeats  of  the  clergy  were,  ^ , 
want  of  charity  for  thofe  of  a  di^; 
ferent  opinion;  a  lude,  inquifitori^ 
fpirit,  which  pried  into  the  fecreti ; 
of  families,  and  of  private  life;  4^ 
contemptuous  and  imprudent  pubf  1 
lie  cenfure  of  the  Sovereign,  whicl^.: 
led  to  fedition  and  anarchy;  an4i 
an  improper  difpofition,  when  noli 
obeyed  by  the  Court,  to  join  wit|i  | 
men  of  immoral  or  famous  charac- 
ter, fuch  at  were  many  of  the  Lor<|s 
•f  the  Congregation,  Arran,  Rutfl|*',i 


tSol.         Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce.  867 


Ten,  Murray,  and  others.  Amongfl: 
the  fathers  of  the  Reformation,  there 
v^as  not  to  be  found  one  minifter 
without  rirtue.  Their  do(arines 
were  fcTcre,  but  their  lives  were 
pure ;  and  whenever  the  better 
part  of  that  difciphne  which  they 
rlLi  blilhcd  lhall  be  loll  in  Scothmd, 
the  total  fall  of  religion  may  be 
predicted  with  certainty. 

Tw  NTY  years  before  Robert 
Bruce  was  appointed  to  be  a  Mini- 
fter in  Edinburgh,  the  unfortunate 
Queen  of  vScotland  arrived  in  her 
native  country.  Immediately  upon 
her  entering  the  pab.ce,  the  ♦  Af- 
fernbly  propofed  to  deny  her  the 
cxercife  of  her  religion.  It  is  not 
with  a  view  of  exciting  refentment 
againll  the  Church,  that  the  fadt  is 
mentioned  in  this  place  ;  for  no 
blame  can  be  attached  to  thoie  who 
adcd  upon  the  principles  of  confci- 
tnce,  in  an  age  which  knew  no  tole- 
ration. The  hillory  by  Knox  is  a  re- 
cord of  the  minds  of  the  clergy  on 
that  occafion.  But  it  is  impoflibie 
to  read  the  zeal  of  the  times  without 
pity.  The  Queen,  who  w^s  depriv- 
ed of  the  religion  in  which  ihc  had 
been  educated  ;  infulted  in  her  own 
palace  ;  told,  to  her  face,  by  the 
clergy,  that  fhc  was  to  he  com- 
pelled to  do  what  they  pleafed,  as  a 
child  compels  his  infane  parent ;  tra- 
duced under  the  name  of  Jezebel  in 
every  pulpit  of  her  kingdom — was, 
in  reaUty,  as  much  a  martyr,  at 
Whhart  or  Hamilton.  While  the 
errors  of  Mary  are  ftilly  acknow- 
ledged, it  does  not  appear  that  Ihe 
was  ever  guilty  of  peifecuting  the 
Reformed  Religion.  It  is  not  im- 
probable that  Ihe  might  have  even 
been  converted  to  that  faith,  which 
the  imprudence  of  the  clergy  ren- 
dered lb  unlike  the  offspring  of 
mercy.  The  Earls  of  Murray, 
Morton,    and   Lennox,   had  the 


*  Vide  Knox's  Hift.  Fol.  Edit, 


addrefs  to  rule  the  Church,  which 
had  violently  dethr^aed^  for  their  in« 
tereft,  its  Sovereign. 

Mr  Knox  died  in  the  year  1572. 
After  him,  the  heads  of  the  Re- 
formed Church  were,  Meffrs  Pont, 
Davidfon,  Lawfon,  Balcanqual,  and 
Robert  Craig  ;  Robert  RoUock,  the 
firft  principal  of  the  College  of 
Edinburgh;  Arbuthnot,  principal 
of  Aberdeen,  and  Smeaton  of  Si 
Andrew's  ;  and,  above  all,  An- 
drew Melville,  ProfefTor  of  Divini* 
ty  in  the  New  College  of  that  city, 
with  his  colleague  David  Black. 
Melville  was  a  man  of  the  moft  vio* 
lent  temper,  regardlcfs  of  fear,  andat^ 
tached  to  the  c()ailitution  of  theScot- 
iOi  church,  in  its  utmod  extent.  Pie 
addreffed,  with  equal  boldnefs,  the 
King  and  the  meaneft  of  his  fubjedsc 
He  had  itudied  abroad,  and  preach- 
ed at  Geneva,  where  he  imbibed 
all  the  dodrines  of  Calvin  and  Be- 
za,  the  latter  of  whom  was  his  in* 
timate  triend.  He  returned  to 
Scotland  in  the  year  1574,  after  an 
ahfence  of  ten  years,  and  was  ap- 
pointed principal  of  the  College  of 
Glafgow,  by  the  General  AiTem- 
bly.  The  Regent  Morton,  in  the 
year  1576,  when  endeavouring  to 
introduce  Epifcopacy,  offered  Mel- 
ville the  rich  parfonage  of  Govan,  ia 
addition  to  his  other  offices,  with  a 
view  to  fecure  his  approbation  of 
thofe  meafures  :  but  he  reje(fted  the 
oifer  with  fcorn.  In  a  few  years 
after,  he  was  removed  to  St  An- 
drew's, and  made  Profeffor  of  Di- 
vinity in  one  of  the  colleges.  In 
the  afTembly  1582,  he  inveighed 
bitterly  againfl  the  encroachments 
on  the  liberty  of  the  Alfembly, 
made  by  the  King  and  Council, 
and,  boldly  advancing  to  the  Coun- 
cil table,  figned  the  articles  for  rc- 
drefs  of  grievances,  prefentcd  by 
the  Commiffion  of  the  Church.  In 
the  beginning  of  February  1584, 
he  was  fummoned  to  appear  before 
the  Secret  Council,  for  feditious 
i  A  a  fpeecbes 


868         Bhgrophical  Account 

fpeeclies,  in  a  faft  day  fermon,  by 
wiiich  he  had  olLndcd  the  govein- 
jnciit.  F,c  appeared,  denied  the 
charge,  d-clined  the  authority  of 
any  Civil  Court  in  matters  oi  reli- 
gion, and  appealed  to  a  trial,  at  St 
i^ndrew's,  by  his  brethren,  and  the 
teitimony  of  his  own  congregation. 
The  University  fen t  Mr  Bruce,  then 
a  ii'i.^cn.  iu  theoh >gy  and  Mr  Ro- 
bert Wiikie,  with  an  atteltation, 
figned  by  30  of  that  body,  declar- 
ing his  innocence.  The  Chancel- 
lor A '■i  an,  raged  againit  his  pretend- 
ed obiilnacy  ;  but  Melville,  draw- 
ing a  lirrle  Hebrew  bible  from  his 
gucle,  laid  it  on  the  council  board, 
ana,  after  declining  the  auihority  of 
the  Court,  boldly  exclaimed,  *  There 
are  r\\y  inihudions  and  wan  ant; 
fee  if  any  of  you  can  controul  me.' 
He  was  condemned  tC)  be  impj  iJon- 
cd  in  EdinoUiQ^h  Caftle,  during  the 
Krng^s  plcafure  ;  but,  underilai-d- 
ing  that  he  was  to  be  fent  to  Black 
nefs,  a  CalUe  kept  by  Arran,  his 
mortal  enemy  ;  while  An  an'*  horfe- 
nien  waited  for  him  at  the  Welt- 
port,  he  efcaped,  and  in  twenty-four 
ht>urs,  reached  Berwick.  Lawfon, 
the  fuc'jellbr  of  Knox  in  the  Church 
of  Edinburgh.,  and  his  colleague 
Balcanquai,  fojnded  his  praifes  in 
the  pulpit,  and  lemembcred  him  in 
the  public  prayers,  to  the  g*eat 
plealuie  of  the  people^  and  offence 
of  the  Courc.  . 

Robert  Bruce  remained  at  St  An- 
drew 's,  till  the  return  of  his  precep- 
tor Mclviilc,  who  was  permitted  to 
refume  his  offices  in  the  year  1586- 
The  Synod  of  Fife  having  excommu- 
nicated Adamfon,  titular  Bifhop  of 
that  city,  the  BUhop  retorted  with 
a  fentehce  •  of  tlie  feme  nature  a- 
gainft  Melville,  and  his  nephew.  A 
quarrel  enfued  between  the  parties 
attached  to  the  prelate  and  minify 
ters.  The  Meivilles  were  again  fen- 
tenccd  by  the  council  to  baniftimentj 
in  the'diltrict  of  Angus  and  Mearns; 
"where  it  was  pretended  they  might 
d.eck  the  Papifts.  The  Dean  of  Fa- 


of  Rohert  Bruce.  NovJj 

culty,  and  the  Mafters  of  the  CoIp 
lege  ot  St  Andrew's,  were  lent  to 
Hoiyroodhoufe,  to  intercede  for 
their  profeffor;  and  Melville,  was,  a 
fecoiii  time,  permitted  to  return  to 
his  oBice,  in  which  he  laboured 
witli  great  appiaule,  during  tho  1 
wintei-  of  the  year  1586-7.  Multiw 
tudes  reforted  to  the  difputation^  of 
him,  and  his  fcholar  Bruce,  who 
now  debated  on  the  comparative 
merits  of  Prefbytery  and  Epifco- 
pacy,  with  fuch  abilities  and  ener- 
gy, as  feemed  to  their  audience,  to 
decide  that  queftion. 

James  VI.  was  perhaps  the  firft 
of  his  illuilriou  family,  that  amied 
in  a  fyltematic  manner  at  arbitrary 
power.    The  barons  were  Hill  both 
able  and  willing  to  infult  the  Throne';  | 
but  the  Scotifh  church  feems   to  ^ 
have  laboured  for  complete  inde- 
pendence.   On  both  fides,  the  en- 
croachment was  great ;  ahd  hence 
the  clergy  were  perpetually  afferting 
the  liberty  of  the  church,  to  which 
the   King  had  conceived  an  aver- 
fion.    It  is  impodible  to  defend  the 
conduct  of  either  party ^;  the  popu-  - 
lar  odium,  at  this  day,  lies  indeed 
on  that  Prince;  but,  whoever  ex- 
amines the  hillories  of  Knox  and . 
Calderwood,   works  compofed  by  S 
minifters  of  the  Church,  w^ill  plain- 1 
ly  difcover,  that  its  difcipline  ap-j 
proached  to  tyranny.     Charles  I. 
and  his   two  fucceiTors,  pcrfecuteA 
both  the  liberties  of  the  Church  and 
the  people  ;  but  his  lather  only  op* 
pofed  a  hierarchy,  which  had  near* 
iy  fubjugated  the  Throne.  | 

In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1587,  | 
the  unhappy  Mary,  Queen  of  ScotJ 
land,  was  condemned  to  die  by  the 
hands  of  the  executioner.    Her  fon 
came  to  the  Church  of  St  Giles, 
and,  having  obliged  Cowper  the 
miniiler,  who,  along  with  the  re 
of  his  brethren,  had  refufed  to  prai 
for  her,  to  defcend  from  the  pulpi 
the  titular  Bifhop  of  St  Andrew'^ 
performed  that  chriitian  duty.  El 
zabeth  was  the  idol  of  the  Prefbyta 


j8oi-        Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce. 


rian  Clergy,  who  applauded  her  vi- 
olation of  the  laws  of  nature  and 
nations,  in  the  perfon  of  their  un- 
fortunate S'^vereign.  The  minif- 
ters  of  E'imourgh,  for  this  uncha- 
rit-  difobedience,  were  commit- 
ted to  Blacknefs  Caftle,  and  the  ci- 
ty wanted  divine  fervice  for  a  week, 
as  neither  Craig  nor  Duncanfon,  the 
King's  chaplains,  would  fuppiy  their 
place.  At  laft  *,  the  newb  of  the 
8th  of  February  arrived  from  Po- 
ther ingay,  and  were  received  with 
joy  by  li^^  minillry. 

On  the  20Lh  of  June,  the  AfTcmbly 
met  at  Edinburgh,  and  Melville,  the 
moderator,  prefented  to  the  brethren 
bis  pupil  Mr  Bruce.  He  was  urged  by 
the  minifters  to  accept  of  thepaitoral 
:harge,  in  the  place  of  Mr  Lawfon, 
tfvho  had  been  appointed,  by  Knox, 
is  his  fucceffor  in  the  year  1572  ; 
^ut  who  had  been  obliged,  along 
^vith  feveral  others,  to  flee  into  Eng- 
land, for  approving  off  the  raiJ  o£ 
Ruthven.  He  died  at  London,  on 
.he  i2th  of  Odobcr  1584.  Mr  Bruce 
leclincd  to  accept  the  charge  fimp/i- 
'  iter,  but  promiled  to  preach  in  the 
:ity  till  the  next  fynod,  in  order  to 
:ry  his  abilities  for  the  facred  office. 
VVithin  a  few  weeks  after,  being 
ucient  at  the  adminiftration  of  the 
acrament,  one  of  the  minifters  em- 
ployed in  the  fervice,  defired  Mr 
Bruce  to  fit  by  him,  and,  after  hav- 
ng  difpenfed  the  ordinance  in  part, 
'Vent  out  of  the  church,  as  if  to  re- 
urn  in  a  fhort  time.  Inftead  of 
^at,  he  fent  word  to  Mr  Bruce, 
hat  if  he  did  not  ferve  the  reft  of 
he  tables,  the  work  muft  Hop.  Mr 
Bruce,  not  knowing  the  caufe  of 
his,  and  imagining  the  minifter  to 
iave  been  taken  with  a  fudden  ill- 
iefs,  as  the  eyes  of  all  the  congrega- 


*  Calderwood,  p.  114. 

t  The  raid,  or  expedition  of  Ruth- 
'cn,  w?s  a  plot  of  certain  Lord:^,  to 
-arry  off  the  King,  and  after  havine 
'Onfincd  him  amongft  themfelves,  to 
't>age  hun  to  ratify  their  own  mea. 
<irc5.  (Anno  1582.) 


tion  were  fixed  on  him,  and  many  en* 
treated  him  to  undertake  the  fervice, 
proceeded  to  the  remainder  of  the 
difpenfation.  His  gifts  in  prayer 
and  exhortation  were  fo  powerful, 
that  the  emotion  of  his  audience  was 
fuch,  as  had  never  before  been 
known  in  that  place. 

In  the  month  of  July  1587, 
Mr  Bruce  alccndcd  the  pulpit  of 
John  Knox,  the  father  of  the  Re- 
formation  in  Scotland,  In  him,  the 
church  acquired  a  leader,  poffe/Ted 
of  fplendid  abihties,  and  knowledge 
of  the  world,  a  principal  adtor  ia 
the  beft  period  of  her  hiftory,  and  a 
conftant  and  (Irenuous  maintainer  of 
her  dodrine  and  difcipline.  The 
power  and  efficacy  of  the  Holy  Spi- 
rit,  feemed  to  be  prefent  in  his  mi- 
nillry. Vice  ffirunk  before  the  au- 
thority with  which  he  rebuked  it. 
The  people  flocked  to  him  ;  and  the 
Court,  naturally  inclined  to  interefl: 
and  pieafure,  blended  refped  with 
fear. 

Mr  Bruce,  on  his  accepting  the 
paftoral  charge,  refufed  to  receive, 
in  the  ordinary  way,  the  impofition 
of  handi.  That  ceremony,  though 
certainly  apo  tolical,  has  not  been 
confidered  by  the  Reformed  Church- 
es, as  eflential  ^to  ordination  ;  and 
many  of  the  early  minifters  had 
been  admitted  without  it.  He  judg- 
ed the  call  of  the  people,  and  ap- 
probation of  the  miniftry,  the  ma- 
terial  parts  of  ordination;  and  as 
he  had  difpenfed  the  facrament,  he 
could  not  allow  any  ceremony  to  dif- 
annul  that  adion. 

The  General  Affembly  of  the 
Church  met  at  Edinburgh,  on  the 
6th  of  February  1588.  It  was  con- 
vened exir  a  or^/ifiewy  in  order  to  take 
into  confideration  the  ftate  of  the 
country,  and  us  dangers  from  the 
Popilh  party.  The  fieet  of  Philip 
II.  Kmg  of  Spain,  had  put  to  fea^ 
and  threatened  the  liberties  of  the 
whole  ifland.  Mr  Bruce  was  chofea 
moderatoi^  in  that  affembly,  the 
chief  bufinefs  of  which,  was  con. 
ceromg  Popilh  aflbciaiions.    In  the 


8^0         Biographical  Account  of  Rohert  Bruce.  Not 


ninth  fcfflon,  the  Chancellor  accuf. 
cd  a  minifter  of  the  name  of  Gib- 
fon,  for  preaching,  that  the  King 
had  been  the  real  caufe  of  all  the 
evils  brought  upon  the  church  by 
Arran  ;  and  tl^at,  if  he  perfiftcd  in 
thofe  meafures,  he  would  be  like 
yerohoam,  iht  Jon  of  Nebot^  the  lilft 
of  his  race.  The  Chancellor  urged 
the  cenfure  of  the  church  ;  the  mi- 
nifter was  appointed  to  ftand  trial 
in  the  iithfeOTion;  but,  failing  to 
appear,  he  was  judged  contumaci- 
cus,  and  fufpended  during  the  plea- 
fure  of  the  Court.  On  diat  night, 
the  moderator  thought  he  heard  a 
voice  faying  to  him,  in  the  Latin 
language,  *  Why  haft  thou  been 
prefent  at  the  condemnation  of  my 
iervant  ?* 

The  Invincible  Armada  of  Spain, 
in  the  months  of  July  and  Auguft, 
periflied  by  the  winds  and  waters 
on  the  coafts  of  Britain.  On  the 
thankfgiving  day,  appointed  for 
this  celeftial  deliverance,  Mr  Bruce 
preached,  at  Edinburgh,  from  the 
76th  pfalm.  The  ♦  two  fermons 
on  this  fubje<ft,  were  pubhlhed  in 
1591,  and  diiplay  a  ftrength  of  fen- 
timent  and  language  leldom  to  be 
met  with  in  the  writers  of  thoie 
times.  The  ftyle  is  animated  and 
bold,  and  the  arguments  are  pro- 
per and  forcible. 

-  At  this  important  crifis  of  affairs, 
there  were  three  parties  iu  Scodand, 
The  Pcpifti  fadion  confifted  of  the 
Earls  ofCrawfurd,  Huntly,  Errol, 
and  Bothwcll,  with  their  followers. 
The  party  of  the  Church,  confifting 
of  thofe  Lords,  who  had  been  ba- 
niflied  for  the  Raid  of  Ruth'ven  \ 
many  of  whom  had  adled  in  the  Re- 
formation, and  now  depended  for 
ftipport  on  the  Engliih  Court.  With 
thefe,  went  the  whole  body  of  the 
leading  clergy,  and  all  tliat  labour - 


•  Vide,  ■Scrajous  by  Robert  Bruce, 
printed  by  Waldegrave,  i5>r. 


cd  for  the  authority  of  the  Church. 

The  laft  was  that  of  the  Sovereign, 
compofed  of  the  fccret  favourers  oi 
Epifcopacy,  the  titular  Biftiops,  and 
the  immediate  fervants  of  th« 
Crown.  The  commiffion  of  tht 
Church  was  appointed  at  this  tira< 
to  meet  weekly,  of  which  Mr  Bruci 
was  a  principal  member.  The  Pa- 
pifts  were  profecnted  throughoul 
the  kingdom,  by  a  regularly  orga- 
nized  body,  with  the  utmoft  fevc- 
rity. 

On  the  17th  of  February  15S9, 
the  Queen  of  England  tranfmitted 
to  the  King,  the  dilcovery  of  a  con. 
fpiracy  of  the  Popifh  Lords,  abet- 
ted by  Spain,    Huntly,  Errol,  an' 
BothwcU,  who  were  then  at  Cour* 
were  imprifoned,  but  with  no  grea 
feverity.     They  found  means  o 
gaining  the  King's  pardon;  buttht 
Church  infifted  on  their  rcpentancf 
in  public,  which,  on  farther  con! 
deration,  was  difpenfed  with.  Th 
King  embarked  at  Leith  on  thi 
2 2d  of  0<51ober,  for  Norway,  in  or 
der  to  meet  his  Queen,  Anne 
Denmark.  At  his  departure,  he  ear 
neftly  requefted  Mr  Robert  Bruc? 
to  m.ake  himfeif  acquainted  with  thf 
affairs  of  the  nation,  and  proceed- 
ings of  the  council ;  profeffing,  that 
he  placed  more  confidence  in  hirn 
and  the  miniftry,  than  in  the  whok 
of  his  nobles.    His  Majefty  was  not 
difappointed  in  his  choice,  for  the 
councry  never  had  been  in  greater 
peace,  than  during  the  whole  \ 
his  abfence  ;  though  few  months  I 
weeks  before  paft  without  murd 
or  bloodfbcd. 

While  the  King  was  abfent,  1! 
Earl  of  Bothweli  offered  to  I 
Bruce  and  Mr  Robert  Rollock,  ' 
make  his  public  repentance^.  C 
Tuefday  the  9  th  of  November,  ' 
the  forenoon,  he  humbled  himfi 
in  the  Eaft  Kirk,  and  in  the  Gre 
Kirk  in  the  afternoon.  Rob< 
Bruce  preached  a  fermon  froni 
Tim.  chap,  2.  v.  22--26,  which  h 

printcc 


lio2. 


Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce. 


871 


printed  in  the  colle(fHon,  1591,  and 
abounds  with  good  fenfe,  in  point- 
ed and  elegant  language.  When 
the  lermon  was  ended,  the  Earl  of 
Bothwell  upon  his  knees,  confeffed 
his  diflbiute  and  hcentious  life,  and, 
with  tears  in  his  eyes,  uttered  the 
following  words,  *  I  wald  wiih  to 
God,  that  I  might  niak  fik  a  re- 
pentance, as  mine  heart  craveth  ; 
and  I  defire  you  all  to  pray  for  it.' 
But  it  was  the  repentance  of  Efau, 
and  foon  effaced  by  greater  enormi- 
ties. 

On  the  5th  of  January,  a  falfe  a- 
larm  of  an  invafion  by  the  Spani- 
ards was  fpread  through  Edin- 
burgh. The  citizens  wore  armour 
in  ordinary.  A  corrcfpondence  be- 
tween Archbifhop  Bancroft,  and  an 
Englifli  bookfeller,  in  Edinburgh,  of 
the  name  of  Norton,  was  deteded 
by  the  clergy.  It  contained  a  fet 
of  curious  queries,  relatirc  to  the 
ftate  of  the  church  and  nation,  which 
evidently  (bowed  the  defign  of  the 
writer.  At  that  time,  the  Puritans 
in  England,  were  treated  by  the 
Queen  ai»d  Convocation  with  great 
Feverity.  The  Scotilh  Church  was 
offended  at  thcfe  proceedings,  which 
die  King  was  in  a  fliort  time  ,to  di- 
re^ againft  the  clergy  themfelves. 

Mr  Bruce  received  a  letter  from 
the  King  on  the  19th  of  February 
1590,  in  which  his  Majcfty  profef- 
*ed  himfelf  obliged  to  Mr  Bruce 
*^hilc  he  ftiould  live,  for  the  labour 
le  had  taken  in  keeping  his  fubjeds 
n  good  order ;  and  requefted  him 
;o  perfevere  in  that  battle  till  his  ar- 
rival, which  would  be  *  like  a  thief 
n  the  night.'  I'he  letter  is  charac^ 
:eriftic  of  the  prolix,  if  not  pedantic, 
■nanner  of  writing  peculiar  to  James 
^I.  Maitland,  the  Chancellor,  ad- 
led  another,  in  which  he  fignified 
0  Mr  Bruce,  that  his  pains  in  com- 
)ofing  differences,  and  obviatingfac- 
ious  pcrfons,had  been  nofmallocca- 
ion  of  the  quietnefs  %n  hoc  quasi  in- 
-rregnop  and  tha^  the  King  was  well 
nCsrmcd  of  it^ 


The  Secret  Council,  on  the  1 3tlt 
of  March,  at  the  inftance  of  the 
Church,  granted  a  licence  to  WaU 
degrave  the  printer,  to  print  the  Na*- 
tional  Covenant  or  Confeffion  of 
Faith.  The  King  and  Queen  ar« 
rived  on  the  id  of  May.  She  was 
crowned  in  the  Abbey  Church  oa 
the  lyth,  at  which  ceremony 
Meffrs.  Bruce,  Lindfey,  Balcaiv- 
qual,  and  the  Royal  Chaplains  were 
appointed  to  affilt.  On  the  24th  the 
King  came  to  the  great  Church,  and 
returned  thanks  to  Mr  Bruce,  and 
the  Clergy  in  general,  for  the  religi- 
ous and  civil  care  of  his  kingdom, 
which  they  had  taken  in  his  abfence^ 
The  minifters  were  in  the  height  of 
favour,  and  full  of  hopes  with  re- 
gard to  the  extirpation  of  Poper j 
and  Epifcopacy,  and  of  a  full  c- 
ftablifhmcnt  and  provifion  for  the 
Church ;  hopes  which  were  never  !• 
be  accompHlhed. 

On  the  9th  of  June  1590,  Robert 
Bruce  *  was  contradled  in  marriage 
to  Margaret,  daughter  of  Jamei 
Douglas  of  Parkhead,  who,  a  fcvr 
years  before,  had  killed  James 
Stuart  Earl  of  Arran,  the  inve- 
terate enemy  of  the  Church.  In 
this  alliance.  Sir  Alexander  Bruce, 
along  with  his  fon,  became  bound 
for  a  fuitable  pro vi lion  to  that  ladv 
during  her  life,  out  of  the  lands  of 
Kinnaird,  which  were  anew  beftow- 
ed  on  her  hufband.  This  was  the 
brighteft  period  in  the  hfe  of  Robert 
Bruce,  he  was  now  high  in  fortune 
and  in  fame,  in  the  confidence  of 
his  Sovereign,  the  Church,  and  the 


♦  Original  Contra^,  pcr^j  J.  Bruce 
of  Kinnaird,  Eiq.  This  deed  is  fub- 
fcribed  by  Robert  Bruce,  minuter  ot 
Chriil's  Evangeil,  ana  (Viargantc  Dou- 
glas j  Janies  Douglas  of  Parkhead,  aud 
Marion  Douglas  his  wife  ;  James  Dou- 
glas of  Spott,and  James  R'chardfon  of 
Smeaton.  Lattly,  by  Alexan ..er  B  ucc 
of  Airth,  and  hiS  Lady,  Jauet  Livin-^. 
ltc?n. 

natioa. 


872  Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce. 


Nor, 


nation.  But  many  days  of  forrow 
vrere  faft  approaching. 

The  National  Covenant,  or  Con- 
feffion  of  Faith,  had  been  figned  by  all 
Tanks  in  the  beginning  of  the  year. 
On  the  .  oth  day  of  Anguft,  the 
King  came  into  the  General  Alfem- 
bly  ;  and,  after  having  promifed  full 
ratification  of  the  liberties  of  the 
Church,  and  his  concurrence  for  pro- 
vifion  of  a  fuitable  ftipend  in  every 
parifli,  he  rofc,  uncovered  his  head, 
and  with  his  eyes  and  hands  lifted 
tip  to  heaven,  broke  out,  as  it  were, 
in  an  extacy  of  thankfgiving  to 
God,  "  That  he  was  born  in  fuch  a 
time,  as  in  the  time  of  the  light  of 
the  gofpel  ;  and  that  Hehdd  honour- 
ed him  to  be  King  in  fuch  a  place, 
and  over  fuch  a  kirk,  the  finccreft 
J^irk  in  the  world."  The  audience 
were  greatly  affeded  with  this  de- 
claration of  the  King,  and  burft  in- 
to prayers  for  the  continuance  of  his 
life  and  government.  In  the  year 
following,  Adamfon,  Archbiihop  of 
St  Andrew's,  being  in  bad  health, 
excommunicated,  and  reduced  to 
great  proverty,  recanted  his  former 
opinions.  He  died  foon  after.  He 
was  a  man  of  confiderable  learning, 
and  moderate  principles ;  but  un- 
Jiappy  in  living  in  an  age  which 
knew  no  mediimi,  either  in  politics 
or  in  faith.* 

On  the  6th  of  June  1592,  the 
King  came  to  the  Little  Kiik  to 
hear  Mr  Bruce's  fermon.  Mr  Bruce 
moved  the  queftion,  "  What  could 
the  great  difobedience  of  the  land 


*  See  a  curious  libel  on  the  charac- 
ter of  this  Prelate,  in  DalyeJlV  Anci- 
ent Scotiih  Poems,  VoU  II f 


mean  now,  while  the  King  wai  pre* 
fent ;  feeing  fome  reverence  wats 
borne  to  his  fhadow  while  he  was 
abfent :  and  anfwered,  that  it  meau- 
cd  the  univerfal  contempt  of  his  fub- 
jedls.''  He  therefore  exhorted  the 
King  "  to  call  to  God,  before  he  ei- 
ther ate  or  diank,  that  the  Lord 
would  give  him  a  refolution  to  ex- 
ecute jitlHce  on  malefadors,  altho' 
it  ihould  be  with  the  hazard  of  his 
life  :  which,  if  he  would  enterprizc 
courageoufly,  the  Lord  would  raifc 
enough  to  alfiri:,  and  all  his  impcdj- 
inents  would  vanifh  away.  Other- 
wife  (faid  he)  you  will  not  be  fuf- 
fered  to  enjoy  your  crown  alcne^ 
but  fvery  man  will  have  one.*'  i 

The  Parliament,  on  the  5th  dfi 
June  1592,  palTed  the  long  cxpec* 
ted  and  conclufive  a(5l,  by  which ' 
Prefbytcry  was  eftablifhedas  the  re^-^ 
ligion  of  Scotland.    It  included  t 
ratification  of  the  liberties  of  tht 
Church,  of  her  general^  and  Proviiik 
cial  Synods,  Prefbyteries,  and  Seft 
fions,  with  the  abrogation  or  explsci^ 
nation  of  all  previous  a<5ls  inconfit  ; 
tent  with  the  fame;  and -ordaiiicd; 
prefentations  to  benefices  to  be  direc*^ 
ted  to  Prefbytcries,  who  were  therc^; 
by  impow^ered  to  collate,  and  put  ' 
order  to  all  ecclefiaftical  matter** ' 
Maitland,  the  Chancellor,  promoted  ' 
this  ftatute,  in  order  to  appeafe  thct ' 
clergy,  who  threatened  to  profecute 
him  for  the  concern  he  had  in  thci' 
murder  of  the  Earl  of  Murray,  hf  ' 
the  hands  of  the  Earl  of  Huntley." 
The  whole  affairs  of  the  Church 
were  at  that  time  eonduifled  by  Mel- 
vil  and  Bruce  ;  and  to  them  it  is  in* 
debted  for  its  eftablifliment. 

(To  be  continued,) 


stricture| 


r*8o2. 


873 


STPaCTURES  ON  Mr  LAING'S  DISSERTATION  on  the 
POEMS  OF  OSSIAN. 


(Continued  fr 

V-  Original  of  the  Poems,  p.  399. 

We  now  come  to  the  rile  and 
origin  of  the  poems.  Mr  M*Pher- 
fon,  it  feems,  encouraged  by  Wilkies' 
Epigoniad,  &c.  pubh/hed  the  High- 
lander at  Edinburgh  in  J758,  four 
yecirs  before  the  appearance  of  Fin- 
gal.  "  The  difcovery  of  an  Epic 
poem,  by  the  tranflator  of  Offian, 
is  itfelf  the  ftrongeft  proof  that  the 
author,  not  fucceeding  in  poetry 
profeffedly  modem,  afcribed  his 
fubfequent  prOdudions  to  a  re- 
mote antiquity,  to  enfure  a  more 
favourable  reception,  and  attrad 
die  public  attention  to  their  merit. 
But  the  argument  becomes  in'uincl- 
hle,  if  it  fhall  appear  that  the  fame 
plot,  and  inflated  phrafeology,  the 
fame  imagery  and  incidents  are  re- 
peated and  preferved  in  the  poemiS 
of  Offian."  The  Highlander  is  a 
beautiful  poem  ;  and,  from  the  ftile, 
may  be  eafily  known  to  be  the  pro- 
dudion  of  one  acquainted  with  the 
original  poems  of  Offian,  fimilar 
imagery  and  incidents  frequently 
occuriing,  as  pointed  out  by  Mr 
Laing.  I  remember,  long  ago,  of 
hearing  from  a  gentleman,  if  I  mif- 
take  not,  mentioned  in  one  of  Mr 
Laing's  notes,  that  Mr  M'Pherfon, 
on  hearing  that  Mr  Stone  was  col- 
leding,  began  alfo  to  fearch  after 
the  old  poems  rehearfed  by  the 
Highlanders.  A  few  fragments 
firil  colleded,  fuggelled  to  him  the 
idea  of  writing  the  Highlander, 
which  he  publifhed  accordingly  ; 
and  fome  time  thereafter,  having^ 
Ihown  fome  tranflated  fragments  of 
You  LXIV, 


m  p.  805.) 

Offian  to  his  friends,  they  prevailed 
on  him  to  publifh  them.  This. pub- 
lication being  much  approved  of, 
he  was  afterwards  induced  to  make 
a  farther  fearch  in  the  Highlands, 
when  difcovering  a  great  many 
more,  he  was  enabled  thereby  to 
publilh  a  very  conliderable  collec- 
tion. This  hiftory  I  then  believed, 
and  from  any  thing  Mr  Laing  has 
faid,  I  have  no  reufon  to  doubt  of 
it  now.  Dr  Smith  has  faved  many 
more  of  thcfe  poems  from  oblivion  ; 
and  were  we  to  believe  Mr  Laing, 
they,  too,  mufl:  have  been  forged, 
to  corroborate  the  forgeries  of 
M'Pherfon. 

As  to  what  is  faid  of  the  tranfla- 
tor's  obfcure  and  indigent  fituation, 
&c.  (p.  407.)  It  feems  rather  the 
overflowing  of  a  rancorous  heart 
than  an  argument.  What  may  have 
raifed  his  fury  againft  Mr  M'Pher- 
fon,  I  know  not,  neither  do  I  fup- 
pofe  he  knows  himfelf, — 

Non  zmo  te  Bithyne,  nec  -polTium 

dice  re  quaie  ; 
Hoc  taiuuui  poilara  dicere,  non  amQ 

te. 

Mr  Laing  next  adduces  "  Fin- 
gal,  as  already  ikelched  out  from 
the  Irifli  ballads,  and  traditions  of 
his  battles  with  Magnus  and  others. 
That  many  of  Offian's  poems  may 
have  reached  Ireland,  no  body  can 
deny  ;  but  that  Fingal  was  fird 
fxcetched  out  there,  is  not  fo  proba- 
ble. The  very  name  Fingal,  ot 
J^ion-gael;  /.  s.  Fion  the  CuUdonian^ 
6  B  m2k^% 


Siridliires  on  Laing^s  Dissertation^  i^c.  Nov. 


makes  againft  it.  Thus,  in  the 
Tiamnt2  Ghuillof  Smith,  he  is  called 
Fionn-Ghael  to  diRingiiilh  his  coun- 
try. We  have  Fingal  in  Barhour^s 
Bruce <f  written  500  years  ago.  Boe- 
tliius  calls  him  Finnauum  filium 
Coeli,  Fyn  Mac  Ccul  vulgari  voca- 
bulo,  Scotict  funi^umis.  In  an  Iriih 
})oem  quoted  by  Mr  M*Pherlbn  in 
Cathioda,his  father  is  called  Comhal 
tia  h^Alb'tn^  or  Comhal  of  Albion  ; 
and  in  another  pueA,  part  of  the 
original  of  which  is  given  in  a  note 
on  Temora,  C  air  bar  threatens  to 
hunt  on  the  hills  of  Albion,  and 
carry  the  fpoil  to  Ireland  ;  and 
Ofcai-  replies,  that  next  day  he 
v»-ould  carry  the  fpoils  of  Ireland 
into  Albion.  Neither  has  Mr  Laing 
faid  that  M*Phcrfon  v/eiit  to  Ireland, 
to  pick  up  fragments  ;  but  that  two 
years  "  after  liis  retreat  to  the  High- 
lands, the  poems  of  Ofllan  were 
prepared  for  the  prefs,"  fo  the  ori- 
ginal mull  truly  have  been  found  in 
Scotland  ;  and  that  they  were  Gae- 
lic poems,  not  Irilh,  we  may  guefs 
from  Lalng's  note,  (p.  393.)  where 
he  fays,  That  there  are  fome  MS. 
of  antiquity  in  the  Highlands,  lhave 
no  doubt,  but  thefe  are  evidently 
Irifh,  as  the  characters  are  neither 
fanahar  to  the  Highlanders  ^  nor  under' 
jtood  by  their  lest  scholars 

As  to  the  criticifms  in  note, 
(p.  407.)  fome  of  them  are  not 
worthy  of  notice. — Othcis  prove 
that  M'Pherfon  muft  have  tranlla- 
ted  from  originals,  as  he  copies  in- 
cidents and  expreffions,  which,  had 
he  been  fabricator,  he  never  would 
have  done.  It  is  alfo  evident, 
from  what  is  fiid  in  the  note,  and 
from  what  we  obferve  throughout 
M*Pherfon  and  Smith's  collections, 
that  there  were  various  oral  re- 
liearfals  and  different  readings  of 
the  old  poems,  both  in  Scotland 
and  Ireland  :  In  like  manner  the 
Scots, and  Englifli  editions  of  Ghevy 
Chace  differ  materially,  as  well  as 
fo$U9,  ether  ballads  noticed -by  Dr 


Piercy.    As  a  man  of  tafte,  Mr 
M'Pherfon  would  no  doubt  chufe 
the  be  ft  edition  ;  and  when  he  found 
a  good  fragment,  he  might  weave 
it  in  with  Fingal  or  Temora  ;  b 
fides,  'tis  not  impoffible  that  he  m^. 
have  helped  the  language  at  times, 
and  gLjffed   over  ridiculous  inci- 
dents.   As  to  the  Maid  of  Crac; 
"  the  oniy  fragment^  fays  Mr  Lain; 
for  i.thich  thsre  n  the  least  authority^ 
but  which,  he  fays,  differs-  from  th 
Iriih  one,  the  probability  is,  th.- 
M*Pherfon  found  out  a  better  ed 
tion  than  the  one  imported  to  Ir^ 
land,  which  might  be  corrupted  b 
Irifh  bards  ;  and  Caledonic  name 
of  phices  tranfpofed  into  thofe  0. 
their  own  country.    It  will  be  no* 
ticed,  however,  that  the  Irifh  poem? 
were  hardly  ever  heard  of,  till  aftq 
M*Pherfon's  were  publilhed. 

VI.  We  now  come  to  /mhaiion,. 
(p.  409.)  to  which  I  have  alread}. 
fpoken  in  the  beginning.  Imita 
tions  have  often  been  dreamed  b) 
critics,  where  none  were  intended 
The  Spe6tator  difcovers  a  great  fimi; 
larity  between  Virgil's  j^neid  an^ 
Chevy  Chace,  although  every  hod% 
muft  fee  that,  where  circumrfance 
and  incidents  are  alike,  the  lelatio 
of  them  falls  to  be  fimilar.  Lon 
Piercy's  fpeech  over  Douglas,  1 
compared  to  that  of  jEneas  ov^ 
Laufus,  when  it  may  be  equal! 
compared  to  David's  Lamentatifili 
over  Saul  and  Jonathan.  Men^fli 
genius  in  every  age  and  clime,  wh^ 
painting  from  nature,  muft  ufe  fiiAi 
lar  ideas,  and  in  defcribing  a  w^ri 
horfe,  although  entirely  ignorant'© 
Job,  may  fpeak  a  fimilar  langusfgtlj 
Thus  v/e  /lee  Hefiod  and  OfE^i 
fpeaking  alike  of  the  plaintive 
of  the  crane  before  a  ftorm,  aXft 
both  mentioning  the  cuckoo  of  tAi 
of  the  Spring.  A  late  Ami  jacobi| 
Review  has  noticed  the  great  fiirf 
larity  between  Bruger  and  Bur4 
and  adduced  ftanzas  fo  like,  that  J 
can  fcai*cely  help  thinking  tljiat^U 


i-8o2.         Stridures  on  Laing*s  Dissertation^  i^c.  875 


•me  had  copied  from  the  other  ;  yet, 
1  'tis  morally  certain,  that  not  one  of 
I  them  knows  of  the  others  writings. 

The  idea  of  the  hawlcs  of  heaven 
,  eafting  on  the  llain,  would  as  na- 
r  arally  occur  to  Offian  as  to  Lod- 
\  >ock  ;  and  female-beauty  be  equally 
idrnired  by  Solomon,  Ollian,  Ti- 
i  )ullus,  and  Milton.    In  every  na- 
,  ion  where  round  ihields  were  uf^d, 
;  heir  poets  would  naturally  com- 
'  we  the  moon  to  a  lliield,  and  a 
ineld  to  the  moon.    In  Ihort,  were 
:omparifons  to   detedt  imitations, 
would  have  critics  to  aifert,  that 
he  4th  Eclogue  of  Virgil  was  moll- 
y  borrowed  from  the  1 1  th  chapter 
)i  Ifaiah. 
I  find  nothing  unanfwered  till 
,  ve  come  to  p.  420,  and  421,  where 
he  following   quotation  is  given 
Tom  Offian  :  "  The  people  are  like 
he  ivaves  of  Ocean^  like  the  leaues  of 
w'jody  Morven,  they  pafs  away  in 
uftling  blail,  and  other  leaves  lift 
^heir  green  heads."  Now,  although 
imilar  ideas  may  ftrike  Homer,  Ho- 
race, or  any  other  bard,  yet  there 
s'fuch  a  famenefs  in  Horace 

 Ha  e  res 

liaeredCTi  alterias,  veliu  t^nda  fupci  - 

'uefnt  unda.n  ; 
Ut  Syl'va  fjiiJ5  preiios  mutant ur  in 

'annos 
Prima  cadunt. 

That  I  am  almoil  tempted  to  think, 
Mr  M'Pherfon  Jiad  this  paifage  in 
/iew  at  tranflating,  although  it  may 
:ruly  be  otherwife.  As  to^Cuthuiin 
reclining,  under  Tura's  wall 
line  centuries  before  towers  or  caf- 
rles  were  eredled  in  Ireland,"  I  may 
3nly  anfwer,  that  a  u',*//  may  be 
compofed  of  turf  or  wood,  as  well 
as  of  Hone. 

What  is  faid  about  the  tomb  of 
Cairbar  and  Bratfolis,  (p.  ^24^)  is 
pretty  ftrong  evidence  of  fome  little 
iVeedom  taken  by  Mr  M*Pherfon  in 
tranflating,  although  we  can  fay  but 
little  till  we  fee  the  originals.  The 
was  not  then  a  funeral  plant, 


nor  did  they  bury  in  church-yards* 
Yews,  in  a  country  where  indige- 
nous, might  no  doubt  fpring  up  upon 
graves,  efpecially  the  Jubhar-hienne 
or  Juniper,  which  rifes  more  rapid- 
ly from  the  feed,  and  which  I  take 
to  be  the  yew  h(ire. 

The  courtfhip  of  Evirallin,  (p. 
427.)  he  fays,  is  taken  from  an  ori- 
ginal Irifh  ballad_,  part  of  which  he 
quotes,  and  ccptralts  with  Offian. 
But  it  has  already  been  noticed,  that 
that  there  are  a  variety  of  editions 
of  the  poems,  fome  of  them  very 
incorrecl: ;  but  whether  this  is  the  cafe 
with  the  prefent,  or  thiU  M*Pherfon 
ernbellifhed  his  tranflation,  I  can- 
not with  certainty  fay,  though  I  am 
rather  inclined  to  tliink  the  Iriih 
ballad  is  an  incorrect  edition.  Th^ 
fame  may  be  faid  as  to  the  Irifli 
ballad  of  St  Patrick  and  Offian  :  It 
feems,a  latecompofu-ion,  atnrfl:,  per- 
haps, given  from  a  treacherous  me- 
mory, after  hearing  fome  of  Offian's 
repeated.  The  like  appears  to  be  the 
cafe  with  the  other  Iriih  ballads  men- 
tioned. We  find  from  Dr  Smith,  that. 
Offian's  poems  have  been  much  aduU 
terated  by  later  bards  or  repeaters, 
and  fome  of  them  interfperfed  with 
profctic  tales.  Of  Diarmld,  he  fays, 
tlie  common  editions  are  abfurd  and 
extravagant.  The  death  of  Diiir- 
miJ,  in  the  one  edited  by  himfelf^ 
I  think  is  little  better :  Of  which, 
he  fays,  in  a  note,  Since  the  above 
was  written,  a  gentleman  of  my 
acquaintance,  ( Dr  L.  Campbell,) 
told  me,  that  he  had  lately  the  cu  • 
riofity  to  call,  into  his  room,  an  old 
highlandcr,  who  could  repeata  num- 
ber of  Offian's  poems  ;  and  read  t.) 
him  the  tTaailatipn  of  this  poem,  to 
fnov^r  hov»'  it  correfponded  with  bi^ 
recital.  He  was  perfectly  flitisfiei 
with  the  correfpcndencetiil  tlie  Doc- 
tor came  to  the  pafiage  relating  ti> 
Diarmid's  deatli,  vv^hen  the  lenachie 
cried  out,  that  there  ths  translator  -jjas- 
'zvrong,  and  gave  his  own  edition  of 
the  pafFage,  which  I  have  not  yet 
6  H  z  bad 


876  Stridures  on  Laing*s  Dissertation,  ISc.  Nov. 


had  an  opportunity  of  procuring." 
In  a  note  upon  Cathula,  Dr  Smith 
furnifhes  us  with  an  edition  of  tlie 
Maid  of  Craca,  as  he  fays,  perhaps, 
not  the  leaft  correct,  but  which  dif- 
fers a  Httle  from  M'Pherfon's.  In- 
deed he  has  given  us  various  read- 
ings of  other  poems,  fo  that  thofe 
in  Mr  Laing's  hands,  may  be  fome 
of  the  mutilated  and  abfurd  pieces 
of  Urfgeuls,  or  late  rehearfers  of 
Offlan's  poetry,  mentioned  both  by 
.M'Pherfon  and  Smith. 

VII.  AVe  now  come  to  thfe  fpe 
cimens  of  the  Erfe  original,  (p. 
431.)  ;  and  he  premifes,  That^the 
authenticity  of  OfTian  depends  on 
an  Jiiftorical  theory,  of  which  the 
poems  are  inverfely  the  sole  proof. 
The  ancient  Caledonians,  whether 
Scots  orPi(5ls,wcre  aboriginal  Gaels, 
who  retiring  northwards  from  the 
Cimbric  Celts  and  Belgae,  peopled 
Scotland  and  Ireland  fuccetH  vely,and 
whofe  legitimate  defcendants,  the 
prefent Highlanders, fecured  by  their 
Tnountains  from  anintercourfe  either 
•with  the  Saxons  or  Danes,  inllead  of 
l^eing  a  recent  Irilh  colony,  have  pre- 
ferved  their  primitive  language  and 
poetry  upv/ards  of  fifteen  centuries 
pure  and  unmixed."  Now  that  the 
poems  of  Offian  are  inverfely  not 
the  fole  proof,  is  evident  from  what 
Mr  Laing  himfelf  has  faid  in  a  note, 
(p.  386,  viz.)  that  "  Aboriginal 
Gaelic  names  of  mountains  are 
preferred  in  Wales,''  which  is  cer- 
tainly another  inverfe  proof .  The 
learned  Sir  James  Ware,  too  flirewd 
to  follow  the  IriHi  fabuHils,  obferves, 
(Antiq.  Hib.  c  2.  "  As  to  tiie  fir  it 
inhabitants  of  Ireland,  their  opinion 
feems  to  me  the  mod  fatisfadlory 
who  deduce  them  from  Britain,  by 
reafon  of  its  vicinity  and  the  eafi- 
nefs  of  its  paffage,  as  alfo  from  the 
conformity  of  their  language." 
Camden  fays  much  the  fame-  (Gib- 
fon's  Ed.  col.  966.)— Sir  W.  Tem- 
ple (Introd.  p.  23.,)  and  Sir  W. 
Petty  (Polit.  Anat.  p.  loi.)  Lhuyd 
iu  Wefli  preface  fays,     Nor  was  it 


only  N.  Britain  that  the  Guydhali- 
ans  [Gael-daoine,  or  Caledonians,] 
have  in  the  moft  ancient  time  in- 
habited, but  alfo  in  England  and 
Wales  ;  whether  before  our  time, 
or  co-temporary  with  us,  or  both, 
is  what  cannot  be  determined.  But 
to  me,  it  feems  moft  probable,  that 
they  were  here  before  our  coitt- 
ing  into  the  ifland,  and  that  oiir 
anceilors  did,  from  time  to  time, 
force  them  northward  ;  and  that 
from  Kintire,  Galloway,  and  tfee 
Ifle  of  Man,  they  pa  (fed  over  into 
Ireland."--  Rowland's  Mona  Anti- 
qua,  (p.  342.)  and  Lhuyd,  mentioi\ 
level al  places  in  Wales  bearing  Gae- 
lic names  ;  and  the  latter,  in  his  MS. 
additions  to  Cambden,  article  6W- 
narvonshirr,  obferves,  that  it  is  cur- 
rent  among  thnn  and  the  inhabitants 
of  the  mountainous  part  of  Breck- 
nock and  Radnor,  that  the  Hiber- 
nians or  Ciuidhelians  anciently  paf- 
fefl'ed  thefe  countries.  See  alfoi 
I^huyd's  Adverfaria  adjected  to'i 
Baxter's  glo/Tary.  *  ,| 

May  not  all  this  be  farther  vouctl^i 
ed  from  hiftory.  In  Casfar's  dayi^: 
the  Belgae  only  pofTe/Ted  the  fouthf 
em  cooit^  and  the  Caledonian  wocA^. 
into  which,  if  we  believe  Florus,  (lib»: 
3.  cap.  10.)  Caefar  chaced  the  Bri-- 
tons,  was  not  far  to  the  northward 
of  London.  In  Pliny's  time,  how-! 
ever,  the  Caledonians  f?em  to  havi| 
retreated,  arid  the  Caledonian  wocil! 
mentioned  by  him,  (Lib.  4.  c  i6!f 
-wa.s,  as  Whitaker  thinks,  in  Lill- 
colnfhire  or  its  neighbourhood  ;  ail4 
in  the  days  of  Agricola,  the  Cale- 
donians were  found  ftiil  farther 
the  northward — Sir  Wm.  Petty, 
i^nt  juptyj,)  thinks  Ireland  was  plafl^ 
ted  in  Caefar's  time  *  from  Britain, 
as  navigation  was  but  ill  undei 
flood  before  it  :  That  Carrick-Fcl 
gus  may  always  be  feen  from  Scdi 


*  This  probable,  from  what  TncijB 
fays,  that  in  his  time  a  finnU:  legioB 
With  a  few  auxiliAries, ' would  h'»W 
mad  ere  d  ail  Ireland. 


l8o2.  Stri5lures  on  Laing^s  Dissertation^  l^c.  877 


land,  and  a  fmall  boat  may  row 
over  in  three  or  four  hours  :  "  That 
the  country  about  Carrick-Fergus 
is  far  better  than  that  of  Scotland 
oppofite  :  That  the  chief  bifhop-feat 
of  Ireland,  and  probably  the  firsts 

\  IS  near  thofe  parts,  are  all  notori- 
ous fadls  :  From  all  which,  it  is 
probable,  that  Ireland  was  fir  ft 
peopled  from  Scotland."  Here 
then,  are  farther  proofs  of  the  Of- 
fian  theory,  deduced  from  hiftory, 
reafon,  and  common  fenfe. 

But  then,  fays  MrLaing,  (p.431 .) 
**  It  appears  frominfpeding  their  vo- 
cabulary, that  the  Irilh  is  a  mixt 
language,  of  which  a  large  part  is 
derived  from  Wie  Saxon  or  Latin, 
through  the  medium  of  the  priefts. 

!  1  acknowledge  that  the  Teutonic 
was  partly  introduced  by  the  Bel- 
gae,  who  purfued  the  Gallic  Celts 
into  Ireland,  whom  they  had  ex- 
pelled from-  England,  and  incor- 
porated at  length  with  the  people 
they  fubdued.  An  admiffion  fo  re- 
pugnant to  the  authenticity  of  Of- 
lian,  which  difclaims  t-he  migration 
«>r  origin  of  the  Highlanders  from 
Ireland,  can  avail  the  tranflator  no- 
thing ;  but  the  Irilh,  it  is  faid,  is 
the  primitive,  and  was  once  the  uni- 
verfal,  language  of  the  earth/' 
That  the  Gaelic  exhibits  words  fi- 
miiar  to  the  Saxon,  Latin,  and  o- 
Cher  tongues,  is  not  denied  ;  and  if 
this  circumftance  makes  it  a  mixed 
language,  all  languages  on  earth 
are  mixed.  The  lin^uift  knows, 
that  there  is  no  language  hitherto 
known,  but  what  has  iome  v/ords 
limilar  to  another ;  and  that  the 
words  wtfwvj  sack,  cat,  vir,  are  to 
be  traced  in  almoft  every  language. 
The  Gothic  nations,  as  conquering, 
and  incorporating  with  the  Celts  of 
the  continent,  would  naturally  pick 
up  fome  of  their  words,  and  vice 
versa  —hence  a  fmiilarity  between 
them.  Now,  admitting  all  this,  and 
even  that  the  Belgae  followed  the 
Gael  into  Ireland,  ftill  we  have  no- 


thing  repugnant  to  the  authenticity 
of  Offian.  But  how  does  Mr  Laing 
learn  that  the  Belgae  drove  the  Celts 
to  Ireland,  that  they  might  poffcfs 
England  alone,  and  yet  — wonder- 
ful, they  no  fooner  had  done  fo, 
than  they  followed  them  to  Ireland, 
and  incorporated  with  the  very  peo. 
pie  they  d?ove  out  of  England. 
The  Celts  could  more  cahly  have 
come  to  Scotland,  than  to  ship  them- 
felves  over  a  wide  channel  from  St 
David's  ;  befides,  A\  this  happened 
long  previous  to  St  Patrick's  days  ; 
and  Mr  Laing  has  remarked  in  two 
or  three  places,  the  im^ probability 
of  the  Irifh  hiftory  before  his  time. 
As  to  the  Iriih  being  the  primitive 
and  the  univerfal  language  of  the 
earth,  I  can  fay  nothing  with  cer- 
tainty on  the  fubjed.  The  learned 
know,  however,  that  was  once 
the  language  of  the  great  bulk  of 
Europe.  As  to  ^  large  part  of  it  be- 
ing from  the  Saxon.  In  the  firft 
place,  it  is  falfe,  as  to  a  large  part. 
Secondly,  each  nation  might  pick 
up  fome  words  from  the  other  at  an 
early  period  ;  and  when  the  Saxons 
afterwards  fettled  in  Britain,  it  is 
prefumabie  that  the  Britons  being 
long  under  the  Romans  and  the 
moft  learned, might  firft  have  taught 
them  the  ufe  of  letters,  and  fo  na- 
turally communicated  at  the  fame 
time  fome  of  their  words  :  That 
they  had  Scots  and  Irilh  priefts  a- 
moiig  them,  is  alfo  afcertained  by 
Bede,  and  the  introduction  of  fome 
Gaelic  words,  would  be  the  natural 
confequence. 

He  fays  in  a  note,  (p.  432.)  that 
the  fmall  number  of  Highlanders 
at  the  prefent  day,  refutes  the  idea 
that  Ireland  was  peopled  from  Kin- 
tire,  rather  than  from  the  Ens^liih 
coaft.  How  he  comes  to  particu- 
iarife  Kincire,  while  Port  Patrick 
and  the  Galloway  coaft  was  more 
in  the  way  of  the  Celts,  I  know  not. 
Why  confine  the  Gael  to  the  High- 
lands ?  The  whole  of  Britain,  in 

Casfar's 


Stri^ures  on  Laing's  Dissertation^  \3c- 


Nov. 


C^far's  time,  was  filled  with  Celts, 
excepting  along  the  coall  oppofite 
to  Belgium  ;  and  fo  late  as  Major's 
days,  the  half  of  Scotland  fpoke  the 
Gaelic,  (Lib.  i.  cap.  8.)  Neither 
can  he  draw  any  Argument  from  the 
fmall  number  of  Highlanders  at  this 
day.  Let  him  look  back  to  the  days 
of  Tacitus  and  of  Severus,  and  fee 
how  powerful  the  Caledonians  then 
were. 

In  the  fame  note,  (p.  432.)  he 
fubfumes  the  ancient  account  of  the 
Gauls,  and  makes  the  Belgae,  Ger- 
mans. The  Belgae  Celts  and  Ac- 
quitani  dilfered  in  language,  or  ra- 
ther in  dialed^  as  Strabo  tells  us  ;  that 
this  was  only  in  dialect  as  to  the 
Belgae  is  evident  from  Ca?far,  who 
fays  that  most^  nor  all  of  them,  came 
from  among  the  Germans,  or  at 
leaft  from  beyond  the  Rhine,  "  Rhe- 
numquerz7///'/w/Vwf  tranfdudos,"  fo  be- 
ing I'x^g  incorporated  with  the  Celts, 
they  had  fo  far  adopted  tlicir  lan- 
guage as  to  differ  only  in  dialed:. 

He  denies  that  the  Erie  Ian  uage, 
(p.  432.)  v/as  that  of  Scotland  in 
the  days  of  Malcolm  HL  although 
the  nick-name  given  to  him  by  his 
fubjedls  was  pure  Gaelic,  i^can-morr, 
Turgotfays,  in  his  life  of  Margaret, 
that\he  king  was  obliged  to  be  her 
interpreter  in  a  grand  council  of  the 
nation.  The  author  was  contem- 
porary with  Malcolm,  and  fpeaking 
of  the  king,  fays,  "  Qui  quoniam 
perfedii  jir^lorcum  (h»u:.m  atque  ut 
proprtam  novcrat,  vigilantifTimus  in 
hoc  concilio  utnu  que  partis  inter- 
pres  extiterat."  This  is  tranflated 
or  glo/Ted  over  by  Lai  ng  in  the  fol- 
lowing v/ords  :  "  I'he  King,  in  a 
national  council,  a6led  as  interpre- 
ter between  the  Scotish  priests  and  ihe 
^een''  adding,  to  aid  the  falfehood, 
tlTat  the  Culdees  were  generally  Irifli 
priefts.  Now,  there  is  not  a  fmgle 
word  of  priests  in  the  original  !— At 
no  period,  but  the  one  mentioned,  do 
we  hear  of  Malcolm  as  an  interpre- 
ter ;  the  Qiieeii  had  newly  come  from 


England,  where  flie  had  lived  fot 
ten  years. — She  knew  nothing  ol, 
Gaelic  or  Scots,  while  he,  from  a 
long  refidence  in  England,  could 
fpeak  the  Saxon,  as  Turgot  fays,  as 
well  as  his  own  language.  Befides 
Major,  (Lib.  iii.  cap.  5.)  when  hci 
mentions  the  circumftance  of  Ed- 
gar Atheling  and  his  tifter's  laixt- 
ing,  fays,  that  Malcolm,  "  Eos 
Anglos  intelligens,  ad  naves  de- 
fccndit  ;  Anglicay  ut  sua  /hj^ua  utabi^ 
tur,  quo  in  ilia  tempeilate  apud 
Scotos  erat  rara.**  Mr  Laing,  who 
feems  enamoured  of  deceit,  inftead: 
of  tranfcribing  Turgoi's  words, 
tranfcribes  thofe  of  his  late  anony- 
mous abridger,  edited  by  Suriua, 
wherein  idioma  is  put  for  iin<yuay  but 
this  deferves  no  notice,  feeing  Tu^r- 
got  was  contemporary  with  Mat 
colm  ;  befides,  Surius  himfelf  fayii 
of  the  abridgement,  ftylam  in 
gratiam  ledoris  nonnihil  elim.avi- 
mus."  So  we  know  not  whether 
to  impute  Idioma  to  Tuigot's  a- 
bridger,  or  to  his  editor. 

It  is  more  than  probable  tliat  Ma. 
coim  and  his  Queen,  with  the  fever;,^ 
refugees  from  England,  fir  ft,  intro 
duced  the  Englilh  language  then  01; 
ly  in  part  known  to  Malcolm's  fuL 
jeds  of  Northumxberland,  Cumber- 
land, and  Weif  moreland  ;  and  that 
it  foon  became  the  Couit  language 
appears   from    Ardchnnnschan^  the 
Gaelic  name  of  the  place  where 
Margaret  landed,  getting  foon  after 
the  name  of  the  Queen's  Ferry.  1 
the  hiftory  of  St  Regulus  was  wrii 
ten,  as  was  thought,  in  1140,  then 
fo  old  appears  the  name  of  Queen's 
Ferry.  By  the  bye,  this  hiftory  which 
we  have  in  Pinkerton's  appendix  to 
vol.  i.  fuppiies  us  with  feveral  names 
of  places  in  Fife  that  are  pure  G^| 
lie,  the  undoubted  language  of  tli| 
Picls.    It  will  alfo  be  noticed,  that 
in  the  author's  time,    though  the 
Englilh  was  the  court  language, 
the  Gaelic  was  ftill  that  of  the  vul- 
gar :  Thus  after  mentioning  Fothe 


Stricliires  on  Laing's  Dissert aiioHy  l^c  87^ 


as  Scotorum  Epifcopus,  he  adds, 
fic  et  nunc  quoque  in  vulgari  et  com- 
muni  locations  Escop  Alhan^  (/.  e.  Epif- 
cop.  Albania  appellantur."  It 
feems,  however,  that  in  David's 
time,  Englifh  v^ords  w^ere  creeping 
more  into  ufe,  as  in  his  charter  to 
the  Abbacy  of  Dunfermline,  among 
many  Gaelic  words,  we  have  alfo 
the  word  fhirum  or  fhire,  andfmith- 
tun,  undoubtedly  Englifh.  We 
have  alfo  V uyety  Albusy  as  a  witnefs, 
by  v/hich  I  think  one  White  an 
Englifhman  is  meant.  Indeed  we 
learn  from  Leflie  and  others,  that 
in  Malcolm's  reign,  a  great  num- 
ber of  Englifh  families  came  along 
with  him;  many  afterwards  took 
refuge  here  from  the  Conquer- 
or, and  many  more  in  after  reigns  *. 
Our  kings  alfo  held  Cumberland 
and  other  parts  in  England,  hence, 
among  others,  a  charter  of  Mal- 
colm IV.  in  chartulary  of  Glafgov/, 
is  addrefTed,  "  Francis  (Normans), 
et  AngHs  (Northumbreans,  Sec.) 
vScotis,  Wallenfibus  (Cumberland 
people),  and  Gavelenfibus  (Gal- 
loway men.")  From  Jofcelin's  life 
of  St  Mungo  or  St  Kentigern,  it 
appears  that  in  the  author's  time, 
cinno  11 80,  the  Gaelic  was  fliil  well 
underflood  at  Glafgow,  as  in  the 
Prologus,  lie  mentions  an  old  life 
of  St  Kentlegern  in  that  language, 
"  Codiculum  autem  aiium  fiilo  Sco- 
tico  di(5^atum  reperi  and  in  his 
life  of  the  Saint,  he  makes  Serva- 
nus  the  Pidifh  faint  of  Culrofs  in 
Fife,  fpcak  Gaelic,  by  calling  St 
Mungo  **  Kyen-Tyern  quod  inter- 
pretamr  capitalis  dominus."  Holy- 
roodhoufe  is  a  tranllation  of  Domus 
Sandi  ciucis,  at  any  rate  a  late 
^vord,  and  may  be  Englifh.  Dry- 
burgh  and  Newbaltie,  from  whence 
derived  I  know  not.    If  Anglo- 


^  Indeed  R.  Verfligan  alTcrts,  that 
ri!e  Noman  invafion,  and  i;ifolence 
l.e  Enol'ifh  nobility,  many  ot  them 
i  to  Scotland,  and'  firft  introduced 
£rg1iai  tcneue.  • 


Saxon,  the  meaning  is  rather  ridi- 
culous. As  to  the  Welfh  words  he 
mentions  in  the  lowlands,  all  of 
them  are  Gaelic  excepting  Caevy  a 
word  more  ufed  by  the  Welfh.  It  is 
probable  the  word  Caer  was  origi- 
nally the  Gaelic  Carrie  as  in  Carn- 
wath,  Carntyne,  Carnbee  :  nor  is  it 
improbable  that  afewBelgic  fettlers 
may  have  introduced  it  in  the  time 
of  the  Romans,  as  in  Carlaverock. 

We  now  leave  the  note,  (p.  434.) 
and  return  to  the  text.  "  Each  word^ 
(fays  he,)  in  the  poems  of  an  obvious 
and  late  derivation  from  the  Saxon, 
Greek,  and  Latin,  will  be  vindica- 
ted as  derived  by  thofe  languages 

from    the    Celtic    tongue  They 

who  maintain  that  the  Greek  Ty- 
rannus  and  the  Latin  Rex  from 
Rego,  were  adopted  from  Tiama^ 
and  High  a  king,  may  believe  that 
dux  and  comes  are  derived  from 
Duke  and  Count."  I  mean  not  to 
defend  the  primitivity  of  the  Gaelic 
tongue,  as  I  can  only  fpeak  conjee- 
turely  upon  it  and  v/ithout  evidence. 
Certain  I  am,  however,  that  then* 
are  many  words  in  the  Gaelic  fimi- 
lar  to  the  Greek  and  Latin  ;  but 
whether  the  latter  originally  derived 
them  from  the  former,  or  the  former 
from  the  latter,  or  both  from  one 
original,  I  cannot  pretend  to  fay. 
One  fource  from  which  the  Gaels 
may  have  derived  their  Greek  words, 
may  be  found  in  Marcellinus,  Lib. 
XV.  cap.  9.  From  which  it  appears 
very  probable,  that  many  Greeks 
at  an  early  period  mixed  with  the 
Gauls,  previous  to  the  Phocean  co- 
lony of  Marleilles.  Indeed,  the  e:^r- 
ly  Greeks  were  well  acquainted  with 
navigation  *,  and  formed  fettiement? 

all 


*  Dr  IVrPhcrfon  laughs  with  Strabo 
at  the  account  of  Thule  by  Pvtheas  of 
Mi^rfeilles,  a  place  fix  days  fail  from 
Britain,  in  the  fkirts  of  the  frozen 
ocean,  neither  earth,  feu,  norair,  bac 
uunething  like  a  compotition  of  all  of 

thern, 


88o  StriElures  on  Laing's  Dissertation,  "iSc^  No^ 


all  around  the  Euxene,  and  even  the 
Palus  Maeotis,  among  the  Sythae 
and  Sarmatae,  and  alio  among  the 
G^tae  and  other  Thracian  nations, 
among  whom  the  Gauls  had  alio 
made  fome  fettlements.  Nay,  Taci- 
tus talks  of  Greek  infcriptions  in 
Lower  Germany,  and  Richard  of 
one  in  Caledonia. 

Neither  are  wc  at  a  lofs  as  to  the 
Latin  words  in  the  Gaelic  tongue,^ 
we  can  eafily  account  for  words  of 
ecclefiaftical  origin,  and  for  others 
intermixed  with  the  Wellh,  nay,  e- 
ven  with  that  of  the  Gaelic,  were  it 
not  that  the  Irifli  ule  the  fame  words. 
I  am  therefore  apt  to  believe  with 
Mr  M*Pherfon,  that  tlie  Umbri, 
who  were  Gauls,  w^ere  the  anceftors 
of  the  Tufcans  and  Sabines,  and 
in  part  of  the  Romans,  and  hence, 
Gaelic  words  in  the  Latin.  We 
know  that  latterly  tliey  borrowed 
many  Gaelic  words,  and  many  more 
may  have  been  borrowed  in  their 
earlier  connedtion  with  the  Gauls. 
Befides  Plutarch  tell  us  in  Mario^ 
that  at  an  early  period,  the  Celtae 
had  expelled  the  Tyrhani,  and  pof- 
feffed  themfelves  of  the  beft  part  of 
Italy,  and  fo  might  introduce  Celtic 
words. 

The  affinity  of  the  Gaelic  with 
the  Saxon  and  Teutonic  is  eafily 
under ftood.  Moft  of  Europe,  from 
the  Celtica  Lytarmis  or  promon- 
tory at  the  mouth  of  the  Obey  to  the 
ftraits  of  Gades,  and  eaftward  from 


them,  fomcwhat  like  the  lungs  of  the 
lea.  This  account  leciiis  greatly  can- 
catured  by  Strabo  ^  yec  'tis  very  hngu- 
iar  that  a  laie  tvaveller  fpeaks  fonie- 
thing  lilix  it.  W  Barre?it,  Harris's  Col. 
voLi.  p.  553,  fays,  he  and  his.  crew- 
went  upon  a  field  of  ice  near  N.  Zem- 
bia,  much  wondering  at  the  ftrange- 
nefs  of  it ,  on  the  top  it  was  fid/  of  earth, 
and  not  like  the  othei  ice,  being  of  a 
perfect  azure  colonr  like  to  the  Iky, 
which  cauied  great  contention  among 
us,  fome  faying  it  was  ice,  others /ro- 
'<x>enland.  It  was  clofe  to  the  ground 
in  1 8  fathoms  water.  It  is  probable 
lomething  of  this  kind  occaficued  the 
jemaiks  oiPythcas. 


the  ocean  to  the  Euxine  was  former-' 
ly  pofielTed  by  the  Hyperborei,  Cel- 
tae,  and  Cimbri— All  Celtic  people 
branched  out  into  various  tribes 
and  diale^fts.  Some  of  the  Sarmatx 
their  neig'hbours,  originally  a  Scy- 
thic  or  Tartarian  race  *,  having  on 
or  about  the  retreat  of  the  Cimbri. ^ 
Teutones,  &c.  to  the  fouthward, 
feized  upon  their  polfedions,  there- 
after gradually  fpread  themfelves' 
over  Scandinavia  and  Germany, 
creating  a  mixed  people,  and  as 
it  were  a  new  race,  fpeaking  for 
a  time  a  language  neither  Celtic 
nor  Sarmatic,  now  known  by  that 
of  Gothic  or  Teutonic.  In  the  days 
of  Tacitus,  the  only  remains  of  the 
proper  Celts  were  the  Helvetii, 
Boii,  Ubii,  Gothlni,  Aeltii,  and 
fome  others.  And  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood  of  Gaul,  the  invaders  wen 
fo  far  incorpo^^ted  with  the  Gaul; 
as  to  have  the  name  of  Gcrmani  gi- 
ven them  by  the  Romans,  fays  Stra 
bo,  as  if  brothers  to  the  Gauls. 

Mr  Laing  offers  two  obferva! 
tions,  (p.  433-)  "  The  firft,  tha; 
as  the  Celts  have  peculiar  names  foj 
the  objedls  of  nature,  while  the  term' 
of  art  or  abftrad  ideas  are  the  fam; 
with  the  Latin,  we  mud  conclude 
that  the  latter  inliead  of  being  deriv 
ed  by  the  Romans  from  a  barbarou 
people,  were  adopted  by  the  Celta 
from  the  Latin  ;  and  adduces  cean 
head  ;  lamh^  hand  ;  grian,  fun  ;  gtx^ 
luch,  moon;  carraig,  rock,  whicl 
have  no  affinity  to  other  languages 


*  Mr  Laing  will  no  doubt  carp 
my  cailiU'.^  the  Scythae  Tartars,  whi. 
Pinkcrtou  abfoiutely  denies.     1  b 
therefore  to  quote  moll  convincing 
thorny  for  what  i  have  laid.  Marceiimt 
in  deicnbing  the  huxine  fea,  compart 
it  to  a  Sythian  bow,  which  he  defcrih| 

Cum  at cus  omjiium  gentium  flexis  d| 
ruentur  haltilibus,bcythici  jo/2  vel  P 
thici  circumdudlis  utrimque  nitrorfi 
pandis  et  palulis  cornibus,"  ^'jk 
cap.  8.)  Now,  this  is  no  other  M 
the  bow  of  the  ancient  and  moij 
Tartars,  as  may  be  fceu  in  ^very  M 


l802. 


On  an  Established  Religion. 


8Si 


and  then  he  adduces  loolhar^  a  book  ; 
'///r,  a  letter  ;  leagham^  to  read  ;  and 
rgriobam^  to  write,  (from  liber,  li- 
bera, lego,  fcribo,)  to  difprove  the 
early  pretenfions  of  the  Irilh  to  let- 
ters.'' The  obfervation  is  juft,  and 
the  confequences  drawn  very  natu- 
ral. Carrai^,  however,  is  alfo  a 
Welfti  word,  from  whence  the  Eng- 
lifli  have  derived  their  cra^^  I  be- 
lieve ufed  in  no  other  diale(5l  of  the 
Gothic.  As  to  the  derivative  words, 
we  may  notice  that  halhar^  a  book, 
comes  from  the  Gaelic  ;  leahhamy  to 
read,  not  leahhamy  as  he  writes  it, 
to  appear  liker  legere,  Lttir,  may, 
for  ought  I  know,  be  derived  from 
iitera,  and  introduced  by  priefts  ; 
but  fciiobham,  to  write,  comes  not 
From  sctibere^  but  from  scri'.by  a 
fcratch,  and  fcriobam  to  fcratch, 
the  firft  writings  being  naturally 
fcratchmgs  on  a  wall,  ftone,  or 
flate. 

The  fecond  obfervation  is, "  That 
terms  common  to  the  Celtic  and 
Saxon  muft  be  derived  from  the 
Teutonic,  if  difcovered  among  thefe 
nothern  nations,  who  had  «r>  inter- 
course  with  the  Gae/,  <whom  they  expeU 


led  or  confined  to  the  west  of  Europe?* 
From  what  I  have  faid,  and  from 
what  Mr  Laing,  (though  cautious 
in  his  expiefTions,)  here  fays,  it  is 
evident  that  the  Gothic  tongue  muft 
be  intermixed  with  Celtic.  France, 
Italy,  and  Spain  derive  many  of  the 
Latin  words  incorporated  with  their 
language  from  the  old  romanized 
inhabitants,  the  conquered.  Where 
then  can  be  a  doubt  of  Germany 
and  Scandinavia  having  in  like  man- 
ner Gaelic  or  Celtic  words  in  their 
language.  Lhuyd,  (p.  32  )  tells  us, 
that  there  are  a  great  m:iny  Gothic 
and  Teutonic  words  in  the  Wellh, 
Armoric,  and  CorniOi,  as  is  evident 
from  Mannoir's  Vocabulary,  which, 
as  there  were  three  different  migra- 
tions from  Britain  to  Armorica,  all 
before  the  coming  of  the  Saxons,  Ihows 
tlie  words  not  to  be  borroived  from 
them.  Now  this  muft  either  be  ow- 
ing to  the  event  mentioned  by  Mr 
Laing,  or  that  both  people  drevr 
their  language  from  one  and  the 
fame  fount,  as  has  been  the  opinion 
of  many,  and  not  without  realbn. 

(  To  be  CotU'inued. ) 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Majazins 


Sir, 

.  IN  your  Magazine  for  May,  you  is  re:efinly  adverfe  to  that  freedom 
did  me  the  honour  of  inferting  an    of  opinion,  and  of  difcuUion,  which 


Kifay  of  mine,  on  an  Eftabliihed 
Religion.  And  in  your  lall  Num- 
ber, that  paper  has  been  brought 
under  review,  by  A  Dilfenter.'' 
With  your  permiffion  I  ILall  confi- 
der  his  arguments,  under  the  two 
heads,  to  whicii  it  appears  to  me 
they  may  be  reduced,  firft,  That  a 
National  Eftablifliment,  fuch  as  is 
the  obje(5l  of  that  Effay  to  vindicate, 
Vol.  LXIV. 


opir 

is  ellential  to  hirppinefs,  and  to 
truth  ;  and  feconUly,  That  it  necej'- 
fartJy  dcbafes  tlie  mind  of  the  teacii- 
er,  rendering  him  credulous,  un- 
principled, and  hypocritical. 

Much  has  been  written  upon  li- 
berty, as  well  religious  as  civil. 
The  fubject  is  naturally  elevating, 
it  has  roufed  and  employed  the  moit 
Vigoigui  talents  ;  and  I  certainly 
6  C  wiil 


882 


On  an  Established  Religion. 


Nov, 


will  BO  farther  enter  upon  it,  than 
is  neceflary  to  elucidate  my  argu- 
ment, and  place  it  upon  that  liberal 
footing,  upon  which  alone  I  am 
anxious  it  fhould  (land. 

Upon  this  head  my  opponent  has 
reafoned,  as  if  my  argument  was 
hoflile  to  liberty  of  opinion  ;  as  if 
it  encroached  upon  the  free  exercifc 
of  reafon,  and  menaced  that  fublime 
privilege  of  the  foul,  to  hold  con- 
verfe  with  its  Maker.  That  it  does 
not  warrant  fach  an  interpretation, 
that  it  does  not  inculcate  a  fcheme 
neceffar'ily  produdive  of  fuch  effeds, 
will,  I  think,  be  fufficiently  appa- 
rent, to  any  one  who  gives  himfelf 
the  trouble  candidly  to  appreciate 
it.  If  I  have  vindicated  the  utility 
of  a  National  Church,  I  have  ufed 
no  prieflly  art  to  veil  the  abufes  of 
its  authority.  Tlie  principles  1  have 
advanced  are  equally  adverfe  to 
bigotry  and  intolerance,  and  whilil 
they  fupport  the  legitimate  rights 
of  government,  they  are  not  at  war 
with  the  fentiment  of  the  poet, 
that 

**  Yielded  rcafon  fpcaks  the  foil  a 
Have." 

That  reafon  is  the  only  weapon, 
with  which  error  ought  to  be  com- 
bated, is  my  firm  conviclion  ;  and 
if  church  and  Hate  have  fometimes 
combined  in  an  unlawful  warfare 
againft  opinion,  I  have  declared 
fuch  meafures  to  be  "  Violations  of 
the  ligitimate  ends  of  an  Ellabliih- 
znent  to  be  foreign  to  its  nature, 
^hich  is  moral  inilrudtion  ;  and 
perfectly  unnecefTary  either  to  its 
eflScacy  or  fupport.  It  did  not  fall 
ivithin  the  view  of  my  Elfay,  to  vin- 
dicate existing  eftablifliments,  in  all 
the  plenitude  of  their  powers.  And 
my  opponent  has  wonderfully  mi- 
llaken  its  import,  in  maintaining  that 
the  inftitution  which  it  recommends, 
is  fubverfive  of  the  fundamendal 
right  of  m  intelligeut  being,  to  re- 


gulate his  religious  belief,  and  to 
enjoy  its  profeffion,  when  confident 
with  order,  without  interruption  or 
controul.  Over  this  right,  no  go- 
vernment has  command,  becaufe  its 
exercife  is  not  injurious  to  any  right 
of  another,  and  becaufe  no  human 
power  can  deprive  man  of  the  mo- 
ral attributes  of  his  nature. 

These  I  confider  as  fundamental 
principles,  and  if  it  had  been  clear- 
ly  maJe  out  by  my  opponent,  that 
they  are  inconfiftent  with  the  opi- 
nion I  have  advanced  regarding  an 
Eftablifhed  Church,  I  Ihould  not 
have  refumed  my  pen  in  fupport  of 
a  doiflrine  condemned  by  the  mod 
forcible  dedudlions  of  reafon.  But 
where,  let  me  afk,  does  this  incon- 
fiftency  appear  ?  Is  it  merely  be- 
caufe 1  maintain  the  right  of  go- 
vernment, to  eftablifh  and  fupport 
public  teachers  of  religion  and  mo- 
rality ?  Docs  it  thence  ntcejfarily  fol- 
low, or  have  I  any  where  advanced, 
that  government  has  a  right  to  con- 
troul, or  civilly  difqualify  thofe, 
who  do  not  lirten  to  the  eftablifhed 
teachers,  or  fubmit  to  their  regula-. 
tions  ?  No  fuch  inference  can  fairly Jj 
be  made,  and  I  readily  admit,  tliatj 
government  has  no  right  to  decree' 
articles  of  faith,  or  frame  a  religious 
cre^d^  as  it  has  to  decree  and  frame  , 
/t/wj,  to  which  univerfal  obedience 
is  to  be  enforced.  Nor  does  this 
conceffion  preclude  me  from  fup. 
porting  the  right  of  government, 
derived  from  its  nature  and  end,  to 
eftabliih  and  maintain  public  teach- 
ers, not  of  any  creed  emanating 
from  a  legiflative  a/Tembly,  but  of 
that  religioa  or  creed,  to  which  tlifi 
majority  profefs  tlieir  adherence ; , 
in  which  they  find  their  hopes  and 
their  fears ;  and  by  which  alone,  | 
the  national  mind  can  be  influenced ; 
to  moral  rectitude  of  conduct.  The, 
illuftrious  Vattel,  if  I  recoiled  w^ell»  i 
places  this  argument  in  a  clear  | 
light,  but  as  I  have  not,  at  prefent,  j 

accefs 


1 


l802. 


On  an  Established  Religion. 


883 


accefs  to  his  work  I  can  only  refer 
to  the  chapter  "  On  Religion,''  in 
his  well  known  treatife  on  the  Law 
of  Nations. 

Thus  far  do  I  affert  the  rights  of 
government  in  matters  of  religion. 
Againft  all  thofe  abufes  by  which  er- 
ror is  canonized,   my  proteft  has 
already  been  entered.    That  there 
may  he  an  eftablifhed  clergy,  with- 
out any  violation  of  liberty,  without 
any  preference  obnoxious  to  reafon, 
has,  in  my  apprehenfion,  been  fully 
made  out.    And,  that  government 
ought  to  cftablifli  fuch  an  inftitu- 
tion,  appears  to  me  to*refult  from 
that  definition  of  its  duties  which 
my  opponent  has  laid  down,  "  The 
way  in  which  government  ought  to 
operate,"  fays  he,  "  is  by  the  pre- 
irention  of  evil."    Now,  there  is  no 
Dropofition  more  generally  admit- 
:ed  in  the  reafonings  of  the  moralift, 
ban  that  the  moft  efficacious  me- 
hod  of  preventing  thofe  numerous 
^vils,  which  diforder  fociety,  and 
embitter  the  lot  of  man,  is  in- 
lru<5tion  in  the  duties  of  morality. 
Is,  therefore,  the  end  of  govern- 
nent  is  "  the  prevention  of  evil," 
nd  as  this  end  can  only  be  accom- 
tlilhed  by  moral  inftrudion,  it  ne- 
effarily  follows,  that  government 
ught   to   purfue  thefe  ends,  by 
aeans  at  once  dire^^  and  cfFcctual. 

There  is,  therefore,  an  evident 
tility,  of  a  moral  and  political  na- 
lire,  in  the  fupport  of  an  inftitution, 
'hofe  aim  is  the  inftrudion  of  the 
ublic,  recommended  by  motives 
le  moft  powerful  and  commanding, 
/ith  which  the  mind  can  be  impref- 
s'd.  And,  if  we  are  to  condemn 
lofe  fyftems  of  modern  legiflation, 
I  which  religious  inftrudion  is 
lade  an  objed  of  government, 
hat  muft  we  think  of  the  lawgi* 
-rs  of  antiquity,  who,  with  fimilar 
ews,  made  the  fine  arts  an  objed 

ftate ;  and,  perceiving  the  in- 
iience  of  raufic  upon  manners,  cm- 


ployed  themfelves  in  regulating  by 
law  the  notes  of  the  Athara. 

My  opponent  has  wafted  n^^uch 
argument  to  prove,  that  a  National 
Eftablifliment  muft  neceffarily  degrade 
the  charader  of  the  teacher,  by  ren- 
dering him  unprincipled  and  hypo- 
critical.   I  am  not  fond  of  argu- 
ments a  priori,  to  eftablifll  fads  ;  and 
his  reafoning  would  have  been  more 
acceptable,  and  more  to  the  pur- 
pofe,  had  he  employed  his  pen  to 
fhow,  how  the  paftor  may  preferve 
dignity  and  purity  of  charader,  and 
become  poflelFed  of  that  knowledge, 
which  his  fundtions  require,  without 
the  fupport  of  government.  My 
opponent  indeed  refers  to  the  Uni- 
ted  States  of  America,  where,  fays 
he,  "  I  fee  religion  flourilhing  in  its 
moft  genuine  fplendour,"  without 
an  eftabliftied  clergy,    I  wifti  much 
he  had  produced  his  authorities ; 
for  not  having,  at  prefent,  accefs  to 
the  fources  from  whence  this  infor- 
mation muft  be  drawn,  it  is  not  in 
my  power  to  afcertain  how  far  it  is 
corred.      My  memory,  however, 
certainly  deceives  me,  if  recent  tra- 
vellers give  it  the  fandion  of  their 
report ;  for  I  can  recoiled  inftances 
hi  their  narratives,  where  churches 
have  been  converted  into  bams  and 
ware-houfes  *.     And  this  appeal  s 
to  be  a  very  equivocal  indication 
indeed,  of  the     genuine  fplend our  of 
rel'gionV    Great  fimplicity  of  man- 
ners, and  little  refinement  in  the 
luxurious  arts,  muft  prevail  in  that 
State,  where  the  minifters  of  reli- 
gion enjoy  that  refpedability,  which 
the  nature  and  dignity  of  their  fa- 
cred  fundions  require,  without  tiie 
interpofition  of  govenmient.  Up- 
on government,  therefore,  when  fo- 
ciety is  far  advanced  in  refinement, 
much  in  this  cafe  depends ;  and 
that,  notwithftanding  the  ailertioa 


*  Wild's  Travels  in  America. 

6C  2  of 


884 


On  an  Established  Religion. 


Nov. 


of  my  opponent,  that  Chriftianity 
owed  its  progrefs  to  "  the  oppofition 
of  governments  and  tyrants."  I 
am  not  inchned  to  enter  into  this 
queftion  ;  nor  am  I  qualified  to  en- 
large upon  it,  being  only  fo  far  ac- 
quainted with  the  hiftory  of  the 
Church,  as  to  enable  me  to  wifh 
•with  Bacon,  "  That  the  virtue  and 
fmcerity  of  it,  were  according  to 
the  mafs  and  quantity  f I  lhall 
only  ftate,  that  we  are  far  removed 
from  the  miraculous  ages,  and  that 
it  appears  to  mc,  the  caufe  of  reli- 
gion  will  be  mofl  effedlually  fcrved, 
by  proteding  its  minifters. 

It  is  only  by  means  of  an  eflab- 
lifhment,  that  fufficient  inducements 
can  be  held  out,  for  men  of  talents 
to  embark  in  the  clerical  profefTion. 
Profellions  are  cftimated  by  their 
advantages,  and  they  will  be  fought 
after,  in  proportion  to  their  refpec- 
tability.  But  what  inducements 
has  the  divine,^  without  the  fupport 
of  the  State,  to  devote  his  days  to 
the  ftudy  and  labours  of  a  profefTion, 
which  the  vices  of  mankind  render 
odious  to  them.  He,  whofe  em- 
ployment is  the  reformation  of  fo- 
ciety,  muft,  of  all  ethers,  be  inde- 
pendent. This  is  neceffary,  to  give 
to  his  inftruclions  that  force,  dignity 
and  effed,  which  their  importance 
require.  It  is  neceffary,  to  give 
him  that  ferenity  and  confidence, 
with  which,  in  this  miniftry  of  vir- 
tue, the  vigorous  exerciie  of  his 
powers  is  alone  compatible. 

That  thefe  advantages  can  be 
attained,  without  the  fupport  of  go- 
vernment,  to  me  appears  improba- 
ble indeed.  In  a  luxurious  age 
efpeciaily,  is  it  at  all  likely,  that  the 
wealthy,  the  patrons  of  folly  and 
extravagance-— that  they  will  volun- 
tarily provide  cenfors  of  their  con- 
duft,  and  render  men  refpedable 
and  Independent,  who  are  to  ftigma- 


f  Advan.-of  Lsarniug. 


tife  their  favourite  occupations  ;  and 
fubjedl  their  follies  and  vices  to  the 
ftern  reproof  of  a  pure  and  fublin^e 
morahty  ?  Deprived  of  the  counte 
nance  of  that  clafs,  whofe  morals, 
from  the  contagion  of  exiimple,  arc 
the  moft  important  to  fociety  ;  the 
preacher  muft  take  refuge  v/ith  t^e 
vulgar  ;  contan:)inate  the  dignity  oi 
his  occupations,  by  this  unnatur>; 
alliance  ;  become  the  obj'  ^t  of  ele^. 
mofynary  donations,  and  obtain  th< 
little  importance  which  he  enjoys 
by  kindling  the  flame  of  enthufiafna 
or  fanatic  zeal. 

Hypochisy,  fays  the  Diffentcr 
is  the  vice  of  eftablilhrnents.  Bu 
where,  let  me  afk,  not  the  DilTente;* 
but  the  philofopher,  v/ho  has  mad< 
human  nature  his  ftudy,  v/here  i 
this  vile  affedlation  of  virtue  mo,{ 
likely  to  be  found?   Not  in  hm 
furely,  who  profelfes  the  religion  o 
his  country,  but  in  the  zealous  fee 
tary,  who,  to  attrad  the  admirati(?? 
of  the  multitude,  affects  a  morl 
guarded  deportment,  and  a  fuperic. 
fanclity.    Sucii  men  are  diftinguiflj 
ed  by  a  religious  grimace,  foreig; 
to   human  nature,  and  therefQi? 
juftly  fuipeded.    Ocvhior^  non  met$^\ 
were  the  words  of  Tacitus,  in  colli 
paring  Pompey  with  C^Efar ;  aiQ< 
the  obfervation  may  be  fafely 
plied  to  thofe  Diflenters,  who  hol' 
an  eilabliniment  necefTarily  incoir 
patible  vrith   thofe   virtues  whip 
they    arrogantly    appropriate  t 
themfeives.     The   arguments,  b 
which    my    opponent   labours  t 
prove  that  hypocrify  and  want  [ 
principle  are  of  the  elfence  of  a 
eftablilhment,  appear  to  me  wea 
indeed.    They  are,  too,  of  that  i 
crimonious   quality,   which  mac 
Dryden   affert,   «   That  fedarw 
w^ere  born  with  teeth,  foul-mouthe< 
and  fcurrilous  from  their  infancy 
He  reprefents  the  eftablifhed  teacli 


*  Religio  Laici.  Pref. 


l802. 


On  the  Foundation  of  Moral  Obligation.  885 


cr,  as  preaching  what  he  believes  to 
be  falfe  or  uninteUigible,  becaufe  he 
is  paid ;  and  he  gravely  afferts,  that 
becaufe  there  are  a  number  of 
creeds,  profefTed  by  different  eftab- 
lifhments,  which  cannot  all  be  true  ; 
the  man  who  embraces  "  any  one  in 
nvhoh'y^  muft  be  dlfhoneft  in  his 
heart,  and  incapable  of  teaching 
thofe  virtues  to  others,  which  he 
cannot  himfelf  po/Tefs.  I  wilh  much 
this  gentleman  had  furnilhed  us 
with  his  definifticn  of  a  creed  ;  or 
with  an  index  expurgatorius  of  thofe 
necsfanly  produdive  of  this  baneful 
hypocrify.  Does  not  the  DilTenter 
profefs  a  creed  I  And  is  there  lefs 
variety  of  them  among  that  multi- 
plicity of  fedts,  thofe  genera  and 
fpecies,  which,  to  ufe  a  phrafe  of 
Mr  Burke's,  "  beautify  tiie  hortus 
Jtccus  of  diffent.'? 

By  a  creed,  I  underftand  certain 
articles  of  religious  belief ;  and, 
provided  no  man  is  compelled  in 
his  choice,  I  fee  no  reafon  to  brand 
him  with  the  imputation  of  hypo- 
pfify,  who  adopts  or  teaches  one  in 
preference  to  another.  That  more 
regard  were  paid  to  unity  of  reli- 
gion, and  that  national  creeds  had 
a  view  to  that  falutary  end,  is  in- 
deed devoutly  to  be  wifhed  I  That  fo 
much  intolerance  fhould  prevail  in 
i^ftablifhments  ;  for  I  do  not  exprefs- 
ly  vindicate  any  exifting  eftablilh- 
ment ;  that  human  frailty  fhould 
ever  debafe  an  inftitution  fo  benefi- 
f  ial  and  fublime,  is  matter  of  regret 


to  every  eandid  mind.  That  go- 
vernments fhould,  in  an  enlightened 
age,  continue  their  fan(Elion  of  mea- 
fures,  pardonable  only  in  the  mino- 
rity of  reafon,  is  equally  to  be  la- 
mented by  the  friend  of  liberty  and 
peace.  And,  whilft  the  indignant 
hiftorian  of  a  future,  and  perhaps 
ftill  more  enlightened  period,  fhall 
pourtray  thefe  abufes,  in  their  ge- 
nuine colours,  to  an  enquiring  po- 
fterity,  he  will  not  fail  to  cenfure 
that  fpirit  of  captious  diiTent  which 
charadlerifes  the  prefent  day  ;  and 
to  repeat  the  advice  of  the  Delphic 
oracle,  which  we  are  informed  by 
Xenophon,  when  confulted  on  the 
beft  form  of  worfhip,  uniformly  re- 
turned for  anfwer,  "  Conform  to 
the  eftablilhed  worfhip  of  your  coun- 
try.'^ 

Such,  Sir,  are  my  fentiments  ; 
and  I  fhall  not,  hereafter,  fill  your 
page,  with  farther  controverfy  re- 
garding thern.  I  have  no  connec- 
tion with  the  Church,  and  am  not 
interefted  in  the  difpute.  I  have  no 
fervour  of  attachment  to  any  efta- 
blifhed  creed  ;  no  religious  animo- 
fities  ;  thinking  the  lilent  worfhip 
of  the  moral  heart,"  to  be  that  which 
is  moft  approved  by  the  Deity. 
What  I  have  ftated  is  matter  of 
private  opinion  ;  and,  for  my  own 
part,  I  have  no  hefitation  to  wifti, 
with  Origen,  "  That  even  the  De- 
vil may  be  faved.'^ 


oa.  II.  1802. 


L;elius. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine, 


ON  THE  FOUNDATION  OF  MORAL  OBLIGATION. 


FROM  the  intereft  which  men  quences  of  moral  adlion,  the  ftudy 
jnuft  neceflkrily  take  in  the  conft-   of  ethics  has  been  more  general,  in 

every 


886  On  the  Foundation  of  Moral  Obligation.  Nov' 


every  age,  than  any  other.  The 
rules  which  regulate  the  proceed- 
ings of  rude  tribes,  as  well  as  the 
more  perfect  fyftem  of  laws  by 
which  civilized  nations  are  govern- 
ed, are  all  founded  upon  ethical 
principles.  But  the  manner  m 
which  the  ftudy  hath  been  hitherto 
conduced,  has  retarded  the  progrefs 
of  moral  fcience.  The  order  of  na- 
ture hath  been  inverted,  and  men 
have  begun  to  ftudy  caufes,  when 
they  fhould  have  been  obferving  cf- 
feds.  It  is  only  by  a  long  and  per- 
fcvering  attention  to  the  operations 
of  the  mind,  as  they  appear  to  our- 
felves,  and  as  they  have  appeared 
to  others,  that  we  can  arrive  at  an 
accurate  knowledge  of  the  different 
principles  from  which  each  of  them 
proceeds.  If,  from  a  few  particular 
obfervations  and  experiments,  we 
attempt  to  form  general  conclufions, 
it  is  not  poflible  that  our  conclufions 
can  be  accurate. 

And  to  this  circumftance  the  de- 
fers in  the  ancient  mode  of  philofo- 
phifnig  ought  wholly  to  be  afcribed. 
Their  genius  and  opportunities 
v.^ere  in  moft  departments  of  fcience 
equal,  if  not  fuperior  to  ours,  but 
they  proceeded  upon  a  plan  which 
was  radically  wrong.  la  phylics, 
they  formed  a  theory,  and  then  at- 
tempted to  explain  all  the  pheno- 
mena of  nature  according  to  that 
theory.  That  ingenuity  which,  by 
a  proper  direction,  might  have  led 
to  the  moft  important  difcoveries, 
by  the  trammels  of  a  fyftem,  was 
exerted  in  ufelefs  fpeculation,  and 
in  purfuits  which  retarded,  inftead 
of  promoting,  the  progrefs  of  fcience. 

In  morals,  too,  the  fame  plan 
was  purfued,  and  was  produdtive  of 
the  fame  cffeds,  till  Socrates  ap- 
peared, and  gave  a  new  turn  to 
*  moral  inveftigations.  Relinquifli- 
ing  the  unintelligble  fyftems  of  his 
predeceflbrs,  and  conducing  his 
reafonings  in  a  plain  and  familiar 
manner,  he  exhibited  morality  in  a 


more  engaging  drefs  than  fhe  ha<' 
ever  before  affumed.  Hence  he  i 
faid  to  have  brought  philofoph] 
down  from  heaven,  and  to  have  in 
troduced  her  to  the  fociety  of  men 
The  great  objedl  of  his  philofoph) 
feems  to  have  been,  by  connecflinj 
the  principles  of  morahty  with  thoR 
of  religion,  to  apply  them  to  th( 
proper  regulation  of  the  conduct 
According  to  him*,  the  firft  princi' 
pies  of  virtuous  condudt  are  the  law; 
of  God  ;  and  this  opinion  he  fup- 
ported  by  obferving,  that  no  mar' 
departs  from  thefe  principles  with 
impunity.  He  left  no  writings  be-' 
hind  him,  but  liis  followers  were' 
numerous,  and  became  the  founder? 
of  the  celebrated  Greek  feds  which 
afterwards  arofe. 

"  The  two  great  queftions  of  the 
feds  were,  What  are  the  founda- 
tions of  virtue  ?  and  what  are  the 
diftindions  betwixt  good  and  evil, 
happinefs  and  mifery  f  To  foive 
thefc  queftions  was  tlie  great  end  of 
the  different  fyftems  of  morals  that^ 
v^ere  afterwards  invented.  Their 
dcfed  confifted  chiefly  in  the  falfc 
or  partial  principle  of  moral  obliga- 
tion from  which  they  fprang,  and , 
by  which  they  were  diftinguifhed! 
from  each  other.  They  contained 
many  excellent  precepts,  blended 
indeed  with  fanciful  notions  ;  and 
with  refped  to  arrangement  and 
ftyle,  they  are  ftill  confidered  as  mo- 
dels of  imitacion. 

PsRHAPs  one  of  the  caufes  why 
the  improvement  of'  moral  fcience, 
in  modern  times,  has  not  kept  pace  ] 
with  that  of  phyfics,  may  be  owing 
to  the  more  advanced  ftate  oi  mo- 
rals in  the  ancient  world.    At  the  , 
revival   of  learning,  the   phyfical  j 
fcience  of  the  ancients  was  found  tQ  | 
be  fo  imperfed  and  erroneous,  that 
men  were  under  the  neceffity  of  be- 


♦  Enfield's  Hiftory  of  Phil, 
t  Brace's  Eih. 

ginning 


iZo2.         On  the  Foundation  of  Moral  Obligation. 


afinnlng  the  ftudy  anew.  In  fuch  a 
ituation,  the  found  and  comprehen- 
ive  principles  laid  down  by  Lord 
Bacon,  gave  a  proper  diredtion  to 
he  inveftigation  of  philofophers. 
Proceeding  upon  them,  they  have 
gradually  arrived  at  a  degree  of 
mprovement,  which  none  of  the 
mcient  nations  ever  attained.  Fol- 
owing  the  flow,  but  fure  ftcps  of 
ndudlive  reafoning,  they  have  now 
cached  an  eminence  from  which 
heir  view  of  nature  is  enlarged  far 
)eyond  its  former  limits. 

In  morals,  however,  the  cafe  was 
bmewhat  different.  The  ancient 
yflems,  though  founded  upon  erro- 
leous  principles,  were  yet  replete 
vith  inflrudion,  and  contained  the 
afteft  moral  maxims.  Hence,  the 
eftorers  of  learning,  unwilling  to 
lefeit  the  path  in  which  they  had 
■athered  fo  many  flowers,  attempt- 
d  rather  to  modify  and  arrange 
hem,  than  to  purfue  the  tedious 
Ian  pointed  out  by  Bacon,  and  a- 
opted  by  philofophers,  in  the  im- 
Tovement  of  phyfical  fcience. 

The  dodrines  of  Grotius,  in  his 
elebrated  treatife  on  the  Laws  of 
^ar  and  Peace,  in  which  he  endea- 
ours  to  .point  out  the  caufes  of  a 
ili  war,  the  duties  of  nations  in  a 
ite  of  hoftility,  and  the  obligations 
liich  arife  in  a  ftate  of  peace,  are 
ippofed  to  have  been  fuggefled  to 
ini  by  the  plan  of  Lord  Bacon  *. 
'  at  he  appears  not  to  have  under- 
ood  tilt  fimple  method  of  phllofo- 
hifmg  taught  by  that  eminent  man ; 
)r  he  embaralTcs  his  reafonings  with  , 
n  unnectflary  dilplay  of  learning, 
id  frequent  appeals  to  authority. 
The  views  of  Bacon  were  more 
'iccefifully  realized  by  Montefquieu 
I  his  Spirit  of  Laws,  whofe  com- 
rehenfive  views  of  government, 
id  of  ri^^hts,  arc  explained,  as  they 


*  PuffendorfT's  Law  of  Nat.  and  Nat. 


regard  the  fucceflive  objects  and  ff- 
tuations  of  civil  fociety 

While  the  attention  of  men  was 
thus  beginning  to  be  directed  to  phi- 
loibphical  purfuits,  their  curiofitf 
led  them  to  examine  the  foundation 
of  moral  obligation.  Although  a 
marked  diflindion  betwixt  virtue 
and  vice  had  been  perceived,  and 
though  there  was  a  wonderful  agree- 
ment refpeding  thofe  anions  that 
were  virtuous,  and  thofe  that  were 
vicious,  yet  the  origin  of  the  diftinc- 
tion  had  not  yet  been  fatisfadtorily 
explained.  The  invefligations  of 
philofophers  were  not  found  to  ter- 
minate in  the  difcovery  of  the  law 
of  morality  as  a  law  of  nature,  fit- 
ted to  afcertain  and  explain  the  great 
rights  of  citizens,  and  of  nations.'' 
The  writings  of  Mr  Hobbes  intro- 
duced this  fubjed  to  the  attention 
of  the  moderns,  which,  on  account 
of  its  novelty  and  difficulty,  foon 
recommended  itfelf  to  the  curiofity 
of  fpeculative  men,  and  gave  rife  to 
the  different  theories  which  charac- 
terife  the  later  fyftems  of  moral  phi- 
lofophy. 

According  to  Mr  Hobbes,  felf- 
love  is  the  foundation  of  moral  ob- 
ligation f.  He  fuppofes,  that  the 
natural  ftate  of  man  is  a  ftate  of 
war  ;  that  he  is  urged  into  fociety 
merely  by  a  regard  to  his  own  wel- 
fare ;  and  that  he  confults  the  hap* 
pinefs  of  others  folely  with  a  view  of 
fecuring  his  own.  To  ufe  the  words 
of  Dr  Smith,  "  Society  becomes  ne- 
celfary  to  him,  and  whatever  tends 
to  its  fupport  and  welfare,  he  confi- 
dcis  as  having  a  remote  tendency  to 
his  own  intercft  ;  and,  on  the  con- 
trary, whatever  is  likely  to  difturb 
or  deftroy  it,  he  regards,  as  in  fom5 
meafure  hurtful  or  pernicious  to 
himfelf.    Virtue  is  the  great  fup- 


*  Bruce's  Ethics  . 

f  Hjbbc.-'s  Leviathan.  ' 


port. 


888 


On  the  Foundation  of  Moral  Obligation.  Nov; 


port,  and  vice  the  great  difturber, 
of  human  fociety.  The  former, 
therefore,  is  agreeable,  and  the  lat- 
ter ofFenfive  to  every  man.'*^  Ac- 
cording to  Hobbes,  the  diftindlion 
betwixt  virtue  and  vice  is  merely  ar- 
bitrary, being  wholly  regulated  by 
the  inilitutions  of  civil  government. 

Amongst  the  many  ftrong  ob- 
jections urged  againft  this  theory, 
in  almoft  all  our  fyftems  of  philofo- 
phy,  and  particularly  by  Cudworth, 
in  his  treatife  entitled  "  Eternal  and 
Immutable  Morality,"  there  is  one 
which  feems  fufficient  to  overturn 
the  whole  theory.    Were  fclf-love 
the  foundation  of  moral  approba- 
tion, in  proportion  as  men  appeared 
to  be  influenced  by  this  principle, 
their  condudt  would  be  entitled  to 
proportional     approbation  :  and 
where  it  was  wanting  there  could 
be   no   virtue,    becaufei  however 
fplendid  adlions  might  be,  if  they 
did  not  flow  from  felf-love,  they 
wanted  the  very  thing  which  gives 
virtue  its  diitindlive  charader.  But 
we  find  the  opinions  of  mankind 
dlredly  oppofite  ;  for  the  merit  of 
adlions  diminifiies  in  proportion  as 
they  are  thought  to  fpring  from 
felf-love  ;  while  thofe  that  are  fup« 
pofed  to  be  free  from  this  principle, 
are  looked  upon  not  only  with  ap- 
probation, but  even  with  reverence 
and  applaufe.    I'he  benevolent  and 
patriotic   adion  of  a  Decius  will 
ever  attraCl  the  admiration  of  man- 
kind. 

If  efFeds  are  the  only  means  by 
*^'hich  we  can  arrive  at  the  know- 
ledge of  their  caufes,  the  voice  and 
adtions  of  mankind  ihould  certainly 
lead  us  to  account  for  moral  obli- 
gation upon  a  principle  very  diifer- 
ent  from  that  adopted  by  Mr 
^  Hobbes.  It  is  true,  individuals 
and  the  community  to  which  they 
belong,  by  the  wife  arrangements 
of  providence,  are  fo  connedled,  that 
whatever  promotes  the  intereft  of 
the  one,  generally  promotes  that  of 


the  other*  So  that  public  gorid 
might  be  maintained  to  be  the  ca^ 
terion  of  virtue,  with  as  much  re 
fon  as  felf-love,  becaufe  many  of  the 
befl:  adtions  have  been  performed 
from  a  defire  to  promote  the  public 
good.  PuffcndorfF,  Mandeville,  and 
Rochefaucault,  were  the  mod  cele- 
brated  fupporters  of  this  fanciful 
fyftem 

The  great  end  of  Mr  Hobbes,  in 
his  political  writings,  appears  to 
have  been  to  make  men  obedient  to 
the  civil  powers,  and  fet  them  free 
from  the  ecclefiaftical,  which  he  con- 
fidered  as  highly  tyrannical  and  op- 
preflive.  The  whole  body  of  the 
clergy,  therefore,  were  alarmed,  and 
when  the  Leviathan  appeared,  they 
attacked  his  doftrines  from  all 
quarters,  with  deferved  afperity  and 
indignation  f. 

His  opinions  in  morality  met 
with  an  able  opponent  in  Dr  Cud- 
worth,   who  juftly  obferved,  that 
men   had   notions   of   right  and 
wrong,   antecedent  to  all  govern- 
ment.   He  fuppofed  that  they  mall 
have    derived   thefe  notions  from 
reafon,  which  pointed  out  the  dif- 
ference betwixt  right  and  wrong,  in 
the  fame  manner  as  betwixt  truth 
and  falfehood.      He  added,  that 
there  is  an  agreement  or  relation 
in  nature,  when  we  perceive  virtue, 
a  difagreement  when  we  perceive 
vice,  and  that  the  power  by  which 
we  thus  perceive  is  the  underRand- 
ing  J.   Malebranche  adopted  nearly 
the  fame  opinions.    Dr  Clark,  in 
fubferviency  to  this  theory,  places 
virtue  in  ading  according  to  the 
fitnefs  and  congruity  which  appea 
in  certain  adions  and  relations 
nature.    Mr  Woolafton,  in  aftin^,' 
agreeable  to  the  truth  of  things,  ac 
cording  to  their  proper  nature ;  and 


*  Smith's  Theory.  Bruce's  Ethics 
t  See  Enfield. 

X  Price's  Review.  .  i 


iScl.        On  the  Foundation  Oj 

Lord  Shaftefbury,  in  reafon,  main- 
aining  a  proper  balance  of  the  af- 
eAions  f . 

This  theory,  founded  upon  the 
Principles  of  reafon,  at  its  firfl:  ap- 
pearance was  confidered  as  quite  fa- 
isfadlory,  in  explaining  the  different 
ippearances  of  rnoral  adion.  It 
vas  fupported  by  the  moft  eminent 
cholars  of  the  age,  and  had  all  the 
.harms  of  fimplicity  to  recommend 
t  to  general  notice.  The  pov/cr  of 
•eafon  is,  no  doubt,  the  diilinguilh- 
ng  excellence  of  our  nature;  it 
lolds  the  balance  among  the  other 
oowers,  and  is  in  all  cafes  neceffary 
i:0  their  fuccefsful  operation.  To 
ts  judgment  we  have  always  re- 
:ourfe,  when  any  doubt  arifes  ref- 
je6ling  the  merit  of  an  adion  ;  but 
t  cannot  be  conhdcred  as  the  mo- 
/ing  principle  in  the  foul.  Our 
•)a{Tion$  and  afFedions  mufl:  excite 
:o  adion  before  realbn  can  exert  its 
nfluence.  We  ad  in  a  particular 
manner,  becaufe  from  doing  fo,  we 
derive  iatisfadion  and  pleafure,  and 
]we  abftain  from  particular  adions 
!  becaufe  they  are  hurtful  to  our  mo- 
jral  feelings.  '  From  a  number  of 
particular  obfervations  colleded  in 
this  manner,  we  ellabliOi  general 
laws,  accoixling  to  which  we  endea- 
vour to  regulate  our  condud-  The 
indudive  procefs  by  which  this  opera- 
tion is  carried  on,  is  the  refult  of  our 
reafoning  powers.  But  the  fiiH 
perceptions,  as  well  as  all  other  ex- 
periments upon  which  general  rules 
are  formed,  cannot  be  the  objed  of 
reafon,  but  of  immediate  fenfe  or 
i  feeling. 

j    Besides,  when  we  reafon  con- 
learning  the  merit  of  any  adion,  this 
reafoning  fuppofes   fome  tlandard 
from  which  we  proceed.    It  is  rea- 
II  fonablc  only  when  it  is  conformable 
^  to  that  ftandard,  or  to  truth,  and 
vice  versa.    A  bad  adion  may  be 

 —  

Brucc's  Eth. 
Vol.  LXIV. 


■  Moral  Obligation.  889 

true,  and  therefore  may  be  ftridly 
reafonable  ;  fo  that  an  adion  can- 
not  be  good,  merely  from  its  being' 
agreeable  to  reafon.  Whatever  pro- 
perty can  be  afcribed  to  a  kind  ac- 
tion, the  contrary  may  be  afcribed 
to  a  cruel  one.  Both  adions  are 
equally  conformable  to  their  refpec- 
tive  truths,  and  in  this  conformity 
confids  their  reafon ablenefs.  Were 
moral  approbation,  therefore,  foun- 
ded  upon  the  congruity  or  fitnefs  of 
adions  to  their  objeds,  (becaufe 
fitnefs  in  an  adion  neceffarily  im- 
plies fome  objed  to  which  it  isfitetd), 
all  adions  would  be  equally  appro- 
ved,  becaufe  bad  adions  are  as  con- 
formable to  their  objeds  as  thofc 
that  are  good.  The  merit  of  ac* 
tions,  therefore,  muft  depend  upon 
the  nature  of  the  objedis  to  which 
they  are  conducive.  ' 

In  every  rational  adion  fome  end 
is  propofed.  Reafon  furniflies  us 
with  the  means  of  obtaining  that 
end,  but  our  defire  to  obtain  it  im- 
plies our  approbation  of  it.  Now, 
this  approbation  is  previous  to  all 
reafoniiig  \  it  is  the  motive  that  ex- 
cites us  to  exert  our  reafon.  For 
example,  we  approve  of  promoting 
the  public  good,  before  we  make 
any  attempts  for  that  purpofe,  but 
no  reafon  can  be  given  for  this  ap- 
probation, more  than  for  our  liking 
a  particular  fruit,  or  admiring  a 
beautiful  landfcape.  We  follow 
the  fimple  feelings  of  our  minds  in 
the  one  cafe,  as  well  as  in  the  other, 
Dr  Hutcheson  of  Glafgow  was 
the  firft  who  explained,  with  any 
degree  of  precilion,  how  far  reafon, 
and  how  far  feeling,  were  concerned 
in  our  moral  judgments.  He  threv/ 
a  light  upon  this  dark  fubjed,  of 
which  it  had  been  hitherto  deprived, 
and  by  an  accurate  analyfis  of  the 
mental  principle,  contributed  effen- 
tially  to  the  improvement  of  pneu- 
matology.  While  he  allowed  the 
necelfity  of  reafon  for  judging  of  thd 
tendency  of  adions,  and  exhibiting 
6  D  them 


890  On  the  Foundation  of  Moral  Obligation.  Nov* 


them  in  their  true  light,  he  obfcrv- 
ed,  that  in  judging  of  their  merit 
or  demerit,  the  mind  exerted  a 
power  fimilar  to  that  which  is  em- 
ployed in  examining  external  na- 
ture. A  landfcape  adorned  with 
the  richefl:  beauties  of  nature,  grati- 
fies the  mind  folely  by  the  charms 
of  its  beauty.  Expreflion,  propor- 
tion, and  grace,  in  animated  bcingSj 
infpire  a  pleafure  independent  of 
other  qualities.  In  the  fame  man- 
ner, virtuous  adions  pleafe  wholly 
for  their  own  fakes.  From  wliich 
he  concluded,  that  man  was  polfef- 
fed  of  a  diftind  power  of  judging 
betwixt  moral  good  and  evil.  This 
power  he  denominated  the  moral 
Me. 

That  mankind  really  have  fuch 
a  power,  by  whatever  name  it  may 
be  called,  whether  moral  fcnfe,  mo- 
ral reafon,  or  confcience,  appears 
from  the  nature  of  our  moral  per- 
ceptions. When  we  refle(5l  upon 
•what  pafles  within  us,  we  are  con- 
fcious  that  the  mind  exerts  itfelf  in 
a  great  variety  of  Ways  :  it  creates, 
remembers,  and  judges.  From  thefc 
different  operations  we  afcribe  to  it 
the  powers  of  imagination,  memory, 
and  judgment.  From  the  delight 
it  feels  in  contemplating  a  beautiiul 
objecfl,  and  difgud  in  contemplating 
an  ugly  one,  we  afcribe  to  it  the 
power  of  tafte,  by  which  it  judges 
of  the  beauties  of  nature  and  of  art. 
In  the  fame  manner,  when  a  virtu- 
ous adtion  is  prefented  to  the  mindj 
it  is  inftantly  approven  of,  and  a  vi- 
cious one  is  as  inftantaneoufly  re- 
jeded.  This  difcriminative  per- 
ception' is  univerfal.  In  all  ages 
and  nations  we  find  that  a  diftinc- 
tion  has  been  made  betwixt  virtue 
and  vice,  good  and  evil  ;  that  fome 
adions  have  been  univerfally  appro- 
ved, while  others  have  been  univer- 
fally condemned,  and  tbat  words 
expreifive  of  this  diftindion  have 
been  employed  in  all  languages. 


The  feeling  which  arifes  from  the 
perception  of  this  diftindion,  is  to-  ' 
tally  different  from  all  our  otlier 
feelings*     The   performance  of  a 
good  adion,  gives  us  a  fenfc  of  fa- 
tisfadion  and  pleafure,  fo  does  the  ' 
difcovery  of  an  abftrad  truth.  Wc 
delight  to  contemplate  the  charac-  ' 
ter  of  a  generous  friend  or  a  noble  ' 
patriot,  we  are  alfo  delighted  with 
a  fruitful  field  or  commodious  habi-  ' 
tation.    But  betwixt  thefe  two  kinds 
of  feelings,  the-re  is  a  very  ftrikingf  ' 
and  effential  difference.    The  form-  ' 
cr  kmd    is    iilways    accompanie4  ' 
with  a  fenfe  of  merit,  while  the  lat^  ; 
ter  pleafes  only,  on  account  of  their  ^ 
utility,  and  conveys  to  the  mind  no'  ^ 
feeling,  either  of  merit  or  demerits 
The  difcovery  even  of  an  abflra^l  ' 
truth,  is  in  many  cafes  a  virtuous 
adion,  indeed  it  is  always  fo,  whe|l  •  • 
it  originates  from  a  principle  of  du*  , 
ty  ;  and  therefore  the  feeling  that  • 
arifes  from  it,  will  partake  of  the  na- 
ture of  other  virtuous  feelings. 

This  inward  principle  is  as  fixed 
in  its  nature,  and  uniform  in  its 
operations,  as  any  of  the  other  prin- 
ciples of  our  nature.  It  never  fails 
to  approve  of  virtue,  and  condemn 
vice,  wherever  thefe  qualities  ap- 
pear. It  holds  the  balance  among 
the  affedions,;  and  like  a  judge,  in- 
flids  punifiiment  upon  thofe  who 
nep:led  its  didates,  while  it  rev/ards 

o     ^  .  . 

the  virtuous  with  that  inward  tran- 
quillity, which  always  arifes  from  a 
confciousnefs  of  reditude.  Upon 
obferving  the  coAdud  of  others  al- 
fo, it  prompts  us  to  favour  and 
praife  the  virtuous,  and  to  deteR 
and  condemn  the  vicious.  In  every 
man  it  is  the  ftandard,  by  which  he 
judges  of  the  condud  of  other  men. 
Whenever  we  are  confcious  of  ad- 
ing  rightly,  the  intimations  of  this 
principle  are  always  recognized,  we 
feel  ourfelves  entituled  to  the  efteem 
and  approbation  of  our  fellow  crea- 
tures, and  we  know,  with  the  evi- 
dence 


j8o2.        On  the  Foundation  of  Moral  Obligation.  891 


Jence  of  a  perception,  that  we  en- 
loy  the  approbation  of  the  invifiblc 
writnefs  of  all  our  conduct. 

'*  This  nobler  fenfe  which  nature 
I  lias  defigned  to  be  the  guide  of  life 
lieferves  the  moft  careful  eonfidera- 
1  :ion,  fince  it  is  plainly  the  judge  of  the 
;  whole  of  life,  of  all  the  various  pow- 
ers affedions,  and  defigns,  and  na- 
:urally  aflunjes  a  jurifdidion  over 
:hem;  pronouncing  that  moft  impor-r 
lantfentence,  thjitin  the  virtues  them- 
felves,  and  in  a  careful  ftudy  of 
.vhat  is  beautiful  and  honourable  in 
nanners,  confifts  our  true  dignity, 
ind  natural  excellence,  and  fupreme 
liappinefs^  Thofe  who  cultivate 
ind  improve  this  fenfe,  find  that  it 
ran  ftrengthen  them  to  bear  the 
^reateft  external  evils,  and  volun- 
:arily  to  forfeit  external  advantages, 
n  adhering  to  their  duty  towards 
:heir  friends,  their  country,  or  the 
general  intereft  of  all ;  and  that  in 
fo  doing  alone  it  is,  that  they  can 
:horoughly  approve  themfelves  and 
their  condudl.  It  likewife  punifhes 
with  fevere  remorfe  and  fecret  lafhes 
fuch  as  difobey  this  natural  govern- 
ment conftituted  in  the  foul,  or  omit, 
through  any  fear,  or  any  profped 
of  fecular  advantages,  the  duties 
which  it  requires 

Against  the  exiftence  of  this  ju- 
dicative faculty  feveral  objecflions 
have  been  ftated.  It  hath  been  faid, 
if  approbation  and  difapprobation 
were  emotions  of  a  particular  kind, 
diftind  from  every  other,  one  fliould 
exped  that  they  would  always  re- 
tain the  general  features  by  wliich 
they  are  difcriminated,  clear,  plain, 
and  eahly  diftinguifhabie,  but  in 
fad  it  happens  quite  otherwife. 
This  objedion  is  equally  applicable 
to  the  other  powers  and  affedions 
of  our  nature.  The  emotions  of 
love  are  as  different  as  the  objeds 
which  produce  them,  yet  nobody 


Hutche^on's  Introdudion, 


would  deny  that  the  principle  of 
love  exifts  in  the  foul  of  man.  The 
principle  of  fear  too,  undergoes 
innumerable  modifications,  accord- 
ing to  the  nature  of  the  objeds  which 
excite  thern.  The  emotions  are  very 
different  when  we  view  a  well  exe- 
cuted painting  and  v/hen  we  contem- 
plate a  beautiful  landfcape,  and  the 
pleafure  which  we  derive  from  a 
well  performed  play  is  ditfcrent  from 
both  ;  and  yet  we  afcribe  all  thefe 
emotions  to  the  fenfe  of  tade,  which 
we  do  not  hcfitate  to  pronounce 
diftind  faculty. 

The  emotions  which  arifefrom  the 
iiioral  principle  are  regulated  in  the 
fame  manner;  they  derive  a  divcriity 
from  the  nature  of  the  objeds  by 
which  they  are  produced.  Thus,  the 
erriotions  which  we  feel  Irom  a  tender 
and  humane  adion,are  different  from 
thofe  with  which  we  are  infpired 
from  one  that  is  great  and  magna- 
nimous ;  but  the  two  kinds  agree 
in  this  refped,  that  they  are  both 
objeds  of  choice,  both  excite  appro- 
bation, and  therefore  obtain  the  ap- 
pellation of  good.  It  is  faid,  "  that 
our  horror  for  cruelty  has  no  fort 
of  referriblance  to  our  contempt  for 
rrjean  fpiritednefs bat  they  evi- 
dently agree  in  exciting  difapproba- 
tion and  hatred,  and  according  to 
this  difapprobaiion,  we  determine 
their  demerit.  In  both  thefe  cafes, 
the  operations  of  the  moral  faculty 
are  exadly  fimilar ;  it  always  re- 
jeds  what  is  bad,  though  the  de- 
grees of  difapprobation,  as  may  be 
fuppofed,  in  dilfererit  ini^ances,  be 
very  dilFerent. 

It  ha:h  likewife  been  afked,  up^ 
on  the  fuppofition  of  a  moral  facul- 
ty, how  we  approve  or  difapprove 
of  proper  or  improper  approbation  ? 
The  anfwer  to  this  que  (lion  is  eafy. 
We  examine  the  adion  that  procur- 
ed the  approbation  of  another  per- 
fon,  and  if  it  likewife  gain  ours,  we 
reckon  the  approbation  of  the  other 
proper,  and  vL^e  versa.  By  the  fame 
6  D  2  pioceft 


On  the  Foundation  of  Moral  Obligation. 


Nov 


procefs  we  may  corl-e(5t  the  moral 
judgments  which  we  ourlelves  have 
ibrmed,  becaiife  their  accuracy  de- 
pends upon  the  objedt  being  pre- 
sented to  the  mind  in  its  true  light. 
If  we  have  obtained  new  and  more 
complete  information  refpcding  an 
.a<3ion,  than  what  we  had  before, 
the  intimations  of  the  moral  princi- 
ple will  vary  accordrng  to  the  na- 
ture of  that  information.    It  bears 
Ibme  refemblance  to  the  character 
of  a  judge,  who  muft  fir  ft  be  ac- 
quainted with  all  the  circumftances 
of  the  cafe,  bef  ore  he  can  determine 
whether  to  acquit  or  condemn  the 
pannel  at  the  bar.    If,  without  exa- 
mining the  matter  fully,  he  were  to 
pafs  fentence  from  partial  informa- 
tion, it  is  very  probable  that  the 
fentence  would  be  unjuih    In  like 
manner,  a  complete  knowledge  of 
the  circumftances  with  which  aclions 
are  accompanied,  is  nccefiary  to 
render  the  deciiions  of  the  moral  fa- 
culty more  uniformly  juft.    To  re- 
lieve the  wantsof  pur  fellow-creatures 
hath  always  been  coufidcred  as  a 
virtuous  adtion,  but  were  it  to  be 
found  in  a  particular  inftance,  that 
this  was  done  to  induce  tiie  perfon 
lelieved  to  comply  with  fome  dif- 
honourable  proposals  ;   from  tliat 
moment  the  adion  would  change  its 
charader,  and  be  accounted  vicious. 
Actions  viewed  in  themfelves  are 
neither  virtuous  nor  vicious.  Their 
merit  or  demerit  arifes  chieflyfrom 
the  motives  with  which  they  are 
performed.    We  do  not  mean  to 
enter  into  the  queftion  how  far  the 
end  may  juftify  the  means.  We 
may  only  obferve,  that  there  are 
a(5lions  fo  criminal  in  their  nature, 
fo  inimical  to  order  and  happinefs, 
that  no  end  or  anotive  can  juftify 
their  performance.   The  ignorance, 
fupperftition,  or  deep  depravity,  that 
could  make  them  in  any  cafe  ap- 

f)ear  juftifiable,  are  themfelves  high- 
y  criminal ;  for  virtue  and  vice,  in 
every  Hate  of  fcciety  are  for  the 


moft  part  fo  diftinftly  marked,  as 
to  be  at  once  recognized  by  every 
candid  and  unprejudiced  mind  ;  an^i 
when  a  regular  fyftem  of  laws  hath  ' 
been  eftablifhed  for  the  government 
of  a  particular  community,  then 
difobedience  to  thcfe  laws  is  in  it- 
felf  criminal. 

But  not  only  do  we  form  wrong 
moral  notions  of  actions  from  a  want 
of  information  refpecfting  them,  our 
moral  fenfibility  is  hequently  blun- 
ted or  reprclfed  by  appetite  and  paf- 
fion*  When  once  we  have  enga;^ed 
with  ardour  in  the  purfuit  of  a  fa- 
vourite object,  we  negledt  every  con- 
lideration  that  might  prevent  us 
from  the  attainment  of  it.  We  at- 
tend not  to  the  confjquences  whichi 
reafon,  if  we  liftened  to  its  dictates, 
might  poj^nt  out,  and  hence  our  coii| 
dudt  is  highly  unreafonable.  Th^ 
fame  caufes  alfo  lead  to  v/rong  cott- 
clullons  in  fcientific  inveftigation^ 
A  fondnefs  for  theory  and  a  defiiic 
to  eftablilh  or  fupport  a  particulai 
opinion  are  extremely  adverfe  to  th^ 
difcovery  of  truth.  From  the  fann^ 
principles  the  moft  oppofite  concl«j' 
Hons  are  drawn;  but  the  deviation- 
of  reafon  aiford  no  ftronger  proof 
againft  the  exiftence  of  the  power  it^ 
felf,  than  the  unwieldy  mechanic 
of  a  barbarian  againft  the  fimplicit} 
of  the  laws  of  gravitation  and  mp- 
tion.  A  man  in  the  heat  of  a  paf 
fion  is  in  a  difeafe,  the  whole  men 
tal  fyftem  is  difordeied,  and  he  i 
altogether  unfitted  for  the  prop*: 
exercife  of  his  powers :  no  wonde: 
then  that  the  moral  judgments  b- 
lometimes  erroneous.  The  defign 
of  thefe  remarks  is  to  fhow,  xhk 
though  our  moral  judgments  fre 
quently  vary,  yet  their  variation 
may  be  reafonably  explained,  an< 
likewife  the  manner  by  which  w 
judge  of  proper  or  improper  apprC; 
bation.  ^  ! 

Mr  Hume  diffatisfied  with  th: 
theories  we  have  mentioned,  in  oi 
der  to  remedy  their  defers,  erefted  : 

fyfteti 


l802. 


On  the  Foundation  of  Moral  Obligation. 


893 


fyftem  of  morals  upon  the  broader 
bafis  of  rcafon  and  fentiment.  He 
admitted  that  the  moral  fenfe  was 
original,  but  endeavoured  to  ana- 
lyfe  its  nature,  and  to  fhow  that  it  is 
not  one  fimple  feeling,  but  a  com- 
pound of  feveral  feehngs.  "Virtuous 
anions,  he  obferves,  have  a  tendency 
to  promote  either  the  happinefs  of 
the  adlor  himfelf  or  of  fociety.  It  is 
their  falutary  efFeds  therefore  which 
render  virtuous  adions  agreeable  to 
mankind  ;  it  is  their  pernicious  ef- 
feds  which  render  vicious  anions 
dilagreeable  Thefe  effeds  it  is 
the  proper  office  of  reafon  to  difco- 
ver,  fmcc  nothing  but  that  faculty 
can  iniirudt  in  the  tendency  of  quali- 
ties and  anions,  and  point  out  their 
beneficial  confequences  f .  *'  Senti- 
ment," the  fame  author  obferves, 
!**  is  requihte  to  give  a  preference 
to  the  \ifeful  above  the  pernicious 
confequences.  This  fentiment  can 
be  no  other  than  the  feeling  for  the 
happinefs  of  mankind,  and  a  refent- 
ment  of  their  mifery.'^  Thus  the 
principle  of  moral  approbation  is 
refolved  into  a  fenfe  of  the  utility 
of  virtuous  adions. 

According  to  this  fyftem,  our 
approbation  of  adions  ought  always 
to  be  regulated  by  their  utility.  We 
cught  to  praife  a  jult  man  more 
than  a  generous  and  humane  man  ; 
but  though  juftice  be  the  moll  ufe- 
ful  of  all  virtues,  it  is  by  no  means 
the  moft  meritorious.  One  adion 
of  difmterefted  benevolence,  hath 
obtained  greater  and  more  univer- 
fal  approbation,  than  a  whole  life 
fpent  in  the  pradice  of  juftice."  The 
man  w^ho  wants  juftic^  is  contemned, 
but  the  perfon  who  is  pofrclled  of  it, 
is  looked  upon  as  having  nothing- 
more  than  w^hat  he  ought  to  have. 

This  fyftem  is  like  wife  dcfedive  in 
making  the  perception  of  the  utility 
of  adions  neceffary  to  our  approba. 


■  Hame's  Moials. 
t  Brucc's  Etb, 


tion  of  them  ;  for  if  we  attend  to 
the  operations  of  the  mind,  when 
we  approve  of  a  particular  adtion, 
we  will  find  that  we  frequently  liave 
no  fuch  perception,  and  that  our 
opinions  are  in  mauy  inftances  in- 
ftantaneous.  Our  moral  fcntiments 
are  no  doubt  enhanced  and  enliven- 
ed by  the  perception  of  tJie  utility 
of  qualities  and  of  adions,  but  ftill 
they  are  orginally  and  effentially 
different  from  this  perception. 

But  the  great  defecl  in  the  fyflem 
of  Mr  Hume  arifes  from  the  diffi- 
culty of  diftinguifhing  betwixt  pub- 
lic and  private,  general  and  parti- 
cular happinefs.  in  this  refpcvSt  there 
would  be  a  continual  jarring  among 
the  opinions  and  fentiments  of  n^an- 
kind  ;  one  party  in  a  nation  might 
think  it  ufeful  to  betray  and  dcftroy 
their  enemies ;  another,  whofe  views 
upon  the  iubjed:  were  more  ex  ten? 
five,  might  think  it  ufeful  to  con-* 
tend  honourably,  and  to  preferve 
them.  Nay,  utility  and  juftice 
might  frequently  happen  to  be  di- 
redly  oppofite,  as  appears  from  a 
faying  of  Aiiitoie,  recorded  by  ^ 
French  athor,  "  Rien  de  ft  utile 
que  le  projet  de  Themlftoch  mais 
rien  de  ft  injufte  ;"  and  upon  an- 
other occafion,  "  Celut  des  Samiens 
eft  injufte,  mais  il  eft  utile."  Such 
indeed  are  the  wife  arrangements  of 
Providence,  that  all  virtuous  adiouii 
are  ufeful  for  promoting  general 
happinefs  ;  but  the  fuppolicion  that 
their  merit  arifes  from  a  fenfe  of 
their  utihty,  would  lead  to  the  moft 
abfurd  and  dangerous  c^nclufions* 
The  illuftration  of  this  particular^ 
however,  ihall  be  referved  till  we 
confider  the  theory  of  Mr  Paley. 

Dr  Smith  w^as  the  next  w^ho  took 
up  this  intricate  queftion,  and  he 
attempted  to  folve  it  upon  fome- 
whit  difterent  principles.  Witli 
great  ingenuity  and  elegance,  he 
refolves  moral  approbation  into  pro- 
priety  arifing  from  a  fellow-feeling 
or  fympathy.    "  I  fympathife  with 

a  per- 


894  Foundation  of  Moral  Obligation.  No^ 


a  perfon,"  Dr  Smith  obferves, 
when  I  imagine  that  were  I  in 
liis  fituation,  I  would  feel  exadly 
as  he  does.  To  approve  of  the  emo- 
tions of  another,  therefore,  as  fuit- 
able  to  their  objects,  is  the  fame 
thing  as  to  obferve,  that  we  entirely 
fympathife  with  them,  and  not  to 
approve  of  them  as  fuch,  is  the 
fame  thing  as  to  obferve  that  we  do 
not  entirely  fympathife  with  them." 
And  in  another  place  he  obferves, 
•*  Every  faculty  in  man  is  the  mea- 
fure  by  which  he  judges  of  the  like 
faculty  in  another.  I  judge  of  your 
light  by  my  fight,  of  your  ear  by 
lay  car,  of  your  reafon  by  my  rea- 
fon,  of  your  refentment  by  my  re- 
fentment,  of  your  love  by  my  love. 
I  neither  have  nor  can  have  any  o- 
ther  way  of  judging  about  them." 
In  order  to  judge  of  the  merit  of 
our  own  adtions,  we  are  to  place  our- 
felves  in  the  fituation  of  a  fpedtator, 
and  confider  what  would  be  our  opi- 
nion of  them  were  we  in  his  place. 

This  !fyftem  is  more  compre- 
henfive  than  any  of  the  others  we 
have  yet  confidered,  becaufe  it  in- 
cludes not  only  the  principle  of  ap- 
probation in  ourfelves,  but  in  other 
men.  Our  own  judgments  may  be 
warped  by  intereft  or  paffion,  but 
by  comparing  them  with  thofe  of 
other  men,  they  are  immediately 
correded.  The  fyftem,  however, 
refolves  itfelf  wholly  to  the  princi- 
ples of  our  own  mind,  as  the  ulti- 
mate ftandard  of  ^very  thing  that  is 
virtuous,  and  every  thing  that  is 
vicious.  The  fympathetic  feelings 
which  form  the  foundation  of  the 
theory  of  Dr  Smith,  are  nothing 
more  than  thofe  principles  of  our 


nature  by  which  we  love  and  ap- 
prove of  what  is  virtuous,  and  hate 
and  condemn  what  is  vicious.  The 
moral  faculty  then  is  the  founda- 
tion upon  which  the  fyftem  of  Smith 
ultimately  refts,  but  the  planner 
by  which  he  explains  its  various  mo- 
difications is  new,  ingenious,  an4 
elegant.  It  will  continue  to  refled? 
an  honour  upon  its  author,  as  long 
as  true  philofophy  and  learning  are 
efteemed  among  men. 

The  fyftems  we  have  now  been 
confidering,  feem  all  to  have  been, 
borrowed  from  thofe  which  prevail- 
ed in  Greece.  The  doi5trines  of 
Democrates,  that  the  diftinflion  b^ 
twixt  virtue  and  vice  is  rncrely  arn 
bitrary,  being  wholly  regulated  hf 
the  inftitutions  of  civil  government, 
were  evidently  the  fourcefrom  which 
Hobbes  drew  his  opinions  both  mo^ 
ral  and  political.  The  intelleduaf 
fyftem  of  Cudworth,  Clarke,  and 
Price,  differed  little  from  that  of  An- 
ftotle,  who  taught  that  virtue  con- 
fifts  in  the  due  exercife  of  the  undel'-» 
ftanding.  The  moral  fenfe  ol, 
Hutchefon  refembled  the  dodrine 
of  Plato,  that  virtue  is  to  be  pur-i 
fued  for  its  own  fake.  In  like  man- 
ner  the  a<ftive  principle  of  the  Stoics^i 
which  they  denominated  God,  heart, 
no  fmall  refemblance  to  the  doc- 
trines of  the  moderns,  which  makes 
the  will  of  God  the  foundation  oj 
moral  obligation.  The  examina- 
tion of  this  opinion  will  merit  parti^ 
cula  attention,  and  muft  therefor€| 
be.  deferred  to  fome  future  occafioa 

1802.  J 


T-o  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine ^ 
OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  POLYTHEISM. 

A  SKETCH. 


As  we  find  in  all  the  earlieft  li- 
terary, or  rather  the  poetical  com- 
pofitions  of  fociety,  when  language 
!  s  rude,  and  when  the  materials  of 
^xprefTion  are  fcarce,  a  propenlity 
:o  perfonify  which  diminifhes  as  im- 
:)rovement  proceeds,  it  has  been 
uftly  inferred  that  perfonification  is 
.produced  by  the  imperfe(5i:ions  of 
;  anguage.  However  as  the  pra(5lice 
f^f  the  decorative  arts  indicates  a 
late  of  manners  confiderably  ad- 
/anced,  W€  may  eafdy  conceive 
mankind  to  have  been  all  ignorant 
I  of  poetry;  and  the  original  condi- 
tion of  man  fo  competely  favage 
is  to  be  diftinguifhed  from  the  an- 
I'fiaginirig  animals,  only  by  the  per- 
manency of  his  domelHc  affections  t 
The  defenceleffnefs  of  his  infancy 
iiecellarily  rendering  him  gregari- 
ous. 

•    In  the  fit-ft,  or  as  it  may  be  more 
;  iptly  denominated  the  brutal  age  of 
^rociely,  I  imagine  the  germs  of  po- 
iytheifm  were  planted^  becaufe  lan- 
guage then  bare  and  pliant,  ad- 
mitted perfonification  more  readily 
'Ivan  at  any  after  period  ;  and  there- 
I  think  it  highly  probable  that 
-  primitive  terms  which  expreifcd 
the  peculiarities  and  qualities  of  ex- 
ternal obje(n:s,  afterwards,  in  confe- 
quence  of  their  metaphorical  ap- 
pearance, came  to  fignify  the  pow- 
ers and  duties  who  pervade  and  ani- 
mate the  very  things  of  which  they 
were  formerly  the  mere  epithets. 
Thefe  demons  and  genii  would  no 


doubt  be  tinged  with  the  Influencie 
of  local  circumftances,  and  their 
charadters  would  refemble  the  cli* 
mate  of  the  countries  in  which  ihej 
were  produced.  The  wild  and  fliag- 
gy  regions  which  reared  the  de- 
ftroyers  of  the  Roman  empire,  are 
ravaged  by  tempefts,  deluged  by- 
torrents,  and  darkened  by  winters, 
of  which  the  fprightly  Grecian,  and 
the  penfive  Italian  can  fcarcely  form 
a  notion.  Accordingly  we  find  that 
the  Gothic  and  Celtic  fuperftitions 
are  ftrongly  diftinguilhed  by  their 
grim  and  ferocious  afpedls,  from  the 
lively  and  elegant  mythology  of  the 
claffic  nations.  Dr  Adam  P'ergufon^ 
in  his  chapter  "  of  tlie  Sources  of 
Ileligicn,"  has  fome  rem. arks  which 
corroborate  this  hypothefis.  In 
every  nation  or  tribe,"  lays  the  Doc- 
tor, "  the  providence  of  God  was 
fuppofed  to  take  its  chara<fter  from 
the  circumitances  in  which  it  was 
employed.  In  maritime  fituations, 
the  Deity  was  conceived  as  monarch 
of  the  fea  and  direrfor  of  the  ftorms  ; 
within  land  he  was  conceived  as  pa- 
tron of  hufbandmen  and  of  inep- 
herds  :  the  ruler  of  feafons,  and  the 
power  on  which  man  mult  depend 
for  the  increafe  of  his  herds  and  the 
return  of  his  harveft." 

To  trace  the  procefs  which  tranf- 
muted  phrafes  into  Beings,  that 
when  feen  through  the  haze  of  le- 
gendary faith,  and  by  a  dim  reli- 
gious light,  terrify  the  credulous, 
and  appear  to  govern  the  energies 


On  the  Origin  of  Polytheism. 


NovV 


of  the  elements,  would  be  a  labour 
more  compatible  AVith  antiqua- 
rian erudition,  than  with  the  circum- 
fcribed  limits  of  a  temporary  ellay. 
It  is  however  amufmg  to  obferve 
the  proofs  of  this  curious  mctamor- 
phofis,  which  feveral  fupernatural 
powers  dill  retain. 

The  name  of  the  Goddefs  whom 
Tacitus  defcribes  as  receiving  the 
sidoration  t)f  the  Germans,  refembles 
that  by  which  the  tencftrial  portion 
of  the  globe  -is  diftinguiOied  in  the 
Teutonic  languages.    The  ejrth  is 
mdeed  an  obvious  benefadirefs,  and 
is  therefore  one  of  the  fird  mate- 
rial things  that  obtains  the  homage 
of  divine  honours  from  mankind. 
Guoden,  the  original  of  the  Icelan- 
die  Good,  focms  to  be  the  fource  of 
Wod;m  or  Odin,  the  fuprcme  God 
of  the  Scandinavians.    The  God  of 
the  Gauls,  whofe  attributes  were 
fimilar  to  thofe  of  the  Roman  Ju- 
piters,  was  venerated  by  a  name 
which  ftill  in  the  Welih  fignifies 
thunder.    Hela,  the  Icelandic  death 
is  extremely  like  tlie  epithets  by 
which  the  infernal  region  is  known 
in  the  Gothic  dialects.    The  Weird 
deities,  fo  famous  in  Gothic  roman- 
ces, and  of  fuch  tremendiious  con- 
fequencc  in  the  tn-.gedy  of  Macbeth, 
were  called  Urd  (the  paft,)  Werandi 
(the  prefent,)  and  Sculdi  (the  fu- 
ture.) The  fairies  who  anciently  en- 
joyed an  inferior  fituation  among 
the  deftinies,  are  even  yet  denomi- 
nated in  French  by  a  term  as  near 
to  our  Englifii*  faies  as  the  tone  of 
the  language  will  admit.  Wifard 
is  but  a  corruption  of  wifer  or  wife 
man.    It  only  acquired  its  magical 
meaning  when  the  m.onkilh  ages  re- 
garded m.ental  illumination  as  the 
gift  of  evil  fpirils.    The  Icelandic 
word  hiftle  (evil),  when  modulated 
by  Britifli  pronunciation  is  devil; 
and  the  Saxon  gude  (good)  is  the 


father  of  our  general  term  for  a 
fuperior  being.  The  Scottifli  war- 
lock, who  fcems  (if  the  expreHTion 
may  be  ufed)  rather  a  negative  kind 
of  maleiyn/cvty  might  arife  from  that 
dread  which  ftili  prevails,  of  having 
any  connexion  with  unfortunate  per- 
sons. The  unfortunate  are  in  fomc 
degree  regarded  as  fated,  and  there- 
fore their  fociety  is  avoided.  Hence, 
in  the  "  oltUr  timcs^''  when  phrafio- 
logy  was  lefs  accurately  adjiilled 
than  at  prefent,  it  may  have  been  as 
common  to  call  an  unfortunate  per- 
fon  a  warlock  in  the  Scottifli  lan- 
guage, as  it  is  now,  to  call  a  beau- 
tiful  woman,  a  beauty  in  the  Eng- 
lifli. 

Attacotus. 

N.  B.  I  CANKOT  refifl  this  oppor- 
tunity of  cxprefling  my  dilfatistac- 
tion  at  the  notion,  wliich  has  been 
fo  long  prevalent  concerning  the 
fundio'ns  of  the  Icelandic  deity  LoL. 
He  is  fiippofed  to  be'the  evil  prii. 
ciple  perfonified  ;  and  midyard  hi. 
ferpent,  an  emblem  of  the  bound- 
lefs  difFufion  of  fm.  Midyard  fur- 
rounding  the  world,  is  fo  like  tl^rjj 
ancient  fymbol  of  eternity,  that  'I 
am  induced  to  think  Lok  himfelf, 
Fate  perfonified.  By  the  bye,  there 
is  a  curious  co  incidence  in  the 
meaning  of  the  t^vo  words  luck  and 
faf-:.  Luck  is  of  Gothic,  and  fate 
of  claffic  origin  ;  and  although  we 
now  ufe  the  former  with  an  adjec- 
tive to  denote  the  fortune  of  indivi- 
duals, it  muft  originally  have  pof- 
fefTed  the  fame  fignification,  as  that 
which  we  afcribed  to  the  latter. 
The  Scandinavian  deity  Eok,  ma 
therefore  be  a  legitimate  defcendai. 
of  the  fame  root  that  produced  oui 
Fnglifli  word  luck. 

Odvher  19.1 
i802.  J 


897 


7" ')  the  Publishers  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


REMARKS  OH  a  PASSAGE  of  PROFESSOR  STEWART's  LIFE 
OF  Dr  ROBERTSON, 
RESPECTING  the  late  DAVID  HUME,  Esq. 


SOMETIME  ago,  I  read  Pro- 
feffor  Stewart's  life  of  the  late  Prin- 
cipal Robertfon,  with  all  the  fatis- 
fadlion  I  expeded  from  the  account 
of  a  favourite  author,  executed  by  fo 
mafterly  a  hand.  It  is  indeed  a  beau- 
tiful fpeciinen  of  biography ;  and 
though  evidently  compofed  in  the 
ftyle  of  eulogium,  I  was  not  offend- 
ed, but  rather  gratified  with  the  co- 
louring of  frien'dfhip.  1  had  perufed 
mofl  of  Profe/for  Stewart's  other 
publications,  particularly  his  Ele- 
ments of  the  Philofophy  of  the  Hu- 
man Mind,  and  greatly  admired 
the  ingenuity,  with  which  he  ex- 
plains the  operation  of  the  men- 
tal faculties,  as  well  as  the  accu- 
rate and  extenfive  erudition  he  dif- 
plays  in  that  work.  What  com- 
pleted my  eileem  foi  him,  was  the 
indulgence  and  candour  with  which 
he  treats  the  opinions  of  others.  It 
was  with  confiderable  furprife,  when, 
in  the  life  of  Dr  Robertfon,  I  reach- 
ed the  clofe  of  the  ccrrefpondence 
between  Mr  Hume  and  that  gen- 
tleman, (which,  by  the  bye,  Mr 
Stewart  mentions  with  regret,) 
that  I  met  with  a  fcvere,  (and 
i  humbly  think)  unjuft  ftridure  on 
the  former,  ultroneoufly  introduced, 
without  the  moil:  dillant  connedion 
cr  neceffity.  The  pafTage  referred 
to  is  as  follows,  viz.  "  In  comparing 
the  amiable  qualities  difplayed  in 
Mr  Hume's  familiar  letters,  and 
(according  to  the  univerfal  teilimo- 
ny  of  his  friends,)  exhibited  in  the 

Vol.  LXIV. 


whole  tenor  of  his  private  conduct, 
with  thofe  paffages  in  his  metaphy- 
seal writiijigs,  which  strike  at  the  root 
of  the  moral  and  relinom  principles  of 
our  nature,  I  have  fometiraes  pleafed 
myfelf  with  recolle(5>ing  the  ingeni- 
ous argument  againft  the  theories  of 
Epicurus,  which  Cicero  deduces  from 
the  hilioryof  that  philofopher'slife." 

Mr  Hume's  writings,  have,  ever 
fince  their  firft  appearance,  been 
particularly  expofed  to  fufpicion  and 
mifreprefentation.  This  was  great- 
ly owing  to  the  general  ignorance 
and  bigotry  of  the  country  at  that 
period.  The  alarm  was  given  by 
the  fanatical  party  of  the  Scotifh 
clergy,  who  reprefented  them  as 
beft  fuited  their  views  How  in- 
difcriminate  popular  notions  are,  oix 
this  head,  and  how^incompetent  the 
herd  of  mankind  are  to  judge  of  the 
tendency  of  fuch  fpeculations  i  every 
one,  the  lead  acquainted  with  life, 
may  obferve.  This  prejudice  has 
been  foftered  all  along  by  men,  if 
not  of  diilinguiihed  abilities,  at  leaft 
of  celebrity,  and  fafhionable  in  li- 
terature, for  the  time.  The  over- 
bearing Warburton,  for  inHance, 
exclaims  againil  Hume,  as  a  mcn- 
fter  of  impiety,  while  he  himfelf  is 
placidly  commenting  on  Pope's  Eifaj 
on  Man,  which  exhibits  a  theory, 
totally  fubverfive  of  tlie  public  fyf. 
tem  of  chriilianity.    Dr  Beattie,  ia 


♦  Scots  Mag.  V^l. 

6fi 


18.  Pare 


898 


On  Stewart's  Life  of  Robertson. 


Nov, 


his  Effay  on  the  Immutability  of 
1'ruih,  ufes  the  mod  intemperate 
language  againft  Mr  Hume,  for  his 
doctrine  o  neceffity,  though  in  per- 
fcifl  concord  wich  tlie  eilablilhed 
creed  of  this  ifland.  Profeifor  Slew- 
art  himfelf  feems  aware  of  the  un- 
fair conclufiorib  formed  againft  hlxTi. 
I  lhall  quote  at  large  the  palfare 
from  which  I  dcd'.ice  this  inference. 
"  It  leems  now,  (iays  Mr  Stewart,) 
to  be  pretty  generally  agreed  among 
philofoplieis,  that  there  is  no  iu- 
(lauce,  in  v/liich  we  are  able  to  per- 
ceive  a  necelfary  connexion  between 
two  fucceffive  events  ,  or  to  compre- 
hend in  what  manner,  the  one  pro- 
ceeds from  the  otiier  as  its  caufe. 
From  experience  indeed  we  learn, 
tliat  there  are  many  events  which 
are  conftanrly  conjoined,  fo  that  the 
one  invar i'ably  ioilows  the  other  ; 
but  it  is  potllble,  for  any  thing  we 
Icnow  to  the  contrary,  that  this  con- 
nexion, though  a  conitant  one,  as 
far  a:,  our  obfervation  has  reached, 
may  not  be  a  neceffary  connexion  ; 
nay,  it  is  pofHble  there  may  be  no 
neceffary  connedion  among  all  the 
phcenomena  we  fee,  and  if  there  be 
any  fuch  connexions  extiting,  we 
may  never  be  able  to  difcover 
them  This  is  exprefsly  Mr 

Hume's  reafoning,  and  his  very  Ian 
guage  in  the  elfay  entitled,  "  The 
Idea  of  Neceffary  Conncdtion." — 
A  doXrine  which  has  been  fiippoied 
to  lead  to  the  moft  impious  confe- 
quences,  even  to  Atlieifm  itieif. 
Profeffor  Stewart,  however,  vindi- 
cates it  from  fuch  effccls,  and  endea- 
vours to  prove,  that  it  did  not  origi- 
nally proceed  from  Mr  Hume,  but 
was  maintained  before  his  philofo- 
phical  writings  appeared,  by  Drs  Uar 
row,  Butler,  and  Berkeley,  divines  ; 
by  Locke, Hobbes  and  Lord  Bacon 
He  adds,  that  "  Mr  Hume  had  tiie 
merit  ef  Ihowing  clearly  to  phiiofo 


*  Elements  of  the  Philofophy  of  .he 
Jluman  Mind,  p.  71.— 547.  /{to,  edit. 


phers,  that  our  common  language 
with  refped  to  caufc  and  cfFedt,  is 
mi^rely  analogical ;  and  that  if  there 
be  any  links  among  philofophical  e- 
vents,  they  muft  forever  remain  in- 
vifible  to  us.  If  this  part  of  his 
fyilcni  be  admitted  and  if  at  the 
fame  time,  we  admit  the  authority 
of  that  principle  of  the  mind,  which 
leads  us  to  refer  every  change  to  an 
efficient  caufe,  Mr  Hume's  dodrine 
feems  to  be  moie  favourable  than 
even  the  common  notions  on  the 
fubjcdt,  as  ft  CfjhAuntly  Iceps  the  deuy 
in  vieivy  not  only  as  ihe  fir  ft,  but  as 
the  great  operating  or  efficient  caufe 
in  nature,  either  immediately,  or  by 
means  of  fome  intelligent  inftrument,, 
and  as  the  great  conneding  principle', 
which  we  obierve.  This  accord- 
ingly was  the  concliifion  which  Ma- 
lebranche  deduced  from  principles^ 
nearly  the  Ikme/*  This  I  read  fome 
years  ago,  with  fome  pleafure,  view- 
ing it  as  meant  in  favour  of  a  man, 
the  tendency  of  whofe  opinions  had  | 
been  miftated.  Mr  Stewart  ha^,  nc 
doubt,  an  infinuatioh  againft  the  ir 
lerence  deduced  by  Mr  Hume,  from 
the  forefaid  principles,  wliich,  tho*! 
different  from  the  concluuons  he 
feems  to  approve,  is  certainly  not 
inconfiftent  with  the  moil  rational 
and  fublime  devotion.  It  is  con- 
tained in  a  few  fentences,  as  follows 

Thus,  Ikys  Mr  Hume,  according 
to  thefe  philofophers,  all  things  are 
full  of  God  ;  not  contented  with  th$ 
principle,  that  nothing  exifts  but  by 
his  will,  that  nothing  poffeffes  anj5 
power  but  by  his  conceffion,  th6|. 
rob  nature  and  all  created  bemgs, 
of  every  power,  in  order  to  rendqi 
their  dependence  on  the  Deity  itill 
more  Icnffbie  and  immediate  ;  the) 
confider  not,  that  by  this  theor)r|| 
they  diminiih,  inftead  of  magnify;! 
i]~ig  the  grandeur  of  thoie  attribute^,! 
v  hich  tije/  affedl  fo  much  to  cele 
brate  ;  it  argues  furely  more  powci' 
in  the  deiry  to  delegate  a  certajb 
degree  of  power  to  inferior  cre^ 
tuies,  than  to  operate  every  thinj; 


f802- 


On  Stewart's  Life  (jf  Robertson. 


by  his  own  Immediate  volition.  It 
frgues  inore  vviiUom,  to  CGntrive  at 
firit  the  fabric  of  the  world,  with 
filch  perfed  forefight,  that  of  itfelf, 
^nd  of  its  own  proper  operation,  it 
may  ferve  all  the  purpofes  of  pro- 
vidence, than  if  the  great  creator 
were  obliged  every  moment  to  ad- 
juft  its  parts,  and  to  animate  with 
bis  breath  all  the  wheels  of  this  li:u- 

' pendens  machine*.''  This  is,  no 
doubt,  a  hypothefis  very  different 
from  fuch  fyitems  as  aifign  a  deity 
.0  fuperintend  every  fmgle  opera- 
.ion  of  nature,  or  the  overweening 
:ouceIt  of  a  gaardian  angel  attend- 
ng  each  individual ;  yet  it  would 
3e  hard  to  condemn  fo  exalted  an 
dea  as  irreligious.  Mr  Hame's 
eafoning,  however,  in  the  clfay  re- 
crred  to,  and  in  that  on  a  Provi- 
ience  and  future  ftate,  appears  to 
!Tie,  of  all  his  philofophicai  difqui- 
kions,  the  moit  liable  to  be  taken 
hold  of,  by  fuch  as  are  difpofed  t'> 
reprefent  him  as  hoilile  to  religious 
principles  :  the  laft,  partieaiarly, 
v\'here  the  reafoning  is  dired:,  and 
\ippofed  to  be  fuggcited  by  Epicu- 
himfelf.  But  it  is  alfo  to  be  ob- 
erved,  that  in  this  effay,  the  attri- 
uites  of  deity  are  not  denied;  it  is  on- 
•y  maintained,  that,i^  the  indudlions 
roni  efFed;  to  caufe,  no  more  can  be 
nferred  refpedting  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing than  our  acquaintance  with  his 
i  ks  will  authorize.  It  is  only 
.d,  how  inadequate  the  limited 
dculties  of  man  arc  to  judge  of  the 

Omnipotence  of  his  creator  ;  to  cora- 
prehend  the  principles  on  which  the 

\  iniverfe  is  regulated,  and  the  pow- 
who  prefides  in  it.    This  is  cer- 
.aini/  far  from  excluding  fuch  a 

i  power,  or  from  being  contradidory 
.0  the  firm  belief  of  a  divine  fuper- 
ntendence.    Nor  is  it  inconfiftent 

'  'Vith  the  pureft  devotion  ;  and  it  is 

I  sven  countenanced  by  revelation  it- 


*  Effays  Vol,  i.  p.  5^»—Quarto* 


felf,  where  there  are  many  declarj^- 
tions  of  the  incomprehenliole  nature 
of  God,  who  certainly  beyond  a 
limited  extent,  is  more  the  objcut  of 
faith,  than  of  reafon.  Indeed,  all 
Ml  Hume's  dii'qiiiiitions  on  deity, 
fecm  to  be  fouiided  on  this  confi- 
ration,  and  propoicd  chieily  with 
the  view  of  checking  human  pre- 
fumption.  TJiIs  is  illultraied  at 
more  length  in  liis  Dialogues  on  Na- 
tural Re  igion,  a  pOithumous  publi- 
cation, ivjimcd.  on  the  purett  acade- 
mic model,  exquiiiteiy  managed,  and 
replete  with  the  moit  profound  and 
ingenious  reHeclicns.  Its  prototype 
feems  to  have  be«^n,  Cicero  De  Na- 
tura  Deorum,  which,  though  coni- 
monly  well  fpoken  of  by  pious  men, 
maintains  equal  freedom  of  difcuf- 
fion.  in  thefe  dialogues,  it  is  ihewn 
from  the  condition  of  humanity, 
how  neceifarily  An  hrop  morph  \m  in- 
termingles with  our  pureil  reaibning 
on  religious  fubje^fts  ;  that  our  fa- 
culties are  inadequate  to  the  attempt 
in  its  full  extent,  which  is  difcourag- 
ed  by  a  caution  be:iutifully  e.xprei"- 
fed,  *^  That  the  divine  atcrioiues  are 
rather  the  objecfl  of  adoration,  in  the 
temple,  than  of  dilquifuion  in  the 
fchools  After  all  the  inve<51ives 

againil:  thofe  Di-dogues  as  favouring 
the  grolfefl:  impiety,  their  genuine 
eharadter  is  fummed  up  in  the  fol- 
lowing words  of  Cicero's  treatife  juft 
mentioned..  "  Haec  fere  dicerehabui 
de  natura  deorum,  ^/^?«  cam  toUf^n  n^ 
fed  ut  intelligeretis  quam  elFet  ob- 
fcura  et  quam  difhcilcs  explicatus 
haberet  f The  Platonili:  and  o- 
ther  palfages  of  Mr  Kume's  meta- 
phyfical  writings  contain  fubiime 
view^s  of  deity,  and  the  moll;  devo- 
tional fentiments.  Even  tho'  fome 
of  his  pofitions  Ihould  make  againft 
fpecial  interpofitions  of  Providence, 
and  the  conlidering  of  all  things 


*  Pan^e  46. 
t  Lib.  3.  c,  39. 

6E  2  as 


90O 


On  Stewart's  Life  of  Robertson. 


Not. 


as  condu(5led  by  general  laws,  this 
can  certainly  never  be  reprefented 
in  jullice,  as  eradicating  the  religi- 
ous principle  from  the  mind,  or  de- 
priving us  of  its  comfort.  While 
every  individual  confiders  himfelf 
as  included  in,  and  conllituling  a 
part  of,  that  fyftem  which  is  under 
the  regulation  of  an  intelligent  be- 
ing prompted  by  benevolence  ;  fuch 
a  convidtion  unites  him  to  his  crea- 
tor, and  is  fufficient  for  his  confola- 
tion.  Limited  as  he  perceives  him- 
felf in  his  views  and  faculties,  he 
wifhes  not  to  remove  the  impene- 
trable veil  by  which  he  is  fo  wifely 
circumfcribed  ;  but  confiders  his 
duty  to  confilt,  rather  in  endeavour- 
ing to  promote  the  purpofes  of  the 
divine  adminiftration  than  in  fcru- 
tinizing  into  the  nature  of  its  attri- 
butes, where  he  is  not  guided  by 
exprefs  revelation.  This  was  near- 
ly, if  I  am  not  miftaken,  the  doc 
trine  of  the  ancient  Stoics,  a  fe(!il 
formed  for    devotion,    and  their 

'El^G^^fjCZVY^,     •    The    TO    7Tir-^O)^.^V0V,  vTas 

much  the  fame,  tha'-  Mr  Hume  is 
blamed  for,  as  leading  to  Athelfm. 
Where  the  charge  is  general,  and 
and  no  fpecification  condcfcended 
on,  enough  has  beenfaid  on  the  fub- 
js6l  of  leligion. 

Pi^oFEssoR  Stewart's  infinuation 
refpe(fling  morality,  appears  to  me 
ftill  more  groundless.  Mr  Hume's 
Enquiry  into  the  principles  of  Mo- 
rals, was,  as  he  himfelf  informs  us,  of 
all  his  works,  what  he  moil:  valued 
him.felf  on.  It  is  undoubtedly  an  ori 
ginal  and  ingenious  performance,  an 
expanded  iliuftration  of  Horace's  *'  U- 
tilitas  julii  prope  mater  et  aequi.'' 
Whether  it  be  juit  as  a  theory,  is  a 
different  queftion.  But  viewing  it  as 
giving  impreffions  affedling  human 
conduct,  no  part  of  it  will  certainly 
>indicate  Piofeffor  Stewart's  cen- 
fure  ;  on  the  contrary,  the  conclu- 
fion  goes  entirely  to  demonftrate, 
how  much  the  habits  and  pradice 
©f  virtue  promote;  happinefs.  But 


even  the  conclufion,  by  detaching 
mangled  quotations,  may  be  fo  per- 
verted, a  to  render  it  odious.  For 
inild;nce,  a  maxim  the  knave  ismadfc 
to  maintain,  in  order  to  expofe  ft 
the  more  completely,  viz.  "  Tha^ 
honeily  is  the  befl:  policy  is  a  good 
general  rule,  but  with  many  excep- 
tions," given  as  Mr  Hume's  owft 
alfertion,  (in  the  way  comrnonly 
done  by  his  antagonifts  *,)  would, 
with  the  aid  of  a  little  declamatioft, 
and  joined  to  the  general  prejudide 
againft  him,  be  looked  upon  as  iii. 
refragable  evidence,  and  <fs  strong  in 
proofs  of  holy  'writ.     Not  that  I  cai^ 
fuppofe,  ProfefTor  Stewart  will  eviir 
fo  forget  himielf,  as  to  have  recourlfe 
to  fuch  expedients.    In  the  annexe^ 
dialogue,  there  is  a  free  and  very 
ingenious  difcufHon  on  the  fubjeA 
of  morals ;  or  what  different  focie- 
ties  have  blamed  or  approved.  TM5 
variety  of  inllitutions  and  peculiari- 
ties which  take  place  in  human  efta- 
bliflimcnts,  is  here  well  exampH- 
fied  ;  and  it  may  give  furprize  t(' 
fome,  that  the  feventh  and  eighth 
precept  of  the  dialogue  made  11c 
part  of  the  prohibitory  code  of  Spar- 
ta ;  but,  fuch  a  fuigularity,  has  m 
tendency  to  erafe  the  moral  feeling  ; 
it  only  goes  t  #  prove  of  what  vari- 
ous modifications  it  is  fufceptiblco 
"  The  Rhine,  fays  Mr  Hume,  On 
a  fine  metaphorical  iliuftration  of 
fuch  moral  phoenomena,)  "  flow^: 
north,  and  the  Rhone  fouth,-— yet 
they  are  both  from  the  fame  foun- 
tain, and  they  are  ahb  actuated,  in 
their  oppofite  direction?,  by  the  fame 
principle  of  gravity."    Where  Mr 
Hume  treats  on  fubjecfts  of  morals, 
which  apply  to  the  prefeint  condi- 
tion of  fociety,  he  is  far  from  be- 
ing loofe  or  fceptical.    I  appeal, 
for  example,  to  his  effay  on  Poly- 


*  See  particularly  Delineations  of 
Morality,  written,  I  believe,  by  the 
late  Baliour  oii'iirig, 

gamy 


On  Stewarfs  Life  of  Robertson. 


gamy  and  Divorce,  where  the  ex- 
pediency of  the  Chriftian  inftitutions 
I  on  thefe  articles,  and  the  ftrideft 
^decency  are  ftrenuoufly  fupported. 
Compare  this  with  the  licentious 
theories  lately  in  vogue  in  a  neigh- 
bouring nation,  and,  what  has  been 
within  this  ifland,  urged  in  favour 
oP a  contrary  pradice  by  the  theolo- 
gian  Madan. 

Let  it  no:  ,however,be  inferred  from 
this  tha :  i  mean  to  aprove  indifcrimi- 
nately  ol  all  Mr  Hume's  opinions. 
If  fome  of  them  are  not  favourable 
to  Chriftianity,  they  are  fo  far  re- 
prehenfible  ;  but  there  is,  granting 
this,  an  immenfe  difference  between 
the  confequences  of  fuch  opinions, 
fuppofed  to  any  extent,  and  totally 
eradicating/  the  reli  ious  feeling  from 
the  mind.  Had  Plato,  had  Zeno, 
had  Socrates  no  religious  principles? 
It  is  juftly  obferved  by  Mr  Gibbon, 
that,  in  fome  expreffions  of  Pope 
and  of  Thomfon  (who  may  be  de- 
nominated the  poet  of  de  votion )  a  kind 
of  fpinozifm  is  inculcated;  "that 
the  workman  is  not  fufficiently  dif- 
tinguifhed  from  his  works  And 
it  may  be  obferved  of  ProfefTor  Stew- 
art himfelf,  (though  no  doubt  he 
entertains  very  orthodox  opinions) 
that  his  zeal  does  not  appear  to  be 
uniform.  In  recording  the  life  of 
a  Chriftian  divine,  to  whofe  virtues 
and  literary  accomplifliments  he  has 
done  ample  juftice,  it  is  remarkable 
that  no  mention  is  made  of  his  piety. 
As  if  the  devotion  of  the  faint  were  a 
fpeckin  theluftreof  thehiftorian;  and 
the  concerns  of  a  future  world  were 
not  worth  the  minding.  I  am  confci- 
ous  of  not  having  the  moft  diftant  in- 
cHnation  to  injure  the  late  Principal 
Robertfon  ;  on  the  contrary,  I  feel  a 
prepolfeflion  in  his  favour,  and  ve- 
nerate his  memory  with  all  reafon- 


*  Gibbon's  Pofthumous  Works,  voL 
p.  510. 

t  Ibid.  vol.  I,  p.  55(^, 


able  regard.  Yet  tho'  fo  difpofed, 
I  think  it  mud  be  allowed,  that  the 
freedom  of  his  mind  was  confined  ; 
and  the  range  of  his  reflexions  oftea 
fettered  by  his  proleflion  Though 
even  he,  whofe  found  underllanding 
induced  him  to  regard  i'rudence  as  a 
God^  has  not,  on  every  occafion. 
been  fufficiently  on  his  guard.  A 
letter  to  Mr  Gibbon,  which  has  gi- 
ven much  offence  on  thi?  fubje(2:, 
ProfefTor  Stewart  has  taken  no  no- 
tice of.  But  he  has  gone  out  of  his 
way,  to  attack  a  man  of  ingenuous 
difpofitions,  and  the  moft  indepen- 
dent chara(5lcr  ;  induced  by  no  ob- 
ligations to  diffemble,  and  whofe 
acute  and  comprehenilve  faculties 
were  enflaved  by  no  fyftem.  Whofe 
views  may  have  been  miilaken,  but 
his  favourite  mode  of  inveftiga^ 
tion  muft  ever  be  admired.  It  is 
charaderized  by  Cicero — Proprium 
eft  Academiiae,  judicium  fuum  nul- 
lum interponere,  ea  probaiTe  qua?  it- 
millima  veri  videantur  conferre  cau- 
fas,  et  quid  in  quamque  fententiam 
dici  poieft,  expromere,  nulla  adhi- 
bita  fua  audoritate,  judicium  audi* 
entium  relinquere  integrum  ct  li- 
berum  f . 

If  Profeffor  Stewart  has  formed 
an  attachment  to  a  fyftem,  and  to 
fpeculative  views  different  from  Mr 
Hume's,  there  can  l>e  nothing  to 
blame.  Every  man,  particularly 
one  fo  competent  to  judge  for  him- 
felf, as  Mr  Stewart,  is  entitled  to  ufe 


*  Profefiur  Stewart  fe^cms  to  blame 
Di-  Robertfon  for  his  partiality  to  th^- 
fyftt-m  of  Butfon  ;  but,  in  peopling  A- 
merica,  the  unity  of  the  human  fptcies 
was  a  point  of  orthodoxy  to  be  obfer- 
ved ;  and  the  fandion  of  BuiTun  conve- 
nient. See  Difquilition  on  ladia,  p. 
334,  4to.  where  the  iages  of  Greece  are 
contrafted  with  the  teachers  of  Chrifti- 
nity,  which  feems  to  favour  of  the 
priefthood.  Mote  inftances  might  be 
produced. 

t  Dfi  Divinationc,  lib.  2.  c.  ult. 

freedom 


$1^2    Letter  of  T> avid  Hume,  Esq.  to  Dr  John  Ckphane.  No^ 


the  freedom  of  his  own  mmd.  But 

to  raife  the  cry  of  in  eligion  without 
argument,  is  unfair  and  unphilofo- 
phical  ;  it  is  fomenting  eitravagant 
prejudice,  and  throwing  oil  into  the 
fire. 

Mr  Hume's  political  opinions,  no 
lefs  than  his  theological  ones,  were 
Jong  extremely  obnoxious  to  the 
prevailing  party  in  thefe  kingdoms. 
Lateeventshavegained  them  a  more 
general  approbation.  Much  depends 


upon  the  complex-ion  of  the  timet 
and  the  particular  crifis  of  affain| 
at  which  an  author  appears.  Tha! 
Mr  Hume  fliould  be  illiberally  treat 
ed  by  fome'  of  the  phiiai  >hi  mim} 
rum  j^en'itmi^  occafions  little  full 
prize,  and  claims  no  regard.  Pro 
fefTor  Stewart's  uneipedicd  aflaul 
is  more  ferious .;  it  excites  the  ex: 
clamat  ion,  H^Xi  (TV  Timnv  I 

Criticus  *i 


We  have  mfcrted  thir.  paper,  wifh  a  d^^fign  to  promotf  the  inn^rt  <;f  tiurh.i 
by  encoiiragmg  ful|  liberty  ot  difcu^Fion.  We  cannot,  however,  l,ut  remark,  tUal; 
It  dilpl.tys  too  much  eagtm.-f  of  diipute,  .ind  fome-.^hHt  of  a  rufpiciuu  of  in;f  ,ir, 
•Italujg  with  Mr  Hume  and  Mr  Gibbon,  which  is  quite  i;ru^iii.;ry .        Editor  $ 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 


LETTER  OF  DAVID  HUME, 
PHYSICIAN 

Dear  Doctor, 
I  AM  at  prefent  reduced  to  the 
utmoft  flraits  and  difficulties.  I 
know  people  are  commonly  alham'd 
to  own  fuch  difh-edcs.  But  to  whom 
can  one  have  recourfe  in  hi  misfor- 
tunes, but  to  his  friends    And  who 
can  I  account  my  friend,  if  not  Dr 
Clephanei*  Not  a  fiiend  only  in  the 
fun-lhinc  of  fortune,  but  alio  in  the 
lhade  of  adverfity  ;  not  a  fecurity 
only  in  a  calm  ;  but  in  a  fto]  m  a 
fteet  anchor  ^ey^^»^>j  e^;^«TJ9.  (This  ety- 
mology of  fneet  anchor,  I  remember 
you  communicated  to  me  on  board 
the  Superhe  ,  and  you  fee,  by  this  in- 
llance,  that  your  ingenious  things 
have  not  been  thrown  away  upon 
me  :)  But  to  cut  ftort  all  prefaces ; 
(tho'  commonly,  beggars  and  au- 
thors  abound  with  them ;  and  I 
unite  both  thefe  qualities,)  the  oc- 
cafion  of  my  diftrefs  is  as  follows  ; 

You  know  that  the  word  enough^ 
or  cnvf^  as  it  is  pronounced  by  the 


Esq.  to  Dr  JOHN  CLEPKANE. 
IN  LONDON, 

Englifh,  we  commonly,  in  Scotland, 
when  it  is  aj>pli'd  to  number,  proJ 
nounce  enow.   Thus  we  would  lay 
Such  a-ont  has  hoohi  enozu  for  study ^  hut 
not  leisure  enuf.  Now,  I  want  to  know 
v/hethcr  the  Englift  make  the  lame 
dillinaion.    I  cbferv'd  the  dilHnc- 
tion  clearly  in  Lord  -Shaftfbury : 
there  be  doors   /j-vrc,  fays  he,  io 
get  out  vf  life:  aad  thinking  that  this 
diftindion  of  fpeliing  v/ords  that  had 
both  dilferent  letters,  and  dirferent 
pronunciation,    was    an  i  rprove- 
ment,  I  folicrvv'd  it  in  mv  karned 
produdions  ^  tho'  I  knew  it  was  not 
uAial.    But  there  has  lately  aiifen 
in  me  a  doubt,  that  this  is  a  mere 
Scotticifm  ;  and  that  the  Englilh  al- 
ways pronounce  the  word  as  if  it 
were  v/rote  eriuff'^  whether  it  be  ap- 
ply'd  to  numbers  or  to  quantity. 
To  you  therefore  1  apply  in  this 
doubt  and  perplexity.   Tho'  I  make  \ 
no  queUion  that  your  ear  is  well  1 

purg'd  <: 


ijpurgM  from  all  naf ire  impurities ; 
-yet  truft  not  entirely  to  it,  but  afk 
;iny  of  your  Englilh  friends,  that 
^frequent  good  company,  and  let  me 
iknow  their  opinion. 
^  It  is  a  rule  of  Vaugelas  always 
t'to  confult  the  ladies,  rather  than  the 
.  men,  in  all  doubts  ol  language,  and 
he  afferts  that  they  have  a  more  de- 
,  licate  fenfe  of  the  propriety  of  ex- 
prefTions.  The  fame  author  advifcs 
us,  if  we  defire  any  one's  opinion, 
in  a  grammatical  difficulty,  not  to 
alk  him  diredly :  For  that  con- 
founds his  memory,  and  makes  him 
j  Forget  the  ufe,  which  is  the  true 
jftandard  of  language :  The  belt  way, 
fays  he,  is  to  ehgage  him,  as  it  were 


9=3 

by  accident,  to  employ  the  expref- 
fion,  about  which  we  are  in  doubts 
Now  if  you  are  provided  of  any  ex- 
pedient lor  making  the  ladies  pro- 
nounce the  word  n.u^h^  a.'ply'd 
both  to  quantity  and  number,  I  beg 
you  to  employ  it,  and  to  obfervc 
caref  dly  and  attentively,  whether 
they  make  any  difference  in  the  pro- 
nunciation.   1  am, 

Dear  Dodor, 
Your^s  mod  afFedlionately, 

Edin,  %th  of  Dec,  )    ta  tt 

,  ^  /  5-  David  Hume. 
^  /  5  3-  J 

P.  S.  I  am  quite  in  earned  in  de- 
firing  a  folution  of  my  grammatical 
doubt. 


Hints  f^r  a  Biographical  Sketch. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 


HINTS  FOR  A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH. 


Sir, 

I  HAVE  read  with  pleafure  the 
Biographical  Sketches  in  the  Scots 
Magazine,  particularly  that  of  Pro- 
roil  Drummond.  Before,  however, 
recommending  to  you  to  infert  one 
jrf  another  pairiotic  Ma^ri  Urate,  per- 
jnut  me  to  fuggeil  ibme  additic)lial 
remarks  refpeding  the  Exchange, 
die  firll  piece  of  improvement  which 
you  mention  to  have  been  planned 
ind  accomplilhed  by  Mr  Drum 
kiiond. 

It  muft  give  pain  to  every  obfer- 
'/er  to  i'ee  the  ini-iuence  of  a  bad 
labit  on  the  cicizens  of  Edinburgh, 
n  continuing  ftill  lo  aifemble  at  the 
irofs,  a  place  on  vv'hich  they  are  lb 
iiuch  expoled,  not  only  to  incon^ 
lenience,  but  even  dun^a  from  horfes 
md  carriages.  Some  means  might 
lOwevLT  be  contrived  to  amend  this, 
'ipecially  as  the  good  fenfe  of  the 
jientlemen  themfeives,  would  maJce 


them  not  altogether  alerfe  to  ex^ 
change  their  place  of  meeting.  But 
what  will  ilrangers  think  of  this  ele- 
gant fquare  already  mentioned,  be* 
ing  disrigured  fomuch  by  an  old  tene- 
ment, and  iiill  more  fo  by  the  open- 
ing in  front  of  that  houfe  !  Might  it 
not  be  valued  by  a  jury,  takea 
down,  and  the  MagiLlrates  amply 
indemnified  for  the  purchafe-money, 
by  laying  out  the  new  tenement  (to 
be  built  on  the  fame  plan  witli  the 
fquare)  in  a  ihop  —  coiFee-houfe 
bove — two  dwelling  houfe;.  in  the 
two  upper  ilories — and  cellars  in 
the  funk  ilories  I 

Afterwards,  the  front  might  be 
ornamented  with  a  cupola  abov« 
the  entry,  containing,  in  die  iidzs  of 
it  next  the  itreet,  tlie  figure  of  Com- 
merce, and  on  the  other  nde  a  clock. 

And,  wh-n  the  funds  of  tlie  city 
could  airurd  the  expciicj,  another 
oruc.meat 


924  Letter  of  a  Schoolmaster  to  a  Clergyman.  Nov 


ornament  juft  hinted  by  yourfelves, 
might  be  added,  viz.  in  the  centre 
cf  the  court,  a  metal  ftatue  of  the 
•worthy  Magiftrate  to  whom  the  city 
as  fo  much  indebted,  for  this  and  the 
other  improvements  you  mention. 
The  pedeilal  to  be  adorned,  on  the 
four  fides,  with  an  -nfcription — the 
City  Arms  —  his  Lordfliip's  own — 
and  the  Sword  and  Mace. 

It  will  now  naturally  occur  to 
yourfelf,  that  Sir  James  Hunter- 
Blair  is  the  other  perfbn  of  whpfe 
life  and  charader  it  is  humbly  fug- 
gefted,  you  fhould  give  a  fketch  ; 
and  as  affording  a  proper  fupple- 
ment  to  the  account  of  his  predccef- 
fors.     I  remember  to  have  fcen. 


fome  time  ago,  in  a  Magazine,  • 
fketch  of  this  Gentleman's  patriotic 
exertions,  but  it  appeared  very  de 
fedtive,  taking  no  notice  of  the  le 
veiling  of  the  High  Street  — the  tw( 
Ads  for  removing  the  Lucken 
booths  and  Weigh-houfe — the  Nev 
College — the  Charity  Work-houft 
—  the  opening  from  the  Lawn 
market  to  the  Mound,  and  fevera^ 
other  particulars.  A  portrait  o: 
him,  w-ould,  I  think  be  eahly  gol 
from  a  family  pidure.  I  am. 
Sir, 

Your  moft  obedient  fervant, 
Edin.  19.  jivg.l  .  ^ 

1802.  J 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Scots  Magazine. 
LETTER  OF  A  SCHOOLMASTER  to  a  CLERGYMAN- 


Sir, 

THE  following  letter,  which  was 
adlually  written  from  a  candidate 
fbr  the  office  of  a  Schoolmaster  to  a 
refpedable  Clcrgym.an  now  refiding 
in  the  County  of  Fife,  may  perhaps 
amufe  fome  of  your  readers  who  ad- 
mire whatever  is  excellent  and  cha- 
radteriftic  of  its  kind,  whether  it 
come  from  the  legions  of  genius  or 
their  antipodes.  Here  foiloweth 
mine  epiftle : — 
Rev.  Sir, 

This  comes  to  let  you  know 
Sir  that  bearer  hereof  is  very  well 
acquanted  with  me  &  can  declare 
all  about  me,  and  I  am  informed 
that  you  want  a  Scoolmailer  and  a 
good  fmger  befides.  and  that  all  the 
Prifti  v/kere  I  live  can  give  and  a- 
plaufe  of  me.  I  have  fung  in  the  Kirk 
Aughtergaven  above  a  quarter  of  a 
year  all  at  once^  &  the  bearer  can  de- 
clare he  heard  me  yon  fabath  at 
the  facraznent,  v/here  there  was  a-« 


hove  2000  people.    I  will  tak  id 
hand  to  pleafe  you  for  finning.  \ 
have  been  a  Schollar  among  the; 
Latins  thefe  three  years  with  great /^j^/ 
(he  means  laud.)    I  keep  a  fchool 
for  the  fpace  of  half  a  year,  and 
thefe  who  had  their  children  viill 
declare  that  I  brought  them  froift 
the  Catcifm  to  the  Bible  in  1 6  weeks. 
I  hoop  Sir  you  will  be  fo  good  ai 
to  accept  of  me  and  fhall  do  my 
endeavour  to  plea&  you  and  the 
Priih  too.    Examine  the  bearer  h 
he  will  the  about  me  Sir,  &  I  hoop 
Sir  you  will  be  fo  good  as  to  give 
anfwer  to  the   bearer,   &  I  lhall 
come  &  give  you  a  hearing  of  me, 
God  will,  as  ihoon  as  I  get  anfwer. 
I  beg  your  excufe  for  the  write 
(Rev.  Sir)  as  the  bearer  had  not 
time,  Sir  your  humble  fervant.  jtt 
ToMrS****  Vj 
Alexander  Ratteray  is  my  naii^ 
Sir.  Finis. 

STRICTURES 


1 


905 


LITERARY  EXTRACTS 

AND 

NOTICES. 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF 


CARRON  IRON  FOUNDERY 


FROM 


St  F0ND^$ 

FROM  Edinburgh  to  Carron  are 
reckoned  thirty-fix  miles  ;  but  the  road 
is  excellent.  Count  Andreani  Thorn- 
ton and  nnyfelf  fet  out  in  company 
with  Swediaur  at  fix  in  the  morning. 
We  did  not  alight  till  we  reached  Lin- 
lithgow ;  where  we  took  fome  refrefh- 
ment.  We  then  proceeded  to  Falkirk, 
and  about  half  pali  three  in  the  after- 
noon we  arrived  at  Carron.  The  foil 
From  Edinburgh  to  the  very  entrance 
of  Carron  was  ft  re  wed  with  large  round 
[blocks  of  balahes.  This  volcanic  lava, 
i broke  into  fmall  pieces,  is  ufed  for 
(hardening  the  road  ;  and  there  can  be 
;no  better  or  more  durable  roads  than 
(uch  as  are  made  of  this  fubftance. 

Immediately  on  our  arrival,  Swedi- 
:  aur  wrote  a  note  to  a  pcrfon  belonging 
to  the  manufadory,  with  whom  he 
was  acquainted.  An  anfwer  was  re- 
turned, that  it  was  neceifary  to  leave 
the  name,  defignation,  and  refidence  of 
'each  of  us.  The  demand  was  inftant- 
jily  complied  with;  and  a  few  minuies 
'aftc^r  wc  were  told  that  we  were  at  li- 
j  J)erty  to  enter.  t 

A  man  attended  us  at  the  gate,  who 
laid  that  he  was  ordered  to  condu<^t  us 
every  where,  with  the  exception  of  the 
place  where  the  cannons  are  bored, 
which  no  ftrangcr  was  permitted  to  fee. 

He  conducted  us  firft  into  an  im- 
menfe  court,  furrounded  with  high 
1  walls  and  vaft  flieds..  This  place  was 
1  covered  with  cannons,  mortars,  bombs, 
{  balls,  and  thofe  large  pieces  whicU bear 
I    Vol.  LXiy. 


TRAVEJ-S, 

the  name  of  ^arronades.  Amidft  thefe 
machines  of  war,  thefe  terrible  inftru- 
ments  of  death,  gigantic  cranes,  cap- 
ftans  of  every  kind,  levers,  and  aflem- 
blages  of  pullies,  fe.»"ving  to  move  fo 
many  articles  of  enormous  weight,  are 
eredted  in  (ituations  convenient  for  that 
purpofe.  Their  various  movements, 
the  fhrill  creaking  of  pullies,  the  con- 
tinued noife  of  hammers,  the  acftivity 
of  thofe  arms  which  give  impulfion  to 
fo  many  machines; — every  thing  here 
prefents  a  fpedack  as  new  as  interefi- 
ing. 

Under  the  fheds  where  the  finifhed 
articles  are  depofued,  we  faw  fcveral 
rows  of  rampart  canon,  battering  guns, 
deftined  for  Ruffia  and  tbe  Emperor. 
They  were  longer  than  ordinary,  of  the 
moft  perfect  workmanfljip,  and  cover- 
ed over  with  a  thin  varniih,  of  a  ftecl 
colour,  to  prefer ve  ttiem  from  ruft. 
Their  caniages  were  of  caft  iron,  and 
poirrlTed  the  greateft  fimplicity  of  coa- 
ftrucHion  ;  thty  appeared  to  me  to  unite 
the  merit  of  the  ftroiigeft  folidity,  lu 
that  of  being  free  frwm  the  numerous 
appendages  belonging  to  wooden  car- 
riages, which  ferve  only  to  render  the 
working  them  more  difficult,  to  ob- 
flru<5t  their  motion,  and  10  occafion 
the  necefiity  of  frequent  repairs. 

The  fubllance  which  the  cannons 
are  varniihed  v\ith  is  kept  a  fecrct; 
but  1  am  inclined  to  thifik,  that  it  13 
compofed  of  a  fat  deficwaiive  oil,  to 
wtuch  tJiere  i*  added  a  ccrtaia  portion 


go6 


Account  of  the  Carron  Iron  Founder y.  Nov, 


of  varnifli  of  amber,  mixed  with  plum- 
bago. ♦ 

The  large  buildings  where  the  can- 
nons arc  bored  arc  not  at  a  great  dif« 
tance  from  the  firft  yard.  We  pafiVd 
clofc  by  them  ;  but  were  very  politely 
told,  that  particular  procefles  and  ma- 
chines Unknown  to  every  other  efta- 
bliflnncnt  of  the  kind,  rendered  it  ne- 
celTary  to  keep  that  place  coi'iccaled 
from  arangers.  We  thought  this  Was 
very  rcafonable,  and  followed  our  con- 
dnc^or  to  ar.otlicr  cjuarter.  f 

He  conduced  us  to  tl.e  works  for 
fmelting  the  ore  ;  wh(  re  four  furnaces, 
of  forty-five  feet  in  height,  devoured 
both  night  and  day  enormous  niaflcs 
of  coal  and  metal.  Out  uiay  from 
this  judge  of  the  quantity  of  air  necef- 
faiy  to  feed  thefc  burning  gulphj^, 
which  difgorged,  tveiy  fix  hours,  whole 
floods  of  liquid  iron.  Each  furnace  is 
fupplicd  by  four  air  pumps,  cf  a  very 
great  width;  where  the  air,  compref- 
fed  into  iron  cylinders,  uniting  into 
oin«  tunnel,  and  direded  towards  the 
fiame,  produces  a  fliarp  ruftling  noife, 
and  fo  violent  a  tremor,  that  one  not 
preyioufly  informed  of  it,  would  fiiid 
it  difircult  to  avoid  a  fenfation  of  ter- 
Tor.  TLefe  wind  machines,  this  fpe- 
des  of  gigantic  bellows,  arc  put  in  mo- 
tion by  ti>e  adion  of  wattr.  Such  a 
torrent  of  air  is  indifpenfabiy  nectifary 
to  lupport,  in  the  higheil  /tate  of  igni- 
lion,  a  column  of  t:oal  and  ore  fcrtv- 
five  feet  high  ;  and  it  is  fo  rapid  and 
:i'4tivc,  that  it  piojcds  a  vivid  and  br)ik 
flame  more  than  ten  feet  above  the  top 
of  the  furnace. 

An  open  area,  of  very  great  extent, 
built  in  the  forjn  of  a  terrace,  and  on 
a  level  with  the  upper  ciptperture  of  the 
fire  places,  is  appropriated  to  the  re- 
ception of  the  lupplies  of  ore  and  coals; 
and  cn  this  platform  are  alfo  fpacious 


*  For  m.y  own  fatisfacflioi),  I  ha^e 
made  feveral  experinr-ents  with  thefe 
ingredients,  and  they  feemed  to  anfwer 
the  fame  -pur pole. 

f  I  have  letn  the  inftrumeirts  with 
which  cannon  are  bored  at  the  foun- 
ciery  of  Creuzot,  near  Montcenis,  in 
Burgundy.  The  precihon  of  thefe  vaft 
and  fuperb  miachines,  which  are  moved 
ivith  water,  raifed  by  Iteam  engines,  is 
moft  wonderful :  I  doubt  whether  it  is 
iurpaflcd  by  the  engines  of  CarroEo 


areas,  where  the  coal  is  prepared  for 
ufe.     As  the  coal  ufed  here  confifts 
almoft  wholly  of  large  lumps,  the  pro- 
cefs  by  which  they  convert  it  into  coi* 
is  completely  different  from  that  em- 
ployed  at  P>^ewcaftle,  where  the  cojrl 
duft  only  is  applied  to  that  purpofc 
At  Carron  fonndery,  this  bulincfs  is 
done  in  the  opt-n  air,  and  in  the  moft 
fimple  manner.  A  quantity  of  coal  is  plac- 
ed on  the  ground,  in  a  round  heap  of 
from  12  to  15  frtrt  in  diameter,  and  about 
tvvo  feet  in  height.  As  many  as  pofiiblc 
of  the  large  pieces  are  fet  on  end,  to 
form  pafTages  for  the  air:  above  them 
are  thrown  the  fmaller  pieces,  and 
coal  duft,  and  in  the  midn  of  this  cir- 
cular  heap  is  left  a  vacancy  of  a  foot ' 
wide,  where  a  few  faggots  are  placed 
to  kmdle  It.     YoMx  or  five  apertures  ' 
of  this  kind  are  foimcd  round  the  ring*  - 
particularly  on  the  fide  expoftd  to  the  ' 
wmd.    There  is  feldom,  indetd,  occa- 
fion  to  light  it  with  wood;  for  thefc 
punfymg  works  being  inctffantly  in  ' 
adion,  they  generally  ufe  a  few  O.ovels 
of  coal  already  burning,  which  adi 
more  rapidly  than   wood,  and  foon  - 
kindles  the  furrounding  pile. 

As  the  fire  fpreads,  ih^  m^ifs  increaf-  . 
es  in  bulk,  pufl^s  up,   and  becomes" , 
fpongy  and  light,  cakes  into  one  body,.  5 
and  at  length  lofes  its  bitumen,  and-! 
em.it€  no  more  fmoke.  It  then  acquired 
a  red,  umform  colour,  inclining  a  little 
to  white;  in  which  ftate  it  begins  to 
break  into  gaps  and  chinkr,  and  to  af- 
fume  the  appearance  of  the  under  part' 
ofamufhroom. 

At  this  moment,  the  heap  muft  be' 
quickly  covered  with  aflies,  of  which 
there  is  always  a  fufficient  provilioR 
around  the  numerous  fires  wherethe 
c(^ke  is  prepared. 

This  method  of  fpreading  a  large 
quantity  of  afhts  on  the  fire  to  deprive 
It  of  air,  is  fimilar  to  that  ufed  in  ma- 
king charcoal,  which  is  covered  over  * 
with  earth.  'J  he  refiilt  is  alfo  pretty 
much  fhe  fame  ;  the  pit-coal,  thus  pre- 
pared, being  light  and  fonorous,  and 
producing  the  lame  elfed  in  high  fur- 
naces as  charcoal.  This  is  a  quality 
of  extreme  importance ;  fincf ,  by  means 
of  charred  pitcoal,  founderies  may 
eafily  be  cftablillied  in  places  where 
the  want  of  wood  would  otherwife 
render  it  neceffary  to  abandon  the 
richeft  mines  of  iron. 

Ther<?  is  fuch  a  numerous  ferics  oft 

t-hcfe 


l8o2.  Account  of  the  Carron  Iron  Foundery.  90  7 


thefe  places  for  making  coke,  to  fup- 
ply  lb  vaft  a  confumption,  that  the  air 
is  heated  to  a  confiderable  extent,  and 
that  during  the  night,  the  Iky  is  en- 
tirely illuminated  with  the  flames. 
When  one  obferves,  at  a  little  diftance, 
lb  many  maflcb  of  burning  coal  on  one 
lide,  and  fo  many  volumes  of  flame 
darting  to  a  great  height  aboyc  the 
high  furnace?,  on  the  other — and  at  the 
f^iaic  time  hears  the  noife  of  weighty 
hammers  ftriking  upon  refounding  an- 
vils, mingled  with  the  loud  roaring  of 
bellows — one  doubts  whether  he  is  at 
the  foot  of  a  volcano  in  actual  erup- 
tion, or  whether  he  has  been  tranf- 
ported  by  fome  magical  efl'edt  to  the 
brink  of  the  cavern,  where  Vulcan  and 
his  Cyclops  are  occupied  in  preparing 
thunderbolts. 

I  vvilhed  that  Volair,  the  painter  of 
Vefuyius,  who  fo  well  exprcflld  the 
terrihc  afped  of  that  Tolcano  during 
its  moft  violent  nodurnai  eruptions, 
had  been  here  to  excrcife  his  pencil  on 
this  artjfical  volcano,  which  is  no  lefs 
linking  in  its  appearance  than  the  o- 
thcr. 

The  fupplies  of  ore  are  on  the  fame 
terrace  with  the  coals.  A  canal*  dug 
at  a  great  txpence,  and  which  commu- 
nicates with  the  fea,  ferves  to  convey 
all  the  materials  ufed  here,  and  to 
tranfport  its  manufadured  produc- 
tions. 

Three  kinds  of  ore.  are  employed 
here,  which  are  ftored  up  in  dill  in  (ft 
and  leparaie  heaps. 

The  firlt  con  lifts  of  a  decompofed 
haematites,  which  is  procured  from  the 
county  of  Cumberland.  It  i^  of  a  red- 
diih  appearance,  foft  to  the  touch,  and 
rtains  the  hand  nearly  of  a  biood  co- 
lour: it  is  very  rich  in  iron. 

The  fecond  is  a  hard  rocky  fub- 
ftance,  of  a  yellowifh  brown  colour, 
i     The  third  is  of  a  deep  iron  grey  co- 
I'^lour,  fonu'tuiies  inclinirig  a  littie  tovio- 
Itt^  and  is  remarkable  tor  being  form- 
\  ti\  \u  geodes  (fcptaria,)  of  a  round  or 
oval  furm,  a  little  ffuiened.  The  largf It 
of  thefe  geodes  are  about  eighteen  in- 
ches in  diameter,  and  the  iealt  from 
four  to  five  inches. 

On  placing  them  on  one  edge,  and 
giving  the  other  a  hard  fmart  blow, 
with  a  hammer,  which  breaks  them  in- 


*  The  Forth  and  Clyde  navigation* 


to  two  pieces,  one  is  agreeably  furpri- 
fed  to  fee  their  interior  filled  with  a 
multitude  of  very  diftin^l,  fmall  prifms 
of  three,  four,  and  five  fides,  and  fepa- 
rated  from  each  other  by  filaments,  or 
llrcaks,  of  calcareous  white  fpar,  and 
fomeiimes  of  ponderous  fpar,  and 
white  or  yellowilh  fpai  hofe  iron, 

Thefe  prifms  coniift  of  the  fame 
m.atter  with  the  geodes,  that  is  of  a 
kind  of  a  hard  une^taous  iron  ore, 
which  at  firlt  has  rather  the  appeat^ 
ance  of  a  deep  grey  argiiiaceou.^i  tlone, 
than  of  an  iron  ore.  The  prilms, 
which  mull  be  confidcred  as  the  refult 
of  contraction,  when  the  fubftance  of 
the  geodes  was  fott,  are  from  three  to 
four  lines  broad,  and  from  two  to 
three  inches  long.  Their  forms  arc 
very  peifeCt  and  regular;  and  iu  Jomc 
of  the  largell  the  prifms  are  fo  multi- 
plied, and  difpofed  with  fuch  order* 
that  they  refemble,  in  miniature,  thofe 
fine  bafaltic  colonnades,  commonly 
known  by  the  name  of  Giant's  Caufc- 
way. 

This  fpecies  of  iron  ore  is  obtained 
in  great  abundance  from  a  hill  neap 
Dunbar,  a  fmall  town  in  Hadcjington- 
liiire,  about  thirty-iix  miles  from  Sdin- 
burgh,  clofe  by  the  fea,  and,  confe- 
quentiy,  very  convenient  for  V^^.  con- 
veyance of  the  ore.  It  alfbrds- arjjrcat 
quantity  of  iron,  v/hich  one  would  not 
expeCl  from  its  appearance  to  the  eye  j 
but  analylis  and  experience  have  prov-» 
cd  that  it  is  valuable.  li:  is  neceffiry 
to  calcine  it  before  it  is  put  into  the? 
fmeiiing  furnace. 

By  the  due  intermix:* ure  of  thefe 
three  ores,  there  is  obtained  a  grey, 
civade  iron,  of  a  good  quality,  whicU 
is  applied  to  the  moft  cxtenfive  ufes« 
It  is  fo  loft  as  to  yield  eafily  to  the 
fire ;  and,  as  \i  is  alfo  very  pure,  may  be 
moviided  into  the  molt  delicate  forms. 

It  may  jullly  be  fuppoled,  that  it 
was  not  without  repeated  unproduc- 
tive experiments,  procefTes,  and  expell- 
ees, that  this  eftahiilhment  arrived,  at 
length,  at  i:s  preilnt-lii^h  (late  of  per- 
fei^lion,  in  which  every  thing  is  appoin- 
ted, every  thing  is  executed,  with  fuch 
uni£jrm  precition,  that  nothing  is  en- 
truited  to  ordinary  routine  or  chance. 

The  minerals  are  intermixed  wkh 
method,  carefully  weighed,  and  put  in-- 
to  balkcts  of  equal  dimenfions.  The 
fame  attention  is  obftrved  with  refpe<fl 
to  the  coals.  Every  thing  is  placed  in 
6  F  3  regular*- 


^o8  Account  cf  the  Carton  Iron  t^oundery.  Not* 


regular  order,  within  reach  of  the 
founders,  under  iheds  appropriated  to 
that  fervice.  The  balkets  for  each 
charge  arc  always  counted  out ;  a  clock, 
ere(5ted  near  the  large  furnaces,  deter- 
mines the  precife  time  of  putting  in 
the  charge.  The  fame  form  is  obferved 
with  refpedt  to  the  difcharging  of  the 
furnaces;  the  ftroke  of  the  bell  an- 
nounces the  moment  when  they  fhould 
proceed  to  that  operation,  and  every 
one  of  the  workmen  flies  to  his  poft. 

We  vifited  the  place  where  the  crude 
iron  is  refined  in  reverbaratory  furna- 
ces, to  be  afterwards  cnft  into  cannons, 
rnortars,  howitzers,  bombs,  balls,  Sci, 
We  faw  alfo,  that  where  the  moulds 
are  prepared,  and  another  place  where 
they  are  dried* 

»  We  were  then  condu(5^ed  into  a  vaft 
fabric,  which  fuggefted  the  moft  pleaf- 
ing  ideas,  for  its  produ(5tions  confiftcd 
of  the  various  implements  of  agricul- 
ture, the  arts,  and  domeflic  ufe  ;  in 
this  place  were  made  coppers  of  five 
feet  diameter,  for  the  making  of  fugar 
in  the  Weft  Indies  ;  (loves,  in  the  fhape 
of  an  antique  urn,  mounted  upon  pe- 
deftals;  hearths  of  all  kinds,  and  of  the 
fmeft  fafliions  for  pit  coal  fiies;  kit- 
chen ranges,  with  al!  their  appendages, 
boilers,  tea-kettles,  fauce-pans,  neatly 
and  folidly  tinned;  fpadts ;  hoes,  of 
different  forts,  for  cultivating  the  fugar 
'  cane,  which  were  ground  to  a  (harp 
edge  on  large  whet-itone? ;  bafib-re- 
lievos,  of  the  moll  excellent  model,  for 
chimney  backs:  in  one  word,  every 
thing,  even  to  call  iron  hinges  and 
bolts  for  doors  ;  and  the  greater  part  of 
thefe  produdions  are  fold  at  fo  mode- 
rate a  rate,  that  a  man  of  very  flender 
fortune  may  here  procure  many  ar- 
ticles of  neceflity,  and  even  of  orna- 
ment, which  cannot  be  obtained  elfe- 
where  at  three  times  their  price.  But 


labour  and  workmanfhip  are,  in  this 
place,  aflifted  by  fo  many  machines  i 
and  ingenuous  proceflee,  that  its  com-  | 
modities  are  executed,  both  in  a  fhort- 
er  time  and  with  greater  perfedion, 
than  in  other  elUblifhments  of  the  fame 
kind. 

I  fhould  not  forget  to  notice  a  verf 
fimpic  niachine,  which  ferves  to  grin^ 
and  reduce  to  a  very  fine  powder  thi! 
charcoal  ufed  for  fprinkling  over  the 
moulds  ;  it  confiilp  of  a  kind  of  mortar 
ofcaft  iron,  feveral  feet  in  diameter^ 
clofcly  Ihul  with  a  wooden  cover,  per* 
forated  in  the  mitlnle,  to  admit  the 
pafTige  of  a  vertical  cylinder,  which 
forms  the  principal  mechanic  power  Off 
the  machine,  being  turned  round  oti , 
its  own  axis  by  a  wheel,  which  is  mo- 
ved by  vrater.  • 

Two  iron  bars  pafs  horizontally! 
throuiih  the  bottom  of  the  vertical  ai-i 
is,  in  the  manner  of  a  crofs,  and  thef^ 
may  be  raifed  or  lowered  at  pleafure^, 
by  means  of  feveral  holes,  at  different j 
difiancen,  in  the  axis.  , 

This  crofs  divides  the  area  or  capa- 
city of  the  mortar  into  four  portions,; 
two  of  which  are  occupied  by  two  iron 
bjlls,  nearly  as  large  as  ordinary  bomb^^ 
but  entirely  folid,  and  of  a  polifhed' 
furface.    The  moment  the  axis  is  put  ( 
in  motion,  the  balls  begin  to  roll  round  i 
after  each  other,  and  tlius  fpeediiyi 
bruife  the  charcoal.    But  as  by  this] 
means  the  latter  might  be  comprefled^ 
only,  without  being  reduced  toafinfej 
powder,  the  two  other  fpokes  are  fup- 
niflied  with  teeth  in  the  manner  of  a 
rake,  whxh  ftir  up  the  charcoal  froni 
the  bottom  of  the  mortar,  and  turrt 
it  on  every  fide ;  fo  that  in  a  very  fhort 
fpace  of  time,  and  with  little  trouble, 
whole  facks  of  charcoal  may  be  ground 
to  an  impalpable  powder,  without  any 
lofs  of  fubllance^ 


MODE  OF  EDUCATION  IN  FRANCE. 


THE  following  obfervations  on  the 
former  and  prefenL  mode  of  education 
in  France,  as  written  by  a  celebr;ited 
French  author,  wall  not  be  foundalto- 
gather  inapplicable  to  this  country. 


A  comparifon  no  lefs  curious  thaA 
ufeful  may  be  drawn  between  thfc 
mode  of  education  formerly  adopted 
in  our  public  fchools,  and  that  which 
in  moft  modern  times  has  fucccedcd  if* 

For*  i 


Mode  of  Education  in  France. 


909 


-  •  Formerly  children  were  educated  up- 
on a  fyftem  of  falutary  feverity,  unjuit- 
ly  decried  as  pedantic.  Nearly  the 
whole  day  was  confecratcd  to  lludy, 
;ind  the  periods  of  recreation  were  few 
and  of  fliort  duration.  One  of  the 
leall  advantages  of  this  method  was  the 
habit  of  induftry  which  childixn  cJ»rly 
acquired  by  it,  and  fcldom  fdiled  to 
prtferve  as  they  advanced  in  years. 
Their  lludies  were  of  a  ferious  caft. — 
Ancient  Languages,  B^-lles  Leltres ; 
Mathematics,  and  Logic,  occupied  c- 
veiy  inltant  of  their  time  ;  ftudies  of 
amufemcnt,  fuch  as  Drawing,  Mufic, 
Dancing,  and  Fencing,  were  only  al- 
lowed at  thofc  intervals  devoted  to  re- 
creation. By  this  means,  c^iildren  be- 
came fenfible,  that  fuch  arts  were  of  a 
fecondary  defcription,  and  only  calcu^ 
lated  to  unbe;id  their  minds  from  the 
more  important  labours  to  which  their 
duties  in  life  might  call  them.  This 
method  of  education,  the  refult  of  the 
experience  of  many  ages,  proved  that 
thof€  who  purfucd  it,  knew  how  to 
appreciate  the  force  of  habit,  by  which, 
as  much  as  by  precept,  youth  were 
formed  to  the  love  of  labour,  and  the 
obligations  of  fociety. 

A  Student,  on  leaving  College,  was 
not  a  man  of  falbion  ;  he  was  not  pof- 
fcffed  of  thofe  frivolous  qualifications, 
which  enabled  him  to  render  himfeif 
at  once  cor^fpicuous  in  the  world — he 
was  not  defirous  of  poffirfiing  them;  he 
preferved,  for  iVveral  years,  the  rtferv- 
cd  and  thoughtful  difpofition  he  had 
contra^fled  at  College,  and  felt  the  nc- 
Gellity  of  ftudy  and  retirement  ;  it  was 
during  that  period  he  matured  by  re- 
flection, all  he  had  learned  in  his  youth. 

A  young  man  then  made  his  appear- 
ance in  the  world  at  a  later  period, 
but  when  he  was  admitted,  he  bore  the 
Itamp  and  character  of  a  man  ;  his  ftu- 
dies were  finidicd  ;  and  the  fociety  of 
the  other  fex  foon  poliflied  what  re- 
mained of  the  pedantry  of  the  College* 
Then  the  accon)plifhed  gentleman  was 
diftinguiflied  as  a  philoiophcr,  a  man 
of  learning,  a  man  ufeful  to  the  State. 
Then  when  a  fcrious  difcufiion  arofe,  a 
young  man  was  not  reduced  to  the  ne- 
ccflity  of  continuing  filent,  or  of  biulh- 
ing  at  his  ignorance. 

Now  things  arc  upon  a  fyftem  en- 
tirely different.  The  youth  at  boarding 
fchool  is  in  a  manner  jn  the  verybofom 
of  fociety.   TJiere  he  is  not  fatigued  by 


ferious  ftudies ;  ancient  languages  are 
negledled,  and  confidered  as  ufelef;- 
Nothing  is  thought  of  but  improvinjt 
his  exterior  addrcfa;  and  he  is  neither 
habituated  to  (iudy  nordiligcnce.  Thor>? 
arts  which  formerly  were  deemed 
!nere  relaxations  from  the  more  fevere 
branches  of  education,  now  conftitutc 
its  principal  brdib,  Mufic,  but  parti- 
cularly dancing,  confurnc  the  befl  part 
of  the  dAV.  P-trenis,  obfervinj;  the  im- 
portance attached  to  fuch  quaiifications, 
are  led  to  b  ^'i<  v< ,  tnat  tticy  ought  to 
adopt  the  mrthod  attributed  totheEng- 
lifh,  in  IcarninK  their  children  a  trade^ 
and  that  theii's  are  deitintd  to  become 
dancers  or  buffoons. 

Nothing  is  now  regarded,  as  has  been 
already  obferved,  but  outward  (how, 
and  it  is  thought  fufficient  to  give  youth 
a  vague  and  fupciftcial  idea  of  litera- 
ture. The  ancitnt  cuftom  of  clalTes  is 
Ciinfidered  laborioub,  and  calculated  to 
excite  a  di  ft  a  fie  for  learning.  The  pre- 
fent  mode,  by  a  courfe  of  public  lec- 
tures, is  not  attended  with  thofc  incon- 
veniences. 

At  the  hour  appointed,  a  numerous 
fociety  of  charmin.^  women  arc  admit- 
ted into  the  hail — as  thefe  ledtures  are 
for  the  public  and  not  for  lludents,  the 
front  feats  are  appropriated  to  the  pub- 
lic, and  the  (tudcnts  are  placed  benind 
at  a  diftance.  The  convtrfation  and 
the  fmall  talk  of  the  ladiei  prepare  the 
pupils  for  the  lelfons  they  arc  to  re- 
ceive. 

At  length  the  proftfTor  arrives.  From 
the  nature  of  the  company  who  com- 
pofe  his  audience,  it  may  be  cafily  con- 
ceived, that  he  is  not  one  ol'  thofe  grave 
pevfonages,  who  formerly  meditated  in 
hlence  and  retirement,  the  lelfons  he 
was  to  deliver  to  thofc  he  was  appoint- 
ed to  inltruch  The  appearance  of  fuch 
a  pedagogue,  would  put  the  whole 
company  to  flight. 

The  Profeflor  is  a  man  of  the  world, 
twenty  Lyceums  have  the  honour  to 
reckon  him  among  their  Members.  He 
is  well  received  in  all  falhiouable  f  »cie- 
ties,  where  the  empty  effufions  of  his 
poetic  fancy  are  read  with  delight  and 
applaufe.  Among  ail  the  women  who 
are  to  compofe  his  audience,  there  is 
not  one  to  whom  he  has  not  addrtfRd 
a  fonnet  or  a  madrigal.  Thus  he  paf- 
fes  for  a  man  of  celebrity,  and  the  mur- 
mur of  pleafure  is  heard  the  moment 
he  appears.  He  advances,  then  mo- 
deft- 


Mode  of  Education  in  France. 


Nov. 


deftly  bows  to  the  company  in  return 
for  the  tribute  of  applaufe  bcftowed  on 
him.    The  Ledure  commences. 

The  Proftflbr  recites  a  fatire  of  Boi- 
leau,  perhaps  a  Canto  of  the  Lutrin, 
in  orcicr  to  learn  his  pupils  to  read. 
Then  he  lakes  a  btink  containing  anno- 
tations upon  Tome  ancient  author.  So- 
licitous to  pltaft,  and  not  to  inlirud, 
he  pafits  (-vcr  whatever  is  grave,  and 
only  attends  to  whattver  lurnifhes  a 
play  upon  words  or  amuling  conceit. 
Afterwards  he  announces  his  intention 
of  terminating  the  Lecture  by  foine  ver- 
fcs  of  his  owfu 

Though  the  poetiy  of  Boileau  has 
been  unattended  to,  yet  the  inRant  he 
announces  his  own  verfes,  the  moft 
profound  Hie  nee  reigns  throughout  the 
Hall,  nothing  can  divert  the  attention 
of  ti^e  company.  They  have  been  re- 
peatedly heard,  but  they  always  pof- 
ielsfome  new  charm,  lie  is  only  in- 
terrupted by  burtts  of  admiration  and 
plaudits  of  cuthufiafm ;  he  concludes 
too  foon  for  his  audience. 

It  is  by  fuch  IcfTons  we  pretend  to 
inftrud  youth.  They  can  only  acquire 
the  tafte  and  habits  of  their  m^illers. 
However  the  year  terminates,  and  the 
rewards  of  merit  are  dittributed. 

Formerly  a  learned  adembly  attend- 
ed the  dilhibution  of  the  pri7.es;  tbcy 
were  accompanied  with  great  foi enmi- 
ty, in  order  to  excite  the  emulation  of 
the  ftudents,  and  early  inlpire  them 
with  a  dthre  of  glory. 

Now  the  molt  faihionable  Affembly 
is  convoked.  The  molt  handfome  and 
elegant  women,  and  the  molt  gallant 
men  are  invited.  The  union  is  chaim- 
ing.  The  diftribution  of  prizes  has  no- 
thmg  to  do  with  the  fcftival  ;  it  only 
forms  the  pretext.  Moft  of  the  perfons 
invited,  only  come  for  the  fake  of  the 
concert  and  ball  which  is  afterwards 
given. 

The  Students  perform  the  honours 
of  the  entertainment.  They  are  ap- 
plauded at  the  concert ;  but  it  is  par- 
ticularly at  the  ball  the  refult  of  their 
education  is  admired  ;  it  is  for  that  a- 
lone  they  feem  to  have  been  brought 
irp  :  at  the  ball  their  triumph  is  com- 
plete. The  country  dance,  the  waltz, 
the  allemand,  and  the  gavot,  furniih, 
by  turns,  the  means  of  difplaying  their 
talents.  Every  one  predicts  they  will 
becom.e  excellent  dancers;  but  alas  I 
they  will  be  merely  dancers. 


This  fort  of  fcftival,  which  is  ridicu- 
lous in  feminaries  for  the  inftrudtion  of 
boys,  is  ftill  lefs  becoming  thofe  appro- 
priated to  the  education  of  young  girls. 
There,  as  well  as  in  the  former,  a  bril- 
liant, rather  than  a  chofen  and  refpec- 
tabie  focicty,  is  invited;  phys  perform- 
ed by  the  girls  themfelves  always  forfn 
part  of  the  entertainment.  It  is  then 
the  young  female  quits  that  timidity,  ) 
may  fay,  that  bafhfnlnefs,  which  con- 
ftitutes  the  charm  nf  her  age,  to  prv> 
vokt  applaufe  by  forwardnefs  and  af- 
feded  graces. 

It  may  not  be  ufelefsto  mention  that 
formerly  at  St  Cyr,  Madame  de  Main- 
tenon,  introduced  the  cuftom  of  per 
forming,  at  certain  periods,  little  then 
trical  pieces  ;  they  were  compufed  ex 
prefsly  for  the  occafion,  and  on  religi 
ous  fubje>ft^,  and  thcreOre  appeared 
lefs  liable  to  cenfure,  yet  they  were 
deemed  fo  d.ingerous,  that  Lewis  XIV 
prohibited  them. 

After  the  p)ay,  the  young  girl  em- 
boldened by  her  fuccefs,  proceeds  to 
the  ball-room,  to  rival  women  in  ad- 
drel's  ar»d  coquetry,  and  fliare  wiui 
them  the  applaufe  of  the  company. 
Such  a  fcene  does  not  foon  wear  out 
of  their  minds. 

Hitherto  the  Government  has  lliut 
its  eyes  to  thefe  abufcs ;  it  is  then  the 
bufificfs  of  Sitire  and  the  l^itimate 
Stage  to  hand  them  over  to  ridicule. 
'I'be  'I'heatre  Louvois,  which  Picard 
has  fupported  by  his  charming  works, 
has  commenced  the  attack  in  two  Co- 
niedies  lately  reprefentcd.  The  Pcrha 
de  Surenne  particularly  merits  the  luc- 
ccfs  11  has  obtained.  It  contains  inter- 
clling  details,  as  to  the  internal  ma- 
nagement of  the  boarding  fchools  of 
youHg  Lidies.  It  is  written  with  fpi- 
rit.  The  plot,  taken  from  a  well 
known  hory,  is  fimple  and  agreeable. 

During  the  reprefentation  of  this 
piece,  the  fathers  of  families  loudly 
applauded  the  paflages  diredted  againlt 
the  new  mode  ol  educating  youth. 
They  were  fenfible  of  the  difadvantagea 
of  it  ;  but  fuch  is  the  fatality  attached 
to  human  nature,  that  we  much  doubt, 
whether  any  one  of  them  has  fufEci- 
ently  profited  by  the  lefTon,  to  have  re- 
formed fuch  a  fyftem  of  education  with 
regard  to  his  own  children. 


'l802. 


git 


ON  ATTENDING  PUBLIC  PL,ACES. 


FROM  MORRICe's  MENTOR. 


I  AMONG  the  many  temptations  and 
rand  mcitements  to  vice,  extraragance, 
and  intemperance,  to  which  youth  are 
,  fubjed  in  the  outfct  of  life,  that  of 
frequenting  public  places  of  amufe- 
ment,  however  innocent  in  their  own 
'nature,  is  of  the  molt  ferious  and  fatal 
confequences  to  them,  from  the  in- 
'  different  company,  and  the  various 
f  accidental  allurements  to  the  gratifica- 
tion of  their  paflions,  which  they  mult 
unavoidably  meet  with  in  fuch  places. 
—Were  the  company  who  baunt  thefe 
1  places  all  modeft,  virtuous,  and  temp- 
i  crate,  there  could  no  injury  refult  to 
youth  from  vifiting  them  ;  but  as  it  is 
too  generally  known  that  this  is  not 
the  cafe,  there  is  the  lefs  occafion  for 
raetofay  any  thing  further  on  that 
head. 

It  is  confidered  as  an  innocent  and 
aufeful  propenfity  in  young  men  to 
wifh  "  to  fee  every  thing  worth  atten- 
tion, and  to  witnefs  everv  fcene  of 
various  life  which  is  to  be  met  with  in 
the  metropolis  ;"-.nay,  this  idea  is 
carried  fo  far,  that  a  young  gentleman 
is  conlidercd  as  not  quite  fioifhed  in 
has  town  education  till  he  has  eat  ox 
cheek  in  a  cellar  in  St  Giles's,  where 
the  knives,  forks,  and  fpoons,  are 
chained  to  the  table,  for  tear  of  being 
llolen ;  or  till  he  has  beat  the  rounds 
of  Covent  Garden,  broke  a  dozen  win- . 
dows  or  two,  feen  the  gardeners  bring 
jn  their  veget^ible  treafyres  at  four 
o  clock  m  the  morning,  knocked  down 
the  watchmen,  and  then  paid  a  vifit 
to  the  watch-houfe  for  the  remainder 
of  the  mght,  or  rather  morning;  nor 
would  he  beat  all  qualified  to  converfe 
with  the  modeft  and  hopeful  youth  of 
the  age,  except  he  had  been  carried 
•  n  u  ^^^^^^^  Alderman  :  indeed, 
till  he  has  performed  thefe  exploits, 
^  can  hardly  venture  to  open  his 
naouth  m  the  improving  company,  who 
conhder  thefe  little  adventures  as  re- 
quifites  to  the  knowledge  of  the  world. 
— i  Ipeak  from  experience,  for  I  was 
once  hlly  and  weak  enough  myfelf  to 
.induced  to  euteitain  the  hmc  ill- 
louadcd  opinion.   Since  I  have  adranc- 


ed  in  life,  however,  I  have,  to  my  fur- 
prife,  found  that  hundr^^ds  who  had 
never  been  at  any  place  of  public 
amufement,  '  and  had  never  broke  a 
window,  or  knocked  down  a  watch- 
man, or  been  carried  before  the  Lord 
Mayor  for  a  midnight  bravv-l,  knew  as 
much,  and  a  great  deal  more,  of  the 
world,  than  I  did— had  taken  belter 
care  of  their  health,  charadter?,  and 
purfcs— had  fucceeded  brtter  in  life, 
and  were  in  every  ref;:.ea  b-tter  quali- 
fied than  myfelf  for  bufinefs,  and  more 
valued  and  efteeiried  by  their  friends ; 
at  leaft  by  thofe  kind  of  friends  whofe 
refped  and  efteein  are  worth  the  ac- 
quiring. 

It  really  is  not  neceffHry  to  the 
health,  happinefs,  information,  or  even 
amufement,  of  youth,  that  they  (hould 
frequent  public  places  ;  nor,  if'it  were, 
would  the  difadvantagcs  be  at  all  coun- 
terbalancedtby  the  benefit  they  would 
reap  from  the  permiiTion  to  do  it- 
Even  if  they  go  into  good  company  at 
thefe  places,  they  have  eyes  and  ears; 
nor  can  the  virtue  of  their  comp;^.nions 
prevent  their's  from  being  afTailed, 
wounded,  and  perhaps,  under.niaed, 
though  by  gradual  and  imperceptible 
degrees — This  of  itfelf  is  a  fufficlent 
argument  for  keeping  youth  as  much 
as  poflible  out  of  the  way  of  thefe  pro- 
mifeuous  alfemblies,  if  there  were  no 
others  of  ftill  ftrongtr  weight  and 
force. 

•The  proper  purfuit  of  the  young  is 
not  pleafure,  but  bufinefs;  and  to  for- 
ward themfclves  in  life,  by  a  fteady 
and  diligent  application  to  their  pro- 
fcfiion,  ought,  next  to  their  duties  to 
God,  to  be  their  principal  aim.— The 
enjoyment  of  eafe  and  moderate  plea- 
fnres  is  rcfcrved  more  properly  for  the 
meridian  of  life,  when,  by  induitry, 
they  have  fecured  to  themtelves  the 
means  of  purchafing  them  without  the 
rifquc  of  injury  to  others,  with  whofc 
money  they  are  cntruited. 

Of  pleafure  you  are  permitted,  in- 
genuous  youth  !  to  tafte  with  modera- 
tion ;  tut  beware  of  what  fpecies  it  is, 
in  what  quantity,  and  in  what  coai,. 


gx2 


On  Public  Places. 


Nov.* 


pany  you  enjoy  it.--Sc]f-deniaI,  and 
abllinencc  from  pleafure,  h^ve  by 
many  been  accounted  the  greattfl  of 
plcalui  cs  ;  but,  then,  that  is  a  plealurc 
cfthe  mind,  and  a  fcnfual  one  and, 
though  it  may  feem  problcmancal,  I 
beheve  it  is,  nc vci  theltfs,  true,  that 
thci'c  who  have  tcwtft  uants,  and  are 
leait  given  to  worldly  pleafure,  ap- 
proach neartft  to  the  iKituie  of  the 
Adorable  Creator,  the  Pattern  of  Su- 
preme Perfc<^lion  and  Excellence- 

I  fhall  not  enter  here  into  tl'C  detail 
of  thofe  alluremcrits  and  tciiiptations 
to  vice  and  uiilav\ful  pleafure  with 
which  our  public  gardens,  of  all  de- 
fcriptions,  abound,  by  the  permitted 
admittance  of  tlic  mofl  abandoned  of 
the  female  ftx,  and  the  licentious  man- 
ner in  w  hich  tliey  are  futreied  to  con- 
clucfl  themft;lvcb  in  prtlerce  of  the  virtu- 
ous of  their  own  lex,  and  the  as  yet 
uncorrupted  of  the  other—'  nor  of  that 
Witkednefs  of  drcfs,  which,  it  is  to  be 
owned,  they  are  but  too  much  coun- 
tenanced in,  by  the  fuppofcd  virtuous 
and  modeft  ot  thtir  own,  on  which 
fuibjcii:!  1  believe  men,  in  gtneral,  have 
hmi  one  opinion. 

The  fupprtflion  of  that  infamous 
haunt  of  vice  and  iniquity  the  Dog 
and  Duck- -the  Apollo  Gardens,  and 
lame  other  public  rcforts  of  the  f^me 
contaminating  tendciicy,  fufjiciently 
proves  that  the  legiflature  beheld  with 
abhorrence  the  prevailing  bad  elFcds 
|tcy  had  upon  the  morals  cf  youth, 
and  the  confequent  injuiy  they  did  to 
Ibcicty  ;  nor  can  there  be  a  more 
powerful  argument  than  thi?,  againft 
tuffering  youth  to  frtqu^  nt  aity  place 
of  public  amufement  which  might  ;ead 
to  the  corruption  of  their  minds,  or 
the  weakening  their  native  irgenuoua 
principles,  till  age  and  cxpcritiice  have 
io  confirmed  them  in  good  habits,  that 
the  effects  of  allurements  would  be 
loft. 

It  has  long  been  a  matter  cf  argu- 
ment, W'hethcr  the  Play-Houfe  tends 
to  corrupt  or  benefit  youth  :  my  opi- 
nion is,  that  if  you  purge  the  lobby  of 
the  riotous  and  debauched,  and  the 
boxes  of  prollitutes ;  regulate  the 
dreffes  and  alluring  attitudes  of  the 
female  performers,  and  keep  youth 
from  behind  the  fctncs,  they  run  no 
jrifque  of  being  contaminated,  but  very 
much  the  reverfe;  fori  confider  the 
Aag^e  as  an  epitome  of  the  world,  and 


that  more  moral  inftru<5>ion,  attende4 
with  deeper  imprcfHon  upon  the  heart, 
is  to  be  acquired  there,  than  by 
books  or  converfation,  from  the  ap- 
parent reality  of  the  parts  which  arc 
acted  before  them,  and  in  which  the 
talents  of  the  performers  are  often  fo 
ably  exerted,  as  to  leave  even  grown 
perfons  almoit  m  doubt,  at  times,  whe- 
ther the  fcene  palijng  before  them  is 
real  or  fictitious,  as  their  tears  and 
laughter,  their  blood-chilling  horrors, 
and  aftonilhing  emotions  of  furprifj, 
will  frequently  teftify. 

Fear  not,  then,  ingenuous  youth! 
armed  with  your  native  innocence  and 
uncorrupted  heart,  to  vifit  the  fccno 
where  the  immortal  Shakcfpeare  yet  , 
fpeaks,  though  dead — where,  prodit- 
ced  "  from  his  airy  magazines  of  no- 
thing, he  exhibits  bodily  forms  anij  ' 
fliapes,  and,  for  your  inftrut5tit)R,  give*! 
them  a  local  habitation  and  a  name:** 
whether  cclellial  Ariel  gently  wave^ 
his  niver  wand,  or  monftrous  Cali- 
ban bends  beneath  his  ponderous  load} 
you  will  ftill  admire  the  poet's  art?:  • 
but  when  Othello  rages  o'er  the  fcene, 
and  Deldemona  weeps;  or  liam let's  ' 
ghoft,  with  meafured  ftep,  moves 
round  the  ftage,  while  Denmark^ 
Prince,  with  trembling  nerves  and  fil- 
tering voice,  conjures  his  royal  father's! 
anfwer;  when  confcience-llruck  MacV/ 
beth  with  horror  views  the  bloodv 
ftained  fword ;  or  Barnv^eil,  by  tfa< 
treacherc^is  Millwood's  arts  allured,  iiiv 
tends  his  uncle's  death — be  it  your 
care  to  draw  inftru(^ion  from  the  paf» 
fmg  fcene,  and,  while  you  weep  ot' 
feel,  refolve,  and  keep  to  your 
foivef. 

£ut,  while  you  put  performers  fco 
their  proper  ufe  on  the  itage,  and  en* 
tertain  yourfeif  with  their  talents  ait$' 
and  humour,  put  yourfeif  out  of  tht 
reach  of  their  familiarities  and  imper? 
tinence,  by  making  it  a  point  never  t0 
go  behind  the  fcenes ;  for  the  creaturdfii' 
that  are  to  be  found  there  are  but  fo' 
many  birds  of  prey,  that  will  hov45i' 
round  you  only  lo  devour  you  ;  full 
fawning  and  flattery  to  gain  your  fflr^ 
vour,  and,  perhaps,  infolentiy  ridicu>« 
ing  you  the  moment  your  back  il 
turned.  ' 

I  would  not  be  underRood  froU) 
what  I  have  before  faid,  to  recommeni 
a  frequent  refort  to  the  theatres  on  afM 
account'  It  flioiild  be  but  rarely  ail 


l802. 


On  Public  Places, 


9^3 


then,  only  when  an  inftru(5tive  tragedy 
Dr  comedy  is  to  be  performed  :  nor 
liould  you  ever  patronile  them  till  they 
lave  undergone  a  very  thorough  purg- 
ng,  and  appear  what  they  ought  to  be, 
:he  fchools  of  refined  manners  and  un- 
jlemifhed  virtue. 

Mufic,  which  fo  much  engroflts  the 
ittention  of  the  prefent  age,  is  in  itfelf, 
I  harmkfs  and  innocent  recreation ; 
3Ut,  in  fome  ftations  of  life,  it  is  fuper- 
^uous,  and  not  only  ufelefs,  but  abfo- 
utely  detrimental,  efpecially  to  tradef- 
nen:  to  have  one's  head  filled  with 
rrotchets  and  quavers,  bt  ing  a  prover- 
bial phrafe  to  denote  a  man  inatten- 
ive  to  the  bufinefs  before  him. 

Frequent  not,  therefore,  Operas  and 
[Concerts,  at  leaft,  but  very  rarely  ;  af- 
td  not  any  fkill  in  compofition,  or  to 
3e  a  connoifleur,  and  to  determine  the 
nerit  of  performers  ;  nor  truft  your- 
elf  publicly  to  perform  on  any  in- 
Irument,  or  to  keep  company  with 
uch  as  to  make  njufic  their  profeflion  ; 
or  there  is  an  infatuation  which  at- 
:cnds  purfuits  of  this  nature,  and,  the 
■nomcnt  you  attach  yourfelf  to  them, 
^ou  will  decline  both  in  your  credit 
ind  fortune. 

A  fchool-fellow  of  mine,  who  was 
Drought  up  a  hatter,  and  had  a  little 
iT.onty  of  his  own,  before  he  was  well 
)ut  of  his  apprenticefiiip,  gave  into 
:his  fpecies  of  folly,  and,  being  a  pro- 
ficient on  the  violin,  was  never  happy 
3ut  when  he  was  playing  in  the  orchc- 
\r^y  at  Vauxhall,  or  the  theatres ;  by 
kvhich  means  his  bufinefs  was  defpifed 
lod  ncgleded,  his  money  fpent,  and 
limfelf  ruined  :  he  has  never  got  above 
:hc  world  fince.  This  is  a  fa^ft  that 
:omes  within  my  own  knowledge ; 
md,  though  ^rofeflional  players  and 
lingers  may  make  immenfe  incomes  by 
:hcir  fuperior  talents,  gentlemen  play- 
M*s  art-  lure  to  be  their  dupes,  or  butts, 
ind  ruined,  in  the  end,  among  them. 
Every  player  is  not  a  Cramer ;  every 
inger  is  not  a  Billington,  commanding, 
3y  her  unequalled  powers,  L.5000  for 
\  winter's  feafon. 

Lofs  of  time  and  increafe  of  expence, 
^rc  the  immediate  confcquences  of  af- 
Ifociating  with  performers:  at  taverns, 
I  ^ou  muft  think  it  a  favour,  if  a  perform- 
l^r  contributes  to  your  entertainment; 
'or  which  you  muft  both  pay  his  reck- 
oning, and  load  yourfelf,  and  your 
Tiends,  with  benefit  tickets,  molt  of 
ivhich  you  muft  pay  for  out  of  your 

Vol.  LXIV. 


own  pocket;  and  what  you  voluntarily- 
pay  for  one,  will  be  demanded  by  the 
reft,  by  which  you  will  expofe  your- 
felf to  an  annual  tax,  and  annual  folici- 
tations.  * 

But  of  nil  the  public  places  that  I 
would  advife  you  to  be  mofl  particular 
in  avoiding,  is,  that  of  Mafquerade  af- 
femblies  ;  for,  however  innocent  they 
may  feem,  or  however  plaufibly  they 
may  be  defended,  they  are  places  you 
ought  never  to  be  prevailed  upon,  ei- 
ther by  your  curiofity,  or  the  importu- 
nity of  others,  to  vifit.  It  is  making 
too  bold  an  experiment  -on  human 
frailty;  and  I  am  convinced  that  many 
perfons  have  vcnturcrd  on  crimes  there 
which  they  would  otherv^'ife  have  a- 
voided,  merely  becaufc  they  were  un- 
known. It  is  a  noble  maxim  of  the 
pott's,  that  contempt  of  fame  begets 
contempt  of  virtue  ;  and  to  this  may- 
be added,  that  to  be  out  of  the  reach 
of  fame  is  to  be  in  the  way  of  vice. 

Sunday  Routs  and  Card-parties,  your 
owm  virtue,  and  the  reverence  due  to 
the  Deity,  will  naturally  prtfcrrve  you 
from  ;  and  the  frequenting  fuch  low 
places  as  Bagnigge-Wells,  or  other  fi- 
milar  haunts  of  proftitutes  or  pick- 
pockets, your  pride  will  mofl  probably 
point  out  to  you  the  necefiity  of  a- 
voiding ;  for  it  is  next  to  a  difgrace  for 
a  gentleman  to  be  feen  in  fuch  places, 
though,  for  Certain  clafies  of  people, 
they  are  a  convenient  fpecies  ofrcfort 
and  amufement  ;  but,  at  all  events, 
they  are  improper  for  youth — as  it  is 
in  thefe  places  that  the  firft  advances 
to  unlawful  commerce  with  the  vileft 
of  the  fcx  are  generally  made. 

The  habit  that  young  men,  of  the 
prefent  age,  have  got  into,  of  meeting 
in  large  companies,  and  fpending  their 
evenings  at  a  public-houfe,  or  tavern, 
in  fmoaking,  drinking,  card-playing, 
and  finging,  is  produ(ftive  of  very  rui- 
nous confcquences  to  them  in  their 
health,  character  and  purfe — not  to 
mention  the  injury  it  frequently  occa- 
fions  to  their  employers,  by  lof^  of 
time,  from  the  elfe<its  of  it  next  day. 
It  is  in  this  kind  of  public  clubs  that: 
the  firft  habits  of  intemperance  are 
learnt,  and,  from  the  mixture  of  cha- 
racters which  frequent  them,  probably 
the  ftrongeft  impreifions  of  corruption  of 
morals  are  made  ;  for  evil  communica- 
tions (or  bad  converfation)  will  always 
corrupt  good  inanneis. 

ON 


3 

9^4  Nov. 

ON  DREAMING, 

FROM  BEDDOES'S  ESSAYS  ON  HEALTH. 


THE  writer,  who  ventures  to  lay 
down  any  propbfitions  refpe^ling 
Dreams,  will  be  given  up  by  every 
prudent  reader,  as  one  that  launches 
upon  an  uncertain  IVa  without  com- 
pnfs  or  rudder.  Yet  upon  the  exami- 
nation of  nriany  dreamers,  nervous  and 
others,  I  have  found,  and  I  think  any 
one,  who  will  enc[uirc,  mull  find,  that 
the  following  circumitanccs  are  gene- 
ral. The  images,  that  figure  in  dreams, 
are  of  more  recent  date,  the  younger 
the  pcrfon  is  to  whom  they  occur. 
Probable  evidence  of  this  might  be  de- 
rived from  the  manner  in  which  the 
ideas  of  the  human  mind  multiply,  mix 
and  decay.  But  I  build  the  opinion 
upon  the  dired  experience  of  dreamers 
of  different  ages.  When  the  elder 
Scaligcr  dreamed  that  Brugnolus  re- 
proached him  for  the  omiflion  of  his 
name  in  a  poem  on  the  celebrated  na- 
tives of  Verona,  and  when  the  younger 
Scaliger  learned  that  this  Brugnolus, 
of  whom  his  father  had  not  the  leaft  re- 
coUeclion,  had  really  figured  as  a  Ve- 
Toncfe  critic,  it  muft  be  fuppofed  (un- 
lefs  we  admit  of  infpiration  cn  an  oc- 
cafion  fo  trifling)  that  the  name  was 
brought  back  by  fome  alTociation  in 
lleep,  though  it  had  vaniHied  from  the 
waking  memory.  The  name  of  Brug- 
nolus or  his  portrait  might  have  occur- 
cd  to  Scaliger  in  his  early  years  along 
v/Aih  a  particular  ft  ate  of  the  Itomach, 
a  certain  pofuion  of  the  mufcles  or 
groupe  of  ideas  :  and  thefe  modifica- 
tions of  the  fyflem  recurring  at  the 
time  of  his  dream,  would  eafily  call 
up  the  name  cr  the  portrait,  formerly 
connected  with  them.  For  whatever 
we  think  of  in  ilecp  is  apt  to  recur  with 
Its  original,  or  with  more  than  its  ori- 
ginal, vivacity,*  whereas  the  ideas  in 


*  A  boy  learns  his  tafk  imperfedtly 
over  night ;  the  next  day  he  can  re- 
peat it  without  fault.  Here  it  is  evident 
that  fleep  has  introduced  a  ftrongertie 
between  the  ideas  conftituting  the  tafk. 
And  fhould  the  repetition  make  part 
tof  a  dream,  it  will  dc>ubtlefs  be  more 
fiuent  than  in  the  morning,  as  we  all 


healthy  vvakefulnefs  are  fainter  than 
the  imprcflions  from  which  they  are  de- 
rived. Dr  Prieltly  has  told  us  that 
**  many  perlbns  (and  he  is  one  of  the 
number)  feldom  dream  of  any  thing 
recent."t  The  ready  forgetlulnefs  of 
freih  incidents  among  old  people,  and 
thole  v/hoft  H'emory  is  not  m.ore  reten- 
tive than  in  old  people,  makes  it  pro- 
brible  that  their  mind  will  commonly 
reach  back  in  Ilecp  to  the  events  of 
their  earlier  years,  whether  remember- 
ed while  awake  or  forgotten,  as  in  the 
cafe  of  Scaliger. 

If  it  be  Hue  in  children  that  the  in- 
dividual ideas  of  the  day  before,  recur 
more  frequently  in  dreams,  the  fame 
holds  alfo,  othpr  circumltances  being 
alike,  with  regard  to  nervous  adults  j 
and  in  both  it  is  ftill  more  ftridlly  true 
of  the  (tare  of  feeling  than  of  the  indi- 
vidual ideas.  For  if  any  thing  has  hap- 
pened to  difcompofc  a  nervous  perfon, 
the  difcompolurc  will  commonly  be 
ftlt  in  llcep  to  a  ilill  greater  extent; 
and  though  the  very  ideas  laft  connedl- 
ed  with  the  difcompoied  feelings, 
fiiould  not  be  reproduced,  others  that 
have  formerly  been  fo  conneded  will. 
But  generally  there  will  be  a  mixture 
of  both.  For  feelings  that  have  ac- 
companied ideas  at  different  times,  have 
prodigious  power  in  bringing  thefe 
ideas  together  ;|  and  this  is  the  chief 
fecret  for  unriddling  the  inconfiltencies 
of  dreams,  and  the  key  to  the  boldeft 
flights  of  lyric  and  dithjrambic  poe- 
try. 

But  Morpheus  is  no't  content  with 
keeping  the  minds  of  his  nervous  Haves 
on  the  olert  by  the  exhibition  of  his 
magic  lanthern.    His  images  roufe  in- 


find  ourfeives  much  more  mafters  of  a 
language  we  are  lludying,  when  we 
think  in  it  afleep. 

f  New  York  Med.  Repofitory,  V.  2. 
12S. 

i  I  only  touch  here  upon  the  aflbcia- 
ting  power  of  the  feelings.  It  is  the 
mod  ncgiedted,  and  perhaps  at  the  fame 
time  the  mod  pregnant  topic  in  the 
dodtrine  of  the  mind. 


f  802. 


On  Dreaming. 


9^5 


to  adlion  the  mufclcs  that  ought  to  re- 
main at  reft  during  tht;  night.  The 
fleep  of  lavages  and  of  labourers,  well 
fed  and  not  overltrained,  may  adnait, 
perhaps,  of  a  pretty  uniform  difcrip- 
tion.  But  from  the  profound  injury 
which  the  fenfitive  pait  of  the  haman 
frame  fuftaias,  in  xiumberlefs  members 
of  civilized  fociety,  the  modificutions 
of  exiftence  corae  to  be  almoit  as  nu- 
merous in  what  is  urually  i^xmtd  ileep, 
as  they  are  in  the  waking  hours.  In- 
deed deep  has  become,  from  this  cai"t:, 
almoit  a  word  without  meaniai|.  In  its 
vulgar  acceptation  it  appears  to  ftand 
for  the  want  of  thote  actions  that  are 
ufually  determined  by  imprclTions  upon 
the  eve.  The  beft  way  of  arriving  at 
a  Iteady  ufe  oi  the  word  would  perhaps 
be  to  examine  well  the  repofe  of  per- 
fons,  who  do  full  juftice  to  their  ani- 
mal faculties,  and  to  apply  it  ftridly 
to  this  ftate. 

Talking  in  Ileep  muft  be  considered 
as  the  fign  of  a  dilealed  condition  of 
the  nerves.    When  it  is  confiderabie 
and  frequent,  it  takes  away  from  flcep 
all  title  to  be  looked  upon  as  chief 
nouriiher  m  life's  feiit,"  and  indicates 
Sfuch  a  difpofnion  to  the  worft  forms  of 
nervous    atTedtion   as   Ihould  not  be 
fuffcred  to  go  on  without  correction. 
We  have  the  well-atteited  cafe  of  a 
bafket-maker  in   the   principality  of 
Waldeck,  who  being  much  aiTedled  by 
a  fermon,  repeated  it  the  next  night  in 
his  ileep  ;  and  ever  afterwards  preach- 
ed extempore,  from  fome  internal  im- 
,puUe  like  a  lit,  and  alio  from  the  effed 
of  ipirits.    During  the  time,  he  fat  lu 
a  kind  of  ftupor,  with  his  eyes  fixed, 
but  without  ieeing,  perfpired  and  had 
oppreffion  of  his  breath  chough  he  did 
Jiot  fpeak  loud  or  long.    He  feemed 
much  exhauiled,  fighed  deeply  and  re- 
covered llowly.— 1.  c.  iii.I.  44)- 
The  grotefque,  yet  atfeding  fcencs 
which  Ikep-w.ilkcrs  go  throu^-h,  and 
concerning  which itory-tellcrshave  com- 
monly  fo  much  to  relate,  exhibit  a  much 
more  alarming  union  between  mulcular 
a<5tion   and  the  imagery   of  dreams. 
The  number  of  accurate  obfervations 
we  have  on  peifons  afflided  with  tnis 
fpecies  of  nervous  malady  is  now  very 
confiderabie.    The  partial  retaidatioii 
or  interruption  of  fome  courfts  of  ac- 
tion, while  others  run  on  (and  often  ir- 
regularly)  in  the  channels  to  which 
they  have  been  accul^omcd,  when  the 


firft  are  in  motion,  feems  to  be  com- 
mon to  all;  and  indeed,  if  no  variation 
take  place,  there  could,  it  is  evident, 
be  no  diltindion  between  fleep-walkers 
and  w  <king.walkers.    S  luvages  relates 
of  a  girl  fubjed  to  cataleply,  that  one 
morning  he  found  her  with  all  her  muf- 
cles  rigid,  and  that  in  five  or  fix  mi- 
nure5>  the  fet  to  yawn,  and  began  the 
following  fcjae»  which  ihc  had  often 
aded  before.    Siie  fpoke  with  a  quick- 
ricf^i  ri'id  viv  icily  v/hi.:h  ihe  never  ihew- 
cd  i)ut  in  the  paroxyhn,  for  at  other 
timci  (he  was  timid  and  low.  What 
file  now  fiid  was  in  conneaion  with 
what  the  had  faid  In  the  laft  accelTion. 
S.iuvages  convinced  himfelf  Ihe  was  not 
aflcep  by  aiming  to  ttnke  lier  in  the 
face,  and  thougn  his  hand  came  quite 
ciofe  to  her  eye,  Ihe  neither  winked  nor 
drew  back,  nor  m  ^de  tne  leait  paufe  in 
what  fhe  was  frying.    A  burning  ta- 
per was  held  almoit  dole  enough  to 
finge  her  eye-lafhes,  v^iihout  efiea.  A 
perf^n  approached  her  from  behmd, 
and  cried  with  all  his  might  in  her  ear 
but  equally  in  vain.    Sauvages  applied 
h  irtUforn  and  brandy  to  her  mouth  and 
eyes  ;  he  put  ftrong  fnuif  into  her  nof- 
trils,  pricked  her  with  pin^,  turned  her 
fingers  backwards  and  forwards,  whicn 
yielded  like  thofe  of  a  puppet,  and  laft- 
ly,  he  touched  the  bail  of  her  eye  with 
his  finger  without  producing  the  leaft 
appearance  of  fenfation.    She  rofe  out 
of  bed,  walked  hattily  through  the  nar- 
row palfage  between  the  bed  frame  and 
wall,  without  either  linking  againil  the 
one  or  the  other,  or  againlt  the  ch.urs. 
Af^er  going  clear  round,  ihe  threw  her- 
fdf  on  the  bed  again,  liy  down,  cover- 
ed herf.if  asat  firll.  In  a  quarter  of  an 
hour  fhe  came  to  herfelr,  jult  as  it  flie 
had  awaked  o.it  of  a  deep  ileep.  Merti 
de  I' Ac.  Roy.  des  Sciences,  1742-  409-  ' 
In  the  Encyclo})edie  under  the  article 
fomnambule  ihereisan  obtervation,  which 
ihews  a  remarkaole  fufpenlion  ot  one 
fa-ics  of  atfeciions,  whde  others,  the 
mod  intimately  coaneded  with  them, 
were  going  ou.     The  archbifliop  of 
Bourde  iu>-  was  at  college  with  ?_  ft u- 
dent,  fubjea  to  walking  in  his  fleep. 
On  planting  himfelf,  from  curiofity,  in 
the  ftudent's  chamber,  fo  as  to  atcer- 
tain  his  motions,  he  obierved  the  young 
mart  fit  down  to  compofe  lermo!K>, 
which  he  read  pige  by  page  as  he  coni- 
mitted  them  to  paper,  it  it  can  be  cal- 
led reading,  when  no  ufe  was  made  ot 


gi6 


On  Dreaming. 


Nov 


his  eyes.  On  being  diflatisfied  with 
any  palTage  during  the  recitation,  he 
crofled  it  out,  and  wrote  the  correc- 
tions with  much  accuracy  over  it. 
The  writer  of  the  article  faw  the  be- 
ginning of  a  fcrmon,  in  which  was  the 
following  amendment.  It  ftood  at  firft 
ce  di-^^n  enfant.  On  revifal,  it  (truest 
the  Itudent  to  fubftitute  adorable '(ov  di- 
^in.  So  he  ftruck  out  the  fu  f>  word, 
and  fet  the  fecond  exactly  before  it. 
But  remarking  that  the  article  ce  could 
not  (land  before  adorable,  he  very 
in'ccly  fet  a  t  after  ce^  and  it  then  Aood 
cet  adorable  enfant. 

To  fatisfy  himfdf  that  the  fomnam- 
buhft,  in  all  thcfe  operations,  made 
110  ule  of  his  eyes,  the  archbifliop  held 
lomething  under  his  chin,  fufficient  to 
intercept  the  view  of  the  paper,  on 
which  he  wrote.  But  he  wrote  on 
without  being  interrupted  by  this  ob- 
Aacle  in  the  way  of  his  light.— To  dif- 
cover  how  the  night-walker  knew  the 
prefepce  of  objeds,  the  archbilbop  took 
away  the  paper  on  which  he  wrote, 
and  pufhed  other  papers  under  his 
liand.  Whenever  they  were  of  an  un- 
equal fize,  the  ftudent  was  aware  of 
the  change,  but  when  they  were  equal, 
he  wrote  on  and  made  corrections  on 
the  fpots,  corrcfponding  with  his  own 
paper.  And  it  was  in  this  way  that 
poflefllon  was  gained  of  fome  of  his 
natural  lucubrations.— Amon;?  othtr 
inanufcripts,  which  the  archbiihop  put 
3nto  the  hand  of  the  encyclopedia,  are 
mufical  pieces  written  vvich  tolerable 
exadtnefs. 

One  night,  having  dreamed  that  be 
M'as  befide  a  river  into  which  a  child 
had  fallen,  he  went  through  all  the  ac- 
tions tending  to  its  rticuc,  and  with  teeth 
chattering  as  from  cold  alkcd  for  bran- 
dy. None  being  at  hand,  a  glafs  of 
water  was  given  him  inftead.  But  he 
immediately  remarked  the  ditFerenc  , 
and  with  greater  impatience  demanded 
brandy,  faying  he  Ihouid  die  af  none 
were  given  him.  Brandy  was  therefore 
now  brought.  He  took  it  with  plea- 
fure  and  faid,  as  he  fmelled  it,  that 
he  found  himfeif  already  better.  All 
this  time  he  did  not  awake,  but,  as 
foon  as  the  paroxyfoi  was  over,  lay 
down  on  his  bed  and  flept  very  com- 
pofedly. 

It  was  remarkable,  and  it  coincides 
with  the  effedt  of  the  flightelt  irritation 
in  recovering  Mendelflbhn  from  his  in- 


ability,  that  when  the  imagination  o 
this  Undent  in  his  fomnambulifm  rar 
upon  melancholy  ideas,  he  could  b< 
turned  to  a  different  fubjcd  by  ftrok- 
ing  his  lips  with  a  feather*.  The  fea 
ther,  I  fuppofe,  by  tickling  the  very 
fenfiblc  fkin  of  the  hps,  induced  a  plea- 
lurable  feniation,  which  brought  along 
with  It  a  train  of  ideas,  formerly  af- 
fociated  with  pleafure  of  the  fame  dc- 
gree,  and  difpo/Tenfed  the  intruders  oi 
a  nulancholy  call. 

The  power  of  didinguiHiing  differ, 
ent  fized  pieces,  may  at  fii  it  appear  al- 
mo(t  incredible  without  the  alTiftancc 
of  the  eyes.    But  one  can  conceive  that 
this  might  arifc  from  the  touch  joined 
to  any  exad  habitual  fenfe  of  the  fpace, 
which  the  pen  had  to  traverfc  every 
line.    In  the  fame  manner,  we  may  un- 
derlland  how  the  girl,  obfcrved  by  Sau- 
vages,  was  able  to  walk  briflcly  round^ 
her  bed,  without  running  againil  any 
thing  in  the  room.    The  fame  accura- 
cy of  ftep,  has  been  often,  but  not  al- 
ways obfcrved  in  night-walkers,  when 
the  moft  pcrfed  ufe  of  their  eyes  could 
not  have  availed  them;  and  why  fliould 
not  the  arm  of  a  itudent  accnitom- 
cd  to  write  have  as  much  ?  The  accu- 
racy with  which  adlions  are  freouenMy 
performed  in  deep,  I  have  often  known 
cxamplified. — A  confumptive  patient 
of  mnie  flept  in  a  bed  with  a  flat 
head,  not  above  three  feet  high.  Up- 
on this  he  ufed  every  night  to  place  a 
glafs,  two  thirds  full  of  water,  for  the 
reception  of  his  expe^oration.    His  at- 
tendants were  frequently  changed,  ancf 
they  all  alinred  me,  that  he  got  up  ii 
his  flc-ep  when  he  had  any  thing  to  ex^ 
peclorate,  took  down  the  glafs,  and  re- 
gulariy  replaced  it  on  the  bed's  head. 
Nor  did  he  ever  fpill  a-iy  i)f  the  water™ 
except  one  night,  when  a  bottle  hadl 
been  placed  in  the  way  of  his  hand  \^ 


*  Immediately  on  writing  this  fen- 
tence  1  touched  the  back  of  the  hand 
in  a  teething  child,  while  afleep.  The 
whole  arm,  the  head  and  the  body, 
though  quiet  before,  moved  feveral 
times.  The  child  had  only  its  fkin  ra- 
ther heated  from  the  teeth,  otherwifc 
did  not  fufier,  though  it  mud  be  fup- 
pofed  to  have  the  fenfibility  of  its  nerves' 
exalted  during'dentition  :  but  not  more , 
fo  than  the  nerves  connected  with  the 
motiona  in  a  fomiiambuiiit. 

the 


l802. 


Literary  Notices. 


917 


the  glafs,  after  he  had  fallen  adeep.  As 
th  ere  was  plenty  of  light  in  the  room, 
his  not  being  fenfible  of  the  bottle, 
fhows  that  he  nsade  no  ufe  of  his  eyes 
in  taking  down  the  glafs. 

It  is  nothing  fingular,  that  the  eye 
fhould  be  incapable  of  being  affected  as 
ufual  by  light,  while  other  parts  are  in 
the  contrary  extreme.  Such  phce;io- 
mena  are  among  the  moit  common  of 
thofe  that  are  obferved  in  nervous  ac- 
cefiions.  The  ftomach,  for  inftance, 
ihall  be  often  fo  infcnfible,  that  a  glafs 
of  diftilled  fpirit  (hall  produce  no  more 
eflfia,  than  a  glafs  of  cold  water  at  an- 
other time;  and  this,  in  the  cafe  of  a 
perlon,  who  has  been  ail  his  life  an  ut- 
ter ftrangcr  to  the  ufe  of  liquor  in  that 


ftrength.  At  the  moment  when  the 
ftomach  is  deprived  of  its  natural  feel- 
ing to  fuch  a  degree,  that  the  mind 
fhall  be  all  alive  to  the  grounrilcfs  fear 
of  immediate  difTolution,  and  fomc  of 
the  fcnfes  fhall  be  fo  ready  to  be  aflcd 
upon,  that  a  (light  excitement  fhall 
produce  a  ftarting  of  the  whole  body. 
Who  for  example,  has  not  known  the 
feet  benumbed  with  exceffive  cold, 
while  the  cheeks  were  all  in  a  flame? 
It  is  not,  however,  certain  that  the  re- 
tina or  expanded  optic  nerve,  is  ever 
torpid  in  fuch  cafes,  the  experiment  of 
throwmg  a  fuJden  light  upon  the  eye, 
and  obftrving,  whether  the  pupil  con- 
trads  or  not,  having  fcldom  been  made, 
('I'o  be  cont'mued  J 


LITERARY  NOTICES. 


'  Su-  V/illiam  Oufeley   is  engaged 
.n  a  tranflation   of  the  Great  Ta- 
-ikh,  or  Chronicle  of  Tabari,  whom 
vir  Ocklcyftiles  the  Livy  of  the  Ara- 
>ians,  and  upon  whom  Pocoke, 
t  lerbelot,  Erpenius,  Dr  Hyde,  and  o- 
'  her  learned  OrientalKts,  have  beftow- 
\  d  the  higheft  encomiums.    There  are 
. -nly  fome  fragments  of  the  original  A- 
abic  work  now  remaining.     In  the 
^"Jh  century  there  appeared  an  admi- 
able  Perlian  tranliation,  enriched  with 
great  deal  of  curious  additional  mat- 
er,  extradcd  from  the  anticnt  recoids 
J  the  Jews,  the  Perlian  Magi,  and  the 
luiralmans.    D'Herbclot  prefers  this 
srfioM  to  the  original. 
A  French  tranflation  of  the  works  of 
iiltavus  III.  is  now  in  the  prefs,  by 
irder  of  the  kmg  of  Sweden.    A  Swe- 
I'm  edition,  of  which  Count  Oxien- 
•ern  is  the  editor,  will  be  published  at 
'e  lame  time. 

M.  De  Sacy  has  attempted  to  explain 
irt  of  tne  trifold  Eiryptian  Infcription, 
>Pied  by  the  Freucn  m  Egypt  before 
was  brought  to  London,  m  a  print- 
letter  addrefled  to  the  miniftcr  Chap- 
k  interpretation  is  foon  ex- 

•«cd  from  M.  Aktrblad,  a  Swede,  verf- 
1  m  the  Coptic  language,  and  now  at 


The  French  committee  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  appointed  to  prepare  work 
on  the  lubject  of  Egypt  at  the  exp.^nce 
ot  the  government,  are  proceeding  in 
their  laboiirs.with  great  aaivity.  The 
work  is  expe^ed  to  be  very  fplendid. 

In  England,  too,  literary  men  f-eni 
to  be  equally  defirou.  of  making  their 
countrymen  acquainted  with  Eeypt. 
Lieutenant  Ancierfon  has  juft  nub- 
liined  an  Account  of  the  Expedi- 
tion  agamft  Egypt,  under  the  command 
ot  Sir  Ralph  Abercro.nbie.  Mr  Spilf- 
bu.y,  alio,  is  preparing  another,  re- 
fpeeting  the  operations  of  the  fquadron 
under  Sn-  Sidney  Smith. 

A  tranflation  of.  Gcfner's  Life  of  L^- 
vater  13  promiied  by  Mr  Crabb,  to^e- 
tner  with  fome  polthumous  woiks  of 
that  celebrated  p^iyfiognomift. 

Since  the  miiitution  of  the  African 
Affociation,  many  laudable,  and  even 
fucceidtui  etiorts  have  been  made,  to- 
wards the  difcovery  of  the  interior  of 
Atricj.  Park,  Brown,  and  Horneman 
have  of  late  thrown  much  light  upon 
that  ODfcure  quarter  of  the  globe.  \ 
pu-it  tor  exploring  it  feems  to  be  rauid- 
iy  fpreadmg  iifelt.  The  court  of  Mi. 
drid,  we  hear,  is  preparing  to  fend  U-y 
the  interior  ot  Africa  two  perfons  ot 

emi. 


9i8 


Literary  Notices. 


Nov; 


eminence,  to  m:ike  difcoveries  in  geo 
graphy  and  nataral  hiltory.  Before 
they  let  out  it  is  expt.'ied  that  they 
will  vifit  England,  in  order  to  procure 
niathematiCfd  and  altronomical  in{lru- 
menls,  and  to  have  an  opportunity  of 
conv.  rfing  with  Mungo  Park,  ?incl  with 
the  members  of  thf  Alncan  AfVociation. 

A  fct  of  beautiful  cuicu'.  ta  figureb,  by 
Mr  Sowerby,"  to  iliUitratc  tut  mnural 
ogy  of  Great  Hiiuui,  i*  nearly  ready 
fur  publication. 

There  will  fpftdilybe  publillied  by 
Dr  Walker,  phyhcian  in  ordinary  to 
the  London  Lying-in  lit>l*pital.  General 
Obftrvations  on  the  Conltitution  of 
Women,  and  on  fome  difonlers  to 
which  they  are  more  particularly  liable. 

Mr  Pinkerion,  ,we  arc  informed,  is 
preparing  an  abridgment  of  his  Geogra- 
phy tnat  was  lately  publiihed- 

Mr  Thelwal  is  preparing  for  publica- 
tion afummary  of  his  courfe  ot  Ledures 
on  Elocution,  'i  he  plan  iscompiehen- 
iive,  embracing  a  wide  field  of  enquiry 
and  illuftratiun.  Mr  TheUal  haj,  been 
pra^tihng  his  fchepie  in  ditiercnt  parts  of 
England,  but  he  now  intends  to  extend 
Lis  exertions,  and  to  embrace  Edm- 
buvgh  in  thcr  circle  of  his  exhibitions. 
He  propofcs  to  unfold  the  art  of  de- 
livery mine  fuiiy  than  his  been  done 
by  formtr  writers,  and  to  remove  thufc 
impediments  which  ly  in  the  way  of  a 
complete  orator. 

We  learn  that  Mr  Rirfon  is  engaged 
in  a  curious  work  which  will  foon  be 
ready  for  puolictition.  Its  object  is  to 
prove  that  to  abllain  fn>m  animal  food 
is  a  moral  and  indifpenuble  duty. 

An  edition  of  Spencer  by  Mr  Tod 
is  in  the  prefs,  and  wili  fpeedily  be 
publiflied. 

Mr  G.  Ellis's  Specimens  of  Early 
Englifh  Poetry  are  reprinting  for  a  fe- 
cond  edition. 

A  volume  of  fermons  by  the  Rev.  Mr 
Eftlin  of  Briltol  is  announced  for  pub- 
lication. 

Mr  Pratt  propofes  to  publifh,  this 
winter,  the  third  and  laft  volume  of  his 
Gleanings  ;n  England,  and  at  the  fame 
time  to  give  a  new  edition  of  the  firft 
2nd  fecond  volumes.  Ele  intends  like- 
wife  to  give  to  the  public,  Gleanings 
in  Wales,  Holland,  and  Wcftphalia. 
The  whole  work  will  be  comprifed  in 
6  volumes,  and  will  be  printed  in  a  u- 
xiiform  manner. 

An  edition  of  Chatterton's  works,  for 


the  benefit  of  his  fifter,  \9  preparing 
for  publication.  This  edition  will  be 
greatly  enlarged,  and  will  occupy  three 
0(itavo  i'oiujnes. 

Mr  Bridel,  author  of  a  Tour  in  Swit- 
zerl  ind,  ill  the  yt.M  1789,  :b  .'bout  to 
pi'blilh  a  new  edition  of  nis  work,  crtt- 
bellifhcd  Willi  pidur-  ique  views,  which 
will  be  executed  by  the  firlt  landfcapc 
painters  in  Swazerland. 

M.  Gwvlitt,  hitiicrto  dirc^lor  of  the 
fciiool  01  Klollcrbergcn,  near  P.Iadge- 
burg,  hath  btjn  ca 'ed  to  Hamburgh, 
as  director  of  the  Joh-^nneum,  a  literary 
eilablifliment,  which  will  be  condiiAei 
on  a  new  plan,  already  eilabhllied  by 
the  Magirtratcs  of  the  city. 

Wihiam  Old,  M.  P.  has  prefentcd 
the  Literary  and  Philof  >phical  Society 
of  Newcaflle  wiih  another  donation  of 
book.  ,  amounting  to  54  volumes,  inoft- 
ly  Greek  and  Latin  dallies,  and  valuable 
editions. 

Melfrs  Cripp  and  Clarke,  of  Jefus, 
College,  Cambridge,  have  returned  to| 
thitj  country  fiom  a  journey,  extending 
fiom  the  96'.h  degree  of  North  Latitude 
to  the  territories  of  Circafiia  and  the 
fliores  ot  the  Nile-  They  have  broiigh' 
v.  ith  them  a  coileCVion  of  Natur  d  H. 
lory,  Antiquities,  &c.  contained  in  18 
cafes;  and,  pv.rnaps  the  largeit  cvt 
fent  to  England,  illuftrating  ihe  nati- 
r.il  and  moral  hiilory  of  the  varioi; 
people  they  vihted. 

The  Boiamc  part  contains  the  Her- 
b^^ry  of  the  celebrated  Palias,  enriched 
by  the  contributions  of  Lmnasufc,  Ml 
his  numerous  literary  friends.  "| 

With  tne  mi«eralb  are  icveral  nex^ 
fubitances,  and  the  rareit  productions 
of  the  Siberian  Uiines.  j|j 

Among  the  antiquities  are  the  va| 
ous  Ii.lciiptions  and  Bas-relieft?,  relFj 
tive  to  oblcrvaiions  made  in  the  plain  of  < 
Tioy,  and  which  were  announced  by 
M.  Chevalier  in  France,  in  the  lait -edi- 
tion of  his  work. 

The  Medaiic  Series  contains  feveral 
coins  of  Greece,  and  of  the  kings  ot 
Parthia,  hitherto  unknown.  J 

TheMaiiufcriptsare  in  Hebrew,  Cd 
tic,  Arabic,  Abyflinian,  Perhan,  T| 
kiih,  and  the  languages  of  Tibet-'l 
tary  ;  and  in  the  Greek  and  Latin  1 
guages  are  fevcral  manufcripts  of  I 
clafUcs,  of  ihe  gofpel,  and  tiie  writiri 
of  the  eariietl  fathers  of  the  church. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  the  collec- 
tion contains  Creek  vafes,  gems,  fculp- 1 

ture, 


Scotish  Literary  Notices. 


919 


:ture,  and  many  remarkable  Egypti^^n 
monuments  from  the  ruins  of  the  city 
of  Sais,  difcovered  by  thofe  travelltrs 
in  the  Delta,  after  the  evacuation  of 
Egypt  by  the  f  rench.  Alfo  numerous 
original  dravvingr,  maps,  charts,  plans, 
models,  and  the  feeds  of  many  rare  and 
ufeful  plants ;  the  habits,  utenfils,  idols, 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Alcutan  Ifles, 
brought  by  Billings  to  Rufiia,  after  an 
expedition  to  the  countries  lying  be- 
tween K^Tnfchalca,  and  the  North-weft 
coaft'of  America;  wiih  many  geogra- 
phical obfeivations,  the  publication  of 
which  was  fo  long  prohibited  by  order 
of  the  Ruflian  government. 

National  Institute  of  France* 

At  the  fitting  of  the  12th  ult.  Citizen 
Toulingeon  read  a  paper  on  the  diffe- 
rent modes  of  writing  hiftory.  Another 
was  read  by  Citizen  Mongez,  on  tlic 
true  fituation  ofNoviomagus  Lexovio- 
rum,  near  Lifieux.  Mongez  thinks 
that  D'Anville  was  deceived  in  mak- 
ing Lifieux  the  ancient  capital  of  the 
Lexovii,  which  was  ravaged  by  the 
Saxons  about  the  end  of  the  fourth 
century.  Citizen  Delambre  read  a  no- 
tice on  the  life  and  labours  of  Gabriel 
Bory. 

Langles  read  a  paper  on  the  Oafis 
of  Ammon.  The  fandy  defart  which 
feparates  Egypt  from  the  States  of  Bar- 
bary,  was  not  lefs  celebrated  from  the 
expedition  of  Cambyfes  and  Alexander, 
than  from  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Am- 
imon,  which  it  contains.   To  this  tem- 


ple the  inveftigations  of  Langles  were 
diredcd,  and  by  his  obfcrvafions,  he 
confirms  the  opinion  of  Major  Rennel, 
that  the  Oifis  of  Ammon  h  lIic  fame 
to  which  the  Arabs  give  the  name  of 
Suntariah  and  Syodah.  Citizen  Cicard 
read  an  hiltorical  accojint  of  the  life 
and  writing'3  of  N.  F.  Dervailly.  The 
ficting  concluded  v.ith  reading  a  me- 
moir on  mufic,  confidered  as  a  njeana 
of  cure  for  certain  difeafes,  by  Citizcu 
DatafTantz. 

The  new  prize  eflays  arc— Clafi  of 
Moral  and  Political  Science— To  de- 
termine in  what  manner  the  faculty  of 
thought  Ihould  be  analyfid,  afid  of 
what  rflementary  faculties  it  is  conVpo- 
fcd.  Geographical  Chifs— To  compare 
the  geographical  defcription  g-'vi-n  by 
Ptolemy,  with  Ihofi  •ranfrnitte''  f  ,  us, 
by  fubfequent  geogr.-^pher.  an  J  J  i'to- 
rians,  relative  to  the  interior  of  Africa, 
exclufive  of  Egypt,  and  the  coafts  of 
Barbary,  from  i'unis  to  Morocco. 

Mathematical  and  Phylical  Cl.iffee — 
To  determine  by  obf  rviri<;n,  and  a- 
natomical  and  chemicl  experiments, 
what  are  tiie  p^ienomena  of  the  torpor 
to  which  certaNi  aniniai?,  fuch  as  Ri- 
coons,  are  fuhjed  during  the  winter, 
with  refpecl  to  the  circiiiHtion  of  the 
blood,  rffpiration^  and  excitability,  to 
examine  the  caufe  of  t»  ia  fleep,  and 
why  it  is  pe-culiar  to  thofp  animais. 

In  Poetry.  The  fubjeot  of  the  prize 
is  "  Virtue »is  the  foundation  of  Repub- 
lics."   Monies  IIL  2,  3. 


SCOTISH  LITERARY  NOTICES. 


Dr  Forbes,  of  the  Univcrfity  of 
Edinburgh,  has  in  forwardnefs,  Me- 
moirs of  the  firft  and  moll  eminent 
founders  of  the  Edinburgh  Medical 
School,  with  an  account  of  their  wwks. 
In  this  publication,  th^ literary  hiitoiy 
of  the  celebrated  Cullen  will  be  parti- 
cularly confidered  ;  a  critical  caim.ite 
of  the  moft  important  of  his  works 
will  be  formed,  and  the  merit  of  his 
doctrines  will  be  candidly  appreciated. 
In  this  department  of  his  labours,  the 
author  will  be  naturally  led  to  review 
the  tenets  of  Brown,  the  far  famed  ri- 
val  of  Cullcn  5  and  he  hopes  to  be  able 


to  exhibit  to  his  reader^',  an  important 
flatemeut  of  the  fpeculative  opinions 
of  thife  renowned  medical  thcoriti?. 
Both  Brown  and  Cullen  now  repofc  in 
the  hient  chambers  of  death,  their  rc- 
fpe^live  theories  m.iy  therefore  be  can- 
vafled  with  temper,  and  without  re- 
viving, in  Britain  at  leaft,  thofe  hoftilc 
literary  feud-,  which  now  rage  in  fomc 
of  the  moft  celebrated  feminaricj  on 
the  continent,  and  which  here  to©,  once 
dillurbedthe  peace  of  fociety,  and  mar- 
fhalled  medical  men  uudcr  the  banners 
of  their  refpev5tive~ leader^. 
Propofals  arc  circulated  .for  publiib- 

icg 


g20 


POETRY. 


Nov. 


ing  by  fubfcription,  Lives  of  the  All- 
cient  Philofophers,  comprehending  a 
Choice  Selection  of  their  beft  Maxims, 
together  with  a  great  variety  of  Anec- 
dotes, tranflated  from  the  French  of 
Fenelon,  Archbifliop  of  Cambray,  by 
John  Cormack.  The  work  will  be  ac- 
companied with  Notes,  by  the  tranfla- 
tor,  and  preceded  by  a  Life  of  the  Au- 
thor. The  original  work  is  now  be- 
come very  fcarce,  and  we  hope  Mr 
Cormack  will  meet  with  fiifficicnt  en- 
couragement, to  exhibit  to  the  public 
in  an  Englifli  drtCs,  this  ple;^(ing  and 
inftru(flive  work  of  the  Archbifliop  of 
Cambray. 

A  fecond  edition  of  the  firft  number 
of  The  Edinburgh  Rhvikvv,  publifli- 
fd  on  the  25th  Odober,  has  jult  ap- 
peared. 

A  fecond  edition  of  the  Min  ft  reify  of 
the  Scotilh Border, with  conlidcrable ad- 
ditions by  the  editor,  Walter  Scott, 
Efq.  advocate,  is  in  the  prefs  and  will 
be  fpecdily  publiftied.  A  third  volume 


is  in  a  ftate  of  preparation,  and  will  be 
publifhed  early  in  the  Spring. 

The  fecond  edition,  corre<5ted,  of 
Profeflc)r  Stewart's  Elements  of  thr 
Philofophy  of  the  Human  Mind,  (in 
one  Vol.  octavo)  has  juft  appeared. 

An  Inquiry  into  the  Colonial  Policy 
of  the  European  Powers,  by  Henry 
Brougham,  jun,  Efq.  is  in  the  prefs,  and 
will  be  fpeedily  publifl)ed. 

A  new  edition  of  Dr  Macknight's 
Harmony  of  the  Gofpels,  in  a  volumes 
odavo,  is  in  the  prefs.  Ii  will  be  ac- 
companied with  a  Life  of  the  Author. 

We  beg  leave  to  corre<fl:  a  fmall  mif- 
takc  which  we  made  in  our  lait  Num- 
ber, refpe<5ling  the  tranfadlions  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh.  It  was 
only  a  part,  and  not  the  whole  of  the 
fifth  volume  that  was  then  in  the  prefs. 
The  full  part  was  published  a  good 
while  ago:  the  fecond  part  is  now  pub- 
li filed,  but  both  will  be  too  fmall  to 
make  a  volume. 


POETRY. 


For  the  Scots  yiaga%ine» 
VERSES 

ON    YOUTHFUL  SCENES. 

0  YE  fcenes  of  my  innocent  fport, 
How  fondly  your  {hades  I  review, 
Tho'  ye  whifpcr  a  tale  to  my  heart, 
A  tale  that  is  woeful  but  true ; 
"When  ye  tell  me  how  Time  haftens  on. 
How  it  fvveeps,  like  a  flood,  all  away  ; 
That  my  youthful  companions  are  gone, 
That  they  paft  like  the  fons  of  a  day. 
Here  firft  yon  bright  Parent  of  day 
Vouchfaf 'd  to  fhed  o'er  me  his  light, 
ilere  the  fpot  of  my  infantine  play, 
Here  the  fledgling  firfl  took  its  flight; 
Here  under  the  foftering  wing 

Of  a  parent,  protedlor,  and  guide, 

1  have  gather'd  the  flowerets  of  fpring, 
Nature  bade  me  no  farther  provide. 
With  rapture  I  gaze  on  the  green, 
The  well  known  refort  of  my  joys. 
Where  oft,  in  the  days  that  have  been, 

I  have  mix*d  with  the  fiolickfome  boys; 


Yet,  ah !  though  the  period  be  (hort, 

(And  in  truth  it  appears  but  a  day) 
How  many,  that  joined  in  the  fport. 
Are  like  the  grey  mift  pafs'd  away. 
O  how  cheerful  the  morn  of  one's  days  \ 
When  cares  never  ruffle  the  breau. 
Yet  in  manhood  the  (tripling  fays, 
'Tis  then,  only  then,  I'll  be  bleft; 
With  tranfport  he  hoifts  the  proud  fails, 
And  laughs  at  life's  an^ry  biaft  ; 
He  is  fport  to  the  waves  and  the  gales. 
Till  he  lands  in  the  haven  of  reil. 
Ah  Time  !  more  defl,ru(Slive  than  war, 
How  ftrong  and  how  powerful  thy  fway  i 
How  quick  in  thy  ravaging  car, 
I)o(t  thou  bear  even  nations  away  ? 
Here  Coiin  liv'd  fnug  in  the  vale, 
But  wherc's  his  memorial  gone  ? 
Let  me  read  the  hiftorical  tale, 
Engrav'd  on  yon  mofs-covered  ftone  ; 
Here  a  dome  has  exalted  its  head, 
Time's  all-wafl;ing  hand  to  defy ; 
But  a  few  more  Ihort  feafons  once  fle^i 
And  it  alfo  in  ruins  muft  ly. 

Whcrcl 


l802. 


POETRY. 


921 


Where's  the  lord  of  this  princely  domain. 
Who  claim'd  once  thefe  fields  as  his  own  f 
Where*s  Damon  who  dwelt  on  the  plain? 
Both  mafter  and  manfion  are  gone. 
Sometimes  Cin  the  field  one  may  fee 
A  ftalk  that  the  reaper  has  paft, 
On  the  heath-covered  mountains  a  tree 
May  long  have  withftood  the  fierce  blaft ; 
So  a  fwain  on  the  plain  ftill  is  feen, 
His  head  filver*d  over  with  grey, 
A  fon  of  the  days  that  have  been, 
Hear  !  how  he  pours  forth  his  fad  lay  t 
**  O  how  fweet  ftiines  yon  evening  fun, 
As  he  trembles  aboYC  the  blue  wave  ; 
Like  him,  too,  my  courfe  is  near  run. 
And  I  hang  on  the  verge  of  the  grave; 
He  may  rife,  but  he'll  Ihine  not  for  me, 
Nor  for  me  foon  the  linnet  lhall  fing. 
Nor  (hall  nature,  on  meadow  or  tree. 
For  me  fpread  the  glories  of  Spring  ; 
But  felfiih,  ah!  what  do  I  fay. 
Does  he  Ihed  his  kind  beams  but  for  one  ? 
Tho*  hundreds  I've  feen  pafs  away, 
Yet  no  blank  in  creation  is  known ; 
Thefe  fields  (hall  be  covered  with  flocks. 
That  riv*let  fhall  flow  juft  the  fame, 
Thofe  ridges  ftiall  wave  with  rich  crops, 
When  unheard  on  the  hill  ia  my  name.'* 

W. 

For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
THE  ROBIN'S  PETITION. 
WHEN  the  leaves  had  forfaken  the  trees, 
And  the  forefts  were  chilly  and  bare, 
When  the  brooks  were  beginning  to  freeze, 
And  the  fnow  waverM  faft  thro*  the  air. 
A  Robin  had  fled  from  the  wood 
To  the  fnug  habitation  of  man. 
On  the  threftiold  the  fuppliant  ftood, 
And  thus  his  petition  began  : 
"  The  fnow 's  coming  on  very  faft, 
No  flielter  is  found  in  the  tree. 
When  you  hear  this  unpitying  blaft, 
I  pray  you  have  pity  on  me. 
The  hips  and  the  haws  are  all  gone, 
I  can  find  neither  berry  nor  floe, 
The  ground  is  as  hard  as  a  ftone. 
And  I'm  nearly  buried  in  fnow. 
My  dear  little  neft  once  fo  fweet 
Is  fill'd  with  the  fpikes  of  the  thorn. 
On  a  tree  fliould  I  now  take  my  feat, 
I'd  be  frozen  to  death  before  morn. 
Do,  throw  me  fome  crumbs  of  your  bread, 
Take  me  in  to  the  fide  of  the  fire. 
And  when  I  am  warmed  and  fed, 
rU  whiftle  without  other  hire. 
Till  the  fun  be  again  ftiining  bright. 
And  the  fnow  is  all  gone — let  me  ftay, 

0  fee !  what  a  terrible  night ! 

1  (hall  die  if  you  drive  mc  A\vay» 

Vol,  LXIY. 


And  when  you're  come  out  on  the  morn, 
And  are  looking  and  looking  around, 
Oh  how  will  your  bofom  be  torn. 
When  you  fee  me  lie  dead  on  the  ground ! 

Then  pity  a  poor  little  thing. 
And  give  mc  a  part  of  your  ftore  ; 
I'll  fly  off  in  the  firft  of  the  fpring. 
And  never  fhall  trouble  you  more. 

rU  fit  on  the  top  of  a  tree. 

And  fing  to  you  all  the  day  long, 

When  you  walk  you'll  be  thinking  of  me. 

And  fay,  there's  our  fweet  Robin*s  fong.'* 

So  they  gave  him  fome  crumbs  of  their 
bread, 

Took  him  into  the  fide  of  the  fire, 
And  wheR  he  was  warmed  and  fed. 
He  vvhifll'd  without  other  hire. 

When  he  heard  the  chilly  wind  blow, 
And  howl  thro'  the  top  of  the  tree. 
The  hail  and  the  fierce  driving  fnow, 
How  glad  and  how  happy  was  hc.^ 

Yet  Robin  was  feeling  and  kind, 
And  thought  of  his  mates  with  a  figh, 
Expofed  in  the  foreft  behind. 
And  left  without  pity  to  die. 

c  ^    \  S.  R. 

Sept.  ao.  iSoa-i 


Tor  the  Scots  Magazine. 
THE  WAES  OF  DROUERY  LOVK. 
A  FAIR  an  fimple  laflie  gracet 

The  bofom  o'  a  glen, 
Tho'  licht  o'  heart  as  ony  lark, 
God  wot  flic  fcarce  could  fen. 

For  wizzent  to  the  bane  wi'  wae. 

An  crumjlt  doon  wi'  eild, 
Her  gutchard  could  nae  langer  moi^, 

Nor  help  their  fcrimpit  beild. 

Yet  lilting  frac  the  dawning  day- 
Till  lamer-lightet  e'en, 

Fair  Eilly  eydent  at  her  wheel 
Was  a'  the  fummer  leen. 

An  when  the  foughing  winter  blaft 

Did  warflc  \\i  the  trees. 
The  way-tint  pilgrim  often  blell 

Her  ingle's  canty  bleeze. 

But  foon  the  laft  o'  a'  her  kia 

Departit  for  the  (kie. 
And  lanely  Eilly,  ine  wilht, 

Wi'  her  forbears  to  lie. 

'Twas  Marymas — when  clear  aboon, 

The  fun  did  (kimmer  bright, 
A  gallant  youth  in  foreft  garb 

Cam  Oloaily  o'er  the  hight, 

6  H  Kc 


922 


POETRY. 


No 


He  faw  the  fnod  white  houfie  fmokc 

Loun  in  the  hazel  dcll, 
An  Eilly  bleaching  o'  her  ham  * 

Befidc  a  moffy  well. 

Sae  faft  a  fcene  he  fcnil  faw, 

An  ne*er  a  maid  fae  fair, 
Sac  ticht  an  gimp  in  rural  trim. 

He  thought  (he  warmt  the  air. 

An  blithe  and  free  as  nut-brown  roe 

Reboundingr  o'er  the  plain, 
Lord  DellchfF  tni^clt  wi*  the  maid, 

An  woo'd  her  for  his  ain. 

He  proffert  her  his  heart  an  wealth, 
Sae  frank,  fae  fond,  an  warm. 

Poor  Eilly  was  an  illcfs  foul 
Nor  dcemt  the  proffer  harm. 

For  three  fhort  years  wi*  micklc  blifs 

Their  gilded  moments  ran, 
'I'he  dautit  cherubs  o*  theii  joys 

To  prattle  had  began. 

AVhen  lo  !  a  grim  browt  mefiengcr 
Sic  difmal  tidings  brought — 

Lord  Dellcliff  hurries  up  an  down, 
An  ftamps  an  ftarts  in  thought. 

Pale  Eilly  taks  her  black  eet  boy, 
An  weeps,  (he  knows  not  why, 

"Lord  Dellcliff  grafps  her  in  his  arms, 
\Yi  mony  a  heavy  figh. 

My  father  Is  a  Baron  bold, 
Frac  Chiefs  and  Barons  fprung. 
An  he  has  towers  and  {lately  ha*6 
Wi*  ancient  trophies  hung. 

Did  cruel  nature  ban  my  birth, 

That  I  fae  hie  was  born — 
My  father  ftcrn  commands  thee  hence, 

An  I  maun  {lay  forlorn. 
I'or  he  has  got  a  wealthy  dame, 

And  her  he  wills  me  wed — 
Break  out,  O  heaven  !  in  thunder  break. 

An  lay  me  wi^  the  dead. 
Shall  I  my  love,  my  Eilly  leave. 

An  thee  my  blooming  boy. 
My  father  loves  m« — an  will  not 

His  only  child  deftroy." 
Lord  Dellcliff  mounts  his  nimble  nag, 

Aad  darts  along  the  way — 
Sad  Eilly  fits  and  fabs,  and  aft 

Unwittingly  doth  pray. 


*  Previous  to  the  introdudlion  of  the 
cotton  manufa(5lures  into  Scotland,  it  was 
cu{lo'*^^^y  g^'^^s  of  the  Weft  Coun- 

try to  make  a  kind  of  coarfc  linen  or  harq, 
which  they  bleached  themfclvcs,  and  fold 
at  the  faijs.  Tambouring  has  now  aIn>oA: 
expelled  this  innocent  aiid  healthy  occupa- 
tion* 


The  ftalwjrt  Earl  dcfcries  his  fan 

Fi'lk  riding  a*  alane — 
He  ferlies  at  the  fight,  but  glad, 
To  greet  him  he  is  gane. 

"  Lout  doon !  lout  doon !  my  duteous 'b 

My  hennifon  receive. 
This  willinji^  h.ifte  frae  mmiy  cares 

Thy  father  doth  relieve. 

Rirli  Lady  Anne,  your  blulhiug  bride, 

Sits  at  yon  window  hie. 
To-morrow  is  your  wedding-day, 

An  happy  ye  1*411  be.** 

Let  night  and  wae  begrim  that  nvoru, 
It  rids  your  fon  o*  life. 
No  Lady  Anne,  howe'cr  fae  rich, 
Will  ever  be  his  wife. 

Tho'  (he  war  lovely  as  yon  moon 

That  fails  alang  the  {ky. 
Nay,  gloom  no^  father,  than  wi'  her, 

Wi'  worms  1*11  rather  lie. 

The  Earl's  cheek  grew  pale  as  wax, 
And  fyne  wi'  anger  glow'd, 

Beneath  his  brows  cwa  burning  orbs 
A  dreadful  fpirit  fiiow'd. 

"  My  word  is  pledged,  and  thou  lhalt  w 

I'hc  priefl  is  trifled  here, 
Thy  limmer  and  her  babbling  brood 

My  injured  pride  will  tear.'* 

Wi'  drumly  voice  he  thus  did  cry, 
And  turn'r  in  high  difdain, 

Lord  Dcllcliff's  fallow  cheek  wiis  wet, 
He  ftaggert,  flunt  wi*  pain. 

"  Stay  thou  grim  lord  that  was  my  fire. 

But  dooms  me  now  to  die, 
I'll  lak  your  wealthy  Lady  Anne, 

Gif  ye'll  let  Eilly  be." 

In  fullen  fUte  the  Earl  doz*d, 

The  bride  in  filent  fpite, 
I^ord  Dellcliff  tortuTred  wi'  his  dreams, 

Did  wear  awa  the  night. 

While  Eilly  wild  an  wae-begone 
Is  clamoiiring  up  and  down — 

She  feeks  her  breaft  for  peace  or  hope, 
But  hope  an  peace  are  flown. 

She  gazes  on  the  black  cct  boy^ 

An  eke  his  liflcr  fair. 
An  a'  the  dreary  reftiefs  time 

She's  wailing  wi'  defpair. 

"  My  mother  diet,  and  I  wj^s  left 

A  baby  on  the  knee, 
Their  fath'er's  gane,  an  he  has  left 

Twa  wee  wee  babes  to  mc. 

Faft  ebb  my  fands  o'  hopelefs  life*— 
When  will  the  glafs  be  run  ^ 

O  wha  will  tend  my  helplefs  loves 
When  I  am  dead  an  goric^ 


POETRY. 


(J2 


ia!  hally  heaven,"  what  friend  was  that, 

That  gloiir'd  athwart  my  mind, 
)read  not  fwect  babes,  I  am  not  mad 

Tho'  Heaven  be  unkind." 
Phus  till  the  grey  an  dewy  morn 

Look't  o*er  the  eaftern  hills, 
■'he  foandine:  chambers  o*  the  bower 

Wi'  loud  lament  Ihe  fills. 
in  when  the  fun  wi*  g-lcntinp  gleams 

Inflam'd  the  hovering  clouds, 
Lnd  on  the  caftle*s  cafements  glanc*t. 

An  flickert  thro'  the  woods, 
lie  Lady  Anne  in  bright  array, 

Be-decks  her  tawney  (kin, 
howers  upo'  her  hurchin  fhape 
Rich  jewels  mony  a  yin. 
,ord  Delcliff's  ee  was  holloW  grown^ 
An  as  the  hour  drew  near, 
le"  curft  the  war!,  rav'c  and  pray*t, 
An  call't  on  Eilly  dear, 
ut  now  wi*  mikle  pomp  and  pride 
I  To  chapel  they  are  ^one, 
[.''here  fierce  he  clutch'd  the  bride's  brown 
!  hand, 
An  cried  Sir  prieft  fay  on. 
he  gude  Sir  prieft  has  faid  amcq, 
1  An  bleft  the  hally  knot, 
n  mony  a  fair  an  flattVing  wifti 
Is  heapit  on  their  lot. 
n  back  wi'  mickle  pomp  and  pride 
The  train  returns  again, 
n  in  the  hall  they  quaff  red  wine. 
Lord  DelicHff  anfvver's  nane. 
he  draghty  Earl  wi'  warlock  fmirk 
Propin't  that  a'  (hould  hafte, 
n  in  the  DellclifT,  frank  and  free. 
Enjoy  the  bridal  fealt. 
heir  garnifli't  fteeds  the  knights  b  eft  ride. 
The  dames  on  palfreys  go, 
he  pageant  v/inds  out  o'er  the  hill 
Like  fome  f.iir  ftaint  rainbow, 
d  Eilly  frae  a  lofty  tower 
The  fliining  troops  beholds, 
n  in  a  dark  an  lonely  vout 
Her  burning  forehead  fokls. 
'i  mirth  and  cheer,  and  mufic  clear, 
The  wedding  guefh  arrive, 
n  damfcls  neat  wi'  airy  feet 
In  gracefu'  mDVcments  drive. 

ancient  minftrels  wake  their  harps 
To  longs  and  joyful  themes, 
!i  frae  the  gorgeous  cups  an  cans 
A  dazzling  luftre  ftreams. 
he  haughty  Earl  looks  o'er  the  feaft, 
An  fees  Lord  Delkliff  wan, 
't  ftill  his  weird  wiflies  urge 
To  end  the  ill  began. 

jC  fills  a  golden  goblet  fu', 
[An  hails  the  comp'nie  round, 


An  this  he  hides  his'fell  defign 
Beneath  a  gleefu'  found. 

"  Fair  Lady  Anne,  I  red  you  tent 

That  pawkie  fpark  o*  mine, 
I  trow  the  flee  piet's  mair  tame 

Than  this  gay  lord  o'  thine. 
Hae  ye  na  hard  how  lang  he  fcog't 

Frae  gleg  een  o'  the  kirk, 
A  laflie  in  this  painted  bowr. 

Lord  DellcliflPs  look  grew  mirk. 

Thfn  ©ut  an  fpoke  the  brown-fkirt  bride, 

God  wot  pif  free  frae  guile, 
I'd  like  to  fee  thr  maid  that  could 

Sae  wild  a  bird  entoil." 
liOudly  the  courteous  Karl  calPc 

Eilly  the  glen-lafs  bring," 
Lord  Dellcliff  rudely  ftartcd  up. 

The  minftrels  ceas't  to  fing. 
The  doors  are  a'  flung  to  the  wa' 

An  like  a  fhrouded  gaift, 
(Her  ravelt  locks  begeirt  wi'  tears, 

Her  richt  hand  on  her  brcaft 
And  in  her  left  the  black  eet  boy) 

Pale  Eilly  enters  in, 
The  high  born  rroud  hald  in  their  mirth. 

An  tarrow  as't  twere  fin. 
Wi'  folemn  ftep  an  faintly  mein 

The  dutifu*  damfel  moves. 
The  ftalwart  Earl  aftounded  cries, 

Nae  wonder  DelicIIff  loves. 
When  Eilly  reach't  her  wretched  lord, 

She  ftopt,  and  deeply  fighed. 
An  mouth'd  to  fpeak,  but  fuddenly 

She  totter'd,  fell,  an  died. 
The  black-eet  boy  wi'  fkeigh  an  wail 

Afflias  the  fterneft  ear. 
Lord  Dellclifi'  gies  a  groan  fae  loud 

A'  echo't  back  wi'  fear. 
An  wi'  a  hideous  laughter  ftiout 

He  drew  his  flafhing  brand, 
An  plung't  its  hilt  deep  in  his  breaft, 

Nane  dar'd  to  ftay  his  hand. 
The  widow-bride  a  ftatue  ftood, 

Befprinkl't  wi'  the  gore. 
The  heirlefs  Earl  bereav't  o*  wit, 

Did  madly  dafh  the  floor. 
For  mony  a  day  forejjane  wi'  wae. 

Thought- humted  fare  he  pin': 
An  to  the  penfie  orphans  a' 

His  wide  doraauis  refign't. 
Deep  in  the  glen  that  Eilly  lik'r, 

The  lovers  low  were  laid, 
An  ye  may  fee  their  graves  unblcft 

Beneath  the  hazel  ihade. 
Where  tho'  nae  letterM  ftanc  appears 

The  ftranger  to  improve, 
Fu'  well  I  ween  their  fate  delares 

The  wacs  of  Drouery  Love. 

G.  G, 

6H  3 


924 


Nov 


IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT, 


HOUSE  OF  LORDS. 
Tuesday,  No'v*  i6. 

Before  two  o'clock,  a  number  of 
Peers  had  aflembled,  and  laid  on  the 
table  the  writs  of  fummons  by  which 
his  Majefty  required  their  attendance 
in  ihe  prefent  Parliament.  At  three 
the  feflion  was  opened  by  the  Lords 
named  in  his  Majefty^  commiflion  for 
that  purpofe,  viz.  the  Lord  Chancellor, 
his  Grace  the  Archbifhop  of  Canter- 
bury, and  his  Grace  the  Dnke  of  Port- 
land, who  took  their  feats  on  the  oc- 
cafion,  in  the  ufual  place  under  the 
throne.  The  concurrence  of  the  Houfe 
being  obtained,  the  Lord  Chancellor 
commanded  the  attendance  of  the 
Commons  by  a  meflage  by  the  Black 
Rod.  In  a  few  minutes  after,  the 
Commons,  to  the  number  of  about 
i6o,  appeared  at  the  bar,  introduced 
by  Sir  Francis  Molyneaux,  Uihcr  of 
the  Black  Rod,  and  preceded  by  the 
fenior  clerk,  Mr  Lee. 

The  Lord  Chancellor  then  informed 
both  Houfes,  that  his  Majefty,  finding 
it  inconvenient  to  attend  perfonally, 
had  iflued  his  commiflion  to  ccrtam 
perfons  therein  named  to  ftgnify  his 
Majcfty's  pleafure  to  them.  The  com- 
miflion being  read,  the  Lord  Chancelr 
lor  fpoke  from  his  feat  nearly  as  fol- 
lows:— 

"  My  Lords  and  Gentkmem 
His  Majefty's  Commiflioners  are 
commanded  to  inform  you,  that  as 
foon  as  the  Members  of  both  Houfes 
are  fworn  in,  his  Majefty  will  commu- 
nicate to  you  the  caufes  for  which  he 
has  required  your  attendance  in  the 
prefent  Parliament." 

Gentlemen  of  the  House  of  Com* 
monsy 

"  Previous  to  this,  it  will  be  necef- 
fary*'that  you  fliould  have  chofen  a 
Speaker.   It  is  therefore  his  Majefty's 


pleafure  that  you  fliould  now  retire  t( 
the  place  appointed  for  you  to  fit  in 
and  make  choice  of  a  fit  and  prope 
pcrfon  to  be  your  Speaker,  whom  yoi 
arc  to  prefent  at  the  bar  of  this  Houf< 
at  two  o'clock  to-morrow,  to  receivi 
his  Majefty's  approbation.'' 

The  Commons  having  retired,  th( 
Lord  Chancellor  took  the  oaths  b^ 
himfclf,  and  the  Houfe  went  to  pray 
ers,  which  were  read  by  the  Biftiop  d 
London.  After  prayers,  the  othci 
Lords  prefent  were  fworn  indifcrimi* 
nately,  and  almoft  at  one  moment,  with 
the  exception  of  His  Royal  Highneii 
the  Dukcof  York,  whom  we  did  no» 
fee  fworn,  though  he  was  prefent  du? 
ring  the  whole  proceedings.  ; 

There  were  prefent,  befides  thi 
Lords  Commiflioners,  the  Lord  Chan.- 
celior,  the  Archbifliop  of  Canterbury^ 
and  the  Duke  of  Portland ;  his  RoyaS 
Highnefs  the  Duke  of  York,  the  Mar- 
quis of  Salifljury,  Lords  Moira,  Lime- 
rick, Wentworth,  Chefterfiela,  Egre- 
mont,  Cary&fort,  Auckland,  Hood, 
Walfinghnm,  Selfea,  Bolton,  Macart- 
ney, Nelfon,  Kenyon,  and  Alvanley; 
the  Arch (hop  oi  York,  the  Bifhops  oi 
London,  Llandaff,  and  Durham. 

The  Houfe  feparated  without  any 
formal  adjournment  till  two  o'clock 
to-morrow,  when  the  Commons  will 
attend  and  prefent  Mr  Abbott  at  the 
bar  for  the  approbation  of  his  Majefty. 


HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 
Tuesday,  Nov.  i6. 

As  early  as  the  hour  of  eleven  in  the 
jnorning,  the  Lord  Steward  attended 
in  the  Privy  Chamber,  and  the  Mem- 
bers came  down  to  take  the  oaths. 

Belxjre  two  o'clock,  a  very  confider- 
able  number  of  Members  had  entered 
the  Houfe.  From  that  hour  it  filled 
very  rapidly.  At  35  minutes  after  tw'O, 
a  meflfage  was  received  from  the  Houfe 
;  of 


l802. 


Imperial  Parliaments 


925 


of  Lords,  requiring  the  attendance  of 
the  Commons  at  the  bar  of  that 
Houfe,  to  hear  the  commiflion  read. 
Mr  Lee,  the  Principal  Clerk,  followed 
by  a  number  of  the  Members,  left  the 
JHloufe  in  obedience  to  that  meffkge : 
They  were  not  abfcnt  for  more  than 
ten  minutes.  Upon  their  return,  the 
clerk  dated  that  they  bad  been  in  the 
Houfe  of  Peers,  where  they  had  heard 
his  Majefty's  commilFion  read,  dire(5t- 
ing  them  to  proceed  immediately  to 
the  elediion  of  a  Speaker. 

Sir  William  Scott  rofe,  and  addref- 
fed  the  Principal  Clerk: — Sir,  we  arc 
now  to  proceed  to  a  duty  immediately 
neceflary  to  the  regular  difpatch  of 
our  bufinefs,  and  which  has  been,  with 
juft  propriety,  recommended  to  our 
inftant  attention.    In  the  election  of  a 
Speaker,  we  are  to  chufe  from  among 
ourfelves,  a  perfon  qualified  to  fill  one 
of  the  moft  important  offices  in  which 
the  talents,  the  patience,  the  ingenuous 
candour,  and  the  dignified  difcretion, 
of  any  man  can  be  tried.    He  who  is 
to  reprcfent,  in  his  perfon,  the  dignity 
of  the  united  Commons  of  Great  Bri- 
tain and  Ireland,  ought  to  poflefs  all 
thofe  native  endowments,  and  thofe 
acquired  accomplilhments,  which  are 
neceflary  to  render  the  charad:er  of 
man  the  moft  refpedtable  and  auguft* 
A  natural  fagacity  of  dilcernment,  at 
once  prompt  and  exad ;  an  intelled 
enlarged  to  comprehend  the  various 
charadters  and   modes  of  fentiment 
which  the  conftitution  of  this  Houfe, 
and  the  train  of  its  bufinefs,  necellarily 
unfold ;  the  plans  of  policy  on  which 
it  may  have  to  deliberate,  the  wide 
■and  complex  interefts  which  it  may  be 
called  to  acljuit  ;  a  caution  never  to  be 
overftepped,  yet  in  which  the  more 
vigorous  energies  of  the  foul  are  not  at 
^11  lod  ;  a  llrength  of  judgment  fuffi- 
pitnt  to  control,  regulate,  and  harmo- 
nlfe,  the  c^>inions  of  fo  many  other 
minds ;  yet,  withal,  a  modefty  of  felf- 
eflimation,  .that,  fo  far  as  reafon  will 
at  all  times  allow,  would  ftill  receive 
the  fentiments  of  others  with  a  refped- 
ful  preference  ;  a  maturity  of  experi- 
ence ;  and  yet  that  native  felicity  of 
difcrimination,  in  which  the  advanta- 
ges of  experience  feem  to  be  more 
than  anticipated,  are  but  a  few  of  the 
qualities  which  he  who  receives  the 
confidence  of  this  Houfe,  as  its  Speak- 
er^ ought  to  pofitfs.   He  fhould  be  ac- 


curately and  minutely  fkilled  in  thofe 
forms  of  procedure,  which  good  fenfe 
and  convenience  have,  in  the  fuccef- 
fion  of  fo  many  r.nglifli  Parliaments, 
eftablilhed  with  full  authority,  as  the 
iTioft  ufeful  for  the  difpatch  of  our  bu- 
finefs; prefding  in  a  Houfe  which  is  to 
thefe  nations,  one  of  the  grand  fources 
of  all  law,  he  would  be  but  poorly  qua- 
lified for  an  adequate  difcharge  of  his 
functions,  without  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  the  laws  of  his  country,  in 
their  leading  principles,  and  in  all  the 
more  general  applications  of  thefe 
principles.  By  his  ftation,  eminently 
one  of  the  guardi  ins  of  the  Conftitu- 
tion, he  muft  pofTeis  that  knowledge 
of  this  Conftitution,  which  the  molt 
effedually  begets  devoted  attachment, 
and  deep  unalterable  veneration.  He 
muft  not  want  that  firmnefs  which  is 
neceflary  to  maintain  the  privileges  of 
the  Commons  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  ;  nor  that  fuavity  of  manner, 
without  which,  firmnefs  bat  betrays 
its  own  caufe.  He  muft  poiTefs  that 
wifdom  of  conciliation  which  is  alone 
qualified  to  moderate  in  debate.  H^ 
muft  know  our  characters  and  our 
faces.  He  muft  have  fuch  manners 
and  fuch  a  tenor  of  condudt,  that  no  * 
Gentleman  in  Parliament  fliould  have 
occafion  to  think  hinifeif  other  wife 
than  honoured  in  having  this  perfon  for 
his  head  and  reprefentative.  Phe  quali- 
ties are  in  truth  fo  various  which  are 
required  to  be  united  in  this  chara<5ter, 
and  it  is  necefTary  for  them  to  meet  it 
in  fuch  high  perfec^lion,  that  we  might 
well  defpair  of  finding  any  perfon  equal 
to  the  fuusflions  of  this  exalted  office, 
did  we  nrjt  know  by  experience,  and  by 
the  teitimony  of  paft  times,  that  it  has 
been  often  filled  with  a  fplendor  of 
character  and  talents  which  have  done 
honour  to  its  functions. — It  might  feeni 
to  require  a  gentleman  who  has  deep- 
ly profccuted  the  profeflional  duty  of 
the  la\V,  as  alone  capable  of  the  fit  dil- 
charge  of  its  peculiar  duties,  if  we  did 
not  know,  alfo,  by  experience,  that, 
however  a  profeflional  lawyer  may  en- 
ter upon  it  with  fome  peculiar  advan- 
tages, yet  gentlemen  etiucated  without 
a  view  to  the  practice  of  any  particular 
profcflion  have  acquitted  themfelvcs  in 
that  chair,  not  lets  to  the  fatisfac^tion 
and  credit  of  the  Houfe,  than  the  molt 
diftinguilhed  lawyers  who  have  been 
ever  placed  in  it.  There  are,  undoubt- 
edly 


p26 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Nov. 


rdly,  tnany  gentlemen  now  prefcnt, 
who  might  be  thoiTght  juftly  worthy 
to  ftll  that  high  flation.  But,  where 
we  have  the  advantage  of  parti- 
€uUr  experience,  it  is  natural  that  we 
fnoiild  take  it  for  our  guide.  The 
abilities  of  one  ptntlenfian  were  mofl 
eminently  exercifed  in  that  ftation  to 
ihp  pride  and  fatir.fadion  of  the  Houfe, 
till  they  were  called  to  ftiil  higher 
functions  in  the*  ftrvice  of  his  Sovereign 
sm\  his  country.  I  ftiall  tr^ke  the  li- 
l)»rrty  of  propoftr.g  to  you  another,  who, 
lyavtng  been  called  to  the  chair  by  the 
general  voice  of  a  former  Pc+rliament, 
difcharged  the  office  of  Spc^akcr  for 
two  fucceedin^  fcflions  with  high  and 
xinivtrfal  approbation.  Mr  Abbott, 
"whom  I  move  that  we  fliould  rcquell 
to  take  the  chair,  i'j  a  gentlen  an  in  re- 
g<'>rd  to  whom  we  h.ive  not  only  the 
Lent  fit  of  experience  to  direct  our 
chfoicc,  but  a  particular  knowledge 
that  he  eminently  polVefTes  all  thofe 
cjiialitics  of  the  head  and  the  heart, 
that  tempered  firmuefs,  that  fiiavity  of 
xnanntrs,  that  attachment  to  the  con- 
Citation,  that  regard  for  the  privilege's 
cf  this  Houfe,  that  tlteem  and  coiift- 
(dence  of  the  Common?  of  the  United 
Kingdoms,  that  fkiil  in  all  our  forms 
c»f  procedure  which  are  rcquifite  in  the 
ftalion  that  we  are  now  to  fill ;  I  move 
that  Mr  Abbott  be  rcqueiUd  to  take 
the  chair." 

Mr  Lafcelles  faid,  that  after  the  able 
SRd  eloquer'.  Ipctch  oi  the  Ki^;ht  Hon. 
and  Learned  Gentleman,  he  Ihould 
content  himfelf  with  feconding  the 
motion,  not  only  gratifying  to  himfelf, 
but  one  which  muft  be  fo  interefting 
to  the  Houfe.  The  wifdom  of  the 
Houfe  had  already  been  Ihewn  in  the 
choice  they  had  made  of  a  perion 
poiTcfiing  fuch  adequate  talents  and  a- 
bility,  towards  the  conclufion  of  the  lait 
Parliament,  when  the  ditficuities  be- 
came more  numerous  and  complicated 
— its  affairs  more  intricate  and  exten- 
livt,and  which  required  his  mofl.  minute 
attention,  as  v/eli  as  his  mod  unremit* 
ting  diligence  and  exertion.  The  fuc- 
cefs  that  attended  his  endeavours,  and 
the  unanim.ous  approl")ation,  were  the 
beft  teftimonies  of  thofe  talents  and  abi- 
lities of  the  Right  Hon.  Gentleman  to 
fill  fo  important  an  office — an  office, 
which,  it  was  at  this  time  the  more  ef- 
fential,  fhould  be  filled  with  adequate 
ability,  as  the  fate  not  only  ot  this 


country,  btit  perhaps  of  all  Europe/ 
may  depend  upon  the  deliberations  of 
the  prefent  Seffion.  On  this  fubjc6>, 
he  could  with  pleafure  difcant,  and  he 
had  wifhed  to  enlarge  where  he  had 
fuch  an  ample  field ;  but  the  able  an- 
ticipation of  the  Learned  Gentleman 
left  him  only  to  fecond  the  motion 
with  the  greateft  pleafure.  An  uni- 
vcrfal  cry  of  "Chair!  Chair!"  took 
place,  and  no  oppofiiion  bei.p^m  jde-^ 
Mr  Abbott  rofc.— He  felt  impi  '  ffed 
with  a  confiderablc  degree  of  difficulty 
in  exprtffin^  thi'  feelings  that  mufh 
arife  from  fo  difiinguifhed  an  honour 
being  conferred  on  him;  when  he  con- 
lidered  the  difficubies  of  the  fituation 
its  important  and  num-rous  duties  and 
relations,  he  felt  the  more  fuch  di'lin- 
guifhed  approbation.  The  fliort  expe- 
rience he  had  during  his  fituation  in 
that  chair,  had  only  further  convinced 
him  of  the  difficulty  and  confcquence 
of  fo  high  rn  office  ;  that  the  duties  of 
a  Speaker  nf  ^hat  Houfe  muft  require 
the  moff  ardent  zeal,  as  well  as  the 
mo'l  incelTant  attention,  the  Tiinutf; 
and  careful  ftudy  of  the  rules  and  or- 
der;, of  the  Houfe,  to  defend  the  rights 
of  Parliament,  and  maintain  its  import- 
ance and  dignity,  carefully  to  watch 
over  thofe  points  which  moft  material- 
ly concern  it,  and  which  in  fo  eminent 
a  degree  in  it:^  rigrd  obfervance,  relate, 
through  the  reprefent^tive,  to  the  rights 
and  libenies  of  the  fnbjed.  All  thefe 
coniiderations  powerfully  weighed  in 
his  mj'nd,  and  involved  his  mofl  anxi- 
ous concern  ;  but  he  mud  at  the  fame 
time  remark,  that  however  enviable 
the  honour,  however  high  the  fitua- 
tion, and  dignified  fo  important  an  of- 
fice, his  elevation  to  that  dignity  would 
become  more  painful  than  glorious, 
and  would  confound  rather  than  flat- 
ter, unlefs  he  acquired  the  confidence 
of  the  Houfe;  unlefs  he  poflefled  that, 
the  acceptance  of  it  would  be  entitled 
to  cenfure.  To  endeavour  to  obtain 
it,  to  difcharge  all  the  duties  belonging 
to  that  chair,  muft  be  the  unceafing 
object  of  his  ftudy,  and  evince  the  fin- 
cerity  of  his  wiflies  to  return  the  obli- 
gation he  felt  himfelf  under,  at  tlieir 
approbation.  "Chair!  Chair  1"  being 
called  from  all  parts  of  the  Houfe,  the 
Right  Hon.  Sir  William  Scott  and  Mr 
Lafcelles  condu(fted  Mr  Abbott  to  the 
chair,  who  returned  his  fincereft  thanks, 
and  cxpreficd  his  gratitude  at  the  very 


X802. 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


diftinguiflicd  honour  of  having  been  a- 
gain  feated  in  the  chair  as  Speaker  of 
the  Houfe  of  Commons,  the  dignity  of 
which,  with  their  fupport,  and  the 
continuance  of  their  approbation,  he 
would,  with  the  utmoft  exertion  of  his 
abilities,  endeavour  to  fupport. 

Lord  Caftlereagh  rofe,  and  faid,  that 
before  he  moved  the  queftion  of  ad- 
journment, he  could  not  refrain  from 
cxpreifing  the  gratification  he  felt  in 
again  congratulating  the  Speaker  upon 
his  re-elcdion  to  that  feat,  which  his 
talents  had  fo  long  confpicuouily  mark- 
ed him  out  for.  The  choice  was  as 
^KpreflTive  of  the  judgment  of  the 
Houfe,  as  it  was  honourable  to  him. 
At  the  period  when  the  chair  became 
vacant,  after  the  tranfcendant  talents 
and  ability  by  which  it  had  been  fuf- 
taintd  for  fuch  a  length  of  time,  it  be- 
came a  matter  of  confiderahle  Import- 
ance and  difficulty  to  fix  an  adequate 
fucceflbr ;  and,  numerous  as  are  the 
duties  and  relations  which  tend  to  fo 
important  an  ofScc,  and  which  had 
been  lb  ably  and  eloquently  pointed 


out  by  his  Right  Hon.  and  Learned 
Friend ;  the  unanimous  approbation 
which  had  diltinguiihcd  the  prefent 
choice  of  the  Houfe,  completely  evia- 
ced  that  every  diftinguilhing  trait  nc- 
ceffary  for  fuch  a  fituation  was  mani- 
fcftly  acknowledged  to  be  the  feature 
of  the  character  of  the  prefent  pofTef- 
for.  Such  being  evidently  the  [general 
opinion;  fuch  being  the  cafe  of  gene- 
ral fatisfa(51ion,  he  Ihould  not  conclude 
without  affuring  him  of  his  own  pri- 
vate fatisfa<^lion  at  feeing  him  onoc 
more  in  a  feat  fo  well  calculated  tor 
him,  to  which  his  abilities  and  talents, 
great  as  might  be  the  nectffity  for 
their  exertion,  would  add  ftrength  and 
dignity,  and  from  which  the  Houf^: 
would  derive  fo  much  aflifiance  and 
fupport-  His  Lordlhip  expreffcd  his 
convidlion  that  the  choice,  when  damp- 
ed with  his  Majefty's  lan<5tion,  would 
give  univerfal  fatisfadion ;  and  con- 
cluded with  moving  the  queftion  gf 
adjournment,  which  was  carried,— Ad.- 
j^ourne.d* 


MONTHLY  REGISTER 


FOREIGN  TNTELLIGENE, 

FRANCE. 

Although  France  has  made  peace 
with  all  the  powers  with  whom  was 
at  v/ar,  yet  Ihe  has  not  laid  down  her 
I  arms,  or  relaxed  in  the  fmalleit  degree 
from  her  military  operations.  L^rge 
divifions  of  troops  are  reviewed  at  fhort 
intervals,  Confcripts  lodging  through- 
out the  empire,  a  ftrong  fleet  is  col- 
IccUng  in  the  harbour  of  Touloix,  and 
■every  meafure  is  adopted  which  can 
I  tend  to  render  France  formidable  to 
I  the  other  Powers,  or  prepared  for  every 
emergency  ;  fuch  being  the  itate  of 
:  things  in  that  country,  it  certainly  be- 
hoves Britain  to  adopt  fimiUr  mea- 
'  fures,  to  enfure  her  fafety  agaiiiil  fuch 
j  contingent  events,  as  the  prefent  un- 
]  certain  ilate  of  Europe  may  unhappily 
produce. 

Bonaparte  has  lately  made  a  vifit  to 
fcv^ral  principal  towns  and  harbours 


on  the  weftern  coafl-,  he  has  carefully 
examined  all  the  garifons  ,  and  forti- 
fications, arid  ordered  feveral  impor- 
tant improvements  to  be  made  upoa 
them. 

The  French  are  making  the  greateft 
and  moft  unremitting  exertions  to 
feduce  our  manufadturers  and  artificers 
over  to  France,  and  we  are  afraid  that 
in  many  inilances  they  have  beer;  fuc- 
cefsful.  They  are  alfo  anxious  to  pro- 
cure models  of  machinery  ;  we  there- 
fore hope  that  the  greateft  vigilance 
will  be  ufed  at  the  ditferent  ports  to 
put  a  flop  to  a  practice,  the  confe- 
c^uenee  of  which  may  be  io  deSruCtive. 

It  is  alio  faid  that  Government  is 
not  without  intelligence,  that  the  ports 
of  France  poifefs  at  this  moment  a 
greater  quantity  of  naval  ftores,  thaa 
have  been  received  ilnce  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war,  and  that  thele  ftor^s 
have  been  imported  chiefly  in  neutral 

bottoaji 


928 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


Nov 


bottoms  froin  the  Baltic  within  thelaft 
15  months. 

The  Firft  Conful  has  iflued  a  de- 
cree, direding  the  agents  for  forcfts, 
and  thofe  of  the  marine,  to  concur  in 
feleding  in  all  the  national  forefts  fuch 
oak  tiees  as  are  proper  for  making  ribs 
lor  (hips.  They  are  alfo  to  mark  fuch 
trees  when  fouiid  upon  private  eftates, 
which  are  not  to  be  otherwife  difpof- 
cd  of  than  to  public  contractors. 

Twelve  or  fifteen  hundred  men 
have  been  for  Tome  time  employed  on 
the  harbour  of  Boulogne,  deepening  it 
and  confti  utting  a  bafon  that  will  con- 
tain a  vaft  number  of  frigates.  With 
fuch  fpirit  is  this  work  carried  on,  that 
the  rrttn  work  for  feveral  hours  every 
evening  by  torch-light. 

Private  letters  from  Paris  all  concur 
in  ftating  that  the  diffatisfadion  occa- 
fioned  in  that  capital,  particularly  a- 
niong  the  higher  claffes,  by  the  inter- 
ference of  the  Firft  Conful  in  the  inter- 
nal concerns  of  Switzerland,  is  very 
confiderable.  It  is  perhaps,  the  firft 
time  in  which  any  thing  like  an  open 
political  opinion  has  been  exprefied. 
The  principal  circles  wnconnecled  with 
the  Thuiileries  and  St  Cloud,  do  not 
fcruple  to  cenfure  Bonaparte  for  his 
condud,  both  as  idle  and  impolitic. 
The  military  men  of  diftindlion  are 
thofe  who  fpeak  with  moft  confidence 
and  boldnefs. 

The  friends  of  the  Miffionary  So- 
ciety will  be  gratified  to  hear  that  the 
'Diredors  are  not  difcouraged  in  their 
good  exertions  for  the  fpread  of  the 
gofpel.  Their  attention  has  lately 
been  direded  to  France,  by  the  free 
toleration  in  that  country,  and  a  depu- 
tation of  four  gentlemen,  from  this  So- 
ciety, have  lately  viiited  Paris,  for 
the  puipofe  of  confulting  with  their 
friends  there,  on  the  beft  means  of 
fpreading  the  gofpel  in  France.  They 
have  met  with  tvcry  encouragement. 

The  loft  arm  of  the  famous  Laocoon> 
liow  in  Paris,  is  to  be  reliored  by  the 
artift  who  obtains  a  prize  to  be  given 
for  the  beft  model.  For  this  purpofe 
a  mould  has  been  formed  on  the  Lao- 
coon,  and  imitations  of  the  fiatue  are 
caft  from  it  in  plafter,  which  are  deli- 
vered to  the  artifts  who  compete  for 
the  prize  by  the  Diredtors  of  the  Mu- 
feum.  The  firft  is  10,000  francs,  and 
the  fucefsful  candidate  will  alfo  be 


paid  for  executing  the  arm  in  marble* 
The  fecond  prize  is  2000  francs,  and 
the  third  1200. 

SWITZERLAND. 

The  difturbances  in  this  unhappy 
country  are  now  brought  to  an  appar- 
ent termination.  We  fhall  therefore 
prefent  a  very  abridged  account  of  the 
principal  tranfadlions  which  have 
taken  place  in  Switzerland,  fince  the 
beginning  of  06lober.  On  the  laft 
day  of  September,  Bonaparte  had  fent 
General  Rapp  as  his  commiffioner  to 
Schwitz,  with  a  proclamation  enjoin- 
ing the  Provifional  Government  to  dif- 
folveitfelf,  the  conftutional  authorities 
to  refume  their  fundions,  and  the  con-' 
federates  to  difperfe.  This  Proclama- 
tion  was  little  attended  to  by  forrte,  and 
received  with  indignant  fcorn  by; 
others  ;  all  agreed  in  difobeying  its  in- 
jundtions.  On  the  8th  of  the  month,, 
the  Flelvetic  Diet  addrefsed  the  Firft 
Conful,  in  a  manner  calculated  to  footh 
his  threatenings,  and  engage  his  hum-' 
anity  ^  but  charadlerifed  at  the  fame> 
time,  by  that  nrmnefs,  for  which  the 
Swifs  have  been  diftinguifhed. 

Citizen  Firft  Conlul— That  pro- 
clamation which  you  did  us  the  honour 
to  fend  to  us  on  the  30th  of  September 
by  Citizen  Rapp,  your  Adjutant  Gen- 
eral, arrived  at  Schwitz  on  the  6th  of 
06tober. 

*'  We  could  have  wiftied  that  the 
letter  we  to6k  the  liberty  of  fending 
you,  General  Firft  Conful,  on  the  30th 
of  September,  could  have  reached  you 
fooner  ;  it  contains  a  faithful  expofi- 
tion  of  the  prefent  ftate  of  Switzerland. 
Permit  us  to  fend  you  enclofed  a  du- 
plicate of  it,  and  to  entreat  you  to  re- 
ceive it  favourably.  It  will  prove  to 
you  that  the  movements  which  have 
taken  place  in  Switzerland  are  not  the 
reiult  of  a  fpirit  of  party,  and  that  the 
Svv'ifs  nation  have  no  other  objedl  ' 
view  than  to  make  ufe  of  the  rig 
which  (he  claims  of  giving  herfelf 
central  and  cantonal  conftitutio 
founded  on  her  pofition  and  wants — 
facred  and  precious  right,  which  y 
deigned  yourfelf  to  enfure  her  by  t 
treaty  of  Luneville. 

"  Switzerland  would  long  fince  ha 
been  tranquil,  if  the  members  of  t 
Helvetic  Government,  thofe  obfcu 
jnetaphyficians,  had  confultcd  the  r 


j802. 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


ftate  of  affairs,  inftead  of  ob(tinatel/ 
attaching  themlelves  to  theoretic  at- 
tempts, as  erroaeoas  as  they  are  ex- 
pcniive. 

'*  The  violence  with  which  they 
have  tried  t  j  impofe  their  fyltem  upo.i 
the  democratic  cantoas,  the  civil  war 
they  have  organifed  to  aUaiii  their 
end,  directed  at  hnt  againlt  th  jfe  caa- 
tons,  then  agaiuit  all  Switzerland  ;  tne 
unexampled  ie verity  with  which  tiiey 
have  done  it,  have  produced  a  discon- 
tent equally  general  and  juft,  and  a 
determined  and  avowed  will  to  Ihake 
otF  this  unfupportable  yoke. 

it  is  not  then  General  Firll  Con- 
ful,  an  affair  of  party — it  is  the  lacred 
caule  of  humanity  ;  it  is  the  general 
wilh  of  a  whole  nation,  which  has  given 
us  our  power  and  our  initiudions,  of  a 
nation  which  you  yourfelf  wnheJ  ta 
free,  and  which  has  b>en  ill  treated 
and  irritated  contrary  to  your  inten-^ 
lions. 

"  Yet  that  nation,  we  render  our- 
felves  guarantees,  will  never  abufe  the 
liberty  it  claims.  The  Swiis  have  no- 
thing more  at  heart  than  to  attain  a 
Itate  of  repofe,  in  which,  under  the 
Ihield  of  a  mild  and  jufl  Government, 
each  inhabitant  may  enjoy  his  property 
and  his  exiltence.  We  are  convinced 
that  we  ihall  arrive  at  that  affential  ob- 
je6l  of  all  focial  order,  from  the  mo- 
ment our  will  and  our  efforts  (hall  be  uo 
longer  fettered. 

General  Firfl:  Conful,  all  Europe 
admires  in  you  the  Supreme  Head  of 
an  iramenfe  Power  and  Empire,  which 
without  doubt,  according  to  your  own 
views,  will  be  diredled  to  the  good  of 
humanity  j  your  magnanimity  affures 
us,  that  you  will  not  make  uie  of  it 
againft  a  people  who  only  defire  what 
you  have  made  them  hope,  and  who 
only  wiih  what  they  believe  themielves 
aiut honied  to  do  by  yourielf. 

**  Penetrated  with  eternal  gratitude, 
the  Swifs  nation  will  do  its  endeavour 
to  defer ve  the  good  will  of  the  French 
Government  ;  and  will  fulfil  all  the 
duties  which  are  impofed  upon  it  by 
'  the  defire  of  cultivating  good  neigh- 
bourhood. 

"  It  is  with  the  mod  diftinguifhed 
refpe6t  that  we  remain,  General  Firll 
Conful." 

*     But  Bonaparte  was  inexorable,  and 
'    lacious  of  his  &rft  refolution  ;  40,000 
nch  troops  hovered  on  the  frontier, 
OL.  LXIV. 


ready  to  march  at  a  moment's  notice 
General  Repp  threutencd  to  over-run 
the  Swifb  countries  with  fire  and  fword, 
if  the  orders  of  his  Ma  ter  were  n  Jt 
inftantly  complied  with.  What  could 
the  confederates  do  ?  a  few  bands  of 
Citiiiens,  hovvever  brave  and  patriotic 
could  not  prelume  to  combat  the  force 
of  40,000  veteraui.  VVc  yield,  faid 
they,  to  fuperior  force,  but  there  yet 
remain  to  us  arms  which  Bonaparte 
himiclf  eiteems  ,  the  j  alt  ice  of  oar 
caufe,  the  voice  of  the  people,  and  of 
polterity  !" 

On  the  13th  the  bodies  of  confed- 
erate troops  were  ordered  to  be  dii- 
banded,  and  the  newly  con.fitated 
authorities  diffoived.  Fhe  Helvetic 
Diet  returned  to  Berne  on  the  i8th,  ^ 
and  Deputies  were  fent  to  Pans  to 
fettle  liic  point  at  iffue. 

Before  the  troops  feperated  the  Com- 
miilioncr  of  the  Itate  of  Berne,  adher- 
ing to  the  proclamation  of  the  Fiench 
Government,  addreffed  the  followin^j 
proclamation  to  them. 

**Dearelt  Citizens,  true  Children  of 
the  country— The  frank,  and  energetic 
which  you  have  obferved,  both  in  the 
field  to  your  oflicers,  and  in  your  homes 
to  your  chiefs  ;  the  meafures  you  a- 
dopLed  towards  thofe  who  had  to  re- 
proach them fe Ives  with  wronging  you 
— thofe  paternal  regards,  that  obiivion 
of  the  pad  which  you  ma.ufeited  to 
th«m,  deierve  a  tiue  and  real  gratitude. 
By  the  alTiitance  of  God  you  hava 
gained  your  caufe,  and  God  bleffed 
your  arms  ;  but  a  great  powsr,  agriintt 
which  we  neither  wi^h  nor  can  make 
war,  brings  us  back,  as  well  as  your? 
felves,  to  a  itate  of  inactivity,  to  which 
our  happinefs  cannot,  fooner  01  latter, 
be  a  it  ranger.'* 

But  tiie  confederates,  though  ther 
feemcd  to  dilband  themfdve^,  were 
ttill  under  arms.  Courage  or  obltiaa- 
cy,  llill  prevented  them  a  ready  com- 
pliance, and  fd^gv-'fted  that  there  might 
be  hope.  In  this  manner,  did  affairs 
continue  until  the  30th,  when  the 
French  trops  poured  1:1  on  all  direc- 
tions, and  rendered  complete  that  fub- 
miffion,  to  which  they/  were  fo  reluc- 
tant. General  Back:nan  fent  a  cir- 
cular letter  to  all  the  confederates,  (till 
in  the  field,  enjoining  them  to  difbaad 
and  return  to  tneir  hoafes.  As  foon  33 
this  order  was  publilhed,  the  army 
feparated,  and  began  their  rajrch  for 
6  1  ;hi» 


930 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


Nov 


the  (JifTerent  cantons  of  Eaftern  Swit- 
zerland. Before  the  provifional  go- 
vernment diflblved  itfclf,  they  addref- 
itrd  themfelves  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
county,  alluring  them,  that  '  they 
yielded  only  to  force  of  arms,  and  that 
they  refer ved  to  theniftlvcs,  by  a  fo- 
Itmn  proteft  to  Switzerland  in  general, 
and  to  the  canton  of  Zurich  in  parti- 
cular, the  right  of  jriving  themfelves  a 
coniliiuliou  adapted  to  their  iiiterefts  ; 
a  right  which  the  treaty  of  Luhcvillc 
had  formally  enfured  to  them  ' 

TTRKtY. 

Letters  from  Vienna,  on  the  loth  of 
0(5lobtr,  fay,  that  the  amneOy  of  Paf- 
Iwan  O^'lou  is  entirely  the  work  of 
French  interference,  to  procure  repofc 
and  fafety  for  the  Porte,  and  that  the 
French  Government  is  on  the  point  of 
liegoeiating  the  peace  with  the  Btys  of 
Egypt.  Wallachia  has  been  entirely 
evacuated,  and  as  if  there  was  nothing 
more  to  apprehend  in  Tranfylvania, 
from  the  troops  of  Pafiwan  Oglou, 
things  h^'.ve  been  p%t  upon  a  peace  ef- 
tablilhment  in  thefe  countries.  The 
artillery  has  been  fent  to  the  arfenals. 

The  Vaccine  Innoculation  has  made 
great  progrefs  at  Conftarlinople,  and  in 
feveral  other  parts  of  the  Turkifh  Em- 
pire. 

INDIA. 

June  5.  An  attack  having  been  made  on 
our  troops  in  the  Guzzeret  country,  by 
Mulkar  Row,  a  Mahratta  freebooter, 
in  which  fon.c  officers  and  men  were 
killed,  immediate  reprefentation  on  the 
fubjed  was  made  to  the  Court  of  Poo- 
nab,  but  it  difclaimed  all  knowledge  of 
the  tranfadicn,  and  a  ftrong  detach- 
ment from  Bombay,  under  the  orders 
of  Sir  W.  CLirke,  was  ordered  againlt 
the  infurgcntp. 

Sir  W.  Clarke,  by  rapid  movements, 
appeared  unexpectedly  before  the  fort 
of  Khurry,  where  Mulkar  was  ftation- 
ed  with  8coo  toot,  3000  cavalry,  and  a 
confiderable  cjuaniiy  of  Itores,  &c.  but 
he  was  fo  intimidated  by  the  advances 
of  our  troops,  that  on  the  29th  of  May 
he  furrendered  himfelf.  He  has  in  con- 
lequence  been  treated  with  great  indul- 
gence ;  he  is  allowed  to  refidc  at  a  fmall 
dirtance  from  the  camp,  and  is  treated 
ivith  attention  and  relpe^il-.  This  poli- 
cy has  been  attended  with  the  happiefl 
clfe(^,  having  induced  numbers  of  his 


family  and  adherents,  who  were  in  ; 
condition  to  annoy  us,  to  fubmit  to  th< 
authority  of  the  Company. 

While  our  troops  were  entering  Khu- 
ry,  a  tumbrill  by  fome  accident  blew 
up,  and  killed  or  wounded  14  of  our 
people. 

Captain  VV^illiams,  who  was  treach- 
eroufly  fei/ed  and  imprifontd  by  Mul- 
kar, was,  with  fome  others  of  our  peo- 
ple, liberated  previous  to  thefurrender 
of  the  fort,  and  difmifled  with  large 
prefc  nts. 

The  Emperor  of  China  has  remitted 
fome  duties  which  were  conlidered  aa 
exceflive,  and  operated  as  a  check  on 
commerce.  We  likewife  learn,  that 
the  Emperor's  Minifters  in  general  have,' 
given  many  fivourable  tetlimonies  of  a' 
friendly  difpolition  towards  the  Eng-, 
f  lifli ;  and  the  Emperor  has  folicited^ 
the  young  gentlemeti  belonging  to  thej 
Company's  factory  at  Canton,  fedulouf- 
ly  to  ftudy  the  Chinefe  language,  in  or* 
der  that  a  clofer  connexion  may  take 
place,  by  means  of  a  ready  and  prompt 
communication. 

CIBRALTER. 

0<ft.  28.  By  the  lafl  accounts  from 
Malta,  we  learn,  that  Sir  Richard  Bick- 
erton  had  failed  thence  with  the  Ihips 
under  his  command,  to  join  the  five 
fail  of  the  line,  which  left  this  on  the 
6th  inftant. 

It  is  now  certaw^  that  the  objedt  oi 
our  fquadron,  is  to  watch  the  fore 
which  the  French  have  coUeded  ac 
Toulon,  where  they  have  now  twelve 
fail  of  the  line  ready  for  fea,  and  thirty 
thoufand  troops.  AH  our  (hips  were 
prepared  for  adual  fcrvice,  they  had 
again  mounted  ail  the  guns  which  they 
had  put  in  the  hold,  on  hearing  of  the 
peace,  anel  it  was  generally  believed  ia 
the  fleet,  that  they  fhould  attack  the 
French  armament  if  it  offered  to  put  to 
lea. — Tlseie  can  be  no  doubt,  from  the 
force  which  the  French  have  been  gra- 
dually collecting  in  thefe  feas,  that 
they  have  fome  grand  obje<it  in  view> 
if  we  do  not  prevent  them  from  accom- 
pliftiing  it.  Two  more  French  line  of 
battle  fliips  paflcd  this  to  the  eaftward 
three  days  ago. 

Orders  are  left  for  every  flu'p  that 
comes  here  to  join  Sir  Richard  Bicker- 
ton  without  delay. 

The  Dey  of  Algiers  ftill  threatens  to 
go  to  war  With  us,  and  it  is  conjcdiir- 


!  j802. 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


931 


cd,  from  his  afTuming  fo  unufual  a  tone, 
\.  that  he  has  been  fecretly  urged  on  by 
the  French  to  ad  as  he  dots,  perhaps 
with  a  view  of  calling  the  attention  of 
onr  fieet  from  Toulon  to  Algiers. 
\  loiher  letter  from  the  fame  place 
: — "  Appearances  here  look  very 
)u;picioiis.    We  fliould  not  be  in  the 
leait  degree  fiirprized  to  hear  of  an  ac- 
tion between  oar  fleet  and  the  Toulon 
fqiipjdron  j  for  it  is  no  ftcret  here  that 
our  fleet  has  orders  to  prevent  the 
French  armament  at  Toulon  iVom  f  til- 
ing." 

Misctllaneous  InteU'igence, 
,  A  letter  from  Vienna,  dated  Sept. 
>  !19.  fays,  "  The  celebrated  Baron  Von 
'  Veg.i,  Lieut.  Col.  of  Artillery,  fo  well 
known  by  his  excellent  mathematical 
works,  and  who  has  contribiittrd  fo 
much  to  the  improvement  of  gunnery, 
was  found  dead  laft  Friday  on  the 
Banks  of  the  Danube.  He  had  been 
mining  for  ten  daye,  and  it  was  much 
apprehended,  that  fome  misfortune 
had  befallen  him,  but  no  one  had  any 
idea  that  he  would  meet  with  fo  unfor- 
tunate an  end.  What  appears  very 
fingular,  and  makes  fome  doubt,  whe- 
ther he  did  not  throw  himfelf  into  the 
river  is,  that  the  body  was  waihed  on 
ill  ore,  with  nothing  on  it  except  the 
lliirt,  waitcoat,  a^id  drawers.  But, 
however  this  may  be,  It  u  certain,  that 
his  deaih  will  be  a  great  lofs  to  the 
fciences  and  to  the  fcrvice  of  our  Mo- 
narch. The  body  was  interred  with 
all  the  military  honours  due  to  the 
rank  of  the  deceafed.'* 

it  is  fald,  that  a  change  is  about  to 
t;ike  place  in  the  Government  of  the 
Batavian  Republic,  and  that  the  direc- 
torial will  be  changed  for  the  Confular 
form  of  Government. 

It  appears,  that  the  vicinity  of  Na- 
ples has  been  half  a  y,ear  without  nin, 
and  that,  on  the  lit  of  a  flight 
fhock  of  an  earthquake  was  felt  there, 
and  much  ftronger  at  Capua.  Thtfe 
Ihocks,  as  uiual,  were  prcctded  hy  ;t 
voluminous  efiufion  of  fmoke  from  Ve- 
fuvius. 

The  celebrated  General  Pichegru, 
we  hear,  is  about  to  enter  into  the  Ruf- 
fian fervice,  having  been  ftrongly  loli- 
c»ted  thereto,  by  the  Emperor  Alexan- 
der. The  General  has  had  feveral  o- 
veitnres  made  by  fome  other  Powers, 
v-'hich  he  declined  as  iong  as  there  re* 


mained  any  chance  of  his  obtaining 
permiffion  to  return  to  his  country. 

A  huge  fragment  of  the  Tabic 
Mountain,  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
has  been  hurled  from  it  fiimmit,  and 
has  created  much  apprehenhon-  The 
weig?it  of  this  enormous  mafs  of  rock, 
has  been  afcertained  to  be  250,030 
tons. 


BRITISH  INTELLIGENCE. 

FROM  THE  LONDON  GAZETTJ-. 

Whitehall,  Oa.  i^. 
The  King  has  been  plcafed  .to  pre- 
ient  the  Rev.  Andrew  Melville,  to  the 
church  and  parifh  of  Logic,  in  the 
Pi  efl^ytery  of  Cupar  and  county  of  Fife, 
void  by  the  death  of  Mr  RoLjy :  Bogie, 
late  minifter  there. 

Downing- Streety  Oct*  27. 
The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  ap- 
prove of  the  appointment  of  Don  Mi- 
guel Larrca  to  be  his  Catholic  Mnjef- 
ty's  Conful-General  in  the  united  king- 
dom of  Great  Britam  and  Ireland. 

At  the  Court  at  St  James's^  Nov,  3. 
PRESENT, 

The  King's  Mofi  Excellent  Majefty 
in  Council. 

His  M.ijcfly  having  been  pleafed  to 
appoint  George  Prevolt,  Efq;  Gover- 
nor and  Commander  in  Chief  of  the 
ifiand  of  Dominica,  in  America,  he  this 
day  took  the  ufiial  oatns  appointed  to, 
be  taken  by  the  Govcrnora  of  hia  Ma- 
jelly's  plantations. 


LONDON. 

The  mofl  efredual  and  prompt  ftepi 
have  of  late  been  taken  by  Goverment, 
to  put  the  nation  in  a  ftate  of  defence, 
and  to  fecure  the  poiTeliion  of  our  terri- 
tories abroad,  in  cafe  hoililities  Iboukl 
again  br<  ak  out. 

20.  On  Wcdnefday,  the  Duke  ci" 
Yoik,  Mr  Aiidington,  Sir  Evan  N.- 
pean,  and  one  or  two  other  gentleraeff, 
held  a  confuitation  at  the  Horfe- 
Guards,  refpe^ling  what  the  prefent 
ftatc  of  affairs  requires  to  be  done  in 
the  military  and  naval  departments- 

The  Duke  of  York  is  now  in  daily 
attendance  at  hii  oflice  in  the  Horfe 
ill  Guards 


932 


British  Intelligence. 


Nov, 


Guards,  and  all  the  regiments  of  in- 
fantry have  orders  to  complete  to  ihcir 
full  eftabli(hment,  and  to  fele<ft  fuch 
officers  to  recruit,  as  are  moft  likely  to 
obtain  men. 

The  6 lit  regiment  is  ordered  to  Mal- 
ta, and  the  loth  to  Gil>rHlter. 

The  9cth,  Qili,  9zd,  and  93d^ ordered 
to  be  difb  indcd,  are  ordered  to  recruit- 
ed as  fa  ft  as  pofhble. 

Circular  letters,  under  d.ite  of  Sa- 
turday, are  ifTued  to  the  Colonels  of 
each  regiment  of  miliria,  to  make  im- 
mediate application  for  their  full  pro 
portion  of  cloathing,   and   to  apply 

forthwiih,"  to  the  Ordnance  for  any 
number  ot  arms  deficient  of  the  quiu- 
tity  that  will  be  required  for  the  in- 
crcafed  number  of  mih'na. 

The  penfioners  are  ordered  to  m.^ke 
immediate  appearance  for  garrifon  du- 
ty- 
All  thefe  meafures  v  tre  ordered  im- 
mediately after  a  Cabinet  Council. 

Three  line  of  battk^  iliips,  which  had 
•v     been  laid  up  in  ordinary  in  Hamoaze, 
are  ordered  to  be  got  itady  for  fea. 

The  Supply  brig  failed  from  Portf- 
mouth,  with  fealed  orders,  and  with 
fuch  expedition,  that  fhe  could  not  wait 
for  the  ufual  fupply  of  vegetables  to  be 
fent  on  board. 

Two  line  of  battle  fliips  at  Spithead, 
have  been  direifled  to  take  in  provi- 
fions  and  ftores  for  the  Mediterranean, 
•with  all  poffible  fpeed. 

The  Apollo  and  Loire  frigates  have 
been  ordered  to  be  commiilioncd  im- 
mediately ;  and  notice  has  been  giv- 
en to  the  renters  of  South  Sea  Com- 
mon, that  fhould  a  camp  be  deemed 
iieceflTary,  they  are  to  quit  pojfe/fion  at  a 
civeek's  ^.vanitrig. 

It  has  been  reported,  that  orders 
have  been  difpatched  to  the  foreign 
Itaiions,  for  the  fliips  there  that  wc^re 
about  to  return  to  Europe  to  remain 
till  further  orders. 

The  Donegal  of  80  guns,  Hercule  of 
80  guns,  and  Blenheim  oi  74  guns,  are 
ordered  to  be  titled  with  four  months 
ftores  and  provifions  :—Tbv-y  are  fup;? 
pofed  to  be  deitincd  for  the  Mtdirerra- 
uean.  The  Blenheim  is  ntarjy  ready^ 
and  the  others  are  preparing  with  the 
greatelt  expedition. 

A  plan  is  now  under  confideration 
for  the  fpeedy  recruitment  of  the  Royai 
Kdvy,  by  means  of  regifters,  without 


having  recourfe  to  the  invidious  and 
expeniive  pradlice  of  impreffrng  fca- 
mcn. 

We  arc  happy  to  ftate,  that  Lord  St 
Vincent  has  in  contemplation  a  plan 
for  paying  all  the  penfioners  of  the 
chell  at  Chatham  at  their  refpe^tivc 
homes,  without  requiring  them  to  make 
their  appearance  once  in  three  years  at 
Chath  am.  By  fuch  a  regulation  tliofe 
unfortunate  mutilated  teamen  will  be 
relcued  fjom  the  harpies  who  have  hi- 
therto plundered  them  of  nearly  half 
the  gratuities  and  penlions  given  to 
them  by  a  generous  country. 

French  Ambassador. 

Nov.  vThe  French  Ambafladoi  is  ar.' 
rived.  OnWednefday  evening  hereacb- 
Calais,  where  he  was  received  with 
military  honours.  On  Thuriday  morn-' 
ing  he  failed  from  Calais,  amidft  dif-' 
charges  of  artillery  ;  and  arrived  off 
Dover  m  the  afternoon.  The  military 
weie  immediately  under  arms  to  re- 
ceive him.  Betwixt  lix  and  icvea 
o'clock  he  landtd. 

The  weather  being  quite  calm,  the 
vefiel  they  were  on  board  had  been  ia 
fi,^ht  many  hours,  and  but  for  the  af- 
fiUance  of  the  CuUoms,  and  fevera! 
oiher  boats,  which  put  off  and  towed 
her  feveral  miles,  they  would  not  have 
reached  the  harbour  this  evening.  It 
being  fun-fet  before  the  arrival  of  the 
veflel  in  the  harbour,  thegari  ifon  guns 
did  not  fire.  A  prodigious  concourCe 
of  people  lined  the  pier  heads,  and 
weicomed  the  AmbaiTador  with  repeat- 
ed c'neers. 

General  Andreossi  reached  London 
on  Saturday  morning,  about  one  o'- 
clock. 

About  ten  on  the  fam.e  day,  M.  Otto 
waited  on  his  Excellency,  at  his  h(%re 
in  Portland  Place;  and,  officjal  inti- 
mation of  his  ariivai  having  previoufiy 
been  fent  to  Lord  Havv'kefbury,  the 
AmbaiTador  went  at  three  o'clock  in 
tlie  after  noon  to  the  Foreign  Office  in 
powr^ing-lireer,  where  he  was  inuo- 
duced  to  the  Secretary  of  State  by  M. 
Otto.  General  Andreossi  is  a  gentle- 
rt^an  r^ot  only  of  high  accomplifiiments, 
but  of  the  mcfl  plealing  and  conciliat- 
ing manr.ers;  is  feemin^ly  about  thirty- 
four  years  of  age,  and  jn  flature  nearly 
five  feet  ten  inches  high.-- He  feems 

the 


i 


British  Intelligence. 


933 


tvery  way  qualified  for  the  honourahle 
lituation  to  which  he  has  been  appoint- 
ed. His  drefs  had  nothing  to  diftin- 
guifh  him  as  a  military  man.  He  was 
tireifed  like  a  plain  Englilh  gentleman. 
•He  dined  on  Sunday  with  M.  Otto,  at 
Ills  houfe  in  rortman-fquare,  at  half 
paft  fix., 

:  9.  Lord  Whitworth  and  the  Datcbefs 
V>^^  Dorfet  arrived  at  Dover  on  Tuefday 
•afternoon.  A  falute  of  21  guns  was 
iiied,  and  the  colours  were  hoifted.  At 
half  pafl:  nine  o'clock  on  Wednefday 
morning,  his  Lordihip  and  the  Dut- 
chefs  embarked  for  France  on  boaid 
the  Countefs  of  Elgin  packet,  and  his 
Secretary  and  fuite  on  beard  the 
Swift. 

Lord  Mayor'' s  Day, 

The  folemnity  on  the  inftallation  of 
Chief  Magiftrate  of  London  for  the  en- 
fuing  year,  was  yeiterdjiy  honoured 
With  the  prefence  of  the  hrft  people  of 
xHftindion.  Among  the  company  pre- 
lent  were  the  Right  Hon.  the  Chancel- 
lor  of  the  Exchequer,  the  Secretaries 
of  State,  the  Daniih  and  Swedifli  En- 
voys, Lord  Chief  Karon  Macdonald, 
Vifcount  Hood,  Loid  Pelham,  and  fe. 
veral  of  the  Members  of  Adminiftra- 
tion. 

The  Lord  Mayor  was  attended  by 
the  Sheriffs  of  London,  and  Alderman 
Boydellfas  Father  of  the  City), pro- 
ceeded after  the  Lord  Mayor. 

Aldermen  Macauley,  Ainfiey,  Wat- 
fon,  Curtis,  Leighton,  Skinner,  the 
Recorder,  Common  Serjeant,  &:c.  were 
prelent  at  Guildhall. 

The  fet  of  China  about  to  be  pre- 
fented  to  Lord  Hawkefbury  by  the 
Cliief  Conful,  unlefs  any  thing  unto- 
ward ihould  fall  out  between  the  cup 
^andthe  lip,  will  be  the  m.oit  luperb 
thing  of  the  kind  ever  feen  in  this 
country.  The  cups  are  valued  at  fif- 
teen guineas  each— the  plates  at  twen- 
ty-five. The  whole  of  this  magnificent 
iervice  is  eitimated  at  four  thoufand 
guineas  1 

A  Lunatic. — A  perfon,  whofe  name 
it  appeals  is  Kichaid  Nield,  gained 
admittance  at  Buckingham-houfe  yef- 
terday  morning,  between  niue  and  ten 
o'clock.  He  had  penetrated  beyond 
tli«  lodge  before  he  v.  as  recognifed, 
and  was  proceeding  to  the  mterior  of 
the  palace. — An  alarm  was  given,  and 


Townfcnd,  the  a^llve  officer  of  police, 
who  was  on  the  fpot,  immediatey  went 
and  apprehended  him.  He  exhibited 
every  fymptom  of  a  man  deranged  in 
his  intelledb  ;  he  faid  he  was  the  fon 
of  the  prophet,  fent  on  a  diyine  milTion 
from  the  Lord,  and  he  defired  to  know 
v/hether  any  meflages  had  been  left  for 
him  at  the  pslace,  or  whether  any  one 
had  been  there  to  inquire  for  him.  He 
defcnbed  himfc'.f  as  related  to  the 
King,  with  whom  he  wifhed  to  have 
communication  ;  he  uttered  various 
other  extravagancies,  equally  indicat- 
ing a  diftempered  brain  ;  he  was  fe- 
cared  and  taken  to  the  houfe  of  Sir 
Richai'd  Ford,  where  he  underwent  a 
private  examination.  It  appeared  he 
was  from  Birmingham,  and  by  tr^Je  a 
chairmaker,  and  that  he  had  been  laft 
year  apprehended  for lut king  about  the 
palace.  The  reiult  of  his  examina- 
tion was,  his  committal  to  Totbill- 
fields, BridewL-ll, from  whence  no  doubt 
he  will  be  removed  to  Bethlein  Hof- 
pital. 

II.  Lord  Hawkefoury  gave  a  grand 
dinner  to  General  Ainirciossi  and  all 
the  Foreign  Minirtets. 

The  Bi'diop  of  Rochefter,  much  to 
the  h  jnour  of  tha^  learned  and  humaric 
Prelate,  is  endeavouring  to  forward  the 
eftabliihment  of  an  InRitution  for  the 
relief  of  the  Widovv^s,  Children,  and 
Families  of  Cieigym.en,  who  may  die 
in  a  hate  of  indigence,  'I'his  laudable 
plan  is  to  be  fupported  by  lubfcription; 
and  to  procure  it  the  molt  extenhve 
Tjatronage,  the  annual  rublcription  is 
not  expected  to  exceed  one  guinea. 
As  the  Laity,  as  well  as  the  Clergy, 
may  contribute  to  this  benevolent  un- 
dertaking, it  vvill  probably  deceive  a 
general  fupport,  and  a  provilion  be  af- 
forded for  many  widows  and  orphans 
who  would  other  wife  have  no  refource 
when  the  prop  of  tiie  family  ihould  fall 
into  the  grave.  The  more  tins  bene- 
volent inltitution  is  known,  the  more, 
we  tru!l,  wiil  it  be  patronized  by  a 
people  al way «,  alive  to  the  intereits  of 
humanity,  which  feem  to  be  particu- 
larly concerned  in  giving  hope  and 
comfort  to  the  declining  days  of  thofe 
whole  duty  it  is  to  prepare  us  for  a  bet- 
ter  Itate. 

Mr  Pitt's  eftate  of  Hoi  wood,  which, 
with  the  improvements,  &c.  coll  him 
about  30,000 U  was  knocked  down  by 

MtfT. 


934 


British  Intelligence. 


Meir.  Skinner  and  Dyke,  at  Garra- 
way's,  for  15,000!.  The  neccflity  of 
this  falc  is  a  memorable  proof,  that  the 
eminent  Statefman  was  not  governed 
by  avarice.  The  purchaler  was  a  gen- 
tleman of  the  name  of  Pocock  ;  but  as 
56,000!.  was  the  I'um  originally  demand- 
ed, it  is  doubtful  whether  the  eiiate 
may  not  have  been  bought  in. 

A  letter  from  Neath,  dated  Cel.  25. 
ftates,  "  On  Thurfday  night  laft,  a- 
bout  a  quarter  after  eight  o'clcclv,  a 
fmart  lliock  of  an  earthquake  was  ex- 
perienced at  Carmarthen.  It  was  pre- 
ceded by  a  loud  rumbling  noiie,  which 
lafted  for  I'everal  iecunds,  refcmbling 
that  which  is  occafioned  by  a  large  and 
heavy  loaded  waggon,  travelling  over 
a  roui^h  and  ftoney  road.  The  houfe 
was  Ihook  from  top  to  bottom,  and  the 
convultion  was  univerfal  throughout 
the  town,  but  no  damage  was  done. 

At  Llandillo  and  Llandebia,  in  Car- 
marthenfhire,  the  fame  fcnfation  was 
felt,  and  likewiie  at  Navbeth,  in  Pcm- 
brokefliire  ;  but  it  is  not  yet  known 
where  elfe  it  has  been  obferved.  At 
Swanfea  and  Neath  it  feems  to  have 
made  no  impreflion,  although  indeed 
there  ate  fome  individuals  at  both 
places  who  imagined  chat  they  felt 
fomething  of  the  kind,  but  not  ftrong 
enough  to  induce  them  to  make  men- 
tion of  the  ciicumft.ance  at  the  time." 

The  fhoals  of  herrings  are  immenle  on 
the  Yorkiliire  coaft,  and  are  a  gieat  re- 
lief to  the  poor  during  the  prei'ent  high 
price  of  butcher's  meat.  The  crew  of 
one  coble  caught  i  i,oco  in  a  vary  Ihort 
time,  and  two  other  cobles  took  above 
10,000,  clofe  to  the  rocks  off  High 
Whitby,  not  two  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  the  harbour. 


EDINBURGH. 

061  14.  Thurfday  a  call  was  moderat- 
ed for  the  Rev.  Dr  John  Thomfon,  of 
the  New  Grey  Friars  to  be  Mini  iter  of 
the  New  North  Church,  in  room  of  Dr 
Gloag,  deceafed. — The  Rev.  Sir  IJarry 
Moncrieff  preached  and  prelided. 

On  Thurlday  morning,  on  informa- 
tion being  given  at  the  Council  Cham- 
ber, the  magift  rates  feized  nine  barrels 
of  gunpowder  in  a  earner's  quarters, 
G'alsmarket, 


The  following  Gentlemen  were  ap. 
pointed  Guild  Council  for  the  enfuing 
year,  viz.— Thomas  Hcnderfon,  EfqJ 
DeanofGuild ;  Jamcsjackfon,  Efq.  Old 
Dean  of  Guild  ;  MelT.  Archibald  Mack, 
inlay, merchant ;  James  VVaddell,  con.' 
fedioner;  John  Young,  wright ;  Thos. 
Hamilton,  wright ;  John  Thin,  mafon. 

29  This  day  being  the  anniverfary' 
of  his  Majefty 's  accelTion  to  the  Throne, 
the  great  guns  were  fired  from  the 
CaRle  at  noon,  and  the  Banks  and 
public  offices  were  fhut. 

Royal  Edinburgh  Volunteers, 
Sir,       Edlnburn;h,  Nov.  i.  1S02, 

Previous  to  the  difemboying  the  ift 
regiment  of  Royal  Edinburgh  Volun- 
teers, on  the  5d  day  of  May  laff,  itl 
was  rcfolvcd  by  the  corps  then  af- 
fembled  under  arms,  that  a  tender 
iliould  be  made  you,  as  fenior  Lieuten-^ 
ant-Colonel,  of  their  refpedful  eftcem,' 
and  a  public  teftimony  offered  of  their 
gratitude,  for  the  unwearied  atten- 
tion you  had  beftowed  on  the  beft  in- 
terefts  of  the  eitablifliment,  during  the 
whole  eight  years  of  its  exiftence. 

As  you  ftiii  remain  a  ibidier,  the 
regiment,  as  well  as  the  Gentlemen  to 
whom  the  following  out  of  their  rc-' 
foiution  was  committed,  judge  it  pro* 
per  that  a  fabre,  befides  a  piece  of 
plate,  fhould  be  presented  you  on  the 
occafion.  Thelc,  by  the  order,  I  have 
now  the  honour  to  tranfmit,  and  fee] 
a  peculiar  iatisfadlion  that  it  has  been 
entruiied  to  me  to  convey  thefe  marks 
of  their  regard.  I  have  the  houour  to 
be.  Sir,  your  very  faithful  and  obedi- 
ent fervant, 

BAIN  WHYT, 
Late  Cap.  and  Adjut. 
lit  Reg.  R.  E.  V. 
AddreiTed^ — To  Col.  Roger  Ay- 
ton,  of  Inchdairnie,  late  lil 
Lieut.-Col.  ill  Reg.  R.  E.  V. 

Answer, 

Sir  Queen  fireet,  Nov.  2.  1803, 
I  am  juft  favoured  with  your  oblig- 
ing letter  accompained  with  a  hand- 
ibme  fabre,  and  a  moft  elegant  piece 
of  plate,  voted  to  me  by  the  Firft  Re- 
giment Royal  Edinburgh  Volunteers 
as  their  fenior  Lieuto  Colonel. 

Permit  me  to  afTure  them,  through 
you,  that  this  mark  of  attention  from 
a  body  of  gentlemen  whom  I  fo  highly 
eftecm,  imprelTes  me  with  feelings,  the 

fenri 


l802. 


Brtisb  Intelligence. 


fcnfe  of  which  I  am  unable  in  words  to 
j  convey. 

I  I  cannot,  however,  omit,  this  oppor- 
I  tunity  of  returning  thanks  to  the  gen- 
i  tiemen  of  the  corps,  for  their  uniform 
good  coudu6t  and  attention  to  duty  ; 
and  I  (hall  always  confider  the  connec- 
tion which  To  Ipng  fubfilted  between 
us  the  heighft  honour  of  my  life 

With  my  beft  acknowledgements  for 
the  polite  manner  in  which  you  have 
been  pleafed  to  communicate  their  ex- 
I  preffion  of  regard,  I  have  the  honour 
to  be,  Sir,  your  very  faithful  and  hum- 
ble iervant, 

ROGER  AYTOUN. 
Late  lit.  Lieut  Col.  R.  E.  V. 
,  AddreflTcd— To  Bain  Why  t,  Elq. 
«  Late  Capt.  &.  Adjut  itt.  Reg. 
R.  E.  V. 

Vaccine  Jnnoculation, 
I  The  following  Repert  from  the  Sur- 
igcons  was  prefented  to  the  laft  Quar- 
iterly  Meeting  of  the  Committee  for/Vac- 
cine Innoculation  at  the  Public  Difpen 
fary  of  Edinburgh. 

A.  Monro,  fen.  Prefes. 
The  Surgeons  of  the  Vaccine  Inftitu- 
tion  are  happy  to  inform  the  Commit- 
tee, that  the  Innoculation  goes  on  with 
the  moft  uninterrupted  fuccefs. 

They  have  now  innoculated  near 
Twelve  Hundred  at  the  Difpenfary, 
without  one  of  them  having  been  in 
the  leaft  danger  ;  and  have,  belides,  re- 
ceived accounts  of  more  than  that  num- 
t)er,  who  have  been  innoculated  with 
matter  fent  from  the  Inftitution.  A 
:onhderable  proportion  of  theie  have 
^een  cxpofed  to  the  contagion  of  Small- 
pox, which  they^ave  completely  re- 
ifted. 

The  Surgeons  do  not  think  it  necef- 
ary  to  give  a  more  paiticular  Report 

0  the  Quarterly  Meeting,  as  they  are 
Juftiy  employed  in  preparing  a  Detail- 
'd  Report,  which  they  propofe  to  lay 
)cfore  the  anniverfary  meeting  in  Fe- 
>ruary.  In  the  mean  time,  they  beg 
eave  to  fuggeit  to  the  Committee  the 
)ropriety  of  having  this  detailed  report 
mbiilhed  in  the  form  of,  or  accompa- 
lied  by  an  addrefs  to  the  Clergy  of 
(  Cotland  of  every  pcrfualion. 

1  A  report,  fanctioned  by  the  approba- 
lion  of  Inch  a  very  refpedable  c(i>inmit- 
ie,  cannot  fail  of  conveying  more 
lomplete  convidion  to  the  public  than 

of  kny  individujil  whatever.  Be- 


935 

fides,  the  Surgeons  propofe  to  anne< 
to  the  report  fuch  plain  dire(ftions  that 
any  Clergyman,  or  other  fenfibic  man, 
may  perform  the  operation  in  any  cor- 
ner  of  the  country  that  is  not  vvithin 
the  reach  of  medical  affiffancc. 

The  Surgeons  flatter  themfelves  that 
that  this  propofal,  if  carried  into  exe- 
cution, will  be  of  the  greateft  import- 
ance m  fpreading  wide  the  bleffings  ot 
Vaccine  Innoculation. 

Wm.  Farquharson. 
James  Biyce. 
Nov.  7.  The  town  guard  ccntinel,  fla- 
tioned  between  Blackfriars  Wynd  and 
the  Netherbow,  was  wantonly  knocked 
d()wn  by  a  perfon  in  a  failor's  drcfs. 
The  centmel  was  carried  to  the  Royal 
Ir.hrmary,  where  languifhing  for  fomc 
time  he  died.  A  reward  of  25  Guineas 
is  offered  by  the  Magiftrates  for  difco- 
venng  the  pcrfons  guilty. 

At  All-Hallow  fair,  there  was  a  con- 
hdcrable  number  of  black  cattle,  which 
fold  rapidly  at  advanced  prices,  the 
lean  proportionally  much  higher  than 
the  fat.  Work  horfes  alfo  brought  hi^h 
prices.  There  were  likevvile  a  great 
quantity  of  Oiccp,  which  fold  high. 

A  farther  commu  lication  has  been 
made  by  his  Mdj.ft y's  Advocate  to  the 
Magdtratcs  of  Greenock  in  regard  to 
the  perfons  in  confinement  there,  who 
were  guilty  of  the  outrag^^s  which  fa- 
tally terminated  in  the  death  of  Duncan 
Mackenzje,  which  we  are  authorized 
to  ftate,  appears  to  his  Lordfliip  ihffj. 
ciently  criminal  to  requiie  their  beiriif 
indided  for  murder. 

It  now  appears  evident  that  the  bill 
introduced  into  laft  fefiion  of  Par]. a- 
mtut,  for  bettering  the  comiition  of  the 
fchoolmafters  of  Scotland,  and  to  which 
fo  many  objections  have  been  ftated 
has  been  brought  forward,  without  ti* 
thcr  the  advice  or  confcnt  of  the  fchool- 
maiterjj  themfelves,  as  their  bill  has  not 
yet  made  us  appearance.  A  bill,  how- 
ever,  will  be  prefented  by  this  body, 
early  next  fcflion. 

8.  At  a  Meeting  of  the  Freeholders 
and  Heritors  of  the  county  of  Rox- 
burgh, held  at  Jedburgh,  upon  the  5th 
ot  October,  the  additional  tax  iatelv 
impoled  upon  malt  and  beer  was  taken 
into  consideration.  It  being  fuggedcd 
that  thcie  duties  might  prove  prtjudi- 
cial  to  the  intere/ls  of  Scotland,  a  Com- 
mittee was  appointed,  confining  of  the 
fQllowinjgcntlcra.^n,  to  correfpond,&c. 

With 


93^ 


British  Intelligence. 


Nov. 


with  the  other  counties  of  Scotland  up- 
on the  I'libjca,  viz.  Sir  William  Elliot, 
Bart.  Sir  Johi>  Buchanan  Riddel),  Bart. 
John  RutherforJ,  Efq.  of  Ediieriloun, 
M.  P.  LieuteMani-Coloncl  Hunter  of 
Lint  Il.ii,  Willianr^  Elliot,  Efq.  of  Wells, 
M.  P.  William  Riddcil,  l:.fq.  of  Can:ii- 
llon. — Sir  William  Elliot  to  be  Con- 
rener. 

There  were  found  a  few  days  ago,  by 
fome  workmen  employed  to  dig  up 
Itones,  not  far  from  the  publi^  road 
between  BeUord  and  Hounamkirk,  two 
urns,  refemblii>g  the  ancient  Roman 
urns,  but  fabricated  of  much  coarfcr 
materials  than  thofe  of  Ilerculancum, 
now  exhibited  in  the  Britilh  Mnfcum. 
One  of  them  i.s  a  good  deal  fmalkr  than 
the  other.    The  largell  was  ftJcd  with 
bones  which  had  been  broken  or  beat 
to  pieces.    Parts  of  the  iTcull  were  very 
ciifcernible.    The  fmaller  one  alfo,  in 
all  probability,  had  contained  boncs,  as 
a  fmall  piece  of  bone  was  obfervcd  near 
it;  though,  when  found,  it  was  full  of 
black  earth,  lying  on  one  fidi:,  proba- 
bly moved  by  fome  accident  from  its 
firft  pofnion  ;  as  the  other  full  of  bones, 
was  placed  horizontally  with  its  mouth 
undermolt.    Thty  were  found  not  f.^r 
from  the  lurface  of  the  ground,  dtpofi- 
ted  under  a  heap  of  whin  ftoncs  regu- 
larly built  around  tnem,  and  which  oc« 
cahoned  a  fmall  riung  in  the  ground. 
This  tumulus  feems  to  be  neany  at  an 
equal  diftance  between  the  remains  of 
two  ancient  camps,  one  of  which  is 
iituated  in  the  pariLh  of  Hounam,  and 
appears  to  have  been  tlrongly  and  re- 
gularly fortified  with  three  rows  of 
deep  trenches,  facing  the  north,  with 
fences  of  wall  towards  the  fouth.  The 
place  of  ftrength  is  only  three  miles 
diftant  from  the  Roman  road. 

iVXr  David  Service,  in  Sneddon  of  Paif- 
iey,  has  a  ewe,  which,  in  four  years  has 
brought  forth  thirteen  lambs— two  the 
firft  year,  three  the  fecoud,  three  the 
third,  and  five  this  year,  viz.  three  in 
February,  and  two  la  September.  She 
is  only  four  years  old,  and  her  wool  is 
of  a  very  fine  quality. 

It  mult  be  pieafmg  to  the  public  to 
learn,  that  the  Society  in  Scotland  for 
propagating  Cbrdlian  Knowledge  have 
now  upon  their  eftablilhment,  belides 
Miffionary  minifters  and  Catechifts,  a- 
bove  300  fchools,  at  which  are  taught, 
by  the  laft  report,  above  15,700  fcholars: 
This  Society?  finding  that  the  number 


of  copies  of  the  Old  Teflament  Scrip- 
turei>,  trandated  into  the  Gaelic,  aiul 
printed  at  their  expence,  is  now  redu- 
ced to  a  fmall  number,  and  cannot  fup- 
ply  the  urgent  demands  of  the  High- 
lands and  IfUnds,  have  come  to  the  re- 
folution  of  printing  a  new  edition.  Ir. 
is  propofed  to  be  in  a  neat  portable  fize, 
furnifhed  to  their  poor  fcholars  ^r^^/j, 
and  to  the  public  at  a  low  price.  As 
the  f^ock  of  the  Society  cannot,  in 
conhftency  wilh  thc-ir  charter,  be  in- 
vaded, and  the  aimual  revenue  is  com- 
pletely exhaufted  by  their  large  edabliih- 
ment  of  fchools,  &c.  they  entertain 
hopes  that  the  charity  of  the  pubhc, 
which  they  have  fo  often  experienced, 
and  to  which  indeed  is  to  be  afcribed 
their  capacity  of  teaching  fo  great  a 
multitude  of  poor  children,  will  en- 
able them  to  carry  on  the  much  needed 
and  important  work  now  in  contem^ 
plation.  Is  there  a  friend  to  religion 
who  does  not  mourn  over  the  thought, 
that  numbers  of  his  own  country- 
men, earneftly  dehring  the  Scriptures, 
cannot  novr  obtain  them  in  the  only 
language  which  they  underftand,  an*.' 
who  will  not  readily  contribute  to  fup-; 
ply  this  defed  ?  ^  ; 

We  hear,  with  much  fatisfa6ion,thafc 
the  Secretary  of  the  Society  in  Scotland 
for  Propagating  Chriftian  Knowledge^ 
has  received  from  one  benevolent  gen- 
tleman, who  dehres  that  his  name  may 
not  be  publiflied,  a  fubfcrip:ion  for 
A  WO  Hundred  Pounds  Sterling,  to- 
wards defraying  the  expence  of  tne  im- 
portant and  much  needed  work,  now 
propofed  by  that  Society,  viz.  the^piib-i 
lication  of  a  new  edition  of  the  Scrip- 
tures of  the  Old  Teftament  in  Gaelic 
Another  gentleman  alfo,  has  offered 
fubfcriptiou  of  Twenty-five  Guineas; 
for  the  fame  purpofe.  Thefe  examples, 
it  is  to  be  hoped,  will  be  imitated,  artC; 
that  a  generous  public,  when  givii^; 
their  aid  to  a  piou^  dehgn  of  conveying 
the  Scripturtb  to  the  natives  of  India 
in  their  own  language,  will  not  be  ua- 
mintiful  of  their  own  countrymen  ii 
the  remote  parts  of  Scotland,  earneftly 
dcfirous  of  the  like  bleihng. 

The  Aberdeen  Miffionary  Socicti 
have  remitted  4©1.  towards  the  expenci 
of  printing  the  Old  Teltament  Scri(J 
ture  in  the  language  of  Bengal.  TcJ 
pounds  have  alfo  l)een  received  from  i 
gentleman,  who  chufes  to  conceal  ^' 
r,arne,  through  Mr  Hriggs  furgeon, 
dinbur^ 


1'802. 


British  IntelUgenee. 


937 


dilibiirgh.  There  arc  letters  from  Mr 
,  Carey,  of  March  12th,  when  the  con- 
fcei  iis  of  the  milfion  were  in  a  pronniling 
i  i^ate,  and  another  of  the  natives,  Sianri 
!  Dafs,  about  to  be  baptized.  A  gentle- 
man in  ManchefitM-  has  lately  remitted 
ijol.  for  the  geficral  exptnces  of  the 
I  miffionaric  s. 

I  By  various  experiments  it  his  been 
I  afcc^rtaintd  that  rats  may  be  ^^.'6X\\6\\y 
I  fxpelled  by  placing  coal  oil  \\\  pots 
!  near  their  haunts,  or  wettinji  their 
I  holes  with  it,  as  they  alwa)'^  dc feut  the 
i  place,  not  being  able  to  endure  the 
ifmtll.  This  difcovery  mud  be  of  j^reat 
fcivice  in  gran^jries,  warthoufts,  <S:c. 

Herring  Fishery.  —  The  Burntifiand 
Fifliery  Society  have  adopted  the  fol- 
i  lowing  refolutions,  which  have  been 
[approved  of  by  thofc  concerned  in  the 
trade  of  the  other  ports  of  the  Forth, 

"  That  meafures  fhould  be  adopted 
for  preventing  the  commencemi-nt  of 
the  winter  fifhery  of  the  Frith  of  Forth 
till  thc^  5th  of  November,  and  that  it 
ihould  at  all  times  ceafe  on  the  lalt  day 
of  February,  the  fifh  being  then  fpawn- 
ing,  and  much  fallen  off  in  quality  ; 
The  feine  or  trawl  nets  ought  not  to 
be  allowed  earlier  than  the  5th  of  No- 
vember, nor  later  than  tht'  ajth  of  De- 
cember, as  by  that  time  weak  herrings 
get  on  ibore  to  fpaAvn,  and  thefe  nets 
I  mud  do  great  injury,  by  taking  fuc^^h 
,  tiih,  or  dell  roving  the  fpawn  :  Tliat  the 
Board  of  Trurtees  Ihouid  be  enipovver- 
I  ed  to  make  fuch  aIlerat>ons  as  to  the 
L'ommencement  or  termination  of  the 
'winter  fif.hery,  as  circuuiftances  may 
rtc^uirc/' 

'I'he  Treafurer  of  the  Houfe  of  In- 
I  dullry  h  is  received  intimation  that  a  le- 
[  ^acy  of  50!.  Iterling  has  been  left  to 
tl)at  important  inAitution  by  the  late 
Mrs  Janet  Mumiy  Keith  of  Murrays- 
Hali. — We  are  happy  in  announcing 
this  benevolent  becjneft,  becaufe  wc 
are  fati.shed  that  the  iioufe  of  Indullry 
has  alrc.-ly  been  of  material  benefit  to 
the  pubhc,  and  is  calculated,  if  proper- 
ly fnpported,  to  be  iiiii  more  exienhve- 
ly  fo.  Nor  can  we  help  pointing  out 
(iijc  way  in  which  the  public  nuiy  ex- 
tend thofe  ufeful  elfeds,  not  only  with- 
out additional  expence  to  themfelves, 
but  with  a  confiderable  laving  of  ex- 
pence  ;  and  that  way  is,  by  refuting  aid 
to  every  female  beggar  (whether  at  their 
door  or  on  the  Itieet)  who  is  able  to 
fpin  ;  and  for  whom  there  is  employ, 
'    Vol.  LXIV. 


full  payment  for  her  work,  and  a  gratis 
dinner  daily  in  the  Houft^.  Would  the 
public  attend  to  this  point,  they  would 
improve  the  police,  reprefi  idieiiefs, 
impoliurc,  and  profligacy,  and  keep 
money  in  their  own  pockets. 

13.  The  gallant  26t  h,  or  Cameroniari 
regiment  of  foot,  conimanded  by  Lieu- 
tenant General  A-  Gordon,  were  Land- 
ed at  Leith  from  hlgyin,  l  ift  from  Ply- 
mouth, on  board  the  Gienjiiore  and 
L'Oifeau  frigates,  and  a  fioop.  They 
arc  tine  looking  men,  and  multer  400. 
The  regiment  marched  on  TuclJay 
for  Linlithgow. 

15.  The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Craig  was 
re-eledcd  Lord  RcCtor  of  the  Uuiverfity 
of  Qlalgow. 


LIST  S. 


MARRL-\GES. 

Qe^.  14.  Ac  Edinburgh,  Capt.  Haliet 
of  the  Royal  Navy,  to  Mif!>  Tod,  daugh- 
ter of  die  late  William  l  od,  Efq. 

19.  Major  l'hom:is  Sidney  Beckwith, 
Rifle  Corps,  to  Mils  Clementina  Souchnan, 
daughter  of  the  late  Thomas  Souchnaii,  Efq. 
of  Great  Ruffcl-ilrect,  London. 

21.  At  Perch,  Bailie  Willum  Gray,  iron- 
monger, to  Mifs  M'Ewcu,  daughter  of 
Bailw:  John  M'iiwen. 

—  Mr  Aie:wander  Brodie,  late  Lieutenant 
in  the  Thetis  Irigate,  to  Mifi  jean  Gray, 
daughter  of  I\ir  George  Gray. 

25.  At  liivcniefs,  Alexander  Robertfon, 
Efq.  furjicon,  formerly  oi  Jamaica,  ana 
late  of  the  Medical  otaff  m  Eviypt,  to  Mifs 
Lihias  VVilfon,  daughter  of  Alexander  WiU 
ion,  merchant,  in  hivc-rncls. 

25.  Edward  Alexander,  Ei'q.  toMifb  Cathe- 
rine Glas,  daughter  e>f  John  Glas,  Efq. 
Provoll  of  btirhng. 

26,  At  Stranraer,  the  Hon.  Captain 
Adam  Gordon,  to  Mns  Maria  Maxwdi 
eideft  daughter  of  Miimhon  Maxwcli  Efq. 

29  'i  ne  Hon.  Capt.  Arcliihaid  Alacdon- 
aid,  Jon  of  the  late  i*L)rd  Macdouald,  to 
Mifs  Jane  Campbcil,  eldeft  daughter  of 
Duncan  Campbell,  Efq. 

At  Lcith  Walk  Mr  J.  Ncfs,  druggiil, 
Newcaftle,  to  Mifs  M.  Richmond,  daughter 
of  Mr  Matthew  Richmond,  nurierymaii. 

At  Earlilon,  Jamaica,  George  In ncs,  Efc, 
to  Mils  Gordon,  only  daughter  of  the  latvj 
Jarae>  Gordoa  Efq. 

Nov.  4.  At  Uiquhart  Manfe,  The  Rev. 
Akxandur  Stuart,  miniilcfj  Moulin,  to  M:^^ 
6K 


938 


Marriages,  Births,  ISc, 


Nov 


Kmillc  Calder,  daughter  to  the  Rev. 
Mr  Charles  Calder,  minifter  of  Urquhart. 

5.  At  Ardniilland,  Archibald  Craufuird, 
rdq.  writer,  Edinbugb,  to  MjTb  Margaret 
Craufuird,  daughter  of  tlic  late  Thomaj 
C^raiifuird,  Efq.  of  Arniilland, 

At  Edinburgh,  Capt.  Johji  Priiiglc  of  Sy- 
miiijrton,  to  Mifs  Chriftian  Watlon,  daugh- 
ter of  Mr  Samuel  VVatfoii,  folicitor  at  law. 

8.  At  Glal^ew,  Charles  Cunningham, 
P.fq.  younger  ol  Caii  ncuiran,  to  Tvlifs  Ebza 
Gray  Park,  daughter  of  Koben  Park,  E.q. 
ijierchant  in  Glalgovv. 

ip.  Dr  Henry  R(3bf:rtfon,  formerly  of 
the  firft  foot  guards,  to  MKs  Dcmpfter, 
<iaaghter  of  the  Ute  Mr  Robert  Dempller, 
druggift,  Edinburgh. 

21.  At  GlafgoNv,  Mr  Walter  Wardlavv, 
merchant,  to  Mif.,  Junet  Grindlay,  lecond 
daughter  of  the  la;e  A'lr  Alexander  Grind- 
lay,  merchant  in  Glafgow. 

At  Eafler.  Mojuiaek,  the  Rev.  Mr 
Donald  Frafer,  minifler  of  Kirkhiil,  to 
A^ifs  Jean  Gordon,  filler  of  Robert  Gor- 
don, Efq.  of  Diaki(^s. 

23.  At  Walton,  Warwickfliire,  John  Erf. 
liine,  Effj.  brother  of  Sir  James  Sc  Clare 
Erlkine,  Bart.  t»  MIfs  Mary  Mordaunt, 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Mordaunt. 

Lieut.  Jaiiics  M.nzies,  Royal  Perthfliire 
Militia,  to  Stewart,  cldcft  daughter 

of  John  Stewart,  E!q.  of  Corflmount^ 

At  London  xMr  Robert  Wal'ace  of  Perth, 
to  Mifs  Snagg,  of  Nortcn-ftrect. 

At  Mu.irdrum  Houfe,  Fifeihire,  Rear- 
Admiral  William  Duddinglcon  of  Ely  Lodge, 
to  Mils  Stewart,  eldeft  daughter  of  the  late 
William  Stewart  Barclay  cf  Cullarnic,  Efq. 

At  Glendcvon,  Mr  rhomas  Thomfon, 
Leith,  to  Mifs  Helen  Duncan. 

At  Lambeth  Church,  Lieut.  Colin  Camp- 
bell, of  the  Royal  Navy,  to  Mils  Amelia 
Paccrfon,  youngeft  daughter  of  I^ieuten^nt- 
Colonel  Paterion,  Affiltant  Quarter  Malter 
General  of  the  forces. 

BIRTHS. 

OSi,  2.  At  Ctuny,  The  Lady  of  Colonel 
M'Pherfon,  a  daughter. 

18.  At  Dangiafs  houfe  the  Hon.  Lady 
Helen  Ha] I,  a  fon. 

2c.  Mrs  Mackenzie  of  Applecrofs,  a 
daughter. 

23.  At  Ste  veil  fon,  Lady  Margaret  Mac- 
lean, a  fon. 

28.  At  Ayr,  Mrs  Dr  Donaldfon,  a  fon. 

— Mrs  Thomfon  of  Boughtrig,.a-  fon. 

— Mrs  Stewart  of  Cariln,  a  daughter, 

Nov.  I,  At  the  Manfe  of  Kinghorn,  Mrs 
Paterfon,  a  daughter. 

At  Montwhanny,  Mrs  Gillefple  of  Kirk- 
town,  a  daiigiiter. 

10.  AtDuddingfton,  the  Hoc,  Mrs  Gray, 
a  daughter. 


17.  At  Tweedhlll,  Mrs  Logan,  young, 
cr  of  Edrom,  a  fon. 

The  Countefs  of  Glafgow,  a  fon. 

18.  Mrs  Hawthorn  of  Caftlewigg,  I 
daughter. 

15.  Mrs  Stein,  Quecn-flrcet,  a  fon. 
DEATHS. 

At  Culcutta,  James  Smyth,  Efq.  Writci 
in  the  fervice  of  che  Eall  India  Company 
fecond  Ion  of  the  Hon.  David  Smith  o 
Metbveti,  one  of  the  Senators  of  the  Col- 
lege of  JuOicc. 

At  Spanilh  Town,  Jamaica,  Mr  Pctei 
Veitch,  iurgcon  and  apothecary  lately  be 
longing  CO  the  Medical  Stialf,  Jamaica, 

In  the  parifti  of  St  John's,  Jamaica 
Samuel  Pleydell,  M.  D.  a  man  no  lei 
diftinguifhed  for  integrity,  ftrength  of  judge, 
nient,  and  unaffuming  modefty,  than  fo; 
thofc  warm  affectionate  virtues  of  the  hear 
which  endeared  him,  while  living,  to  a} 
who  knew  him,  and  which  now  rende/ 
tbe  lofs  of  fo  valuable  and  amiable  a  coui' 
panion  fj  heavy  on  his  remaining  friends 

At  Tobugo,  Mr  Simfon  Inglis,  fon  of  thi 
Rev.  Mr  Inglis  of  Dumfries. 

At  Vellore,  in  the  Carnatic,  Eaft  Indie? 
Lieutenant  Hedlor  Macquarie,  of  his  Ma. 
jelly's  33d  regiment. 

At  Mount  Riddell,  Margaret  Riddelit 
youngeft  daughter  of^the  late  'Ehomas  Millc 
Riddell  Efq.  of  Mount  Riddell. 

At  Edinburgh,  John  Moir,  writer  to  t'm 
fignet. 

At  Heanton -Court,  in  his  64th  year 
Francis  BaiLtt,  Elq.  of  Hcanton-Court 
near  Barnftaple,  Devon,  late  mciwher  o 
Parh'ament  for  that  borough.  He  has  be- 
queathed his  large  landed  property  to  hi: 
nephew,  Joleph  Davie,  Efq.  of  Watcrmouth! 
in  that  county. 

At  Gaiaihieis,  John  Tait  of  Pirn,  Efq.  jr, 
the  85  ch  of  his  age.  Hofpitable  and  focial 
he  was  courted  as  a  companion — Uprighi 
and  judicious,  he  was  general  arbiter  a- 
niongft  his  liumerous  acquaintance.  H< 
had  been  for  a  confidcrabie  time  retiree 
from  adlive  life,  on  account  of  a  failure  ir 
his  light,  which,  with  other  infirmities  in- 
cident to  old  age,  he  bore  to  the  iall  with 
a  cheerful  and  chrUlian  fpiric. 

At  K>las  North  Morar,  Simon  Gillies 
only  ion  of  Mr  Alex.  Giiiies,  late  lientenant 
in  the  Frafer  fencibles; — and  the  next  da) 
at  the  fame  place,  Mary  Gillies,  daughter 
of  the  fa  id  Mr  Alex.  Giiiies. 

At  Hadley,  near  Barnet,  after  a  fhort  ill- 
r,efs,  in  the  75th  year  of  her  age,  Mr 
Monro,  relid  of  the  iate  Dr  Ivlonro,  phy- 
fician  to  Bethlem  Hofpital. 

At  Kinbiethmoot,  Mrs  Lindfay  Blair' 
of  Ardbiair,  wife  oi  Wifliam  Lindfay,  ^l^ 
of  Spynie. 


l802. 


Marriages^  Births^  Deaths. 


939 


Ac  Rhivcs,  in  Sutherlandlhire,  in  the 
50th  year  of  his  age,  Mr  John  Frafer,  late 
fa(5lor  on  the  eftate  of  Sutherland,  much 
and  jaflly  regretted  by  his  numerous  ac- 
quaintances, and  deeply  lamented  by  his 
widow  and  twelve  children. 

William  Wardrop,  Efq.  one  of  the 
Secretaries  of  the  Bank  of  Scotland. 
Mr  John  Mdls  cf  Bcanrid<j;c. 
At  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  much  and  dc- 
fcrv^idly  regretted,  Mr  Alexander  Dodus, 
furgeon,  late  of  the  Royal  Navy,  aged  51. 
He  Icrved  the  greatell  part  of  the  Ameri- 
can war  with  the  late  veteran  Admiral 
^then  Captain)  M*Bride,  and  was  prefent  at 
leveral  engagements,  particulaarly  that  off 
the  Dogger  Bank,  and  in  the  battle  ofl"  Cape 
St  Vincent,  when  the  Spanilh  Admiral 
Don  Juan  de  Langara,  after  a  moft  obfti- 
riate  refiftance,  ftruck  to  that  gallant  officer. 
He  was  furgeon  of  the  Trejiicndous  on  the 
glorious  ift.  of  June,  under  Lord  Howe, 
and  had  pracftifed  in  Berwick-upon-Tweed 
fince  the  year  1796. 

After  a  long  and  fevere  illnefs,  which 
he  bore  with  extraordinary  fortitude,  Mr 
William  Hume,  merchant  in  Cannon- 
gate,  and  treafurer  to  the  Charity  Work- 
houfc  of  that  place ;  whofe  generous  and 
fuccefsful  exertions  m  behalf, -of  the  poor, 
made  him  live  refpecSled^  and  die  regretted 
by  a  numerous  acquaintance. 

At  Plymouth  Dock,  William  Scruton, 
furgeon,  formerly  of  Giafgow. 

At  her  houie,  Princess  Street,  at  an  ad- 
vanced age,  Mrs  Mary  Livingfton,  wi- 
dow of  the  late  John  Callander,  Efq;  of 
Crdigtorth,  and  ^daughter  to  the  late  Sir 
James  Livingflon  of  Glenterran,  Bart-  She 
lived  and  died  in  the  full  poiTeifion  of  e- 
very  chriftian  and  endearing  vircue. 

At  Dumfries,  Mrs  Potts,  widow  of  Mr 
William  Potts,  fmith  and  farrier. 

At  Qlafgow,  after  a  lingering  illnefs,  in 
the  55ch  year  of  his  age,  Mr  William  Pin- 
kerton,  jun.  brewer,  and  late  one  of  the 
Magiftrates  of  that  city. 

At  Banff,  Mis  Duff,  widow  of  the  de- 
ceafed  John  Duff,  £iq;  of  Hation,  in  the 
58th  year  of  her  age. 

At  bdinbut  gh,  Lady  Hamilton  of  Rofehalh 
At  his  father's  houie  at  hallcr  Budi,  Mr 
Alexander  Robcrtibn,  eldeft  Ion  of  William 
Robertfon,  Lfq;  of  the  General  Regilfcr 
Houfe ;  and  one  of  the  Sub-Com^li^iioncrs 
for  printing  the  Parliamentary  Record*  of 
Scotland,  of  which  important  work  he  liv- 
ed to  accompiilh  the  cariieft  and  inoit  dif- 
ficult part. 

Mrj,  Barbara  Clerk,  daughter  of  Sir  John 
Clerk  of  Pennycuick,  late  one  of  the  Ba- 
<  f  Exchequer. 

-  Briflol,  the  Rev.  Dr  Hunter,  minif- 


ter  of  the  Prefbyterian  Meeting,  London 
Wall. — Never  were  the  common  epithcti 
of  fincerely  beloved,  and  truly  regretted, 
more  properly  applied  to  any  charadlcr. 
His  numerous  publications  have  long  lab- 
mittcd  his  literary  talents  to  the  opinion  of 
the  public  ;  and  the  decifion  has  been  high- 
ly honourable  to  his  genius.  His  abilities 
as  a  pulpit  orator  were  the  caufe  of  his  be- 
ing at  firft  tranflatcd  from  his  living  in 
Leith  to  the  charge  which  he  has  held  iu 
liOndon  for  30  years  ;  and  the  crowded  au- 
dience which  conftantly  attended  him  is  a 
proof  of  his  merits,  as  he  never  courted  po- 
pularity by  arts,  which  could  at  all  detradt 
from  the  dignity  of  u  miniiter  of  the  Gol- 
pel.  The  warmth  of  his  feelings,  and  hi» 
locial  talents,  made  his  Iricndfhip  be  univei- 
fally  ellecmcd'j  and  his  Company  dehred  i 
and  *'  even  his  failings  leaned  to  virtue's 
lide."  The  truth  of  tins  charader  will  bs 
lubfcribed  to  by  ail  who  ki»ew  him. 

Mr  Hugh  tifidlay,  mcrciiant  and  poft- 
ni alter  in  Edinburgh,  much  and  juiiiy  re- 
gretted. 

The  Rev.  J.  Walker,  of  the  Affociatc  con- 
gregation ot  Dcnny-Loanhcrtd,  in  the  79tll 
year  of  his  age,  aiid  ^id  of  his  miniitry. 

Mrs  Walker,  dau-hur  of  the  dcceafei 
James  Geddes  of  Kirkurd,  Efq;  Advocate, 
and  reiiii  of  the  dcceaicd  iVlr  jonn  Walker, 
nnerchant. 

At  Aberdeen,  much  regretted,  Mr  James 
Thomfon,  jun.  merciiaut,  in  the  37th  year 
of  his  age. 

Aged  19,  while  on  a  vifit  at  William  A- 
dam's,  Elq;  at  Richmond  Park,  Mils  Eliza- 
beth Ejphiuflone,  ftcond  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  William  Elphmftone. 

At  Baih,  Mrs  Emelia  M*Leod,  fen.  cf 
M'Leoil,  widow  of  the  late  John  M*Leod 
of  M*Lcod,  and  only  daughter  of  the  iatse 
Alexander  Brodie  of'Srodie,  Lord  L) on  of 
Scotland. 

On  his  way  from  India  to  Egypt,  Tho- 
mas Ogilvic,  Efq;  fon  of  the  late  Sir  John 
Ogilvic,  Bart. 

Mrs  Helen  Rofs,  cldeft  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Rofs,  Efq;  late  of  Invcrcharron,  and 
fpoulc  of  Mr  William  A'lacao,  accountant 
of  Excile. 

Airs  Dingwall,  fen.  of  Rannicftoun,  at 
Upperhaugh. 

At  Gialgovv,  after  two  or  three  days  ill- 
nefs, George  Gibbs,  a  pauper,  in  his  iCjd 
year.  He  was  born  ifl.  May  1 700,  at  Ne- 
ther Libcrton,  near  Eninburgh,  being  the 
fon  of  William  Gibbs,  gardener  to  Sir  John 
Baird,  near  Dalkeith.  He  Icrved  his  Ma- 
jefly  for  many  years  as  a  private  in  dra- 
goons i  afterward?,  for  21  years,  as  a  fer« 
jeant  in  the  4Sth  regiment  of  foot ;  and, 
liibfcquently,  in  o:hcr  corps  of  infantry  dur* 


Deaths. 


Nov. 


injj  the  ktc  American  war.  He  was,  in  1 783, 
a  private  in  the  83d  foot,  or  Royal  Glai«>:ow 
Regiment,  when  it  mutinied  at  Portimouth, 
after  beiug  fhipped  for  the  Eaft  Indies,  and 
of  courfe,  he  loll  his  ri^ht  to  Chelleii  Hof- 
pital,  from  which  he  had  long  enjoyed  a 
l^enfion.  Ofien  has  he  recounted  to  his, 
neighbours  ai  or  22  principal  adions  in 
which  he  bore  an  aAive  part  againR  the 
enemy,  at  home  and  abroad;  including  all 
the  engagements  with  the  rebels  in  Scotland, 

anno  1745.  ^^^^  '^^^^  ^^'^^ 

the  late  Colonei  Gardener,  when  he  fell  in 
battle  near  rreilonpans,  3nd  was  himftlf 
wounded  in  the  battle  at  Falkirk.  His  vi- 
gour, ftature,  and  mental  faculties,  were 
confiderable,  and  Icarceiy  liiFered  diminu- 
tion by  years;  and,  at  death,  he  mtafured 
fix  ^.et  two  inches  high,  his  body  bc.ng  as 
cred  as  in  early  >eats.  li*  hib  iJjd  year, 
he  married  his  stjord  wife,  then  22  yeais  01 
agf ;  by  her  he  had  fcvtiai  c'idd»-i:n,  of 
whom  only  one  daughicr  (his  own  image  m 
features)  furvivts,  now  in  her  14th  year. 
Accullonied  to  a  wandering  life,  this  vete- 
ran pauper  preierrcd,  in  his  latter  days,  the 
Icanty  dependence  on  precarious  bounty,  to 
the  more  con)fortable  afylum  of  a  poor's 
houfe,  which  hjs  years  and  rcfidencc  would 
have  fccured  for  him  in  the  Town's  Hoipu 
tal. 

At  Prefton,  in  Lancaihire,  Mr  James 
Bannerman,  late  of  the  ilieatre  Royal, 
Edinburgh.  He  died  in  conicquencc  of  a 
wound  he  received  in  the  thi^^h,  wJiile  per. 
forming  a  part  in  the  f^rre  oi  Kotzcbue,  en- 
titled La  Pcroufe.  The  wound  was  occa- 
lioned  by  the  wadding  of  a  mulkct,  dilcha:  g- 
cd  in  the  courfe  of  the  pcrforniance,  and 
which  had  unfortunately  been  overcharged 
with  powder.  IVIr  Bannerman  wa.i  a  rii- 
jng  performer,  and  had  given  fome  ftrong 
proofs  of  his  theatrical  abilities  in  the  courle 
of  the  late  Prelton  Guild,  and  is  much  la- 
mented by  the  manager  and  performers. 
This  melancholy  event  will,  it  is  ho^jed,  be 
a  caution  to  the  manager  of  cheatrcs,  not  to 
entfufl  the  charging  of  pieces  fired  on  the 
llage  to  the  ferxants  or  oiheis  ignorant  of 
the  effe<i;s  that  they  may  produce. 

At  Stewarthcid,  Kintyre,  Robert  Stew, 
art,  Efq;  of  Stcv/anlieid,  formerly  mer- 
chant in  Greenock. 

At  Edinburgh,  Mis  Agnes  Craw,  fpoufe 
of  Mr  Peter  Halkerilon,  iolicitor,  Edin- 
burgh. 

At  his  houfe  in  Falkirk,  John  Meek  of 
Campfield,  Kfq;  who  hud  practifed  there  as 
a  furgeon  for  more  than  forty  years.  In 
the  line  of  his  profcflion  he  was  much  e- 
fleemed  ;  as  a  member  of  fociety  he  was 
tmiformly  upright  and  refpedlable  ;  pofTef- 
fmg  mild  and  pleufirg  manners,  he  was  be- 


loved by  his  acquaintances,  and,  though 
dead,  he  will  live  long  in  the  aff-joiions  of 
his  family  and  friends. 

At  Wentworth  Caftle,  St  Mary's  parifh, 
Jamaica,  Mr  John  Thomfon,  farmer,  Glen- 
in,  parilh  of  Sanquhar,  Dumfrieslhire.  His 
lofs  will  be  long  lamented,  both  by  his  nu- 
merous acquaintance  in  Jamaica,  and  hit. 
friends  in  Scotland. 

The  Rev.  Mr  William  Paul,  miniller  of. 
St  Cuthbert's,  one  of  his  Majeily's  Chap- 
lains. 

In  the  Soth  year  of  his  age,  and  35rh  of 
his  mijiHlry,  fh-  Rev.  Tiiomas  Bell,  one  of 
the  Rehcf  miniflers  in  Ghfgovv.  His  de- 
vorcdnefj  to  God,  his  learning,  and  his  ex- 
emplary liff.,  were  ornainciits  to  his  pro. 
fcflion.  His  plan  of  preaching  was  evan- 
gelical, concife,  and  well  arranged,  and,  fo 
long  as  he  hid  flrength  to  labour  in  his 
Vineyard,  his  labours  were  much  efteemed 
by  lerious  and  judicious  Chriftians.  Hit 
tribulation  wa>  great  and  of  long  continu- 
ance, but  while  he  fufFered  and  felt  us  a 
man,  he  endured  and  overcame  as  a  faint, 
exulting  in  the  profpeA  of  a  happy  and 
glorious  immortality. 

At  Port  GUlgovv,  in  t.he  30th  year  of  his 
age,  Tbonia*  K-mg,  ETq;  of  Milnhank,  mod 
fineereiy  and  deiei  vcdly  i.inicnted  by  all  his 
Iriciids  and  ucquaintancer,. 

At  Greenock,  Mrs  Morris,  wife  of  Mr 
Patrick  Morris,  wood-merchant. 

Ac  Comrie  Houfe,  Andrew  Clark,  Efq; 
of  Conirie. 

At  Irvine,  much  and  juflly  regretted, 
Ko:  trt  Ewing,  Jljiq. 

At  Peterhead,  Major  John  Ramfay,  of 
Invtrnctne,  late  oi  the  Scr)teh  Brigade. 

At  Graft  uiiich,  in  Rofsfiiire,  David  Mac- 
cu:!och,  Eiq. 

At  Erizie  Chapel,  in  the  19th  year  of  her 
age,  Mjs  Middle  ton,  wife  of  the  Rev.  George 
Middleton. 

At  her  houfe  in  Dumfries,  Mrs  Gordon 
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THE 

SCOTS  MAGAZINE, 

For    DECEMBER  i8o2* 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Biographical  Account  of  Robert 
Bruce  of  Kinnaird,  concluded  941 

Obfervations  on  the  Strata  of  the 
Shore  of  St  Andrews  953 

A  Journey  through  the  Highlands 
of  Scotland,  continued  956 

On  the  Ufes  of  Hiftory  963 

Stridures  on  Mr  Laing's  DlfTerta- 
tion  on  the  Poems  of  Ofliian,  con- 
cluded ^  960 

Remarks  on  the  Life  and  Poetry 
of  Metaitafio  973 

Specimens  of  the  Poetry  of  St  Kilda  976  \ 

Letter  from  David  Hnme,  Efq;  to  976 
Dr  John  Clephan,  Phyiician  in 
London  978 

LITERARY  EXTRACTS. 
Vanderkemp's  natural  hiftory  of 

Caffraria  979 
Denon's  Travels  in  Egypt  981 
Fifiier's  Travels  in  Spaiu  987 
Correfpondence  betwixt  Sir  F.  Bur- 

dett  and  Dr  Parr  990 
Foreign  Literary  Notices  991 
jScotifn  Literary  Notices  994 

POETRY. 

(||y^erfes  addrefied  to  Sir  John  Sin- 
clair, by  his  fon  99' 
Lines  addrefled  to  the  Youth  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  fchool  595 
Sketch  from  the  above  996 
Verfes  addrefled  to  the  ruins  of 
Dundrennan  Abbey,  in  Gallo- 
way 997 


Page 

Elegiac  Verfes,  adJreflld  to  a 
Young  Lady  99S 

Lines  from  the  Latin  of  f .  Leoch, 
to  Drummond  of  Hawthornden  99S 

Song,  My  Nanny  O  993 

IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT. 

His  Majefty's  Speech  999 
Lords,  on  the  Addrefs  1000 
Commons,  on  the  Addrefs  looi 
Supplies  voted  1004 
The  Budget 

MONTHLY  REGISTER. 

Foreign'  Intelligknce. 
France  locS 
St  Domingo,  Turkey  1009 

London. 

Gazette  Intelligence  1009 
Prefentation  of  the  French  Ambaf- 
fador  ICC9 

Edinburgh. 

Meeting  of  Inhabitants  regarding 
a  new  police  bill.    And  refolu- 
tions  loio 
Names  of  Commiitee  chofen  loio 
Celebration  of  St  Andrew's  day  loxr 
Forty-fecond  regiment  receive  new 

colours  loii 
Election  of  the  Office-bearers  of 
the  Phviicians:  Antiquarian  So- 
ciety, Sec.  loia 
Mail  robbers  executed  1012 
LISTS— Marriages,  Births,Deaths> 


EDINBURGH: 
Printed  by  Alex.  Chapman,  Sc  Co.  Forrester^s  IFrnd, 
For  the  Proprietors  : 
And  Sold  by  Archibald  Constable,  High  Street,  Edinburgh. 
And  to  be  had  of  the  Principal  Bookfellers  in  the  United  Kingdom- 


TO  SUBSCRIBERS. 


Thf  Pu!)li (Tiers  beg  leave  to  intimate,  that  from  the  unfurmountable 
difBcLikics  th  :y  have  met  with  in  procuring  portraits,  to  fupply  the 
Numbers  monthly,  they  are  induced  to  difcontinue  them.  They  intend, 
however,  uccailonally,  to  introduce  engravings,  free  of  any  additional 
charge. 

Th£  pi  ice  of  the  Number  will,  in  future,  be  reduced  to  One  Shilling 
^d  the  quantiity  of  Letter-prefs  72  pages. 

An  Appendix,  containing  an  Index  to  the  volume,  will  be  delivered 
gratis  in  the  courfe  of  the  month. 

TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

We  have  received  the  paper  of  H.  B.,  on  Algebraical  Porifms.  To 
fcieniific  communications  of  this  kind,  our  mifccllany  will  be  always 
open. 

The  elegant  and  ingenious  Eflay  on  Deformity  hath  alfo  been  received, 
and  will  jppcar  in  our  next.  The  continuance  of  this  author's  corref- 
pondcncc;,  is  particularly  rc<^uellcd. 

G.  H.'s  paper  on  ClafTical  Learning  is  under  confideration. 

The  remarks  of  Philo-Veritas,  on  Fine  Writing,  can  excite  little  in- 
tereft.  Communications  of  a  dilFerent  kind,  of  which  he  promifes  to 
fend  us  f  »me,  will  be  far  more  acceptable. 

We  have  jull:  received  the  Effay  upon  the  Natural  Hiftory  of  the  Sal- 
mon. We  were  m.uch  gratified  with  the  perufal  of  it,  as  it  agrees  pre- 
cifely  wiih  the  defign  cf  our  mifcellany.  We  requeft  that  the  author 
would  favour  us  with  farther  communications  of  a  fimilar  kind,  with 
v/hich  he  feems  to  be  very  well  acquainted. 

We  are  forry  tXrxi  the  Stanzas  on  the  Birth-day  of  a  Friend  have  been 
unavoidably  pollponed. 

Several  Poetical  pieces  have  been  received,  v/hich  wc  will  go  as  far 
in  inferting,  as  their  merit  will  permit. 

The  Editors  return  their  grateful  acknowledgements  to  corref- 
po'nients,  for  the  communications  with  which  they  have  favoured  them, 
and  flatter  themfelves  that  they  will  ftill  be  able  to  merit  a  continuation 
of  their  favours.    As  it  is  their  wifli  to  encourage  literary  and  fcientific 
purfuits  of  every  kind,  and  to  excite  a  fpirit  of  inquiry  and  refcarch  a- 
inong  their  countrymen,  they  have  devoted  a  Very  confiderable  part  of 
their  mifcellany  to  original  communications.    Convinced  that  no  part  oi 
their  plan  is  more  ufeful,  or  mere  generally  interefting  than  this,  they 
Willi  to  bcftow  upon  it  a  particular  fiiare  of  tlieir  attention.  Although 
they  will  not  refufe  a  place  to  controveriial  papers,  when  conduced  with 
^7     candour  and  ability  ;  yet,  fenfible  of  the  danger  of  fuch  difputes  being 
carried  too  far,  they  would  rather  diredh  the  attention  of  their  corref- 
pendents  to  the  improvement  of  the  arts,  fciences,  and  polite  literature  ; 
particularly  to  whatever  may  be  illuftrative  of  the  hiilory,  antiquitiesJj, 
and  manners  of  Scotland.    An  account  of  new  improvements  in  manttj 
fa(5turcs,  commerce,  domeflic  and  rural  economy  r  notices  refpeding  \\M 
terary  inftitutions,  and  v/orks  in  hand,  or  in  the  prefs,  w^il  be  highlyB 
acceptable.  I 


THE 


SCOTS  MAGAZINE, 

For  DECEMBER  1802. 


EIOGRAPHICAL  ACCOUNT 


OF 


ROBERT  BRUCE  of  KINNAIRD. 

MINISTER  OF  THE  GOSPEL  IN  EDINBUKGH. 


Concluded  from  p.  872. 


THE  clergy,  thus  in  the  pleni- 
tude of  royal  favour,  ruled  the 
nation  at  their  pleafure.  The  king, 
however,  beheld  with  relu(5lance  the 
alarming  power  which  they  affumed 
in  all  their  courts,  of  dilating  to  the  c  i- 
vil  government,  of  laying  down  their 
own  refolutions  as  ths  will  of  God, 
and  forcing  the  eftates  of  the  nation 
to  confirm  them.  He  was  conned:- 
cd  with  the  Popifh  party  by  the  me- 
mory of  his  mother's  partialities  and 
fufFerings  ;  by  the  interefting  facili- 
ty with  w^iich  that  party  appeared 
to  venetate  the  throne  ;  and  difgufl:- 
ed  at  the  aufteYe  theocracy  of  Pref- 
bytery,  which,  under  the  humble 
ffuife  of  religious  zeal,  annihilated 
lis  prerogative.  Inftead  of  com- 
pofing  an  inert  and  pliable  body  of 
men,  the  clergy  formed  an  adive 
part  of  the  legiflature  ;  and,  by  con- 
fulting  amongft  themfelves,  holding 
their  own  courts  and  private  meet- 
ings, and  fecuring  the  people  by  fn- 
celiknt  liarangues,  they  pofFe/Ted  an 
iiuthority  which  knew  no  rellraint 
bounds. 

The  Popifh  Lords,  Huntly,  An- 
2:us,  and  Errol,  had  imprudently 
strengthened  their  own  faaion  b^  a 

Vol.  LXIV, 


fecret  alliance  with  Spain.  A  kind 
of  invafion  of  Scotland  had  been 
planned  by  the  court  of  Philip,  rath- 
er with  a  view  to  foment  difturbance 
in  the  kingdom  tlian  to  eire(51:  it  hj 
force.  The  foreign  correfpondence 
of  the  earls  was  deteded  in  1592  ; 
and  the  clergy  urged  the  king  to  con' 
fifcate  their  eltates,  and  bring  tliem- 
felves  to  immediate  trial.  James,aware 
however,  of  tlie  defigns  of  the  church, 
and  weary  of  its  authority,  profe- 
cuted  the  difcovery  of  the  treafoji 
with  much  negligence,  and  even  con- 
trived  means  by  v/hich  the  earls  could 
efcape.  That  tlie  king's  reluctance, 
might  not,  howeverj  be  apparent  to 
all,  he  prepared  for  an  eypedition 
to  the  north,  in  order  to  feize,  with 
great  pomp,  their  baronial  caftles, 
which  they  had  been  previnuily  in- 
ftrudcd  not  to  defend.  Some  of 
the  zealous  lords  entered  into  a  bond 
for  the  fecurity  of  religion.  All  ths 
domellics  of  the  court  were  fwom 
not  to  promote  any  reconciliation 
between  the  Icvereign  and  his  rebel 
fubjecta;  and  the  lords  themfelves, 
much  againft  the  will  of  the  king,, 
were  folehjnly  excommunicated.  To 
prevent  the  eifeas  of  fuch  violent 
6  I-  prevent 


94^  Biographical  Ac cowit  of  Robert  Bruce.  Dec. 


procedure,  James  procured  an  a(5l 
of  oblivion  lo  operate  in  its  fiiUeft 
extent,  if  the  earls  would  fubmit  to 
certain  conditions.  The  clerical  par* 
ty,  aftonilhed  at  this  alarming  lenity, 
jxiet,  as  it  had  long  been  accuRom- 
ed  to  do,  in  the  gallery  of  Robert 
Bruce's  houfe,  and  framed  a  petition 
to  the  king,  that  the  lords  fhoulJ 
be  clofely  committed  to  prlfon,  till 
their  recantation  fliould  be  obtained 
from  them.  In  the  mean  time* 
Bothwell  appeared,  as  was  fup- 
pofed,  not  without  the  confent  of 
the  clergy,  at  I.eith,  with  a  large 
body  of  horfemen.  His  pretence 
for  approaching  the  metropolis 
in  that  hoftile  manner,  was  to 
remove  evil  counfcllors  about  the 
.ting.  On  the  fame  day,  his  mortal 
enemy,  the  Earl  of  Home,  arrived  at 
Edinburgh,  with  Lis  border  vallkls. 
The  king  feeing  the  imminent  dan- 
ger of  his  fituation,  came  up  from 
his  palace  to  the  gicat  church,  and 
harangued  the  audience,  promifmg 
to  purfue  and  extirpate  the  Popilh 
lords,  if  the  noblemen  and  people 
prefent  would  accompany  him  a- 
gainft  Bothwell.  Lord  Home,  and 
the  city  forces,  accordingly  joined 
the  king",  and  purfued  Bothwell  to 
Dalkeith. 

The  clergy?  by  this  conjuncJ^ure 
of  afrairs,  procured  the  forfeiture 
of  the  Popilh  Lords.  Archibald 
Larl  of  Argyle  attacked  them  at 
Balrinnes  f  without  fuccefs,  being 
routed  in  the  a(^lion  with  ccnfidera- 
ble  lofs.  The  king  was  not  difpleaf- 
ed  at  his  misfortune  ;  but  to  prevent 
fufpicion,  he  marched  northward 
in  pcrfon,  and  reduced  the  caftles 
of  Siaines,  Strathbolgie,  and  New- 
ton, without  oppofition.  For  this 
filial  conipliance,  the  clergy  could 
not  refule   him  the  excommuni- 


cation of  Bothwell,  and  of  his  fol- 
lowers,  which  he  peremptorily  de- 
manded. This  was  granted  with 
extreme  difficidty,  as  Bothwell  was 
the  only  check  upon  the  king's  par- 
tiality to  the  Popifli  lords  ;  and,  as 
fome  of  his  followers  wxre  related 
to  the  leading  minillers,  particular- 
ly the  laird  of  Spot,  a  relation  of 
Mr  Bruce,  from  the  excommunica- 
tion of  whom,  the  whole  prefbytery 
of  Edinburgh,  fave  a  fingle  mem- 
ber, diiTented. 

The  year  1596,  is  marked  by 
her  hiftorians,  as  the  height  of  the 
glory  of  the  Scotilh  Church.  Be- 
fore that  period,  her  increafe  had 
been  progreifive  ;  it  now  declined, 
and  in  a  fhort  time  after,  fell  into 
total  decay-  % 

The  exhaufted  revenues  of  thqi 
kingdom  having  been  committed  tcf! 
the  care  of,  eight  perfons,  common 
ly  c:illed,  from  their  niLmbcr,  Oda 
DUin^y  the  clergy  urged  the  king  to, 
make  a  full  eilablilhmcnt  out  of  the 
church-lands  for  the  exifting  minif- 
try,  and  the  endowment  of  new 
parilhes  ;  and  for  that  purpofe,  they 
preiled  him  to  csnfifcate  theeftates  of 
the  popilh  lords,  in  pios  usus.  James, 
fully  determined  to  execute  no  fuch/ 
mcafures,  amufed  them  with  delays,! 
and  accidental  obftrudions.  They, 
on  the  other  hand,  caballed  more 
clofely,  and  iffued  decrees  of  humi- 
liation, and  failing  for  national  fnis, 
particularly  for  the  '  coldnefs  of  all 
ranks  in  religious  matters-  Senfible 
that  the  popilh  lords  would  foon  b* 
rellored  to  favour,  they  endeavour- 
ed to  fecure  protection  for  them- 
felves,  in  the  good  opinion  and  at- 
tachment of  the  people.  After  hay- 
ing proclaimed  a  day  of  fclemn  hu- 
miliation throughout  the  kingdom^ 
they  renewed  the  Covenant*  in 
numerous  congregation,  affembl 
in  the  little  church  pf  St  Giles  i 


*  April  3.  1504.  Vide  Calderwood. 
t  Vidf  Dilyeirs  Scortiih  Poems  of 
the  XVI  Ctntury 


*  March  jothj  1595. 


Edi 


i.8o2.         Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce. 


943 


Edinburgh.  All  that  were  prefent 
were  diffolved  in  tears,  the  preacher, 
the  brethren,  and  the  audience. 
So  mipreffive  was  the  folemnity  of 
the  aaion,  that  the  old  men,  who 
had  beheld  the  infancy  of  the  re- 
formation, qonfeffed  that  fuch  a  day 
had  never  been  feen  before  in  Sco- 
tland. 

-  Thi:  General  Affembly  met  and 
prepared  a  long  lift  of  national  fins, 
peculiar  to  the  clergy,  the  court, 
the  nobility  and  people,  for  which 
pardon  was  to  be  implored  of  God, 
by  repentance,  humiliation  and  pray- 
er ;  and  redrefs  appointed  to  be 
craved  of  the  King  for  fuch  as  re- 
lated to  the  manners  of  the  court, 
the  Popilh  Lords,  and  the  patri- 
mony of  thev  church.  Notwith- 
ftanding  the  ecclefiaiiical  cenfures, 
the  excommunicated  nobles  conti- 
nued to  lurk  in  the  country ;  and, 

•  to  the  morcification  of  the  whole 
ininiftry,  Lady  Huntlie  made  her 
way  into  the  confidence  of  the 
Queen;  and  Lady  Livingfton,  a 
papift,  was  entrufted  with  the  care 

.  of  the  infant  Princefs.  The  griev- 
ances of  the  church  were  immedi- 
ately carried  to  the  throne,  but 
they  were  heard  withcoldnefs,  or  dif- 
miffed  without  relief.  Bruce  and 
Melville  were  appointed  by  the  Af- 
firmbly  to  wait  on  the  Queen,  and 
treat  with  her  about  the  religious 
reformation  of  her  houfehold,  but 
they  were  denied  admittance  as  Ihe 
was  engaged  at  a  dance.*  To  enrage 

*  them  the  rpore,  Black,  a  miniftcr 
of  St  Andrew's,  was  fummoned  be- 
fore the  Privy  Council,  for  uttering 
(editions  fpeeches  from  the  pulpit. 

I  His  brethren  advifed  him  to  decline 
the  jurifdidion  of  that  court,  and 
his  appeal  from  its  authority  was 
tranfmitted  through  the  country  to 
be  figned  by  the  preibyteries.  It 
was  then  delivered  into  the  Council, 


*  Vide  Caldeiwood. 


entered  in  his  own  and  in  the  name 
of  the  whole  miniftry  of  Scotland. 
Black  was,  however,  condemned  to 
baniihmcnt  in  the  north,  a  fentence 
which  involved  the  fate  of  the 
church,  and  decided  the  opinion  of 
the  King  with  regard  to  its  future 
interefts. 

In  the  month  of  December  1596, 
the  clergy,  and  moft  of  the  com- 
mons, lay  proflrate  in  tears,  humi-  v 
liation  and  prayer.  The  court,  on 
the  other  hand,  exhibited  an  inde- 
cent contraft.  On  Sunday  the  1 2  th  of 
that  month,  v^hile  a  folemn  faft  was 
held  in  the  city,  the  Queen's  birth- 
day was  kept  in  the  palace  with  un- 
ufual  fplendour.  The  commil^on- 
ers  of  the  church,  after  many  fruit- 
lefs  endeavours,  refoived  on  a  gravt; 
admonitirm  to  the  King,  but  oh  the 
;4th,  they  were  ordered  to  leave  the 
city  within  48  hours.  The  prefby- 
tery  of  Edinburgh  informed  them 
that  an  intention  was  formed  to  pull 
the  minifters  of  the  city  out  of  their 
pulpits,  by  the  ears.  The  commif- 
fioners  advifed  them  to  ftand  firm 
in  the  difcharge  of  their  duty,  if 
their  flocks  would  protecl  them,  if 
not,  to  yield  and  referve  their  lives 
to  a  better  day. 

The  prefbytery  continued  to  fit 
in  the  little  church  and  proceeded  to 
form  articles  to  the  King  for  redrefs 
of  grievances,  and  prevention  of 
imminent  dangers.  P».obert  Bruce,  in 
a  fermon  preached  on  the  17th  of 
December,  to  a  numerous  body  of 
people,  confifting  o(  the  well-affe6l- 
ed  citizens  of  Edinburgh,  and  of 
fuch  noblemen  and  gentlemen  as  fa- 
voured the  caufe,  having  opened  up 
at  great  length  the  perils  of  the  churc  h 
from  the  return  of  popifh  Lords, 
and  the  favour  ihewn  to  them,  de- 
fired  all  that  were  prefent  to  hold 
up  their  hands,  and  fwear  to  defend 
the  prefent  ft  ate  of  religion  again  it 
all  oppofers  whatfoever.  After  this 
was  done,  the  Lords  Lindfay  and 
Forbes,  the  Lairds  of  Bar<^enie  anj 

Blaii- 


544 


Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce. 


Dec. 


Blairquhan,  two  bailies  of  Edin- 
burgh,  and  Mr  Bruce  himfelf,  were 
appointed  to  carry  the  articles  to^ 
the  King,  then  fitting  in  the  tol-' 
booth  amongd  the  Lords  of  Seflion. 
Crcinftoii  read  the  hiilory  of  Ha- 
man  and  Mordecai,  and  fimilar 
paffagcs  of  fcripture,  till  the  return 
of  the  deputies.  The  King  refufed 
to  henr  their  petition,  and  walked 
afide  into  another  place.  They  had 
fcarce  returned,  when  a  falfe  alarm 
fpread  over  the  whole  city  that  th^e 
court  had  refolved  to  attack  the  mi- 
snifters  with  arms,  and  that  the  life 
of  the  King  w^as  in  danger.  The 
confufion  in  a  fliort  time  w^as  uni- 
verfal.  The  noblemen  and  gentle- 
men prefent  conveyed  Robert  Bruce 
to  his  lodging,  and  then  returned 
to  fatisfy  the  people,  which  being  di- 
vided  into  two  parties,  threatened  to 
engage  in  a  fanguinary  conteft.  The 
king,  pretending  to  be  much  of- 
fended at  the  condudl  of  the  city, 
left  it  on  the  morning  of  the  19th, 
and  rode  to  Linlithgow.  ^\  11  who 
•were  not  inhabitants  were  ordered 
to  remove  out  of  it  in  a  given  time: 
tiie  Court  of  Seflion  was  broken  up, 
raid  appointed  to  meet  in  another 
place,  and  the  rumonr  that  a  border 
army  was  affembling  to  deftroy  the 
metropolis,  was  induftrioufly  circu- 
lated. Several  of  the  magiftrates 
and  leading  men  were  fummoned  to 
enter  into  ward  ;  and  Robert  Bruce, 
James  Balfour,  Walter  Balcanquel, 
and  William  Watfon,  miniilers  ; 
with  Edv/ard  Johnllon,  Michael 
Freebairn,  Edward  and  James  Cadi- 
kine,  and  Andrew  Hart,  burgeifes, 
the  three  laft  of  whom  being  book- 
fellers,  had  diffeminated  the  opi- 
nions of  the  clergy,  were  ordered 
to  be  apprehended.  Robert  Bruce 
propofed  to  remain  in  the  city,  as 
ne  had  not  mixed  in  the  tumult, 
but  his  friends,  convinced  of  his 
danger,  preffed  liirn  to  withdraw 
himfelf.  He  and  Balcanquel,  there- 
fore, fled  into  Yorkfliire,  having  firft 
left  behind  hima  fpirited  declaration 


of  his  innocence.  This  characl^eriflic 
monument  of  his  eloquence,  of  hisin- 
dependence^  and  of  his  injuries  may 
be  found  in  Calderwood.  In  the 
courfe  of  a  few  months  after,  the 
King  was  reconciled  to  the  city. 
Having  accepted  a  fum  of  money 
from  the  magifl:rates,  he  entered 
dinburgli  in  great  fplendour,  and 
was  entertained  at  the  pubKc  ex- 
pence.  He  was  alfo  prefent  at  a 
magnificent  banquet  in  Mr  Bruce's 
houfe,  prepared  by  his  family  and 
friends,  though  he  himfelf  was  fl:ill 
under  outlawry.  On  the  2 1  fl:  of  A- 
pril  1597,  the  four  minlfl:ers  got  ac- 
cefs  to  the  king,  v;ho  approved  of 
their  flight,  and  granted  a  revocati- 
on of  their  banifliment.  They  return- 
ed to  Edinburgh,  but  were  not  al 
lowed  to  refume  their  paftoral  oflice 
Robert  Bruce  continued  to  in- 
fi:ru6t  privately  in  the  city^  till  the 
meeting  of  an  affembly  at  Dundet: 
in  the  year  1598.  In  this  affembly 
he  joined  his  brethren  in  maintain- 
ing, that  mimfl:ers  lliould  have  no 
vote  in  Parliament,  a  meafure  pro- 
pofed by  the  Court,  in  order  to  in- 
troduce bifnops  into  the  church. 
The  meafure  was  carried,  as  the 
afl^emblies  were  now  managed  en- 
tirely by  the  king.  The  commif- 
fioticrs  of  the  church,  who  were  all 
pre-af>pointcd  by  the  Court,  called 
the  miniilerb  before  them,  in  order 
to  allot  each  of  them  a  particular 
part  of  the  town  for  the  difcharge 
of  his  office  ;  Robert  Bruce,  in  par- 
ticular, was  ordered  to  receive  the 
ceremony  of  the  impofition  of  hands; 
The  king  was  prefent  at  the  meet- 
ing* After  the  minifl:ers  had  fig- 
nified  to  the  commiflioners^  that 
they  wxre  willing  to  accept  parti- 
cular charges,  Mr  Bruce  refufed  to 
undergo  the  ceremony,  if  h  were 
not  declared  to  be  a  fign  of  his  ad- 
niiflTion  to  a  Angle  church,  or  of 
confirmation  in  his  office,  not  of 
primary  ordination  to  the  minifl;ry. 
The  commiilioners  were  at  length 

pre- 


I 


1802.         Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce. 


945 


prevailed  upon  to  grant  a  promife 
of  their  fubfcribing  a  paper  to  that 
efFe«fl ;  but  when  Pont,  Buchanan, 
land  Nicholfon,  had  performed  half 
the  fervice,  previous  to  admiffion, 
they  refufed  to  fubfcribe.  Pont 
had  finiflied  his  fcrmon,  and  be- 
ginning with  Robert  Bruce,  who 
along  with  James  Balfour,  had 
been  appointed  to  the  little  church, 
urged  the  impofition  of  hands. 
Bruce  refufed  to  comply,  and  cra- 
ved liberty  to  juftify  himfelf  from 
the  pulpit.  Pont  yielded  with  re- 
ludance,  fo  that  they  were  both 
(landing  in  the  pulpit  together.  He 
then  proved  before  the  people,  that 
he  wanted  nothing  effential  to  a 
lawful  call ;  obferving  at  the  fame 
time,  that  it  had  pleafed  God  to 
try  him  by  bringing  that  into  quef- 
tion.  The  commiifioners  of  the 
General  AfTembly  have  urged  me 
(added  he)  to  receive  a  new  ordi- 
nation, as  if  I  had  never  been  a  mi- 
nltter  of  Edinburgh.  This  ordina- 
tion I  cannot  accept,  unlels  I  fliould 
proclaim  myfelf  to  have  run,  un- 
ient,  to  his  people  thefe  eleven 
years  by-gone.  The  ceremony  is 
indiiFerent ;  nor  will  I  refufe  it,  if 
you,  addreffing  himfelf  to  the  three 
commiffioners,  fubfcribe  this  note, 
that  I  may  be  fure  it  mean  nothing 
elfe,  but  what  I  have  faid.  Inglis, 
a  member  of  the  city-council  re- 
quefted  them  to  proceed.  The 
elders  fitting,  as  ufaal,  before  the 
pulpit,  took  Mr  Bruce,  who  had 
now  defcended,  by  the  hand  and 
cried  aloud,  "  we  acknowledge  him 
to  be  our  paftor."  But  Pont  refu- 
fed to  pronounce  the  blcffing,  or  ad- 
mit him,  and  after  prayer,  difmiiled 
the  congregation.  The  people  burft 
into  tears,  and  complaints,  at  feeing 
their  beloved  minillcr  treated  in 
this  manner. 

The  commiffioners  made  an  un- 
favourable report  to  the  king,  and 
denied  that  they  had  promifed  to 
fubfcribe  anv  paper,    gr  acknow- 

VoL.  LXIV. 


ledge  Mr  Bruce  as  a  lawful  mi. 
nifter.  Though  he  was  ready  to 
prove  both  ot  thefe  affertions  by 
witnefTes,  the  king  refufed  to  hear 
him,  and  turning  to  the  commif- 
fioners,  James  told  them  plainly, 
that  Mr  Bruce  had  not  a  lawful 
call,  and  then  afked  their  opi- 
nions. Some  of  them  returned  no 
anfwer,  but  others  a  (Tented  to  the 
king,  who  forced  them  to  decree 
that  Mr  Bruce  (hoald  be  deprived 
of  his  living,  if  he  complied  not 
with  their  demands,  before  the  9th 
of  May  following.  He  heard  their 
fcntence  without  concern,  and 
thanking  God  for  the  hard  trial  of 
which  he  had  judged  him  worthy^ 
faid  to  the  king,  I  hope  you  (hall 
not  charge  me  wrong  in  that  caufe, 
if  it  were  to  the  very  fcalTold.'* 

When  his  colleague  Balfour  was 
called,  he  returned  into  the  court, 
and  appealed  from  its  decree  to  the 
General  AfTembly.  J^indfay,  one 
of  the  commiffioners,  delivered  the 
charge,  and  Mr  Bruce  took  leave 
of  his  congregation  on  the  5th  of 
May.  In  the  mean  time,  the  pref- 
bytery  of  Edinburgh  unanimoufly 
acknowledged  him  to  be  a  lawful 
paitor  of  the  church,  by  whom  God 
had  wrought  eifedually,  and  by 
whofe  labours  it  had  received  much 
comfort.  Which  teftimony  was  gi** 
ven  him  in  writing,  fubfcribed  by 
the  clerk.  A  deputation  alfo  wars 
fent  by  the  prelbytcry  to  treat  with 
the  coniniiiiloners,  after  Mr  Bruce 
had  confuited  with  that  body  whe- 
ther he  ought  to  receive  a  new  or- 
dination. The  prefbytery,  along 
with  a  number  of  brethren  a(Tem- 
bled  from  all  quarters,  determined 
in  the  neoat've  j  but  feveral  written 
forms  were  deviTcd  by  the  members 
to  effccft  a  reconciliation.  As  Mr 
Bruce  perfiiled  in  his  former  opi- 
nion, and  the  commiffioners,  rather 
than  fubicribe,  oifered  admiffiotl 
without  any  ceremony,  he,  at  lad, 
confented  to  receive  adiciiCQj:,  as 
6M  the 


946  Bh^'fapbical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce. 


the  rest  had  if.  After  a  tedious  ne- 
gociation  on  both  lides,  thefe  words 
wisre  approved  by  the  commiflion- 
ers,  and  fandioned  by  the  aflcnt  of 
the  king.  On  the  19th  of  May, 
Pont,  after  reading  the  written  de- 
daration  agreed  to  by  the  parties, 
conferred  the  impofition  of  hands 
on  Bruce  and  Balfour,  and  ordain- 
ed them  to  a  particular  charge. 
Neither  of  them  had  before  under- 
gone the  ceremony,  which  was 
urged,  on  that  occalion,  with  a  view 
to  eftablilh  the  perpecual  neceflity 
of  receiving  it  from  the  hands  of  a 
bifliop. 

The  king  proceeded  in  the  exe- 
cution of  his  defjgn  to  introduce  e- 
pifcopacy,  with  a  hade  which  proved 
fatal  to  his  pofterity.  He  rellored 
the  fugitive  bifbop  of  Galloway  to 
his  honours,  rents,  and  dignities. 
He  relaxed  the  feverity  of  prefbyte- 
rian  church  government,  by  ap- 
pointing a  day  of  weekly  amufe- 
ment  for  the  Court  of  Seflion, 
granting  the  liberty  of  celebrating 
May  games,  and  Chr'utmas  festivals, 
with  feveral  other  ancient  cuf- 
toms  too  precious  to  be  forgotten, 
both  on  account  of  their  religious 
and  political  tendency.  Beatoun 
the  archbilhop  of  Giafgow,  now 
recalled  from  exile,  took  counfcl 
with  his  relation  Monlieur  de  Be- 
thune  the  amba/rador  of  France,  and 
fecretary  Elphingilon  the  favourite, 
how  to  introduce  a  correfpondence 
between  the  king  and  the  pope. 
However  confiftent  with  good  po- 
licy, this  meafure  was  an  infult  to 
the  clergy,  who,  at  laft  learned 
from  a  royal  publication,  entitled 

The  Laiv  of  I'ree  Monarchies,'  and 
printed  at  Edinburgh  in  September 
1599,  the  confirmed  fate  of  the 
church.  The  vote  in  Parliament, 
the  main  objed:  of  prelacy,  had 
already  been  decreed  by  an  adl  of 
council,  and  of  a  managed  alFem- 

x\s  the  King  ruled  all  the  affairs 


of  the  Church,  by  a  general  com- 
midion,  Robert  Bruce,  and  feveral 
other  zealous  miniflers,  were  no- 
minated members  of  that  body,  for 
the  "purpofe  of  apparent  imparviali- 
ty,  without  being  ever  fummoned 
to  adl  in  it.  Melville,  Bruce,  and 
all  the  leaders  of  the  oppofition, 
were  either  terrified  by  threats, 
guarded  in  prifon,  or  obliged  toi 
bewail,  in  ufelefs  fecrecy,  the  rapid' 
progrefs  of  their  ruin.  An  eventa 
happened  foon  after,  which  com- 
pleted what  their  well  groundedt 
fears  had  long  anticipated. 

William  Earl  of  Gowrie,  had 
been  the  devoted  friend  of  the 
Church,  during  the  whole  of  heif 
triumphs  under  Murray,  and  dan< 
gers  under  Morton.  In  the  mino- 
rity of  James,  he  had  been  the 
principal  a6lor  in  the  raid  of  Ruth- 
vcn,  for  which  he  loft  his  head  it 
the  year  1584.  His  large  and  in^ 
fant  family  were  allowed  to  retaiii 
liis  eftates  ;  his  eldelt  fon  was 
brought  up  under  the  direction  al 
Robert  Bruce  ;  and,  as  the  King 
had  been  a  minor  during  the  fall  o\ 
the  Earl,  he  was  not  confidered  ai 
the  author  of  his  punifiiment.  Or 
the  5th  of  Auguft  1600,  the  young 
Earl  of  Gowrie  and  his  brothe. 
were  haftily  killed  in  their  owit 
houfe,  by  the  King  and  his  Lord^, 
who  were  entertained  at  the  EarPj 
invitation.  They  were  accufed  od 
having  confpired  to  murder  the 
King  for  iome  uncertain  purpofe, 
and  to  have  feduced  liim  from  his 
guards  into  a  dark  chamber,  where 
they  were  prevented  from  accom- 
plifliing  their  defign  by  a  fortunate 
difcovery. 

Whether  private  revenge,  orfe- 
cret  compa(5t  with  the  leaders  oi 
the  Church,  excited  this  action  iiii 
the  Earl,  or  love  for  the  QueeU) 
and  the  idle  hopes  of  the  regencji 
animated  his  brother ;  or,  (wh^t 
has  been  fuppofed  to  conftitute  tbl 
opinion  of  Robert  Bruce,)  jealoijj 

will 


|i8o2.  Biographical  Acco 

ivith  regard  to  the  Queen,  and  hat- 
:-6d  of  a  powerful  detender  of  the 
Church,  moved  the  King  hirnfelf 
:o  a  dreadful  violation  of  the  Hof- 
oitable  board,  is  totally  uncertain. 
Drders  were  i/Tued  by  the  Council 
"or  every  poffible  demonllration  of 
Dublic  joy  ;  and,  that  every  pulpit 
n  the  kingdom,  fliould  echo  praifes 
:o  God  for  the  delivery  of  the  So- 
^'ereign,  from  a  vile  and  unfpcak- 
ible  treafon.  The  Minifters  of 
Edinburgh  offered  up  thankfgiving 
n  general  terms ;  but,  though  the 
King,  with  his  own  mouth,  had 
•elated  the  ftory,  in  public,  at  the 
Z'rofs,  four  of  the  clergy,  at  the 
lead  of  whom,  was  Robert  Bruce, 
ibfolutely  refufed  to  repeat  it  to 
iheir  congregations.  Ye  have  heard 
me,  ye  have  heard  my  miniiler,  ye 
lave  heard  my  council,  ye  have  heard 
:he  Earl  of  Mar,  exclaimed  the 
mraged  Monarch  with  eagernefs, 
that  half  betrayed  the  fufpicion  of 
(lis  heart.  The  Chancellor  in  (Ian  t- 
ly  pronounced  a  fentence  di^lated 
by  the  obfequious  Council,  prohi- 
biting them  to  preach  in  the  king- 
dom under  pain  of  death.  On  the 
day  following,  they  gave  in  a  fup- 
plication,  with  articles  of  the  ex- 
tent to  which  they  were  willing 
to  comply,  but  they  V\'ere  order- 
ed to  beg  the  King's  pardon,  be- 
lieve the  whole  report,  and  publifli 
lit  as  truth.  The  Minifters  were 
fummoned  to  Stirling  to  receive 
further  punifliment  for  their  obRi- 
nacy.  Robert  Bruce  offered  to 
preach  as  far  as  he  under ftood  the 
confpiracy  ;  and,  to  believe  in  it 
for  his  own  part,  if  Henderfon,  the 
Earl's  fervant,  fhould  confefs,  at 
his  execution,  that  he  had  been  put 
into  the  fecret  room  to  aflalTmate 
the  Kiiig.  Sir  David  Murray,  the 
Comptroller,  interrupted  him  by 
faying,  "  Will  ye  believe  a  con- 
demned man  better  than  the  King 
and  Council."  My  Lord,  replied 
[  the  independent  Minifter,  if  he  die 


fit  of  Robert  Bruce.  947 

penitent  I  will  trufl:  him:  If  God 
receive  his  foul,  I  think  we  may  re- 
ceive his  teflimony.  You  will  not 
truft  me,  and  the  noblemen  that 
were  there  with  me,  except  ye  try 
me,  faid  the  King.  Will  cannot 
be  reftrained  was  the  anfwer;  I  may 
well  lie  to  you  with  my  mouth  ;  I 
cannot  trufl  but  after  trial.  He 
was  fentenced  to  enter  into  prifon 
in  the  tower  of  Airth,  a  fortrefs 
built  by  his  anceflors,  and  celebrat- 
ed in  popular  tradition,  as  the  fcenc 
of  one  of  the  exploits  of  Wallace, 
whofe  valour  preferved  the  Crown 
of  Scotland  for  a  Bruce,  and  raif- 
ed,  at  the  end  of  three  centuries,  a 
Stuart  to  the  throne  of  Edward  I. 
Thence  he  was  ordered  to  leave  the 
kingdom  on  the  i  ith  of  November  ; 
and  continue  in  exile  during  the 
Royal  pleaftire.  "  A  great  impe- 
^*  diment  to  the  conrfe  of  Epifcopa- 
"  cy,''fays  the  hiPcorianCaldcrwood, 
"  was  thus  removed  out  of  the  way. 
"  From  that  time,  the  banner  of  truth 

was  never  fo  bravely  difplayed  in 
"  the  pulpits  of  Edinburgh  as  be- 

fore.'' 

Robert  Bruce  embarked  at 
Queensferry  on  the  5th  of  Novem- 
ber, and  iu  five  days  after,  landed 
at  Dieppe,  in  Normandy.  Vv^lea 
he  went  011  board,  which  was  near 
midnight,  a  luminous  appearance 
lighted  the  Heavens,  in  a  remark- 
able manner,  an  accident,  which 
the  age  ignorant  of  fuch  phcrno- 
mena,  imputed  to  the  Divine  ap- 
probation of  his  piety,  and  which 
his  own  mind  probably  accepted  in 
that  fenfe.  The  reft  of  the  Minif- 
ters were  allowed  to  return  to  their 
houfes,  and  after  fgme  diicullion 
in  the  Affembly  they  were  reftor- 
ed. 

Edward  Eruce,  Lord  Kinlofv, 
Scotch  Ambalfador  to  the  Court 
of  England,  lent  twice  to  Mr  Bruce, 
defirino;  him  to  come  to  London, 
and  there  confult  with  Mar  and 
hirnfelf  about  fatisfying  the  King. 

6  ^^  2  Afar 


948  Biograpbical  Accow 

After  confcrnng  with  the  Englifii 
Clergy,  who  had  been  perfecuted 
in  the  affair  of  Elfeic  by  Elizabeth, 
he  declared  himfelf  willing  to  ac- 
knowledge the  truth  of  the  confpi- 
racy,  as  ratlGed  by  Parliament. 
Not  content  with  this  conceOion, 
they  brought  him  down  to  Ber- 
wick, whence  he  obtained  liberty 
to  enter  Scotland.  After  his  ar- 
rival, he  was  ordered  to  remain  in 
ward  in  hijvown  houfc  of  Kinnaird. 
On  the  14th  of  January  1602,  he 
had  an  audience  of  the  King,  at 
Craigmillar,  near  Edinburgh,  in 
which  the  Commiirioners  urged 
him  to  preach  his  acknowledge- 
ment of  the  confpiracy,  ar.d  afk 
pardon  for  his  incredulity.  When 
the  commiffion  of  the  Church  was 
renewed  in  the  following  Affem- 
bly,  the  names  of  Melville  and 
Bruce  were  added  to  the  lift,  part- 
ly to  footh  them  with  the  hopes  of 
unwelcome  preferment,  and  part- 
ly to  gratify  the  people.  Mr  Bruce, 
though  neither  called  on  nor  heard, 
was  enjoined  by  the  A/Tembly  to 
make  his  confeliion  from  the  pul- 
pit ;  but  all  mention  of  his  being 
reftored  was  carefully  avoided. 

THECommiffioners,  foon  after, ap- 
poii^^ed  the  time  and  place  of  this 
fatisfaclory  fcrmon,  and  perfcns  to 
attend,  and  obferve  his  words.  He 
perceived  the  fnare  by  which  they 
defigned  to  ruin  him,  and  boldly 
told  them,  he  could  not  preach  in- 
junctions, to  which  the  Scotilh 
Church  had  never  been  accuftom- 
ed  ;  that  in  the  chair  of  God,  he 
'would  preach  the  words -of  truth, 
as  the  fpirit  fhould  direft  ;  and  that 
he  plainly  faw  they  were  not  anxi- 
ous about  his  obedience  to  the  ad, 
but  the  difgrace  of  his  miniftry. 

^LtST  the  Court  fhould  pretend  he 
had  refufed  to  return  to  his  charge, 
on  the  27  th  of  the  fame  month,  he 
Wrote  to  the  King  petitioning  to  be 
reftored,  and  promifing  to  do  what  he 
could  to  pleafe  his  Majefty,  in  Godc 


of  prober t  Bruce.  Dc' 


Hall,  a  corrupted  expedlant  of  a  bi- 
fhoprick,  brought  the  Royal  an- 
fwer,  that  the  King,  inftead  of  the 
words,  in  GoJ,  wiflicd  to  fubftitutc 
"  according  to  the  a3  of  the  Assembly 
and  that  he  would  have  the  hrft  fer- 
mon  confidered  merely  as  a  fermoa 
of  fatisfa<5>ion,  before  which  he 
would  grant  no  promife  of  reftora- 
tion.  Mr  Bruce  faw  the  defign  o{ 
this  crafty  demand,  and  conlcious 
that  nothing  would  pleafe  the  King 
except  the  ruin  of  his  charader, 
defifted  from  any  further  attempt. 
In  order,  however,  that  his  reafons 
might  not  be  miftaken,  he  wrote  a 
letter  to  the  City  Councrl,  in  which 
he  ftated  his  defire  to  return  to  his 
charge,  his  willingnefs  to  pleafe  his 
Majelly  in  any  manner  confiftent 
with  his  own  confcience,  and  the 
flicrcd  veracity  of  the  pulpit,  along 
with  the  caufes  for  which  he  had  gi- 
ven over  folicitaiion. 

On  the  75th  of  February  1603, 
the  Commiliioners  of  the  Church, 
without  fummoning  Mr  Bruce  t€ 
appear,  declared  his  pulpit  vacant 
By  this  exclufion,  they  obtained 
freedom  to  change  and  model  tht 
Church  at  pleafure.  The  fame  Com- 
miiTion,  probably  on  the  fame  day 
in  which  Mr  Bruce  was  expelled, 
confirmed  an  adulterous  marriage 
between  Ker  of  Little  Dean,  and 
the  wife  of  the  Laird  of  Inverwicfcj 
while  the  refpedive  hufband  and  wift 
of  the  parties  were  ftill  alive.  As 
if  the  morality  and  the  difcipline  of 
the  Church  had  been  doomed  to 
perifh  together,  a  fentence  of  ex- 
communication pronounced  by  the 
Clergy  of  the  fouth,  created  no  oh^-j 
ftrudion  to  its  procedure.  But  the 
people  of  Scotland,  in  whom  the 
right  of  chufmg  their  own  religioii 
and  Ecclefiaftical  Government,  \i 
vefted  by  nature,  execrated  botii 
the  morals  and  meafures  of  the  comj, 
miffion.  I 

In  the  end  of  March,  the  Kiiw 
was  proclaimed  Sovereign  of  xM 

Britifl 


\ 

!:8o2.          Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce.  749 

3riti{li  Ifles.  Mr  Bruce  rather  as  upon  which  he  refolved  never  to  o- 
.  Baron  than  a  Minifter,  had  ac-  bey  their  authority  again  in  that 
i  cfs  to  the  King,  and  congratula-  refpcd.  In  a  month  after,  he  was 
I  ed  him  on  his  elevation  to  the  Eng.  charged,  under  pain  of  outlawcry, 
i  Ifti  throne.  James  received  his  ho-  to  enter  into  prifon  in  Invemefs. 
I  nage,and  artfully  entered  into  a  con-  The  pretended  reafons  of  this  con- 
['erfation  about  the  aflFairs  of  Scot-  finement,  were  his  difobedicnce  and 
land,  without  mentioning,,  in  the  diilrull  in  the  affair  of  Gowric  ;  his 
I  lighted  degree,  thofe  of  the  Church,  avowing  of  his  opinion  in  all  public 
I  vlr  Bruce  faw  that  it  was  not  the  and  private  meetings  ;  his  cncourag- 
iime  to  folicit  his  reftoration.  He  ing  a  refort  of  minifters  and  people 
1 00k  leave  of  the  King,  as  he  moun-  to  his  houfe,  and  fadlions  both  in 
cd  en  horfeback  to  fetout  for  Eng-  Church  and  State.  He  entered  In- 
land. His  Majefty  fpoke  to  him  m  verriefs  on  the  27th  of  Auguft  1605, 
its  gracious  a  manner  as  during  the  where  he  remained  four  years.  In 
leight  of  his  favour,  but  he  had  re-  that  barbarous  and  diftant  country, 
blved  that  he  fliould  never  again  be  he  was  vifited  by  a  great  multitude 
I  minifter  of  Edinburgh.  He  left  of  people,  to  whom  he  preached 
Vielville  and  Davidfon  in  prifon  ;  every  forenoon  on  Wednefdays  and 
B^ruce  excluded  from  the  facred  Sundays,  bcfides  frequent  exhorta- 
)ffice,  the  Church  fubvei  ted,  the  tions  after  prayers,  to  fuch  as  chofe 
}eople  filently  enraged,  and  fuch  a  to  attend  him,  through  the  reft  of 
.rain  of  meafures  begun  as  brought  the  week. 

lis  fon  to  the  block,  and  his  family  After  a  period  of  eight  years 
:o  ruin.  fpent  in  the  North,  Mr  Bruce  re- 
'   From  this  period  we  muft  view  turned  to  his  own  houfe  at  Kinnaird, 
Robert  Bruce  as  a  non-conformift,  in  Auguft  1 61 3  ;  his  fon  having  pro- 
perfecuted  by  the  government,  tho'  cured  liberty  from  the  Council  for 
fjadored  by  the  nation.    He  remain-  that  purpofe.  Yet  there,  on  account 
l  ed  at  reft,  for  a  year  after  the  King's  of  the  licentious  chara<fter  of  the 
[departure  ;  but  on  the  27th  of  Fe-  Clergy  in  the  Prefbytery  of  Linlith- 
ibruary  1605,  be  was  fummoned  be-  gow  and  Stirling,  many  of  whom 
fore  the  AlTembly  to  hear  himfelf  indulged  in  drunkennefs  and  other 
depofed.  Laurifton  the  King's  Com-  fcandalous  vices,  and  accordingly 
mifficner  had  received  orders  toexe-  hated  the  cenfure  of  fo  pious  a  mi- 
cute  the  fentence.    The  Chancellor  nifter,  he  found  only  vexation  and 
informed  him  in  the  month  of  July  diftrefs.    On  this  account,  he  ob- 
following,  that  he  was  prohibited  to  tained  leave  to  convey  his  family  to 
preach,  by  a  fpecial  mandate  from  Monkland,  one  of  his  houfes  near 
the  King,  to  whom  he  had  appeal-  Bothwell.   The  Bifliup  of  Glafgow, 
ed  from  the  fentence  of  the  Eccl^-  alarmed  at  the  refort  of  people  to 
fiaftical  Court.     The  Chancellor,  his  fermons,  and  the  fafts  kept  under 
however  told  him,  that  if  he  would  his  diredion,  forced  him  to  return 
defift  from  preaching  till  a  difpatch  to  Kinnaird.    In  July  1621,  the 
could  be  fent  and  received  from  Lon-  Parhament  eftabliflied  the  five  Epif- 
don,  he  would  ufe  his  intereft  to  copal  ceremonies,  which  are  gene- 
mitigate  the  Royal  difpleafure.   Mr  rally  called  the  Articles  of  Perth. 
Bruce  complied  for  a  few  days,  but  Anxious  to  know  the  mind  of  the 
the  agi  tation  of  his  mind  threw  him  leading  people  on  fo  unpopular  an 
I  into  a  fever,  which  he  conftrued  as  adl,  and  forced  by  private  bufmefs, 
^  the  judgment  of  God,  for  his  cea-  he  came  to  Edinburgh  during  the 
i  fing  to  proclaim  the  divine  truth;  fitting  of  the  Eftatcs.    The  Biihops 

trembled 


c>50.  Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce. 


Dec. 


ti-^mbled  at  the  leaft  motion  of 
a  man,  whofe  abilities  and  zeal 
were  fo  acknowledged  and  emi- 
Xicnt.  They  entered  a  complaint 
in  Council,  before  which  he  was 
fnmmoned  to  appear,  on  the  19th 
of  September,  to  anfwer,  for  tranf- 
greiTmg  the  bounds  of  his  confine- 
ment, for  coming  to  Edinburgh,  in 
contempt  of  Government,  in  the 
rime  of  Parliament,  to  excite  fedi- 
tioni  Having  denied  the  charge  oj: 
contempt  towards  even  the  meaneft 
magillrate,  he  reminded  the  Lords 
of  the  King's  former  favour,  and 
tii:it  he  polfefTed  a  letter  written 
from  Denmark,  in  which  his  Ma- 
jefty  acknowledged  himfelffo  much 
obliged  to  him  for  his  fervices,  that 
he  thought  a  quarter  of  Scotland 
t-00  fcanty  for  his  recompence. 
Notwithftanding  which,  tlie  King 
had  exhaufted  his  ellate  and  perfon 
and  left  him  nothing  but  his  life, 
which  he  was  ready  to  fiibmit  to 
prifon  and  the  axe,  but  not  with 
the  chara<5i-er  of  a  malefa(^or.  hi 
excufe  of  this  breach  of  confinement, 
he  pleaded  his  being  refufed  a  li- 
cence from  the  Secretary  of  the 
«.Iourt  to  attend  an  affair  of  private 
bufinefs,  in  which  ish  fortune  was 
cfeeply  concerned,  and  his  prefence 
abfolutely  ncceffary. 

The  biihops  abiented  themfelvcs 
on  the  day  of  his  trial,  to  avoid  the 
«dium  or  the  ihame  of  his  fentence. 
He  was  committed  prifoner  to  the 
Caftle  of  Edmburgh,  till  the  3d  of 
lamiary  1622,  on  which  day  he  re- 
ceived a  royal  m.andate  to  return  to 
Kinnaird,  remain  tliere  till  the 
month  of  April,  and  then  banifh 
himfelf  to  Invernefs,  during  the 
King's  pleafure.  The  Lords  of 
Council,  fome  of  whom  were  his 
friends,  wrote  to  the  King,  in  or- 
der to  have  the  place  of  confine- 
ment fixed  at  his  own  houfe.  The 
anfwer  returned  from  Court  >vas 
In  thefe  words,  "  It  is  not  for  love 
of  him  that  ye  have  written,  but  to 


entertain  a  fehifm  in  the  Kirk.  We 
will  have  no  more  Popifh  pilgri- 
mages to  Kinnaird;  he  fhall  go  to 
Invernefs."  He  returned  to  that 
place,  and  remained  in  die  Nortk 
till  the  year  1625,  in  which  the 
King  died. 

The  feverity  of  his  exile  was 
fome  what  mitigated  by  this  event. 
He  was  now  more  than  fixty  years 
of  age ;  yet,  the  licences  granted 
by  the  Council,  were  ftri(31y  Hmit^ 
eel.    After  the  acceffion  of  Charlei 
I.,  he  was  allowed  to  refide  at  his 
own  houfe.    He  flill  continued  to 
preach,  and  inftrud  the  people,  and 
even  occafionally  to  enter  the  pul- 
pits  around    Edinburgh,  whence 
great  njultitudes  flocked  to  his  fer- 
mons.    In  the  year  1629,  fo  mt^ 
morable  for  the  imprifonment  of ! 
nine  members  of  the  Englifh  Houfe- 
of  Commons,  a  ftcp  which  over-*'- 
turned  the   Throne;    Charles  L*| 
wrote  a  letter  to  the  Lords  of  Prij£' 
vy  Council,  direcling  them  to  con- 
fine Mr  Bruce  to  Kinnaird,  or  the 
fpace  of  two  miles  around  it.  The^ 
Church  of  Larbert,  having  , 
neglecled  by  the  Bifliops,  and  left'; 
in  ruins  without  either  Minifler  ot\ 
ftipend  ;  he  had  repaired  it  fome"  ; 
time  before  at  his  own  expence ; 
and,  nov/  finding  it  within  the  li-'' 
mits  of  his  confinement,  he  preaeM 
ed  there  every   Sunday  to  a  nilljlt^ 
merous  and  eager  audience,  ^fft 
one  of  his  fermon<;,  either  in  tha#, 
Church,  or  in  the  neighbourhood^ 
he  gained  a  profelyte,  who  revengw 
ed  his  caufe  ;  and  that  of  prefbyte*^ 
ry  in  general,  a  few  years  aft^ 
This  was  the  celebrated  Alexander 
Henderfon,  Minifter  at  Leuchars^' 
in  Fife,  whom  he  converted  from 
Epifcopal  fentiments,  by  preaching 
on  the  I  ft  verfcs,  of  the  loth  ehap*j 
ter  of  St  John's  Gofpel. 

Charles  I.,  had  already  accomJ 
pliihed  the  ruin  of  Epifcopacy  iri 
Scotland,  by  his  precipitate  mea* 
fures,  both  in  civil  and  religipui 


i8o2.         Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce.  951 


government.     But  Robert  Bruce 
lived  not  to  fee  the  great  political 
convulfions,  which,  in  ten  years 
after  liis  death,  re-€ftabli£hcd  the 
iScotiOi  Church.     Exhauftcd  Vi^ith 
Sthe  infirmities  of  age,  he  was  for 
ifome  time  almoft  confined  to  his 
chamber  ;  yet,  as  lie  laboured  un- 
der no  adive  difeafe,  his  end  ad- 
vanced flowly.     On  the  13th  of 
Auguft  1 63 1,  having  breakfafted 
with  his  family,  in  the  ufual  man- 
ner, he  felt  death  approaching,  and 
warned  his  children  that  his  maf- 
ter  called  him.    With  thefe  words, 
he  defired  a  Bible  to  be  brought, 
and,  finding  that  his  fight  was  gone, 
he  requefted  his  daughter  to  place 
his  hand  on  the  two  laft  verfes  of 
the  Epiitle  to  the  Romans.  Thefe 
were  highly  exprefflve  of  his  life, 
.his  refolution,  and  his  hopes.  When 
ihis  hand  was  fixed  on  the  words, 
he  remained  for  a  few  moments  fa- 
itisfied  and  filent.     He  had  only 
drength  to  add,      Now  God  be 
!with  you,   my  children,    I  have 
•breakfafted  with   you,    and  fhall 
rfup  to  night  with  the  Lord  Jefus 
fChrift."     He  then  clofed  his  eyes, 
I  and  peacefully  expired, 
i    Such  was  the  end  of  tlie  long 
;and  various  life  of  Robert  Bruce. 
Whatever  opinion  may  be  entertain- 
ed of  his  religious  principles,  by  the 
I  Friends  or  foes   of    a  particular 
t:hurch;  the  fears  of  his  opponents 
jivere  a  fufficient  teftim.ony  of  his 
learning  and  abilities.     That  liis 
Sentiments  poffefTed  not  all  the  m.o- 
deration  which  future  times  have 
Attained,  was  the  fault  of  the  age 
in  which  he  lived.    His  bold  and 
:omprehenfive  mind,  his  ftern  inde- 
pendence, and  unpolluted  integrity, 
\rt  qualities,  which,  under  every 
difadvantage,  procure  the  refpcc^ 
Df  mankind,  and  indicate  fuperio- 
;:ity  of  charader.   Lefs  violent  than 
Melville,   more   enlightened  than 
Knox,  he  viewed  with  a  brighter 
and  milder  eye  tl^c  united  iiuerefls 


of  the  church  and  nation.  His  ca^ 
pacity  for  civil  affairs  was  perceiv- 
ed and  acknowledged  by  his  Sove- 
reign ;  and  to  this  may  be  imputed 
his  misfortunes  and  difgracc.  To 
fruftratc  his  exertions  v/as  tlic  prin- 
cipal  but  unworthy  labour  of  a  long 
reign,  urged  in  dire(5t  oppofition  to 
the  civil  and  religious  liberties  of 
the  people  of  Scotland,  who  ftill 
confider  the  minifter  as  a  faint,  and 
the  king  as  a  tyrant.  The  forti- 
tude of  Robert  Bruce,  under  ba- 
nifhment  and  difgrace,  was  equal 
to  his  dignihed  character  in  profpe- 
rity.  He  joined,  to  the  fpirit  of  a  ba- 
ron, defcended  of  the  nobleft  wan- 
riors  of  his  country,  the  authority 
of  a  minifler  of  Jefus  Chrift.  Ac- 
cuftomed  to  continual  prayer  and  in- 
tenfe  meditation  on  reHgious  fub- 
jeds,  his  ardent  imagination  at 
times,  appears  to  have  loft  itfelf  in 
vifions  of  the  divine  favour;  a  fpe- 
cies,  but  natural  illuHon,  by  which 
the  moft  virtuous  minds  have  been 
deceived  and  fupported,  when  rea- 
fon  or  philofophy  have  been  fum- 
moned  in  vain.  If  his  religious 
firmnefs  fometimes  degenerated  in- 
to bigotry  ;  if  his  boldnefs  infring- 
ed the  freedom  of  the  thrcne,  let  it 
not  be  forgotten  that  a  relaxation 
of  morals  was  the  fiiil:  flep  by 
which  Prelacy  afcendeJ  into  the 
royal  favour,  and,  in  the  fpace  of  a 
few  years,  conducted  both  primate 
and  monarch  to  the  fcafrold. 

The  perfon  of  Robert  Bruce  wa> 
tall  and  dignified.  His  counte- 
nance was  majeftic  ;  and  his  ap- 
pearance  in  the  pulpit  grave,  and 
exprefflve  of  much  autliorily.  Hir 
manner  of  delivery  was  flow  and 
engaging.  In  public  prayer,  which 
with  him  was  always  extemporary^ 
he  vras  Ihort  and  fententious ;  but 
fo  emphatic  was  his  language,  Ij 
ardent  were  his  expreflions,  that  h? 
appeared  to  his  audience  inl'pired 
of  heaven.  His  knowledge  of  the 
fcriplure::  '^-^^  esteniive,  and  accu- 
rate 


95^  Biographical  Account  of  Robert  Bruce. 


Dec. 


rate  beyond  the  attainment  of  his 
age.  His  fkill  in  the  languages,  and 
in  the  fcience  of  thofe  times,  not  to 
mention  his  acquaintance  with  the 
laws  and  conftitution  of  the  king- 
dom, a  branch  of  knowledge  pof- 
feffed  by  few  of  his  brethren,  was 
equal,  if  not  fuperior  to  that  of  any 
of  the  Scotifh  reformers.  In  his 
youth,  he  had  been  fceptical  in  a 
great  and  fundamental  religious 
tiuth,  the  being  of  a  God.  His 
faith,  contrary  to  the  cafe  of  many 
Chriftians,  was  therefore  the  frUit 
of  conviaion,  not  of  education  or 
chance. 

His  fermons,  of  which  fix  teen 
were  printed  in  his  lifetime,  dilplay 
a  boldnefs  of  expreffion,  regularity 
of  ftylc,  and  force  of  argument,  fel- 
dom  to  be  found  in  the  Scotifh 
writers  of  th«  i6th  century.  His 
language  is  now  obfolete,  and  it  is 
neceflary  to  view  the  beauties  of 
his  ftyle  through  a  cloud,  which 
mud  foon  involve  fucceeding  ages. 
His  page  is  full  of  genuine  Scoti- 
cifm,  fuch  as  it  was  fpoken  and 
written  during  the  reign  of  James 
VL  The  philologift,  whofe  pro- 
■vince  it  fhali  be  to  give  to  pofterity 
the  ancient  language  of  Scotland, 
may  find  authority  in  his  writings 
for  many  antiquated  phrafes  which 
were  once  flowers  of  fpceeh,  though 
now  forgotten  even  by  the  vul- 
gar. 

His  firfl  publication  was  five  fer- 
mons on  the  facrament,  preached 
in  the  Spring  of  the  year  1589, 
and  printed  in  the  year  following. 
They  are  dedicated  to  James  VI. 
The  argument  in  them  is  Protef- 
tant  and  Calviniftic  ;  but  as  the  ex- 
preffion in  fome  places  is  obfcure, 
and  as  the  reformers  were  not  always 
accurate  in  their  notions  of  that 
controverted  fubje^,  Mr  Bruce's 
dodrine  was  attacked  by  a  Popifh 
prieft  of  the  name  of  Reynolde  with 
the  ufual  weapons  employed  by  the 
Catholics.    His  fecond  publication. 


the  more  valuable  of  the  two,  con- 
tains eleven  fermons.  It  was  pub- 
lifhed  in  the  year  1591,  with  a  de- 
dication to  the  Town  Council  of 
Edinburgh.  Moft  of  thefe  were 
preached  before  the  king,  and  con- 
tain  addrefTes  made  in  his  prefcnce. 
Many  pafTages  throw  great  light  on 
the  ftate  of  nation,  as  the  minifters 
always  declaimed  againft  popular 
diforders  and  vices.  The  fermons 
on  the  deliverance  from  the  Spanifh 
Armada,  and  on  the  repentance  of 
Bothwell,  are  both  excellent  and 
curious.  A  tranflation  of  the  two 
volumes  into  Englifh  was  publiflied 
in  London  in  the  year  161 7,  and 
is  tnat  which  is  now  moft  common 
in  Scotland. 

Robert  Bruce  was  buried  with» 
in  the  church  of  Larbert,  in  which 
he  had  often  preached  during  the 
latter  part  of  his  life.  People  af 
femblcd  from  all  quarters  to  attend 
his  funeral ;  and  according  to  Cal 
derwood,  between  four  and  five 
thoufand  perfons  followed  his  corpfe 
to  the  grave.  The  number  is  pro- 
bably overftated,  but  the  great  muL 
titude  which  was  prefent  fufficient- 
ly  attcfted  the  honour  in  which 
was  held  by  the  nation.  By  his 
wife  *  Margaret^  daughter  of  James 
Douglas  of  Parkhead,  Lord  Fo- 
therald,  he  left  a  fon  of  his  own 
name  his  fuccefTor  in  the  lands  of 
Kinnaird,  and  two  daughters.  Jame? 
Bruce  of  Kinnaird,  his  defcendar: 
in  the  fixth  generation,  carried  the 
fpirit  and  enterprize  of  his  name 
into  the  diftant  and  unexplored 
country  of  Abyffinia,  and  gave,  t^ 
Britifii  fcience,  the  firfl  certain  ac^ 
count  of  the  origin  of  the  moft  ce- 
lebrated river  in  ancient  hiftory. 


*She  died  in  i6so — eleven  years 
fore  her  hufband. 


953 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

OBSERVATIONS  on  the  STRATA  of  the  SHORE  of 
St  ANDREWS. 


1  THE  ftrata  o(  the  (bore  in  the  vi- 
i:inity  of  St  Andrews  are  almoll  en- 
;  .irely  calcareous.  They  are  of  yari- 
[)us  degrees  or  hardnefs;  fome  qonfift 
|)f  the  moft  friable  fandftone,  others 
j)f  the   inoft  indurated  ironftone, 
\nK\c\-\  takes  a  polifh  almoft  equal  to 
jnarble.    The  large  blocks  and  fea- 
\Norn  nodules,   which,   in  feveral 
blaces  the  waves  have  rolled  con- 
[uredly  on  the  fhore,  are  alfo  calca- 
[•eous,  with  a  few  exceptions  of  gra- 
hite.    St  Andrews  ftands  towards 
;:he  eaft  of  the  bay  which  takes  its 
jienomination  from  the  town.  The 
I  inks  towards  the  weft  which  extend 
;o  the  mouth  of  the  Eden,  have 
evidently  been  deferted  by  the  fea. 
The  foil  confifts  almoft  ^entirely  of 
:omminuted  fand,  fiiells,  &c.  ar^d 
IS  of  fuch  a  loofe  texture,  as  to  be, 
m  few  places,  capable  of  cultiva- 
tion.   A  little  to  the  weft  of  the 
town,  the  fea  has  lately  made  fome 
encroachments,  and  has,  hi  fome 
places,    almoft    undermined  the 
ruins  of  the  caftle,  which  are  men- 
tioned in  an  old  charter  to  have 
been  feparated  from  the  ftiore  by 
an  extenfive  lawn;  where  this  en- 
croachment has  begun,  the  ftrata 
commence.    In  the  eaftern  vicini- 
ty of  the  town  they  are  interrupted, 
but  again  emerge  at  the  diftance  of 
half  a  mile.    Where  they  hrft  e- 
merge,   to   the  weftward  of  the 
town,  they  are   elevated  towards 
the  fea,  and  confift  chiefly  of  a 
heavy  calcareous  iron  ftone,  which 
is  of  a  grey  coloury  impenetrable 
Vol.  LXIV; 


by  w^ater,  poliftkable  and  pcrfe^Iy 
folid.  They  are,  in  fome  places, 
ftuck  full  of  calcined  nodules,  red, 
porous,  and  tender,  and  are  fome- 
times  evated  with  a  hard  red  fcalc 
on  the  fuiface.  In  many  places 
there  are  numerous  minute  punc- 
tures in  the  ftone,  filled  with  a 
blackilh  powder,  which  I  found  to 
be  charcoal,  and  the  various  layers 
are  difcriminated  by  dark  liney 
tinged  with  the  fame  fubftance.  Iri 
every  inftance  w^herc  the  charcoal 
was  found,  the  calcareous  iron- 
ftone did  not  efferverce  with  the 
nitric  and  muriatic  acids.  As  the 
ftrata  extend  towards  the  eaft,  fome 
beds  of  indurated  aluminous  earth, 
biturninous  (hell  and  fchiftus,  con- 
taining the  fulphate  of  alumine  in 
a  confiderable  proportion,  appear  in- 
tercepted. Where  the  fhore  is  a- 
brupt,  and  of  a  confiderable  eleva- 
tion, two  ftrata  of  fcftil  coal  emerge, 
and  run  parallel  to  each  other,  at 
the  diftance  of  about  26  feet,  for  a 
quarter  of  a  mile.  The  calcareous 
ftrata  intercepted  between  the  beds 
of  coal,  are  penetrated  every  where 
by  charcoal,  and  frequently  divi- 
ded by  dark  lines  of  charcoal  which 
run  parallel  to  the  fofiil  coal. 
Thcfe  ftrata  are  alfo  ftuck  full  of 
red  calcined  nodules,  and  often 
contain  iron  at  the  rate  of  40  per 
cent,  as  nearly  as  I  could  judge  by 
the  weight.  In  the  beds  of  fchiftus 
are  inferted  various  parallel  lines 
of  oval  flattifli  nodules,  the  exterior 
ccats  of  which  confift  of  hard  blue 
6N  of 


954 


Str  ata  of  the  Shore  of  St  Andrews. 


DcJ 


or  red  calcareous  fchlftus.  In  the 
interior,  there  is  often  a  fmall  va- 
cuity, lined  with  greyifli  white  c;^l- 
careous  chryfhiUizations,  approach- 
ing the  quadrangular  form,  and 
fometimes  rhombic.  The  interdi- 
ces  or  fcpta,  confift  of  a  white 
chalky  powder,  which  efPcrvcfces, 
with  acids,  though  the  chryftals  do 
not.  Thefe  nodules  appear  to  be 
denominated  by  Pennant,  Nummi 
Diaboli. 

On  the  weft  fide  of  the  caftle,  the 
ftrata  have  evidently  been  dillurbed 
by  a  force  ading  from  below,  as 
appears  from  the  bendings  and  par- 
tial elevations  of  the  horizontal 
beds.  Where  excavations  have  been 
foimed  by  the  waves,  where  a  part 
of  the  ftrata  has  been  accidentally 
feparated,  or  where  the  rock  is 
broke  by  a  hammer,  the  fradlures 
frequently  prefent  a  convex  and 
concave  iurface  difcolourcd  by  char- 
coal. On  the  concave  fide,  and 
fometimes  on  the  convex,  appear 
numerous  puncflures  tilled  with  bi- 
tumen, and  difpofed  regularly  in 
lines,  like  the  knots  in  networjc,  or 
like  the  reticulation  of  maliicated 
bark.  Finding  on  the  iKore  a  fmall 
block  partially  marked  with  thefe 
pun<flures,  I  had  no  hefitation  to 
refer  it  to  the  ftrata  fupei incum- 
bent to  the  foflll  coal,  from  which 
I  fuppofed  the-  bitumen  to  have 
been  fublimated.  But  upon  this 
fuppofition,  it  was  impoilible  to  ac- 
count for  the  regular  difpoficion  of 
the  pundlures.  AfLerwaids,  a  fmall 
cylindrical  mafs  was  found  likewife 
detached,  which  was  completely  co- 
vered with  thefe  embedded  drops 
of  bitumen,^ and  was  fuppofed  tQ  be 
petrified  wood  on  account  of  thefe 
pundlures,  and  of  a  line  of  charcoal 
limilar  to  the  pith  of  a  tree,  by 
which  it  was  penetrated.  A  fpeci- 
nien  of  this  was  fent  over  to  Edin- 
burgh for  the  infpe(Si:ion  of  DrKope, 
but  as  it  was  only  one  of  the  fides 
of  the  cylindrical  mafs,  it  is  pro- 


bable,   that,  like  another  Icarncdi 
ProfefTor,  he  might  niiftake  it  for 
a  petrified  fifli,  as  there  was  nothing 
fibrous  in  its  fradlure,  and  as  the 
carbonic  pith  might  eafily  be  taken 
for  a  back  bone.    But  happening 
to  obferve  fome  of  thefe  punctures 
among  the  difturbed  ftrata,  upon 
breaking  down  conliderable  malfes 
of  the  rock,  the  perfeifl  forms  of 
trees  and  branches  were  found  com- 
pofed  of  tlie  fame  fubftances  with 
the  ftrata  in  which  they  were  em- 
bedded.   Several  of  thefe  were  dug  i 
out,  and  prefented  the  appearance 
of  a  tree  of  calcareous  iron-ftonC  ' 
with  a  bark  of  carbonc.    A  pretty 
ftrong  line  of  carbone  marked  the.i 
place  of  the  pith,  and  the  corruga-i 
tions  of  the  bark  were  dilHndly  re- 
])refented  on  the   convex  fur  face. 
In  one  inftancc,  the  interior  furface' 
of  the  wood,  and  the  exterior  of  the 
bark,  were  diftindlly  exhibited  by, 
thin  coats  of  charcoal,  with  a  thin^ 
layer  of  grey  calcareous  iron  ftone 
between  them.    On  the  convex  fur- 
face  to  which  tlie  exterior  bark  had 
been  applied,  the  fmall  fphericlcs  of 
bitumen  appeared  moft  conftantly 
embedded  in  the  calcareous  iron- 
ftone,  w^hrch  was  often  variegated 
with  lines  and  pundlures  of  char- 
coal throiirrh  its  whole  mafs.  On 
the  eaft  fide  of  the  caftle,  on  the 
horizontal  fuiface  of  rocks  within  the 
lea-mark,  I  obferved,  in  a  greater 
extent,  the  fame  phenomena,  which 
on  the  weft  fide  appeared  where  the 
ftrata    were    abruptly  truncated. 
Stumps  of  trees  and  ends  of  brancMl 
es  projed  irregularly  in  all  dire^ 
tions,  fometimes  almoft  perpenJJB 
cular,  and  at  other  places  nearM 
horizontally.     In   all   thefe,  tfl 
form  is  diftindly  marked  by  thfl 
lines  of  charcoal  that  appear 
foori  as  you  dig  beneath  the  fujH 
face,  and  through  the  whole  maB 
a  confiderable  degree  of  charcoal  is 
difFufed.    In  digging  round  one  of 
thefe  ftumps,  a  piece  of  foffil  cod| 


l802. 


Strata  of  the  Shore  of  St  Andrews. 


was  extra^led,  which  contained  a 
mafs  of  pure  native  fulphur.  The 
forms  of  thefe  petrifadtions  v.^ere  fo 
diftindly  defined,  and  the  ramifica- 
tions fo  obvious,  that  it  was  impof- 
fible  to  confound  them  with  holes 
worn  in  the  ftrata  by  the  fca. 

To  the  eaft  of  St  Andrews,  the 
ftrata  are  bent  and  difturbed  in 
fuch  a  manner,  as  muft  have  re- 
quired the  operation  of  a  force  di- 
rected from  below.  They  feem  to 
have  been  elevated  in  circular  emi- 
nences, by  a  number  of  diilinfi: 
forces,  which  have  fometimes  in- 
terfered to  derange  the  regularity 
of  each  other's  operation,  and  pre- 
fent  a  horizontal  furface  analogous 
to  what  thick  fluid  could  exhibit, 
if  fuddenly  congealed  when  boil- 
ing vehemently.  For  above  three 
miles  on  the  fhore,  numerous  cen- 
ters of  elevation  adjacent  to  each 
other,  and  of  various  dimenfions, 
occur.  There  are  no  compleat 
circles  of  ftrata,  elevated  at  the  cen- 
ter, remaining,  for  the  fea  has 
made  an  impreflion  upon  them,  as 
the  ftrata  are  rent  into  blocks  near- 
ly quadrangular,  the  feparation  of 
which  is  the  more  perfedl  in  pro- 
portion to  their  hardnefs.  But  in 
ieveral  inftances,  fo  much  of  the 
entire  circle' remains,  that  it  would 
be  eafy  to  determine  the  center  of 
elevation.  The  mean  elevation  of 
the  ftrata  feems  to  be  about  thirty 
degrees.  The  diredtion  of  the  ftrata 
in  the  abrupt  precipitous  fhore,  cor- 
refponds  regularly  in  all  their 
bendino-s  to  thofe  on  the  horizon- 


tal beach.  At  one  of  thcfe  cen" 
ters  of  elevation,  a  ftratum  of  gra- 
nite emerges  beneath  numerous  fu- 
perincumbent  beds  of  calcareous 
matter.  In  fome  inftances,  beds 
of  fchiftus  are  intercepted  between 
the  calcareous  ftrata.  About  two 
miles  to  the  eaft  of  St  Andrews, 
fcveral  prodigious  maffcs  of  granite 
and  fhcll,  apparently  indurated  by 
heat,  feem  to  have  been  ejcdlcd 
between  two  calcareous  ftrata  ly- 
ing in  the  fame  dire(5lion.  On  the 
eaft  fide  of  one  of  thefe  maffes, 
a  rude  chryftalization  prefents  it- 
felf,  of  an  oval  figure,  with  rays  di- 
verging from  the  center,  feven  or 
eight  feet  in  every  diredlion.  In 
all  thefe  circular  elevations  of  the 
ftrata  they  are  indurated  towards 
the  center,  much  more  than  in 
the  extremities,  or  in  the  exterior 
ftrata 

In  fome  cafes,  it  appears,  that 
tlie  force  which  elevated  the  cir- 
cular eminences  has  fuddenly  fuf- 
pended  its  operation,  and  even 
ceafed  to  fupport  the  ftrata  in  their 
horizontal  pofition,  fo  that  inftead 
of  a  center  of  elevation,  we  have 
a  center  of  deprefilon  prefented. 
The  regular  circular  form  of  the 
ftrata  in  this  cafe,  clearly  difcri- 
minated  it  from  a  vacuity  left  be- 
tv/een  the  fpheres  of  the  operation 
of  two  elevating  forces.  In  one 
inftance  there  feemed  to  be  a  par- 
tial depreffion  when  the  elevation 
of  the  whole  mafs  was  very  conii- 
derabk, 

B. 


6  N  2        A  JOUR. 


956 


Dec  J 


A  jOURNEY  THROUGH  THE  HIGHLANDS  OF  SCOTLAND, 

IN  THE  MONTHS  OF  JULY  &  AUGUST  I  8o2,  IN  A  SERIES  OF  LETTERS 

to  S  W  ,  EsQi 

Letter  IL 


Dear  Sik, 

IN  addition  to  my  laft,  I  intend- 
ed to  have  infertcd  fome  fketches 
relating  to  the  hiftory  of  the  Foreft, 
and  the  means  of  its  improvement, 
but  feared  you  would  think  I  had 
forgot  the  fubjedl:  of  which  I  pro- 
feded  giving  you  an  account. 

In  lefs  than  half  an  hour  after 
leaving  its  precindls,  I  entered  the 
burgh  of  Peebles,  by  a  ftrong  old 
bridge  of  five  arches  over  the 
Tweed.  Some  are  of  opinion,  that 
it  was  built  by  Alexander  III.  in 
conjundion  with  the  people  of  the 
town ;  but  there  is  a  tradition  pre- 
vails in  Tvvc  eddale,  of  its  having 
teen  built  by  a  great  lady^  and 
that  the  builders  had  their  choice 
cf  a  plack,  or  a  peck  of  meal  as 
^tieir  days  wage.  A  modern  need 
not  wonder  at  this  :  if  you  were 
giving  me  the  value  of  any  thing, 
you  might  fafely  give  me  my  choice 
if  a  worfe  thing  ;  but  when  he 
hears,  that  only  one-third  of  the  ma- 
fons  accepted  of  the  meal,  it  fome- 
what  ftai  ties  him.  At  fuch  a  dif- 
t'ance  hath  time  removed  their  proper- 
tional  value,  that  the  mind  recoils  at 
fwallowing  the  improlxibility.  Pray, 
dear  Sir,  you  who  read  a  great 
nlany  old  books,  try  to  difcover  by 
the  price  of  the  meal,  in  what  reign 
the  bridge  was  built. 

The  town  of  Peebles  is  pleafant- 
ly  fituated  upon  two  ridges,  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  river  Tweed, 
v/hofe  pure  limpid  waters  flow  ae^r 


it,  fometimes  in  the  mod  gentle 
meanders,  in  other  places  inceifant- 
ly  foaming  in  grand  yet  terrific 
wcills.  *  The  water  of  Eddlefton, 
over  which  there  are  two  bridges^ 
interfeds  and  divides  the  town, 
whofe  waters,  foiled  with  the 
tannage,  emit  a  noxious  effluvia, 
efpecially  in  warm  weather:  ex- 
cepting this,  Peebles  is  a  moft  heal- 
thy and  pleafant  fituation.  The 
foil  is  dry  ;  the  air,  paffing  through 
the  mountains,  from  all  dircdlions, 
is  pure  and  ventilated,  the  roads 
good,  and  the  waters  falubrious ; 
and  though  at  fuch  a  diflance  in- 
land, its  elevation  is  not  above  560 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  fea.  It 
is  in  a  flouriftiing  ftate,  both  as  to 
population,  manufactures  and  re- 
pair. Its  churches  are  worthy  of 
notice.  The  high  church,  which 
was  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary, 
ftanding  at  the  head  of  the  old 
town,  is  a  ftrudure  of  great  anti* 
quity  ;  the  date  of  its  foundation  no 
man  can  difcover  ;  but  it  had  been 
thoroughly  repaired  and  endowed 
in  the  1  ith  century,  when  the  ambi- 
tious bifliops  of  RomiC  were  form- 
ing defigns  of  univerfal  fpiritual 
empire.  On  a  rifing  ground,  at  the 
back  of  the  old  town/ is  fituated 


*  A  common  name  in  Tweed  for 

whiilpooli). 


i8o2.     A  Journey  through  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  957 


the  Crofs  Kirk,  fo  denommated,  not 
from  its  fituation,  but  becaufe  it 
was  dedicated  to  the  Holy  Crofs ; 
it  is  a  ftupendous  fabric,  built  in 
the  gothic  ftile,  and  yet  fo  entire, 
as   to  be  quite  defined ;   it  was 
built  by  Alexander  III.  in  the  jev.v 
1260.     The  modern  church  and 
fteeple  furpafs,  in  elegance,  thofe  of 
any  other  country  town  that  I  <^vcr 
faw.    Peebles  is  much  ornamented 
and  profited  by  the  vicinity  of  fun- 
dry  beautiful  villas,  inhabited  by 
families  of  diftinaion.    At  a  fmall 
diftance  from  the  head  of  the  eld 
town,  (lands  the  ftrong  and  antient 
caftle  of  Nedpath  ;  ftrong  and  an- 
tient indeed  it  is,  for  its  walls  are 
about  twelve  feet  in  thicknefs,  and 
the  lime  and  whinftone  fo  ftrongly 
cemented,  as  to  be  rendered  one  fo- 
lid  mafs ;  nor  can  it  be  lefs  than 
700  years  fmce  its  eredlion.  Here, 
at  an  early  period,  refided  the  chief 
of  the  powerful  clan  of  the  Frazers, 
the  anceftor  of  the  families  of  Lo- 
vat  and  Salton  in  the  north.  'Here 
the  gallant  and  patriotic  Sir  Simon 
Frazer  defended  himfelf,  in  the  time 
of  Wallace's  ftruggle  with  the  too 
powerful  Englilh  monarch.  Here, 
he  once  entertained  that  hero,  with 
his  little  band,  in  a  liberal  manner, 
and  often  aflifted  and  befriended 
him.    To  the  intrepid  bravery  and 
fteady  perfeverance  of  this  knight, 
was  it  chiefly  owing,  that  the  Scots 
i  gained  the  fignal  vidory  of  Roflin, 
where    an  army  only  of  10,000, 
headed    by   him     and  Cuming, 
:  defeated  30,000  Englifli  in  three 
,  defperate  anions.     From  this  chief 
I  are  defcended,  in  the  female  line, 
'  the   families   of  the   Marquis  of 
Tweeddale,  and  the  Earl  of  Wig- 
ton,  as  the  blending  of  their  arms 
(exclufive  of  more  fubftantial  proof) 
can  teftify.    It  is  probable  that  the 
Frazers,  in  thofe  eaily  ages,  had 
been  benefactors  to  Peebles,  for  the 
arms  of  the  family  are  to  be  feen  on 
the  crofs  to  this  day. 


On  leaving  Peebles,  I  afc ended 
Eddlefton  water,  paffed  the  village 
of  Eddlefton,  hard  by  whicji,  Ttands 
the  elegant  houfe  of  Darnhall,  fur- 
rounded  with  wood,  a  feat  of  the 
Lord  Elibank's,  and  reached  the 
confines  of  Lothian,  without  feeing 
or  meeting  with  any  thing  v^^orlhy 
of  notice.  On  my  right  rofe  nigh 
mountains  all  over  green,  being  the 
'veftern  extremity  of  that  range 
which  terminates  above  Dunbar ; 
thefe  have  a  beautiful  appearance, 
compared  with  their  eaftern  parts, 
the  bleak  and  dreary  ridges  of 
Lammermuir.  On  my  left,  the 
country  was  more  flat,  and  my 
view  more  extended,  the  foil  cold, 
but  well  fertilized  with  lime. 

Th  country  of  Tweeddale,  v/hicii 
I  nov\^  left,  is  like  the  foreft,  in  every 
fenfe  of  the  v/ord,  pastoral :  it  being 
one   large   chain    of  mountains; 
which  are,  however,  every  where  is- 
teriecfted  by  waters  v/indin<y  through 
•them  to  join  the  Tweed  ;  on  ihe 
fides  of  theie,  extenfive  and  well 
cultivated  vallies  ftretch  themfclves. 
The  hills   on    the   north   of  the 
river   are    clothed    wich    a  beau- 
tiful verdure  ;  thofe  on  the  fouth 
have  a  black  and  highland  appear- 
ance.   The  principal  ftock  on  tliefe 
mountains  is  ftill  the  Scotifh  black 
faced  iheep,   and   they  are  well 
known  for  a  hardy  and  healthy- 
race  :  the  more  fine  wooled  breeds 
are  adopted  on  fome  farms  in  the 
eaftern  parts  of  the  county,  but 
are  advancing  more   fiowly  than 
might  have  been  expedled  in  fuch  a 
fine  pafture  country,  inhabited  by 
an  adtive  and  difcerning  tenantry. 
It  is  probable  indeed,  that  thefe 
mountains  v/ould  not  raife  them  to 
fuch  a  fize  as  the  more  foutheru 
gra/Ty  diftrifts   would,   but  they 
would  maintain  greater  numbers, 
reckoning  by  the  rent ;  the  fleeces 
wotild  be  excellent,  and  the  flieep 
themfelves    hardy   and  durable, 
would,  in  wet  feafons,  cutfcll  tliofe 

on 


I 


958       A  Journey  through  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  Dec 


foft  lands  in  our  ftock  market?. 
*rhe  only  difficulty  and  danger  lies 
in  the  lirft  change  ;  when  once  the 
Cheviot  breed  become  the  natives 
of  a  foil,  there  is  no  difference,  fave 
in  the  lambing  feafon,  for  which  I 
reckon  the  farmer  fully  compcnfa- 
ted  by  the  diiference  in  price,  ex- 
clufive  of  the  prodigious  prices  at 
prefent  given  for  the  fine  wool  ; 
which  I  hope  will  open  the  farm- 
er's eyes  to  his  own  real  profit. 
The  farmers  of  Tweeddale  are  very 
wealthy ;  poifefs  large  tradls  of 
land,  and  are  the  mod  haughty 
race  of  men  of  that  clafs  that  are, 
I  believe,  in  Britain.  The  com- 
monalty, both  in  the  town  and 
country  parts,  are  fober  and  induf- 
trious,  particularized  for  a  ftridt 
obfcrvance  of  the  Sabbath,  and  a 
fteady  attendance  on  Divine  ordi- 
nances. 

I  NOW  reached  Kingfidc  edge, 
;md,  the  day  being  fine,  had  a  fine 
view  of  the  Firth  of  Forth,  witU 
the  numerous  towns  and  villages 
on  its  Ihores  ;  the  extenfive  carfe  of 
Lothian,  waving  with  a  mofl  luxu- 
riant and  promifing  crop,  raifed  in 
my  mind  pleafant  reflections  on  the 
bounties  of  j:«-ovidence  to  this  fa- 
voured ifle.  Defcending  a  long  de- 
clivity, I  reached  the  village  of 
Howgate,  the  llage,  and  about 
midway  between  Peebles  and  Edin- 
burgh ;  here  I  halted  a  little,  and 
proceeded  flowly  on  until  nearly 
oppofitePennycuik,where,  on  a muir, 
which  I  think  they  call  Pcmathorn, 
I  beheld  a  numerous  croud,  male 
and  female,  on  horfeback  and  on 
foot,  intermixed  without  order  or 
regularity :  I  could  not  conceive 
what  occafion  had  called  out  fuch 
numbers.  Obferving  ftrange  dref- 
fes,  I  expedled  inflantly  to  fee  a 
Merry  Andrew,  but  a  ftir  begin- 
ning to  rife,  they  drew  off  in 
detached  numbers  :  I  now  .  anti- 
cipated a  review  of  the  military, 


and  jogged  on,  looking  eagerly  for- 
ward, until  accofted  by  a  lout, 
fhout  from  the  crowd  to  clear  th( 
way  ;  drawing  my  bridle  to  lean: 
what  it  meant,  I  was  informed  by 
one  nearer  me,  that  I  was  defired 
to  be  fo  good  as  to  take  one  fide  of 
the  road,  which  I  did,  joining  a  fo- 
litary  gentleman  on  horfeback,  but 
obferving  his  eyes  rivettcd  toward 
thatpart  of  the  muir  where  the  multi- 
tude was  thickeft,  I  looked  the  fame 
way.  The  myftery  was  now  clear- 
ed up  ;  feveral  horfes  flarted  for  a 
race,  and  after  running  thrice  round 
a  certain  courfe  on  the  muir,  one 
of  them,  a  fmall  handfome  gallo- 
way,  won.  I  then  ventured  to  afk 
the  gentleman  if  he  knew  whether 
there  were  to  be  any  more,  and  was 
told  there  was  another  to  flart  in  a, 
few  minutes,  that  if  I  would  wait, 
he  would,  accompany  me  to  Leith, 
for,  owing  to  the  tide  going  out  fo 
late  we  could  eafily  get  there  time 
enough  for  the  race.  I  acquiefced, 
and  enquired  about  the  origin  of  the 
races  we  were  now  viewing,  he  faid 
they  were  put  out  by  a  club  of  boys^  i 
each  paying  fo  much  annually  to  a? 
box  or  common  ftock,  for  thefupport ! 
of  fuch  members  as  fhould  be  reduced  ''\ 
by  ficknefs  or  misfortune,  that  this 
was  a  holiday  with  them,  (the  annl- 
verfary  of  their  club  he  fuppofed) 
that  they  would  fpend  the  evening 
in  foot  races  and  dancinsf ;  that 
thefe  were  the  members  fo  fantafti- 
cally  dreffed  with  ribbons,  v/hich 
they  had  got  from  the  neighbour- 
ing girls,  whom  they,  in  return, 
would  treat  at  their  ball  in  the 
evening ;  that  there  had  lately  been 
another  day  of  diverfion  by  the 
whipmen,  another  and  flronger  club, 
at  which  the  farmers  grudged,  as 
it  took  all  their  fe r van ts  from  v/ork. 
The  fecond  race  was  now  annou 
ced  by  the  drum,  when  a  blac 
horfe  and  a  brown  flarted;  th 
latter  was    always   behind  un^* 


i8o2*      A  Journey  through  toe  Highlands  of  Scotland,  959 


near  the  goal,  when  he  fprung  by 
and  won  the  race,  contrary  to  my 
expedation.  They  then  rode  off 
with  a  fort  of  regularity,  two  men 
in  rank^  preceded  by  the  drum  ;  the 
members  were  all  moft  ajl  on  horfes, 
feme  of  which  were  very  lean.  I 
never  in  all  my  life  faw  ribbons 
more  unfitly  matched  than  on  fome 
of  the  riders ;  they  feemed  to  have 
only  one  fuit  of  clothes,  and  the 
day  being  warm,  many  of  them  had 
left  their  ftockings  and  fhoes  behind 
them ;  I  would  not  have  given 
foi  ty  Ihillings  for  man,  horfe,  rai- 
ment, and  furniture,  one  half  of 
which  I  rate  as  the  value  of  the 
ribbons.  As  my  comrade  was 
very  far  from  being  communicative, 
little  more  pafled  in  our  way 
to  Leith,  where  we  arrived  jtift 
time  enough  to  fee  the  laft  heat, 
which  w^as  won  by  a  black  mare 
belonging  to  the  Duke  of  Hamil- 
ton. Scarcely  had  I  arrived  at  my 
lodgings  in  the  Candle-maker-rovv, 
and  difpofed  of  m}^  horfe  for  the 
night,  when  I  encountered  feveral 
acquaintances  of  my  o\vn  country, 
on  their  way  to  the  theatre.  Al- 
though I  felt  myfelf  ftrongly  in- 
clined for  fome  refrefhment,  having 
got  no  dinner,  I  reiinquifhed  it  for 
the  fake  of  their  company  during 
the  evening,  promillng  myfelf  the 
higheil:  entertainment  Irom  that  and 
the  ftage,  a  performance  which 
I  had  never  but  once  feen  before. 
We  feated  ourfelves  a|pout  the  middle 
of  the  pit,  and  I  was  more  highly 
diverted  by  the  fnrewd  remarks  of 

Mr  A  P  ,  w^ho  fat  next  me, 

than  with  any  thing  1  faw  or  heard 
that  night.  The  play  was,  «  The 
Heir  at  Law,'  which  I  had  never 
read,  confequently  can  mAke  few 
remarks  on  it ;  but  as  an  illiterate 
countryman's  opinions  of  the  play 
and  adtors  are  very  likely  to  be 
quite  different  from  that  of  every 
other  perfon,  I  cannot  refift  the  im- 
pulfe  of  telling  you  mine  in  broad 


Scotch.  In  fhort,  then,  Mr  Rock 
is  my  favourite  aclor,  fo  fmgularly 
docs  he  mould  his  features  and  ac- 
tion to  the  occafion,  that  he  hov/- 
ever  miffed  the  defired  occafion  on 
me  ;  and  I  really  believe,  that,  in 
any  w^himflcal  charafjer,  this  old 
fellow  is  an  adept;  befides  he  fpep.ks 
v/ith  an  audible  voice,  which  is  ai^ 
article  of  greater  importance  than 
many  of  them  feem  to  be  aw^are  of, 
and  in  a  language  which  I  perfedl- 
ly  underitood  ;  the  dialed  of  moft 
of  them  being  lb  much  infe(fl:ed 
with  the  Northumberland  burr,  was 
much  the  fame  to  me  as  the  Gaelic 
proved  afterwards  ;  this  they  pof- 
fibly  do  from  affe(f!:ation,  and  in  or- 
der to  appear  quite  grand,  but  as 
you  fee  I  value  things  on  their  ori- 
gin, I  muft  tell  you  a  (lory  con- 
cerning the  origin  of  this  vile  way 
of  fpeaking  the  letter  R,  by  which 
I  cannot  diftinguifh  throat  from 
thought,  nor  almoH.  any  one  word 
from  another. 

It  happened  once  long  ago,  when 
the  kings  of  Scotland  and  England 
were  living  on  good  terms,  wdiich 
they  feldom  did,  that  the  latter 
wrote,  by  his  fecretary,  to  the  for- 
mer, to  favour  him  vv'ith  a  pattern 
of  the  Scotifh  horfes  and  the  Scotifa 
brogues ;  as  the  difference  in  fpcll- 
ing  the  fame  words  had  been  con- 
fiderable  in  the  two  different  king- 
doms, the  Scotiih  fecretary  for  Iior- 
fes  and  brogues,  read  w^hores  and 
rogues!  —  you  have  none  of  thefe 
about  Edinburgh  now  my  dear 
Sir — but  it  feems  there  had  been 
fome  few  at  that  time  ;  for  my  in- 
former faid,  the  king  of  Enghmd 
could  not  have  afked  cominodities 
that  our  king  could  better  fparc  : 
he  accordingly  filled  a  ihip  of  them, 
which  he  fent  off  to  his  loving  bro- 
thtr  of  England,  who  hearing  who 
were  on  the  way,  ordered  out  boats 
to  meet  them,  and  charged  them 
on  pain  of  death  not  to  land  on 
Englilh ground.  They  then  returned 

home- 


96q       a  Journey  through  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  I)ec. 


homeward,  but  foon  received  t!ie 
I'ame  fevere  meffage  from  the  king 
of  Scots.  RcpulfeJ  from  both 
countries,  they  finally  anchored  in 
tlie  mouth  of  the  Tv/ted,  and  built 
Be: wick,  on  the  very  march  bc- 
twtr-n  the  two  kin^dorni^  j  bnt  as 
neithc^r  foveieign  would  own  tlv.m,^ 
it  became  a  place  by  itfelf,  neither 
in  Sco.iand  nor  England,  as  it 
h>  at  this  day ;  and  its  fjrll  inhabi- 
tants, by  their  loofc  licentious  way 
of  living,  contraded  tlia  burr  in 
their  threat,  fo  prevalent  through 
all  Northumberland,  the  biflioprick 
of  Durham>  and  on  Edinburgh  ft  age, 
to  this  day.  Pray,  dear  Sir,  don't 
tell  a  Berwick  m^n  this  ftory^ 

But  to  return  to  our  play; 
-—Mr  Wefton  pleafed  me  exceed- 
ino-lv  in  the  charadier  of  E/ekieJ 
Homefpun  ;  he  aded  fome  parts  in 
the  very  fame  way  an  honell  pca- 
fant  would  have  done  naturally  on 
the  fame  occafions ;  but  on  any  ex- 
cefs  of  joy  he  was  by  far  too  ful- 
fome,  in  particular,  yvhen  he  got 
the  prize  in  the  lottery;  had  he 
then  put  on  a  niJ^lk  of  the  moft  af- 
fcded  indifference,  taking  care  that 
his  extravagant  joy  fhculd  now  and 
then  appear  through,  it  would  fure- 
ly  have  been  far  more  in  charader 
than  leaping  and  roaring  and  fmg- 
iiig,  difregarding  every  thing  elfe 
but  his  great  luck.  But  upon  the 
whole,  Mr  Wefton  acled  well  :  but 
like  yourfelf,  I  inherit  the  fingu- 
lar  propenfity  of  picking  faults 
•with  every  thing  that  plealeth  me. 
There  was  one  Mr  H.  Johnfton  of. 
ten  fainted  vrith  loud  claps  and 
bur  (Is  of  applaufe  :  I  w^as  very  glad 
to  fee  the  people  fo  w-ell  pleafed, 
for,  excepting  a  becoming  affurance 
I  could  difcover  no  excellency,  in 
his  performance.  I  joined  heartily 
in  applauding  his  wife;  Jlie  was  fo 
beautiful,  I  could  not  help  it.  She 
fupported  the  charader  of  the  Eng- 
liih  captive  in  the  '  Sultan,'  which 
was  acted  as   an  afterpiece  with 


great  life.  I  have  often  read  of  the 
moderatio.n  of  an  Edinburgh  audi- 
ence, and  that  it  was  the  fafeft 
place  for  either  a  middhng  play,  or 
player,  to  make  their  firft  appear- 
ance  ;  but  the  contrary  was  verified 
here  to-night:  a  Mr  Mordaunt  ap- 
peared  for  the  firft  time  on  the 
ftage;  \  thought  the  goodlinefs  of 
his  pcrfon,  and  the  misfortunes  of 
the  cha'-ader  which  he  reprcfenteS, 
m.igh.  at  leaft  have  claimed  pa- 
tient hearing,  but  all  was  in  vain- 
no  footer  had  he  and  Mr  '.iLillen- 
der  entered,  than  the  buzz  beg.in, 
which  conlined  to  grow  loader  and 
more  bi'  icr  at  every  entrance  ;ind 
evit :  they  never  ftaid  to  .'le  whe- 
ther they  were  going  to  ad  w:ii  or 
ill.  The  men  were  put  entirely  out  of 
countenance,  blundering  their  parts^, 
and  bliilhing  like  crimfon,  nor  was' 
it  any  wonder,  unlefs  they  were 
bred  inn-keepers,  it  was  inipofiible 
they  could  ftand  it."  'Vix  Mullender.: 
entered  afterwards  in  the  charader 
o^"  the  Sultan,  wheri  fo  loud  grew 
the  buzz  of"  difapprobation/  that  he 
ftopped,  appealing  to  the  audience 
how^  it  was  poffible  he  could  prO-> 
cecd  whilft  fo  infulted,  and  offering! 
to  defift.  This  had  the  defaed  ef^/ 
fed,  he  was  called  to  proceed  froml 
all  corners,  which  he  did,  and  was; 
no  more  found  fault  with.-  Being' 
obliged  to  wait  on  fome  people  in 
town  before  T  proceeded  northward, 
t  found,  that  in  preferring  my 
a^tiufement  to  my  other  concerns, 
I  had  fruftrated  my  defign  of  reacfa- 
iiig  Kinrofs  next  night.  Still  I 
thought  there  might  be  a  poffibiiity 
of  abridging  my  vifits,  and  riding 
there  on  the  afternoon ;  but,  on  hear- 
ing Ilamlet  announced  for  next 
evening,  I  determined  to  ftay  ano- 
ther day  in  Edinburgh,  and  do 
every  thing  with  deliberation :  as  I 
kept  a  journal  in  which  I  am  unwil- 
ling to  make  a  break,  you  muft  liften 
patiently  w^hile  I  inform  you  how  I 
fpent  the  day. 


1  So2.         Journey  through  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  961 


I  HAD  always  flattered  myfelf, 

that  I  would  find  in  Mr  W  

L  ,  a  ready  and  enter- 
taining afTociate  in  my  journey, 
but  being  newly  returned  from  an 
excurlion  of  the  fame  nature,  he 
abfolutely  refufed  to  accompany 
ine  ;  he  however  informed  me,  that 

Mr  A          M  intended  a  jaunt 

through  the  Highlands,  and  even 
the  very  road  which  I  then  propo- 
fed  taking,  and  that  he  verily  be- 
lieved he  would  avail  himfelf  of  the 
prefent  opportunity  and  accompany 
me  ;  I  was  fatisfied,  as  firmly  be- 
lieving that  he  would,  for,  as  Ram- 
fay  fays; 

*  What  we  wifh  we  trow  at  ony  rate.'' 

The  hopes  of  traverfing  the  wild  rb- 
inantic  fcenery  of  Athol,  Badenoch, 
and  Rofs-fliire,  in  corhpany  with  a 
Inan  about  my  own  age,  who  was 
a  painter,  a  poet,  and  a  philofopher, 
and  born  and  bred  by  the  fide  of 
my  own  native  ftream,  fo  elevated 
and  raifed  my  fpiritsj  that  I  adual- 
ly  had  fometimes  put  the  fpurs  to 
the  bcaft,  and  was  gone  off  at 
full  gallop  without  perceiving  it, 
1  hailed  to  his  lodgings. — He  could 
hot  go  ! — What  would  I  have  giveit 
for  my  uncle  Toby  to  have  whiftled 
Lillabullcro  !  But  as  I  had  him  not^ 
I  raifed  the  tinlcer's  whilHe  as  well 
as  I  could  myfelf.  I  had  the  mor- 
tification now  to  difcover  that  my 
credulity  had  brought  me  to  the  al- 
ternative of  delaying  my  journey 
iintil  late  in  Autumn,  or  making  it 
alone ;  the  former  of  which  I  had 
nearly  refolved  on  before  I  tailed 
on  your  worfhip,  whofe  remon- 
ftrances  foon  determined  me  to  pro- 
ceed. There  were  fundry  other 
gentlemen  whom  I  thought  it  in- 
cumbent on  me  to  fee,  but  though 
I  fhortened  my  vifits  exceedingly, 
I  faw  not  the  half  of  them.  Not 
being  acquainted  with  the  crofs 
lanes,  I  take  a  weary  time  to  trai- 
verfe  Edinburgh  ;  before  I  can  find 
Vol.  LXIV, 


a  place  that  I  want,  I  generally  walk 
thrice  as  much  as  I  need  to  do  ; 
and  if  I  find  it,  which  is  not  always 
the  cafe,  my  intellectual  powers  are 
commonly  fo  much  difordered  by 
fatigue  and  heat,  that  I  feldom  re- 
lifh  their  convcrfation  fo  much  as 
their  drink.   Having  fpent  the  fore- 
part of  the  day  in  this  manner, 
1  went  down  on  foot  to  Leith  to  fee 
the  race,  wliich  was  a  good  one ; 
Logic  o'  Buchan  beating    the  o- 
ther  only  a  very  fmall  fpace  :  on 
coming   in,   however,   they  both 
foundered,  threw  the  riders,  hurt 
one  of  them  confiderably,  and  knock- 
ed down  a  poor  boy.  I  faw  him  car- 
ried by  me  in  tje  greateft  agony, 
and,  as  I  believed,  on  the  borders 
of  eternity ;   I  felt  extremely  for 
hirh,  and  wifiied  for  his  fake,  that 
there  had  been  no  race  that  day. 
There  was  another  one  by  four  or 
five  horfes  in  the  intervals ;  they 
were  very  unequally  matched,  and 
caufed  much  laughing.    They  af- 
forded very  fmall  entertainment  to 
me,  far  lefs  than  did  a  blind  fiddler, 
whom  I  encouraged  to  ftay  near 
me  and  play  fome  of  my  favourite 
tunes^   by  dropping  halfpence  to 
him  now  and  then.    I  would  not 
exchange  a  fight  of  a  foot  race  by 
half-a-dozen  (lark  ihepherds  for  all 
the  horfe  races  I  ever  faw  ;  in  the 
different  emotions  painted  ia  lively 
colours  on  the  faces  of  each  of  the 
former,  the  human  heart  partakes ; 
the  feelings  are  interefted ;  whilft 
their  various  manoeuvers  conlf  itute  a 
fubje(fl  of  mirth  for  a  length  of 
time.    I  could  make  nothing  this 
w'ay  of  the  horfe  ;  the  only  fcnfa- 
tions  I  felt  were  rather  unplcafant ; 
I  pitied  the  poor  animals  that  were 
flrairied  at  fuch  a  rate,  and  trembled 
for  the  riders,  who  were  cleaving 
the  atmofphere  with  a  velocity  I 
had  never  before  witneifed,  favmg 
in  the  bolt  that  precedes  the  peal 
of  thunder ;   even  the  LochfK:enc 
eaigk,  in  all  her  f)ride5  m?thoug-hc. 


962      A  Journey  through  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  Dec. 


could  fcarcely  have  kept  above 
their  heads.  The  crowd  was  pro- 
digious. I  never  expe(5ted  to  fee 
lb  many  people  together  in  this 
world,  and  many  of  them  I  am  fare, 
knew  not  for  what  they  were  come 
together,  there  being  thoufands  on 
the  fiinds  betwixt  the  carriages  and 
the  fcaiFolds  that  could  not  fee  the 
heads  of  the  riders  ;  I  was  however 
peculiarly  fatisfied,  believing  it  to  be 
the  iifue  of  an  ugly  dream  which 
1  had  on  a  preceding  night,  and 
which  I  took  for  the  outline  of  a 
far  raore  terrible  and  fublime  c- 
vent.  My  fentimcnts,  with  refpe(5l 
to  dreams,  being  exadly  conform- 
able to  thofe  of  Nicholas  in  the 
Dialogue  in  a  country  Church- 
yard, which,  in  cafe  you  have  not 
the  opportunity  of  perufmg,  I  will 
here  tranfcribe  the  paffage  : 

Laft  night  when  funk  in  deep  repofe. 
My  guardian  angel  did  unveil 

Sad  fones  !  and  to  my  foul  difclos'd 
What  mortal  tongue  can  ne'tr  re- 
veal. 

Acknowledge  :  haft  thou  never  yet, 

Whtn  a^fling  fcenes  in  nature  o'er, 
An  inward  recollei5\ion  met 

Of  having  view'd  the  fame  before  ? 
Nor  is  it  Arange. — Futurity 

Tho'  wrapt  in  mift — to  human  ken 
Seems  ftiapelefs — yet  a  fpirit's  eye 

Some  giant  features  may  difcern. 
And  in  the  wild  and  dreary  wafte, 

The  village  fair  or  noify  towns; 
Wherever  fmiles  the  human  face 

There  fpirits  Ikim  their  airy  rounds. 

A  guardian  friend,  his  favorite  charge 
May  thus  of  hid  events  apprize, 

By  great  outlines  unfurled  at  large 
On  lleep  to  fancy's  lidlcfs  eyes. 

I  dreamed  of  fuch  crov/ds !  nothing 
but  people  as  far  as  the  eye  could 
reach,  and  awaking  in  trepidation, 
the  imprcffion  fat  heavy  on  my 
mincV:  1  was  going  what  I  count- 
ed a  long  journey,  and  knew  not 
the  confequences,  but  I  was  now  fa- 
tisfied, that  what  I  took  for  a  vi- 
iiQIiary  perfpeftive  of  the  day  of 


judgment  had  only  been  one  of 
Lcith  races. 

The  only  other  things  that  I  no- 
ticed on  my  way  to  and  from 
Leith  were,  two  men  with  each  a 
handful  of  printed  papers,  the  con- 
tents of  v/hich  they  were  crying 
nearly  as  follows,  "  A  true  lift  of  aU 
the  ladies,  &c.  &c."  I  was  (hocked 
at  this  open  violation  of  decency,  fuch 
an  advertifement  I  had  never  heard 
before  :  but  I  hope  they  were  not 
fuch  ladies  as  I  really  took  them  for. 

Immediately  below  the  Circus, 
at  the  head  of  the  walk,  there  is  a 
fmall  pavement  for  foot  paffengers, 
over  which   the   carts  were  con- 
ftantly  crofling  :  there  flood  a  tall 
meagre  figure,  with  a  befom  nearly 
as  long  as  himfclf,  fweeping  the 
pavement  at  the  approach  of  any 
well  dr  effed  people,  then  taking  off  his' 
hat,  he  bowed  low,  prefenting  it  to  re- 
ceive what  they  were  pleafed  to  give 
him  for  his  pains.    Farther  down,, 
on  the  fame  fide,  ftood  a  mutilated 
figure  of  a  failor,   in   the  fame 
humbling  attitude.     I  eyed  thern 
both,  but  having  no  halfpence,  I 
refolved     to    give    them  fome- 
thing  on  my  return ;  it  is  a  very ; 
fmali  pii  tance  indeed  tliat  my  cir#^ 
cumfcrlbed  fortune  (if  a  few  fcores-' 
of  fiiecp  may  be  called  a  fortune) 
can  afford  in  charity,  but  I  never 
pafs  one  that  afks  it  v*^ithout  giving 
fome thing  if  I  have  it :  I  cannot 
fuffer  a  craving  look  from  a  dog 
but  when   a  fellow- mortal  inter- 
cedes, Avho  is,  perhaps,  in  every, 
other  refpedl,  a  better  man  than 
myfcif ;  Good  God  !  can  I :  can 
any  perfon  refule  w^hat  is  of  fuch. 
fmall  value  to  him  1  Pll  tell  you  my 
dear  Sir,  what  you  may  do  for  an 
experiment ;  for  I  knov/  your  heart 
is  "  tender  to  the  laft  degree,"  llie 
next  poor  ragged,  emaciated  wretcli 
that  begs  your  charity,  try  to  put, 
yourfelf  in  his  place,  from  whicla  iu 
is  out  of  the  power  of  prefent  afflu- 
ence to  exempt  yo;i  in   the  in- 
con-  . 


J 


On  the  Uses  of  History. 


9^3 


conftant  affairs  of  life ;  believe  this 
for  a  little,  and  you  will  find  how 
it  will  melt  you.    Accordingly,  I 

I  came  up  the  fame  road,  the  failor 
jbowed,  and  I  g^ve  him  his  penny. 

I I  walked  flowly  bye  my  long  man 
with  the  befom. — He  ftood  as  up- 
right as  the  fliaft  of  his  inftrument ! 
—  [  kept  my  penny. — He  had  his 
eyes  fixed  upon  fome  ladies  and 

i  gentlemen  who  were  coming  hand 
in  hand  up  behind  me,  he  fwept 
the  road  and  bowed  low  to  them — 
I  They  gave  him  nothing  ! — you  had 
[as  good  have  bowed  to  me  friend, 
jfaid  I  to  myfelf,  and  walked  off, 
laughing  at  my  own  fiUInefs,  and 


queftloning  much  he  fource  of  my 
charity. 

IperfuadcdM  ^^^on  whofe  judg- 
ment I  depended  more  than  on  my 
own,  to  accompany  me  to  the  theatre, 
fomewhat  again  ft  his  inclination ; 
we  faw  one  of  the  beft  plays  of  my 
favourite  author  adcd,  my  remarks 
on  which,  I  muft  defer  at  this  time  ; 
if  you  dcfire  it,  you  (hall  have  them" 
in  my  next,  and  if  you  do  not,  I 
will  proceed  with  my  journey ;  in 
the  mean  while,  fulFer  me  to  fub- 
fcribe  myfelf,  dear  Sir,  your  ever 
faithful 

iV».";."8L..}  SHEPHERD. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 


On  the  uses  of  HISTORY. 


j  IN  whatever  point  of  view  we 
confider  hiftory,  the  advantages  at- 
tending the  ftudy  of  it  appear  great 
and  manifold.  Men  are  not  fo  di- 
verfified  in  their  habits  and  purfuits, 
as  not  to  find  fomething  in  it,  which 
they  may  appropriate  to  their  own 
feparate  profeffion.  There  the  ftatef- 
man  finds  a  repofitory  of  political 
fcience,  the  philofopher  a  treafure 
of  interefting  fads,  and  the  divine  a 
continued  regifter  of  the  conduct  of 
Providence. 

These,  indeed,  may  be  faid  to 
be  particular  ufes  of  hiftory.  Thofe 
which  I  intend  to  confider  are  com- 
?non  to  every  reader  of  a  cultivated 
underftanding.  They  may  be  re- 
duced to  four  articles.  Firft,  hiftory 
furnifties  a  fource  of  intelledual  en- 
tertainment. Secondly,  it  facili- 
tates the  acquifition  of  knowledge. 
Thirdly,  it  proves  a  vehicle  of  moral 


inftrudiort.  And,  laftly,  it  tends 
to  promote  the  purpofes  of  religion. 

First,  of  the  intelledual  enter- 
tainment which  hiftory  affords. 
This  exprefTion  may,  at  firft  fight, 
feem  vague  and  indeterminate.  A 
few  remarks,  however,  vrill,  I  think, 
afcertain  its  meaning,  and  evince 
the  propriety  of  its  application  to 
hiftory. 

A  CAPACITY  for  receiving  delight 
from  the  employment  of  our  mental 
powers,  is  what  raifes  man  above 
the  brutes,  and  unites  him  with  the 
angels  and  with  Deity. 

The  pleafures  peculiar  to  the 
mind,  in  contradiftindion  to  thofc 
which  belong  to  the  body,  are  de- 
nominated by  the  general  epithet 
intelledual.  But  as  there  are  feve- 
ral  powers  of  the  mind  ;  and  as  each 
has  its  feparate  province,  and  its 
feparate  objeds,  our  intelledual 
6  O  2  pies. 


On  the  Uses  oj  History. 


Dec. 


pleafures  difFer,  not  only  in  degree, 
bat  in  kind. 

The  works  of  tafte  are  various. 
Some  of  them  are  addrelfed  to  the 
underftanding,  fome  to  the  imagi- 
nation, and  others  endeavour  to 
engage  both.  Still,  however,  we 
have  but  one  general  word  by  which 
we  can  exprefs  the  agreeable  feel- 
ings which  thefe  feveral  produdions 
occafion. 

Hen  ce,  not  only  hiftory  and  poe- 
try,  but  even  novels  and  romances, 
may  be  faid  to  give  intelle(5^ual  en- 
tertainment. But  wide  is  the  dif- 
ference betwixt  the  nature  of  the 
pleafure  which  arifes  from  compofi- 
tions  of  the  latter  kind,  and  that 
which  flows  from  hiftory. 

The  only  objedl  of  fidlitious  hifto- 
ry in  general,  is  to  occupy  the  ima- 
gination ;  and  its  only  ufe  to  fill  up 
a  vacant  hour.  The  hiftorian,  on  the 
other  hand,  endeavours  to  make 
beauty  the  medium  of  inftru(51ion, 
and  to  edify,  whilft  he  delights 
us.  That  intelle(5lual  entertainment, 
which  he  affords,  is  the  fource  of 
fome  of  the  fublimeft  and  moft  plea- 
fureable  emotions  of  which  the  hu- 
man mind  is  fufceptible.  It  arifes 
from  the  acquifition  of  knowledge 
and  the  gratification  of  tafte  ;  from 
the  exercise  of  our  rational  faculties 
and  of  our  moral  feelings. 

Novels  and  romances  owe  their 
power  to  pleafe  to  the  refemblance 
they  bear  to  the  events  that  adually 
take  place  in  the  world;  Hiftory 
prefents  us,  not  with  the  appear- 
ance,' but  the  reality.  Truth  pof- 
feifes  charms  which  the  arts  of  hc- 
tion  may  imitate,  but  which  they 
never  can  rival.  If  the  bare  pic- 
ture therefore  pleafe,  the  original 
muft  captivate. 

•  Fancy  may  be  amufed  by  the  de- 
tails of  fidiiious  hiftory  :  the  igno- 
rant and  the  idle  may  doat  on  fuch 
productions  as  fufpend  thought  and 
animate  not  to  adion.  But  the  man 
whofe  mind  is  letined  by  fcience^ 


and  whofe  heart  fceU  the  force  of 
thofe  obligations  he  is  under,  as  a 
member  of  fociety,  will  value  books 
only  in  proportion  as  they  tend  to 
ftrengthen  and  improve  his  moral 
powers  in  union  with  his  intelledtual 
faculties.  From  the  delineation  of 
imaginary  fcenes,  fuch  a  man  may 
indeed  receive  entertainment;  but 
it  is  at  moft  a  tranfient  unfubftantial 
pleafure.  When  inoft  deeply  inte- 
refted  in  the  fate  of  the  ideal  hero, 
the  uneafy  recollection  will  be  per^ 
petually  recurring,  that  all  before 
him  is  as  airy  as  the  bafelefs  fabric 
of  a  vifion,  and  as  ufelefs  for  any 
of  the  purpofes  of  real  life. 

In  hiftory  the  incidents^arc  no  lefs 
various  and  affeding  than  in  ro- 
mance. But  the  agents  there  are 
not  phantoms.  They  are  men  of  like; 
pafllons  with  ourfclves  ;  who  have 
aded  a  part  on  the  fame  ftage  on, 
which  we  are  placed,  and  of  whofe? 
life  the  events  are  recorded  for  our' 
admonition. 

Every  exercife  of  our  intelledual 
powers,  and  every  increafe  of  know- 
ledge is  grateful  to  the  human  mind# 
The  conftitution  of  our  nature  gives,' 
however,  a  particular  intereft  to| 
whatever  relates  to  the  condition  of. 
our  fellow  creatures.  We  perufe^ 
with  avidity  the  hiftory  of  paft  ages^; 
not  more,  becaufe  to  men  who  pre* 
ceded  us  in  point  of  time,  we  may 
be  remotely  indebted  for  exiftence, 
than  becaufe  they  were  beings  capa- 
ble of  the  fame  erjoyments  with  our- 
felves,  fubjed  to  the  llime  calami- 
ties, and  aduated  by  the  fame  de- 
fires.  We  feel  that  our  nature  is 
the  fame  with  theirs.  We  recognife 
a  kindred  connedion.  "  We  per- 
ceive that  we  too  are  men  that  are 
rapidly  defcending  with  the  ftreani 
of  time  ;  and  as  we  read  their  ftoryi 
future  ages  rife  on  our  foul,  and  we 
pay  to  their  memory  that  tribute  of 
refped  which  we  fo  fondly  wifti  pof- 
terity  may  pay  to  ours. 


j8o2 


On  the  Uses  of  History. 


The  fludy  of  hlftory  is,  In  another 
\vay,fubfervient  to  intelledlual  enter- 
tainment.   We  delight  in  the  con- 
templation of  what  is  perfed  and 
complete  in  its  kind.    We  trace  e- 
vents  to  their  caufes,  and  are  not 
fatisfied  till  we  difcover  their  confe- 
quences.     Aflifted  by  obfervation 
folely,  it  would  be  rarely  indeed, 
that  this  principle  could  be  gratified. 
Many  of  the  events  which  take  place 
around  us,  originated  in  caufes  that 
exifted  before  we  were  born,  and 
jnany  caufes  now  in  their  infancy 
will  continue  to  ojperate  when  we 
have  left  the  abodes  of  mortality. 
Hence  the  number  of  events  which, 
from  the  brevity  of  life,  appear  in- 
fulated  and  difordered,  which,  not- 
ftanding,  are  mutually  dependent 
and  intimately  linked  together.  In 
hiftory   this    defed   is  remedied. 
Time  is  there  prolonged  and  fpace 
enlarged.    We  are  prefented  with 
the  commencement,  the  progrefs, 
and  the  termination  of  the  adtion. 
We  fee  events  as  they  preceeded,  ac- 
companied, or  fucceeded  each  other. 
We  behold  caufes  and  confequences, 
immediate  or  remote* 
♦  In  thefe  refpedls  I  confider  hif- 
tory as 'a  fource  of  intelledlual  en- 
tertainment. '  But  we  remarked  far- 
ther, that  it  facilitates  the  acquifi- 
tion  of  kno\vledge. 

History  enlarges  our  knowledge 
of  human  aifairs  ;  and,  before  we 
enter  into  the  world,  prepares  us  for 
the  bufmefs  in  which  we  muft  there 
engage.  More  information  by  this 
means  may  be  obtained  in  a  few 
years,  than  could  be  fupplied  by  ob- 
fervation in  the  courfe  of  the  long- 
eft  life.  Experience  is  indeed  a  faith- 
ful guide ;  and  her  leffons  are  fo 
ftrongly  enforced,  that  they  are  not 
likely  to  be  forgotten.  But  her  range 
is  confined  ;  under  her  direction  we 
muft  move  flowly  and  with  caution. 
Precipitation  is  ever  attended  with 
danger,  and  fometimes  with  ruin. 
Hiftory  imparts  inftrudion  upon 


eafier  terms,  and  in  a  manner  no 
lefs  agreeable.  Her  precepts,  in* 
deed,  want  the  authority  of  aflual 
experience  ;  but  they  are  more  vari- 
ous, and  the  purchafc  accompanied 
with  lefs  expence.  "  She  points  out 
the  path  which  others  have  purfued, 
and  leaves,  on  tlie  rocks  that  proved 
fatal  to  earlier  adventurers,  beacons 
for  the  fecurity  of  thofe  that  fol- 
low." 

Human  affairs  are  confeffedly 
greatly  diverfified  ;  and  perhaps  no 
two  fituations  can  be  found  which 
entirely  coincide.  Still,  however, 
there  are  many  in  which  the  points 
of  refemblance  are  numerous  ;  and 
although  pra6tice  only,  in  any  pro- 
feffion,  can  give  eafe  and  propriety, 
a  general  theory  of  human  affairs, 
formed  from  perufmg  the  records  of 
what  has  actually  happened,  is  of 
the  higheft  ufe.  Frequent  refledtions 
on  the  part  which  we  are  to  a6t,  will 
naturally  fit  us  for  a  more  dignified 
and  graceful  exhibition.  "  Invention, 
(fays  Sir  Joftiua  Reynolds,)  is  the 
mark  of  genius,  yet  he  will  invent 
better,  who  is  acquainted  with  the 
inventions  of  others  ;  as  we  learn 
to  think  by  reading  the  thoughts  of 
others/*  In  the  fame  manner  hif- 
tory, by  prefenting  us  with  a  view 
of  the  condud  of  other  men  in  the 
various  fituations  of  life,  qualifies 
us  before-hand  for  the  regulation 
of  our  own  behaviour.  'Twas  in 
this  way,  as  Circero  tells  us  *,  that 
Lucullus  acquired  the  fkill  of  an 
able  general. 

Hence  we  fee  that^  although  hif- 
tory be  more  immediately  addrefled 
to  men  in  public  employments,  it 
alfo  contributes  much  to  form  the 
charader  of  all,  to  wifdom  and  ufc- 
fulnefs. 

(To  be  continued.) 


*  Partim  a  peritis  percontando,  par- 
tim  in  rebus  geftis  legendis. 

Cicer.  Tufcol.  Quo?. 

For 


966 


Dec. 


STRICTURES  on  Mr  LAING'S  DISSERTATION  on  thr 
POEMS  OF  OSSIAN. 


(Concluded  from  p.  88i-) 


HE  fays,  (p.  435.)  aradh  is  a 
plough,  from  aratrum  ;  now  aradh 
iignifics  a  ladder,  and  seisreachy  an 
original  word,  is  a  plough.  Arack^ 
Iiowe  ver,  is  a  plowftiare,  alio  flrength, 
power,  authority,  and  fo  well  ap- 
plied to  fuch  an  implement ;  araim 
to  till,  or  ufe  force  or  ftrength,  is 
from  the  fame  root.  Arav^  bread, 
iRay  have  the  like  derivation,  as 
xX-hatever  nourifhes,  ftrengthens  the 
fyftem.  To  deriye  it  from  arva^ 
as  Laing  does,  is  fomewhat  ridicu- 
lous. Or,  gold,  may  not  be  from 
aurum,  but  as  probably  from  odhary 
a  mixture  of  white  and  red,  hence, 
erghruagachy  yellow  haired.  Neither 
tn^jairgady  filver,  be  from  argentum, 
but  from  airgawy  to  plunder,  the 
£rft  filver  feen  being  perhaps  found 
Vr'ith  an  enemy.  As  to  hfrain,  iren, 
in  Saxon  ifern  and  ircn,  in  Welfh, 
haiarin  \  Cscfar  tells  us  (lib.  v.  c. 
12.)  that  the  Bi  irons  had  both  iron 
and  brafs  in  his  time,  four  centuries 
before  the  coming  of  the  Saxons, 
the  natural  prefumption,  therefore, 
muft  be,  that  the  Saxons  derived 
their  vocable  from  the  Welfh,  biarwy 
and  Gaelic,  iarain.  Pra'iSy  aifo  ungay 
brafs,/?w  of  the  Welin ;  the  fame  ob- 
fsrvationoccurshere,  andtheEnglifli 
muft  have  derived  their  term  brafs, 
from  the  Weiih,  and  perhaps,  too, 
the  Gael,  their pra  'ny  unga  being  an 
original  word.  The  Saxons  call- 
ed brafs  avy  In  Gothic  ai%y  fimi- 
lar  to  the  aes  of  the  Romans. — Cop- 
per, though  mentioned  by  Laing, 
I  cannot  iind  in  Gaelic.  Luidhsy  lead, 
tlie  laed  of  the  Saxons,  certainly  de- 
rived by  the  latter  people  from  the 
Gaelic,  as  'tis  in  the  Ifiandic  hly'ty 
and  fimilar  in  other  Gothic  diale(5ts. 


BiAL,  (p.  335-)  or  h'laUy  as  ii^ 
Shaw,  fignifies  a  battle-axe,  from 
biy  killing,  and  ally  ftone,  as  the 
battle  axes  of  the  Gael  were  ori- 
ginally of  ftone,  now  called  Celts* 
The  Swedifh  beyil,  and  Saxon  bill, 
is  not  probably  derived  from  it, 
but  rather  from  the  refemblancc 
the  point  of  an  axe  has  to  the  hill  of 
a  bird.  The  Gaelic  ttiadhy  hatchet, 
as  dh  \%  quicfcent,  is  not  altogether 
unlike  the  Saxon  tuych  or  Englilli 
tBoh  Both  may  have  been  derived 
from  the  Gaelic,  either  here  or  on  the 
Continent.  Clatdhaniy  a  fword,  the 
French  and  Englifh^/^/zv/*,  he  fays,  is 
from  the  Latin  gladius,  but  it  is  ra- 
ther from  the  Gaelic  verb  clairamy  to 
divide.  The  Gael  certainly  were  not 
indebted  to  the  Romans  for  fwords. 
Everybody  equally  acquainted  with 
the  French  and  Gaelic,  knows  that 
the  French  have  not  only  many 
of  their  words  borrowed  from  the 
Gael  or  Gauls,  but  even  their  nu- 
merals, fo  that  glaive  is  from  the 
Gaelic  claidham. 

Saighad,  an  arrow,  he  derives 
from  fagitta.  Why  not  the  He- 
brew schoctsy  alfo  from  fagitta  ?  To 
fay  that  it  is  derived  from  the  La- 
tin, is  as  much  as  to  fay  that  the 
Caledonians  never  fliot  with  a  bow 
and  arrow  till  the  Romans  taught 
them  both  their  ufe  and  names. 
The  prefent  word  for  foldier,  is  at 
this  day,  saighaidary  literally  ona 
that  (hoots  an  arrow;  in  Armorica 
Sudani y  in  Irifh,  sodiaur.  Nay  more, 
is  the  original  of  the  Latin  soldurius 
ofCsefar,  lib.  iii.  cap.  22.  Sir  Job 
Clerk  idly -derives  it  from  soldaterr 
and  French  soldaf.  Now,  we  hav 
no  fuch  words  in  the  ancient  Go 

thi 


1 8 02.         StriHures  on  Laing's  Dissertation^  iSc. 


thlc  dialc6ls ;  The  gofpel  of  Ulphi- 
las  has  gadrauhtats  for  foldiers,  and 
miiitondans  for  milites.    The  French 
may  have  derived  soUat  from  the 
Gauls  or  Armoricans  ;  or  soldat^ 
foldier,  and  foldatcn  may  be  de- 
rived, as  Johnfon  has  it,  from  fo- 
lidarius,  low  Latin,  of  soVidus^  the. 
pay  of  a  foldier. — Next  is  a  curious 
derivation,  cran-faor,  a  carpenter, 
fays  Mr  Laing,  comes  from  crariy 
a  tree  in  Gaelic,  and  saw  the  name 
of  an  Englifh  implement  for  fawing 
wood  ;  a  carpenter  is  therefore  li- 
terally a  tree-satv  !  i:  e.  the  name  of 
;a  tool  ufed  to  faw  timber. 
I    We  now  come  to  the  Gaelic,  (p. 
1 436.)  of  Malvina's  dream,  which  he 
holds  out  as  tranllated  from  theEi^^r- 
lifh  ;  and  that  M'Pherfon  not  hav- 
ing Gaelic  enough  tocorrefpond  with 
the  Englifh  words,  was  compelled  to 
refort  to  the  Teutonic.  Hence,  many 
of  the  Erfe  words,fay  s  he,  are  modern, 
and  cannot  be  fo  old  as  Offian.  His 
firft  comment  is  upon  tallay  which, 
he  fays,  is  a  corruption  of  /W/,  it 
neither  occuring  in  O'Briau  nor  in 
the  old  defcription  of  ti^h  teamrha. 
We  find  tal/a  in  Shaw ;  and  as  hoil 
is  the  Iflandic  of  hall,  ftill  farther 
from  ta/Uiy  the  prefumption  is,  that 
the  Saxons  on  coming  here,  turned 
the  woid  hdll  into  hall  from  the 
Celtic  talla.  * 

Doras,  a  door,  he  fi^ys,  is  incDn- 
sisr^nt  with  Ossian^  as  being  a  word 
univerfally  ufed  by  the  northern 
nations.  What  he  m.eans  by  this, 
I  know  not.  If  ufed  by  the  nor- 
thern nations,  it  is  alfo  common  to 
the  Gael ;  both  Welfli  and  Armo- 
ricans ufe  dory  as  well  as  the  Saxons; 
but  whether  the  Belgas,  on  their  ar- 
rival here,  took  the  word  from  the 
Gael,  or  the  Gael  from  the  Belgae, 
I  cannot  pretend  to  fay.  .Mr  Laing 
acknowledges,  p.  433.  that  Gaelic 


*  Ulphilas  ufcs  anagards  for  aula, 
*nd  alh  tor  teinplum. 


names  of  mountains  are  ftill  retain- 
ed in  Wales,  and  why  not  alfo  the 
Gaelic  word  for  door.  If  doras  is 
a  modern  word,  and  forged  by 
M'Pherfon,  the  gofpel  of  Ulphilas 
is  alfo  forgery,  as  it  has  daur  for  a 
door.  Nay,  the  Ruflian  language 
may,  upon  the  fame  principle,  be  a 
forgery,  as  it  unluckily  ufes  duer^ 
for  a  door*,  ^tur^  the  fky,  lie  fays, 
is  the  Latin  sphaera^  a  ball  or  globe  ! 
Chieihhytho.  breafl,  (cliabh,  in  Shaw,) 
he  dreams  to  be  c/iadhy  a  bafket, 
the  fame,  he  fays,  with  cistoy  a 
cheft  ;  and  fo  M*Pherfon  mufl  have 
tranflated  the  Englifh  of  Malvina's 
dream  into  Gaelic,  as  the  word 
chest  or  trunk  for  the  breast  is  peculiar 
to  the  English,  Laughable  indeed, 
firfl  to  adduce  a  falfehood,  and  thea 
argue  from  it !  f 

As  to  the  rustling  wing  of  the  blast ^ 
which  he  fays,  must  be  from  fcrip- 
ture  :  the  exprefllon  is  poetical  and 
natural,  and  it  is  eafy  to  conceive 
that  two  men  of  genius  may  think 
alike  upon  the  fame  fubje»fl,  and 
ufe  a  fimilar  metaphor,  without 
feeing  one  another.  £arradhj  (alfo 
in  Shaw,)  he  fays,  is  the  Eng. 
lifh  array,  from  the  Teutonic,  raia, 
rada,  ordo.  Taomidh^  to  pour 
out,  from  the  Iflandic,  tomer  ;  and 
throughout  the  whole  of  Malvina, 
he  mentions  a  number  of  oihers 


*  A  vulgar  proverb  fays,  Like  is  an 
ill  mark  ,  and  fo  it  is  with  the  undif- 
ce ruing.  Mr  Laing  may  alio  fay  that 
dorn,  the  RalTian  for  5  houfe  was  'deriv- 
ed from  the  Latin  doTnus,  or  Englilh 
dytne, 

f  The  Englifh  trunk,  as  applied  t<> 
t'le  breall,  is  a  modern  word,  for 
which  th.e  Anglo-Saxons  ufed  bzdig€\ 
and  is  derived  from  the  Latin  truncu.s 
which  the  Romans  made  ufe  of  10  de- 
note the  human  body,  as  well  as  th* 
trunk  of  a  tree ;  and  fo  the  word  n^t 
peculiar  to  the  Englifli  alone.  If  tV/.  v/f 
be  the  urae  thing,  as  Laing  fays,  wirh 
tr/A?,  why  may  not  cliadb  be  ufed  for 
breait,  as  weii  as  the  Eughfli  cheji, 

that 


968 


Striciures  on  Laing*s  Dissertation^  \2c.  Dec. 


that  are  fimilar  in  both  languages  ; 
and  thefe  he  roundly  avers  to  be  all 
lorronved  from  the  Gothic^  taking  it 
for  granted  that  it  was  ahsolutely  im- 
possible  for  the  Goths  to  borrow  one 
fingle  word  from  the  Celts.  I  have 
already  accounted  for  thefe  words, 
both  from  the  early  vicinity  of  the 
two  people  on  the  Continent,  and 
from  the  after  invafion  and  mixture 


of  the  Goths,  or  colony  of  Sarmatae 
with  the  Celts  ;  but  whether  the 
words  adduced  were  orignally  bor- 
rowed from  the  Goths,  or  vice 
versa^  I  do  not  pretend  to  fay,  cer- 
tain I  am  that  many  words  are  fi- 
milar in  both  languages  ;  and  the 
like  connexion  and  fimiliarity  ap- 
pears in  the  Gothic  and  Sclavonic* 
Thus  for  example  : — 


Sciiiv* 

JlJ  «»^  i 

Gdelic* 

OCUii 

5^hh 

OUIl 

M^ac 

OCili  iX 

Sifter 

Piuthar 

JL^lUvil,  JLIUTiilTleS 

JL/  UlliC 

I^JOS,  TldSUS 

x\  uxc 

01  KjlX 

Nofdri 

Noftrils 

PoUara 

Cheki 

Cheeks 

Gruaidh 

Spina 

Spine 

Droma 

Moloko 

Milk 

Bainne 

Kreek 

Shriek 

Eimhe 

Liobov,  Gothic,  Ltuba 

Love 

Gradh 

Liobit 

To  love 

Gradhuighatii 

Cat 

Cat 

Cat* 

Mufh 

Moufe 

Luch 

Borodo 

Beard 

Feuf^-g 

Net 

Nay 

Cho 

Oko,  oculus^  Gothic 

Augo 

Suil 

Duer 

Door 

Doras 

Gus 

Goofe 

Geadh 

Dom,  domus 

Dome 

Dom  *. 

From  thefe  few,  among  many 
examples,  we  may  perceive  the  mix- 
ed language  of  the  Goths,  compofed 
of  Celtic  and  Sarmatic,  although  the 
coi;iftru(ftion  and  idiom  of  the  lan- 
guage, after  the  lapfe  of  centuries, 
may  now  differ  from  both.  We 
need  therefore  take  no  further  no- 
tice of  the  many  Gaelic  words  ad- 
duced by  Mr  Laing  as  fimilar  to 
the  Gothic  dialeds,  feeing  the  con- 
nedion  neither  is  nor  can  be  dif- 
proved.  We  may  theiefore  only 
fmile,  when  he  tells  us,  that  "  anamy 
from  animuy  dewy  a  teur,  ammeafgy 
amidil,  expreflions  which  no  fimpli- 
city  can  impute  to  OfTian,  inftead 
of  a  second  demonflrate,  a  recent  trans- 


lation inh  a  mixed  language  of  the  eigh'^. 
tetnth  century 

As  to  annam  from  anima,  and  or 
from  aurum.  A  Ruflian  would  think 
Mr  Laing  flood  in  need  of  hellebore,, 
were  he  to  argue  in  the  fame  way  of 
their  language.  Thus,  the  Ruflian 
word  esty  is  the  fame  with  the  Latin 
esty  (he  hy)  daty  is  the  Latin  da; 
stoty  fla  ;  idly  ito  5  and  tcuy  tu.  Now, 
the  learned  Mr  Laing  would  affert 
that  all  thefe  words  were  borrowed 
from  the  Latin  ;  and  as  the  Ruffians 
have  alfo  many  Teutonic  words, 
that  therefore  the  Ruffian  tongue 
muft  be  modern,  and  a  mixed  lan- 
guage of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Solas,  joy,  he  fays,  (p.  440^) 


*  It  will  be  noticed  that  cat  and  dom  are  the  onjy  Gaelic  words  fimilar,  while  the 
other  Sarnnatic  words  retained  by  the  Goths  are  totally  different  from  the  Gaelic 

com 


1 


i8o2.  StriSlures  on  Lalng^s  Dissertation^  \^c.  969 


comes  from  solatium^  a  t^eward  I 
Tuireadh,  forrow,  from  iuirsey  tired, 
and  he  quotes  Lhuyd's  preface  for 
this  word  ;  but  on  looking  at  the 
place,  the  word  is  toirseachy  not  tuirse! 
Tuireadh  is  ufed  in  Shaw's  Didlion- 
ary  for  fadnefs^ 

He  fays,  "  the  feventh  book  of 
Temora,  annexed  in  Erfe  to  the 
firft  edition,  as  a  fpecimen  of  the 
original,  is  tranjlatsd  from  the  Eng^ 
h[h.^^  And  his  firft  reafon  for 
thinking  fo,  is  that  the  moon  is  a- 
gain  compared  from  Milton  "  to  a 
dun  fliield  fwimming  through  the 
folds  of  milt.'^  This,  however,  is 
a  very  natural  "metaphor  in  the  days 
of  round  fliields.  The  very  chil- 
dren, who  now-a-days  compare  che 
the  moon  to  a  cheefe^  would  in  thofe 
times  as  naturally  compare  it  to  a 
Ihleld. 

HoMER^s  heroes,  (p.  441.)  could 
not  defcend  to  the  (hades  till  their 
obfequies  were  fung,  neither,  fays 
he,  can  Gffian's  afcend  their  clouds 
without  their  dirge.  Dirges  have 
been  common  in  ail  countries  ;  and 
the  bards,  who  gained  their  bread 
by  the  fong,  would  naturally  incul- 
cate the  idea  that  it  was  indifpenfa- 
bly  neceffary« 

"  Fhear,  vir,  the  Gothic  ver, 
and  Saxon  r(?fr,  may,  fays  he,  (p. 
442.)  be  clalTed  among  thofe  origi- 
nal words,  for  the  coincidence  of 
which,  etymologifts  inuft  afcend  to 
the  circles  of  Gomer/'  But  why 
may  not  moft  of  the  other  words  quo- 
ted,equaily  fimilar,  be  alfo  Gomeric. 

Faisich,  a  defert,  he  fays,  re- 
peatedly occurs,  and  is  ridiculous, 
being  only  ufed  as  oppofed  to  peo- 
pled or  cuitivated fields ;  and  the  name 
alone  is,  he  fays,  a  fuJJicieTit  det.-tTwn  j 
and  fo  it  would,  had  he  proved  that 
there  were  no  peopled  Jidds  in  the 
'days  of  Offian.  The  fame  obferva- 
tion,  he  fays,  is  applicable  to  au- 
tumn's dark  Jiormsy  among  hunters, 
■who  have  neither  harveils  nor  fruits. 
No  1  no  nuts,  no  floes,  hips,  haws, 
erabs,  rafpberries,  llrawberries,  nor 

Vol.  JUXIV, 


billberrics  in  Scotland  !  No,  nor 
ven  trees  with  their  tinged  leaves,  to 
mark  the  autumnal  feafon  ! 

Stalin,  fteel,  he  fays,  is  evident- 
ly from  the  German  stahel  and  Scan- 
dinavian stalL  This  detection, he  calls 
the  fairest  mirror  of  the  British  origin 
naL  Now,  the  Celtac  as  having  once 
polTcfled  Scandinavia  and  Germany, 
may  have  borrowed  the  word  from 
their  invaders,  the  Goths,  or  thefe, 
from  thofe,  fo  that  his  fair  mirror  of 
the  Britifli  original  muft  go  for  no- 
thing, unlefs  he  had  proved  that  the 
Gaelic  staiiru  the  German  stahel ^  and 
the  Iflandic  stall  were  all  derived 
from  the  British  steel-  By  the  bye, 
the  word  is  stala^  not  stally  in  Iflan- 
dic, thus,  snorro  sturleson. 

Heiftold  bera  holidar 
Hagbals  lagar  jta/a, 

Johnston's  Ola've* 

'*  His  numerous  captains  carry  trufty 
tempered  fteel." 

As  to  the  founding  bofs,  he  fays 
exultingly,  "  I  was  curious  to  know 
what  term  would  be  employed  for 
the  sounding  hofs,  Cruriy  a  crown, 
cnapy  a  knob  were  inadequate  to  the 
effeA  ;  and  bofs  itfelf  was  too  grofs 
to  be  tranfcribed.''  Thus  he  fup- 
pofes  that  Mr  M'Pherfon  tranflated 
from  the  EnglKh  ;  and  he  is  won- 
derfully happy  to  difcover  that  in- 
ftead  of  crun  or  cnap  f ,  M*Pherfon 
adopted  the  German  cup  and  Saxon 
coppan.  Had  Mr  Luing  peeped  in- 
to Shaw's  Dictionary,  he  would 
have  found  ccpanfreine  for  the  bofs 
of  a  bridle,  and  in  the  Wellh,  coppa 
fignifies  vertex,  apex,  criiLlJ,  fo 
that  Mr  M^Pherfon  only  tranfcribed 
the  original  word  copariy  (now  ob- 
folete  except  in  the  derivaLives,)  the 
coppa  of  the  Wellh ;  and  fo  had  no  oc- 
cafion  to  refort  to  Mr  Laing's  cups. 

Another  circumllance,  -^p.  444.) 
he  fays,  renders  the  detection  ilill 
more  coinplete,  viz.  that  the  hun- 

t  Vide  cn.ipstarra  and  note  upon  it, 
in  Smith's  Toma  Gbuil,  p.  36. 
%  Vide  Bwvxhj^'v:!,  ong.  C?atlicse. 

6  P  dred 


970 


StriSlures  o?i  Laing's  Dissertation,  i3c,  Dec 


dred  cups  of  the  Irifh  ballad  of 
Exragon  are  converted  into  ten  fhells 
in  the  battle  of  Lora.  It  was  not 
well  done  in  M*Phcrfon  to  abiidgc 
the  drink  of  an  Irifhman,  and  turn 
fo  many  cups  into  ten  fhells;  but 
may  not  this  have  been  owing  to  a 
different  edition.  The  Englilh  bal- 
lad of  Chevy  Chacc  differs  material- 
ly from  the  Scots  edition  ;  and  the 
fame  may  be  the  cafe  here.*  He 
fneers  at  the  word  fhocai,  which  he 
fays  fignifies  a  vowel,  though,  had 
he  turned  up  Shaw,  he  would  aUb 
have  found  it  fignifies  a  wordy  alfo 
n)oicet  thus,  hlnn-foclach  is  shrill  vo'tced. 

Sam  LIS  is,  fays  he,  (p.  445.)  a 
word  of  the  author's  coinage  from 
sambuU  fimilis.  Samhuil  ftands  {ov 
like  in  Shaw,  and  famlis,  though 
obfolete,  may  flill  be  recognifed. 
As  to  linay  generation,  which  he 
fays  is  from  the  Latin,  he  will  find 
Hnriy  in  Shaw,  a  line,  thieed,  or  fe- 
rics,  and  Una  or  linna  in  the  plural. 
Brlstiiy  broken,  he  fays,  is  Teutonic, 
German,  brestariy  French,  brlser,  Sax- 

*  That  there  are  various  edition?,  is  cvi- 
tlcnt  from  Mr  i.\  own  note,  p.  439)  where 
he  mentions  Smith's,  and  the  Perti^  edition 
of  Malvina*.s  dream,  as  differing  in  funic 
words  from  IVrPherlbn.  He  fays,  Smith, 
illftcad  of  taomidh  poured,  fubftitutts  taofguy 
pumped  out  of  his  breaft,  though  Shaw 
tells  us,  that  tacfga^  fignifics  alfo  poured,  as 
taomidh  alfo  hgnifics  to  pump  ;  fo  that, 
both  words  are  fynonimou^.  Kc  then  fays, 
the  Perth  edition  has  fcartha,  feoarated,  in- 
ftead  of  oradb,  i.  e.  gilding,  ufed  by  M*Pher- 
fon ;  which  former  word,  Mr  L.  is  pleafed 
to  call  non  fenfe.  The  verb  fcaram^  liow- 
ever, fignifies  to  part,  quit,  feparate,  or  un- 
fold ;  fo  that,  S'griam  fcartba  na  beinn^  figni- 
fies the  fun  parting  from,  or  appearing  above 
the  hills,  thereby  making  the  day  of  the  fun. 
to  the  'Valleys  heloiv  ,  as  in  the  note. 

Air  uaiKy  of  the  fame  note,  which  is  an 
adverb,  as  in  Shaw*s  analyfis,  fignifying  at 
times;  he  fays,  is  literally  <&otfr/y,  as  if,  for- 
footh,  Mr  MThcrfon  had  fabricated  the 
word  uair  from  horay  whereas,  it  anfwers 
to  the  Gothic,  luheila^  and  our  ivhile.  M'^hei- 
la  is  ufed  by  Ulphilas,  for  hour,  and  fo  is 
i/a/r,  fomettmes  in  the  Gaelic.  Once,  or  on 
time,  is  aon  nair  ;  twice  da  uair  ;  thrice  iri 
vair ;  uc^racb^  temporary;  ioma  uair^  many 
%  time,  &c. 


OTiy  hristariy  Scotifh,  ^mf.  Now,  3r/>* 
tay  is  evidently  from  the  Gaelic,  bri 
sawy  to  break,  ^r/ii/</6,  breaking,  ^r/jj-j 
brittle,  &c. 

He  next  fays,  **buty>tfrA^tf,battlci, 
forces,  fights,  from  fcachtha  *,  <iva$ 
foughty  indicates  equal  confidence  in  de- 
ceit and  contempt  for  the  credulous  simpli* 
City  of  mankind,*'  Now,  frachdy  pluri 
fe'ichday  fignifies,  in  Shaw,  expedi- 
tions, forcesy  levies,  &c.  fo  that 
Laing,  in  perfuading  us  to  believe 
that  feachda  forces,  comes  from  (each-* 
thjy  iras  fou^hty  afluredly  indicates 
confidence  in  deceit,  and  contempt 
for  the  credulous  fimplicity  of  man- 
kind. 

He  next  gravely  tells  us,  ^  lozng-' 
heas  and  lon^  (fhips)  arc  indifputa-, 
bly  derived  from  the  nai)es  lono^e  of 
tlie  Romans  and  of  the  middle  ages/*; 
That  is,  not  from  the  fubftantive 
navfSy  fhips,  but  from  the  adjedive 
longs  !  Long  is  an  original  Gaelic" 
word  for  a  fhip  or  vcffel :  Mr  Laing 
may  fee  it  and  many  of  its  derivatives 
in  Shaw,  as  loin^seghamy  to  fet  fail, 
Inngseoiry  mariner,  lolnghhrlseadhy  fhip- 
wreck,  loingfhaor,  a  fhip  carpenter, 
&c.  The  Welih  alfo  ufe  Ihm  for  a 
fhip,  llongnr  for  a  feaman,  &c.  Nay,  \ 
Lochlongy  in  Argyleihire,  i.  c.  fhip'S  < 
loch,  or  Ihip  bay,  is  tranflated  Jl'pa'' 
Jiord  in  the  lilandic  annals  f . 


*  Here  he  quotes  Ihure,  Junius,  Lye, 
and  O'Brier. 

\  Laing's  n^ivss  long^e  and  his  other 
derivations  puts  me  in  mind  of  the  I'tory 
of  I>r  Stukeiy,  who  was  ionietimes  e« 
qually  milled  by  apparent  limilanties* 
"  As  the  Dodtor  and  fome  other  curi* 
ous  peribns  v/ere  Vifiting  certain  anti-* 
quizes  in  Hertfordlhire,  they  came  to 
a  place  called  Ci^far's  stile ^  fttuatcd  oa 
the  brow  of  an  eminence,  no  fooncr 
was  the  place  named  than  tlic  Dudlor^ 
ftopped  all  of  a  fudden  3  and  aitei  an  at-- 
tentiv^e  furvey  of  the  neighbouring 
ground,  pronounced  it  direSily^  to  be  tho 
fcite  of  a  pals  which  Cafar  had  left  be- 
hind  him,  in  his  march  from  Coway- 
flakes  to  Verulam,  Some  of  the  coni, 
pany  demuring  to  this  opinion,  a  de- 
bate arofe,  ar:d  an  ;iged  labouring  mait 

Saoi!, 


l8c2.         Str inures  on  Lain£s  Bijftrtation,  ^c.  971 


Saoil,  fail,  he  fays,  (p.  446.) 
are  the  English  saibi  from  the  Saxon, 
segel^  sayl^  an  univerlal  word  among 
the  northern  nations."  The  Gael 
likewife  have  it.  We  have  saol  in 
Shaw,  saolmarray  the  tide,  sdoladhy 
seoladalrj  a  Tailor,  saolada'irachdy  fca- 
life,  all  derived  from  saolam^  which 
not  only  means  to  fail,  but  original- 
ly to  dired:  or  gu'tde^  fo  that  saod^ 
fails,  may  be  rendered  gulders. 

He  next  comments  upon  marchadh 
chua'tn  mhoiry  or  riders  of  the  ocean. 
Marcadh,  fays  he,  comes  from  the 
Teutonic  marL  Now,  mar  or  marcy 
inay  be  Teutonic  for  marc  ;  but  it 
has  no  fuch  word  as  marc  for  a  horfe. 
He  adduces  the  Englifh  word  mar- 
shal ^  but  this  word  is  from  the  French 
mareschal^  mareschaiusy  low  Latin, 
from  mar  esc  ale  y  O.  French.  Mare 
fignifies  a  horfe,  as  Johnftone  has 
it,  and  scale^  a  fervant.  Now,  Pau- 
fanias,  in  Phocicis,  fays,  that  marc 
is  a  horfe  in  Celtic,  and  thus  the 
French  incorporating  with  the  Gauls, 
fo  far  adopted  the  word.  Our  Gael 
flill  ufe  it,  though  Dr  Smith  fays  it 
is  rather  obfolete.  We  however 
find  marc  in  Shaw,  marcaidh,  a 
rider,  marcachd^  horfemanihip  mar- 
cutgham^  to  ride  marC'choimhliong^  a 
horfe  race,  mardann^  (i.  e,  horfe 
houfe,)  a  ftable,  &c.  Now,  as  no 
fuch  derivations  are  found  in  the 
Teutonic,  the  prefumption  is,  that 
they  borrowed  the  folitary  word  mar^ 
a  mare,  from  the  Celtic  marc,  and 
not  e  contra.  As  to  the  remark  in 
note  p.  446  ;  and  Pinkerton's  idea 
that  the  language  of  the  Gauls  of 
Afia  Minor  was  th^t  of  the  Treviri^ 
we  have  nothing  to  do  with  it :  Pau. 
fanias,  writing  of  thefe  Gauls,  fays^ 

cn^e^ip,  the  Do6lor  alked  him  with 
great  confidence,  whether  that  was  not 
called  Ccefars  stile?  mailer,  faid 
the  old  man,  that  it  is,  I  have  good 
realbn  to  know  it,  for  many  a  day  did 
I  work  npon  it  for  old  Bob  Cxsar^  it  ft 
iiis  foul,  he  lived  in  yonder  farm,  and 
a  fad  road  it  was  before  he  made  this 
kile."    Crit.  Review,  Dec.  176b. 


they  had  horfemen  among  them  cal- 
led trimarkilii,  from  marky  the  name 
of  a  horfe  among  the  Celts ;  fo  that 
whatever  was  their  language,  they 
had  adopted  trimarkilii  from  the 
Celtic  marc* 

He  next  fays,  (p.  446.)  that  "  rid- 
ing applied  in  Englifh  to  Ihips  is  a 
familiar  idiom,  and  the  dark  riders 
of  ocean,  an  eafy  metaphor,  not  to 
he  tranfcribed  with  impunity  into  a 
different  language.  The  ftceds  and 
courfers  of  ocean  are  metaphors 
frequently  ufed  by  the  Scalds:  "  Eu- 
rus  per  ficulas  equilavit  undas,"  oc- 
curs in  Horace  ;  but  a  name  f(;r 
the  rider,  from  rede^  a  chariot,  dif- 
tindl  from  that  of  the  horfe,  is  pe- 
culiar  to  the  Englifh  and  other  Go- 
thic languages,  and  marchaidh  a 
chuain  mhoir,  the  horfeman  of  the 
great  fea,  is  a  harlh  and  clvious 
tranflation  of  the  rider  of  ocean,  e- 
qually  ridiculous  with  equss  maris 
in  Latin,  or  cavalier  de  la  mer,  were 
it  tranflated  into  French, Where 
Mr  Laing  got  the  word  redcy  a  cha- 
riot, I  know  not.  Quintilian  lib.  i. 
c.  9.  calls  it  rhedi^y  and  tells  us  it  is 
a  (Jaeiie  nvord  \  and  Sir  John  Clerk 
wufbing  to  make  it  German,  derived 
it  froi^  ryrlery  equitare,  or  vehi  of 
the  Teutonic.  Rhedes^^  to  ride,  is 
retained  by  the  Welih,  and  the 
Gaul  have  ridir  for  a  knight,  eques, 
and  riadhy  racing,  running.  As  to 
the  metaphorical  idiom  riders  of  the 
ocean,  which  cannot  be  tranflated 
into  any  other  language,  lie,  from 
ignorance  of  the  French,  would  per- 
fuade  us  that  the  word  rider- conXd 
only  be  tranflated  ca'valier.  The 
French  would  ufe  chavaucheur  for 
rider,  from  chavaucher^  to  ride,  in  the 
fame  v/ay  that  Oflianufes  marchadh^ 
or  marcutgh,  rider,  from  mc^rcuighjimf 
to  ride.  Neither  would  the  Romans 
fay,  cques  maris,  knight  of  the  fea, 
but  equisesjor  maris y  rider  of  the  lea. 
Vid.  Calepini  Diet.  He  now  con- 
cludes feven  of  his  heads  in  tlie  foL 
lowing  words  : — *'  From  the  fpeci- 
mens  already  publlfhed,  the  ian- 
6?  z  gu^-ige 


972  StriHures  on  Laing's  Dissertation^  Isfc.  Dec- 


guage  is  indifputably  of  a  recent 
growth  and  from  the  preceding  de- 
teB'ionsy  it  is  not  difficult  to  prcdi(f^, 
that  the  publication  of  an  Erfe  Of- 
fian  will  countera(5l:  the  defign,  and 
refled  utter  difcredit  on  the  whole 
poems  1  ! 

VI II.  Nov/,  Vv'e  come  to  the  8th 
head,  (p.  440. )  The  deceit  avowed 
by  Mr  M*Phcrfon  himfelf.  This 
fuppofcd  avowal,  like  the  dctedions, 
is  only  the  implication  of  whim.  He 
catches  at  a  few  detached  fentcnces 
here  and  there,  and  dextroufly  turns 
them  into  an  avo^a/^  a  thing  never 
r*oticed  by  the  numerous  readers  of 
Oflian,  till  Mr  Laing's  lucky  difco- 
very.  He  next  gives  us  a  philippic 
againft  Mr  M'Pherfon  and  his  writ- 
ings ;  and  after  all  his  lieUtUons^  and 
the  very  avcwal  of  M*Pherfon  him- 
felf,  concludes  with  faying,  that 

after  all,  thefe  his  arguments  are 
cafily  anfwered,  but  not  by  abufe. 
A  fmgle  MS.  is  worth  a  thoufand 
arguments.  If  a  Ijugle  poem  of 
Oilian's,  in  MS.  nich  as  tranflated 
by  M'Pherfon.  of  a  aecent  length, 
and  the  MS.  indifputably  of  an  old- 
er dale  than  the  prefent  century,  be 
produced  and  lodged  in  a  public 
library,  I  fhall  return  among  the 
firft  to  our  national  creed."  That 
forae  parts  of  thefe  poems  exift  in 
MS.  is  evident  from  whatDr  Smith 
has  written  ;  but  the  w^hole  being 
inoftly  oral,  and  few  of  them  put 
in  writing  till  after  M'Pherfon's 
publication  made  them  to  be  fought 
after,  the  bulk  can  only  be  MSS. 
cf  the  laft  century.  I  own,  how- 
ever, I  could  like  to  know  what  be- 
came of  the  old  MSS.  obtained  by 
M'Pherfon,  I  wifh  they  were  depo- 
fited  in  fome  public  library.  If  he 
he  has  deftroyed  them,  it  cannot 

*  Mr  Laiug  may  equJiUy  prove  the  Go- 
thic gcfptis  of  Ulphilas,  to  be  of  recent 
grovt^rh  ;  as  car  is  therein  ufed  for  cura  \ 
la/ig 'for  lovgus  \  fna'am\  'violere  \  pa  'ula^  tuni- 
ca, or  the  bcotifh/'/fiii2^;  paurpaurai,  purple  ; 
fund^  llha^  the  Gathc  and  Scotifh  pund\ 
quant fjuatidc ;  quisyquis\  aiz^aco',  kaSyVaS  i 


have  been  without  defign,  and  a 
ftrong  prefumption  will  occur,  that 
he  had  ufed  fome  liberties  with  the 
originals,  and  fo  wifhed  to  concc;^ 
them  ;  after  all,  this  cannot  hurt  the, 
general  authenticity  of  the  poems. 
Dr  Smith's  originals  neither  are  nor 
can  be  denied  *  ;  and  he  who  atten- 
tively reads  the  one  cannot  poflibly 
doubt  of  the  authenticity  of  the  o- 
ther,  both  breathing  a  fimilar  fpirit 
of  originality.  We  however  cannot 
pofitively  fay  that  no  alterations  or 
embellifhments  were  made  by  Mr 
M*Pherfon.  Both  he  and  Dr  Smitk 
have  kept  out  what  appeared  ridi- 
culous,  and  the  additions  of  the  lat- 
ter bards  or  rehearfers ;  and  yet' 
fomething  ridiculous  are  ftill  retain-; 
ed,  at  lealt  they  would  be  deemed 
fo,  were  they  not  written  in  fuch  ^; 
fine  ft  rain  of  poetry.  That 
M'Pherfon  was  once  poflefl'ed  of  ori-, 
ginals,and  that  oral  oiiginals  exiflc4< 
in  his  time,  is  proved  from  the' 
affirmative  evidence  of  the  refpedable, 
clergymen  and  gentlemen  in  Dr 
Blair's  appendix,  joined  to  the  evi- 
dence of  Dr  Smith  and  the  gentle-% 
men  of  character  named  by  him,? 
who,  as  they  fpeak  to  f{t^s  coming\ 
under  their  kKowUdge,  are  more  to  bq« 
credited  than  the  ftrong  negatives,' 
and  niijil  novit  of  a  fmgle  individual. 

I  AM  rather  forry  tliat  Mr  Laing 
fhould  have  alfo  ufed  his  Differta- 
tion  as  a  trovv^el,  v/her«with  to  be- 
fpatter  the  Scotifn  iliitory  with  M^ 
M^Pheribn's  ilime. 

Before  concluding,  I  have  to 
notice,  that*  having  overlooked  Mr 
Laing's  note  cn  p.  435,  I  of  courfe 
believed  he  had  not  objeded  to  Dr 
Smith's  tranflations.  He  there,  hovy- 
ever,  roundly  avers  that  Smith's  Scanr 
dana  is  a  tranflation  of  his.  own 
poems  into  Erfe  \  thereby  accufmg  a 
very  worthy  clerical  chara(5ler  of 

*  Mr  Walker,  in  Memoirs  of  IriOi 
Eards,  p.  21,  fays,  Mr 'Smith's  poems 
are  known  to  be  tranflations  from  the 
Irifh  in  many  inftances. 
"  • ■  '••  forgery, 


l8o2.    Remarks  on  the  Life  and  Poetry  of  Metastasio.  973 


forgery,  without  the  flendereft  ap- 
pearance of  truth,  I  have  always 
found  perfons  of  honour  mod  apt 
10  believe  the  word  of  a  man  of 
character,  while  the  little  man  ac- 
cu domed  to  guile,  and  arguing 
folely  from  what  he  feels  within 
himfelf,  is  ever  fufpicious-  I  mean 
not,  however,  to  apply  this  to  Mr 
Laing  ;  but  I  own  I  do  not  under- 
hand how  he  comes  to  vilify  and 


difbelieve  M*Pherfon,  becaufe  he 
had  not  puhltjhed  his  originals  ;  and 
equally  vilify  and  difbelieve  Dr 
Smith,  becaufe  he  has  publifhed  hi* 
originals*  1  know  nothing  fimilar 
to  this,  but  a  ftory  1  have  fome- 
where  read  of  a  magiftrate  of  Leith 
that  fined  one  man  for  keeping 
fwine,  and  another  for  not  li:eeping 
fwine.  L. 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 
REMARKS  ON  the  LIFE  and  POETRY  of  METASTASIO. 


THE  Abate  PietroMetaftafio  was 
born  at  Rome,  in  January  1698. 
His  father,  whofe  name  was  Trapaf- 
fo,  had  been  induced,  from  a  gra- 
dual decline  of  fortune,  to  enlitl  as 
^  foldier  in  the  regiment  of  Corfi ; 
and  having  by  rigid  oeconomy  faved 
a  little  money,  he  entered  into  part- 
Tierlhip  with  a  merchant  at  Rome  *. 
He  placed  his  fons  Leopold  and 
Pietro  at  a  grammar  fchool.  The  la- 
ter foon  gave  proofs  of  an  extraordi- 
nary genius  :  he  contended  fuccefs- 
fully  with  the  Improvifatori  before 
he  was  ten  years  of  age  f . 

Gravina  was  the  moft  eminent 
Civilian,  and  perhaps  the  profound- 
eft  fcholar,  at  that  time  in  Italy. 
His  barber,  who,  like  moft  of  his 
profeffion,  was  a  great  talker,  in- 
formed him  that  in  the  Place  de  la 
Valicella,  a  young  boy  frequently 
fung  extemporaneous  verfes  of  his 
own  making,  fo  elegant  and  har- 


♦  Vide  Burney's  Memoirs. 

•f  The  Improviiatori  are  perfons  who 
compofe  verfes  ex  tempore  on  any  gi- 
ven fubjea.  The  fpecies  of  infpira- 
tion  to  which  they  lay  claim,  was 
doubted  in  England,  before  the  arrival 
of  Angelo  Talaffi,  about  twenty  years 
ago.  Dr  Johnfon  acknowledged  that 
his  fcepticifm  was  unfounded,  when  he 
beard  Talaffi  at  Streatham. 


mpnious,  that  every  one  liftened  de- 
lighted Xi    Upon  this  Gravina  ad- 
ded one  to  the  number  of  our  young 
poet's  audience  ;  and  found  the  ver- 
fes fo  muc^  above  the  capacity  of 
his  years,  and  fo  fuperior  to  the 
idea  he  had  formed  of  them  from 
the  commendation  of  the  barber, 
that,  in  the  language  of  Metaftafio 
himfelf,  "  he  confidered  him  as  a 
plant  worthy  of  being  cultivated  by 
his  own  hands."    The  confent  of 
his  parents    was   eafily  obtained. 
Gravina  adopted  him  for  his  own 
fon,  and  changed  his  name  to  Me- 
taftafio, expreffive  of  his  new  fitua- 
tion.     Fearing  that  the  ordinary 
methods  of  education  might  check 
fuch  uncommon  powers,  he  took 
him  under  his  own  immediate  tui- 
tion.   But  he  wifbed  to  make  him 
an  orator  rather  than  a  poet,  and 
determined  that  he  ihould  ftudy 
law  as  a  profeffion.    Even  when 
chained  to  pandedts  and  decrees  by 
the  will  of  his  benefadtor,  Metafta- 
fio found  leifure  to  read  the  models 
of  poetic   compofition,  of  which 
«  he  fucked  the  fweet,  and  devour- 
ed the  fubftance. 

Gravina  finding  it  In  vain  to  op- 
pofe  the  inclination  of  his  pupil. 


%  Vies  des  Hommcs  illuftrcs  d'ltalie. 

at 


974      Remarks  on  the  Life  and  Poetry  of  Met  astasia.  Dec 


at  length  refolvedto  indulge  it.  He 
di reded  his  attention  to  thofe  an- 
cient anthors,  whom  he  himfelf  had 
ftudied,  pointing  out  their  refpec- 
tive  beauties.  At  the  age  of  eigh- 
teen, Metaftafio  produced  II  Giufti- 
no,  conformable  to  the  rules  of 
Greek  tragedy  ;  which  fo  charmed 
his  patron,  that  he  canied  him  di- 
redly  to  Naples,  where  the  moft 
diftinguiflied  Improyifatori  were  af 
fembled.  Here  he  fung,  alVmprc- 
rj'iflay  forty  odlave  ftanzas,  on  the 
Magnificence  of  Princes,  which  were 
heard  with  aftoniihment  by  all  pre- 
fent.  Soon  after,  he  affumed  the 
minor  orders  of  priefthood,  not  from 
any  partiahty  to  that  profeflion,  but 
with  a  view  to  qualify  himfelf  for  the 
honour  and  emoluments  of  a  finecure. 

At  twenty  he  had  the  misfortune 
to  lofe  his  preceptor  Gravina,  who 
left  him  liis  heir,  as  being  a  young 
mail  of  the  moft  promifiiig  abilities. 
On  this  mournful  occafion  he  com- 
pofed,  and  read  before  the  Arcadi- 
an Academy,  an  Elegy,  intitled, 
"The  Road  to  Gloiy,"'  in  which 
he  pays  a  juft  tribute  to  the  merit 
of  his  deceafed  fri-^nd. 

He  was  now  in  a  fitiiation  to  give 
fall  fcope  to  his  genius.  A  defpo- 
tic  prince  over  no  inconliderable  for- 
tune, he  had  nothing  to  dread  from 
the^hand  of  poverty.  But  the  want 
of  economy,  to  which  poets  are  in 
general  fuhjedt,  foon  reduced  him 
sgain  to  dependence  ;  and  he  began 
to  think  ferioufly  of  ftudying  law,  as 
the  only  road  to  preferment.  He 
bound  himfelf,  at  Naples,  to  a  ii- 
ged  lav/yer,  who  looked  on  poetry 
as  a  fm.  He  continued  faithful  to  his 
promife  of  abjuring  the  mufes,  till 
drawn  into  the  fnare  by  an  applica- 
tion from  the  viceroy,  that  he  v/ould 
write  a  drama  to  be  performed  on 
the  birth -day  of  the  Emprefs.  The 
piece  intitled  The  Gardens  of  the 
Hefperides,  was  received  Avith  rap- 
turous applaufe. 

His  next  piece,  the  Didone  Ab- 
baiidonata,  was  fet  lo  mufic  by 


Sarro,  and  performed  at  Naples, 
during  the  carnival  1724..  The  plot 
was  well  known  ;  but  the  language 
was  beautiful,  the  fituations  inte- 
refting,  and  the  pleafure  of  the  au- 
dience exceflive.  Cordaro,  whole 
habit  did  not  permit  him  to  witnefs 
the  reprefentation,  "  almoft  heard  in 
his  cell,'*  the  noife  and  tumult  occa- 
fioned  by  it. 

Gli  orti  Efpcridi  and  Didone 
Abbaudonata  were  the  immediate 
caufes  of  Metaftafio's  advancement. 
They  are  conduced  with  more  fpi- 
rit  and  regularity  than  the  plays  of 
Apoftolo  Zeno,  who  before  held  tb« 
chief  place  in  Lyrico-dramatic  com- 
pofition.  But  the  Romanina,  the  , 
bed  female  finger  of  her  time,  con- 
tributed not  a  little  to  their  reputa- 
tion by  her  excellent  ailing.  Me- 
taftafio lived  with  her  in  the  clofefl 
terms  of  friendlhip,  acknowledging 
the  obligations  he  lay  under. 

Im  1727,  he  vifited  Rome,  and 
compofed  Catone  in  Utica,  which 
was  but  coldly  received.  The  Ro- 
man taftc,  now  grievoufly  corrup- 
ted, could  no  longer  relilh  the  fu- 
blime  fentiments  of  the  patriot. 
This  no  doubt  mortified  the  author,  ; 
The  poetry  which  he  had  written^ 
on  pagan  and  fecular  fabjedts,  pre-^ 
eluded  all  hope  of  his  ritmg  in  the 
church.  His  narrow  circumftances 
threw  him  into  a  fit  of  melancholy. 
But  he  was  foon  relieved  by  Prince 
Pio  of  Savoy,  inviting  him  to  be 
Imperial  I^iireat,  an  office  to  which 
was  attaclied  a  falary  of  3000  Ho* 
rins.  He  accepted  the  invitation, 
aUid  arriving  at  Vienna,  in  T73I1 
was  received  with  great  cordiality 
by  the  Emperor  Charles  VL  Froni 
that  time  his  poetical  fame  fuffered 
no  'eclipfe.  Elevation  feems  to  have 
invigorated  his  genius.  He  was 
highly  refpe<fled  at  the  Court  of 
Vienna,  not  more  for  his  talents 
than  for  the  integrity  of  his  life. 
As  a  mark  of  royal  favour,  he  was 
appointed  Treafurer  to  the  province 
oi'  Ccfenza,  in    the   kingdom  of  I 

Naples, 


i8o2.    Remarks  on  the  Life  and  Poetry  of  Mctastasio.  975 


Naples.  The  Romanina  left  him 
heir  to  all  her  patrimony,  which 
he  generoufly  refigned  in  favour  of 
her  relations.  At  the  advanced  age 
of  eighty-four,  he  retained  the  full 
pofleflion  of  all  his  faculties,  an  ef- 
fect of  that  ftridl  temperance  which 
he  had  always  obferved.  A  fever 
put  an  end  to  his  life  on  the  12th 
of  April  1782.  The  applaufe  which 
he  fought  for  and  obtained,  did  not 
corrupt  the  mind  of  our  author. 
His  temper  was  cheerful,  and  his 
difpofition  benevolent.  He  defcribes 
the  beauties  of  nature  like  one  who 
feels  their  power,  tremblingly  alive 
to  every  fine  impulfe.  In  compo- 
fing  his  dramas,  he  frequently  found 
himfelf  in  tears  for  diftrefs  of  his 
own  creating.  He  was  fcrupuloufly 
exa<5t  in  the  moft  trifling  circum- 
ftances ;  and  ufed  to  fay  in  jeft 
that  Hell  is  dreadful  only  becaufe 
devoid  of  order :  Nullus  ordoy  sed 
sempiternus  horror  inhabit&t.  Regard- 
ing civil  diftindlions  with  a  philofo- 
phic  eye,  his  ambition  extended  no 
farther  than  the  attainment  of  li- 
terary fame.  He  modeftly  declined 
the  offer  of  the  Emperor  to  create 
him  a  Count  or  Baron ;  and  w^hen 
Maria  Therefa  wifhed  to  beftow  up- 
on him  the  fmall  crofs  of  St  Stephen, 
he  excufcd  himfelf  on  account  of  his 
age. 

Nor  was  he  Icfs  attentive  to  his 
duty  as  a  chriflian.  His  delicate 
feelings  and  enlarged  mind  were 
naturally  adapted  to  religious  im- 
preffions.  Before  his  death,  Pius 
VI.  who  was  then  at  Vienna,  fent 
him  the  Apoltolic  benedidion.  He 
received  the  facrament  according  to 
[the  Roman  church,  and  exclaimed 
with  hijlateit  breath  : 

■"oiiro  il  tuo  proprio  figlics 

Che  gia  d'  amore  in  pcgno, 

Kacchiufo  in  picciol  fegno 

Si  voile  a  noi  donar. 
lui  rivolgi  A  ciglio, 

Guaida  chi  t^oft'io  ;  e  poi 

I.afci,  Signor,  le  vuoi, 

Lilcia  di  perdonur. 


Sv/EETNEss  is  the  firft  characlerif- 
tic  of  Metaftafio's  poetry.  Every- 
thing breathes  the  fpirit  of  eafe  and 
refinement  both  in  the  meafure  and 
the  thi:;ught.  He  may  be  compared 
to  the  goddefs  Chloris,  who,  in  fly- 
ing through  the  air,  fcattercd  rofcs 
wherever  ifhe  went.  In  the  cantate, 
which  arife  naturally  out  of  hi?;  fub- 
je<5l,  and  refemble  the  chorus  of  the 
Greeks,  he  has  likewife  imitated 
(perhaps  with  more  fuccefs  than 
any  other  poet)  the  noble  entho* 
fiafm  of  Pindar.  His  dialogue  is 
natural  and  elegant ;  his  ftyle  fimplc 
and  pathetic,  free  from  redundan- 
cies on  the  one  hand,  and  from  im- 
moderate concifenefs  on  the  other. 
He  has  fuccefsfully  transfufcd  into 
his  own  compofitions,  that  curiosa 
felicitas  verborum  which  he  admired 
in  his  favourite  Horace.  He  has 
ftripped  of  its  machinery  the  opera, 
which  he  reduced  to  rule,  and  fitted 
it  to  inftrudt  and  to  pleafe  without 
exciting  the  gaze  of  aRonifhmcnt- 
To  adopt  the  words  of  Voltaire : 
"  There  are  fcenes  worthy  of  Cor- 
neille,  when  he  does  not  declaim, 
and  of  Racine  when  he  is  not  feeble- 

In  fome  of  his  plays,  the  unities 
of  time  and  place  are  difrcgarded. 
But  in  them  all  there  is  an  unity  01 
interefl:  making  each  part  condu- 
cive to  the  main  fubjed.  In  point 
of  invention,  the  firll  qualification 
of  a  poet,  Metaftafio  mult  yield  to 
Shakefpeare,  with  whom  he  has 
been  compared.  But  in  corredlnefs* 
and  in  delineating  the  finer  fhades  of 
charader,  particularly  when  love  is 
interefted,  he  is  much  fuperior  to 
the  Englifh  bard.  It  is  but  juft  to 
confefs,  however,  that  he  owes  this 
fuperiority  to  a  claflical  education^ 
and  to  the  language  in  which  he 
wrote,  rather  than  to  the  acutenefi 
of  his  difcernment,  or  the  ftrength 
of  his  imagination.  But  the  French 
critics,  who  deny  him  the  merit  of 
originality,  do  him  great  injuftice. 
It  was  an  undertaking  of  no  com- 
mon 


976 


St  Kildan  Elegies^ 


Dec 


tnon  difficulty  to  fupport  the  pattioti'c 
charader  in  three  dramas  without 
recurrence  of  fentiments  or  lan- 
guage. Metaftalio's  Cato  is  ftern 
and  inflexible  ;  Themiftocles  grand 
and  tender ;  Regains  juft,  magna- 
nimous, and  divine* 

Of  all  his  produ(5lions  none  has 
been  more  admired  than  Artalerfe, 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  He  ufed 
to  call  it  the  moft  fortunate  of  all 
his  children*  A  tranflation  of  it  has 
been  fet  to  excellent  mufic,  and 
brought  upon  the  Englifh  ftage  by 
Dr  Arne.    And  yet  it  muft  be  ac- 


knowledged that  mufical  tragedy  h 
little  fuited  to  the  tafte  of  an  Englifli 
audience.  Some  of  our  critics  havei 
declared  againft  it  as  unnatural  *. 
A  more  mafculine  kind  of  compoll' 
tion  is  neceffary  to  roufe  our  atten* 
tion,  or  at  leaft,  to  excite  in  us  the 
emotions  of  tendernefs  and  fympa- 
thy. 

Edinburgh     7  a  p 

Nov.  1802.   5  ^ 


*  Mr  Burgh. 


^  For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

IT  IS  a  Angular  fa<n:,  that  in  the  Ifland  of  St  Kilda,  the  women  arf 
the  only  compofers  of  poetry,  and  few  of  them  are  incapable  of  rela 
ting  their  joys  and  forrows  in  a  fpecies  of  verfc,  which  is  far  from  bein^ 
rude.  I  faw,  in  the  pofTeflion  of  Mr  Campbell  of  Sky,  two  MS.  volumes, 
one  of  80  and  the  other  of  70  pages,  containing  entirely  thefe  fongs,  col 
le<5led  by  the  prefent  Miflionary  of  St  Kilda.  Many  of  them  were  very 
difficult  to  be  read,  from  the  inaccurate  orthography  of  the  tranfcriber: 
whofe  knowledge  of  the  language  was  but  imperfedh  J.  L 

No.  I. 

A  St  Kildan  Elegy,  by  Christian  Campbell,  a  young  Woman,  whoft 
Huftand,  foon  after  their  Marriage,  fell  over  a  Rock  and  was  Drown- 
cd. 


ALAS  !  I  am  fad  :  forrow  over- 
whelms me ;  my  flrength  fails  ;  I 
cannot  climb  the  higher  grounds. 
I  have  loft  my  delight !  my  mind 
is  opprefs'd  ;  my  fpirit  is  heavy, 
and  my  pipes  are  not  in  tune.  I 
knew  thee  well  at  a  diftance — thy 
cheeks  were  blooming  ;  thy  beauti- 
ful locks  in  curling  ringlets  hung. 

Alas  !  that  I  was  not  near  thee, 
when  the  note  loofen'd  and  thy  hold 
gave  way — I  would  fly  with  a  rope 
to  thy  aid.  Tho'  my  joints  were 
lengthened,  I  would  ftrive  co  re- 
lieve you ;   I  would  ftrive  to  re- 


lieve you  unlefs  my  body  would 
fail.  Though  not  tall  from  earth, 
I  delight  to  fee  thee — I  would  love 
thee  more  than  a  tackfman,  though 
no  cattle  were  counted  for  thee. 
Though  diftrefsM  by  hunger,  I 
fear'd  not  thy  return  with  the  night, 
no  angry  reproachful  words  flow'd 
from  thy  lips  to  my  harm. 

Hov/  painful,  alas  !  is  my  moan; 
though  painful  and  thrilling  1  muft 
bear  with  my  lot.  I  muft  bear 
with  my  lot,  though  the  darts,  ail 
affliding,  fhould penetrate  and  pierce 
my  foul. 

ThoughI 


l802. 


St  Kilda  Elegies. 


977 


51  Though  not  tall  In  thy  ftature^i 
ijjiou  wert  handfome  and  lovely. 
i;Well  could  I  know  thee  alone  col- 
.'ieding  the  fuel  for  fire  ; — Alas  ! 
■lonely  and  mournful  at  home,  I 
'  «v^eep  and  lament  my  fate.  I  am 
ijfiot  lingle  in  forrow — many  women 
■iare  afflided  with  me. 
i  Could  I  get  them  to  purchafe, 
jou.  would  not  want  linen  or  clothes 
— for  beneath  the  fun  I  faw  none  I 
could  compare  witli  my  love,  and 
for  him  I  would  like  to  provide. 
Though  thy  years  were  few,  thy 


labours  in  fprlng  were  immenfe  ; 
and  great  was  thy  ftrength  to  carry 
the;  burden  and  creel.  When  fa- 
tigued with  the  toil  of  the  day,  I 
retire  alone  to  my  bed*  Ah  !  wet 
is  my  pillow  5  m  copious  floods  my 
tears  of  forrow  fall.  But  'tis  God 
who  afflicts  me— beneath  his  rod  of 
affli(5Hon  I  groan. 

I  WILL  praifc  the  Almighty,  who 
thus  pains  and  afflids  me,  above 
what  I  knew  when  a  maid— above • 
what  1  knew,  when  a  girl  wiihout 
thought,  I  heedlefs  fported  along. 


No.  II. 

St  Kildan  Elegy,  by  Rachel  Maciter,  a  Widow,  on  the  m.elancholy 
occafion  of  her  only  Son's  being  loft  in  the  Ifie  of  Soay. 


LAST  fummer  a-twclte-month 
left  me  fad  and  forlorn— the  fcram- 
ble  for  eggs  caus'd  ^11  my  woe  and 
id-iflrefs.  In  the  Ifland  of  Soar,  I 
left  m.y  dear  love — I  left  the  youth 
who  was  firm  ;  who  ftrengthcn'd 
my  weaknefs,  and  gathered  my  fliecp 
from  the  hill.  In  the  cave  that  is 
narrow,  thou  w^ert  left,  my  love, 
and  mournful  I  ftay  behind. 

The  waves  buffet  thy  body  ;  thy 
limbs  they  tear  and  deftroy.  Curft 
be  the  clilF  where  thy  feet  loft  their 
hold —Accursed  be  the  rock  where 
thy  fteps  loft  their  way  ;  and  whence 
my  beloved  chou  couldft  not  ariie. 
The  currents  ran  high,  the  bil- 
lows dafh*d  on  the  rock,  and  the 
boat  in  the  ftruggle  w^as  loft.  I 
hate  the  frail  planks,  which  denied 
me  kindnsfs,  I  hate  the  foft  timber 
which  wlthftood  not  tlie  Ihock  of  the 
ftorrft — I  loft  my  fweet  Iver  :  Ah  I 
37ie,  he'll  never  return.    Thy  mo- 

Tranflated  by  the  R 


ther  can't  fee  thee  ;  thou  canft  not 
return  to  her  arms  :  ftie  cannot 
clofe  thy  eyes,  nor  draw  the  Ihroud 
on  thy  face 

My  ftiare  of  the  eggs  I  fhall  ne- 
ver receive ;  the  ftrong  and  alive 
will  have  them — for  thou  my  fon 
art  gone  !  My  fhare  of  the  fowls 
now  fly  in  the  air—up  to  the  clouds 
they  afcend  5  there  they  fport  and 
they  flutter  \  but  I  am  fad  and  for- 
lorn !  Thy  mother's  be  ft  bleflmgs 
attend  thy  dear  ghoft — In  the  world 
everlafting  may  thy  reft  be  fercne. 
Thou  would  ft  not  harrafs  nor  dlf- 
trefs  ;  thou  Vv^ouldft  not  come  home 
with  a  lie. 

At  home  or  abroad,  I  had  caufe 
to  be  glad-^thou  wouldft  not,  dear 
Ion,  difturb  me  ;  thy  actions  never 
merited  faame.  Thou  art  gone-! 
lev'd  Iver,  blefs  fare  is  chy  lot :  Ah  I 
me,  I  ftill  remain  behind. 

V.  Alexander  Campbell  of  Sky, 


Vol.  LXIV,  6  Q  jFa/ 


978 


Dec. 


Tot  the  Scots  Magazine, 

LETTER  OF  DAVID  HUME,  Esq.  to  Dr  JOHN  CLEPHANE, 
PHYSICIAN  IN  LONDON. 


Dear  Docto^i, 

I  AM  charm'd  to  find  you  fo 
pun(flual  a  correfpondent ;  I  always 
knew  you  to  be  a  good  friend  ;  tho* 
I  was  afraid  that  I  had  loft  you, 
and  that  you  had  join'd  that  great 
multitude,  who  abus'd  me  and  re- 
proach'd  me  with  Paganifm,  and 
Jacobitifm,  and  many  other  wretch- 
ed ismsy  pf  whjch  I  am  only  guilty 
of  a  part. 

I  BELIEVE  a  man,  when  he  is 
once  an  author,  is  an  author  for 
life :  {6r  I  am  now  very  bufily  en- 
gaged in  writing  another  volume  of 
hiitory,  and  have  crept  backwards 
to  tlie  reign  of  Henry  the  VII.  I 
wilh,  indeed,  that  I  had  begun 
there.  For  by  that  means,  I  Ihould 
have  been  able,  without  making 
any  digrelFion,  by  the  plain  courie 
of  the  narration,  to  have  Ihown 
how  abfolute  the  authority  was, 
which  the  EngliiTi  Kings  then  pof- 
fefs'd,  and  that  the  Stuarts  did  lit- 
tle, or  nothing  more,  than  continue 
matters  in  the  former  tra«fl,  which 
the  people  were  deteimin'd  no  long- 
er to  admit.  By  uiis  means  I  Ihou'd 
have  elcap'd  the  reproach  of  the 
moft  terrible  ism  of  them  all,  that 
of  Jacobitifm. 

I  SHALL  certainly  be  in  London 
next  fummer  ;  and  probably  to  re- 
main there  during  life  ;  at  leaft  if 
I  can  fettle  myfelf  to  my  mind, 
■which  I  beg  you  to  have  an  eye  to. 
A  room  in  a  fober,  difcreet  family, 


who  would  not  Jdc  averfc  to  admit 
a  fober,  difcreet,  virtuous,  frugal, 
regular,  quiet,  good-natur'd  man  of 
a  bad  character;  fuch  a  room,  I  fay, 
wou'd  fuit  me  extremely,  efpecially 
if  I  cou'd  take  moft  of  my  meals 
in  the  family,  and  more  efpecially 
ftill,  if  it  was  not  far  diftant  fronfi 
Dr  Clephane's.  I  fhall  then  be  able. 
Dear  Dodor,  to  fpend  150  pounds 
a  year,  which  is  the  fum  upon  whichjj 
I  remember,  you  formerly  under- 
took me.  But  I  wou'd  not  have 
you  reckon  upon  pr§papiHties,  as  yo^j 
then  calPd  them.  For  I  am  re- 
folv'd  to  write  no  more.  I  fhall 
read,  and  corred  ;  and  chat,  and  be 
idle,  the  reft  of  my  life. 

I  MUST  now  make  room  for  Sir 
Harry  *,  who  fmiles  at  the  fum,  at 
which  I  have  fet  up  nr,y  reft  I 

I  am,  \ 
Dear  Dr,  ' 
Your's  fmcerely, 

Edln.  0.(1  Srpt,  1 

nS7'       J  L)avidHume. 


*  I  am  forry  that  I  am  not  autho. 
rized  to  gratify  the  pubhc  with  the  o* 
ther  fliort  letter,  here  alluded  to.  One 
reaion  is,  that,  among  other  things,  it 
relates  to  a  lady  ftill  alive.  It  is,  how- 
ever, of  very  little  importance. — The 
public  may  expert  in  next  number,  a 
letter  of  HurTiC'd  to  Sir  H.  E  . 

J.C. 


979 


LITERARY  EXTRACTS 

AND 

NOTICES. 

NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  CAFFRARIA. 
By  Dr  Vandeikemp. 

Continued  from  page  834, 


^ladrupedf.  THE  moft  common  are 
the  ox  and  the  wolf.  Of  the  former 
(including  bulls  and  cows)  tney  oftsn 
poffefs  ieveral  hundreds  ;  and,  fome, 
I  believe,  keep  above  a  thoufand.  Of 
the  latter,  there  are  two  kinds  :  the 
firit  is  fpotted  ^  and,  on  that  account, 
called  by  the  colonifts.  Tiger-wolf: 
the  other  is  the  ftand-wolf  :  the  fit  it  is 
moft  common,  and  very  troublefomc, 
as  he  oftentimes  drags  the  CatFres  out 
of  their  houfes.  The  cow,  however, 
will  ftand  againft  a  wolf  to  advantage, 
efpecially  when  he  has  wounded  or 
taken  her  calf. 

The  lion  and  the  buffalo  are  lefs  fre- 
quent. Thefe  animals  feem  to  be  fond 
of  each  other,  and  commonly  keep 
company;  though  the  lion  ufes  the 
buffalo  for  food,  as  we  do  the  ox. 
Near  the  GoboulTi  I  found  a  prodigous 
number^of  elks,  they  grow  very  large  ; 
and  one  of  them  affords  more  meat 
than  two  oxen  :  they  are  eafily  taken, 
as  they  very  foou  grow  weary.  The 
elephant  of  this  country  is  very  tall, 
much  more  ib  than  that  of  India  :  his 
tee:h  are  Ibraetimes  eight  or  nine  feet 
long.  I  was  furprized  that  we  never 
found  Ikeletons,  or  teeth,  of  thofe  that 
die  fpontaneoufly  ;  but,  by  the  follow- 
ing obfervations,  I  am  now  led  to  ilif- 
ped  that  they  bury  their  dead,  or  hide 
them.  Oce  of  our  company  killed  an 
elephant,  and  went  the  next  day,  v/ith 
fbme  of  our  v;omen,  armed  to  take 
out  its  teeth.  They  found  fifteen  and 
twenty  elephants  at  work  to  take  up 
the  dead  corpfc  ;  but  drove  them  a- 
way  by  their  cries.  The  man  purfued 
themonhcrfcback^tiUor.cof  them  turn- 


ed back,  and  hunted  the  old  colonlft  in 
his  turn  :  he  was  fo  near  hirn,  that  he 
continually  threw  a  prodigious  quan- 
tity of  very  limpid  fluid,  whicli  he 
drew  out  of  his  Itomach  by  means  of 
his  fnout,  upon  him  ;  and  the  poor 
man  had  a  very  narrow  elcape,  by  hid- 
ing himfelf  in  a  thorn-bufli.  There  are 
no  tame  horfes  in  Caffreland,  except  a 
very  few,  which  are  brought  from  lh<i, 
colony  ;  but  there  are  two  forts  of  wild 
horfes, — the  Dau  and  the  Kwagga  : 
the  former  is  more  beautifully  ftreaked 
than  the  latter.  The  Kwagga  is  an 
enemy  to  the  wolf,  and  drives  him  out 
of  the  field  which  he  inhabits.  The 
tiger  of  this  country  is  not  ftreaked, 
but  fpotted  with  fmall  brown  fpots. 
Laft  year  the  Caffres  killed  a  tiger, 
which  was  black  intermixed  with  white 
haiis  ;  but  it  had  a  ftreak  of  fliining 
black  over  its  back  ;  the  fore-legs  and 
thighs  were  fpotted  as  the  common 
tiger  :  it  was  the  feCond  of  this  kind 
they  had  killed  ;  and  faid  that  it  was 
found  aUb  among  the  Tambouchis.  I 
muft  alfo  mention  an  animal,  the  name, 
of  which  is  not  known  m  the  colony, 
as  they  call  it  the  Unknown  Animal. 
The  Hottentots  call  it  Kamma.  It  is 
fometimes  feen  among  a  herd  of  elks, 
and  is  much  higher  than  thefe.  It  was 
never  caught  nor  ftiot,  as  it  is,  by  its 
fwiftnels,  unapproachable  :  it  has  ths 
form  of  a  horfe,  and  is  Itreaked  ;  but 
finer  than  the  Dau.  Its  ftep  is  like 
that  of  a  horfe.  I  looked  upon  this 
defcription  as  fomewhat  fabulous,  till 
we  came  near  theTeitjana,  among  the 
Bofchemen  ;  there  one  of  our  com- 
pany law  an  animal  among  fome  Kwag- 
6  0^1 


980  Natural  History  of  Caffraria.  Dec. 


i^as,  which  he  had  never  feen  before  : 
he  faid,  that  it  vvas  like  a  mod  beautiful 
horfe,  but  iriuch  larger.  The  Bol'che- 
men  pointed  to  a  plain,  where  they  faid 
thefe  animals  were  found  in  great  num- 
bers. This  one  had  a  tail  like  that  of 
a  n'gou,  but  with  a  much  longer  bunch 
of  hail  sat  the  point.  The  n'gou  and 
kvudou  arc  alfo  inhabitants  of  Caffraria  ; 
andj  if  I  recoUeil  rightly,  are  delcrib- 
cd  by  Sparman.  The  leopard  is  a  dif- 
terent  animal  ftom  the  fpotted  tiger, 
iind  very  tamej  if  educated  young :  and 
more  fit  for  hunting  than  a  hunting- 
dog.  The  African  (tag  alfo  differs  from 
the  European  :  it  is  larger,  more  fierce, 
and  its  horns  are  without  ramifications. 
There  are  two  forts  of  wild  hogs.  The 
fiilt  is  called,  by  the  Caffres,  Goulou- 
wue,  which  has  fmaller  teeth,  and  the 
excrefcences  ftanding  in  the  upper  jaw 
are  imaller,  harder,  and  more  horny  : 
its  Ihout  IS  more  pointed.  The  name 
of  the  laft,  whofe  fnout  is  very  bioad, 
is  Thagwon.  The  rhinoceros  with 
two  horns,  and  the  fea-cow,  are  alfo 
natives  of  this  country.  The  latter 
has  ftrength  and  courage  enough  to 
throw  a  rhinoceros  from  the  rocks 
down  into  the  river  :  the  rhinoceros, 
hovv'ever,  is  the  terror  of  the  elephant  : 
and  fometimes  puts  many  of  them  to 
flight. 

There  is  a  variety  of  different  forts  of 
bucks,  diltinguifhed  by  the  names  of 
Steenbok,  Springbok,  Rietbok,  Bofch- 
bok,  Kilpfpringer,  Bontebok,  Gems- 
bok,  Duiker,  Blaauwebok,  Shccbok, 
and  Orbietje.  Of  the  badger  (dama; 
there  are  two  fpecies  ;  the  tree  badger 
and  the  rock-badger.  I  muft  alfo  men- 
tion the  wild  cats  and  dogs.  Tlie  for- 
mer is  of  the  (liape  of  a  tame  cat,  but 
much  larger*  I  m.eafured  one,  which 
^vas^  without  its  tail,  two  feet  and  a 
half  long ;  its  fur  reddiOi.  Of  the 
wild  dogs  there  are  two  kinds  :  the  one 
black  and  white  ^  and  the  other  red 
and  white.  I  have  only  feen  the  for- 
mer :  they  are  both  very  favage,  and 
devour  their  prey  ^live. 

I  have  never  feen  a  tame  cat,  a  bear, 
or  a  camel.  Among  the  quadrupeds, 
I  may  rank  a  ferpent  with  four  legs, 
called  by  the  Catfres,  Kabe  ;  and  alfo  a 
liumerous  tribe  of  lizards,  from  which 
the  former  differs,  and  of  which  I  can 
only  mention  the  geitje,  the  falamand- 
cr,  and  the  cameleon.  The  common 
r<^ort,  that  this  latter  animal  changes 


colour,  fo  as  to  be  like  that  of  the 
ground  which  it  ftands  on,  I  have  aU 
v/ays  confidered       a  fable  j  but  my 
own  experience  convinces  me  that  it  is 
a  fadt,  thougli  it  does  not  affume  every 
colour.     I  placed  a  cameleon  upon 
black  ;  it  turned  black  like  mud  ^  upon 
dark  blue  it  turned  not  quite  fo  black 
as  in  the  former  cafe,    but  no  blue 
colour  was  to  be  feen  :  upon  white  it 
aflumed  the  colour  of  v^hite  aQies ;  j 
upon  green,  a  yellowifh  grey,  with ' 
green  ipots  ;  upon  bright  red  it  remain- 
cd  white,  with  a  yellow  hue.  I  placed 
it  in  a  dark  box,  expeding  to  finditl 
black  :  upon  opening  the  box  I  found! 
it  white  ;  and  leaving  the  box  open,  it 
got  large  brown  fpots,  of  a  chocolate 
colour.    This  change  takes  place  in 
one  to  three  minutes  ;  iteffeds  not  the 
whole  fur  face  of  the  body  from  the 
beginning,  but  fpots  are  at  firft  feen 
commonly  at  the  fides  of  the  body,  be-| 
low  the  neck,  on  the  fl\oulder,  and  eye- 
lids.   The  progrefs  from  one  change  to' 
another  is  not  uniform,  but,  by  the  in- 
tervals, flower  or  more  rapid,  as  it 
were,  by  fiulhes.    It  is  not  neceflaryi 
to  irritate  the  animal  to  make  it  change  | 
its  colour  ;  and  I  found  that  the  change 
takes  place  even  when  it  is  alleep.  To' 
the  fame  clafs  belong  the  leguan,  the 
tortoife,  the  otter,  the  frog,  and  the 
toad.    There  is  an  uncommon  large 
toad,  which  has  teeth  in   its  mouth, 
and  roars  very  loud. 

Birds.  I  am  at  a  lofs  how  to  enum- 
erate the  birds  that  came  under  my 
obfervation,  as  I  know  not  their  En- 
glifli  names.  Thofe  I  know,  are  the 
fwallow,  the  bat,  the  crow  (of  which | 
latter  I  have  feen  three  kinds,  a  whif^J 
a  black  with  a  white  collar,  and  a  grey 
with  a  yellow  bill)  the  duck,  the  phea- 
fant,  the  partridge,  Guinea-hens,  (>f- 
triches  ;  but  th'efe  are  not  to  be  found 
in  great  quantities.  Falcons,  vultures 
of  ditterent  kinds,  the  crane,  the  wild 
peacock,  turtle-doves,  and  the  cuckdo. 
Sparrows  I  have  never  feen.  The 
kwickendref  and  kwikllaart  are  alfo 
known  in  Europe  ;  but  I  know  not 
their  Engliih  names  ;  the  honey  bird, 
■ — unknown  in  Europe ;  the  gangani 
(by  the  colonifts,  called  Hadada)  the 
golouifi  (by  the  colonifts,  Loeri)  the 
mngwinngwe  (by  the  colonifts,  called 
Suikerbekje)  the  pekwe,  the  fegizi, 
the  heem.— It  would  be  tirefome  to  read 
their  defcriptions  ;  thsy  are  all  bcauti- 


l802. 


Natural  History  of  Caffraria. 


fully  coloured  ;  the  laft,  I  think,  is 
mentioned  by  Van  Rhener,  and  called 
Hemoe.  The  attachment  which  this 
bird  diews  to  mankind,  when  tamed,  is 
lemarkable.  One  of  them  which  we 
kept,  and  which  flew  freely  about,  fol- 
lowed me  always  whenever  I  walked 
out.  There  are  many  other  birds,  of 
which  I  do  not  know  the  CafFre  names. 

hife£ls^  &-C.  Two  kinds  of  fpiders 
attraded  my  attention.  The  one  being 
very  large ;  and  the  other  imaller, 
having  on  its  back  a  hard  and  very 
broad  fliell,  like  white  enamel.  There 
is  a  very  large  fort  of  fcolopendra, 
large  fnails,  and  multitudes  of  fcor- 
pions,  the  bite  of  which  is  faid  to  be 
mortal  :  that  a  wound  made  by  its 
fting  in  the  tail,  is  not  fo,  I  have  ex- 
perienced more  than  once.  There  are 
alfo  a  variety  of  butterflies,  and  the 
mantis.  This  animal  appears  to  have 
been  held  in  fome  reverence,  as  its 
name  feems  to  import.  The  Hotten- 
tots confider  it  alrnoft  as  a  deity,  and 
offer  their  prayers  to  it,  begging  that 


it  may  not  deftroy  them  5  and  the 
CafFres  call  it  Ourntoanizoulou  ;  that 
is.  Child  of  Heaven.  There  is  alfo  a 
variety  of  locults,  and  a  vaft  quantity 
of  wild  honey.  Thimpi,  Khaendi^ 
Naamba,  Nouflbu,  Chamba,  and  In- 
thango,  are  different  forts  of  ferpents. 
The  fir  ft,  I  think,  is  the  Cobra-Capel- 
lo  of  the  colony  ;  the  fecond,  a  green- 
ilii  water-fnake  j  the  third,  a  largs 
grey  ferpent  of  the  woods  ;  the  fourth, 
a  yellow  coloured  one  j  the  fifth  and 
fixth  are  vipers  ;^  the  former  is  the 
large  pofaddcr  ;  the  latter  is  the  viper 
of  the  mountains.  Caffraria  produces 
many  forts  of  ants ;  fome  of  them  build 
their  nefts  above  the  ground,  of  clay, 
of  an  hemifphcrical  form,  the  radius 
of  which  is  from  one  to  three  feet  ; 
another  fort  build  houfes  of  a  conical 
lhape,  being  very  acute  at  the  top. 

I  have  feen  multitades  of  fifh  in 
feveral  rivers  ;  but  I  do  not  know  of 
what  kind  they  were  :  the  only  fiOi  I 
have  eaten  is  the  eel. 

( To  be  continued  J 


DENON'S  TRAVELS  IN  EGYPT. 


M.  DENON  was  a  member  of  the 
inttitute  of  Cairo,  and  being  an  excel- 
lent draftsman,  was  feledted  to  a  com- 
pany the  troops  defigned  for  the  con- 
queft  of  Upper  Egypt ;  that  under  the 
protedion  of  a  military  efcort  he  might 
have  an  opportunity  of  Examining  and 
delineating  ev^y  curious  remain  of 
antiquity.  Not  being  a  foldier  by  pro- 
feffion,  and  therefore  not  hardened  to 
the  atrocities  of  war,  he  has  notwith- 
ftanding  his  partiality  towards  his 
countrymen,  and  his  perfonal  regard 
for  many  of  the  chiefs  in  the  expedi- 
tion, given  a  farther  account  of  the 
treatment  which  the  natives  under- 
went from  their  invaders,  than  we 
may  probably  receive  from  any  other 
quarter:  In  this  view  his  narrative  is 
of  peculiar  value.  Belides  it  contains 
an  agreeable  mixture'?of  incident  and 
defcription :  and  if  the  journal  of  the 
dtfultory  operations  of  a  compaign 
a^ainlt  an  eutimy,  whofc  rapid  mo- 


tions, and  invincible  courage,  always 
rendered  him  a  formidable  opponent;, 
interrupts  unfeafonably  now  and  then 
an  account  of  the  venerable  monument* 
of  Thebes,  or  Tentyra  ;  yet  this  verf 
interruption  becomes  a  ftimulus  to 
curiolity,  and  the  attention  of  the 
reader  will  not  be  withdrav^'u  ungra- 
tilicd. 


Information  rcfpeBin^  tlx  intrrior  of 
Africa  from  a  Nubian  Prince, 

We  found  at  Girgeh  a  Nubian  prince 
a  brother  to  the  king  of  Darfur;  he 
was  returning  from  India,  and  was  go- 
ing to  rejoin  another  of  his  brother?, 
who  was  accompanying  an»^ther  cara- 
van of  Nubians  of  Sennar,  with  as 
many  women.  He  was  bringing  to 
Cairo  elephants'  teeth  and  gold  duft, 
to  barter  againft  coffee,  fugar,  fhawl^:^ 
doth,  lead,  iron,  fcnna,  and  tamarinds. 


98.^  he  Hons  Trd 

Wf  had  a  long  con  vci*  fat  ion  with  this 
young  prince,  who  was  lively,  gay, 
impetuous,  and  clever,  all  of  which 
were  fhewn  in  his  pnyfiognorny :  his 
colour  was  deeper  than  bronze,  his 
eyes  very,  fine  and  well  fet,  his  nofe 
fomewhat  turned  up  and  fmalJ,  his 
mouth  very  wide  but  not  flat,  and  his 
legs,  like  thole  of  all  the  Africans,  bov;^- 
ed  and  lank.  He  told  us  thrit  his 
brother  was  an  ally  of  the  king  of  Bur- 
nu,  and  traded  with  him,  and  that  he 
y\^as  always  at  war  with  the  people  of 
Scnnar.  He  )ikewife  informed  us,  that 
it  was  forty  days  journey  from  Darfur 
to  Siut,  during  which  time  water  was 
only  to  be  met  with  once  a  week, 
either  in  the  wells  or  incrofTing  the  oafu. 
The  profits  of  thefe  caravans  ought  to 
be  enormous,  to  repay  the  expenfea  nd 
trouble  of  fitting  them  out,  and  to  in- 
demnify them  for  th(^ir  very  great  fa- 
tigues. When  their  female  flaves  were 
tot  taken  in  war,  they  coll  them  one 
indifferent  gun,  and  the  men  flaves 
two.  He  told  us,  that  it  was  ver^ 
cold  in  his  Country  at  a  certain  time  of 
the  year,  and  having  no  word  to  ex- 
prefs  to  us  ice,  he  faid,  that  they  eat 
a  great  deal  of  a  fubllance  which  was 
hard  when  taken  in  the  hands,  and 
which  flipped  through  the  fingers  when 
it  was  held  therefor  fome.time.  Wc 
enquired  of  him  of  Tombudoo,  this 
celebrated  city,  the  cxiftence  of  which 
is  fo  problematical  in  Europe.  He 
was  not  furprifed  at  our  quef\ions. 
From  his  account  Tombu(5too  was  at 
the  Ibuth-wefl:  of  his  country,  and  its 
inhabitants  came  to  trade  with  him : 
they  were  fix  months  on  their  journey 
from  Tombudoo  to  Darfur,  and  pur- 
chafed  the  various  articles  which  he 
brought  from  Cairo,  for  which  they 
exchanged  gold  dull.  He  added,  that 
this  country  was  called  in  their  language 
4he  parmVife ;  that  the  town  of  Tom- 
budoo  was  iituated  on  the  banks  of  a 
river,  which  flowed  towards  the  vi^eft, 
and  that  the  inhabitants  were  fmall  of 
ftature,  and  mild  in  difpofitioni  We 
regretted  much  that  we  could  not  en- 
joy more  time  with  this  interefting 
traveller,  but  we  could  not  indifcreet^y 
urge  him  with  queftions,  though  he 
feemed  to  be  perfediy  well  inchncd  to 
tell  us  what  he  knew,  having  nothing 
of  the  MufTulman  gravity  and  taciturn- 
ity, and  exprefTing  himfelf  with  eafe 
and  energy.   He  told  us,  befides,  that 


)eh  In  Esypt.  t)ec. 

in  his  country  the  fucccffion  of  th^ 
royal  family  was  elective ;  that  the 
military  and  civil  chiefs,  after  the 
death  of  a  king,  chofe,  out  of  his  fons, 
him  whom  they  thought  moft  worthy 
to  fuccecd  to  the  throne ;  and  that 
hitherto  there  had  been  no  example 
of  a  civil  war  being  produced  by  thig 
cuftom. 

All  that  I  have  been  relating  is,  word 
for  word,  an  authentic  copy  of  the 
converfation  which  we  had  with  thiji 
foreign  prince.  He  added,  that  we 
had  an  infinite  number  of  things  to 
furnifh  Africa  with,  and  that  we  fhould 
find  them  yery  willing  to  trade  with  us, 
without  injuring  the  commerce  which 
Ihey  kept  up  with  each  other  ;  that 
we  fhould  attach  them  toour  intercftsby 
all  their  wants,  and  by  the  exportation 
of  the  fuperfiuity  of  our  produdions  ; 
that  the  trade  with  India,  in  like  mea« 
fure,  might  be  carried  on  through 
Mecca,  taking  this  town  or  that  of 
CofTeir  as  a  common  entrepot^  in  the 
fame  way  as  Aleppo  is  for  the  Muf- 
Tulman States,  notwithftanding  th'i 
length  of  march  required  on  each  fide 
to  arrive  at  the  common  point  of  coa- 
tad. 


Arabian  TaUsy  and  Manner  of  relat" 
in^  them. 

Wc  amufed  ourfelves  with  hearing 
Arabian  tales,  in  order  to  kill  time, 
and  relieve  our  impatience.  The 
Arabs  relate  ftories  fo  flowly,  that  our 
interpreters  could  follow  them  almofl 
without  interrupting  the  narrative. 
They  retain  the  fame  pafTion  for  thefe 
tales,  as  we  have  long  been  familiar 
with,  in  the  Thoufandand  one  Tales  of 
the  fultana  Scherafader^  and  in  this  re- 
fped,  Defaix  and  myfelf  almoft  equall- 
ed the  fultan ;  his  prodigious  memory 
loll:  fcarcely  a  fingle  phrafe  of  what  he 
had  heard  ;  and  I  forbore  to  write 
them  down,  as  he  promifed  to  repeat 
them  to  me  from  memory,  word  for 
word.  I  obferved,  however,  that  if 
thefe  relations  were  not  rich  in  natural 
images  and  jult  fentiment  (a  merit 
which  feems  to  belong  exclu lively  to 
the  writers  of  the  north),  they  abound 
in  extraordinary  events  and  interefting 
fituations,  occafioned  by  high  and 
ftrong  paffions  :  thefe  writers  make 
abundant  ufe  of  all  the  machinery  of 

caftles, 


l802. 


DenorHs  Travels  in  Egypt. 


9?3 


caftles,  iron  grate?,  poifons,  daggers, 
rapes,  night  adventures,  miftakes,  trea- 
chery ;  in  ihort,  all  that  can  embroil 
a  narration,  and  appear  to  render  the 
denouement  impoflible,  and  yet  the  Itory 
always  ftnifties  very  naturally  in  the 
cleareft  and  mod  fatisfadtory  manner. 
This  is  the  merit  of  the  inventor,  and 
to  this  the  narrator  adds  that  of  preci- 
fion  and  declamation,  which  are  in 
Jiigh  eftcem  with  the  audience  ;  and 
thijf*^  it  hajppens  that  the  fame  itory  is 
told  by  fcvtral  relators  fucctrffively  with 
equal  intereft  and  fucctfs ;  one  giving 
ill  a  better  llyle  of  declamation  [the 
pathetic  and  amorous  part ;  another 
throwing  in  more  interclt  in  the  battle 
fcenes  and  thofe  of  horror  ;  and  a 
third  humouring  the  laughable  events; 
in  fhort,  it  is  their  theatrical  enter- 
tainment ;  and  .^s  we  go  to  a  play  the 
iirft  time  for  the  piece,  and  afterwards 
ifor  particular  adors  ;  fo  with  the 
Arabs  thefe  repeated  reprefentations  do 
not  fatigue  the  auditors,  Thefe  tales 
.are  followed  with  diicuffions  ;  the 
parts  which  have  excited  applaufe  are 
xrriticifed,  and  thus  the  talents  of  the 
performers  are  brought  to  greater  per- 
fedion  ;  and  all  thofe  who  have  ac- 
quired a  high  pitch  of  excellence  in 
this  art  are  in  great  eftimation,  as  they 
contribute  to  the  happinefs  of  a  whole 
family,  or  even  a  horde.  The  Arabs 
have  alfo  their  poets,  even  their  impro- 
yifatores,  who  exhibit  at  great  fealts, 
and  they  appear  to  be  enchanted  with 
them.  I  have  heard  them,  but  when 
their  fongs  are  not  narrative,  they 
doubtlefs  lofe  much  by  being  tranflat* 
cd  ;  they  fcemed  to  me  to  be  only 
conceit  if  or  a  very  infipid  pjay  upon 
words ;  thefe  poets  too  have  very  lin- 
gular manners,  and  particular  tricks 
or  geltuies,  which  diliinguifhed  theiili 
itideed  from  othersy  but  ■  give  an  ap- 
pearance of  infanity  that  infpired  me 
with  pity  and  repugnance  ;  which  was 
not  the  cafe' with  the  narrators  of  the 
talcs,  who  appear  to  have  much  more 
'talent  and'  nature. 


Thunder  in  ^^pt. 
The  morning  of  the  15 fh  was  cold 
enough  to  make  one  wifli  for  a  fire, 
but  it  was  rather  the  chillncfs  of  a  raw 
morning  in  May,  for  on  putting  my 
Jiead  out  of  my  window,  1  faw  the 
birds  alive  and  a(fUve,  and  bufy  ia 


making  their  nefls  ;  in  the  evening  of 
this  day  it  thundered,  a  very  rare 
occurrence  in  this  country,  which  hap- 
pens hardly  oftener  than  once  in  a 
generation,  by  a  concoui  fe  of  circum- 
itances  perhaps  not  difficult  of  expian- 
ation.  The  north  wind,  which  is  th*; 
moit  conlUnt  of  all  thofe  that  prevail 
in  this  part  of  the  world,  brings  from 
the  fea  the  cloudj  of  a  colder  region, 
rolls  them  along  through  the  valley  of 
Egypt,  where  a  burning  fun  ranfiefi 
them  and  reduces  them  to  vapour; 
when  this  vapour  is  driven  into  Abyf- 
finia,  the  fouth  wind,  which  crofles 
the  lofty  and  cold  mountains  of  this 
country,  fometimes  brings  back  a  fevr 
fcattered  clouds,  which  as  they  exper- 
ience but  little  change  of  temperature 
when  returning  over  the  humid  valley 
of  the  Nile  in  flood-time,  remain  con- 
denfed,  and  at  times  produce,  with- 
out thunder  or  temped,  fmall  halty 
fhowers.  But,  as  the  eafl  and  wett 
Winds,  which  arc  in  general  the  parents 
offtorms,  both  crols  burning  deferts, 
which  either  abforb  the  clouds  or'raife 
the  vapour  to  fuch  a  heigiu  as  to  be 
able  to  pafs  over  the  narrow  valley  of 
Upper  Egypt,  without  being  able  to 
undergo  detonation  by  the  operation 
of  the  waters  of  the  rivt^r,  thepnenom- 
enon  of  thunder  bt^comes  fo  rare  an 
occurrence  to  the  inhabitants  of  this 
country,  that  even  the  thinking  people 
who  refide  here  do  not  attempt  to  af- 
fign  to  it  a  phyhcal  caufc.  General 
Uciaix  having  qu^aoned  a  perfon  in  the 
law  m  this  place  on  the  caufe  of  thun- 
der, he  replied,  with  the  perfcd  con- 
fidence of  convidion  :  "  We  know- 
very  well  that  it  is  an  aneel,  but  fa 
fiiiall  in  /tature  that  he  cannot  be  per- 
ceived in  the  air;  he  has  however  the 
power  of  conducing  the  clouds  of  the 
Mediterranean  into  Abyfliuia,  and 
when  the  wickednefs  of  men  is  at  its 
height,  he  makes  his  voice  heard  which 
is  a  voice  of  menace  and  reproach; 
and  as  a  proof  that  he  has  alfo  the 
dilpofal  of  punii'hment,  he  opens  a  little 
way  the  gate  of  heaven,  whence  darts 
out  the  lightning;  but  as  the  clemency 
of  God  IS  iiifiiiice,  never  is  his  wratk 
carried  further  in  Upper  Egypt." 


Chara^cr  of  Egyptian  Atchiteclure. 
We  arrived  at  Tentyra.    The  firft 
objca  which  I  faw  was  a  fmall  temple 


984 


Denon's  Travels  in  Egypt. 


Dec. 


on  the  left  hand  of  the  road,  in  fo  bad 
a  ftyk  and  proportions  of  archiredurc, 
thai  at  a  diltr.nce  I  took  it  to  bf  the 
ruins  of  a  mofque.  In  uirning  back  to 
the  lii^ht,  I  found,  buried  in  a  gloomy 
heap  oi  ruins,  a  gatt,  built  ot  enormous 
inaffes  covered  with  hieroglyphics; 
and  through  this  jjate  I  had  a  view  of 
the  temple.  I  wjlh  1  could  hrre  trans- 
fufe  into  the  foul  of  my  readers  the 
fcnfation  which  I  experienced.  I  was 
too  rr.uch  loll  in  altonilliment  to  be 
capable  of  cool  judj;ement ;  all  \\y^\.  I 
hrid  fccn  hitherto  fervcd  here  but  to 
fix  my  admiration.  This  monument 
jfecnied  to  me  to  have  the  primitive 
charader  of  a  temple  in  the  higheft 
perfciilion.  Covered  with  ruins  as  it 
was,  the  fcnfation  of  filfnt  refpcei 
v-hich  it  excited  in  my  mind  apptrared 
to  me  a  proof  of  its  imprellive  afpe^l, 
and  without  being  partial  in  favour  of 
the  antique,  I  may  add,  that  the  whole 
army  experienced  fumlar  feelings. 

Nothing  is  more  fimpie  and  better 
put  together  than  the  few  lines  v/hich 
compofc  this  architecture.  The  Egyp- 
tians, borrowing  nothing  from  the 
ftyle  of  other  nations,  have  hrre  added 
Tio  foreign  ornament,  no  fuperrinity  of 
materials  :  order  and  fimphcity  are  the 
principles  which  they  have  followed, 
and  they  have  c;^rried  t!  em  to  lublimity. 
At  this  point  they  have  flopped,  and 
haveattcichedfumuch importance  topre- 
ferving  the  unity  of  dcftgn,  that  though 
they  have  loaded  t,'  e  walls  of  thefe 
edifices  with  bas-reliefs,  infcriptions, 
and  hirtorical  and  fcientific  reprefenta- 
tion^,  none  of  thefe  rich  additions  in- 
terfeds  a  ling^e  line  of  the  general  plan, 
all  of  which  are  rel'gioufly  prelerved 
unbroken:  the  fumptuous,  and  rich 
decorations  which  appear  to  the  eye 
when  clofe  to  the  building,  all  vaniih 
at  a  fliort  diitance,  and  leave  full  to 
view  the  grand  elements  of  archittrtftur- 
al  compolition,  which  are  dictated  by 
found  reafoo.  It  never  rains  in  this 
climate,  all  that  i$  wanted  therefore  i* 
a  covering  of  plat- bands  to  give  {liade, 
but  beyond  this,  neither  roof  nor  pedi- 
ment are  added  ;  the  plain-flopc  is  the 
principle  of  folidity  ;  they  have  there- 
tore  adopted  this  form  for  every  main 
fupporter,  doubtlefs  with  the  idea  that 
jubility  is  the  firit  imprcTiion  that  ar- 
chUe<5ture  fhould  give,  and  is  an  elTen- 
tial  conftituent  of  this  art.  With  thefe 
people,  the  idea  of  the  immortality  of 
the  Deity  is  prcfented  by  the  eternity 


of  his  temple  :  thef?  ornaments,  which 
are  alway{>  rational,  always  conlillent, 
always  fignificant,  demonltrate  a  Head- 
inefs  of  [jrinciple,  a  tafte  founded  up- 
on truth,  and  a  deep  train  of  reafon- 
ing ;  and  if  we  even  had  not  a  full  con- 
vidiori  of  the  eminent  height  to  which 
they  had  attained  in  the  abttract  foien- 
ces,  their  archrtedurc  alone,  in  the 
ftate  in  which  we  now  find  it,  would 
give  the  obferver  of  the  prefent  d,iy  a 
high  opinion  of  the  antiquity  of  this 
nation,  of  its  cultivation,  and  the  im- 
prtfljve  gravity  of  its  chara(5tcr. 

I  have  already  faid,  that  I  defpair  of 
being  able  to  exprtfs  all  that  I  felt  on 
(landing  under  tlie  portico  of  Tentyra, 
I  felt  that  I  was  in  the  fanvJhiary  of  the 
arts  and  fciences.  How  many  periods 
prefented  themfelves  to  my  imagma- 
tion  at  the  light  uf  fuch  an  edifice  I 
how  many  ages  of  creative  ingenuity 
were  requifite  to  bring  a  nation  to  fuch 
a  degree  of  perfe^ion  and  fublimity  in 
the  ai  ts  !  and  how  many  more  of  obli- 
vion to  caufe  thefe  mighty  productions 
to  be  forgotten,  and  to  bring  back  the 
human  race  to  the  Itate  of  nature,  in 
which  I  now  found  them  on  this  vei  y 
fpot  1  Never  was  there  a  pbce  whici 
concentered  in  i  narrowrr  -^-ornpnf?, 
the  well-marked  memori  il  of  a  progrcf- 
five  lapfe  of  ages.  What  uncealing 
power,  what  riche*,  whnt  abundance, ( 
what  fuperfluity  of  means  mult  a  go-i 
vernment  pofTif^i,  which  could  erejft^ 
fuch  an  edifice,  and  find  within  itfelf* 
artids  capable  of  conceiving  and  exe-> 
cutingthe  dehgn,  of  decorating  and  en-> 
richijig  it  with  every  thing  that  fpeaks 
to  the  eye  and  uriderftancling  I  N-ver 
did  the  labour  of  m^n  (hew  me  thi  hu- 
man race  in  fuch  a  fplendid  point  of 
view :  in  the  ruins  of  Tentyra  the 
Egyptians  appeared  to  me  giants- 

1  wilhed  to  take  every  thing  on  pa. 
per,  but  I  could  hardly  ventuie  to  be- 
gin the  work;  1  felt  that,  not  being 
able  to  raife  my  powers  to  the  height 
which  was  before  my  admiring  eyes,  I 
ftiDuld  only  ihew  the  imperfection  of 
the  imitative  art;  for  in  no  place  had 
I  ever  be-.n  furrounded  with  fo  many 
objeds  to  elevate  my  imagination. 
Thefe  monuments,  which  imprinted 
on  the  mind  therefped  due  to  the  fanc- 
tuary  of  the  Divinity,  were  the  open 
volumes,  in  which  fcience  was  unfold- 
ed, morality  dictated,  and  the  ufeful  arts 
promulgated;  every  thing  fpoke,  e- 

rery 


I  1802. 


DenorHs  Travels  in  Egypt, 


Very  obje(5l  was  animated  with  the 
fame  mind.  The  opening  of  the  doors, 
I  the  angles,  the  moft  private  recefs,  ftill 
'  prefented  a  leffon,  a  precept  of  admi- 
rable harmony,  and  the  lightelt  orna- 
ment on  the  graveft  feature  of  the  arch- 
\  itedure  revealtd,  under  living  images, 
the  abftradt  truths  of  agronomy,  l^aint- 
ing  added  a  further  charm  to  fculpture 
and  architecture,  and  produced  at  the 
fame  time  an  agreeable  richnefs,  which 
did  not  injure  cither  the  general  fim* 
plicity  or  the  gravity  of  the  whole. 
To  all  appearance,  painting,  in  Egypt, 
was  then  only  an  auxiliary  ornament, 
and  not  a  particular  art ;  the  fculpture 
was  emblematical,  and,  if  I  may  fo  call 
it,  architectural.  Architedure,  there- 
fore, was  the  great  art,  or  that  which 
was  dictated  by  utility,  and  we  may 
from  this  circumftance  alone  infer  the 
priority,  or  at  leaft  the  fuperior  excel- 
lence of  the  Egyptian  over  the  Indian 
art,  fince  the  former,  borrowing  no- 
thing from  the  latter,  has  become  the 
bafis  of  all  that  is  the  fubjeCt  of  admi- 
ration in  modern  art,  and  of  what  we 
have  confidered  as  exclufively  belong- 
ing to  architecture,  the  three  Greek 
orders,  the  doric,  ionic,  and  Corinthi- 
an. We  fhould,  therefore,  be  cautious 
of  entertaining  the  falfe  idea,  which  is  fo 
prevalent,  that  the  Egyptian  architec- 
ture is  the  infancy  of  this  art,  fincc  it 
is  in  faCl  the  complete  type. 

I  was  particularly  fhruck  with  the 
beauty  of  the  gate  which  clofedthe  fanc^ 
tuary  of  the  temple ;  all  the  ornaments 
which  architecture  has  fince  added  to 
this  fpecies  of  decoration,  have  only  di- 
niinilhed  the  general  ftyle. 

I  could  not  expeCt  to  find  any  thing 
in  Egypt  more  complete,  more  perfeCt, 
than  Tentyra  ;  I  was  confufed  by  the 
tnultiplicity  of  objeCts,  aftonifhed  by 
their  novelty,  and  tormented  by  the 
fear  of  never  again  vifiting  them.  On 
ca/ting  my  eyes  on  the  ceilings  I  had 
perceived  zodiacs,  planetary  fyftems, 
and  ceieftial planifpheres,  reprtfented  in 
a  tafteful  arrangement ;  the  walls  I  had 
obfcrved  to  be  covered  with  groups 
of  pictures  exhibiting  the  religious 
ntes  of  this  people,  their  labours  in  a- 
griculture  and  the  arts ;  and  their  mo- 
1  al  precepts ;  I  faw  that  the  Supreme 
Being,  the  tirft  caufe,  was  every  where 
depicted  by  the  emblems  of  his  attri- 
butes ;  every  thing  was  equally  impor- 
tant for  my  pencil,  and  I  had  but  a  few 


hours  to  examine,  to  refleCt  on,  and  to 
copy  what  it  had  been  the  labour  of 
ages  to  conceive,  to  put  together,  and 
to  decorate.    Our  national  impatience 
was  difmayed  with  the  conftancy  of 
application  exhibited  by  the  people 
who  had  executed  thefe  monuments  ; 
throughout  was  fhewn  equal  care,  and 
equal  afiiduity,  which  would  make  one 
believe  that  thefc  edifices  were  not  the 
works  of  their  kings,  but  that  they 
Were  conftruCted  at  tlie  expence  of  the 
nation,  under  the  direction  of  colleges 
of  priefts,  and  by  artifts  whofe  labours 
were  Circumfcribed  by  invariable  rules- 
A  feries  of  years  might,  indeed,  have 
brought  the  arts  to  a  higher  degree  of 
perfection  in  fome  particulars:  but  each 
temple  is  fo  equally  finiftied  in  all  it9 
parts,  that  they  appear  all  to  have  been 
executed  by  the  fame  hand  ;  no  one 
portion  is  better  or  worfe  than  any  o- 
ther;  their  appears  neither  negligence 
nor  the  bold  ftrokes  of  a  more  exalted 
genius,  uniformity  and  harmony  pre- 
vail throughout.    The  art  of  fculpture, 
here  made  fubfervient  and  attached  to 
that  of  architecture,  appears  to  have 
been  circumfcribed  in  principle,  in  me- 
thod, and  in  ftyle  of  execution ;  a  fin- 
gle  figure  cxpreffes  nothing,  when  ta- 
ken out  of  its  exaCt  ftation  in  the  group 
in  which  it  is  a  part;  the  fculptor  had 
his  defign  chalked  out  for  him,  and 
could   not  introduce   any  deviation 
which  might  alter  the  true  meaning 
that  it  was  intended  to  convey  ;  it  was 
with  thefe  figures  as  with  the  cards 
that  we  ufe  for  our  games,  the  imper- 
fection of  defign  is  overlooked,  that  no 
obftacle  may  arife  in  inftantly  diRin- 
guifhing  the  value  of  each.    The  per- 
fection given  by  the  Egyptians  to  the 
reprefentations  of  their  animals,  proves 
that  they  were  not  without  an  idea  of 
that  bold  ftyle  which  exprefles  much 
character  in  a  few  lines,  and  their  exe- 
cution tended  to  the  grave,  and  to  i- 
deal  perfection,  as  we  have  already  re- 
marked in  the  inltance  of  the  fphinx. 

As  to  the  character  of  the  human 
figure,  as  they  borrowed  nothing  from 
other  nations,  they  could  only  copy 
from  their  own,  which  is  rather  deli, 
cate  than  fine.  The  female  forms, 
however,  refemble  the  figure  of  beau- 
tiful women  of  the  prefent  day,  round 
and  voluptuous,  a  fmall  nofe,  the  eyes 
long,  half  Ihut,  and  turntd  up  at  the 
outer  angle,  like  thole  gf  all  perfon* 
6  R  whofc 


986 


Denon^s  Travels  in  Egypt. 


Dec 


vvhofc  fight  is  habitually  fatigued  by 
the  burning  heat  of  the  fun,  or  the 
da'/zhng  white  of  fnow;  the  cheeks 
round  and  rather  thick,  the  lips  pout- 
in;::,  the  mouth  large,  but  cheerful  and 
j'miling;  in  Ihort,  the  African  charac- 
t<i^r,of  which  the  negro  is  the  exaggerat- 
ed pidure,  though  perhaps  the  origi- 
nal type. 

The  hieroglyphics,  which  arc  exe- 
cuted in  three  diiftrent  manners,  arc 
..Ifo  of  three  fpecies,  and  may  take  their 
^Ate  from  as  many  diltind  periods. 
From  the  examinaticm  of  the  dirfcront 
edifices  which  have  fallen  under  my 
eye,  I  inlagip.e  that  the  mofl  ancient  of 
thcfc  charaeteri^,  are  only  fimple  out- 
Jines  cut  in  without  relief,  and  very 
deep  :  the  next  in  age,  and  which  pro- 
duces  the  leaft  effed,  are  fiiiiply  in  a 
very  Itiallow  relief;  and  the  third, 
which  feem  to  belong  to  a  more  im- 
proved age,  and  are  executed  at  Ten- 
tyra  more  perfctftly,  than  in  any  other 
pi^rt  of  Egypt,  ay-e  in  relief  below  the 
Jevel  of  the  outliue.  By  the  fide  of  the 
ligures,  which  compofe  thefe  tabular 
pieces  of  fculpture,  there  are  fmall 
hieroglyphics,  which  appear  to  be  on- 
ly the  explanation  of  the  fubjcds  at 
large,  and  in  which  the  forms  are  much 
Amplified,  fo  as  to  give  a  more  rapid 
mode  of  infcription,  or  a  kind  oi  Jhori- 
hand,  if  we  may  apply  the  term  to 
fcuJpiure. 

A  fourth  kind  of  hieroglyphics  ap- 
pears to  be  devoted  fimply  to  orna- 
inent :  we  have  improperly  termed  it, 
I  know  not  why,  the  arahefquc.  it  was 
adopted  by  the  Greeks,  and  in  the  age 
of  Auguftus  was  introduced  among  the 
Romans;  and  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
durinj:;  the  reftoration  of  the  arts?  it 
"was  tranfmitted  by  them  to  us  as  a  fan- 
taftic  decoration,  the  peculiar  tafte  of 
which  formed  all  its  merit.  Among 
the  Egyptians,  vXVo  employed  thcfc  or- 
naments with  equal  taite.,  every  obied 
had  a  meaning  or  a  moral,  and  at  the 
fame  time  formed  the  decoration  of  the 
friezes,  the  cornices,  and  the  fur-bafe- 
im^nts  of  their  architecture. 

I  have  difcovered  at  Tentyra  the  re- 
prefcntations  of  the  periftyles  of  tem- 
ples in  caryatides,  which  are  executed 
in  painting  at  the  baths  of  Titus>  and 
have  been  copied  by  Raphael,  and 
which  we  conltantly  ape  in  our  room8> 
ithout  fufpeaing  that  the  Egyptians 
have  givsn  us  the  firlt  modds  gf  them. 


With  my  pencil  in  my  hand,  I  paf 
fed  from  obje(it  to  objcd,  diilra^tcc 
from  one,  by  the  inviting  appearance 
of  the  next  ;  conltantly  attracted  tc 
new  fubjeCts,  aud  again  torn  fiom  them 
I  wanted  eyesj  hands,  and  intelligence 
valt  enough  to  fee,  copy,  ami  reduce  tt 
fome  order,  the  multitude  of  (triking 
images  which  prefented  themfclves  be- 
fore me.  I  was  alliamed  at  reprcfent* 
ing  fuch  fublime  objeds  by  fuch  im- 
perfect dcligns,  but  I  wifhed  to  pre- 
ferve  fome  memorial  of  the  fenfations 
which  I  here  experienced,  and  1  feared 
that  Tentyra  would  tfcape  from  mc 
for  ever;  fo  that  my  regret  equalled 
my  prefent  enjoyment.  I  had  juit  dif- 
covered, in  a  fmall  apartment,  a  celef- 
tial  planifphere,  when  the  laft  rays  of 
day-light  made  me  perceive  that  1  was 
alone  here,  along  with  my  kind  and 
obliging  friend  General  Beliard,  who, 
after  I»aving  fatisfied  bis  own  curiofity, 
would  not  leave  me  unprotected  in  f« 
dcferted  a  fpot. 


An  offering  Incident, 

I  here  was  witncfs  to  a  fcenr,  which 
prefented  a  ftriking  contraft  of  favagc 
brutality,  and  the  kindeft  fenfibility. 

Whillt  I  was  looking  at  our  people, 
whofe  neceflities  were  as  ingenious  in 
bringing  to  light,  as  the  care  of  the  na-; 
lives  had  been  to  conceal,  a  foldierj 
comes  out  of  a  cave,  dragging  after- 
him  afhe-goat,  which  he  had  forced  out;" 
he  is  followed  by  an  old  man,  carry-, 
ing  two  young  infants,  who  fets  them; 
down  on  the  ground,  falls  on  hisknees^ 
and,  without  fpeaking  a  word,  points, 
with  tears  in  his  eyes,  to  the  young 
children,  who  muft  perifh  if  the  goat 
is  taken  away  from  them.    But  want, 
which  is  both  deaf  and  blind  to  other^a 
diitrefs,  does  not  ftay  his  murderous 
hand  for  any  entreaty,  and  the  goat 
is  killed.    At  the  fame  moment,  ano- 
ther foldier  comes  up,  holding  in  hii 
arms   another  child,   whofe  mother 
doubtlefs  had  been  obliged  to  defert  it 
in  her  flight  from  us;  and  this  brave 
fellow,  notwithftanding  the  weight  <)f 
his  muflLet,  his  cartridges,  his  knapfack, 
and  the  fatigue  of  four  dayS  of  forced 
marches,  had  picked  up  this  little  for- 
faken  creature,  had  carried  it  carefully 
for  two  leagues  in  his  arms,  and,  not 
knowing  what  to  do  with  it  iu  this  de- 
ferted  village,  feeipg  one  inkabtant. 


i8o2.  Fibber's  T ravels  in  Spain.  987 

left  behind,  with  two  children,  he  gent-    ful  expreflion  of  one  who  has  juR  pcr- 
ly  lays  down  his  little  charge  befide    formed  a  benevolent  adfon. 
them,  aad  departs,  with  the  delight- 


FISHER'S  TRAV£;LS  IN  SPAIN, 


The  mantters  eind  amusements  of  the 

Biscayam, 
Simplicity  is  no  lefs  confpicuous  in 
the  manners  than  in  the  political  confti- 
tution  of  Bifcay,  and  if  I  were  to  def- 
cribe  the  province  in  one  word>  I 
fhould  fay  tjiat  Bifcay  is  the  Spanilh 
Alps  inhabited  by  Grifons.  The  Bif- 
cayners  have  the  fame  hatred  for  in- 
novation, the  fame  iUirdinefs,  the  fame 
love  of  their  country  and  of  liberty, 
and  the  fame  uprightnefs  of  charader, 
but  like  their  climate  they  have  more 
fire  and  more  vivacity. 

We  muft  not  then  expe£l  to  find  at 
Bilboa  (however  rich  the  town  may  be) 
the  fame  amufemcnts  asm  other  parts. 
There  is  no  theatre,  no  library,  &c.; 
promenades,  romerias  or  public  balls, 
and  teftullas  (pronounced  tertulias)  or 
evening  convcifation  patties,  are  the 
only  refources  the  place  affords. 

Of  the  promenades  the  inhabitants 
are  paifionately  fond,  and  the  ladies 
Itrive  who  Ihall  appear  there  with  the 
greateft  brilliancy.  At  firfl  the  ap- 
pearance  of  fo  many  people  m  black 
veils  feems  rather  dull,  but  the  eye  5S 
fcon  accudomed  to  it,  and  the  wear- 
ers only  feem  the  more  amiable. 

1  muit  now  tell  you  of  the  romerias. 
The  Bifcayans  have,  a  national  dance, 
which  concludes  nearly  like  the  fan- 
dango, and  which  is  ficcompanied  by  a 
fingular  fpecies  of  mufic  with  fmall 
tambourines  and  little  flutes.  A  ftrmg 
of  young  women  taking  each  other  by 
the  hand  follo-w  the  leader  in  a  ftraight 
line,  who  from  time  to  time  turns  back 
and  foots  i^  to  the  reft.  There  is  a 
kind  of  nobility  and  grace  in  all  her 
motions.  The  refl  only  file  off  carc- 
lefsly  behind  her. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  young  men 
'  led  in  like  manner  by  a  corypbeus  form 
another  row,  who  by  degrees  approach 


the  women  who  advance  before  them^ 
when  fuddenly  the  mufic  changes  to  a 
quicker  meafure,  and  each  of  the 
young  men  being  oppofite  to  a  lady, 
they  begin  a  fandango,  of  which  thd 
rapid  gefticulations  have  a  fingular  ef- 
fect difficult  to  be  defcribed.  Thefc 
meetings  take  place  in  fum.rner  aimed 
every  Sunday  and  feaft  day,  fometim-s 
in  one  place,  fometimes  in  another, 
and  are  called  romerias. 

A  romeria  is  a  fedival  for  all  Bilbos^, 
and  there  are  alm.oiJ  as  m.any  fpeflator^ 
as  dancers  ;  for  the  pallion  for  that  a- 
mulement  is  univerfal.  The  fcene  i,; 
generally  beneath  forne  tufted  liiada 
near  fome  houfe  of  entcrtainm.ent,  h'li 
as  there  are  always  more  women  than 
men,  th.e  former  often  dance  together^ 
w^hich  does  not  prevent  their  enjoying 
the  amufem.ent  extremely.  But  their 
chief  pleafure  confiits  in  archly  run-^ 
ing  againil  people,  efpeciaily  thofe  w^ho 
j^re  not  dancing,  crying  out  with  a 
loud  laugh  toma  la  tulada,  and  the  faMis 
this  occafions  are  fometimes  very  laugh-, 
able.  This  'pleafantry  become  more 
frequent  about  dulk,  before  the  plac* 
is  illuminated  with  barrels  cover.:d 
with  w1.ale  oil.  The  muiic  cotts  n^j^ 
thing,  thefe  expences,  which  are  verr 
fmall,  being  defrayed  by  the  mdiia- 
fteries,  rclTgious  conhaternitics,  rich 
individuals,  or  the  town.  There  ars 
even  endowments  exprefsly  for  thc^t 
purpofe. 

\Ye  will  now  fpeak  of  the  tertulias, 
\vhich  have  however  been  defcribed  by- 
other  travellers,  and  wliich  are  the 
fam.e  at  Bilboa  as  eliewhere.  The  wo- 
men appear  there  in  fafliiondble  colour- 
ed dreffes  in  which  they  cannot  go  out 
except  in  the  evening,  Strangers  eafiiy 
find  admittance  in  confequence  of  their 
letters  of  introdlidlion,  but  whether 
through  pride  or  ignorance,  they  re- 
ceive there  no  perfoual  attentions* 
6  R  ^  Acaf- 


988 


Fisher' f  Travels  in  Spain. 


Dec. 


7\ccullomed  to  ^ood  fociety  in  France 
and  Germany  they  feel  in  fome  mea- 
furc  iniulated  and  awkward  in  thcfe 
con: panics,  where  a  nrnre  local  conver- 
fati.;:i  prevails,  and  every  thing  they 
fee  fills  tlu  in  with  difguft  or  ennui.  In 
i2ii±  Bilboa  has  all  the  dcfe6ls  of  fmall 
towns,  and  ihefe  are  by  no  means  in- 
conlidcrable  in  the  Imall  towns  of 
Spain. 

As  to  public  amufements,  there  arc 
none  except  a  few  cctfee-houles  and 
public  houles,  and  a  foreij^ncr  is  iur- 
prifcd  at  not  finding  more  in  fo  im- 
portant a  commercial  town.  One  of 
thefe  coifee-houfes  near  the  arenal  is 
kept  by  a  Swedo-Gcrman  of  Wifmar, 
who  has  married  a  Dutch  woman  and 
turned  catholic.  As  he  alio  furnilhes 
dinners,  and  his  wife  knows  a  little  of 
all  the  languages,  molt  of  the  captains 
of  fliips  meet  there.  In  the  entrefuelo 
[or  Imall  ftory  between  the  ground 
floor  and  principal  rooms],  and  which 
are  here  ufed  as  ware  houles,  are  very 
indifferent  billiard  tables,  with  which 
people  are  forced  to  content  them- 
f'elves.  The  other  cofl'ee-houfcs  »rc 
fiill  worfe.  A  Frenchman  intends  to 
fet  up  one  more  convenient  at  the  other 
end  of  the  aienal. 

Along  the  quays  and  road  leading  to 
Olavijaja  are  wine  houfes,  very  much 
frequented  by  lailors  and  captains  of 
ilups.  Their  reputation  is  fomewhat 
ambiguous,  but  the  coarfe  mirth  that 
prevails  there  ^iyes  great  variety  and 
animation  to  this  promenade. 

Of  late  z  concert  of  amateurs  has 
been  formed,  for  which  the  place  is 
principally  indebted  to  the  Bohemian 
merchants  tftabliilied  here.  It  is  gene- 
rally they,  who  together  with  their 
donieHics  compofe  the  town  band  of 
Eilbca  with  the  aiiiltance  of  two  ger- 
man  irumpeters  paid  by  the  public. 
Thefe  gentlemen  have  alio  collections 
of  muhc,  with  which  thr,y  furnifli  the 
church^rs ;  for  the  inhabitants  of  Bohe- 
mia, as  is  well  known,  arealraofi'  born 
mufical.  Their  attendants  conititute 
the  chief  ornament  of  the  fcafls  of  the 
confulado  (dias  de  campo),  and  they 
fafcinate  all  Bilboa  with  the  marches 
they  play,  as  they  return  at  night  by 
water  in  barges  msgnihcently  illumi- 
nated. 

So  much  for  the  amufements  of  Bil- 
boa. Thofe  w'ho  wifh  for  books  or 
aswfpapers  may  End  fome  in  Spaniih  at 


the  book ii alls,  where  ar?  alfo  fold 
leaden  pencils  and  fcaling-wax.  In  all 
the  great  foreign  houfes  however  are 
found  the  befl  French  newfpapcis  and 
fome  good  libraries. 

I  lhall  conclude  with  a  few  wordf 
relative  to  the  wonu  n.  In  my  opinion 
they  combine  the  dignity  of  the  Spa- 
nifh  with  the  beauty  of  the  I'lnglifh. 
Their  frefti  complexions,  their  black 
and  fparkling  eyes,  their  fine  hair,  their 
embonpoint,  the  haimony  of  their 
peifons,  the  vivacity  of  their  convcr- 
fation,  all  charm  and  faicinate  every 
flranger  that  bi'holds  them.  If  the 
men  underflood  the  art  of  forming  them, 
if  their  abilities  were  developed  by  a 
moie  general  cultivation,  if  an  exceffive 
referve,  a  little  f^iffneis,  and  a  pride 
that  borders  on  rudenefs,  did  not 
countervail  their  other  amiable  quali- 
ties, their  charms  would  be  irreliflible 
and  their  power  unbounded.  In  the 
inferior  clafles  they  are  lirong  and 
laborious,  and  are  employed  as  porters 
to  carry  very  heavy  burdens.  Tn 
general  throughout  all  conditions  the 
manners  of  tins  people  are,  according 
to  credible  witnefi'cs,  the  purell  of  all 
Spam. 


'I'he  Language  of  the  Biscayans, 

According  to  the  befl  works  on  thi* 
fubjcCt  it  feems  to  be  proved,  that  this 
is  the  ancient  lancuage  of  the  Cantabri, 
which  has  been  here  preferved  pure  and 
unmixed.  Larramedi  and  Heivas 
afl'ert,  that  it  does  not  refemble  any 
know^n  language  either  in  its  founds, 
fignifications,  or  phrafeologies.  Both 
thefe  wiiters  were  ex-jefuits,  the  one 
being  a  native  of  Bifcay,  the  othei  of 
Galicia.  Larramedi  wrote  a  bafco- 
hifpano-latin  di6lionary  and  a  gram- 
mar, which  have  become  very  fcarce. 
Hervas  is  a  celebrated  philologer  now 
at  Rome.  I  lhall  have  occafion  to  fj<y 
more  of  this  writer  when  I  fpeak  of  the 
literature  of  Spain. 

In  common  ufage  this  language  has 
been  obliged  to  adopt  French  and  Spa- 
nifh  words  to  exprefs  new  ideas  in  civil 
life  ;  but  with  thefe  additions  it  ftill 
continues  to  be  the  only  knguage  of 
the  majoiity  of  the  Bifcay ans,  wh6 
learn  very  little  or  no  cajlellano  ;  nor  is 
it  entirely  left  off  by  people  of  oondi« 


Fisher's  Travels  in  Spain. 


tion.  It  fcems  fall  of  confonants,  and 
notwithftanding  its  accent,  which  is 
fomewhat  finging,  it  is  not  deftitute  of 
roughnefs.  It  is  faid  to  be  rich  in 
poetical  exprefiions,  and  to  have  a 
great  fupplenefs,  but  welUinformcd 
people  accufe  it  of  prolixity  and  ob- 
fcurity  in  its  phrafes  and  idioms. 

In  addition  to  the  above  re- 
marks, the  following  have  been  procur- 
ed from  the  brother  of  the  celebrated 
Monf.  de  Humboldt,  who  is  alfo  him- 
lelf  well  known  in  Germany  as  the 
author  of  an  excellent  work.  He  is 
lately  returned  from  a  tour  in  Spain  full 
of  interefting  information,  and  having 
compared  all  that  has  been  written  on 
the  Balque  language  by  the  learned 
men  of  that  country  as  well  French  as 
Spanifti,  he  intends  fpeedily  to  publifh 
the  refult  of  his  very  ufeful  refearches. 
Meanwhile  he  has  communicated  the 
following  ideas  : 

"  The  language  of  Bifcay  dcferves 
the  particular  attention  of  philologiils, 
though  it  has  hitherto  been  too  much 
neglected.    Yet  on  even  fuperhcially 
Tfunning  over  the  vocabulary  of  that 
language,  it  appears  that,  fetting  afide 
the  nouns  which  were  unknown  at  the 
firft  civilization  of  that  country,  and 
which  have  been  fuccefiiyely  borrow- 
ed from  the  Romans,  the  French,  and 
the  Spariifh,  the  Balque  has  a  very 
great  number  of  words  peculiarly  its 
own,  and  all  of  which  have  a  chara6lei* 
truly  original,  both  as  to  their  origin 
and  formation.    This  primitive  lan- 
guage, which  is  underived,  not  to  iay 
.^unftolen  like  moft  of  thofe  now  fpoken 
in  the  fouth  of  'Europe,   from  the 
JLatin,  feerns  however  to  have,  m  com- 
mon with  the  Latin,  German,  and 
even  the  Greek,  a  great  number  of 
radical  v.?ords,  which  might  ferve  as 
guides  to  etymologifls,  and  afford  them 
fight  in  their  reiearches  into  this  an- 
cient  and  primitive  language,  from 
which  perhaps  have  fprung  moft  mo- 
dren  tongues,   and  of  which  it  itill 
preferves    fome    valuable  remains. 
£ven  thofe  who  would  be  alarmed  at 
the  dtynefs  of  fo  irkiome  a  piirfuit 
would  find  a  pleafure  in  obfeiving  the 
manner  in  which  the  Bifcayans  com- 
pofethe  hgns  of  their  ideas  ;  that  ^ecple 
fcarcely  employing  any  but  complex 
figns  to  exprefs  ideas  which  all  other 
languages  reptcfent  by  fimpie  figns, 
fuch  as  fun,  moon,  &cc.    It  would  be 
an  objc6l  of  infinite  cuxlofity  to  a  phi- 


lofopher  to  obferv?  and  prirfue  the  an* 
alogy,  according  to  which  the  Bifcay- 
ans combine  certain  ideas,  fo  as  to 
form  new  figns  and  exprefs  their  per. 
ceptions ;  and  there  would  doubtleft 
thence  arife  many  very  ufeful  obferva- 
tions  on  the  originality  and  mode  of 
viewing  objects  exercifed  by  th^t  in- 
genious people.    Nor  is  the  theory  of 
the  Bafque  language  deftitute  of  utility 
as  to  the  hiRory  of  languages  in  gene- 
ral, their  peculiar  differences,  and  their 
formation.     Not  to  mention  feveral 
other  fingularities  peculiar  to  this  lan- 
guage, it  feems  in  Ibme  meafure  to 
hold  a  middle  place  between  thofe, 
which  like  the  gaiibles  of  Guyana  arc 
abfolutely  deftitute  of  inflexions,  ex^ 
prefiing  all  the  modifications  of  ideas 
by  different  words,  and  the  moft  cul- 
tivated languages,  wherein  the  final 
fyllables  are  fo  intimately  combined 
with  the  fundamental  found,  that  they 
no  longer  appear  compoimd,  but  fira- 
ple  radical  founds,  and  wherein  we  ncr 
longer  diftinguiih  how  that  which  v*^as 
originally  a  compound  can  have  become 
a  mere  modiiication  of  inflexion.  But 
hitherto  the  Bifcayans  who  have  writ- 
ten on  their  own  language  have  knowa 
very  little  of  other  langu?,ges,  and  have 
had  no  othei  object  m  view,  bat  to 
enable  their  readers  to  read,  and  fpeak» 
and  write  the  Baique,  although  the 
grammar  of  Father  Larramedi  affords 
a  little  more  of  theory,  which  it  even, 
carries  to  excefs.    We  have  however  a 
fmgle  dictionary  thst  gives  a  general 
view  of  the  families  oi  words,  nor  is 
there  as  yet  more  than  an  hifpano- bif- 
cayan   vocabulary   with  the  bafque 
v/ords  in  alphabetical  order  after  the 
Spaniih.  The  foreign  writers  that  have 
Ipoken  of  this  language,  in  mv  opim-.^n, 
only  give  a  very  incomplete  idea  of  it. 
What  they  have  leaft  of  all  attended  to, 
is  the  enabling  their  readers  to  judge 
for  themfelves.    They  go  on  building 
fyftem  upon  fyftem,  and  pleafed  to  de- 
rive the  Bafque  fometimes  from  the 
eaftcrn  languages,  fometimes  from  the 
Celtic,  but  t*:ey  give  us  veiy  few  ideas 
on  its  compofition,  not  to  mention  that 
the  examples  they  have  adduced  on 
which  to  found  their  chimeras,  ars 
frequently  iele^^ted  with  equal  partial- 
ity and  unPiCitfulnefs  ;  and  they  wafte 
their  time  in  particular  on  ufelefs  dif- 
pates  relative  to  the  afFmity  or  differ- 
ence of  the  Bafque  from  the  Bas-bre- 
ton.    Monf.  Latour  d'Auvcrgne,  in  his 
**  Olivines 


Oiiginej  gauloifes,'*  confiders  their 
ditFerence  as^  demon  ft  rated  ;  and  as  he 
was  himfelf  a  Bas-breton  by  birth,  and 
lived  a  long  time  among  tlie  Bafques 
his  opinion  is  entitled  to  the  more  re- 
fpedl.  However  before  we  pronounce 
definitively  on  the  diverluy  of  thefe 
two  languages,  we  ought^to  examine 
them  much  more  profoundly  as  to  their 
radical  words,  which  this  author, 
though  otberwiic  of  fo  high  merit, 
does  not  h-^m  to  have  done.  After  all 
it  would  be  much  better,  that  a  writer 
fhould  leave  thefe  doubtful  points  alide, 
and  merely  furnilh  phiiologilts  with  a 
detailed  fynopfis  of  the  language,  en- 
deavouring to  develope  its  fyllem  and 
grammar  or  lexicon  as  far  as  our  im- 
perfedl  data  permit,  and  clearly  to  dif- 
tinguilh  the  radical  words  from  their 
derivatives,  in  order  to  produce  a 
dotible  diilionary  according  to  the  bif- 
cayan  alphabet  and  according  to  that 
of  fome  other  language.  Thus  might 
all  the  families  of  words  be  collected 
into  a  fingle  point  of  view,  and  the 
reader  coraprehefid  the  entire  mafs  of 
^he  ideas  of  that  nation  hitherto  aband- 
oned to  itfclf.    Nor  can  he  without 


Dec. 

fuch  an  inveftigation  properly  eflima*-e 
the  language  or  draw  inferences  re^ 
garding  it.  Such  an  attempt  might  be 
coniidered  as  a  preliminary  itep  to  the 
general  hiftory  of  languages,  fo  much 
to  be  delired,  and  to  ^  uaiverfal  gram- 
mar. For  this  purpofe  the  principal 
works  to  be  con  I  ill  ted  are, 

"  I.  Diccionario  trilingue  del  Caftel- 
lano,  Bafcuence  y  Latin,  fu  autor  ei 
padre  Manuel  Larramedi  de  ia  compa. 
ma  de  Jefits.  En  Sau-SebaHian,  1745, 
fol.  2  vol 

**  2.  El  impofible  vencido  ;  arte  de 
la  lengua  Bafcongada,  fu  autor  — 
Larramedi.  Ea  Salamanca,  1729,  % 
vol. 

3.  Gran;atlca  Efcuarax  eta  Fron-^ 
cefez — IJm  Harrit.  Bayonan,  1741,6^ 
vol.  'fo  this  grammar  is  added  a  fmall 
and  very  imperfe£l  vocabulary,  Bafque 
and  French,  and  the  contrary. 

"  Among  the  printed  books  in  the 
bafque  language  one  of  the  mofl  in- 
terelling  is 

Les  provcrbes  Bafques,  recueillis 
par  le  Sr  d*Ochenart ;  alfo  Les  poefies 
Bafc^ues,  by  the  fame  author.  Taris 
iCc-jf  9  vol," 


Fisher's  Travels  in  Spain, 


CORRESPONDENCE  BETWIXT  SIR  BURDETT, 
AND  DR  PARR. 


THE  following  letters  have  juft  ap- 
peared in  a  modern  publication,  and, 
as  they  cannot  f^iil  to  be  intereiiing  to 
literary  men,  the  inferiion  of  them  in 
your  mifcellany,  will  make  them  more 
extenfively  known,  and  will  be  gratify- 
ing to  many  of  your  readers. 

R. 

.  "  Sir, 

I  am  fony  that  it  is  not  in  my  pow- 
er, to  place  you  in  a  lituation,  which 
would  well  become  you— I  mean,  in 
the  Epifcopal  palace  at  Buckden,  but, 
I  can  bring  you  very  near  to  it ;  for,  I 
have  the  prefentation  to  a  reiflory  now 
vacant,  v.-ithin  a  mile  and  a  half  of  it, 
which  is  very  much  at  Dr  Parr's  f^r- 
vice.  It  is  in  the  reclory  of  GrafFham, 
at  prefent,  worth  L.  200  a  year,  and, 
as  I  am  iuforniwd,  may  foon  bs  worth 


L.  270  ;  and,  I  this  moment  learn,  that 
the  incumbent  died  laft  Tuefday. 

**  Dr  Parr's  talents  and  character, 
might  well  entitle  him  to  better  patro- 
nage than  this,  from  thofe  who  know 
how  to  eftimate  his  merits;  but,  I  ac- 
knowledge, that  a  great  additional  mo- 
tive with  me,  to  the  offer  I  now  make 
him,  is,  that  1  believe,  I  cannot  do  any 
thing  more  pleafing  to  his  friends,  Mr 
Fox,  IVir  Sheridan,  and  Mr  Knight ;  and, 
I  defire  you,  Sir,  to  confidcr  yourfelf 
obliged  to  them  only.  I  have  the  hon- 
our to  be,  Sir,  with  the  greateft  ref- 
ped,  your  obedient  fervant. 

Francis  Burdett." 

Ficarage-House^  Buckderiy  Sept.  26. 
"  Dear  Sir, 
After  rambling  in  various  parts  of 

Kor- 


1 802.  Correspondence  betwixt  Sir  F.  Burdett  and  Dr  Parr.  991 


Norfolk,  I  went  to  Cambridge,  and 
and  from  Cambridge,  I  yefterday  came 
to  the  parfonage  of  my  moft  rtfpec- 
table  friend,  Mr  Maltby,  at  Buckden, 
where  I  this  morning  had  the  honour 
of  receiving  your  letter.  Mrs  Parr 
opened  it  laft  Friday  at  Hatton  ;  and, 
I  truft,  you  will  pardon  the  liberty  ftie 
took  in  deliring  your  fervant  to  con- 
vey it  to  me  in  Huntingdonfhire,  where 
file  knew  that  I  Ihould  be  as  upon  this 
day. 

"  Permit  me,  dear  Sir,  to  requeft  that 
you  would  accept  the  warmell  and 
moft  fmcere  thanks  of  my  heart,  for 
this  unfoiicited,  but  moft  honourable 
cxpreifion  of  your  good  will  towards 
me.  Nothing  can  be  more  important 
to  my  wordly  intereft,  than  the  fervice 
you  have  done  me,  in  prefenting  me  to 
the  living  of  Graffham.  Nothing  can 
be  more  exquifiteiy  gratifying  to  my 
very  beft  feelings,  than  the  language  in 
which  you  have  conveyed  to  me  this 
mark  of  your  frienddiip.  Indeed,  dear 
Sir,  you  have  enabled  me  to  pafs  the 
years  of  declining  life,  in  a  comfortable 
and  honourable  independence.  You 
have  given  me  additional  and  unalter- 
able conviaion,  that  the  firmnefs  with 
which  I  have  adhered  to  my  principles, 
have  obtained  for  me  the  approbation 
of  wife  and  good  men.  Axid,  when 
that  apprehenfion  aflumes,  as  it  now 
docsj  the  form  of  protedlion,  I  fairly 
,  confefs  to  you,  the  patronage  of  Sir 
I  Francis  Burdett,  has  a  right  to  be  rank- 
1  cd  among  the  proudeft,  as  well  as  the 
bappieft  events  of  my  life.  I  truft  that 
niy  future  conduct,  will  juftify  you  iu 


the  difintereftcd  and  generous  gift 
which  you  have  beftowed  upon  me: 
and  fure,  I  am,  that  my  friends,  Mr 
Fox,  Mr  Sheridan,  and  Mr  Knight,  will 
not  only  lhare  with  me  in  rny  joy,  but 
fympathize  with  me  in  thofe  fentimcnts 
of  refpe<^t  and  gratitude,  which  I  {halt 
ever  feel  towards  Sir  Francis^Burdett- 

"  Moft  aHurcdly,  I  Ihall  myfcif  fet 
a  higher  value  upon  your  kindnefs, 
when  1  confider  it  as  intended  to  gra- 
tify the  friendly  feelings  of  thefe  ex- 
cellent men,  as  well  as  to  promote  my 
own  perfonal  happinefs. 

"  I  Hiall  wait  your  pleafure  about  the 
prefentation,  and  I  beg  leave  to  add^ 
that  I  fhall  ftay  at  Buckden  for  one 
week  only,  and  fliall  have  reached  Hat- 
ton  about  this  day  fortnight,  where  I 
fhall  obey  your  commands.  One  cir- 
cumftance,  I  am  fure,  will  give  yoii 
great  fatisfadion,  and  therefore,  I  (hall 
beg  leavetoftate  it.  The  living  of  Graff- 
ham  will  be  of  infinite  value  to  me, 
becaufe  it  is  tenable  with  a  redtory  I 
now  have  in  Northamptonfhire ;  and, 
happy  I  am,  that  my  future  refidencc 
will  be  fixed,  and  my  exiftcncc  clofed, 
upon  that  fpot  where  Sir  Francis  Bur- 
dett has  given  me  the  power  of  fpend- 
ing  my  old  age  with  comforts  and  con- 
veniences, quite  equal  to  the  extent  of 
my  fondeft  wilhes,  andfar  furpaflingany 
expectations  I  have  hitherto  ventured 
to  indulge.  I  have  the  honour  to  be, 
with  the  greateft  refped,  and  moft  un- 
feigned thankfulnefs,  dear  Sir,  yowr 
very  obedient,  faithful  fervant. 

S.  Parr," 


FOREIGN  LITERARY  NOTICES, 


M.  C.  V.  Defeze,  member  of  the  A- 
cadcmy  of  Sciences  at  Bourdeaux,  is 
cvigaged  in  iome  hiftorical  refearches 
upon  ancient  Egypt.  The  political  and 
religious  inftitutions  of  a  couutry  where 
hiftory  places  the  cradle  of  the  fcien- 
ces,  and  where  they  long  continued  to 
ftouriih,  merit  all  the  attention  with 


which  Defeze  hath  examined  them. 
The  cufioms  of  the  Egyptians,  their 
different  inftitutions,  their  faiences, 
and  their  fymbolic  charaders,  un- 
der which  they  concealed  the  princi- 
ples of  a  fublime  philofophy  that  were 
borrowed  by  the  different  fchools  of 
Greece  5  their  arts,  of  which  the  mo- 
numents 


99^ 


Foreign  Literary  Notices. 


Dec. 


numcntB  that  flill  remain  atteft  thepro- 
grcfs  and  pcrfctflion,  arc  fuccefilvely 
cxamintd;  and  Defcze  fubjedts  to  the 
rules  of  a  found  criticifnn,  the  details 
of  hiftorians  rcfpccling  the  ancient  E- 
gyptians. 

The  art  of  good  reading,  and  of  ma- 
naging the  voice  with  propriety  and 
taic,  is  an  acquifition  of  confiderable 
difficulty.  The  Greeks  eftablifhed 
fchools  for  promoting  this  object,  and 
regarded  it  as  an  cfTcntial  part  of  a 
good  education.  It  certainly  would 
be  of  advantage,  were  the  ftudy  of  the 
rules  of  this  art  more  attended  to  than 
it  generally  is.  On  the  continent  M. 
Dufau  is  engaged  in  fome  rcfearches 
upon  reading  and  declamation.  The 
nioft  certain  method  of  producing  up- 
on his  hearers  the  effects  which  every 
perfon  wiHies  to  produce,  is  to  feel 
hinifelf  the  ferfarions  of  which  he  wiih- 
cs  them  to  partake  ;  and  perhaps  the 
beft  rule  with  refpc^t  to  declamation  is 
that  verfe  of  Horace,  "  Si  vis  me  Acre, 

flendum  eft  ipfe  tibi."  This,  how- 
ever, is  more  properly  the  end  thanjthe 
rule,  and  Dufui  lliews,  as  far  as  it  is 
poflible,  the  means  of  attaining  that  end, 

M.  Amallion,  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Inltitute,  is  preparing  to  pub- 
lifli  the  text  and  tranflatiun  of  the 
Greek  infcription  found  at  Rofetta> 
part  of  which  was  publilhed  by  him  two 
years  ago.  He  is,  at  the  fame  time,  en* 
gaged  in  printing  the  25th  and  26th  vo- 
lumes of  the  Hiilory  or  the  Lower  Em- 
pire, as  a  continuation  of  the  hiftories 
of  Rollin,Crevier,  and  Le  Beau. 

iVlr  Dickfon,  in  Middlefex,  is  at  pre- 
fent  engaged  in  a  complete  fyftem  of 
Pradical  Agriculture,  which  includes 
all  the  late  difcoveriei  and  improve- 
ments in  that  ait.  It  will  be  adorned 
with  a  great  number  of  copperplates, 
illuftrative  of  the  implements,  build- 
ings, and  other  things  connected  with 
agriculture,  and  is  expedcd  io  appear 
early  next  fpring. 

The  fecond  edition  of  Bell's  tranfla- 
tion  of  Herodotus  is  ah-eady  in  the 
prefs. 

A  new  edition  of  MalTengcr's  works, 
by  Mr  William  Gififord,  is  preparing 
for  the  prefs. 

We  hear  that  a  volume  of  poems,  by 
the  late  Reverend  Henry  Moore  of  Lif- 
kcard,  of  which  Dr  Aikin  is  the  edi- 
tor, is  preparing  for  publication. 

Mr  Sharpe,  of  PiccadiJly,  propofcs  to 


begin  a  publication  of  the  EngliOi  Claf- 
fics,  highly  embcllilhed,  and  printed  00 
a  new  and  elegant  type.  Ellays  by  Dr 
Drake,  author  of  "  Literary  Hours,** 
will  be  prefixed,  to  illuftrate  the  differ- 
cnt  clafTics  contained  in  the  work. 

A  new  edition  of  Dryden's  Virgil, 
by  Dr  Carey,  will  foon  appear.  From 
the  diligence  and  accuracy  of  the  edi- 
tor, the  admirers  of  either  the  Roman 
or  th£  Englifh  bard  may  cxpe(5l  to  be 
gratified  with  this  edition. 

The  Reverend  Mr  Warton,  of  Bland- 
ford,  has  agreed  to  undertake  an  edi- 
tion of  Dryden's  Poems,  founded  on 
the  papers  of  the  late  Dr  Warton, 
whofe  remarks  on  a  large  part  of  Der- 
rick's edition  had  been,  for  fometime, 
completed.  Mr  Warton  alfo  has  it  in 
contemplation,  to  publdh  a  fcledtion 
from  the  corrcfpondencc  of  his  father 
and  uncle,  with  many  of  their  cotem- 
poraries,  diftinguifhed  for  literature 
and  talents.  The  fcle(5tion  had  been 
chiefly  made  by  Dr  Warton  himfclf, 
with  the  intention  of  being  put  to  the 
prefs. 

The  laft  volume  of  Anatomy  by  M. 
Gavard,  member  of  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Paris  is  in  the  prefs. 

The  Abbe  Aubry  is  preparing  a  new, 
and  greatly  improved,  edition  of  his 
Oxonii  Dux  Poeticus. 

A  complete  Index  to  the  New  An- 
nual  Regifter,  from  its  commencement 
to  the  conclufion  of  the  laft  century, 
has  been,  for  fometime,  in  prepara- 
tion, and  will  be  publifhed  early  in 
1803. 

M.  Delille  has  lately  returned  to  Pa- 
ris from  a  journey,  from  which  his 
health  has  been  confiderably  injured  : 
as  foon  as  it  will  be  re-eftablilhed,  he 
propofcs  to  devote  all  his  time  to  re- 
view his  works,  and  fuperintend  their 
publication. 

The  ftfcond  volume  of  the  Advifev^ 
or  literary  and  fcientific  tribunal,  be- 
ing a  colledtion  of  Eflays  upon  intereft- 
ing  fubjeds,  will  fpeedily  be  publifn- 
ed. 

The  Reverend  Mr  Evanfon  is  prepa- 
ring for  publication  a  v/ork  eiiLitled, 
*'  Rtfle<5lions  upon  the  (late  of  Religioif 
?.n  Chriftendom,  particularly  in  thofe 
parts  of  Europe  that  are  within  the  li- 
mits of  the  weftern  Roman  empire,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  19th  centu- 
ry of  the  Chriilian  sera."   It  will  pro- 

babh 


I S  o  2 .  Foreign  Literary  Notices. 


3ab!y  be  publifheci  fometime  in  the 
month  of  January.  , 

Six  other  Ifrtters,  addreffed  to  Gran- 
ville Sharp,  Efq;  upon  the  proper  ufe 
of  the  definitive  article  in  the  original 
text  of  the  New  Tcftament,  arc  now 
in  the  prefs. 

A  new  edition  of  the  late  Dr  Law's 
two  difcourfts — On  the  Life  and  Char- 
adter  of  Chrift — and  on  the  benefits 
procured  by  bis  Death,  will  be  pubiilh- 
cd  in  a  fhort  tintie. 

Mr  J'  Malton  intends  to  publifh,  in 
January,  a  Colledfion  ©f  Defigrjs  for 
Villas,  accooipanied  with  defcriptions, 
and  remarks  on  building,  particularly 
a  Diflertation  on  the  lighting  of  apnrt- 
rnents. 

The  Rev.  Jofeph  Barrett,  is  engaged 
in  preparing  a  new  fyftem  of  modern 
Geography,  for  the  ufe  of  Schools. 

Fourteen  letters  by  Mr  Vidlcr,  to 
Mr  Fuller,  on  Univerfal  Reiioration, 
are  expeded  foon  to  appear.  A  itatc 
ment  of  fads,  reprefenting  the  contro- 
verfy  on  that  fubjed,  betwixt  Mr  Vid- 
lcr and  Mr  Fuller,  will  be  prefixed,  the 
whole  acconnpanied  with  notes  and  il- 
luftrations. 

M.  Perrin  of  Paris,  has  invented  fe- 
veral  fpccimens  of  paper,  to  guard  a- 
gainft;  forgery,  for  the  ufe  of  Banks, 
and  commerce  in  general. 

The  enlarged  edition  of  Shakefpeare, 
from  the  papers  of  the  late  Mr  Stee- 
vens,  and  fuperinteiided  by  Mr  Reed, 
is  fo  far  advanced  in  the  prefs,  that  it 
will  be  ready  for  publication  early  in 
the  fpring.  An  abridged  edition  print- 
ed from  this,  will  alfo  appear  in  the 
month  of  January. 

,  We  hear,  that  Mr  Eiekiel  Walker, 
hath  diftovered  a  cheap  method  of  pro- 
ducing light,  which  is  poflcircd  of  fe- 
vtral  advantages.  The  light  generates 
no  fmoke,  and  docs  not  require  the 
aid  of  friuffcrs. 

M.  Campe,  jun.  has  lately  eftabTiihcd 
at  Hamburgh,  a  mufeum,  at  which  are 
t.iken  in,  all  the  German,  French,  and 
EnglHh  journals,  to  the  number  of  150, 
and  alfo  the  mofl  intere(\ing  new  works, 
«nd  copies  fent  thither  by  avtiRs.  This 
tnufeum  is  laid  to  be  the  moft  com- 
plete of  its  kind,  and  is  aUeady  en- 
couraged by  more  than  400  fubfcrib- 
ers. 

Citizen  Pidct,  hath  given  an  account 
of  experiments,  to  prove  that  light  and 
heat  are  not  the  fame  5  oppofUe  to  each 

Vol.  LXIV. 


other,  he  places  two  concave  metallic 
mirrors ;  in  the  focus  of  one,  he  places 
a  lighted  candle,  and  in  the  focus  of 
the  other,  a  very  fenfible  air  thermo- 
meter :  he  then  places  between  the  fo- 
ci, a  piece  of  very  thin  and  trariiparent 
glafs  ;  the  thermometer,  indicating  the 
tranfmilfion  of  heat,  ftopped  that  mo- 
ment. The  two  mirrors  were  placed 
at  the  diliance  of  about  35  yards,  o'le 
from  the  other,  to  determine,  whether 
tl^e  time  of  the  propagation  of  the  ra- 
dieiit  heat,  from  one  focus  to  another, 
could  be  appreciated.  A  heated,  but  not 
luminous  bal),  wasfufpended  at  one  of 
the  foci,  before  which  a  fcreen  was 
placed.  At  the  infiant  that  this  obfta- 
Cle  was  removed,  the  fluid  in  the  ther- 
raometerp  which  was  beforo  p^rfedly 
at  refl,  began  to  move,  and  nofenfib;e 
interval  could  be  perceived  between 
the  fuppreffion,  and  the  eifed5,of  the 
tranfmil!ion  of  heat.  ^ 

A  new  metaliic  fubitance  has  lately- 
been  difcovered  in  Sweden.  The  or^^ 
has  a  blackifli  colour,  with  the  metallic 
afped  of  cryitals  of  oxidated  tin;  its  co- 
lour is  equally  dark  ;  its  gravity  is  con- 
hdcrable;  it  ftrongly  fcratches  glaf*. 
M.  Ekeburg  has  extradcd  from  tiji^ 
mineral,  a  new  metallic  fubffance,  to' 
which  he  gives  the  name  of  1  antP.liti.- 

The  Vaccine  Innoculation,  conti  - 
nues  to  make  rapid  progrels  in  Spain 
and  Italy.  In  Catalonia,  7000  perfons 
were  inoculated  in  the  cou rfe  of  nine 
months ;  and,  by  its  means,  the  fatal 
ravages  of  the  fmall  pox,  have  beea 
Hopped  in  the  dcpirtmicnt  of  Milla, 
where,  during  three  months  oiii>,, 
12000  perfons  have  fubmitted  to  th; 
vaccine  operation. 

Ma  Gregoire,  member  of  the  Na  - 
tional IndiUite,  in  a  memoir  preientet^ 
at  a  late  meeting  of  the  c\  \U  of  indul- 
try  and  agriculture,  makes  mention  of 
the  public  fpirit  which  prevails  in  En.q- 
land,  with  refped  to  agriculttiral  iTn- 
provemert.  He  ftnds,  in  the  patriotic 
attention  paid 'by  proprietors  to  tl--? 
cultivation  of  tlieir  lands,  in  the  re  1- 
pedability  of  the  farmers,  in  the  near- 
nefs  of  their  habi^at'on?,  and  in  the  en- 
couragements afforded  by  governmen", 
the  foiirces  of  that  public  fpirit,  which 
hath  fu-ch  a  h.ippy  influence,  that  Eng- 
land is  jultiy  reg^irded  as  that  country 
in  Europe,  where  agricuUure  is  carri- 
ed to  its  higheil  degree  of  perfedion. 

The  Academy  of  Dijon,  after  haviiig 
6  S  adopt. 


Scottsh  Literary  Notices.  Dec. 


994 

adopted  a  plan  of  proceeding,  and  fix- 
ed the  nature  of  its,  occupations, 
thought  proper  to  change  its  title,  to 
that  of  '  The  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  and  Belles  Lett  res.' 

At  its  lad  fitting,  the  following  prixe 
qutftion  was  propofed.  The  Catarr- 
hal fevers  hecome  every  day  more  fre- 
quent, inflammatory  fevers  become  ex- 
tremely rare,  bilious  fevers  are  lefs 
common  than  formerly.  **  To  deter- 
mine what  are  the  caufes  that  have 
produced  thofc  revolutions  in  our  cli- 


nriates,  and  in  our  temperaturrc.  The 
antitnt  acadfmy  propofed  the  qiief.. 
tion  at  its  public  fitting  in  Augud  1 788. 
Thinking  that  the  fubjcdt  wanted  (till 
fiirther  difcufiion,  it  propofed  the  fame 
fubjeift  for  the  prize  of  1791.  The  re- 
volution having  prevented  it  fronj  bc» 
ing  properly  difcufTed,  the  new  .ica- 
demy  has  appointed  the  fame  fyihjf^ 
for  a  prize  of  500  francs  value,  to  be 
conferred  in  the  public  fitting?  of  the 
month  Fru^idor  (Au^ult)  1804. 


SCOTISH  LITERARY  NOTICES. 


The  philofopbical  writings  of  the 
late  Dr  Reid  of  Glafgow  have  dcferv- 
edly  obtained  the  approbation  of  the 
public.  lie  ha^the  merit  of  giving  a 
new  turn  to  the  fludy  of  Pneumatolo- 
gy,  and  of  reclaiming  it  from  the  fan- 
ciful conje6lures  of  the  theorjft  to  the 
plain  dictates  of  experience  and  coni- 
•mon  fenfc.  It  mull,  therefore,  be  gra- 
tifying to  the  public  to  hear,  that*  an 
account  of  his  life  and  writings,  by 
Piofeilbr  D.  Stewart,  prefixed  to  a 
new  edition  of  Ins  Eflays  upon  the 
Powers  of  the  Human  Mind,*'  hath 
jufl:  come  from  the  pre  Is. 

The  2d  part  of  the  tliird  volume  o{ 
the  Anatomy  of  the  Human  Bodv,  by 
John  and  Charles  Bell,  with  a  Veries 
of  engravings,  explaining  the  courle 
of  the  nerves,  by  C.  Bell,  is  in  for- 
%vardnefs,  and  will  fpeedily  be  publiih- 
cd. 

The  Second  Number  of  the  EJIq- 
buvgh  Review^  will  appear  on  the  2^ih 
of  January, 

The  want  of  public  libraries,  in  ma- 
ny parts  of  this  country,  is  feverely 
felt.  This  circumftance  is  the  more 
to  be  wondered  at,^  as  the  expence 
01  ere6ling  one,  when  divided  amonglt 
a    Dumber   of    people,    is    by  no 


means  great,  and  the  information  and 
entertainment  to  be  derived  from  them 
are  incalculable.  They  aflill  and  en- 
courage the  (indent  to  proceed  with 
vigour  in  the  path  of  improvement  ; 
they  tend  to  enlarge,  relinc,  and  puri- 
fy the  mind  of  the  labourer  and  the 
artiR  •  and  they  give  a  turn  to  th- 
manners  and  converfation  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood in  which  they  are  eftablilired 
Thefe  advantages  are  beginning  to  b-'j 
more  generally  attended  to,  and  many 
country  cowns  have  of  late  credled  li, 
braries,  for  the  benefit  of  thofe  uho 
could  not  be  fupplied  with  books  I./ 
any  other  means.  A  fociety  at  i'Ur'^ 
ley  has  lately  eltablifhed  a  library  f.r 
the  ufe  of  the  county-  of  Renfrew. 
The  regulations  of  it  are  printed,  and 
though  they  appear  capable  of  much 
improvement,  the  infiitution  itfelf  is 
certainly  calculated  to  do  good. 

Propolals  are  circulated,  for  publiHi- 
ing  by  fubfcription,  in  profe,  A  Spring 
pay,  or  Contemplations  on  Several 
Occurrences,  which  naturally  ftrjck 
the  Eye,  in  that  Delightful  Seafon  ; 
by  James  Fifiier,  Annan.  It  is  a  cu- 
rious circumttance,  that  the  author  of 
this  work  was  deprived  of  his  fight 
v^hzn  about  two  years  of  age. 


POETRY, 


9^5 


POETRY. 


Tor  the  Scots  Masa%ine* 
VERSES 

Addressed  to  Sir  John  Sinclair,  on  his  plan  of 
building  the  Nenv  Toivn  of  Thurso,  and  car- 
rying on  other  improvements  there, 

BY  HIS  AFFECTIONATE  SON  G.  S. 

{fVritten  in  the  TT^th  year  of  his  age.) 

SEE  v/htrre  yon  town  in  modeft  guife  ap- 
pears, 

*'  Where  wealthy  commerce  flourifhes,  tho* 
late, 

<«  Where  yonder  bridge  its  (lony  arches  rears, 
*'  (How  different  all  from  its  firfl  lhapelefs 
jftate.) 

See  where  the  ploughman  breaks  the 
yielding  foil, 
"  And  the  gay  ihepherd  tunes  his  rural 
lay, 

«  Or  where  the  velTel  fraught  with  foreign 
fpoil. 

Unloads  its  treafures  at  the  crowded  quay. 

"  On  moors,  once  cloth'd  with  rank  obtru- 
five  weeds, 

«  The  playful  lambs  frifk  to  the  fn«pherd*s 
ftrain, 

"  On  fields,  the  corn  (no  rock  its  growth 
impedes) 

«<  Difpiays  its  ear  bent  down  with  ripen'd 
grain. 

"  Great  was  the  man  who  firfl  thefe  wilds 
adornM. 

Who  taught  the  rude  and  unproduiflive 
land 

»<  To  yield  fuch  plenteous  gifts,  and  wifely 
fcorn'd, 

««  To  waftc  his  time  with  unimproving  hand^ 

Alas  !  how  fatal  for  the  world  his  death, 
Whoever  can  ceafe  to  mourn  fo  kind  a 
friend  : 

"  The  poor  continue  with  their  lateil  breath, 
*'  To  wail  their  bounteous  benefadlor's  end." 


Such  are  the  pralfes  which,  in  future  age,  ' 
Each  ruftic  to  thy  memory  will  pay, 
The  convcrfe  fuch  in  which  he  muft  en- 
gage 

With  ftrangers,  when  near  Thurfo's  wrils 
they  ftray. 

Praife- worthy  deeds  1  how  happy  muft  thou 
be, 

To  greet  fuch  bleffingi  to  thy  honour  pour'd ! 
All,  in  true  colours  dreft,  thy  worth  muft 
fee. 

Since  to  thde  great  attempts  you've  nobly 
foarM. 

Whilft  in  fuch  plans  you  glory,  and  engage, 
Let  me  the  Mufc's  duteous  aid  implore. 
Let  me  perufe  attentive  hiftory's  page, 
And  in  ,my  mind  true  learnmg's  treafure 
aore. 

Be  it  my  care  to  cull  the  flowers  that  blow, 
In  Homer*s  verfe,  or  Maro's  poUflied  line. 
Forbid  itj  Heaven,  my  time  Ihould  idly 
flow, 

Nor  reap  thofe  harveils  which  the  heart  re* 
fine. 

Ildrrozu  on  the  Hill,  Nov,  l802. 


For  the  Scots  Mjga%i77e» 
LINES 

Addressed  to  the  Toutb  educated  at  Harroiv  School, 
on  the  objects  they  ought  to  keep  in  viezi: 

THE  arts  and  virtues  which  fhould  youth 
adorn, 

Which  all  fhould  wilh  for,  and  which  none 

Ihould  fcorn. 
Which  if  acquired  will  lead  to  endlefsfame. 
And  add  new  luftre  to  the  faireft  name. 
Let  us,  O  Mufe  !  attempt  in  humble  verlc 
Briefly  to  ftate,  but  truly  to  rehearfe. 
And  firfl:,  whate'er  the  anx'ous  pains  it  col>, 
Let  rigid  honour  be  youth's  prcudcll  boalU 
6  S  2 


POETRY. 


Dec. 


No  falfchood  c*cr  their  guiltlefs  lips  ihould 
llain  ; 

Let  them  the  paths  of  honest  truth  muintain. 
>roni  its  juft  precepts  let  them  never  I  wcrvc, 
But  all  its  ftridlcfi:  rules  with  care  obfcrvc. 
'i'o  knowledge  next  let  them  with  2c:il  ap- 

^Vho^e  various  ul'es  none  but  fools  deny. 
Youth  is  the  fruitful  icafon  made  to  Hore 
The  mind  with  cvtry  rich  arid  precious  lore. 
'  i'io  then  to  learn  the  lines  which  Muto 
wrote  ; 

To  underil«nd  tlj^rti,  not  to  get  by  rote. 
'  I'is  then  to  know  what  Homtr  lun^  of  (  Id, 
j-\nd  ail  hiii  tndlefs  beauties  to  untold. 
'  Fis  then  to  Iturn  what  an':ieiit  fagcs  taught, 
\VHofe  minds  with  wifdom  were  lo  amply 
fraught. 

Mcr  fhould  thofe  ftudlcs  all  their  time  re- 
quire ; 

To  othei"  obje61s  let  their  minds  afpire. 
To  know  their  native  tongue  with  niceft 
care; 

None  can  furpafs,  few  can  with  it  compare. 
To  move  that  quili  by  whicli,  with  curious 
art, 

To  diilant  climes  they  can  their  thoughts 
impart. 

To  count  thofc  numbers,  on  whofe  ufe  de- 
pends 

JLife's  common  commerce,  fcicnct*  trued 
ends. 

To  learn  the  lan^niagc  of  ingetllous  France, 
With  art  to  wanderthro'  ^h  r lie  mazy  dance, 
Pcrh3ps  the  uragic  pencil  icarn  to  ul'e ; 
>lor  mufic's  fofc  allurements  long  refule. 
Yet  let  not  youth  to  rhefe  too  clofc  attend  : 
Let  them  by  adivc  fports  theii  minds  un- 
bend. 

Ey  toil  and  exercife  is  health  fccured ; 
£y  fports  the  gri^-fs  ot  human  life  are  cured; 
And  early  fricndthip?  thus  are  often  reared, 
By  which  mnturer  years  are  hap*ly  chcartd. 
Nor  is  this  all:  One  objcxft  flill  remains, 
%Vhich  yields  pure  joys  to  obje(5ls  bound  in 
chains. 

It  is  Religion,  fource  of  human  bUf;?; 
Let  then  the  virtuous  youth  remember  this. 
**  The  globe  we  live  in  yields  but  fcenes  of 
woe  ; 

**  Toother  worlds oiir  fouls  have  ftill  to  go. 
"  There  to  receive,  as  v^e  have  aded  here. 
**  Joys  good  men  hjope,  or  ills  the  bad  muft 
fear." 

The  Harrow  youth  who  keeps  thefe  hints 
in  view, 

"We  trufl,  will  have  no  real  caufe  to  rue. 
But  will  become,  adopting  fuch  a  plan, 
la  mind,  in  heart,  in  form, — a  PERFFXT 
MAN. 

J  s. 


SKETCH  FROM  THE  ABOVE.  ^ 
/)<r  ywventa  Studiis. 

DocTRiNAM  at<i;  artcs,  qujefitos mentis  ho- 
nores, 

Qneis  juvcnes  animos  cxcoluifle  decet, 
Queis  honor  Ktcrnus,  nomenq;  illuftrc  pa- 
rantur, 

Quae  nemo  auderct  fpernere,  mcntc  f  ,  :  , 
Conamur  tcnues  modica  defcribere  muf-  . 

Sit  cura  at  verum  non  violare  modis. 
Et  primo,  fervarc  fidem  ftudiofa  juventut 

Difcat,  vel  poena:  fi  patiatur  onus. 
Turpia  dedecorent  nunquam  mcndacia  lin- 
gua?, 

Et  ducat  vcri  tramite,  cauta,  pedes. 
Tunc  autem  mentis  cultus  contendat  ad  artes, 

Qnas  cuiicSli  iniignes  utilitatc  fcrunt ; 
Namque  ornare  animum  juvenili  convenlt 
aevo, 

Tradlare  et  vctcrum  fcmpcramarct  opus. 
Turn  Flacci  prseccpta  bibat,  properetq;  Ma- 
ronis 

Mlrari  lufus,  dulciloquofvc  modos. 
Non  tantum  fas  eft  minima  pcrcurrcrc  curi, 

Afl  cfiam  fenfus  poffe  notarc  decui. 
Turn  datur  infignis  pervolvcrc  carmen  Ho- 
meri, 

Aut  doda  veterum  fcripta  notarc  manu, 
Pedtora  quorum  adeo  lapientia  mira  polivit, 

Pisecipue  kges  h?e  pietatis  habenf. 
Turn  lludcat  juvenis  miram  Demofthcnis  ar- 
tem, 

Et  legat  hiftorias,  cloquioq-,  vacct. 
Ncc  fpatium  tocum  pofcant  h«  temporii,  il- 
ium 

Interdum  fludiis  his  nova  cura  vocct, 
Natlvam  difcat  prxftanti  agnofcere  linguam 

More  ;  hanc  mollitie  vincere  nulla  poteft, 
.^quiparantpaucse;  chartiscommittere verb^ 

Norit,  vel  dcdta  dinumerare  manu. 
Ne  pudeat  linguam  fuavem  coluilTe  juventa 

Gallorum,  aut  certis  membra  mo^cre  nio- 
dis. 

Nec  tcmnat  tabula  juvenis  variare  figura?,  i 

Pulfare  aut  digitis  deneget  arte  iyram.  * 
Ne  vtro  incumbat  nimia  anxietate  labori ; 

Lufibus  innncuis  cof  recreare  licet. 
Hi  triftes  vitie  poteruut  fuperare  dolorcs, 

Et  fic  fervatur  corporis  ufque  falus. 
Sic  etiam  hand  rarofenibus  concordiapartaefb, 

Unde  folent  cur  as  carper  e  dona  fuae. 
Res  tamen  una  manet;  vita  totius  origo 

Lsetitias  ;  jufti  religionc  valent. 
Heu  !  tantum  fas  eft  duhio  msercre  potiri, 

Gaudia  non  vere  carpimus  ante  neccm. 
Ante  Dei  folium  veniemus  ;  qui  fua  re(5tis 

Munera,  qui  pravis  damna  timenda  dablt. 
Illis,  qui  fcrvant  leges,  non  caufa  timoris 

llle  quidenj  fiet  tj-iilicisEvc  dies. 


l802. 


POETRY. 


997 


For  the  Scots  Magazine. 

VERSES 

Addressed  to  the  ruins  of  Dundrennan  Abbey  ^ 
in  Gallvivay, 

Proud  monaftery  of  ancient  time! 
That  ftrik'ft  the  foul  with  awe  profound, 
Whofc  ruin'd  battlements,  fublimc. 
Are  with  thick  mantling  ivy  crown'd, 
Scarce  dares  the  rook  to  g^ze  around. 
From  the  dread  fummit  of  thy  walls, 
While  tumbling  fragments  oft  refound, 
Far  thro*  thy  long  arch'd  echoing  halls; 
Where  the  winds  howling,  wild  and  rude, 
ikppal  the  timid  heart  of  penfive  folitudc. 

.  Ye  fhrines  to  fuperftition  rearM ! 
Where,  in  the  times  of  Gothic  night, 

*    The  holy  brother-hood,  rever'd, 
Led  thro*  thefe  aifles  the  taperM  rite. 
And  now,  oft  in  the  wan  moon-lighr. 
The  ghofts  of  full-arm'd  knights  are  feen, 
Who  for  the  crofs  awoke  the  fight, 
Far  on  the  plains  of  Paleftine. 

Now  *neath  the  fra<5lur'd  vault  their  afhes 
reft. 

Where  the  long  whifpVing  grafs  waves  o'er 
the  warrior's  breall. 

Alike  dread  ruin  lords  it  wide, 
O'er  the  gay  feat,  of  humbler  bower, 
Dcftroys  the  temple's  facrtd  pride. 
And  heaps  in  dull  the  cloud-topt  towV. 
Here,  whei^  oft  in  the  mid- night  hour. 
Devotion  ftruck  her  fiiver  lyre. 
And  praiHng  hofts  were  heard  to  pour 
Such  ftrains  as  wake  the  foul  on  fire. 
Now,  o'er  the  fod  that  hides  the  ilumb'ring 
faint, 

The  grey-owl  to  the  moon  ilill  breathes  her 
hated  plaint. 

Yes  !  where  the  altar  ftood  rever'd, 
Tho  lowing  herd  unconfcious  ftrays. 
And  oft  the  Goat,  with  fnowy  beard, 
Looks  o'er  the  window's  fraiSlur'd  bafe. 


And  where,  oft  to  JelK)vah*5  pralfe, 
Peal'd  the  loud  orcran,  long  and  deep, 
Now  on  his  pipe  the  Ihepherd  plays, 
Or  on  fome  tonib-ftonc  falls  afleep  ; 
Nor  dreams  of  death,  tho'  ftr etch'd  o'er  its 
cold  bed. 

Nor  dreads  the  tottering  walls  impending 
o'er  his  head. 
Halls  !  that  to  Scotia's  injur 'd  queen. 
The  laft  fweet  night  of  freedom  gave. 
Ere  had  (he  crofs'd  yon  billows  green, 
That  Cumbria's  diilant  mountains  lave. 
Sad  hour !  that  bade  her  tempt  the  wave. 
And  bore  her  from  her  natal  lands, 
To  find  no  peace  but  in  that  grave 
Dug  by  her  murderer's  bloody  hands. 

Oh!  had  thy  walls,  O  ihrine!  her  flight  with- 
held, 

Whofe  matchlefs  woes  alone  her  matchlcfs 
charms  excell'd. 
Ye  battlements!  that  look  to  heav'n. 
That  in  yourjwrecks  your  grandeur  fhow. 
In  vain  fix  hundred  years  have  ftriv'n. 
To  lay  in  duft  that  grandeur  low  ; 
And  yet,  full  many  an  age  muft  flow. 
Ere  ihall  thefe  long  arch'd  viftas  fall, 
Tho'  where  chiefs  fat,  now  thiftles  grow, 
And  nettles  hide  the  fculptur'd  wall. 
And  holy  men  have  led  the  facred  mafs. 
Where  the  rank  hemlock  waves,  o'er  the 
thick  tufted  grafs. 
Be  mine,  when  evening's  lively  hues 
Paint  thy  long  aifles  with  glowing  red, 
Dundrennan  I  thro'  thy  courts  to  mufe. 
Where  fleep  the  long  forgotten  dead. 
Since  were  thy  deep  foundations  laid. 
By  Gallovidian  Fergub'  hands. 
Have  twice  twelve  powerful  monarchs 
fway'd 

The  fceptre,  o'er  thefe  fmiling  lands; 
Yet  thou  muft  link  at  laft,  deftroycd  by 
years, 

And  the  plow  tear  the  foil  which  thy  proud 

ftruilure  bears. 
Banks  of  the  Ken,  1  -ry  q 

Nu-^.  4.  Igc2.  J 


*  The  Abbey  of  Dundrennan,  in  the  ftew- 
arty  of  Galloway,  was  founded  by  Fergus 
the  firft  lord  of  Galloway,  who  flourilhcd 
in  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Malcolm  Ken- 
more,  and  lived  till  near  the  end  of  Mal- 
colm IV.  who  died  in  the  year  1165.  Fer- 
gus was  a  great  benefadlor  to  the  religious, 
and  founded  the  monaftery  of  Dundrennan 
in  114a.  Some  chiefs  are  entombed  in  this 
antient  ftru(£lure,  who  fought  under  the  ban- 
ners of  the  crols  in  Paleftine,  during  fome 
of  the  crufades.  The  buft  of  one  of  them, 
named  PittriciusM*Kenzie,  is  ftill  to  be  feen 
1  retry  entire.  It  was  here  alfo  that  Queen 
Mary  flept  the  night  before  fl\e  fct  fail  for 
Mary-port  in  Cuniberland,  after  the  uiifor^ 


tunate  battle  of  Langfide,  In  proof  of  th.li 
it  will  be  faflicient  to  mention  tnc  followii;^ 
incident.  To  Maxwell  of  Hazlefield,  a  gen- 
tleman in  that  neighbourhood,  and  who, 
with  fome  other  gentlemen  of  the  ftewarty* 
waited  on  her  nujefty  during  her  ihort  ftay 
in  the  monaftery  of  Dundrennan,  flie  pre- 
fented  a  ring,  which  is  ftill  carefully  pre. 
fcrved  in  that  family.  This,  with  fome  o. 
ther  fads,  feem  to  prove  that  Dr  Robertfon 
is  miftaken  as  to  Queen  Alary's  rout  from, 
the  battle  of  1.,'tnglide.  U  is  only  neccflajv 
here  to  add,  tiiat  this  abbey  is  one  of  the 
moft  pidurefqiie  and  venerable  ruins  in  the 
Ibuth  of  Scotland* 


998  POETRY.  Dec- 


For  the  Scott  Magaxine^ 
ELEGIAC  VERSES, 

ADDRESSED  TO  A  YOUNG  LADY. 

HOW  lovely  is  the  opening  rofe ! 

Wet  with  the  fummer  morning  dew. 
But  not  the  fa^reft  flower  that  grows. 

Can  be  compared,  fwcet  Girl !  with  you. 
Oft  fportlng  on  the  liovvcry  lawn, 

I've  feci)  the  gracful  virgin  form, 
Mild  as  the  crimroa  blufhing  dawn, 

7'hat  ufliers  in  the  breathing  morn. 
At  laft  1  faw  Thee,  pcerkfs  Maid! 

Ah  !  yet  my  hofom  heaving  warms. 
Too  icon  the  love-lorn  figh  bctray'd 

The  magic  of  your  heavenly  charms. 
"When  evening's  balmy  fwcets  exhale. 

And  lofiiy  flows  the  fragrant  dew. 
Oft  v/andenng  down  yon  blolTom'd  vale, 

Of  natiiie's  purple,  rofy  hue. 
I'll  mufc,  while  penfivc  memory  fighs, 

Dreams  on  the  joys  of  early  youth, 
Joys,  to  which  rapture  ever  flys, 

Joys,  dear  to  innocence  and  truth. 
Then  hope  her  fairy  garlands  wove, 

(Culled  from  the  gar«len  of  delights) 
Around  my  tcncicr  youthful  love, 

And  opt'd  a  profpect  fair  and  bright ! 

She  facred  truth  did  then  belie, 
bhc  did  not  tell  of  fortune's  frown, 

pointed  to  the  bright'ning  (ky, 
Her  joyous  fmiling  days  that  crown. 

iSottietinus  at  rofeate  Pleafure's  call, 

RcluAantly  Til  hafle  a\tay. 
But  not  the  gay  and  glitteriiig  ball. 

My  heart  born  anguilh  can  allay. 

Adieu  !  once  more,  fweet  Nymph  adieu  5 

Thou  faireft  deareil  child  of  love! 
Thou  beam  of  pure  celcftial  hue! 

cjcnt  from  a  milder  clime  above. 
I'd  wander  from  my  native  fhore. 

To  favage  wilds,  beyond  the  deep; 
Acd  there  my  wayward  fate  deplore, 

Couch'd  on  the  naked  rocky  Ileep. 
Or  by  the  foiitary  beach. 

Til  chide  the  ilowly  hng'ring  hour. 
That  wafts  my  I'pirit  from  the  reach 

Of  hopelefs  love's  corroding  power. 
And  fay,  relentlefs  maid  !  when  cold, 

And  mouldring  in  the  fiUnt  tomb, 
Wilt  thou  one  pitying  tear  withold, 

At  hearing  of  my  haplefs  doom! 
At  twilight's  penfive,  peaceful  hour, 

Sweet  an-gd  1  will  you  e'«r  appear ! 
By  your  departed  lover's  bovver. 

And  footh  his  fpirit  hovtring  near. 

Greenock,      1  ^, 


lor  the  Scots  Magazine. 
LINES 

PROM  THE  LATIN  OF  J.  LEOCH, 

To  BrummoTid  of  Haivthomden, 

Dear  Drummond  !  in  this  faithful  heart, 
Who  long  hall  held  the  dearcft  part  •, 
While  ftili  'twas  my  delight  to  be. 
As  dear  to  thee,  as  thou  to  me  ; 
I  own,  it  oft  excites  my  wonder. 
That  we  two  ne'er  can  reft  afunder ; 
'Tis  true  I  love  thee  like  a  brother. 
But  let  us  fometimcs  leave  each  other; 
Half  of  my  heart  take  home  to  thee, 
' Tis  long  fmce  it  belonged  to  me ; 
I'hou,  to  fupply  this  want  in  mine, 
Perhapt  canlt  [pare  me  part  of  thine. 

But  hold,  O  hold,  fweet  friend,  thy  fliarc 
I  feel  this  bofom  ne'er  can  fparc, 
Or  wit  and  genius  both  would  fly. 
And  feehng  leave  her  channel  dry : 
For  wit  and  genius  both  in  me. 
Are  but  rcfle^lcd  rays  from  thee. 

H, 

Tor  the  Scots  Muga'Xiine, 
SONG. 

MY  NANNY  O* 

Aiown  yon  vale  bedeck'c  with  flowers. 

The  Tay  flows  fmooth  and  cannie  O, 
'Twas  fir  Ik  amanj^  yon  plcafa)?i  bowers, 

1  met  niy  lovely  Nanny  O. 
Her  look  was  fwcet,  her  face  was  fair. 

Her  fparkling  eyes  wcie  bonny  O, 
The  evening  futi  could  ne'er  compare. 

With  my  fweet  charming  Nanny  O, 
O  were  I  but  a  Britifli  Peer, 

Had  wealth  and  titles  mony  O, 
No  other  lafs  fliould  e*cr  them  fliare. 

But  my  young  fmiling  Nanny  O. 
Let  others  court  the  gaudy  Ihow, 

Or  hoard  up  this  world's  penny  O, 
Pil  aik  no  other  gift  below. 

While  I  am  blell  with  Nanny  O. 

With  pleafure  I  lhall  daily  toil. 

Thro*  weather  cauld  or  rainy  O, 
While  I'm  rewarded  with  a  fmile, 

From  my  kind  hearted  Nanny  O. 
Should  fortune's  frowns  upon  me  blow. 

Till  I  be  auld  as  granny  O, 
While  from  my  heart  red  flr^ams  do  flow, 

I'll  love  and  comfort  Nanny  O. 

PI 


999 


IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT. 


HOUSE  OF  LORDS. 

Tuesday  J  No'v,  23. 

THIS  day,  a  little  after  two  o*clock, 
Ms  Majtfty  came  down  to  the  Houfc, 
and,  being  feated  on  the  throne,  the 
Speaker,  and  feveral  Members  of  the 
Houfe  of  Commons  attending  at  the 
bar,  his  Majefty  delivered  the  follow- 
ing mofl:  gracious  fpeech  — 

My  Lords  and  Gentlemen^ 
"  It  is  highly  gratifying  to  me  to  re- 
fort  to  your  advice  and  aliiftance,  afker 
the  opportunity  which  has  been  re- 
cently afforded  of  collecting  the  fenfe 
of  my  people. 

*'  The  internal  profperity  of  the 
country  has  realized  my  moft  fanguine 
hopes ;  we  have  experienced  the  boun- 
ty of  Divine  Providence  in  the  produce 
of  an  abundant  harveft. 

The  ftate  of  the  manufa<5lurcs, 
commerce,  and  revenues  of  my  united 
kingdom,  is  flouridiing  beyond  exam- 
ple ;  and  the  loyalty  and  attachment 
which  are  manifelted  to  my  perfon 
and  government,  alford  the  llrongeft 
indication  of  the  juft  fenfe  that  is  en- 
tertained of  the  numerous  bleffings  en- 
joyed under  the  protcdion  of  our  hap- 
py coniiitution. 

"  In  my  intercourfe  with  foreign 
powers,  I  have  been  adluated  by  a 
lincere  diipofition  for  the  maintenance 
of  peace.  It  is  neverthelefs  impoliible 
for  me,  to  lofe  Hght  of  that  eitablifhed 
and  wife  fyilem  of  policy,  by  which 
the  intcrells  of  other  ft  aces  are  con- 
ncded  with  our  own  ;  and  I  cannot, 
therefore,  be  indifferent  to  any  materi- 
al change  in  their  relative  condition 
and  ftrength.  My  condud  will  be  in- 
variably regulated  by  a  due  conlider- 
ation  of  the  av^ual  fituation  of  Europe, 
and  by  a  watchful  folicitude  for  the 
permanent  w^cltare  of  my  people. 

"  You  will,  I  am  periuadeu,  agree 
with  mt  in  thinking,  that  it  is  incumbent 
upon  us  to  adopt  thofc  means  of  fecu- 
rity  which  are  bea  calculated  to  afford 


the  profpeifl  of  preferving  to  my  fub- 
jeds  the  bleflings  of  peace. 

"  Gentlemen  of  the  Houf:  of  Commons^ 
"-I  have  ordered  the  eflimates  for 
the  enfuing  year  to  be  liid  before  you ; 
and  I  rely  on  your  zeal  and  liberality 
in  providing  for  the  various  branches 
of  the  public  fervice ;  which  it  is  a 
great  fatisfac^ion  for  me  to  think,  may 
be  fully  accomplilhed  without  any  con- 
fiderable  addition  to  the  burdens  of  my 
people. 

My  Lords  and  GentlefTj^n, 

"  I  contemplate,  with  the  utmofh 
fatisfac^ion,  the  great  5ind  increafing 
benefits  produced  by  the  important 
meafure,  which  has  united  the  inter- 
efts,  and  confolidated  the  refourcea 
of  Great  Britain  ai>d  Ireland.  The 
improvement  and  extenHon  of  thefe 
advantages,  will  be  objects  of  your  un- 
remitting care  and  attention.  The 
trade  and  commerce  of  my  fubjedls,  fo 
effential  to  the  fupport  of  public  cre- 
dit, and  of  our  maiitime  Arength, 
will,  I  am  perfuaded,  receive  from  you 
every  poffible  encouragement ;  and  you 
will  readily  lend  your  affiitar.ce  in  aC- 
fording  to  mercantile  tr^nf iftions  in 
every  part  of  my  united  kiii^dom,  .^11 
the  facility  and' accommodation  th^t 
may  be  coiffiilant  v/ith  the  pubiie  re- 
venue. 

To  uphold  the  honour  of  the 
country,  to  encourage  its  indiiftry,  to 
improve  its  refources,  and»to  maintain 
the  true  principles  of  the  Conflifuiion 
in  Church  and  Srate,  are  the  groat  an<l 
leading  duties  which  you  are  called  ud- 
on  to  difchar^e^  In  the  perform.^nce 
of  them,  you  may  be  afuired  of  my 
uniform  and  cordial  fupport;  it  being 
my  earned  wilb  to  cuinv.Ue  a  perfect 
harmony  and  confidence  between  me 
and  my  Parliament,  ;md  to  profnote  to 
the  ut moft  the  welfare  of  my  faithful 
fubieds,  vi'hofe  interefts  and  happinef^i 
I  (hall  ever  confider  as  infep.^rable 
from  my  ov^ti.'* 

Lord 


1 000 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Dc(. 


Lord  Arden  moved  the  addrefs  "  to 
pfilire  his  IVlajetly,  that  the  Houie 
would  moft  cordially  concur  in  pio- 
moting  all  the  various  objcds  recom- 
mended in  his  INIajefty's  ipeech.'* 

Lord  (jrenville  laid  it  was  nereflary 
to  enquire  into  the  real  lituation  of  the 
country,  and  to  fhew  how  it  had  been 
advancing,  ftcp  by  Ilep,  to  all  the 
dangers  and  perils  of  war.    One  part 
of  the  addrefs  moved  to  his  Majefty, 
embraces  three  propofitions,  to  all  of 
which  he  afl'ented.    It  v/as  the  duty  of 
Government  to  keep  a  watchful  eye 
over  the  affairs  pafTmg  on  the  conti- 
rent  of  Europe.    In  the  next  place, 
the  country  Ihould  not.  view  with  in- 
difference any  chan^^e  in  the  conflitu- 
tion  or  Hate  of  Kurope.  Such  changes, 
he  contended,  had  been  made,  con- 
trary to  the  very  terms  of  the  treaty 
of  peace.    France  had  Louiliania  in 
America,  and,  in  Europe,  the  Italian 
R'^public,  Piedmont  had  been  aimcxed 
to  the  French  territory,  without  any 
provifion  being  made  in  the  tre^nty  for 
the  king  of  Sardinia,  the  lawful  Sove- 
reign of  that  country  ;  all  this  was 
done  in  June  :  in  Augufl:  an  attempt 
was  made  by  Fr^^^e  to  regulate  all 
the  interefts  of  the  German  Empire, 
The  fecond  piopof.tion  to  be  inferred 
was,   that  his  MajefLy  called  upon 
Tarliament  to  enable  him  to  inercaie 
his  forces.     Wliy  Vvas    this  demand 
made—One  of  the  mmillcrs  had  de- 
clared, that  the  prefent  peace  would 
be  hncere  and  permanent.   This  iliew- 
ed  their  unfitnefs  to  judge  of  foreign 
tranfartions.    Not  a  day  pafted,  but 
France  had  Oiewed  her  inveterate  hol"- 
tility  to  this  country.    He  declared, 
that  if  the  fecurity  of  the  country 
was  to  be  conlidered,  it  could  only  be 
€ifc(5ted  by  a  change  in  the  perions  of 
thofe  minifters,  whole  wavering,  un- 
decided, and  contradictory  conduct, 
has  brought  the  country  into  the  dan- 
gerous fituation  in  which  it  (lands.  If 
there  was  any  hope,  it  could  only  be 
found  in  meafures  of  complete  prepa- 
ration, and,  in  the  language  of  energy, 
held  out  to  the  enemy  by  that  man, 
to  v.'hom  alone  the  country  miifl  look, 
for  falvation  at  this  aweful  hour.  The 
addrefs  was  agreed  to  unanimoufly. 

Dec.  I.  Lord  Moira  oblcrved,  that 
having  given  notice  in  the  laft  felTion, 
that  it  was  his  intention,  very  early 
in  the  prefent,  to  call  the  attention  of 


the  Houfc  to  certain  tranfa(5lions  rr! 
perting  she  Nahoh  of  Arcoty  from  ci: 
cumftances  which  had  already  taken 
place, much  of  his  objed  was  removed — 
llill  there  remained  caufe  for  fcrioi:. 
enquiry.    It  was  therefore  his  inten 
tion  to  move  on  Friday  next  for  co- 
pies of  all  the  papers  which  had  beer; 
received  relative  thereto  from  the  year 
1797'    The  Houfe  adjourned  to  Fri- 
day. 

3.  Lord  MoIra  prefented  a  bill  foe 
the  prevention  of  frivolous  and  'ijexnti^ 
QUI  arrests^  which  was  read  a  firfl:  time, 
and  ordered  to  be  printed.  He  like- 
wife  prefented  another  bill  for  the  re- 
lief of  certain  insolDcnt  debtors  which 
was  read,  and  ordered. 

Naihh  of  ylrcnt, — Lord  Moira  rofe  a- 
gam  to  move  for  a  copy  of  the  inlf  ruc- 
tions fent  out  by  the  Court  of  Direc-  ' 
tors  to  the  Governor-general  of  Ben-  ; 
gal  and  the  Governor  of  Madi  as,  ref- 
pev^ling  the  depofition  of  the  infant  * 
heir  of  the  Nabob  of  Arcot,  The  caufe  ' 
lie  had  .'it  heart,  when  he  fir(t  gave 
notice  of  his  intention,  was  now  pafi,  ' 
It  had  been  with  a  view  to  obtain  re-  ^ 
lief  for  an  infant  prince,  but  that  prince 
was  now  leyond  the  reach  of  redrefs — 
he  begged  leave  to  fay,  that  he  di;i  ' 
not  blame  the  two  noble  Lords  at  Cai-  ■ 
cntta  and  Madrafs;   he  was  aware,  I 
thnt  the  tranfadtions  which  had  chal-  < 
lenged  the  attention  of  all  Europe,  had  j 
originated  with  the  Court  of  Directors,  | 
and  was  a  fyftcm  determined  upon  be-  • 
fore  the  noble  Lords  went  to  India.  J 
Lor4  ^iobart  faid,  that  whenever  the'i 
tranfadions  of  the  Carnatic  were  fully 
invefligated,  he  bad  no  doubt  but  it 
would  be  found,  that  the  meafure  in 
queftion  was  founded  in  a  due  lenfc  of 
policy,  and  an  attention  to  the  interelf  s 
of  the  Company.    The  motion  of  Lord 
Moira  was  agreed  to. 


HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 

N0V.23.  A  me ffagecame  from  theLords, 
deliring  the  Houfe  to  attend  to  hear  the 
King's  Speech,  the  Speaker  and  mem- 
bers attended  accordingly,  and  return- 
ed. After  the  nfiial  forms  on  a  netv 
Parliament,  the  Speaker  read  the  King's 
Speech  from  the  Chair.  Mr  Tendi 
rofe,  and,  after  obferving,  that  this  was 
the  firft  fitting  of  Parliament  fince  the 
figning  of  the  treaty  of  peace,  made  a 

r.um- 


Imperial  Parliament. 


1001 


lumber  of  remarks  upon  the  general 
ranquility,  and  connede4  intercfts  of 
)ur  interna]  fituaiion  ;  the  inpreafe  of 
)ur  manufaanrcs,  and  the  advantages 
iriling  from  our  agricultural  profperi- 
:ies.    He  confidered  the  unanimity  of 
:hc  coufitry,  and  zealous  attachment 
:o  the  conftitution  both  in  Britain  anj 
Ireland,  where  the  errors  of  delufion 
were  faft  wearing  away,  and  the  affec- 
tion of  that  kingdom  was  difplaycd  in 
its  original  warmth.  The  accumulatecj 
produds  of  the  different  manwfadurcs 
gave  him  the  utmoft  exultation  ;  all  the 
melancholy  predidions  concerning  our 
commerce  had  proved  falfc  ;  our  trade 
was  in  the  molt  flourifhing  Uate  ;  but 
we  fhould  not  therefore  relax  in  our 
endeavours,  or  grow  remifs  in  our  du- 
ties ;  the  danger  we  had  tfcaped  called 
for  vigilance ;  we  ought  to  be  prepa- 
red for  the  moft  vigorous  rcTifcance, 
fliould  another  war  become  necelTiry. 
He  approved  of  the  ftrong  military  e- 
ftablilhment  which  was  kept  up,  and 
was  convinced  that  the  expence  would 
not  be  grudged  by  a  loyal  and  fcnfible 
people.    He  had  no  doubt  of  the  ta- 
Icnts  and  integrity  of  his  Majefty's  mi- 
niaers ,  but  yet  their  condud  ought  to 
be  narrowly  infpeded.   Although  the 
ftate  of  continental  affairs  wa^  fcriou?, 
he  was  not  apprehcniive  that  our  fitu- 
ation,  relative  to  France,  was  fo  pre- 
carious as  to  give  us  alarm,  fhould  we 
purfue  necelTary  caution  and  vigilance. 
The  Hon.  Gentleman  then  moved  the 
Addrefs,  which  was,  as  ufual,  an  echo 
of  the  Speex:h.  .  ^  x>r 

Mr  Cartwright  agreed  with^  Mr 
Tench,  that  we  ought  to  be  firmly 
prepared  for  every  emergency;  he  bla- 
med the  Minifter  for  difarming  the  na- 
tion with  fuch  precipitancy.  The  times 
were  very  alarming,  he  thought,  and 
he  regretted  the  abfence  of  thofe  iiluf- 
trious  talents  which,  at  this  moment, 
were  of  fo  much  confcquence  to  our 

fafc'ty.  _  ,  , 

Mr  Fox  gave  his  anent  to  the  aa- 
'  drefs.  He  commented,  at  confiderablo 
Ic-ngth,  upon  the  fpeeches  of  the  pre- 
ceding fpeakers.  If  the  country  fnould 
be  infulttd,  he  had  no  hclitation  in  fay- 
ing that  a  recommencement  of  hoftili- 
ties  fhould  be  relblvedupon  immediate- 
ly; he  furveyed  the  prefent  ilate  of 
Europe,  and  was  convinced  there  ne- 
ver was  a  time  when  a  new  war  would 
be  more  hurtful  to  this  country,  and  a 
VOL.LXIV. 


continuance  of  peace  more  advanta- 
geous than  at  prefent ;  he  thought  that 
we  fliould  much  rather  continue  with 
France  in  commerce  than  in  war,  be- 
caufe  we  had  got  the  ftart  of  her  alrea- 
dy, and  every  ftep  taken  to  augmenn 
the  French  trade,  alfords  the  faired 
promife  of  advancement  to  our  own  ; 
he  faw  no  ground  for  renewing  hoflili- 
ties,  but  every  rcafon  to  cultivite  ami- 
ty, and  continue  the  peace  with  France  ^ 
he  could  not  think  a  continuance  ot 
thinj:';  as  they  were,  without  Ibmc  ne'jr 
infuft,  vyas  a  fuffici^nt  ground  for  re- 
commencing a  war ;  he  faid,  he  hid 
not  docum.ents  to  enable  hion  to  decide, 
whether  the  treaty  of  Amiens  had  been 
any  way  infringed  ;  he  believed  the  na- 
tion was  now  as  fond  of  peace,  as  at 
its  commencement ;  and  that  the  opi- 
nion of  newfpaper  writers  was  not  a 
criterion  of  public  opinion.    The  mer- 
chants had  been  laid  to  wifh  for  a  new 
wMr,  he  thought  their  chara^f^er  too  re ^ 
fpeclable  tow'im  to  plunge  thecouotr:/ 
into  a  war,  in  order  to  enrich  thcm- 
feWes  ;  at  any  rate,  if  the  world  wan 
to  bleed,  he  would  rather  fee  its  blood 
flow  to  gratify  the  ambition  of  an  Alex- 
ander, than  to  fill  the  coffers  of  a  fev^ 
wurthleis  individuals ;  he  thought  th-it 
the  interference  of  France  and  Kufii^, 
to  fvttle  the  indemnitie.s  would 
found  to  prove  ufcfal  to  Germany,  an  j 
that  the  time  would  come  when  it 
would  be  approved  of  by  every  Engliili- 

Mr  Windham,  in  a  bnliiant  fpeech> 
gave  a  copious  defcription  of  the  ftate 
and  views  of  France,  and  the  numerous; 
dangers  to  which  this  country  was  ex- 
pofcd  by  the  power  and  aggra.ulizc-- 
mcnt  of  that  nation  ;  he  drew  a  melin- 
choly  picture  of  our  fuui^tlon,  and  h:  - 
feeched  every  man  lo  exert  every  enrr- 
gy  to  avert,  if  polfible,  the  ruin  of  the 
country.  He  concluded  with  the  fol- 
lowing obfcrvations  :  It  is,  indeed,  a 
deep  fenfe  of  the  calamities  of  our  litu^ 
ation,  that  has  induced  hjc  to  tvefpiu 
upon  your  tinne  fo  long.  A  deep  tenir 
that  the  country  is  going  down— thar. 
il  is  almoll  fettling  in  the  water-— that 
the  power  of  France  is  growmg  fa'x 
round  us— that  we  are  dying  by  a  com- 
plication of  diforders,  both  chrome  and 
acute  ;  by  diforder?,  fome  of  wh'.ch  are 
lefs  rapid  in  their  operation  than  others; 
we  may  be  cut  otf  by  a  blow  at  once* 
—From  fuch  an  cffc^,  may  wc  be  de- 
6  T  fended 


100^ 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Dec. 


fended  by  n.  f.iCTifire  of  thnt  fyftcm,  an 
jibanclonmrnt  of  thofe  principles,  upon 
which  his  Majefty^s  Minifters  have  ad- 
ed  ;  feeling,  as  they  mufl  do,  that  we 
have  this  complication  of  difeafes.  Sir, 
1  ti'|ifl:  the  country  will  exprefa  its  feel- 
ings, fournied  upon  its  reafon  ;  it  can- 
not be  blird  to  the  danger — it  cannot 
be  ignorant  of  the  caufes  that  have  pro- 
duced it. — This,  Sir,  is  my  advice  ;  it 
is  an  admonition  which  belongs  to  the 
fitnation  in  vhich  we  are;  for  fatal, 
indeed,  would  it  have  been  if  the;,  Ad- 
tlrefs  harl  been  alh  4v'ed  to  pafs  without 
any  fiich  obfervations  being  made  as 
thofe  1  have  found  it  neceflary  to  fub- 
mit  to  you.  I  could  have  wifhed  they 
had  come  from  a  perfon  of  more  weight, 
for  made  they  muO:  be. — Sir,  unlefsthe 
Jloufe  fee  the  danger  as  I  fee  it ;  unlefs 
exertions  and  fieri hces  be  made,  fuch 

we  have  never  feen  before  ;  unlefs  we 
abandon  all  thtifc  low-minded  and  ii;- 
roble  ideas,  the  country  mud  be  ine- 
vitably hurried  on  to  its  ruin.  I  recoi- 
led, with  peculiar  force,  the  lalt  dyin^ 
quiver,  the  laft  words  almoH:  th^t  drop- 
ped from  the  great  Lord  Chath;im  be- 
fore he  fainted  in  the  Houfe  of  Lords, 
I  was  prcfent  at  the  melancholy  fcene. 
His  lalt  words,  (they  were  coarfe  and 
homely,  bnt,  coining  from  fnch  r  man, 
they  derived,  perhaps,  a  pecu!i;ir  vi- 
gour even  from  their  coarfenels),  his  bft 
words,  when  fome  fubmiffion  was  fpo- 
ken  of — a  rubrnKfion  tcifling  when  com- 
pared with  what  we  are  called  upon  to 
make  at  prefent, — were,  That  fooncr 
than  confent  tofuch  ameafure,  I  would 
pawn  the  Hvlrt  off  my  back.''  Sir,  that 
cxpreffion,  with  the  weignt  and  autho- 
rity of  fuch  a  man,  conveys  what  1  feel 
upon  the  prefent  crifis.'' 

The  Chancellor  of  the  E^xheqiier 
th.en  rofe,  and  fpoke  to  the  following 
purport — ^'  I  fliould  think  myfelf  want- 
ing in  duty  to  myfelf,  and  to  the  re- 
fpe(5^  I  entertain  for  the  Houfe,  did  I 
not  rife,  Sir,  to  exprefs  my  total  diifer- 
c nee  in  opinion  from  the  fentiments 
delivered  by  my  Right  Hon.  Friend, 
who  hasiuti  fat  down— 'feniiihents.  Sir, 
^vhich  tend  to  throwr  fnch  a  defponden- 
t:y  over  tlie  the  public  mnul,  andWhich 
1  am  at  once  bold  and  proud  tofiyare 
totally  incompatible  with.4:he  real  Itate 
cfthe  country;  and  notwnhftanding 
the  pofnive  manner  in  which  they  have 
been  delivered,  I  will  hope,  with  c  ^n- 
fidencc,  thai  inch  an  opinion  is  not  en- 
tertained by  mat^y  Gentlemen,  c!thcr 


in  this  Houfe,  or  in  the  country.  The 
Right  Hon.  Gentleman  has  mi  rtlioned 
that  Minillers  dcferve  crimination  for 
fome  parts  of  their  condncK  Sir,  I 
have  never,  on  any  occaiion,  been  an 
apologid  for  the  fliare  I  had  in  makii  ;^ 
the  peace,  but  have  always  Itood  fo? 
ward  to  avow  the  principles  on  which 
I  av5^ed  on  that  important  occ^fion- 
Confcious  that  1  had,  in  every  refpe(f^*^, 
done  nothing  hut  what  my  reafon  and 
conlcience  told  me  was  dcligned  for 
the  interell.  and  benefii  of  the  country, 
I  never  entertained  a  doubt  but  I  fhould 
receive,  from  the  Houfe,  and  the  coun- 
try at  large,  a  fair  inJ  jufl  judgment 
of  the  motives  which,  at  that  crilis,  in- 
fluenced my  condudf.  The  Hon.  Gen- 
tleman, Sir,  does  not  feem  to  have 
fhidied  the  fubje<5l  of  criminating  Mi- 
nifters  with  his  ufual  accuracy,  wh-:  n 
he  adverts  to  the  reduclion  of  our  armd- 
ments,  which  are  noxv  greater  thnn  at 
any  former  period  immediately  fubfe- 
quent  to  the  conclufion  of  peace.  With 
the  exception  of  the  militia,  and  thof! 
enlifted  for  a  limited  time,  no  reduc- 
tion hjs  been  made  in  the  army.  As 
to  our  navy,  in  the  1786,  we  had  irj 
ihips  of  W'lr  in  pay;  at  prefent  we 
have  207.  In  the  year  1792*  we  had 
23  fhips  of  the  line  and  15,000  feamen  ; 
we  have  now  5^  fliips  of  the  line  and 
46,000  feamen.  Miny  reports  have 
been  circulated.  Sir,  of  our  manufac- 
tures being  In  a  Itate  of  decline,  and 
our  trade  luffering  under  tmexanipied 
depreffion ;  T  am'  happy.  Sir,  to  hav- 
it  in  my  po;yer  to  fct  this  matter  iii 
a  truer  and  more  favourable  poinr 
of  view,  and  thereby  remove  that 
uneafineis  from,  the  minds  of  many 
which  they  have  imbibed  from  pre- 
mifes  fo  totally  void  of  foundation. 
From  the  5th  October  1800  to 
our  foreign  trade  amounted  to  23  mil- 
lions—From r8oi  to  1802  it  amounted 
to  27  millions  <ihd  an  haif.  J  was  bia- 
nied  by  many,  Sir,  for  taking  credit 
for  a  fiving  of  five  miilions  in  the  be- 
giimirtg  of  1803  ;  but,  Sir,  our  floating 
debt,  mftead  of  38  millions,  which  it 
was  in  the  beginnnog  of  the  year,  was, 
by  the  la  ft  two  quarters,  reduced  to  23 
millions,  and  I  exped,  by  the  5th  Ja- 
nuary, it  will  be  reduced  to  14  millions. 
I  deny,  Sir,  that  the  powers  of  Europe 
v.-ould  at  this  moment  be  f^l^r  in  a  ftaie 
of  wsr  than  of  peace,  and  if  we  were  to 
on  the  prmciptcs  laid  down,  we 
lliouid 


I8C2. 


Imperial  Parliament i 


fhould  ad  very  contrary  to  the  real  in- 
tcrefts  of  the  country.  Sufpicions,  Sir, 
have  been  thrown  out,  but  I  do  aver, 
that,  in  no  one  inftance,  have  the  ho- 
nour and  dignity  of  the  country  been 
compromifed  tor  a  nioa>ent.  His  Ma- 
jelty'b  Minilters,  Sir,  wiih  (inccreiy  tor 
peace,  but  v^^e  are  ni)t  afraid  of  war, 
nor  will  we  luffcr  that  wilh  to  lead  us 
into  any  dithonourable  comprornifcr.  1 
have  no  fcruple  to  fay,  that  I  look 
upon  war  to  be  a  dreadful  evil,  but  not 
fo  dreadful  as  dithonour,  and,  when 
brought  into  connpctition,  I  hope  I 
ihall  not  hetitate  between  them." 

The  qucttion  being  called  for,  and 
the  motion  for  agreeing  to  the  addrefa 
put,  it  pafftd  without  oppoiition. 

aj.  Mr  Tench  brought  up  the  re- 
port of  the  Addrefs  to  his  iVIajefty  ; 
on  the  n^otion  lor  the  fecond  reading 

Mr  Wilberforce  faid,  that  he  was 
defirous  of  taking  the  earlielt  oppor- 
tunity of  delivering  his  fentiments  on 
an  occafion  the  molt  intereiting,  and 
the  rather,  becaufe  fome  opinions 
which  he  had  enteitained  had  been 
difcuffed  with  great  freedom.  Thofe 
opinions  he  was  not  atliamed  to  avow. 
In  giving  the  vote  which  he  had  done 
lor  the  Addrefs,  he  had  been  actuated 
by  the  belt  motives.  He  confidered 
the  Addrefs  to  fay,  that  Minifters 
would  keep  a  watchful  eye  on  the  Con- 
tinent of  Europe,  and  his  wilhes  were 
in  unifon  with  them.  He  was  a  friend 
to  peace.  This  Houfe  and  countiy, 
he  was  concerned  to  fay,  had  for  fome 
lime  been  too  forward  in  profecuting 
the  war,  and  making  continental  en- 
gagements, unfortunately  at  a  vaft  ex- 
l)ence  of  blood  and  treafure.  The 
Hon.  Gentleman  then  took  a  view  of 
the  conduct  of  the  late  Minilters.  He 
laid,  that  their  Ihort-fightednefs,  the 
folly  of  their  fchemes  and  fpeculatioiib, 
had,  to  fpeak  the  honelt  truth,  drawn 
more  real  danger  on  the  country  than 
any  other  event.  He  was  heartily  tir- 
ed of  Continental  policy.  Weie  we  to 
be  difpolTetied  of  our  property  for  fuch 
alliances  ?  He  hoped  wc  would  turn 
our  thoughts  to  all  fpecies  of  internal 
impiovements  ;  and  with  fo  many  bief- 
fings,  and  with  all  our  power  to  pre- 
lerve  them,  and  fenfe  to  enjoy  them, 
lie  could  not  help  wiiliing  that  we 
might  avail  ourfelves  of  them,  and 
Ihun  all  ijidehiute  cor.tlaental  connec- 
tions. 


Lord  Temple  faid,  his  great  objed 
in  now  riling,  was  to  take  notice  of 
what  had  br.cn  faid  as  to  the  views  of 
his  Hon.  Fiiends  and  bimfclf,  in  the^ 
Itntiments  they  had  delivered  on  the 
piefent  queltion.  It  had  been  afferted 
that  they  wilhed  at  all  events  for  war 
in  preference  to  peace.  Tljis  alfcrtion 
he  pohtively  denied  5  he  did  not  wiih 
for  war;  he  law  and  felt  the  almoft 
impolhbility  of  engaging  in  a  war. 
His  great  aim  was  to  ihew  the  people 
their  true  Itate,  into  what  hands  they 
had  fallen ;  to  convince  them,  that  im 
the  hands  of  his  Mujeily's  preient  Mi- 
nifters they  had  no  right  whatever  to 
look  for  fafety  in  war,  or  fccurity  iii' 
peace.  Thefe  Minilters  fay  they  now 
act  on  the  fame  principle  as  they  did 
when  they  made  peace.  He  could  not 
believe  it  ;  foi^  if  they  did,  why  did 
they  now  call  on  the  people  to  arm. 
They  were  a  lifllels  let  j  and  it  migiit 
be  faid  of  them,  that  a  more  muwkilh 
mixture  had  never  been  doled  down 
the  throats  of  the  people  of  this  coun- 
try. Looking  at  the  Addrefs,  he  found 
it,  he  faid,  altogether  a  milk  and  wa- 
ter compofition,  and  therefore  he  a- 
greed  to  it. 

General  Maitland  fpoke  with  confi- 
dence of  the  dcfenhve  flrength  of  tiiC 
country,  both  military  and  naval,  and 
relied  on  the  wildom  of  the  prcfent 
Minifteis. 

Mr  I'ox  faid,  that  he  had  heard, 
with  much  pleafure,  the  "  practical 
concluhou"  of  the  Noble  Lord  (Tem- 
ple). He  was  happy  to  hear  the  warm 
efFuhons  of  youthful  eloquence,  but  he 
was  itill  more  happy  to  find  that  all 
the  dark  and  gloomy  burfts  which  the 
Houfe  had  lately  heard,  and  which  they 
were,  no  doubt,  inclined  to  let  dovvi\ 
to  the  diforder  of  fome  romantic  ima- 
ginations, were  not  meant  to  diltutb 
the  peace  of  Lurope.  The  "  practical 
concluhon"  of  the  Noble  Lord  had 
fairly  put  the  Houfe  in  polVelhon  of  the 
fecret,  that  if  the  Njbie  Orator  and 
his  fi lends  were  put  into  the  places  of 
the  prefent  Minilters,  war  would  be 
no  more  thought  of.  It  was  for  the 
purpofe  only  of  individual  promotion, 
it  appeared,  that  they  had  coademncd 
a  peace,  which,  under  all  its  circum- 
Ifances,  was  dear  to  the  popular  feel- 
ing, and  to  every  patriot  mmd.  1  he 
prefent  peace  he  hoped  would  laft,  and 
molt  fervently  did  he  hope  ana  v.nh  it, 
6  r  i  &ul 


I0O4 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Dec. 


and  he  fawv  no  reafon  why  il  fhould 
not  be  both  lafting  and  finccre.  Hav- 
ing" adverted  then  to  the  principle 
broached  by  thofe  whom  he  termed 
the  bortile  party,  who  inlilt  that  no- 
thing but  v;ar  can  operate  as  a  remedy 
for  all  the  wickednelTes  of  France,  or 
the  weakneiies  cf  this  country,  he  ri* 
ciculed  it  in  a  Itrain  of  forcible  lan- 
guage, and  concluded  with  fome  ob- 
iervations  lelative  to  our  commercial 
intcreits,  af/crting  that  peace  and  peace 
vviy  Ipould  pvop  or  elevate  them,  or 
inake  them  equal  to  oar  ardent  defires. 

The  report  v/as  then  agreed  to,  and 
tiie  Addrcis  was  oidcred  to  be  prefent- 
cd  to  his  Majefty  by  the  whole  Houle. 

30.  Mr  Adcnngton  liated,  that,  fince 
the  debate  on  Wedntfday  lait,  he  had 
made  a  minute  inquiry  into-the  number 
uf  feamen  at  pici'eni  employed  in  his 
Majeliy's  iervice,  and  he  found  that 
lumiber  to  be  5o,coc.  Notice  had 
been  given  iafl:  night,  that  a  vote 
would  be  propofed  to-7\iorrow,  in  the 
corumitlcc  of  fupply,  to  continue  their 
fprvice  for  three  months.  It  was  now 
ihought  proper  to  continue  them  for  a 
year  at  leaft,  that  Government  might 
iiave  the  power  cf  reducing  them  if 
circumitar.ee s  rendered  fuch  a  Itep  pro- 
jit  r. — A  d  j  oil  rn  e  d . 

Dec.  I,  The  Houfe  having  refnlved 
itlclf  into  a  Committee  of  Supply,  on 
the  accounts  pjelenied  on  Monday  laft, 
the  furn  of  2,781,532!.  15s.  was  voted 
to  his  Majcfty,  to  diicharge  the  out- 
it  anding  Exchequer  bills,  bearh^g  an 
intereft  of  two  pence  halfpenny  a  day. 

Sir  P.  Stephens  moved,  that  50,000 
feamen,  including  12, ceo  marines,  be 
employed  for  the  fcrvice  of  the  year 
i8o3;  and  1,210,000].  for  their  pay, 
iit  il.  17s,  per  man  per  month. 

;t,235,oc>ol.  for  victualling, 

i,95c,eocl.  wear  and  tear  of  fl"iips, 

ioz,ccoi.  for  oidnance  ordinaries. 

The  Secretary  at  War  rofe,  he  laid, 
to  piopoie  the  army  eitabliiliment  of 
the  enfuingyear,  infinitely  greater,  no 
doubt,  than  ever  was  voted  before  in 
time  of  peace.  The  qucftion  was, 
"whether  it  was  conliftent  with  econo- 
my, and  the  natnre  of  the  fervice  it 
-would  have  to  perform.  The  fuua- 
tion  of  Europe  and  of  this  country, 
and  the  overgrown  power  of  France, 
•which  had  more  than  realifed  the  ambi- 
tious dreams  of  Louis  XIV.  required 
no  argument  to  attract  the  attention  of 


the  Houfc,  as  the  public  opinion  had  1 
already  been  fufficiently  exprtfied  upon  I 
it.    The  objedt  was  to  maintain  the  < 
dignity  and  intereft  of  the  coutitry, 
to  provoke  no  holtility,  or  ufe  irritat- 
ing language,  but  to  be  provided  againlt 
any  thing  that  may  happen.    He  then 
rcprtfcntcd  the  augmented  itate  o{a 
France,  by  the  acquilition  of  HollancU 
and  the  Netherlands.    The  eitablifhedl 
military  power  of  France  at  prefent  was! 
no  lets,  in  cavalry,  infantry,  and  ar. 
tillery,  than  427,200  men.    The  diC 
polition  and  power  of  France  fuperfed- 
ed  the  conhderations  which  influence<i 
former  eltablilhmcnts.    The  only  fc^ 
curity  we  could  have,  would  be,  to 
make  it  extremely  dangerous  and  im* 
politic  for  any  enemy  to  attack  usi 
The  objc6tions  to  the  meafure  were  on. 
ly  two  y  conflitutional  and  economical; 
He  admitted  that  any  force  •might  bt 
kept  up  in  peace,  with  the  conient  ol 
Parliament,    but  Parliament  was  to 
judge  of  that  neceflicy,  and  have  a  right 
to  proportion  the  number  to  what  it 
thought  the  emergency.    In  the  wide 
extent  of  the  Britilh  dominions,  there 
might  be  no  polTibility  of  blocking  up 
all  the  ports  of  France  and  its  allies  fo' 
as  to  lecure  us  from  every  attack.  A 
Itrong  military  force  was  therefore  re- 
quiiite ;  public  credit  would  not  fup- 
ply military  means,  and  though  money 
was  accounted  the  fmews  of  war,  yet 
it  would  not  fave  the  neceflity  of  2 
ftrong  military  eftabliftiment,  ready  to 
ad  upon  any  emergency. 

He  then  entered  into  a  leview  of 
the  different  fervices,  dragoons,  light 
cavalry,  life  guards,  &c.  in  all,  ca- 
valry, 17,250  men,  foot  guards,  66c, 

It  would  be  iropoflible  to  enter  into 
the  detail  of  all  the  fervices,  but  the 
whole  force  to  be  kept  up  in  India, 
fhould  be  123,000  men,  and  upwards. 
4,016,000!.  would  be  the  expence  of 
guards,  garrifons,  and  plantation  efti- 
mates.  60,000  rank  and  hie  for  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  and  30,00*  for 
foreign  garrifons. 

The  remainder  was  made  up  of  vari- 
ous items,  too  minute  to  be  here  infert- 
ed.  The  plan,  he  faid,  was  economical; 
the  fquadrons  and  battalions  would  be 
fit  for  adtive  fervice,  and  the  force  be  al- 
ways capable  of  augmentation,  withv 
cut  all  the  expences  and  trouble  which 
neceflarily  was  incurred  in  the  begin- 
ning of  iafl  war.   This  augmentatioa 

may 


l802. 


Imperial  ParUament. 


may  be  made  to  the  amount  of  about 
3e,ooo  men.  The  v/hole  expence,  in- 
cluding every  thing,  would  be  cover- 
ed hy  5,500,000!.  This  would  be 
2,070,000!.  lefs  than  that  of  laft  year, 
and  10,130,000!.  lefs  than  that  in  1801. 
He  ftated  that  from  the  ift  Odtober 
i8oi,  there  were  a6o,ooo  men,  and 
then  went  into  a  detail  of  the  reduc- 
tions hnce  made,  for  the  purpofe  of 
exculpating  the  Minifters  from  the 
charge  of  having  improvidently  and 
haftily  diminifhed  the  national  force. 
The  only  men  difcharged  were  perfons 
cnlifted  for  limited  fcrvice,  and  the 
amount  of  thofe  on  the  whole  was  not 
more  than  7060  men  ;  but  as  a  number 
of  thofe  had  been  prevailed  upon  to 
enter  into  other  regiments,  the  real 
ledudtion  was  not  more  than  about 
5©G0  men.  He  then  paficd  a  Itrong 
eulogy  on  thedifcipline  and  experience 
of  the  men  and  officers,  and  particu- 
larly  on  the  talents  and  abilities  of  the 
Royal  Commander  in  Chief,  whofe 
whole  mind  was  devoted  to  the  fcrvic« 
of  his  country.  He  then  remarked  on 
the  number  of  volunteers,  both  in 
England  and  Ireland,  and  ftated,  that 
all  together  the  force  we  could  bring 
into  the  field  would  be  at  leafi:  200,000 
men,  which  would  afford  no  tempta- 
tion to  any  foreign  power  to  attack 
us.  He  concludt^d  with  moving,  that 
the  number  of  66,000  men  be  voted 
for  the  fervice  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  for  the  enfaing  year. 

.8.  Mr  Addington  faid,  he  had  im- 
prciTed  upon  the  Houfe  the  neceUity 
of  perfevering  in  that  vigilance  which 
it  had  hitherto  obferved,  and  to  con- 
tinue to  give  that  fuppoit  to  his  Ma- 
jefty's  government,  which  was  at  this 
time  fo  necelfary  to  the  fecurity  of  the 
.  country.  It  had  been  alked,  whether 
there  was  any  thing  in  tne  Hate  of  the 
country  at  this  thne  which  fo  peculiar- 
ly diftinguifhed  it  from  other  litua- 
lions  of  the  country,  as  to  lender  the 
prefent  eltablilnment  necellary  ?  He 
had  no  ibruple  in  declaring,  that  if  the 
war  had  terminated  in  a  manner  con- 
formable to  the  wiflies  of  this  Houfe  ; 
if  it  had  terminated  by  the  attainment 
of  thofe  objedls  for  which  it  was  enter- 
ed into  y  if  France  had  been  confined 
within  her  original  limits,  he  ftill 
fhould  have  taken  the  liberty  of  ex- 
horting the  Houfe  to  have  acceded  to 
a  npnch  larger  peace  cftabliihoicnt  than 


at  any  former  period  ;  He  Qiould  have 
done  fo,  for  the  reafons  alluded  to  by 
a  Noble  Lord  in  the  courfe  of  the  de- 
bate ;  reaibns  which  ftrongly  proved, 
that  by  an  increale  of  our  peace  efta- 
blifhment,  we  could  not  only  have  a 
much  better  chance  of  the  continuance 
of  peace,  but  of  entering  upon  a  war, 
in  cafe  circumitanccs  Ihould  render  a 
return  to  holtile  meafures  indifpciifi- 
ble.  Thofe  confiderations  would  have 
induced  him  to  have  propofed  a  larger 
eliablifhmentthan  had  been  cuftomary, 
even  had  we  obtained  the  object  fur 
which  went  to  war  :  But  the  con- 
dition in  which  the  late  treaty  of  peace 
had  left  France,  furnilhed  ftill  ftrongcr 
arguments  for  the  neceifity  of  a  formi- 
dable force.  Her  acquifitions  in  the 
Auftrian  Netherlands,  her  influence 
in  Holland,  Spain,  Italy,  Switzerland, 
and,  in  fa6t,  over  the  whole  Continent, 
fufiicientiy  evinced  the  neceirity  of  a 
larger  armament  than  would  have  beea 
rcquifitc,  had  peace  been  made  under 
more  favourable  auipices. 

He  fhould  not,  he  faid,  a6l  fairly  by 
the  Committee,  if  he  did  not  candidly 
ftate,  that  lince  the  conclufion  of  the 
definitive  treaty,  circumftances  had 
occurred,  that  furnidr  additional  argu- 
ments for  increa^ng  the  eftablifhment 
of  our  arm.y.  Taking,  then,  into  con- 
fideration  the  necefiity  of  having  a 
larger  eftablifhment  than  that  which 
exifted  at  former  periods^  adverting 
to  the  arguments  furnifhed  by  the  ex- 
tenfion  of  the  dominion  of  France,  and 
the  circumftances  that  had  occurred 
M'ithin  the  Lift  four  or  five  months,  he 
could  not  help  declaring  to  the  Com- 
mittee, it  was  a  duty  impofed  on  him 
to  recommend  the  force  which  had 
been  moved  for,  and  he  fliould  think 
he  betrayed  his  duty  if  he  was  inftru- 
mental  to  the  adoption  of  a  lefs.  He 
referred  to  the  arguments  of  the  Hon, 
Gentleman,  arifing  from  the  ftate  of 
the  finances  of  the  country  ;  with  re- 
gard to  that  argument,  and  th<  pru^ 
dence  of  applying  the  finances  of  th^ 
country  to  other  purpofes  than  the 
lupport  of  the  eftablilhment  propofed, 
he  had  the  fatisfaclion  of  ftating  that 
fuch  was  the  flouriftiing  ftate  of  the 
revenue,  that  it  had  been  more  pro- 
dui^live  for  the  laft  two  or  three  quar- 
ters, than  ever  it  had  been  known  to 
be  ;  and  afforded  ample  means  for  pro* 
viding  for  that  increafed  eftablifhment 

%vhich 


ioo6 


Imperial  Parliament. 


Dec, 


which  was  under  the  confideration  of 
the  C(tmmittee.  There  was  only  one 
other  ])oint  mentioiRcl  by  the  Hon, 
Gentleman  to  which  he  wiihed  to  re- 
fer, riiui  vhat  was,  the  argument  found- 
ed on  the  inconlUtcncy  of  this  eftabliOi- 
meiit  with  the  ])rinciples  of  the  conlti- 
tution.  V/ilh  rtgaid  to  the  infinua- 
tion  refpecling  the  refponhbility  of 
Mr  Piit,  in  the  meafures  of  Govern- 
ment, he  had  the  fatisfa(ition  of  Hat- 
ing, in  the  face  of  the  counrry,  that 
it  was  an  imputation  calculated  to 
difhonour  him  and  others  with  him. 
He  was  perfuaded  that  Right  Hon. 
Gentleman  was  incapable  of  iubjedf  ing 
hirafelf  to  fuch  an  imputation.  For 
himfelf,  and  thofe  who  adted  with  him, 
he  had  only  to  fay,  that  could  they  be 
fuppofed  capable  of  fubjccliiig  them- 
felves  to  the  influence  of  others,  tliey 
would  have  been  totally  undefcrving 
thofe  marks  of  favour  which  their  So- 
vereign had  bellowed  upon  them.  He 
had  not  rifcn  fo  much  for  the  purpofe 
of  difclaiming  this  imputation,  as  to 
prevent  the  Houfe  from  fuppofing,  by 
his  fiiencc,  he  acquiefced  in  it.  He 
trufted  he  lliould  be  at  all  timet  ready 
to  vindicate  his  own  ptrfunal  and  offi- 
cial honour. 

The  refolutions  were  then  put  and 
carried,  and  the  Houfe  being  relumed, 
the  report  was  ordered  to  be  received 
to-morrow. — Adjourned  at  half  pait 
three  in  the  morning. 

9.  The  report  of  the  Committee  of 
Supply  was  brought  up. 

Dr  Lawrence  proceeded  to  fhcw, 
that  Minilters  were  not  futhciently  at- 
tentive to  the  honour  and  dignity  of 
the  nation.  He  aliuoed  to  the  unfor- 
tunate iituationof  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
ind  the  late  arrelt  of  Captain  D'Au- 
vergne  in  Paris,  wiio  had  been  cafl  in- 
to a  dungeon,  and  treated  with  the 
greatelt  rigour,  although  a  BritiHi  of- 
ficer. 

Mr  Addington  remarked,  that  it 
fcemed  to  be  reduced  to  a  fyftexn  wiih 


certain  Gentlemen  to  endeavour  to  im- 
prcfs  upon  the  Houfe  that  his  IVIajclty's 
Miniflcrs  had  committed  and  tarnilhcd 
the  honour  of  the  country  ;  that  they 
had  degraded  the  national  character, 
and  were  utterly  unworthy  of  the  confi- 
dence of  their  Sovereign.  This  at- 
tempt required  only  to  be  confidered 
for  a  moment,  in  oidei  to  its  refuta- 
tion. In  what  inltance,  he  alked,  had 
Minifteis  come  under  fuch  heavy  charg- 
es ?  He  would  defy  any  Member  of  the 
Houfe  to  bring  forward  any  accufation 
of  the  kind.  The  learned  Gentleman 
who  fpukc  laft  had  dwelt  much  upon 
the  fituation  of  the  Houfe  of  Orange, 
and  certainly  the  fituation  of  that  illuf- 
trious  family  could  not  be  contemplat- 
ed without  regret.  But  was  that  fitua* 
tion  the  fault  of  adminiftration  ?  Cer- 
tainly not.  That  family  had  been  in- 
cluded in  the  general  fweep  attending 
the  French  revolution  ;  but  it  gave 
him  great  fatisfadion  to  Itate  that  pro- 
bably before  the  recefs  he  ihould  deli- 
ver a  melTage  from  his  Majelty,  the 
nature  of  which  communication  he 
could  not  be  expefled  to  anticipate  ; 
that  communication^  he  was  almoit 
certain,  would  experience  the  unani- 
mous fupport  of  Parliament,  With  re- 
gard to  the  fuppofed  dilgrace  fultained 
by  this  country  in  the  arrelt  of  Capt. 
D'Auvergne,  it  was  necelTary  to  ilatc 
the  truth.  No  fooner  was  Mr  Merry 
informed  of  the  circumftance,  than  he 
repaired  to  the  French  Government, 
and  formally  demanded  that  officer's 
releafe,  which  was  inftantly  complied 
Vi^ith.  So  much  for  Minifters  having 
committed  the  honour  of  the  country. 

The  queftion  was  then  called  for, 
when  the  refolutions  were  read,  agreed 
to,  and  bills  ordered  to  be  brought  in 
obedience  thereto.  At  one  o'clock  the 
Houfe  adjourned. 

ic.  Tbe  BuJgct.-^TYit  Chancellor  of 
the  Exchequer  entered  into  a  itate- 
ment  of  the  Supplies^  and  Way  x  and  Means 
for  the  fervicc  of  the  current  year. 


SuppUci, 

The  fapplies  are,  flrll — 

Navy — 50,000  feamen                   -  ^                  L.  4,550,000 

Ordinaries  and  extraordinaries  not  yet  voted  -              •  1,218,^32 

Building  of  (hips                    »                   «  -     ^  901,140 


Total 


X802. 


Imperial  Parliament. 


1007 


Army. — Extraordlnaiies,  two  rnilllons — one  million  of  which  is  to  make  good 
the  deticiency  of  the  grants  of  lafl  year — 

The  Army            ^     -                      -  -                L.  7,500,000 

Tbe  Ordnance                -  ,                     -  778,000 

Corn  Bounties                 -                     -  -  524,000 

MUcellaneous  Services                 -  •                -  i,ooo,coo 

Iriih  permanent  grants                     -  -  663,000 


Making  the  whole  contribution  for  England  and  Ireland  ^  16,845,237 
And  the  feparate  charges  foi  England  -  5,981,000 


Total  for  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  jointly,  and  for  England 

feparately  -  -  -  L.  22,S'i(^,237 


From  that  total  is  to  be  deda6led  the  2-i7ths  to  be  paid  by  Ire- 
land on  the  fum  of  16,845,237!.  amounting  to                -  i,9Si,79z 

And  the  2-i7ths  of  1,200,000!.  to  be  paid  by  Ireland  upon  the 

Civil  Lilt                -                      -                     -  141,223 


Pedu6lion  from  the  amount  of  fupplies  -  2,123,01^ 

Which  dedu6led  from  the  grofs  amount  of  •»  22,826,237 


J^eaves  a  total  of  fupplies  on  account  of  England  of  -      L.  io, 703, 2 27 

Ways  and  Means, 

The  Ways  and  Means  by  which  it  *^is  prcpofed  to  raifc  thofc  fupplies  are— 

The  Land  and  Malt                -                -  -          L.  2,750,000 

The  furplus  of  the  confolidated  fund  -  6,500,800 

Exchequer  Bills              -  -  ii,gjo,coo 

Lottery                 ,                 «                 «  -  5Cc,cco 


Total       L.  2o,750j«oo 

an  excefs  of  Ways  and  Means  beyond  the  fupplies,  of  5c,cocL 

Mr  Addington  ended  his  fpeech  with  which  it  has  pleafed  a  gracious  Sove- 

the  following   obfervations ; — It  has  reign  to  call  me,  I  have  been  .'nfluen- 

been  admitted,  Sir,  that  there  was  no  ccd  by  nothing  but  a  fenie  of  public 

v/ant  of  energy  and  vigour  in  profe-  duty.    This  is  the  firft  time  I  have 

cuting  the  war  after  I  came  into  of-  troubled  the  Houfe  with  any  obferva- 

fice.    I  think,  Sir,  it  will  be  admitted,  tions  upon  fo  humble  an  individual  as 

that  there  has  been  no  want  of  firm-  myfelf,  and  I  trult  it  will  pardon  the 

nei's  and  vigour  in  meeting  the  dith-  deviation  from  my  ufual  practice.  Sir, 

r.ulties  of  our  financial  fyitcm.    It  has  when  I  look  to  the  country,  in  every 

been  faid  of  me  that  I  have  grown  view   that   it   holds   out,   in  every 

confident  in  proportion  as  I  have  loft  profpedl  it  affords,  I  do  not  fee,  cx- 

the  confidence  of  the  people.     The  cept  in  thofe  points  lately  fj  much 

charge  does  not  come  with  a  good  difcufled,  and  into  which  I  do  not  now 

grace  from  thofe  who  made  it.  Iknow  mean  to  enter,  any  caufe  for  appre- 

that  the  people  with  whom  I  have  to  benfion.    Sir,  when  I  fee  a  revenue 

deal  are  a  juil  and  generous  people,  rapidly  encreafing — when  I  fee  the 

who  will  juxigeofme  by  my  condui^i,  caufes  folid  and  fubftantial — when  I 

and  not  by  what  may  be  faid  of  me. —  fee  encreanng  manufa(!:tures — when  I 

I  do  feel  a  confidence  that  I  have  acl-  fee  an  extended  commerce — when  I 

cd  with  zeal  and  red^itude.    1  do  feel  fee  an  army  provided,  perfecliy  ade- 

^  confcicufnefs  that,  in  the  fituation  to  quatc 


ioo8 


Foreign  Intelligence. 


Dec. 


quatc  to  our  fcciirity — when  I  fee  a 
fleet  that  may,  I  will  not  fay  defy,  be- 
caufe  the  word  may  be  offenfive,  bat 
a  fleet  that  is  fuperior  to  any  fleet  that 
could  at  the  prefent  be  brought  againft 
it,,  and  capable  of  an  encreafe  to  ari 
extent,  that  would  malce  it  equal  to 
meet  the  navy  of  Europe  ;  whcji  I  fee 
that,  exclufive  of  the  army,  there  is  in 
the  united  kin;rdom  a  body  of  90,000 
militia,  and  a  body  of  armed  yeoman- 
ry befides  ;  when  I  fee  that  we  have, 
what  is  the  life  and  foul  of  all,  and 
without  which  all  is  weak  ^and  feeble^ 


MONTHLY 


FOREIGN  intelligence- 
France. 

Lord  Whitwoith  was  introduced  to 
the  Firft  Conful,  on  the  6th  Decem- 
ber, and  prefented  his  letters  of  cie- 
dence,  as  AmbalTador  from  his  Biitan- 
nic  Majefty.  Mr  Merry  imm'-di^itely 
after  prelented  his  Utters  of  recall, 
rmd  had  his  audience  cf  leave.  In  the 
prefentations  made  at  this  Levee  by 
ihe  different  Foreign  ArribjiflTadorj:, 
there  were  36  Britilh  Noblemen  and 
Gentlemen. 

With  the  view  of  giving  eclat  to  the 
prefentation  of  the  Englilh  Ambaffa- 
dor,  tlie  monthly  parade  of  the  troops 
was  anticipated,  that  it,  might  have 
the  advantage  of  a  holiday,  which  of 
courle  could  not  fail  to  attradt  a 
great  additional  concourie  0^  fpeda- 
tors.  Several  of  the  regiments  had 
new  colours  given  them,  and  the 
CuiralTitrs,  for  the  firit  time  fince  the 
revolution,  appeared  in  armour.  They 
are  not,  ftricUy  fpeaking,  a  new  corps, 
having  been  in  ufe  in  the  times  of  the 
IVIonarchy,  but  they  were  revived  that 
day. 

The  weather,  however,  turned, out 
very  inaufpicious,  for  it  began  to  rain 
almoit  the  very  moment  the  troops  af- 
fembled. 

Lord  Whitv.-orth  was  not  prefent 
during  the  parade.    This  is- a  point  of 


a  bold  and  manly  fpirit ;  v/hcn  f  fee 
the  people  of  this  country  cemente.i 
together  in  loyalty  and  affcSlion,  wit!» 
the  exception  of  a  few  contemptible 
bemgs— contemptible  in  ftrength,  but 
ftill,  I  admit,  not  fo  contemptible  as 
to  juftify  any  relaxation  of  the  vigi- 
lance of  condu6l ;  numerous  in  a  ta- 
vern, but  not  numerous  in  the  Strand  ; 
when  I  lee  an. I  entertain  expedtations 
fo  flattering,  and  at  the  fame  time  fo 
fubitantial,  I  have  good  gi'ounds  for 
anticipating  the  highe/l  proiperity. 


REGISTER- 


^Hiqytu,  as'„ti!l  the  prefentation  of  his 
credentials,  he  can  only  be  confidered 
as  a  private  gentleman.  He  arrived 
about  half  paft  two,  in  the  carnage  of 
Jofeph  Bonaparte,  drawn  by  fix  bay 
horfes.  He  wa*  dreffi-d  in  black.  Then 
folh'Vvr*u  .wo  cai/idges,  with  four  hor- 
ies  each  ;  and  laftly  his  r  xcellency's 
own  carriage,  draivn  by  fix  greys. — 
It  was  empty.  The  fplcndor  of  his  re- 
tinue attrafted  univerfal  admiration ; 
the  f.ngiifh  Embaffy,  in  magnilicence, 
eclipfmg  the  precedent  of  all  the  other 
powers  of  Europe.  Equally  fuperior 
was  the  welcome  he  received  from  the 
Firll  Conful,  and  the  honours  paid  him. 
The  dinner  was  fervcd  up  for  upwards 
of  two  hundred  covers. 

For  the  populace  at  large,  one  of  the 
principal  obje6ts  of  curiofity  was  his 
Lordship's  coachman,  who  appeared  in 
the  true  old  Engliih  ftyle,  with  a  round 
hat,  and  a  neat  coachman's  wig. 

Among  other  rumours  it  is  ftated, 
that  the  French  Government  has  fig- 
nified  that  it  will  not  interfere  with  its; 
influence  to  counteract  the  free  opera- 
tion of  the  voice  of  the  Swifs  Depu- 
ties at  the  Confuita  about  to  be  held 
in  Paris. 

It  is  alfo  faid,  that  the  French  Con- 
ful took  the  eai  lieft  oppoi-liinity  of  in- 
forming Lord  Whitworth,  through  the 
Minifler  of  Foreign  Affairs,  that  he 
fhould  not  be  long  without  an  unequi- 
vocal 


1^32. 


Foreign  and  British  Intelligence. 


1009 


vocal  proof  of  the  finccrity  of  his  late 
profellions  towards  England. 

Private  letters  received  from  Paris 
by  the  lail  French  mail  ttate,  that  dil- 
turbnnces  have  broken  out  in  feveral 
parts  of  France,  in  conicquence  of  the 
great  draughts  making  from  the  con- 
(cripts,  to  re-inforce  the  army  of  St 
Domingo.  The  expedition  to  that 
illand  is  generally  confidered  in  Paris 
as  "  a  forlorn  tiope.'* 

ST  DOMINCJO. 

Very  contradictory  accounts  have 
been  in  circulation  refpedting  the 
French  troops  in  this  ifland,  fome  af- 
fcrt  that  their  number  is  reduced  by 
difeafe  to  a  mere  handful,  while  the 
Fiench  accounts  maintain  that  their 
number  is  but  little  diminifhed,  and 
that  they  ftill  entertain  hopes  of  com- 
plete fuccefs  over  the  fon  of  Touffaint 
who  is  nov/  at  the  head  of  a  numerous 
army  of  blacks  \  a  fhort  time  will  fliew 
all  thefe  reports  in  their  true  light. 

TURKEY. 

The  earthquakes  in  Turkey  have 
not  been  fo  dreadful  as  they  v/ere  re- 
ported. They  were  felt  from  the  15th 
to  the  aSth  of  Odober.  They  appear 
to  have  taken  their  direction  from 
Warfaw  through  Moldavia  and  Walla- 
chia  to  the  lonean  fea  though  unfelt  in 
many  places  in  this  tra6l  of  country. 
The  moft  violent  were  at  BUchareft, 
and  in  the  ifland  of  Ithaca,  which  is 
much  injured  by  inundations.  In  fome 
places  the  fliock  was  felt  on  the  ^sth, 
another  on  the  a6th  or  27th,  and  in 
others  on  all  thefe  three  days — fcve- 
lal  fnocks  have  lince  been  felt,  many 
houfes  have  been  overturned,  but  few 
lives  loit. 


LONDON. 

Whitehall^  November  30* 

The  King  has  been  pleafed  to  grant 
the  dignity  of  a  Baronet  of  the  LTuited 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
to  the  following  gentlemen,  and  the 
refpective  htirs  male  of  their  bodies 
lawfully  begotten,  viz. 

John  Brathwaitei^  Major-General  of 
his  Majerty's  forces  in  the  Eaft  Indies. 

Thomas  Woolafton  White,  of  Tux- 
ford  and  Wallingw^cll?,  in  the  counties 
of  Nottingham  and  York,  Efq;  with 

Vol.  LXIV. 


remainders  to  his  brothers,  Taylor 
Wi'ite,  and  Charles  Lawrence  White, 
FfqfH.  and  their  refpeclive  heirs  male. 

Thomas  Theophilus  Metcalfe,  of 
Clifton,  in  the  County  of  Berks,  Efq. 

Culling  Smith,  of  Hadlcy,  in  the 
county  of  Miiidlcfex,  Efq. 

William  Curtis,  of  Culland'i-  Grove, 
Southgate,  in  the  county  of  Middlefcx, 
Efq.  one  of  the  Aldermen  in  the  city 
of  London. 

Jofeph  Peacock,  of  Barntick,  in  the 
county  of  Clare,  Efq. 

St  James's  Dec.  8. 
This  day  Monfieur  Shimmelpen- 
ninck,  Envoy  Extraordinary,  and  Mi- 
nifter  Plenipotentiary  from  the  Bata- 
vian  Republic,  had  a  private  audience 
of  his  Majefty,  to  deliver  his  credenti- 
als: to  which  ne  was  introduced  by  the 
Right  Hon.  Lord  Hawkefbury,  his  Ma- 
jefty's  Principal  Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign  Affairs,  and  Conducied  by  Sir 
S^tephen  Cottrell,  Knt.  Maftcr  of  th# 
Ceremonies. 

St  James' J  Dec.  9. 

This  day  Monfieur  Schimmelpen- 
ninck,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Mi- 
nifter  Plenipotentiary  from  the  Bata- 
vian  Republic,  had  a  private  audience 
of  her  Majerty. 

To  which  he  was  introduced  by  Ed- 
ward Defbrow,  Efq.  Vice  Chamber- 
lain to  her  Majefty,  and  condaded  by 
the  Maftcr  of  the  Ceremonies. 

PRESENTATION  OF  THE  FRENCH 
AMBASSADOR. 

St  James' Sy  No'v.  17. 

Their  Majefties  came  to  town  yef- 
tcrday  to  the  Queen's  Houfe,  where 
the  King,  Queen,  and  PrincelVes  were 
vilitedby  his  Royal  Highnefs  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  the  Dukes  of  Cumberland 
and  Gloucefter,  and  a  number  of  No- 
bility, who  came  to  congratulate  her 
Majefty  on  the  recoveiy  of  her  health, 
previous  to  their  appearing  this  day  at 
the  drawing  room,  which  was  expected 
to  be  attended  by  moft  of  the  Nobili- 
ty in  town. 

His  Excellency  General  Andrco/Ti, 
Minifter  Plenipotentiary  from  the  Re- 
public of  France  attended.  The  Mi- 
nifter  was  accompanied  by  M.  Otto, 
and  was  introduced  by  Sir  Stephen 
Cottrell,  Mafter  of  the  Ceremonies. 

6  U  Sit 


loio 


British  TnteUigtnce. 


Bee, 


His  Excellencv  had  a  pnvate  au'.li- 
fnce  u'ith  the  Kine,  when  he  delivered 
hi?;  kttt-rs  of  cedfiice. 

He  was  drr'Hl'd  in  a  General's  rini- 
form  of  the  Cnnfiiiar  Ousrd  ;  H  i'  k 
blue  cloth  coat,  longer  and  fuller  fkirt- 
ed  than  onr  pl•e^^^(l.  fiJhion,  with  r>an- 
t-^loonn  oFthc  fame.  The  edpres  of  the 
coat,  and  ovt^r  t!ie  bnt^on  holes,  were 
hfMijh'fnlly  rmbroidered  wi^h  ^old,  on 
a  fcnrlct  ground  ;  the  pantaloons  were 
ornamented  with  pold  lace,  Oiort  half 
>>ootr,  with  poirl  lace  ;^nd  tafT'-l?,  white 
latin  waiftcoat,  richly  embroidered  with 
j;old  ;  a  ]  'n^e  broad  fdh  ronnd  his 
waifl  (on  the  oiitHde  of  hif?  co.it)  of 
f'rarlct  filk  net,  riclily  wrous-ht  with 
golH  ;  a  larj::e  rhret  cornered  cocked 
hat,  with  gold  lace,  anti  at  the  top  nf 
the  loop  behind,  a  fm^iU  national  cock- 
ade of  filk,  not  larger  than  a  cro^va 
piece,  with  three  tremcndoufly  long 
feathers ;  he  wore  a  fabre,  like  what 
our  h'ght  hovfe  wear,  which  hung  a- 
^out  his  heels  and  hit  the  ground  ;  the 
fcabbard  of  fteel  hiijhly  polilhed,  f) 
that  it  looked  as  if  the  f.vord  were 
drawn,  tlie  handle  of  fo!id  gt>ld  ;  he 
wore  hair  powder,  flightly  thrown  in- 
to his  hair,  which  fccms  to  be  liglit 
coloured  ;  and  he  wore  a  bag  behind. 
This  was  his  drtf?;.  It  was  quite  mili- 
tary, and,  without  being  gaudy,  he  was 
very  handforne. 

The  Imperial  and  Batavian  Ambaf- 
fadors,  with  their  refpcctive  fiiits,  have 
arrived  in  London. 

Complraey^ 
This  affociation  which  was  at  firll 
looked  upon,  in  a  very  fcrious  light,  is 
now  confidt  rcd  as  not  in  a  great  degree 
;^]arming.  The  Confpirators,  at  whofe 
head  is  Colonel  Dv^fpard,  amounting 
to  about  30  men,  are  fafely  lodged  in 
different  jails-  Some  of  them  are  to 
be  tried  ar  Guildford  ;  the  remainder 
at  the  Old  Bsilley. 


SCOTLAND. 

EDINBURGH. 

Msrcbanis  Hall. 
Kov.  29.  At  a  numerous  and  ref- 
pe<5tahle  meeting  of  the  inhabitants  of 
this  citv  and  neighbourhood,  caJkd 
for  the  fpecial  purpcfe  of  taking  into 
confidcration  the  prefent  llatr  01  the 
police  of  Edinburgh,  tht  tcl^Oiving 


refolutions  were  unanlmoufly  agreed 
to:—  I 

imo.  That  the  prefcnt  fyfteni  ol 
police,  by  means  of  the  Town  Guard, 
is  defct^ive,  and  not  adapted  to  the  in- 
creafed  extent  and  population  of  this 
city.  J 

2do,  That  it  Is  hip;hly  expedient  an<i 
necelTarv,  that  immediate  means  be  ai 
dopted  for  obtai  ini;  an  A6t  of  Parlia- 
mf  nt,  which  Oiall  provide  for  the  bet- 
ter watching  the  city  and  fuburbs  oi 
E  h'nburgh  ; — for  preventing  the  prac- 
tice of  common  hedging; — for  appre-j 
bending  and  fecuring  all  vagrants,  ana 
perfons  unable  to  give  a  fatisf;i(5tory 
a'^count  of  themfelves  ; — for  the  tria 
and  punifiiment  of  pern)ns  guiUy  ol 
offences  againfl  the  Police  and  good' 
order  of  the  city; — and,  generally, — f(»r 
the  betf:er  protection  of  the  perfons  anC 
property  of  its  i?ihabitants. 

.^tio.  Thit  it  appears  to  this  meet- 
ing to  he  nbfolutely  neceRary,  that  the* 
towns  of  South  and  North  Leith,  ana 
all  the  villages  immediately  furround- 
ing  Edinburgh,  fliould  be  comprehend- 
ed under  the  new  fyllem. 

4to.  That  it  appears  to  be  necefla* 
ry,  that  the  expence  of  the  new  Po« 
lice  Ellablilhmeiit,  rtiall  be  raifed  by  i 
geficral  affelTjuent  on  the  inhabitants  of 
Edinburgh,  and  the  di(lri(5ts  to  be  unit-  ^ 
ed  with  it  under  the  propofed  adl,  pof- 
feHTing  houfes  of  L.  of  yearly  ' 

rent,  and  upwards. 

5  to.  That  the  inhabitants  of  the  ci- 
ty and  dillri'.^s  fljall  cledt  CommifTion- 
ers,  by  whofe  authority  the  airciTment 
fliall  be  levied  and  managed  ;  and  to 
whom  the  officers  employed  lhall  ac- 
count. 

6to.  That  it  appears  to  be  abfolute-  , 
ly  impnflible  to  carry  into  execution,  J 
any  efledual  fyftem  of  police,  without*^ 
the  cordial  co-operation  of  the  Magi- 
ftrates  and  College  of  Juftice. 

7mo.  That  a  Commitee  be  appoint- 
ed to  cojifer  with  the  Magiilrates  and 
the  College  of  Juftice,  and  to  concert 
with  them  the  detail  of  the  fyftem,  and 
to  take  the  neceflary  fteps  for  bring- 
ing a  Bill  into  Parliament,  founded  oa 
their  refolutions;  and  that  the  Com- 
ivJttee  fhall  conliit  of  the  following 
Gentlemen : 

Names  of  the  Committee* 

The  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Advo- 
cate ;  the  Hon.  Henry  Eriline  ;  Sir 

William 


Jl802. 


British  Intelligence. 


10 1 1 


William  Forbes,  Bart ;  JameR  Clerk, 
Efq.  Sheriff  of  the  County  of  B:din'- 
burgh;  Harry  Davidfon,  P^fq.  Sheriff 
Snbllitute;  the  Rev.  Principal  Baird ; 
Gilbert  Innep,  Kfq.  of  Slow;  James 
Mansfield,  Efq.  Banker;  George  Ram- 
fay,  Eufq.  younger  of  Barnton  ;  Dr 
Alexander  Monro,  fen. ;  Archibald 
Campbell,  Kfq.  of  Clathick ;  Donald 
M^Lachlan,  Efq.  of  M'Lachlan  ;  Geo. 
Home,  Efq.  Clerk  of  Stfllon  ;  Mr  Hen- 
ry Mackenzie,  Exchequer;  Mr  James 
JoUie,  Mr  John  Tait,  Mr  Henry  Jar- 
dine,  Writers  to  the  Signet  ;  Mr  Ro- 
bert Forrefter,  Bank  of  Scotland  ;  Mr 
William  Simpfun,  Royal  B?nk  ;  Cap- 
tains ■  N.  Louis,  James  Tod,  John 
Cow;  Mr  James  Brown,  George's 
Square;  Mr  Thomas  Hutchifon,  Mr 
Robert  Young,  Merchants ;  Mr  David 
Ramfay,  Printer;  Mr  Alexander  She- 
riff, Mr  Thomas  Williamfon,  Mr  Wil- 
liam Sibbald,  Merchants,  Lcith. 

St  Andrei.v*s  Day. 
Nov.  30.  On  Tiiefday  night,  at  Hx 
o'clock,  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Scotland-, 
the  Members  of  the  different  Lodges 
in  Edinburgh,  and  proxies  from  coun- 
try Lo(^ges,  aifembltd  in  the  Parlia- 
ment Houfe,  to  eled  the  office  bearers 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  for  the  enfuing 
year,  when  the  foliowing  Noblemen 
and  Gentlemen  were  chofen,  viz. 

The  Right  Hon.  George  Earl  of  A- 

bovne.  Grand  Maftcr. 
The  Right  Hon.  George  Earl  of  Dal- 

houfie,  Depute  Grand  Mafter. 
John  Clerk,  Efq.  Subttitute  Grand  Maf- 

ter. 

Sir  John  Stewart  M'Kerzie  of  CouU, 
Bart,  Senior  Grand  Warden. 

James  F^rquhar  Gordon,  Ei'q.  Junior 
Grand  Warden. 

John  Hay,  Efq.  Grand  Trcafurer. 
Mr  William  Guthrie,  Grand  Secre- 
tary. 

Rev.  Dr  John  Touch,  Gnnd  Chap- 
lain. 

Mr  James  Bartram,  Grand  Clerk. 

After  the  election,  the  brethren,  to 
the  amount  of  one  thouf^nd,  walked 
in  procclTion  to  the  King's  Arms  Ta- 
vern (the  ciiy  guard,  and  a  large  de- 
tachment of  the  42d  regiment  lining 
the  flreets),  wheie  they  celebrated  the 
feltival  of  St  Andrew,  in  that  harmoni- 
ous and  focial  manner  which  has  ever 
charade ri fed  Free  Mafons.  Owing  to 
indifpofition,  the  Right  Hon,  the  l£arl 


of  Aboyne,  Grand  Maftcr,  wssabfent; 
but  his  place  was  filled  by  the  Earl  of 
Dalhpufie,  the  Df^putc  Grand  Maftcr, 
in  fuch  an  able  manner,  refiedcil 
great  credit  on  his  Lordlhip, 

An  immenfe  concourfe  of  fpcdator-^ 
were  prcRnt;  and  we  are  happy  to 
fay,  no  accident  or  diflurbancc  hap- 
pened, every  thing  being  conduiled 
with  the  grcatell  propriety. 

Forty-second  Rtgimmt* 
On  Wed'nefday  laH,  the  ^id,  or  Roy- 
al Highland  regiment,  paraded  on  the. 
Caftlehill,  at  two  o'clock,  to  receive: 
from  General  Vyfe  their  New  Colours,; 
diftinguiflied  by  the  figure  of  a  Sphinx, 
and  the  x^ord  Egypt,  as  embl.matic 
memorials  of  their  gall  mt  fervices  dur- 
ing the  campaign  of  1801.  After  the 
regiment  was  formed  into' a  fquare,  th<3 
Rev.  Principal  Baird,  v.  ho  had  been  re- 
quefted  by  Colonel  Dickfon  and  the 
officers,  to  attend  on  the  occafion,  de- 
livered a  very  appropriate  prayer. 
When  he  had  concluded,  the  Com- 
mander in  Chief  then  delivered  the 
Colours  to  the  Colonel,  and  addre/Tcd 
the  regiment  in  the  followed  term;-  : 
Coloriel  Dickson^  and  Gentlemen  of 

the  j^zd  Rrgiment, 
Having  the  honour  of  commanding 
his  Majtfly's  forces  in  North  Britain  , 
it  would  ill  become  my  ^/tuation,  for 
me  to  be  a  filent  fpe6ator  of  lb  inte- 
refliiig  a  ceremony.  r  ;  . 

Bret  her  Soldier i  of  the  ^id  Reqi-^ 

we/?/. 

Let  me  earneftly  exhort  you  moft  fe- 
rioufly  to  rtiltS.  on  the  invaluable  de- 
pofit  which  is  now  committed  to  your 
protedion,  and  which  is  now  rendered 
doubly  facred  by  the  folemn  bereqic- 
tion  of  this  Reverend  Miniltcr  CPiiuci- 
pal  Baird)  of  our  holy  faith,- '  Remem- 
ber that  the  Standards  which  yoi;  have 
this  day  received,  are  not  only  revered 
by  an  admiring  world,  as  the  honour- 
able  monumenis  and  trophies  of  your 
fonr.er  heroifm,  but  are  likt  wile  a'nxi- 
oufly  regarded  by  a  grateful  couniry 
as  the  ficred  pledges  of  that  fecuritv, 
which,  under  the  prote<5tion  of  Hea- 
ven, it  may  expesft  from  your  future 
fevvices.  May  you  long,  very  long, 
live  to  enjoy  that  reputation,  andthofe 
honours,  which  you  have  fo  highly  and 
fojuftly  merited;  may  you  long  par- 
ticipate and  lhare  in  all  the  bleflings  of 
that  tranquility  and  peace  which  your 
labours  and  your  arms  have  rellored  to 
6  U  3r  ycur 


roi2 


British  Intelligence. 


Dec 


your  native  country.  But,  ftiould  the 
rcf'lefs  ambitinn  of  an  envious  and  da- 
rin;.'  enemy  a^ain  call  yoi:  the  fitld, 
think  then  Xh?t  you  behold  the  fpirits 
of  thofe  brave  comrads,  vi^ho,  fo  iiohly 
in  their  country's  caufe,  fell  upon  the 
plains  of  Egyp'i,  hovering  round  thefe 
Standards. — Think  that  you  fee  the  ve- 
nerable fliade  of  the  immortal  Aber- 
cromby  leading  you  again  to  ai\ion, 
and  pointing  to  that  prefumptuous 
han^i  whofe  arrogance  has  been  hum- 
bled, and  whofe  vanity  has  been  com- 
pelled, by  your  intrepidity  and  cou- 
rage, to  confefs,  that  no  human  force 
is  invincibh  a^ainR  Britifh  valour, 
when  dirci^tt'd  by  viifdom,  condudt- 
cd  by  difcipline,  and  infpired  by  vir- 
tue. 

During  the  ceremony  we  obferved 
his  Grace  the  Dnke  of  Bnccleugh,  Gen, 
Don,  Colonels  Cameron,  Scot,  Bailiie, 
Graham,  and  many  other  Military  Of- 
ficers, who  all  appeared  to  participate 
with  the  concourfe  of  fpe<5tators  prc- 
fcnt,  in  a  lively  fenfe  of  the  well-earned 
honours  beftowed  on  this  corps.  Gen, 
Vyfe,  Gen.  Don,  Principal  Baird,  and 
the  Officers  of  the  North  Biitifh  Staff, 
&c.  dined  with  the  OflBcers  of  the  Re- 
giment in  the  Caftle. 

a.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Phyficians,  held  here  this  day,  the 
following  Gentlemen  were  eleded  of- 
fice-beartrs  for  the  enfuing  year,  viz. 

Dr  William  Wright,  Prel^dent. 

Dr  James  Gregory,  Vice-Prcfidento 

Dr  Alexander  JVIunro,  7  p  r 

Dr  Daniel  Rutherford,  J  ^^^'^^^^^ 

Dr  Thomas  Spcns,  Tieafurer. 

Dr  Thomas  Charles  Hope,  Secretary. 

Dr  Andrew  Duncan,  jun.  Librarian, 

Dr  Charles  Stewart,  Fiical. — And 

Mr  Alexander  Bofwell,  Clerk. 

The  following  Gentlemen  have  been 
chofen  Annual  Prefidents  of  the  Royal 
Medical  Society  of  Edinburgh  : 

Mr  T.  T.  De  Rochis,  of  Geneva. 

Mr  T.  F.  D.  Jones,  of  BarbadoeS: 

pr  Andrew  Stewart, 

ivir  John  Murray, 

Th^  following  Gentlemen  were  e- 
Jeded  office-bearers  of  the  Society  of 
^cottifh  Antiquarians  on  the  J3th  in» 
ftaat. 

(The  KING,  Patron.) 
His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Montrcfe,  Pre- 
fident, 

,    Gilb.  Innes,  Efq;  of  Stow,  ifl  Vice  Pref. 
John  Dundasj  Efq;         ad  Dilic. 


'  j>  of  Edinburgh. 


Sir  Ja.  Colqnhoun,  Bart.  3d  Ditto. 
Sir  James  Flail,  Bart,  4th  Ditto, 
Alexander  Kt-ith,  E<q;      5th  Ditto. 

Council^ — Riyht  Hon.  Robert  Dun-» 
das.  Lord  Chief  Baron,  Hon  Lord 
Gleidee,  Sir  James  SMrling,  Bart.  Sir 
George  S.  Mackenzie,  Robtrt  Dundas, 
Efq;  Henry  Jardinc,  Efq;  Mr  David 
Deiichar. 

Curators. — Mr  David  Deuchar,  Dr 
Robert  Kennedy. 

yiuditcrs  of  Accounts- — Gilbert  IrmeSf 
Efq;  John  Dundas,  Efq; 

Censors, — Robert  Hodfhon  Cay,  Efq| 
John  Grahame  Dalyell,  Efq;  Dr  Ro« 
bert  Kennedy,  Robtrt  Kerr,  Efq; 
J.  Grab.  Dalyell,  Efq;  Sup.  Nat.  Hiftj 
Sir  William  Forbes,  Barr.  Treafurcr. 
W^illiam  Simpfon,  Efq;  Cafhier. 
Mr  Alexander  Smellie,  Secretary. 
Rev.  Dr  James  Cririe,  Latin  Secretary. 
Mr  A.  Di  ummond,  French  Secretary. 
Rev,  D.  Macintofh,  Gaelic  Secretary. 
J.  Spotifwoode,  Efqj  Agent  at  London^ 
R.  Dundas,  Efqj  Agent  at  Edinburgh. 

Dec.  15.  James  Clarke  and  Robert 
Prown,  were  executed  at  the  Weft  en<f 
of  the  Tolbooth,  for  robbing  the  malt 
betwixt  Falkirk  and. Edinburgh,  on  the 
ift  of  Auguft  laft.  They  were  attend- 
ed in  their  devotional  preparations,  bj 
the  Rev.  Mr  Struthers.  Their  behaJ 
viour  on  the  fcaftbld  was  becomingly 
decent. 

The  Right  Hon.  Henry  Dundas  hal 
been  created  a  Peer,  by  the  title  o 
Baron  Dunira,  in  the  county  of  Perth, 
and  Vifcount  Melville;  he  is  to  befuc 
ceeded  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  lb] 
the  Right  Hon.  Charles  Hope,  as  mem- 
ber for  the  city  of  Edinburgh. 

16.  The  Rev.  Dr  Thomfon,  minif 
ter  of  the  IJew  Grey  Friars  Church 
was  admitted  one  of  the  minifters  o 
the  New  North  Church,  in  room  o 
the  late  Dr  Gloag.  The  Rev.  Mr  An. 
derfon.  College  Church,  preached  anc 
prefided  on  the  occahon.  ' 

A  note  was  communicated  by  Pro 
voft  Guild,  to  the  chairman  of  Dun 
dee  Infirmary,  of  which  the  followin| 
is  a  copy  :  **  A  native  of  Dundee 
though  long  abfent  from  it,  willies  pro 
fperity  to  the  town,  and  to  every  be 
nevolent  inftitution  conne<5ted  with  it 
takes  the  opportunity  of  conveying,  b] 
the  bands  of  Provoft  Guild,  one  hun 
died  pounds  Sterling,  for  the  benefi 
of  the  Infirmary  eftabliftied  there. 

Two  paiTcngers  on  board  the  Ofna 
'  burg* 


l802. 


British  Intelligence. 


burgh,  Houuiffy  from  London,  to  Dun- 
dee, were  apprehended  there  on  the 
i6th,  on  fufpicion  of  having  forged  a 
3v.  5  note  of  the  Britilh  Linen  Compa- 
ny, or  of  having  iflued  the  note, 
knowing  it  to  be  forged.  They  un- 
clerwent  an  examination  before  the 
Magiftrates,  and  were  committed  for 
farther  examination. 

The  merchants  of  Dundee,  are  mak- 
ing ftrenuous  efforts  to  procure,  that 
in  the  river  Tay,  there  fhould  be  a  de- 
pot of  goods,  on  the  footing  of  a  free 
port,  according  to  the  bill,  immediate- 
ly to  be  introduced  into  Parliament. 

Information  has  been  received  in 
town,  that  Leith  is  to  be  one  of  thc 
free  ports  for  the  reception  and  depo- 
litory  of  goods. 

At  an  extraordinary  meeting  of  the 
Prefbytery  of  Edinburgh,  the  Rev.  Mr 
M^Phail,  preacher  of  the  Gofpel,  was 
ordained  minillcr  of  the  Picfbyterian 
meeting  houfe  in  Rotterdam. 
^  25.  This  day,  being  Chriltmas,  was 
obferved,  as  a  holiday,  at  the  public 
offices.  Thole  of  the  Epifcopal  pcr- 
lualion  attended  divine  fervice  in  their 
rcfpedtive  chapels. 

  w^ii  ] 

LISTS. 


MARRIAGES. 

At  Mary-le-Bonne  Church,  by  the  Rev. 
William  Drake,  Lord  Binning,  to  Lady 
Maria  Parker,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Macclesfield. 

At  Edinburgh,  James  M*Pherfon,  Efq. 
of  Belleviilc,  to  Mils  Maria  Sophia  Craigic, 
youngeft  daughter  of  the  lace  Dr  John 
Craigic,  of  the  Eaft  Iridia  Company's  fer- 
vice. 

At  Edinbur-gh,  James  Stein,  Efq.  banker, 
to  Mifs  William  Bufliby,  daughter  of  the 
iate  John  Bufliby,  Efq.  of  Tinwald  Downs. 

At  Kingcaufiie,  Major  Taylor,  iiil  foot, 
to  Mifii  Duff,  daughter  of  thc  Hon. 
Alexander  Duff. 

At  Aberdeen,  the  Rev.  James  Burns,  one 
of  the  miniflers  of  Brechin,  to  Mils  Chrif- 
tina  Chalmers,  daughter  of  Mr  Chalmers, 
printer. 

At  Edinburgh,  Mr  Archibald  Campbell, 
brewer,  to  Mils  Elizabeth  Ponton,  daugh- 
ter of  Alexander  Ponton,  Efq.  South  Char- 
lotte Street. 

At  Ayr,  Dr  James  Carfon,  phyfician, 


Liverpool,  to  Mifs  Anna  M'Nalght,  daugh- 
ter of  Patrick  M*Naight,  Efq.  of  Barns. 

At  Kilbarchari,  Donald  Campbell,  Efq. 
of  thc  ifland  of  Iflay,  to  Mifs  Ant)  Camp-^ 
bell,  da-i^hter  of  Mr  William  Campbcil» 
writer  in  Kiibarchan. 

At  Ardgowan,  Mr  Grevllle  Ewinjr^ 
miniiter  of  thc  gofpel,  Glaf^rovv,  to  Mifi 
Barbara  Maxwell,  daughter  of  the  late  Sir 
James  Maxwell  of  Pollock,  Bart. 

.Robert  M'Auiay  of  Over  Poffil,  Efq, 
writer  in  Glafgow,  to  Mifs  Margaret  War- 
nock,  daughter  of  the  late  Mr  Warnock, 
of  Glafgow,  jeweller. 

Dr  J.  Kirby,  to  Mifs  Kennedy,  cldefl 
daughter  of  Robert  Kennedy,  Efq.  and 
niece  of  Adam  Kennedy,  Efq.  of  Romanno, 
At  Kilmarnock,  Mr  James  Hawthorn, 
merchant  in  Newcaftlc.  to  Mifs  Jane  Brown, 
fourth  daughter  of  Mr  William  Brown, 
writer,  Kilmarnock. 

At  Kilmichael  Houfe,  Iflc  of  Arran,  thc 
Hev.  Dr  M'Kinnon,  to  Mifs  Ifabella  Ful- 
larton,  daughter  of  the  lace  Lewis  Fuliar- 
ton,  Efq.  of  Kilmichael. 

At  Drum,  Jofcph  Outram,  Efq.  Mma^ 
ger  of  the  Clyde  Iron  Works,  to  Mifs  Eli- 
zabeth Knox,  daughter  of  the  iacc  George 
Knox,  Efq. 

]^II?.THS. 

At  Murthly,  Lady  Stewart  of  Grandtully, 
a  fon. 

At  Newington,  Lady  Doune,  a  daughter. 

At  Woodburn,  the  Right  Hon.  Lady- 
Charlotte  Campbell,  a  daughter. 

At  New  Poifo,  the  Lady  of  Sir  James 
Nafmyth,  a  dau-^hter. 

At  Aucharriick,  Mrs  Colonel  Grant,  2 
daughter. 

At  Edinburgh,  the  Lady  of  Robert 
Fletcher,  Efq.  a  fon. 

At  Edinburgh,  the  Lady  of  Alexander 
M'Doneli,  Efq.  of  Glengary,  a  daughter. 

At  Edinburgh,  the  Lady  of  Michael 
Stewart  Nicholfon,  Efq.  of  Cariiock,  '  a 
daughter,  , 

At  Lochmaben,  Mrs  Ckprain  Brown,  z 
fon. 

At  Lintrofc,  Mrs  Murray,  jun.  twa 
fons. 

At  Leith,  Mrs  Kerr  of  Calierbank  Weil, 
Lanarkfnitc,  a  Ion. 

At  Montrofe,  the  w  ife  of  Thomas  Bruce, 
Efq.  jun.  of  Arnot,  a  daughter. 

DEATH6. 

At  Berbice,  of  the  yellow  fever,  Mr 
Alexander  Rofe,  furgcon,  from  Caichncfs, 

At  Grenada,  Mr  James  Haddow,  mer- 
chant, London. 

At  Trinidad,  Captain  Thomas  Riddel, 
of  the  14th  regiment  of  foo:. 


IOI4 


Deaths. 


Dec. 


Ar  Cdlnuta,  Lieutenant  James  Euchan, 
rf  the  ift  rej^iment  native  infantry  of  the 
Bombay  Eftablinimeiit. 

At  Bombay,  Captain  David  Bruce,  of 
the  Hon.  Kaft  India  Company's  fervicc. 

At  Montego  bay,  Jamaica,  Alexander 
M'Farquhar,  Efq, 

Ar  NafTnu,  in  New  Providence,  Mr 
Charles  Scott,  late  merchant  in  Glafgow. 

Robert  Jeffery,  Kfq.  of  Knockoncur. 

Mis  Margaret  C  impbell,  fpoufe  of  Mr 
"Wjlliam  Orummond,  poftniaftt  r,  Crieff. 

At  Edinbiirjrh,  Mrs  Ann  Mercer,  wife 
of  Richard  Mercer,  Efq.  ar.d  yountfeil 
daughter  of  the  late  Emanuel  rijrott,  El'q. 
Keprt Tentative  for  the  city  of  Cork. 

At  Glafgow,  Mr  Patrick  Newlands,  mer- 
chant. 

At  I.eith,  Mrs  Marion  Comb,  wife  of 
Mr  James  Weir,  baker  there. 

At  Samiiclfton  Mains,  near  Haddington, 
Mr  Thomas  Watfon,  farmer. 

At  Kinrofs,  Mrs  Ifabel  Stcedman,  mid- 
wife. 

At  Kemnay,  Mifs  Mary  Burnet. 
At  Tillvfrreip,  Alexander  Dycc*,  Efq. 
At  Idirhurfih,  Mr  JamesStewart,  writer. 
At  Bath,  the  Right  Hon.  tht  Counttfs  of 
Selkirk. 

At  Edinburgh,  Mr  Lauchlan  M'Intofb. 

At  Clydcfdale,  Lieut.  Col.  John  M'Don- 
ald,  of  Huntfield. 

At  Lufs,  Mr  John  Grant. 

At  Lanfin^,  John  Brown,  Efq.  of  V*"atcr- 
haughs. 

At  Spov.twells,  near  Perth,  Mrs  Bade- 
noch,  w  idow  of  the  late  Rev.  Mr  Badenoch, 
minifler  of  Kingoldrum. 

At  Ef^inburgh,  Mrs  Margaret  Maxwell, 
re]i<ft  of  the  late  Mr  John  Fairweather, 
r  erchant  in  Dundee. 

At  Edinburgh,  Mifs  Mary  Stewart,  cM- 
f  ft  diiughler  of  the  lace  Rev.  Mr  WaJter 
Stewart,  minifter  of  Afhkirk. 

Mrs  Ifabel  Yeaman,  fpoufe  of  the  Rev. 
Henry  Sangfler. 

Lately,  on  board  rhe  Sir  John  Borlafe 
^  Warren,  bound  to  Madeira,  whitlier  he 
was  going  for  the  recovery  of  his  health, 
Mr  George  M'Dougall,  tenant  in  Dew- 
lands. 


At  Glafgow,  Mr  William  Johnflon,  Iron- 

IT)ODgcr. 

At  Dargavel,  near  Dumfries,  Mr  Robert 
Richardfon,  fanner. 

At  Locharvj-oods,  Alexander  Kennedy, 
Efq.  of  Kncckgray. 

At  Edinburgh,  Mr  Thomas  Gibb,  writer. 

At  Edinburgh,  Mr  James  Forrefter, 
fpirif.draler. 

Mr  Charles  Wallace,  late  merchant  ia 
Edinburtrh. 

At  Edinbiirofh,  Mrs  Mouat,  widow  of 
the  lare  James  Mouat  of  8kae,  in  Shetland. 

At  Bor^land,  Mifs  Mariane  Stewart  of 
Shambelly. 

At  Biggar,  Mr  James  Bo  we,  phyfician. 

At  Borrowflounnefs,  Mrs  A^^nes  Addi- 
fon,  relid  of  the  dcccafcd  Mr  Thomas 
Paton,  lafe  fhipniafter  there. 

Mr  John  Pringle,  tenant  in  Clifton  Cofe. 

At  Grahamfton,  near  Glafgow,  Mrs 
Grace  Gow,  wife  of  Mr  James  Douglas, 
corn-dealer. 

At  Dumfries,  Mr  William  M'Ghic, 
painter  and  glazier. 

At  Dumfries,  Mrs  Jean  Jardine, 

Mrs  Ajn  Cornforth,  wife  of  Mr  James 
Lea,  dentift. 

At  Maybole,  Mrs  Logan,  relict  of  the 
late  Mr  Thomas  Logan,  furgeon  there. 

At  Nairn,  Mifs  Henrietta  Greig,  fcrcond 
daughter  to  Mr  George  Greig,  riding  fur- 
vcyor  of  the  Cuftomj. 

EMnhurghy  Dec.  38. 
Oat-meal,    js.  id.     Eurley-meal,  iid. 
Peafe».meal,  lod. 

Haddington f  Dee.  24. 
Wheat,  3IS.  6d.  Barley,  21s.  Oats,  i6s.  6d. 
Peafe,  i8s.    Beans,  i8s. 

STOCKS.— 20. 
Bank  Stock  186  New  5  per  C.  ico-f- 

3  per  C.  Red.  7o4-        T^ong  Ann.  19  11-16 

3  per  C.  Conf.  70^        India  Stock  

4  per  Cent.  85.  Omnium  ic;^  dike. 

5  per  C.  Ann.ioi  J 


A  LIST  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  COMMONS  OF  THE  SECOND 
IMPERIAL  PARLIAMENT. 


Assembled  November  1 6.  l8o2. 


ENGLAND  and  WAI.ES.— J13. 
Right  Hon.  Chas  Abbot,  Speaker,  6000I. 


I  Abingdon y 
T.  T.  Metcalfe 

1  A'^mondesham^ 
Tho.  t.  D.  Drake 
Chas  D.  Garrard 

3  St  Albans, 
W.  S.  Poyntz 
Hon.  J.  W.  Grimfton 

4  Aldbor»ugh,  Suff'. 
Sir  John  Aubrey 
John  M'Mahon 
5  Aldburough,  Torish. 
C.  Duncombe,  jun.  i- 
John  SuUivan 

6  Andover, 
T.  Alheton  Smith 
Hon.  N.  Fellowes 

7  Anjlesea, 
Hon.  Arthur  Paget 

8  Appleby, 
John  Courtenay 
Philip  Francis 

9  Arunddly 
Lord  Andovcr 
John  Atkins 

10  Ashbiirton^ 
Sir  Hugh  Inglis 
Walttr  Palk 

II  Aylesbury, 
James  Dupre 
Robert  Bent 

12  Banbury, 
Dudley  North 

i;^  Barnstaple 
W.  Devaynes 
Sir  Ed.  Peiiew 
14  Bath, 
Lord  John  Thynnc 
John  Palmer 

15  Beaumaris, 
Lord  Newborough 

16  Bedfordshire, 
Hon.  St  A  St  Jolm 
John  Ofborn- 

1 7  Bedford  Toivn 
Sam.  Wriitbread,  jun 
W.  Lee  Antonie 

18  Bedi'jin, 
Sir  R.  J.  Buxton 
Nath.  Holland 

19  Beerahton^ 
I,ord  Lovaine 
WmMitford^ 

20  Berkshire, 
George  Vanfittart 
Charles  Dundas 

21  Berivick  T. 
T.  Hall   J.  Fordycc 

22  Beverley, 
N.  C.  Burton 
John  Wharton 

23  Be%vdleyj 
M.  P.  Andrews 

24  Bislcp\^  Castle, 

\\\  Clive  J.  R.obiiifon 


25  Blahinglyy 

Jameb  Milncs 
ohn  Benn  Walfli 

26  Bodmyn, 
Cha.  Sbuv/  Lefevre 
J.  Duprc  Porcher 

27  Boroughbridge, 
'Hon.  John^Scott 
E.  B.  Portman 

28  Bossipey, 
Hon.  J.  S.  V/ortley 
John  H.  Adding  ton 

29  Boston, 
W.  A  Madocks 
Thomas  Fydell 

30  BrackLy^ 
ohn  Wm  Egerton 

Samuel  Hayncs 

31  Br  amber  y 
George  Sutton 
Henry  Joddrell 

32  Breconshire, 
Sir  Cha»  Morgan 

33  Brecon  T. 
Sir  Rob.  Salilbury 

34  Brldgsnortb. 
["ohn  Whitmorc 
ifaac  H.  Browne 

35  BridfrexViiter, 
George  Pocock 
Jeffreys  Allen 

^6  Bridport, 
George  Barclay 
Sir  E,  Ncapen 

37  Bristol, 
Charles  Bragge 
Evan  Baillie 

38  Buckinghamsh. 
M.  ofTitchfield 
Earl  Temple 

39  Biiikingham  T, 
Hon.  Tho.  'Grenviile 
Lord  Proby 

40  Callin^ton, 
J.  Ing.  Fortefeuc 
Paul  Orchard 

ijl  CalnCy 
Tofeph  Jekyll 
Lord  Flenry  Petty 
42  Cambridgeshire, 
Lord  C.  S.  Manners  j 


47  Gard'^JT. 
Lord  E.  Jas  Stuart 
48  Cardiganshire, 
rhomas  johnes 

49  Cardigan  T. 
Hon.  John  Vaughan 

50  Carlisle, 
John  C.  Curwen 
W.  S.  Stanhope 
51  Carmarthtnsh. 
H.  Williams 
f{%  Carmarthen  T. 
J.^G.  Phillips 

53  Carnarvonshire, 
Sir  Robert  Williams 

54  Carnarvon 
Hon.  Edward  Paget 

55  Castle-Risings 
Charles  Cheller 
P.  J.  Thelluflbn 

56  Cheshire, 
fhos  Cholmondeley 
W.  Egertcn 

57  Chester, 


Hon.  Chas  Yorke      Sir  WiUiam  Lemon 
43  Cambridge  Umv.  Francis  Gregor 
^,  Coventry, 


Thos  Grofvenor 
58  Chichester, 
Thomas  Steele 

G.  W.  Thomas 

59  Chippevham, 
James  Dawkins 
C.  Brooke 

60  Cbristchurchy 
George  Rofe 
William  Sturges 

6 1  Cirencester, 
Sir  Robert  Prefton 
Mich.  H.  Beach 

62  Clithero, 
Hon.  R^obert  Curzon 
Hon.  John  Cult 

63  Cockermcuth, 
Robert  Ward 
James  Graham 

64  Colchester, 
Robert  Thornton 
J.  Dennifon 

65  Corg^  Castle, 
John  Bond 

H.  Banks 
66  CorfiTvall, 


Rt  Hon.  Wm  Pitt 
Earl  of  Euilon 

44  Cambridge  I", 
Hon.  E.  Finch 
R.  Manners 

45  Cameljvrd, 
Robert  Adair 
John  Fonblanqus 

46  Canterbury, 
Hon.  G.  Watfou 
John  Baker 


Nathaniel  JcfFerys 
;F.  W.  Barlow 
I        68  Cricklade, 
iThonias  Ellcourt 
'Lord  Porichefter 
I      60  Cvmherlard, 
Sir  H.  Fletcher 
Ijohn  Lowther 
I    70  Dartmouth, 
Edmond  Ballard 
'a  a.  HolJfwortli 


71  Denbigh  slirr, 

Sir  W.  W.  Wynne 

72  Denbigh  T. 
Hon.  Fred^Weft 

73  Derbyshire, 

Ld  G.  H.  CavcndiQi 

E.  M.  Mundy 

74  De,by, 
Edward  Coke 
I  Ion.  Goo.  WaJpolc 

75  Dtvizcs^ 
RtHon.  H.  Addi  ngtoa 
Joihua  Smith 

"16  Devonshirt, 
John  p.  Baftard 
Sir  Lawrence  Park 

7 7  Dorsetshire^ 

F.  T.  Browns 
Wm  M.  Pitt 

78  Dorrhesfer^ 
Francis  Fane 
Hon.  C.  Aihiey 

79  Dover, 

J.  Trcvanion 
.  Spencer  Smith 

80  Dcivnton, 
Hon.  Edw.  Bouveric 
Hon,  John  Ward 

81  Droit-zvich, 
Hon.  Andrew  Foley 
Sir  Ed.  Winnington 

82  Duntvich, 
Lord  Huntin,?field 
Snowdon  Barne 

83  Durha7?7 shire, 
\r  Ralph  Milbanke 
Rowland  Burdon 

84  Dt'rham, 
R.  J.  Lambton 
R.  Wharton 

85  Last'LKe, 
John  Buller 
Edv.-ard  Bullrr 

86  St  EdniOKshur-,^ 

Lord  Cha.  Fitzroy 
Lord  Hervr  y 

87  E^  ey:, 
John  Bullock 
Eliul)  Harvey 

88  EvcsiarTy 
Charles  Theluffon 
Craw.  Bruce 

89  Exeter. 
Sir  C.  W.  Bampfylde 
James  Euller 

90  Eye, 
Hon.  W.  Cornwdiis 
Jas  Cornwall  is 

91  Flirtshire^ 
Sir  llic?  Moflyn 

92  Flint, 
Watkia  Williams 

9  %  F^rtvey 
R.  P.  Carew 
[Edward  Goldin? 


ioi6 


List  of  House  of  Co?nmons. 


94  Gattorty 
Mark  Wood 
James  Dalhwood 

I^ord  Binning 
James  Langham 
96  Glamorganshire^ 
Gliomas  wyndham 
97  GloucestersijirCy 
Hon.  G.  Berkeley 
Marq.  of  Worcelter 

98  Glouc ester y 
John  Pitt 
Henry  Howard 

99  Grampound. 
Sir  C.  Hawkins 
Bcnj.  Hoblioufe 

100  Grantham  y 
.Sir  Wm.  E.  Welby 
The.  lliorntoii 

lOI  Grit/iibyy 

John  Hen.  Loft 
Aylcoghe  Boucheret 
102  East  Grinsteadj 
Sir  Henry  Scracliey 
Daniel  Giles 

103  GuiUfordy 
Vif.  Cranley 
Hon.  Chap.  Norton 

104  Hanipshirey 
Sir  Wm  Heath  cote 
William  Chute 

105  Harivichy 
John  Robinfon 
Tho.  Myers 

106  HaslemerCy 
Richard  Penn 
George  Wood 

107  Hastifi^Sy 
Lord  Glenbervie 
G.  W.  Gunning 

10%Haverfordiuesty 

LordKenfmgton 

109  HelstoHy 
Lord  Fitz-Harrris 
John  Pcnn 

110  Herefordshire^ 
Sir  Geo.  Cornewall 
John  G.  Cotterell 

HI  Hereford y 
T.  P.  Symohds 
John  Scudamore 

HZ  Hertfordshirey 
William  Plulner 
Hon.  Pen.  Lamb 
113  Hertfordy 

Hon.  E.  S.  Cowper 
I'JichoUon  Calvert 

H4  Heydouy 
Geo.  Johnftone 
Chnft.  Savile 

115  Hcyishuryy 
Charts  Abbot 
Lord  Kirkwall 
116  Hi;rbam  Ferrersy 
F.  F.  Foljambe 

117  Hindorty 
Thom  as  Wallace 
James  Pcdiey 

IlS  Honitoriy 
Sir  Jo  Honey  wood 
GcGn  ge  Shunri 


119  Horshatfty 
Edward  Milliard 
Patrick  Rofs 
120  Hunt  '} ngdonshirCy 
Vifc.  Hinchinbrook 
Lord  E:  ed.  Montagu 

121  Huntingdon  y 
Wm  Hen.  Ecfiywes 
John  Calvert,  junior 

I2Z  Hyihe 
Matthew  White 
Thomas  Godfrey 
123  I'uclchestery 
Fhomas  Plumber 
Wm  Hunter 

124  Ipsivichy 
C.  A.  Cnckett 
Sir  A.  S.  Hamond 

1 25  St  Ivesy 
Wm  Praed 
Jonathan  Rain 

126  Kenfy 
Filmer  Honcywood 
Sir  William  Geary 

127  King^s  LynHy 
Hon.  H.  Walpolc 
Sii  M.  B.  Folkes 
128  Kingston y 
,Sam.  Thornton 
John  Straniforth 
129  Knaresboroughy 
Tames  Hare 
Lord  J.  Town (h end 

130  Lancaskircy 
Thorn  as  Stanley 
John  Blackburn,  fen. 

I"^!  Lancaster y 
John  Dent 
Marq.  of  Douglas 
132  L,auncr^tnn» 

R.  H.  A.  Benntt 
James  Brogdcn 
133  LeicestershirCy 

G.  A.  L.  Keck 
Sir  E.  C.  Hartopp 

134  Leiresisry 
Samuel  Smith 
Fhos  Babington 

135  LeojninsteTy 
[ohn  Lubbock 

Hon.  C.  Kinnaird 

136  Litkeardy 
Hon.  John  Elliot 
Hon.  Wm  EiJiot 

137  Lestivithicly 
Hans  Sloane 
Wm  Dickenfon,  jun. 

138  Lsivety 
Iword  F,  On^orne 
Henry  Shelly 

139  Lime  Regis y 
Hon.  Heni;"y  Fane 
Hon.  Thomas  Fane 

140  Lincolnshire^ 
Sir  Qiib.  Heathccte 
Cha.  Chaplin 

141  Lincoln  y 
Richard  Eliiion 

H.  Sibthorpe 
14a  Litchfieldy 

Thomas  Anton 
Sir  Jo.  Wrotteiiey 


143  Liverpool y 
Ban.  Taxleton 
Il'aac  Gafcoync 

144  London y 
Harvey  C.  Combe 
Charles  Price 
William  Curtis 
Sir  J.  W.  Andcrfon 

145  Ludlo'w. 
Hon.  Robert  Clive 
R.  P.  Knight 

146  Lugger shally  , 
Earl  of  Dalkeith 
Thomas  Everett 

147  Lytningtcn, 
William  Manning 
Hariy  Burrard 

148  Maidsioney 
Sir  Mat.  Bloxham 
John  H.Durand 

149  Maiden y 
Jof.  H.  Strutt 
Cha.  C.  V^^eftern 
150  Alalmsbury 
C.  Scott 
S.  Scott 

X51  Maltory 
Hon.  Cha.L.Dundas 
Bryan  Cooke 

152  Afarlboroughy 
Lord  Bruce 
James  Leigh 

153  Marloivy 
Fhos  Williams 
Owen  Williams 

154  Si  Ata'U'Sy 
Sir  William  Young 
W.  W^indham 

155  AJerioneth\hirey 
Sir  R.  W.  Vaughan 

136  5/  Michaely 
Robert  Pallas 
S.  Ainflie 
157  Midhursty 
Geoff e  Smith 
Samuel  Smith 

758  Middles^Xy 
George  Byng 
Sir  F.  Burdctt 

159  Milborn  Port 
Lord  Paget 
Hugh  Lcycefter 

160  Minebeady 
J.  F.  Luitrell 
'John  Pattefon 

161  Monmouihshire^ 
James  F  coke 
Charles  Morgan 

162  Monmouth y 
LordR.E.HSom3rfe 
Z.ti,  Montgomeryshire 
C.^W.  WrWv'nn 


1 64  Montgcmeryy 
Whitfncd  Keene 

165  Morpeth y 
Vifcount  Morpeth 
William  Ord 

166  ISfcivarky 
Sir  Cha.  M.  Pole 
Sir  Tho.  M.  Sutton 


167  Netvcast.unLine. 
Edw  W.  Bootle 
Sir  Rob.  Lawlcy 

168  Netucast.up.Tync 
Sir  M.  W.  Riaiey 
C.  J.  Brandling 

169  NenjpDri^  Corn. 
Wm  North  cy 
Jofcph  Richardfon 
V'fO.  Ncivport  Hants ^ 
John  Blatkburn 
Richard  G.  Ker 

171  Neivtony  Lane. 
Thomas  Brooke 
Peter  Pat r en 

172  Neri-'ion.  Hants 
Sir  Rob.  Barclay 
Cha.  Chapman 

173  Nor/oUy 

Fhos  W.  Coke 
Sir  Jacob  Aftlcy 

174  Northallerton y 
Henry  Pierfe 
Hon.  Edw.  Lafccllcs 
175  Northamptonshire^ 
Francis  Dickens 
Wm  R.  Cartwright 
176  Northampton y 
Hon.  E.  Bouvcrie 
Hon.  Sp.  Perceval 
177  Northumberland^ 
Hon.  Charles  Grey 
R.  Beaumont 
178  Noruuicky 
W.  Smith 
[.  Fclldwcs 
179  Nottinghamshire 
I^rd  V/.  C.  Bentinck 
H.  H.  Pierrcpont 

180  Nottingham^ 
Sir  J.  B.  Warren 
Jofeph  Birch 

181.  Oakha:ni)tcn^ 
H.  Holland,  jun. 
J.  Strange 

182  OrfordSuf. 
Lord  R. 'Seymour 
James  Trail 

183  Oxfrrdshire.^ 
Lord  F.  bpencer 
John  Fane 

184  Oxford  Cityy 
Francis  Burton 
J.  Aitkins  Wright 

185  Oxford  Univ 
Sir  Wm  Scott 
Sir  Wm  Dolberf 

186  Pembrokeshire 
Lord  Milford 

187  Pembrohcy 
Flugh  Barlow 

188  Penryhny 
Sir  S,  Lufhington 
Sir  John  Nicholl 

1^9  Peterborough 
French  Laurence 
Wm  Elliot 

190  Peters  field, 
V/m  Bcft 
WmJoIMs 


List  of  House  of  Commons. 


loi 


191  Plymsuthy 
Sir  William  Elford 
p.  I.angmcad 

19a  Plympton  Early 
Ph.  Metcalfe 
Fdv^.  Golding 

193  PontefraBy 
John  Smyth 
Richard  Ben  yon 

194  POQlCy 

J.  Jeffrey 
Geo.  Garland 

19  V  Portsrnouthy 
Hon .  Thos  Erlkine 
John  Markham 
196  Preston^ 
Lord  Stanley 
John  Piorrocks 

197  ^jjeenborottgh^ 
John  Prinlcp 
Geo.  P.  Moore 

198  RadnnrshirCy 
W.  Wilkins 

199  ^eiv  Radnor, 
Richard  Price 

200  ReadifiVy 
Fran.  Anncfley 
Cha.  S.  Lefevrc 

^01  East  Retford 
Rob.  Crawford 
John  Jaffrey 

20%  Richmond^ 
Hon.  G.  H.  Dundas 
Arthur  Shakcfpcare 

203  Rippon, 
John  Hcathcote 
Sir  Jas  Graham 

204  Rochester^ 
Sir  S.  Smith 
James  Hulkes 

20?  Neiv  RomneVy 
T.  W.  WiUett 
Manafch  I^opez 

206  Rutlandshire^ 
G.  N.  Noel 
Ld  Carbery 

207  Kye, 
Lord  Hawkesbury 
Tho.  Davis  Lamb 

208  Ryyate, 
Hon.  J.  S.  tocks 
Hon.Jofeph  S.  Yorkr 

209  Salop, 
Sir  Richard  Hill 

J.  Kynafton  Powell 

210  Saltash, 
Matthew  Riiliell 
Robert  Deverell 

211  Sandivich, 
Sir  Philip  Stephens 
Sir  Horare  Mann 
Vol.  LXIV. 


11%  Neiv  Sarum, 
Vifc.  Folkeftone 
William  Hufley 

213  Old  Sarunty 
Nicholas  Vanfittart 
Henry  Alexander 
214  Scarborou^hy 
Hon.  Edm.  Phipps 
Lord  Rob.  Manners 

215  Scafordy 
Charles  Rofe  Ellis 
Rich.  Jof.  Sullivan 
210  Shaftsburyy 
E.  L.  Loveden 
R.  Hurft 

217  Shfrchctrfiy 
Sir  Cecil  Bilhopp 
Timothy  Skclley 

218  Shreivsburyy 
Sir  Wm  Pulteney 
Hon.  William  Hill 

219  Somersetshire^ 
W.  G  Langton 
Wm  Dickinfon,  fen , 

220  Southampton^ 
James  Amyatt 
Geo.  H.  Rofe 

221  Southivariy 
Henry  I'hornton 
Gpo.  Tierney 

222  Staffordshire, 
Sir  Edw  Lyttleton 
Lord  G.  L.  Gowcr 

223  Staffordy 
Hon,  E.  Mbnkton 
Rich.  B.  Sheridan 

224  Siamfordy 
Albemarle  Bertie 
John  Leland 

225  Steyningy 
Ja.  Martin  Lloyd 
Robert  Hurll 

226  Sisikbridgey 
J.  F.  Barham 
George  Porter 

227  Sudbury, 
Sir  J-  C.  Hippilley 
John  Pytches 

228  Suffolky 

Sir  Charles  Bunbury 
Vifcount  Brome 

229  Surry, 
Lord  Wm  Ruffell 
Sir  John  Frederick 

230  Sussex, 
John  Fuller 
Charles  Lennox 

231  Tamivarthy 
,)ir  Robert  Peel 
VMIliam  Loftut 


lyi  Tanji stocky 
R.  Fitzpatrick 
Lord  R.  Spencer 
233  Tauntoriy 
John  Hammet 
William  Morland 
234  Teivkeshury, 
Jamc>  Marti« 
C.  Codrington 

235  Thdfordy 
John  Harriton 
T.  Crecvy 

236  ^hirshe. 
Sir  G.  P.  'Furner 
Wm  Frar.kland 
237  Ti'vcrton, 
Hon.'  D,  Ryder 
Hon.  Rich.  Ryder 

238  Totness, 
VVilUam  Adams 
J.  B.  Burland 

239  Tregony, 
Marq.  of  Blandford 
Cha.  Cockerrcll 

240  Truro. 

i.  Levefon  Gower 
ohn  Lemon 
241  PFallingfordy 
Sir  Fran.  Sykts 
W.  L.  Hughes 

242  Wareham, 
[ohn  Calcraft 
<?\jidrew  Strahan 
243  W arivickshire. 
Sir  Geo.  S.  Evelyn 
Dug.  S.  Dugdale 
244  H''^ar'wici, 
Lord  Brooke 
Charles  Mills 

249  ^f^^lls, 
Clem.  Tudway 
Cha.  Wm  Taylor 
246  Wendovery 
Charles  Long 
HcHi.  John  Smith 

247  Wenlocky 
Cecil  Forrefter 
Hon.  John  ^mpfon 

248  Weobiy, 
Lord  G.  Thync 
Rt  Steele 

249  JV est  bury, 
William  Baldwin 
Charles  Smith 

250  l^^est-looey 
James  Bujler 
I'homas  Smith 

251  JVestrm7ister, 
Hon.  Cha.  Jas  Fox 
Lord  Gardner 


1^1  Westnwreland^^ 
Sir  M.  Le  Fleming 
James  Lov/thcr 

253  Wexmouth,  &c% 
Sir  Jas  Inilteney 
Chas  Adams 
(K:  'Fucker  Steward 
Wm  Garth  {h  Of  e 

254  Whitechur^hy 
HonWA.'Fownfliend 
Hon.  W.  Brodcrick  • 

255  IVigafty 
R.  Leigh 
John  Hodfon 

256  IV Hi  on 
Vifc.  Fitzwiliiam 
John  Spencer 

257  IViltshirey 
Amb.  Goddard 
Henry  P.  Wyndhani 

258  IVinchelseay 
Robert  Ladbrohe 
Wm  Moffat 

259  Witichestery 
Sir  Rich.  Gamon 
Sir  H.  P.  St  John 

Mildmay 
260  JVirdsor, 
Hen.  R  F.  Greville 
John  Williams 

261  Wotdstock, 
Sir  H.  W.  Dafhwood 
Charles  Abbot,  .S^. 

262  IVorcestershirCy 
Hon.  Edw.  Foley 
Wm  Lygon 

263  JVorcester, 
Abraham  Roberts 
Jofeph  Scott 

264  Wootion  Basset, 
Hon.  H.  St  John 
K.  Williams,  jun, 

265  Chiping  IVycomby 
Sir  J.  Dalhwooi  King 
Sir  Francis  Baring 

266  Yarmouth,  Norf. 
Sir  T.  Troubridge 
I'homas  Jervis 

267  Tarm,  JVi^hty 

i.  Gierke  Jervoifc 
ames  P.  Murray 
268  Yorkshire, 
Wm  Wilberforce 
Hon.  Flen.  I^fcellcs 
269  York, 
W.  M.  Milner 
Hon.  Lav.T.  Dundas 


6X 


ioi8 


List  of  House  of  Commons. 


S  C  O  T  L  A  N  D.— 45 


COUNTIF.r,. 


I  Aberdeen, 

4  Banff, 

5  Bcr-wick, 

6  Caithness y 

7  Cromarty, 

8  Dumbarton, 

9  Dumfries, 

10  Edinburgh, 

11  /V/e, 
la  Forfar, 

13  Haddington, 

14  Inverness, 

15  Kincardine, 


18  Lanark, 

19  L.inlithgoiv, 

20  Moray, 

21  Orkney, 

22  Peebles, 

23  P^r^A, 

24  Renfretv, 
25 

26  Roxburgh, 

27  Selkirk, 

28  5//>/m! 


J.  Fcrgufon 
Wm  Fullarton 
Ld  J.  Campbell 
Sir  Wm  Grant 
George  Baillie 
Sir  John  Sinclair 
Alex.  M'Kenzic 
Ja.  Colquhoun 
Sir  Rob.  Lawrie 
Robert  Dundas 
Sir  W.  Erlkinc 
Sir  D.  Carnegie 
Hon.  C.  Hope 
Charles  Grant 
Sir  John  Stuart 

BOROUGHS. 

31  Edinburgh, 

32  Aberd.  tnverb,  Montr.  Arbr  Brechin, 

33  A'^r,  Ir'vine,  In*oerary,  Rcths.  &  Canibelt. 

34  Anstr,  E,       IV.  Crail,  Kilrenny,  \5>  Bitten. 

35  Banff,  Culleu,  Kintorc,  Elg.n,  ^  ln-v.r  ,ry, 

36  Stirling,  Culross,  Invcrk.'ith.  Dumf  rm.  ^hieensf 

37  Berth,  Dundee,  Forfar,  St  Andreivs^  Cupar, 

38  Glasgow,  Renfrciv,  Rutherglen,  Dumbarton, 

39  Dumfries,  Sanquhcr,  Annan,  Lcchm.  Ktrkcudbr^ 

40  Inverness,  Fori  rose,  Nairn,  \^  Forres, 

41  Kincrhorn,  Dysart,  Kirkcaldy,  &  Bnnitisland, 

42  7f^A.  //^fl^i^/.  Laudpr,  Dunbar,  N.  Beriuick, 

43  Selkirk,  Beebies^  Lirllihgo-w ,  &  Lanark, 

44  Siranr.  IVigto/i,  Whithorn,  N.  Gallonvay, 

45  Dingiuall,  Dornock,  IVick,  Kirkivall, 


16  Kirkcudbright,  Pat.  Hcron 
If  Kinross,   W.D.  M.  Ciephanc 


Ld  A.  Hamilton 
Hon.  A.  Hope 
James  Brodic 
R.  Honyman 
Ja.  ]VTontg(nnery 

Tho.  Graham 
Wm  Macdowall 

Sir  Cha.  Rofs 
Sir  Geo.  Douglas 
John  Ruthcrfurd 
Hon.  C.  E.  Hcming 


29  Sutherland,       W.  Dundas 

30  Wigton,        And.  IVl'Dowall 


Rt  Hn.Cha.  Hope 
James  Farquhar 
John  Campbell 

Alex.  Campbell 

Fra.  Wm  Grant 
Double  Return 

David  Scott 
Alex.  Houfton 
vacant 

A-  R  C.  Gordon 
Sir  J.St  C.Erflcinc 
Hon.  T.  JVIaitland 
Wm  Dickfon 

John  Spalding 
.  C.  Viliieis 


I  R  E  L  A  N  D.— ICO. 


1  Antrim  cmnty 
Hon.  J.  O'Neil 
Edm.  A.  M'Naghton 

2  Armagh  county, 
Hon.  Arch.  Acliefon 
Hon.  H.  Caulfield 

3  Armagh  torvn, 
V.  Duigenan 

4  Athlone, 
Wfn  Handcock 

5  Bandou  Bridge, 
Sir  Brod.  Chiunery 

6  Belfast, 
Edward  May 

7  Carichfcrvus. 
Lords.  Chichcfter 

8  Cashclly 
RtHn.  W.Wickham 

9  Carloiv  county, 
David  Latouche 
G.  O.  Bagenal 

10  Carloiv  toivn, 
C.  Montag.  Ormfoy 

11  Cavan  county, 
Nath.  Sneyd 
Fran.  Saunderfon 

12  Clare  county. 
Sir  E.  OT»rien 
ijon.  F.  N.  Burton 

13  Clonmel 
Wm  Bagwell 

14  Cork,  county, 
Vifc.  Boyle 
R.  U.  Fi'tzgciald 


15  Cork  city. 
Mount  Longheld 
Hon.  C.  Hutchinfon 

16  Coleraine, 
Walter  Jones 

17  Donegal  county. 
Lord  vSudiey 
Sir  James  Stewart 

18  Doivn  county, 
Vifc.  Cjlllereagh 
Francis  Savage 

19  Douimpairick, 
C.  S.  Haythorn 

20  Drogheda, 
Edward  Hardman 
21  Dv.blin  county, 
Hans  Hamilton 
Fred.  J.  Falkiner 
22  Dublin  city, 
John  C.  Beresford 
[ohn  Latouche 
23  Dublin  College, 
Hon.  Geo.  Knox 

24  Dundalk, 
Richard  Archdall 

25  Dungannon, 
Hon.  Geo.lCnox 

26  Duno-arvon, 
William  Green 

27  Ennis, 
Jame§  Fitzgerald 
28  Ennishillcn, 
John  Bereiford 


29  Fermanagh  county. 
Lord  Cole 
Mei-yyn  Archdall 

30  Cyaliuay  county, 

Flon.  Rich.  Trench 
Rich.  Martin 

I  Galivaytown, 
J.  B.  Ponforiby 

32  Kerrv,  county, 
Mauripe  t^itzgcrald 
James  Crofbie 

33  Kildare  county. 
Lord  Ro.  Fitzger'ald 
Robert  Latouche 

34  Kilkenny  county, 
RtHnW  B  Ponfonby 
Hon  Jas  Butler 

35  KiLkeni^y  city, 
Hon.  Cha.  Butler 

36  Kings  county. 
Sir  L.  Parfons 

Thomas  Barnard 

37  KinsaU, 
Jaijaes  C.  Rowley 

38  Leitrim  sounty, 
I^ord  Clements 
Peter  Latouche,jun. 

39  Li?neyick  county, 
C.  S.  Oliver 

W.  Odell 

40  Limerick  city, 
Charles  Vereker 
41  Lisburn 

Earl  of  Yarmouth 


42  Londonderry  county^ 
Lord  G.  Beresford' 
Hon.  C.  W.  Stewart 

43  Itdndondcrry  city. 
Sir  G.  Fitz.  Hfll 

44  Longford  county, 
Hon.  T.  Newcomen 
Sir  'F.  Featherfton 

45  Louth  county, 
Rt.  Hon.  Jo.  Foftcr, 
W.  C.  Fortefcue 

46  Mallow, 
Denham  Jephfoa 

47  Mayo  crv'nty, 

Hon.  H.  a:  Dillon 
Rt.  Hon.  D.  Browne 

48  Meath  county. 
Sir  M.  Sommerviile 

y.  Biigh 

49   Monaprhan  county, 
Richard  Dawfon 
C.  P.  Lcflie 

50  NdTvry, 
Rt  Hon.  Ifaa'c  Corry 

51  Borfarlington, 
Henry  Parneli 

^2  ^uccfi'^s  county, 
Hon.  W.  W.  Pole 
ir  Eyre  Coote 
53  Roscommmon  sounty, 
Hon.  Edw.  King 
Arthur  French,  jun. 

54  Neiv  Ross 
Cha.  Tottenham,jun. 


l802. 


List  of  Houfe  of  Commons,  iSc.  1019 


55  Sligo  county  J  \ 
Charles  O'Hara 
Jofliua  Edw.  Cooper 
I         56  Sli^o  toxv/iy 
Owen  Wynne 
57  Tipperary  county^ 
Lord  Mathew 
John  Bagwell 


58  T^ralee 
Rt  Hon.  G.  Canning 

59  Tyrone  county ,^ 
Tames  Stewart 
Rt  Hon.  J.  Stewart 
00  IV citerford  county^ 
Rt.  Hon.  J.  Berestord 
Edward  Lee 


61  Waterford  c'lty^ 
Wm  C.  Alcock 
6z  Westmeath  county^ 
G.  K  Rochfort 
Wm  Smith 

63  JVexJlrd  county., 
Earl  Loftus 


Abel  Ram 


I  64  IVexFord  toivn^ 
R.  N.  Funiefs 
6^  IVickloiv  county ^ 
W.  H.  Hume 
Geo.  Ponfonby 

66  Toughalli 
John  Keane 


SIXTEEN  PEERS  OF  SCOTLAND. 


M.  of  Tweedle 
S.  of  EgUntoun 
 Caffilis 

—  Strathmore 

—  Dumfries 

—  Elgin 


E.  of  Dalhoufie 

—  Northeik 
— —  Balcarras 
 Aboyne 

—  Bredalbane 
 Stair 


E.  of  Glafgow 
L.  Cathcart 

—  Somcrvilc 

—  Napier 


IRISH  PEERS, 
To  represent  the  Peerage  in  the  Imperial  Parliament. 


Marq.  of  Headfort 

.  Sligo 

Earl  of  Clanricarde 
Weftmeath 
— •  Roden 
■  Glandore 
«  Longford 
——Erne 

■  ■  Defart 
"  Leitrim 
Archbifliop  of  Calli,el 
Silhop  of  Elphin 


Earl  of  Lucan 

 Londonderry 

'  Conyngham 
'  Llandaff 

 O'Neill 

— — •  Bandon 

 Donoughmore 

Vifc.  Wicklow 

Northland 
— .  Oxmantown 

j  Bifliop  Oj  ■ 


Vifc.  Carleton 
— —  Somerton 

—  Limerick 

—  Longueville 

 Charlevillc 

Lord  Cahitr 
 Callan 

—  Tyrawley 


Downc 
Leighlin 


INDEX. 


1026  App. 

INDEX 


TO  VOLUME  LXIVj  or,  VOL.  I.  of  a  THIRD  SERIES 
OF  THE  SCOTS  MAGAZINE. 

r  rices  o/  Gram  i:^c,  wili  be  found  at  the  end  of  every  Number  ^ 


Abbot,  the  Hon.  Charl(!S,  cledcd 
Speaker  of  the  Houi'c  of  Commons, 

Abercromby,  Sir  Ralph,  Sketch  of  the 
life  of,  3.  Commanded  the  advanc- 
ed guard  in  the  adiion  on  the  heights 
of  Cateau,  4.    His  deatli,  77 

Aberdeen,  account  of  a  dreadful  acci- 
dent at  855, 

Ads  pafled,  260.  353.  510 

Addrefl'es  on  the  Peace,  439.  855 

Adultery,  Obfervations  on  the  Crimi- 
nal Law  of  Scotland  with  regard  to 
220.  310.  The  nature  and  etredts  of 
this  crime,  221 

Africa,  ancient  and  modern  hiftory 
of,  foon  to  be  publiilied  70 

Alexander  (Emperor)mounts  the  throne 
15th  Sept.  1802,  S5.  The  Corrona- 
tion  addrefs  ib. 

Alexandrian    Patriarchs,   account  of 

Amufements  in  ialhionable  life,  bad 

tendency  of  305 
Amufements  public  in  Edinburgh  274 

America,  meffage  from  the  Prefident 
of  the  United  States  of,  to  the  two 
Houfes  of  Congrcfs  520 

Andreoiri  General,  Notification  of  his 
appointment  as  Ambafiador  to  the 
Britifli  Court,  511.  His  arrival  at 
London  932 

Annals  Ruffian,  DifTertations  on  143 
333 

Ants  the^  a  fable  666 

Antiquaries  Society  of,  their  defign  to 

engrave  plates  of  churches  built  in  the 

Gothic  ftyle  342 
Antiquities  Egyptian,  a  confidcrable 

number  of  them  brought  to  the  Bri- 

tifli  Mufeum  773 
Apocalyple,  its  authority  difputci  a- 

mong  the  learned  353 


Apologue,  origin  of  134 
Apologues,  Oiiental  331 
Arabian  literature,  Flowers  of,  in  the 

prefs  at  Paris  254 
Aifeniatc  of  Copper,  its  nature  and 

properties  64 
Arts  and  Sciences,  mUch  attention 

paid  to  them  by  the  King  of  Sweden 

341 

Aflembly  General,  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland,  meeting   thereof  637 

Atheiftic  Nations,  on  the  exiftencc  o^ 
33-  i©5 

Atlat,  origin  of  the  Mythic  account  of 
his  lupporting.the  heavens  126 

Bankruptcy,  a  fecond  volume  of  the 
work  ot  G.  J.  Bell,  on  the  law  of,  in 
great  forwardnefs  70 

Barons  Scotifh^  the  heritable  jurifdic- 
tion  of  them  abolilhed  by  Adt  of  Par- 
liament 467 

Beatic's  Minftrel,  an  elegant  edition  of, 
to  iiTue  foon  from  the  Kelfo  prefs  70 

Bedford  Duke  of,  his  charader  ^70 
Eulogy  on  347 

Bell's  Lithotomy  Notice  of  688 

Benares,  deicription  of  a  village  in  the 
diUiicl  of  629.  The  Brahmins  fees 
at  harveU  and  at  marriages  633 

Bengalee  language,  a  copy  of  the  tranf- 
iation  of  the  New  Teftament  into  it, 
arrived  at  Edinburgh  763 

Bintham  General,  account  of  his  me- 
thod of  preferving  water  fwect  in  long 
voyages  417 

Bevthereauj  his  account  of  the  Cru- 
fades  137 

Berlin  Royal  Academy  of,  prize  quef- 
tion  in  the  clafs  of  Belles  Letties  for 
the  year  iSoi,  160 

Beys  Egyptian,  meditate  refiftance  a- 
gainfl  the  Grand  Vizier  269 

Biography 


l802. 


Index. 


1021 


Biography  more  inftrudlive  than  civil 
hiltory,  and  why  53a 

Biographical  materials,  fcarcity  of 
them  a  great  difcouragement  to  the 
undertaking  a  hiftory  of  Scottifh  poe- 
try J43.  Notices  concerning  the 
author  of  a  beautiful  ode  on  the  ap- 
proach of  fummer  wanted,  505 

Biographical  Sketch,  hints  for  one  of 
Sir  James  Hunter  Blair  923 

Births,  181.  275.  372.  446.  527.  613. 
707.  7S3.  859.  938.  1013 

Birth-day  his  Majelly's,  celebration  of 
at  London  521.    At  Edinburgh  523. 

Boetzuanas,  an  African  tribe,  account 
of  681 

Boileau,  his  charader  as  a  Romance 
writer  54 

Bonaparte,  account  of  his  eleflion, 
counfels,  and  condud  87.  Impercep- 
tibly revives  the  ancient  cuftoms  of 
the  Court,  ib.  Finds  diffi<:ulty  to  ma- 
nage the  officers  of  the  army,  and 
why, ib. His  journey  to  Lyons  8 8.  His 
cledion  to  the  prefidency  of  the  Ita- 
lian States,  announced  to  the  diet  of 
the  Germanic  Empire,  and  to  the 
Court  of  Vienna,  ib.  His  proclama- 
tion to  the  inhabitants  of  St  Domingo 
469.  Some  particulars  of  his  life  517. 
Lift  of  his  family  607. 
Burghs  Royal  of  Scotland,  their  ad- 
drefs  to  the  King  700.  Lift  of  Magis- 
trates  in  them  855 

Bowel  complaints,  cure  recommended 
for  85() 

Brown,  Principal  of  Aberdeen,  notice 
of  a  volume  of  fetmons  to  be  printed 
by  846 

Bruce  Robert,  miniftcr  of  Edinburgh, 
biographic  account  of  8<>3.  941 

Bruce's  travels  in  Abyffinia,  a  profpec- 
tus  of  a  new  edition  of  8 1 8 

Buccleugh  Duke  of,  much  refpeded 
by  his  tenants  815 

Buchan,  verfes  by  the  Earl  of,  to  the 
Duchefs  of  Gordon  215 

Bull-baiting,  the  bill  for  preventing 
this  pradice  poftponed  for  three 
months  512 

'Burns  Robert,  general  remarks  on  his 
life  and  charader  131.  300.  His 
mind  vigorous  but  unlteady  13a.  His 
Ipcech  on  his  entry  to  the  farm  of 
Ellifland  133.  His  letters  to  Clarinda 
250.    His  religious  tenets  ^51 

BumtiQand,  account  of  ihc  herring 
f^fhery  at  523 

Uurnet,  his  theory  of  the  earth  not 


founded  upon  principles  afcertained 

by  fa6ts  13 
Cabanis,  his  obfervations  on  the  tem- 
peraments of  the  ancients  325 
Cabinet  Speculations  Cio 
Cairo  iuriender  of  to  the  Britifh  85 
Caffraria  Natural  Hiltory  of  750.  S31 
Cambridge  Univerlity,  prize  queftion 

propofed  by  160 
Cambridge  Duke  of,  his  eftabliflimcn!: 
429 

Campbcirs  tour  in  the  Highlands,  in 

the  prefs  71 
Canoe,  account  of  one  found  in  the 

fouth-bank  of  the  Forth  227 
Carnatic,  account  of  a  rebellion  in  the 

88.    The  Company's   troops  fuftcr 

much  89 

Carnatic  Nabob  of,  account  of  his 
death  850 

Carrier  Dove,  veifes  to  the  227 

Carron  Foundery  account  of,  from  St 
Fond's  travels  905 

Calhation  experiment  of,  upon  a  youn^ 
lion  at  Paris  6^ 

Cazy,  an  eaftern  judge,  his  ingenious 
way  of  finding  out  the  merits  of  a 
caufe  before  him  331 

Chamouni,  manners  and  occupations 
of  the  inhabitants  of  475.  Their 
mode  of  hunting  the  Chamois  goat  477 

Chaos  the  exiftence  of,  cannot  be  prov- 
ed 13 

Charles  II.  King,  original  letter  of  n 
Chinefe  didlionary,  the  materials  left 

by  Fourmont  fcr  compiling  one,  are 

arranging  254 
Chriftian  knowledge,  chief  obje61s  to 

which  the  fociety  for  propaeatine  it 

attend  525  ^   ^  B  ^ 

Chriltifon  Mr,  Analyfis  of  a  pamphltl 
publilhed  by  him  156 

Civil  Lilt  debts,  difcharged  by  Par- 
liament 356 

Circuit  Courts,  times  and  places  of 
their  meeting  442.  7S2.  857.  Trials 
at  them  ib. 

Clergy,  bill  for  amending  the  ads  of 
Henry  VHl  Klative  to  non-reiidcnce 
361 

Clerk  Sir  John,  of  Pennycuick,  bio- 
graphical Iketch  of  the  life  of  451 

Cuchin  China,  narrative  of  a  voyao-e 
to  755-  S34 

Comir,ercial  monthly  report  776 

Complaynt  of  Scotland,  oblervations 
upon  51.  556.  Stridures  by  the  Cri- 
tical Reviewers  animadverted  upon 

Con- 


1022 


Index. 


App, 


Conftantlnoplc,  a  printing  eftabliOi- 

inent  at  a 54 
Cuiiflitution  Human,  refearches  into 

It,  of  great  utility  to  the  f  hiloibphi- 

cal  world  3^5 
ControvcriV,  etTc6is  of  the  love  of  it 

upon  the  undcrftanding  and  heart  454 
Conviviality,  oblcrvations  upon  4^1. 

Its  bad  clfcdls  when  carried  to  excels 

482 

Cosmogony,  ancient  (ketches  of  125. 
307.  Founded  upon  theories  not  af- 
certained  by  fads  125.  The  opinions 
concerning  the  origin  and  ftru6lure 
of  the  earth  have,  in  various  nations, 
conflituted  the  bafe  of  political  econo- 
Uiy  and  moral  regulations  126.  The 
Hebrew  iyrtcm  unqueftionably  the 
molt  anclLUt^iip.  More  itridly  phi- 
U>rophical  than  any  extant  208. 

Cofraography  Queltion  in  481.  Anfwer 
73S  . 

Courtier  Mr,  original  letter  of  228 

Courts  Martial  91.  370 

Cowpox,  ])radical  oblervations  on  the 
inoculation  of  the  495.  Number  of 
children  inoculated  at  Glafgow  523 

Ctops,  Hate  of  in  England  702 

Cru lades  account  of  ihe,  from  Arabian 
MSS.  137 

Corrclpondence  betwixt  Sir  F.  Burdett 
and  Dr  J^arr  990 

Deaths  LiliS  of,  181.  275. 372.446.  5^7. 
616.  708.  783.  859.  938.  1013 

Dio  Capius,  little  credit  to  be  given  to 
his  account  of  the  cuiloms  and  man- 
ners of  the  Caledonians  in  Offian*s 
time  234 

Dictionary,  a  ?iew  latin  one  intended 
by  Dr  Adam  138  ^ 

Diiputing  Societies,  advantages  to  be 
derived  tiom  them  391.  They  prove 
a  ftimulus  to  the  iiitcil-cdual  powers 
392.  Promote  a  ipirit  of  emulation, 
and  improve  compofition  and  tafie 
394.  The  difadvantages  refultmg 
tiom  them  716.  Sv:>5 

Dreamer,  No  i — 5.  Dreaming  a  fpe- 
cies  of  iecond  fight  6,  Its  advanta- 
ges ib. 

Dramatic  Charadlers,  obfervations  up- 
on 7.  Delineation  of  chara6ter,  in 
works  of  fancy,  is  oftener  an  effort  of 
memory  than  judgment,  and  why,  ib. 
How  charadlers  Ihould  be  drawn,  in 
»  order  to  pleafc  8.  Why  fo  few  comic 
produ6tions  have  lately  appeared  in 
Scotland  9 

Denon's  travels  in  Egypt  5^81 


Dreaming,  extra6l  concerning  it,  from 
Bcddoe's  eifay  on  health,  914. 

Dodfley's  Economy  of  Human  Lif?, 
an  elegant  edition  of  it  in  the  Kello 
prefs,  422. 

Dominica,  account  of  a  mutiny  in  the 
8th  Well  India  regiment  of  Blacks 
in  it,  519. 

Druramond  George,  Efq;  biographical 
Iketch  of  the  late,  37 His  con- 
d\xt\  at  the  rebellion,  377,  381 — fug- 
gcits  the  idea  of  a  public  holpital, 
379 — eledled  Frovoft  of  Edinburgh, 
466. — lays  the  ftrlt  Hone  of  the  Ex- 
change, and  of  the  North  Biidgc, 
468. — his  death  and  funeral,  ibid. 

Drummond  G.  H.,  Verfes  focial  and 
domeltic'by,  have  jult  iflued  from 
the  Mundel  prefs,  422. 

Drummond  of  Hawihordcan,  notice 
of  a  new  edition  of  his  works, 

Dundas,  Mr,  fubfcription  for  a  ftatuc 
of,  612. 

Earth,  theories  concerning  the  origin 
of  the,  129.  The  Molaic  one  the 
molt  ancient,  ibid. 

Edinburgh,  rejoicings  at  on  the  news 
of  the  definitive  treaty  of  peace  be- 
ing figned,  371.  Kaces,  704.  Lift 
of  Magiltrates  and  Town  Council  of, 
854. 

Edinburgh  Volunteers,  Royal  regi- 
ment of,  difembodied,  439. 

FLducation,  on  the  evils  of  a  neglc£led, 
64.3« 

Egypt,  hiftorical  defcription  of  the  ca- 
nal of,  publiflied  from  MSS.,  67, 

Egypt,  the  French  expelled  from,  77. 
celebrated  as  the  cradle  of  genius,  79, 
Curious  itone  brought  from  it,  417. 

Egypt,  extrad  of  a  letter  from  an  offi- 
cer in,  to  his  friend  at  Aberdeen,  ^i. 

Eloquence  female,  inftances  of,  303. 

Emigrations  from  the  North  of  Scot- 
land, account  of,  705. 

Engravings,  on  the  choice  of  fubje(fis 
for,  825. 

Epitaph,  laid  to  be  found  in  the  Grey 

Friav*s  Church  Yard,  13^. 
Epifcopal  Church  of  Scotland,  flietch 

of  the  hiiiory  of  the,  575.  Caufes 

of  the  reformation,  ibid. 
Errata,  276,  403. 

Effays  and  communications,  premiums 
offered  for,  by  the  Highland  Society, 
177. 

Eftablinied  religion,  on  the  neceffity  o 
2n»  3S5.  The  abufes  thereof  no  fuf- 
ficiciu  argument  againff  it,  3S6. 

Eurc^e^ 


[802. 


Index. 


1023 


Europe,  pTefent  ftate  of,  ^99. 
Ewe,  au   amazing  breeding   one,  at 
Oaken,  439. 

Excitability,  the  do6lrine  of  it  Erft 
promulgated  by  Brown,  255.  Found- 
ed in  nature,  but  liable  to  infinite  a- 
bufe,  ibid. 

Experience,  its  tell  decifive  with  re- 
gard to  human  conduct,  315. 

Fancy,  deicription  of,  407. 

Fairs'  in  England,  prices  of  different 
articles  at  the,  776. 

Fairs  in  Scotland,  prices  of  articles  at, 
780. 

Fawconberg,  Earl  of,  account  of  his 
fudden  death,  36S. 

Fenelon,  Archbifhop  of  Cambray,  Life 
of,  549,  740.  Nominated  preceptor 
to  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  551.  His 
plan  of  education,  ibid.  Anecdote 
of  him,  553.  Oftenfible  caufe  of  his 
difgrace,  554.    Real  one,  555- 

Fergufon,  Robert,  imitation  of  his 
poems,  by  Burns,  noticed,  302. 

Finance,  refolutions  of  the  Houfe  of 
Commons  relative  thereto,  59S. 

Filhcr's  travels  in  Spain  987 

Fifheries  in  Scotland,  good  accounts  of 
the  705,  78®^ 

Foibes,  Rig«  Hon.  Duncan,  biogra- 
phical memoir  of  the  late,  531,  653. 
Anecdote  of  him,  condu6ling  his  mo- 
ther's  funeral,  535.  His  conduct  at 
the  rebellion,  538. 

Forfyth,  Mr,  bus  difcovered  a  cheap 
and  eafy  procefs  for  converting  pota- 
toes and  other  roots  into  flour  and 
meal,  370. 

Foreign  Literary  Notices  99 1 

F'ox,  Mr,  prefented  to  Bonaparte,  770. 

France,  intt;lligence  from,  anent  public 
fchools  to  be  eftabliflied  at  Govern- 
ment expence,  435.  Anent  the  rail- 
ing' a  legion  of  Honour,  516.  Notifi- 
cation by  the  Government  to  the 
Court  of  Vienna  that  Bonaparte  was 
to  be  eledlcd  Coniul  for  life,  606. 

French  language,  plan  of  a  dictionary 
•  of  the, 67, 

French  wine,  proceedings  of  the  Com- 

-mittee  for  confidering  the  ads  rela- 
tive to  the  import :ition  of,  42 S. 

French  romance^  charatter  of  the,  in 
age  of  Lewis  XIV.  from  La  Harpe*s 
Lyccc,  52.    Stii6tures  thereon,  54. 

Gaelic  Poetry,  queriej  r^sfpedling  it, 
with  a  view  to  eiiabliih  the  authenti- 
city of  Ofliarj,  400    Anfwers  to  them, 


Gallard,  M.  tranHation  of  the  Aia^ian 
tales,  anecdote  of,  57. 

Game,  the  greateft  part  of  the,  deflroy^ 
cd  in  Scotland,  612. 

Gardners,  fociety  of  in  Edinbhrgh,  ac- 
count of  their  anniverfary,  777. 

General  orders.  Army,  610. 

Genius  the  fun  of,  confined  to  no  ec- 
cliptic,  543. 

Geddes,  Dr,  his  death  a  great  lofs  to 
biblical  literature,  340. 

General  Aflembly.  Lord  Napier  Com- 
miiTioner,  and  ProfelTor  Finlayfon  Mo. 
derator,  440.  Addrefs  to  his  Majefty 
on  the  leftoraiion  of  peace,  ibid. 
Adopt  the  overture  anent  promotinjr 
theological  learning,  441.  Proceed- 
ings on  the  overtures  refpeding  the 
improvement  of  glebes,  ibid.  Mr 
Alexander  Stronach  repbned  Minifter 
of  Lochbroom,  ibid.  Proceedings  oa 
the  bufinefs  of  the  parifh  of  Duni- 
pace,  ibid.  Order  the  Prefbytery  of 
Tain  to  take  Mr  M^Kenzie  upon 
trial,  442.  Their  declaration  relative 
to  the  fituation  of  parochial  fchooU 
matters,  526. 

Geological  theories,  a  view  of,  13. 
Thofe  of  Dr  Woodward,  Burnet,  and 
Whifton  only  fanciful,  and  not  found- 
ed upon  principles  afcert?.ined  by 
fadls,  ibid,  BufFon's  extremely  in^e* 
nious,  and  in  many  points  juit,  but 
abfurd  as  to  the  foundation  of  the 
earth,  14.  That  of  the  Neptunilts 
highly  improbable,  15.  Dr  Hutton'5 
conltru6ted  upon  true  principles  of 
philofophical  invcftigation,  but  fome 
of  his  conclufions  not  warranted  by 
the  fadls,  16. 
Georgian  and  Circaffian  wom.en,  cha- 
rader  of,  74^. 

German  indemnities,  outlines  of,  (^97. 

Gibbs  George,  a  pauper,  account  of 
his  age  and  death,  939. 

Glafgow  and  Edinburgh  mail  robbed, 
780.    The  robber's  diiccvered,  7S1. 

Glofiary  of  the  ancient  EngUlli  lan- 
guage, propofals  for  publiihing  oiie 
by  fubfcription,  254. 

Gofs-Hawke,  employed  in  the  north- 
ern nations  as  the  Carrier  irr  rhe  eaft- 
ern  ones,  226. 

Gordon,  (Duke)  account  of  the  late, 
iS. 

Government,  the  ends  of,  3?  5.    But  a- 
weak  barrier  againft  the  inroads  cf 
vice,  without  the  impreiTion  of  a  di- 
vine 


1024 


Index. 


App. 


vine  Being  armed  with  retributive 
rewards,  3l(). 

Gowiie*s  confpiracy,  account  of,  from 
CampbelTs  tour  in  Scotland,  669. 

Grain,  prices  of  at  Haddington,  92, 
184,  2^6,  372,  448,  528,  616,  708,  734, 
860,  940.  1014 

Grainger's  poems,  notice  of  ;i  new  edi- 
tion of,  71. 

Gray,  on  his  poetical  chara6ler,  4S4. 
The  greateft  part  of  his  language  de- 
rived from  Spencer,  &c.  ibid. 

Greek  language,  proi)Glai  of  introduc- 
ing  it  into  fome  of  the  public  femina- 
lics,  inftead  of  L^tin,  157.  Lexicon 
of,  to  be  publidied  at  Vienna,  252. 

Greece,  notice  of  an  intended  hiUory 

of,  252. 

Grenville,  Lord,  motion  by  him  for 
taking  the  definitive  treaty  iato  con- 
lideration,  42(J. 

Haller,  Baron,  ilri61ures  on  the  life  and 
writings  of,  46,  115,  203,  3i8»  39^* 
Author  of  dodtrine  of  excitability,  47, 
A  ftrenuous  advocate  for  religion, 
395.  His  library  purchafed  by  the 
Emperor  Jofeph,  400. 

Hamilton  Patrick,  the  firft  that  fuffer- 
cd  for  religion  in  Scotland,  576. 

Hamilton,  his  chara6ter  as  a  writer,  57. 

Hamilton,  Sir  Edward,  account  of  his 
trial  and  fentence,  91. 

Hardy,  Rev.  Dr  Thomas,  fketch  of  the 
chara6ler  of  the  late,  494. 

Hawkefbury  Lord,  a  fuperb  fervice  of 
china  ordered  for  him  by  Conful  .Bo- 
naparte, 849. 

Hepburn,  James,  of  Keith,  anecdote 
of,  408. 

Herdman,  Dr.  a  work,  entitled  DilTcr- 
tations  on  White  Swellings  of  the 
Joints,  &:c.  publiilied  by  him,  422. 

Herriot,  Ge®rge,  fketch  of  the  life  of, 
95.    Extra6l  from  his  will,  97. 

Hieroglyphics,  Egyptian,  have  attrac- 
ted the  notice  of  literary  men,  64. 
DifTertations  on  that  rubje6l  expeded 
foon,  ibid.  A  defire  expreflcd  that 
they  Ihould  be  compared  with  the 
TVIexican  Hieroglyphics,  ibid. 

Hieroglyphics,  Mexican,  where  to  be 
found,  64. 

High  German  language,  di£lionary  of 
the,  publifhed  at  Leipfic  hft  fummer, 
252. 

Highland  clans,  inflance  of  the  fpirit 
of  the,  4T0. 

Highland  poetry,  on  the  phrafeology 
of  the,  459.  Beft  fitted  to  rival  the 
melody  ot  the  ancient  deck,  4^3, 


Highland  Society  of  Scotland,  pro- 
ceedings at  their  general  meeting,  703. 

Highlands  of  Scotland,  account  of  a 
journey  through  them,  813. 

Highland  Society,  London,  account  of 
their  third  mgnthlymceting,  3^9.^ 

Hindoo  mode  of  waihiag  clothes,  (^3-3. 

Hiftorical  compofition,  on  the  princi- 
ples of,  724. 

Hiltory,  on  theufes  of  96^ 

Bas  Majt  ily's  Speech  ar  meeting  of  new 
Parliament  999.  Debate  on  the  ad- 
drefs  1000.  Motion  relative  to  the 
Nabob  of  ArcoV  lovjo 

Debate  on  the  addrefs  in  Commons 
icoi.  Committee  of  Supply  1004. 
Report  of  1006. 

Holland,  intelligence  from,  of  the  defi- 
nitive treaty  being  figned  by  the  Lc- 
giQitive  body,  435.  The  indemnity 
to  be  given  to  the  Stadtholder,  6of. 
The  fire  at  Surinam,  ibid.  The  re- 
moval of  the  reRridlions  upon  Britilh 
commerce,  ibid. 

Hodgfon,  Captain  John,  memoirs  of, 
publilhcd  by  Mr  Conft^b|le  at  Edm- 
burgh,  422. 
Homerand  Hcfiod, on  the  dialed  of,4o8. 
Horneman's  travels  in    Africa,  585. 

683.  His  danger  at  Schiacha,  587. 
Hottentots,    reafons    of    their  being 

charged  with  atheifm,  34.  Tholber's 

account  of  them,  35.    'E:j^trcmely  re- 

ferved  upon  fubjeclp  that'Velare  to 

religion,  37,    Believe  iu'feyil  fpirits 

and  witchcraft,  and  pay  aitehtibti  t(3 

the  moon,  36.    The  opinion  of  their 

being  atheiits  confuted,  39. 
H  uman  lite,  a  dream  of  a  mixed  nature, 

^44. 

Human  nature,  effay  on  the  ftudy  of, 

Hume,  David  Efq;  original  letters  of, 
to  Dr  Clephane,  794,  902.  968. 

Hunter,  the  Rev.  Dr.  his  death,  and 
charadler,  939 

Hufbandry,  improvements  in,  215. 

Jamiefon,  Rev.  Dr.  notice  of  his  dc- 
fign  to  publifli  a  didlionary  of  the 
ScotiQi  language,  158. 

Journey  through  the  Higlands  956 

Imagination,  effay  on  an  indiilgence  in 
the  flights  of,  721. 

Iinprcliions  of  the  mind,  the  force  of, 
regulated  by  phyfical  fenfibility,  327. 

Indians,  Northern,  account  of,  105. 
Believe  in  the  exiftence  of  fairies,  106. 
Suppofed  toworfhip  the  heavenly  bo- 
dies, ib.  their  opinion  about  the  au- 
rora borcalis,  ib.  Mr.Hcarne's  account 


Index. 


X025 


of  their  religious  notions,  107.  Reafons 

to  thiak  it  ill  founded,  108.  Curious 

tradition  among  them  as  to  the  origin 

of  the  human  race,  ib. 
Inteiiigeiice,  fjrt  igii,  84-  171.267.  361. 

435"  5^6.  606.  695-  769.849.927.  1008 
Intelligence,  Englifh,  90.  173.  269.36.V 

437"  520-  609.  700.  772.  851.  931.  ioc^9 
Intelligence,   Scotifli,  174.  271.  370. 

438.  523.  612.  703.  777.  8.^4-  934-  loip 
Italy,  acLOunt  of  au  earthqaake  in, 

Julticiary,  High  Court  of,  their  deci- 
lions,  92.  706 

Ifjlhtute,  national,  of  France,  proceed- 
ings thereat,  919 

Invcrnefs,  advantages  of  a  canal  from 
it  to  Fort  William,  856 

Kelly,  Earl  of,  a  Ihort  account  of  his 
life  and  opinions,  787 

Kcnyon,  Lord,  account  of  his  death, 
370 

Kilmarnock,  a  calamitous  event  there, 
180 

King,  his  melTage  to  Parliament,  168. 
another,  429,  proclamation  by,  437. 
his  fpeecb  at  the  diflblution  of  Pariia- 
ment,  605 

Knox,  John,  chara^fler  of,  577 

Laing,  Mr,  ftridures  on  his  diflerta- 
tions  on  the  peems  of  Ofian,  541-647. 
733-  797- 873.  966  _ 

Language,  on  contradidlion  in,  823 

Laplanders,  particular  cui'^oms  among 
them,  490.  their  courtlbip  and  mar- 
riage, 491.  their  fports  and  amufc- 
ments,  492.  difeafes  and  remedies,  493 

I^tin  poetry,  caufe  of  its  decline  in 
Scotland,  20 

Lavater,  a  monument  to  be  erc^fled  to 
his  meinory  at  Zurich,  851 

Lauderdale,  Earl  of,  original  letters 
from  the,  to  Mr  Robert  Bailey,  12 

Law  cafe,  an  important  one  decided 
by  the  Court  of  ijefiion,  174 

Lefly,  George,  of  Monymulk,  biogra- 
phical ficetch  of  1 88.  enters  himfclf  a- 
mong  the  Capuchins  and  takes  the 
name  of  Archangel,  192.  acis  as  inter- 
preter to  the  Spaiiifh  ambalTador  in 
England,  ib.  preaches  in  Scotland, 
J93.  is  accufed  of  fedition,  and  toreed 
to  leave  the  king  lorn,  ib.  account  Of 

*  his  return  and  deatli,  194 

Leech,  the  poet,  notice  concerning 
him,  745 

Literary,  national,  the  fix'th  volume  of 
the  extrads  of  MSS.  in  it,  publiihed 
at  Paris,  67.  incrcafed  by  the  fpoils  of 
Rome,  &c.  418. 
Vol.  lit. 


Lindfay,  Sir  David,  on  the  dramatic 

works  of,  236 
Life-boats,  L.  2000  voted  by  the  fub- 

fcribers  to  Lloyd's  coffte-houfc  for  en- 
couraging them,  774 
Lindfay,  George,  his  trial  before  the 

High  Court  of  Jufticiary,  273.  thq  fch  • 

tence,  274 
Literature,  facred  and  biblical,  declin  - 

of,  on  the  continent,  253 
Literary  notices  and  extracts,  52-  13 7» 

237-  3^5-  409-  490-  575-  ^69-  746.  831. 

905-979 

Literary  notices  foreign,  63.339.417. 
.503-  589'  762.  843.  917.991 

Literary  notices  ScOtilh,  156.  252.  343, 
5^5-  59o-.        763.  845.  919.  994 

Literary  coincidence  between  the  Per- 
il c  and  Fltmilh  473 

Liverpool,  dreadful  lire  at,  8j2. 

Love  the  life  and  foul  of  po.^rry,  231; 

Lycanthropy,  efiay  upon,  653 

Letter  from  David  Hume  to  Dr  CIc- 
phane  978 

Macdougal,  Peter,  a  gold  fnuff-bo>: 
prcfented  to  him  by  the  ftudents  of 
anatomy  in  the  univerfity  of  Glafgovvj, 
439 

Mackay,  Dr,  of  Aberdeen,  receives  tite 
thanks  of  the  French  board  of  longi- 
tude, 691 

Man,  his  characf^er,  with  refped  to  in- 
tellectual or  mora!  attainments,  never 
National y,  220 

Mankind^,  initancesare  rare  where  their 
opinions  are  the  pure  rtfiilts  cf  their 
natural  powers  in  a  rude  Hate,  127 

Mannerv«,  ancicrnt,  obilacles  that  oc- 
cur in  the  hirtory  of,  229 

Marriages,  lift  of,  180.  274.  37:.  445. 
527.  6i8.  706.  783.  858.937 

Maningc:,  the  dictates  of  nature,  and 
indifperdably  neceff^ry  in  a  focial  Itatv, 
JIG.  adultery  ftrikes  at  the  root  oft  hi* 
iiiftitution,  ib. 

Mary,  Q:ieen,  a  diiT^rtation  on  her 
reign  is  ni  the  prefs,  70 

Malbnry,  hiitory  of  announced,  71. 

Math^matical  queftion,  196.  AnUver 
to,  486. 

Meal,  prices  of,  at  Ed:nburgh,  92.  184. 
276.  372  44^'  5-8.  616.  7o8.  704.  S6^- 
9^0. 

Mi'dical  graduation,  letter  to  the  edi- 
tors upo^i.  103.  The  terms  on  whicli 
degrees  are  granted  in  the  Univeru- 
tiers  of  Ed'nbur^^h  and  Glafgow,  ibid. 
On  which  they  are  granted  in  the 
other  Scotifli  Univerfttits,  ibid.  The 


Index* 


App. 


tlanger  of  granting  them  to  unqualified 
ptrfons,  104 

ntal  regulation,  in  what  it  confifts, 

Militia,  leave  given  to  bring  in  a  bill 
for  amending  the  laws  relative  to 
the,  4^8.    Debates  on  the  bill,  509. 

Militia  ad,  Scotifh,  account  of,  6iz. 
'  Militia  Scotifli,  liM  of  the  numbers  to 
be  furniihed  by  the  dilfcrtnt  counties, 

Mind,  female,  readily  affedled  by  the 
tendency  of  novels  and  romances,  471. 

Monk  the,  a  novel,  a  fhort  account  of, 
547- 

Monthly  Regifier,  83.  171.  267.  361. 
435-  516.  606. 695,  769.  849-  927- 

Morality,  public,  when  it  may  be  faid 
to  decline,  221. 

Moral  obligation,  eflay  on  the  founda- 
tion of,  885. 

Mufladis's  Kgyptian  hiftory,  a  new  e- 
dition  of,  announced,  71. 

Melaftafio,  Remarks  on  the  life  and 
poetry  of  973 

Napier,  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Francis, 
appointed  High  Commifliontr  to  the 
General  AfiVmbly  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland,  437. 

Napier,  Lord,  biographical  memoir  of, 

Nellon,  Lord,  pains  a  complete  vi(5ioiy 
over  the  Danilb  fleet,  in  the  roads  of 
Copenhagen,  76.  His  declaration  to 
the  Prince  Royal  of  Denmark,  77. 
Settles  a  treaty  with  the  Northern 
Powers,  ibid. 
Novels  and  Romances,  cbervations  on, 
470>  545-  Their  effedls  upon  the  fe- 
male ndnd,  47 1«  Exiracft  from  Mr 
Ireland's  Rinaldo,  473.  Short  account 
of  thofe  written  by  Horace  \Valpole, 
and  Mrs  Rndcliffe,  474.  J^tice  taken 
-  of  fome  dangerous  works  6fthis  kind, 
546. 

Old  Teftament,  on  a  poetical  tranfla- 
tion  of  the  fongs,  elegies,  and  paito- 
rals  therein,  811. 

Oonalaflika,  account  of  the  inhabitants 
of,  413.  The  boats  and  daits  lifed  by 
them  defcribed,  416. 

Orange,  Prince  of,  the  reafons  of  his 
vifit  to  the  Firft  Confn],  at  Faris^  26S. 

Organization,  phyfical,  inveftigated  by 
a  French  philofopher,  3:^6.  . 

Cfiian's  poems,  examination  of  the  ar- 
guments againlltheirauthenticiiy.  229, 
290.  Strictures  on  Mr  Laing's  ilifpu- 
rations  on  thein,  541,  647.  733,  707, 


Oflian,  the  laft  fong  of,  by  Chtfuier,  59. 

Otam^iquas,  fragment  of  the  annals  of 
the,  217.  A  Itrange  biid  landb  in  their 
country,  21B.  Speech  of  an  ancient 
prielt  on  that  oe<:afion,  ibid.  The 
bird  delivered  to  the  care  of  the  wo- 
men, 2  20. 

Onfley,  Sir  William,  his  map  of  Perfia 
finifhed,  160. 

Parifians,  their  character  delineated,  87. 

Parliament,  Imperial,  proceedings  in 
the,  i64»  259,  351,  426,508,395,  924. 

Parliament,  Imperial,  proclamation  for 
convening  it,  851. 

Palfions,  (the  human)  efTentially  the 
fame  in  every  age,  but  extremely  dif- 
ferent at  different  periods,  7.  If  not 
curbed  in  early  life,  the  grcateft  geni- 
us will  becoine  their  vi»5tim,  132. 

Peace,  definitive  treaty  of  the,  figncd 
at  Amiens,  27th  March,  267.  Debates 
in  the  Fioule  of  Commons  upon  it, 
432.  Ratification  thereof  arrives  at 
London,  437.  Proclaimed  there,  ibid. 
At  Edinburgh,  438. 

Peace,  definitive  treaty  of  the,  betwixt 
G.  Britain  and  the  French  Republic, 
364. 

Pedagogue,  the.  No  i,  134-    No  2,  287. 

The  author's  account  of  his  life,  288. 
Peers  of  Scotland,  cledion  of  them  at 

HolyroodJioufe,  777. 
Performers,  Theatiical,  at  Edinburgh^ 

amount  of  their  benefits,  372- 
philofopher,  on  the  mifapplication  of 

the  word,  72S. 
Pliyficians,   their  profeflional  badges, 
'  298.    Letter  from  a  country  pradli- 

tioner,  to  one  of  his  patients,  225* 
Phyfiology,  an  important  branch  of 

medical  knowledge,  318" 
Philological  fociety  of  Leipfic,  abflrad): 

of  the  hiltory  and  tranfaCtion?  of  the, 

237.     Profpedluo  of  their  periodical 

mifcellany,  ibid-    Specimens  of  the 

labours  of  the  fociety,  240- 
Pickle,  (his  Mjjcfty's  armed  Tender) 

account  of  an  action  between  her  and 

a  Spanifli  Schooner,  83. 
Pids  Weilh,  &c.  original  chronicles 

of  them  in  the  prefs,  70. 
Pitt,  the  Right  Hon.  William,  alleged 

caiife  of  his  rcfignation,  and  that  of 

fome  of  his  friends,  76.  Subfcription 

opened  at  Edinburgh,  for  creeling  a 

iVatue  to  him,    439.     His  eftate  of 

Hoiiewood  ibid  by  public  roup,  933. 
Pleafures  of  hope,  an  elegant  edition  of 

that  poem  propofed,  71- 
!Poetry,  the  firft  diftinguifliicg  trait  of 


lS02. 


Index. 


1027 


civilization  among  a  rude  people,  230. 
clofcly  connc<5led  with  lidtion,  ibid. 
Its  paintings  founded  on  nature,  ibid. 
Political  paper?  and  literary  journals, 
^French)  lilt  of  thofc  read  at  Pari:?, 

Political  fketch  of  the  year  1801,  75. 
Mr  Pitt  refigns,  and  is  fucccdcd  by 
Mr  Addington,  76.  Lord  Nclfon  gains 
a  complete  vidory  over  the  Danilh 
fleet  in  the  roads  of  Copenhagen,  ibid. 
General  Abercromby  lands  in  Egypt, 
77.  Falls  on  the  aift  March,  ibid. 
His  fucceffor,  General  Hutchinfon  ex- 
pells  the  French  from  Egypt,  ibid. 
The  advantages  of  this  expedition,  78. 
Negociation  opened  with  France,  and 
the  preliminary  treaty  of  peace  rati- 
fied, ibid.  Conje(5\ures  as  to  the  pro- 
bable effects  thereof,  79. 

Polifhed  life,  the  profligacy  which  pre- 
vails in  almoft  every  department  of 
what  is  fo  called,  309. 

Population  of  Great  Britain,  official 
ftate  of  the,  70^. 

Porteous  mob  in  1736,  account  of,  657. 

Polytheifm,  (ketch  of  the  origin  of,  895. 

Portugal,  intelligence  from,  relative  to 
the  confinement  of  Captain  Mudge, 
435- 

Polt-Oflice,  anent  the  revenue  of  the, 
5*4- 

Prefbytcry  eftabliflied  by  the  Scotilli 

Parliament  in  159a,  872. 
Preferments,  269.  368.  437-  5^^-  609. 

;oo.  77Z*  852.  931. 
Publicationsperiodicaljhowthey  (hould 

be  condudled,  385. 

Public  places,  on  the  attendance  at, 

from  Morris's  Mentor,  911. 
Qiieen's  birth-day,  celebration  of,  90. 
Q^egrich,  a  rclidl:  of  the  Scotilli  Saint 

St  Fillan,  avlt  of  the  Lords  of  Council 

and  Seffion  ant-nt  it,  216. 
Query  biographical,  565.    Anfwer  to 

668. 

,Race  week,  tlie  hurry  and  buftle  at- 
tendant upon  it  noticed,  306. 

Racine,  his  charade r  as  a  romance 
writer,  54. 

Kadcliffe  Mrs,  account  of  the  Novel 
written  by  her,  called,  "  The  Myfte- 
ries  of  Udolpho,'*  474* 

Recheekenius,  the  MS.  work  of,  on  the 
Scholia  of  Plato,  to  be  publilhed  by 
Van  Ileufde,  63. 

Reformation  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land, vindication  thereof,  and  fome 
account  of  the  Church  records,  633. 
Caufes  of  it,  635.    Works  of  the  Ge- 


neral Aflembly  at  their  firfl  meetingr, 
637- 

Religion,  a  national  eftablifhment  there- 
of unnccefl'ary,  730.  Hoftile  to  the 
iiTiprewcinerit  of  individuals,  731.  Un- 
friendly to  literal  difcuflion,  73Z.  An- 
fvvered  by  Lclias,  881. 

Rinaldo,  account  of  a  novel  fo  calle(-, 
473- 

Robberies  in  Edinburgh,   and  other 

parts  of  Scotland,  781. 
Robberies,  ftridurt-s  on  the  caufes  of 

fo  many  lately,  828 
Romans,  on  the  ancient  language  of  the 

the,  109. 

RolVs  Fortunate  Shepherdefs,  view  of 
a  new  edition  of,  6z.  Some  account 
of  the  poem,  and  the  way  in  which  it 
is  propofed  to  be  publiflied,  63. 

Rowley,  remarks  on  the  controverfy 
refpeding  his  poems,  405. 

Royal  academy  of  Stockholm,  fubjed 
of  their  prize  elTiy  propofed  l  Ut  year, 
and  repeated  for  next  year,  64. 

Royal  academy  of  Berlin,  prize  quef- 
tion  for  1802,  propofed  by  the)  65. 

Runciman,  Alexander,  biograpnical 
Iketch  of,  619.  Account  of  his  vari- 
ous paintings,  6:52. 

Ruftic  happinefs,  obfervations  upon, 
ioo.  314.  How  a  poor  man  may  be- 
come happy  and  independent,  loz- 

RuHia,  the  accefiion  of  Alexander  1. 
to  the  throne  of,  fortunate  for  the  in- 
tertrts  of  literature,  338. 

Rufiia,  difTevtation  on  the  ancient  hil- 
tory  of,  143. 

Ruffia,  the  iimperor  of,  augments  hi* 
army,  a67. 

Sacrificei^,  on  the  origin  o^y^^j.  Ar- 
guments for  their  divine  origin,  558, 
Againlt  it,  562. 

Salmon  tilhlfi^,  decifion  of  the  Houfc 
of  Lords,  with  refpcd  to,  509. 

Saturn  and  Jupiter,  conjunction  o^',  613. 

Sardinia,  Queen  of,  htr  de.ith  at  Na- 
ples, 370.  The  King  religns  the  crown 
to  his  brother,  608. 

Scheldt,  the  Dutch  government  ufe  e- 
very  mean  to  get  it  relhut,  268. 

Shoolmal^ers,  the  gradual  fall  in  the 
value  of  money,  a  great  lofs  to  fuch  as 
have  fettled  falaries,  1J7. 

Schoohnalter,  letter  from  a,  to  a  clergy- 
man 924. 

Schradcr,  Dr,  is  publifliing  a  journal, 
appropriated  to  difcovcries,  in  the  fci- 
ence  of  vegetables,  410. 

Scotland,  no  comic  produdions  have 


1028- 


App. 


appeared  there  for  *fomc  time  t^aft, 

and  why,  9. 
Scotland,  the  ladies  in,  fuppofed,  by 

the  Parifans,  to  (tudy  the  German  hnt- 

guagc  with^Hvidity,  and  why,  64. 
^cotlAnd  Bank  of,  lilt  uf  the  dir colors 

of  th?,  37a, 
Scbtifl.i  fong,    lilt  of  dcfidcrata,  ro. 

communications  on  this  fubject  re- 

quefted,  ibid. 
ScoLish  parliament  in  1639,  Satire  upon 

the,  112. 

^;coti^h  church,  a  v"cw  of  its  opinion 
;cnd  fpirit,  at  the  end  of  the  ic'th  ctn- 
;ury,  8(^5. 

Scots  Gre>3  review  of,  by  the  Duke  of 

York,  70 1- 
S  ;otiih  border,  Scoi  ^'aiiiiftrelfy  of  the, 

68. 

Scotifti  rtbeUion  in  i745,hiftory  of  the, 
in  the  prtfs,  70. 

Sentiment,  rttinenicnt  of,  docs  not  al- 
ways belong  to  polifned  liatcs  of  fo- 
ci^rv,  232. 

Seven  Sages,  account  of  the  romance 

of  the,  43- 
Shakel'pearc's  Hamlet  on,  403.  The^ 

author  yitlda  to  vulgar  prejudice  in 

one  inftance,  404. 
Sibbald,  Sir  Robert,  his  hiftory  of  Fife, 

improved  and  amended,  to  be  rt  pub- 

lifhed,  344- 
Sierra  Leone,  remarks  concerning  the 

countries  in  the  neigt^bourhood  of, 

2148.    Their  manner: ,  manutadlures, 

and  religion  delciibed,  ib. 
Siller  gun,  a  burlefquc  poem  by  Mr 

Maine,  324* 
Slingfby,  Sir  Henry,  memoirs  of,  pub- 

Jiftiing  by  Mr  Conliable  at  Edinburgh, 

Small  Pox,  account  of  the  origin  of  the, 
64.  The  animal  that  introduced  r he 
diftemper,  leems  to  furuifh  the  belt 
prefervative  againfx  it,  ib. 

Society  in  Scotland  for  propagating 
Chriflian  knowledge,  a  fliort  account 
of,  from  Dr  Kemp's  fermon,  673-  In- 
liances  of  its  exteniive  nfefuinef^,  936. 

SoUtiide,  pidure  of,  38a.  not  to  be 
compared  with  the  iocial  ftate,  and 
why,  389. 

Solomon  Geflhcr,  the  corrcipondencc 
between  him  and  his  fon,  64. 

Spain,  account  of  the  burfting  of  the 
great  refer  voir  there,  518. 

Squirrels,  remarks  on  the  injury  done 
ly  them  to  trees,  796.    Not  known 


in  the  Lothiang  till  within  thefe  thirty 
years,  ib.  Introduced  there  by  the 
Dutchcfs  of  Bucclengh,  ib.  Inliancc 
of  3  young  ones  nurfed  by  a  cat,  524. 

Stcvcnfon,  John,  profeifor  of  Logic  in 
Edinburgh,  his  method  of  inftrufting 
his  pupils,  highly  praifed  by  Principal 
kobertfon,  22. 

Stewart,  Profeflbr,  remarks  on  a  paf- 
fage  of  his  life,  of  Dr  Robertlbn,  icf. 
pe<fting  David  Hume,  Efq.,  897. 

Stewart,  Charles,  his  entry  into  Edin- 
burgh, in  the  year  174/:.  409. 

Si  Helena,  account  of  the  futftrings  of 
f( vme  defe rtci  from  the  garrifon  at, 
245. 

SuperfHtion,  its  efFe<5tfl  on  the  human 
inind,  187.  Kept  its  ground  longer 
in  the  South  of  Scotland,  than  in  other 
parts  of  the  country,  8i6. 

Supplies,  amount  of  thofe  granted  for 
public  feivice  in  1802,  359. 

Suflcx,  Duke  of,  eitablilhment  of  the, 
429. 

Sutton,  Mr  Manners  motion  by  him, 
for  invtftigating  the  claims  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  to  the  revenue  of 
the  Dutchy  of  Cornwall,  357.  Inter- 
clling  dehate  thereon,  ib. 

SuvarrofF,  hiftory  of  his  defeat,  581. 
His  behaviour  on  the  news  of  General 
Hotze  and  Korfakof,  jgj. 

Switzerland,  a  hiftory  of  it  now  writ- 
ing, 928. 

St  Andrews,  obfervations  on  the  fiiore 
of  958 

St  Kilda,  fpecimens  of  the  poetry  of 

976 

T  ibleau  de  mon  fuclc,  667. 

Talcs,  extract  from  the  Lycee  of  La 
Harpe  on,  55.  convey  an  accurate  idea 
(if  the  character  and  manners  of  eaf- 
tern  nations,  ibid. 

Tales  (Fairy)  the  folly  and  danger  of 
putting  them  into  the  hands  of  chil- 
dren, 57. 

Taxes,' new,  voted  for  the  fervice  of 
1802,  360. 

Tern  ate,  account  of  the  furrender  of  it; 
to  the  Britilh  arms,  83. 

Thales,  life  of,  455.  Was  born  at  Mi- 
letup,  456.  Studied  mathematics  and 
aUronomy  in  Egypt,  ibid.  His  con- 
duit with  refped  to  the  golden  tri- 
pod fent  to  him,  457.  Anecdote  of 
him  and  Mandrelus,  458.  The  firft 
who  predi^ftcd  the  ecclipfes  of  the  fun 
and.  niOQiJj  ii^id.    His  death,  45^. 


l802 


Itklex. 


Thomfon,  Alexander,  his  letter  to  the 

editor,  342- 
Thunder  ftorms,  account  of,  522.  701. 
Toulaint  L'Ovcrture  raifes  an  infurrtc- 

tion  ill  the  French  Weft  India  i Hands, 

83. 

Triftrem,  Sir,  the  ancient  romance  of, 
in  the  Kcifo  pref'^,  70. 

Turks,  account  of  their  mode  of  fight- 
in  jr*  85-    Inftance  of  their  perfidy,  86. 

Turky,  intelligence  from,  anent  the  in- 
furrcction  of  tLe  Beys  in  Egypt,  and 
the  appearance  of  the  plague  there, 
60S. 

Tudkifii  empire,  anarchy  and  revolt 

pervade  almott  every  part  of  it,  698. 
Turkey  company  the,  wait  on  Lord 

Hawkefbury,  773. 
Twecdale,  the  agricultural  furvey  of, 

in  the  prefs,  70. 
Turnips,  on  the  prevention  of  the  fly 

in,  611. 

Univerfity  of  Edinburgh,  anecdotes  of 
the,  18.  Comparifon  betwixt  its  pro- 
feffbr  of  Humanity  and  Greek,  19. 
account  of  the  commencement  and 
progrefs  of  its  library,  23. 

Vaccine  inoculation,  report  from  the 
iurgeons  of  Edinburgh,  in  favour  of, 
935- 

Vanderkemp*s  Natural  Hiftory  of  Caf- 
fraria  979 

Vertical  Strata,  natural  hiilory  and  the- 
ories of  the  formation  of,  197.  461. 
Different  names  given  to  them,  198. 
Their  courfe,  ibid.  Their  inclination, 
J99.  Thtir  extent,  ibid.  Their  thick- 
nefs,  2CO.  Particular  ftru^ure  of  whin 
ft  rata,  201.  Coal  ftrata  interfe*5ted 
byadyke,  202.  Hutton^s  theory,  461. 
Kirwan's  coiijedtiire,  463.  Wcfncr's 
theory,  464. 

VelTels,  Britilh,  built  from  January 
1789,  to'january  1801,  701. 

Volcanots,  memoir  on  an  important 
point,  in  the  hiftory  of,  65. 

Volunteers  (Royal  Edinburgh)  offer  to 
renew  their  i'crviccs,  175. 


Vulgar  (high  and  ^owj  comparifon  be- 
tween, 326. 

V/all,  Jofeph,  his  trial,  91.  The  judg- 
ment, ibid. 

Walpole,  Horace,  account-  of  the  ro- 
mance written  by  him,  473. 

Wanderer  the,  No  i.  479.  No  2.  64?. 
No  3.  824. 

W.4fl)ington,  Mrs,  account  of  her 
death,  608. 

Warton's  hiilory  of  Englifh  poetry,  ex- 
trad  from,  34i. 

Ways  and  means,  a  detailed  flatemerft 
thereof,  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chequer, 359. 

Weather,  ilate  of  the,  439. 

Webfter,  Dr  Alexan{ler,  biographical 
fketch  of  the  late,  277.  Account  of 
the  fcheme  devifcd  by  him  for  the 
fupport  of  the  widows  md  children 
of  clergymen,  280.  Corigenda,  in  the 
life  of,  384.  His  charader  by  Dr 
Gloag,  411. 

Weft  India  Iflands,  French,  infurrec- 
tien  raifed  in  the,  by  Toufaint  L'Ou- 
verture,  88.  436.  519. 

Whitefield,Mr,  the  etlods  of  his  preach-^ 
ing>  279. 

Widows  fund,  fcheme  of,  devifedand 
matured  by  Dr  Webfter,  280. 

Wig,  adventures  of,  295-  The  Scots 
Magazine,  compared  to  a  conduit 
pipe,  ibid. 

Winter,  defcription  of,  407. 

Wittenberg,  the  library  of  the  uni- 
verfity of,  enriched  with  about  3000 
volumes,  420. 

Writing,  eifay  on  precifion  in.  795. 
Yarrow  river,  defcription  of  the  Icene- 

ry  upon,  563. 
York,  Dutchefs  of,  receives  much  bene* 

fit  from  the  bath  waters,  27c- 
Youth,  the  advantages  of  educating 

them  properly,  644. 
Yule,  a  lay  of  popifh  times,  286. 
Zabii,  hirtorical  fketch  of  the,  120. 

Authors  not  agrted  as  to  their  origin 

and  dodrines,  ibid. 


INDEX  TO  THE  POETRY. 


A  etBh  Gelert,  or  the  death  of  the  Grey- 
hound 424 

Almira,  Epiillc  to,  from  a  dancing  Bear 
695 

Bavaria,  Stanzas  on  leaving  a  fcenc  in 
345 

Blue  eyes,  a  fong  163 
'The  Twa  Bottles  73 
Chinife  Oue  345 
Thi  Chucc,  a  haUad  7^5 


Cottage  children,  vcrfcs  to6  94 
Cupid's  prophecy  506 
Darwin  Dr,  cn  the  death  of  423 
The  Dream,  addrciTed  to  W.  Drutumortd 
of  Havvtliornden  69 1 
Drouery  Love,  the  waes  of  921 
Tbs  lirl  King  71 

Elegiac  verfes  to  a  young  Lady  9(^8 

a.  Ffijnd  re  turning  from  the  drmy  424 


1^ 


Index. 


App. 


Tl/i  Green  Veil,  fcnt  to  a  Lady  with  Ham- 
mond's pOCDlS  591 
To  H.  695 

On  Health  507 
Hungarian  vyar  Song  \  Gl 
Jcliovah,  Ode  to  3/} 4 

JLady,  from  one  in  America  to  her  frienci 

Itroino;  to  Enj];land  848 
rie  I.afs       Jfla  347 

IJncs  addrcffcd  to  the  Youth  at  Harrow 

School  99  «; 
Sketch  from  the  above  996 
JLincs  from  the  Latin  ol  J.  Lcoch  998 
Mackay  Mr  John,  on  the  death  of  508 
Marriaoje,  to  a  friend  on  hib  2.5  3 
The  Mountain  Pink  847 
My  Native  Vale  161 
The  Ne<:lcckit  Laflie  593 
Nidi  WonpH,  Fra^'nunt  of  the  694 
Ode  on  the  year  iSoz  71 
Oithona,  a  Gaelic  llory  160 
Peace  on  the  424 
Poverty  Addrcls  to  760 
The  Rofts  768 

Robin's  Petition  921 

Sailor,  and  the  Vjrgin  592 

Scliooiinaftcr  767 


The  Slivc  847 

Sll»yline,   verlls   on  the  Roman  Secular 

games  766 
Song  My  Nanny  O  998 
Sonjjs,  73.  257.  507.  594. 
vSong  from  the^OaeJic  846 
lionnet,  on   rcadinjr  the  account  of  Dr 

Robcrtfon's daily  vifirs,  during:  his  lad  ill.. 

iiefs,  to  the  fruit  trees  then  in  bloflbm 

347 
Sonnets,  593 
Sprinji;,  vcrics  to  423 

Swallows  ncfU,  on  the  accidental  dcflruc- 
tion  of  fome  in  June  180 1,  592 

Tograi,  the  Monody  of  255 

Tear,  verfcs  to  a  257 

The  Traveller's  return  594 

Vcrfts  occafioned  by  the  unufuaL  cold 
weather,  507 

Verfcs  addrefl'cd  to  Sir  John  Sinclair  by  his 
Son  995 

Verfes  addrcflcd  to  Dundrannan  Abbey, 
997 

World,  the  ways  of  the  S48 
Youihful  fcencs,  vcrks  on  920 


Inuex  to  the  Marriages ,  Births,  Death Preferments, 


MARRIAGLS. 

Abcrcroln^y  527 
•Adams  706 

Ait  ken  859 
Alexander  936 
Aiiderroii  850 
Arbuthnot  idl 
Archer  615 
Artliur  859 
Ailon  615 
Aufton  859 
Ay  lay  180 
Ayton  783 
Bailey  709 
Baird  274. 372 
Barclay  372.614 
Bartholomew  709 
Becke  527 
Begg  446 
Eell  709 
Bentley  859 
Bernard  180 
Binning,  L.  1013 
Blair  527 
Borthwick  859 
Bound  615 
Bowden  181 
Bowe  707 
Bowie  859 
Eayd  180 
Braidwood  181 
Brisbane  614 
Brodie  937 
Brown  446.  615. 

707. 
Erow^nlee  274 
Bruce  r8o 


Brycc  707 
Buchanan  614 
Burns  101; 
Buibby  181 
C:idcli  274 
Cairns  707 
Caldcr  937 
Campbell  180.18T. 

446.  526.783.  859. 

937.938. 1013 
Campbell,  D, 

Carlyle  446 
Carfon  1015 
Chalmers  859 
Chatto  78^ 
Chilholm  181.859. 
Ciioppin  61 5 
Chriftie  180 
Clark  372.  7C7 
Clement  527 
Cronbrook  615 
CiuWey  615 
Cobhar  «  707 
Collow  ibid. 
Colt  180 
Cookfon  527 
Corrie  707 
Cowie  180. 707 
Cowen  615 
Cramond  707 
Crawford  937 
Crighton  615 
Cronltedt  614 
Cockburn  859 
Cruickfhank  793 
Culloch  180 
C'un:*ming  707 


Cuminc  859 
Cunningham  446. 

93y. 

Davidfon  707.  783 
i  Navies  446 
Dawfon  615 
Dempllcr  938 
Dickfon  707.  783 
Dobie  859 
Douglas  180.  7Q7 
Dow  615 
Duddinglton  938 
Duncan  446 
Dnnlop  181.707 
Dunn  446 
Ealhuant  446 
Edgar  615 
Erikine  180.  615. 
938 
Evcrith  707 
Ewart  858 
Ewen  936 
Ewing  1013 
Eyfe  274 
Farquhar  615, 
Fergufon  707.  859 
Fletcher  615 
Fleeming  ibid. 
Ferry  274 
Fogo  180 
Folkes  526 
Forbes  180.707 
Fowlie  858 
Frafer  614.  938 
Fullarton  181,783 
Fycrs  615 
Gardener  783 
Geils  181 


Gibfon  783.  859 
Cdlchriii:  707 
Glafs  707.937 
Glenny  859 
Goodlet  615 
Gordon  372.  446. 
6^5-  937-  938 
Graham  180. 

274.  sv- 107 

Grccme  783 
Gray  181.527.615. 

937 

Griffiths  527 
Grindlay  938 
Groat  614 
Guliand  859 
Gun  707 
Haines  615 
Hall  ibid. 
Halliday  274 
Halcombe  706 
Haldane  707 
Halkct  936 
Hamilton  707.859 
Hawthorn  ICI3 
Heanage  615 
Henderfon  180. 
446 
Heron  180 
Hill  859 
Hobart  446 
Hogarth  783 
Hogg  615 
Home  372 
Honey  man  615 
Hunter  446 
Hyde  615 
Inn.es  937 


Johnfton  180.  ^jl. 
783 

Tolly  5^7 
Irvine  615 
Irving  707 
Kcr  61 

Kerr  181. 55S 
Kinneer  274 
Kirby  1013 
Labalmondierre 
707 

Laing  180.  446.527 
Laird  180 
Lamb  783 
Law  859 
Leckey  372 
Leigh  527 
Lethangie  783 
LiJdle  615 
Lindiay  783 
Litflejohn  858 
Livinglton  707 
Loch  614 
Louden  707 
l^yon  706 
Macartney  180 
Macdonell  igo 
Macdonald  707. 
937 

Macaulay  1013 
Mackinnon  1013 
Maclaren  180 
Maclean  446 
Maclaughlan  641 
Mackay  181.  707 
Mackenzie  527. 

707.  859 
Macnub  615 


l802 


Index. 


1031 


Mackintofli  l8l. 

M'l^eod  527 
M'PIi^'rfon  1013 
MaitlanU  615 
Maling  526 
jNlurr  ji'iJS 
Mdi  lin  707 
Mathie  446 
IVLixton  783 
Maxwell  i  So.  274' 

^^5'  937 
Menzicb  615.  938 
Millan  446.  615 
Miller  615    .  * 
IVJiInc  615 
Mitchel  i3o 
Moir  446 
Monro  859 
Moore  526 
Mordaunt  93^ 
Morely  645 
JJilorrifon  707 
Moubray  446 
Muldrop  371 
Munro  615 
Murdo  527 
Murdoch  615. 
Murray  181.526 

615.^59 
ISfels  937 
Newul  274 
Ogiivie  615.  707 
Ogi€  iSl 
Oliphant  i8o 
Oliver  180 
Orrock  859 
Outram  1013 
Park  937 
Parker  527 
Patcrfoii  527.  938 
Patrick  859 
Patricks  180 
Pattifon  i8l 
Payne  707 
Peebles  446 
Pelliam  615 
Piercy  446 
Play  fair  181.  707 
Pccklington  i8i 
Pringle  181.829. 

937 
Rae  859 
Rankin  e  783 
Reid  707 
Rennie  707 
Richmond  937 
Riddle  526 
llobertfon  i8o. 

372.  707. 937 
Rofe  446. 526 
Rowan  615 
Ruffel  707 
Sandyman  446 
Scott  372.  783 
Scougall  783 
Siddons  615 
Simpfon  274 
Shearer  372 
Sheddan  615 
Sinclair  181 
Sharp  181 


Smith  180.  274 
Snugg  938 
Souchman  937 
Stewart  372.  446, 

615.  707.  937 
Steele  767 
Stein  t8t  » 
JStein  10x3 
Steven  615 
Stewart  x8o.  i8x. 

372.615.938 
Storie  181 
Sutherland  i8i 
Sydney  527 
'I'anner  707 
Taylor  707. 783- 

1013 
'Ihonipfon  180. 
614.  7^7-  859. 

Thorburn  i8i 

1  od  180.  937 

Tonfon  274 

Trail  614 

Trotter  615 

Tucker  181 

Walker  615 

Wallace  938 

Wardlaw  938 

Welv^od  707 

WelOi  274 

W^eft  526 

Wefton  859 

White  372r 

Willi amfon  859 

Wiiiib  180 

Wilfon  446. 859 

Wright  180 

Young  181. 615. 
707 


Duff  18/ 
Duncan  446.  783 
Duncombe  527 
Dundafs  372 
Ellioi:  372 
Kllia  707 
hlphinllone  859 
Farqubarion  i8i 
Fergufon  ^^59 
Fletcher  1013 
Forller  708 
Frafer  527.  615 
f/af(X)igne  615 
Gibbb  615 
Gillelpic  938 
Glafgow,  C.  9;,8 
(  ionlon  446.  783 
(jraham  446 
(;^rant  1013 
Gi  ay  938 
Hadden  275 
Hall  938 
Halket  i8r 
Hawtltorn  938 
l-iay  181.  275 
Hope  708 
Holland  275 
Hutchefon  275 
Jaftrey  181 


lay  708 


BIR'IHS. 
Aboyne  783 
Anilruther  527 
Ai'buthriot  859 
Baillie  372.  708 
Barker  615 
JBean  527 
Begg  615 
Beigrave  708 
Biiliop  181 
Brown  IC13 
Bruce  1013 
Buchanan  275 
Burnett 
Callander '783 
Cameron  275 

Campbell  181.  859  Paton  446 


ohnilone  181. 
615.  708 
Kerr  1013 
Lavty  181 
I.awrenion  i8l 
Lennox  615 
Lloyd  6i6 
Logan  938 
M'Douald  1013 
Mackenzie  446. 
.527.938 
M'Lean  938 
M'Pherion  938 
M'Rae  527 
Marjoribanks£527 
Mair  708 
M^fon  615 
Maxwell  859 
Moodie  372 
Mor^ton  527 
Mure  372 
Murray  ICI3 
Nafmyth  L."ioi3 
Nicholibn  1013 
Oliphant  181 
Pater fon  938 


Carnegie  615 
Carrutiiers  615 
CaihUis  527 
Cay  859 
Colquboun  708 
Cumming  708 
Cunningham  181 
David  fon  529 
Dalglifii  372 
Dairy m pie  708 
Dawlon  446 
Donaldion  938 
DorlVt  327 
Doune,  L.  1013 
Diummond  iJsx 


Pelham  615 
Pemberton  527 
Rami  a  V  181 
Ratclifte  615 
Riddle  615 
Kobertfon  181. 
839 

Robinfon  615 
Rofs  8^9 
Roy  859 

Scott  372.  446.707 
Sheffield  275 
Sit  well  181 
Smith  527.  615 


Stein  938 
Stewart  181.  707. 

9:>8. 

Stewart  1013 
Stirliii<^,  275.  859 
M  albot  708 
Thomplbn  938 
Trotter  809 
I'uruer  371 
Veiteh  783 

DFAIHS 
Abererombie  184, 
276 
Adams  182 
Affleck  784 
A;t^new  447 
Ailen  708 
Aldborough.C.  ib. 
Alexander  446 
Anderfon  183, 

446,  860 
Angus  T.82,  060 
Anllruther  275 
Amltrong  183 
Arthur  447 
Aultin  859 
Bailie  276 
Bain  181 
Ballantync  i8z 
Balfour  446 
Bannatyne  784 
Bannaraian  940 
Barkifon  <;:28 
Ballet  938 
Bntemar,  276 
Barclay  275 
Bell  940 

Elair  938 
Blaw  276 
Bogie  860 
Bogle  275 
Bov'c  Id 4 
Brand  447 
Biadfute  527 
Briad  859 
Breriton  184 
Brifcoe  ib. 
Brodie  8r>o 
Brown  184.  616. 

784.  1014 
Fji'uce  275 
Bruce  ICI4 
Buchan  183- 1014 
Buchanan  -27 
BuiTiby  528 
Caider  184 
Callander  ib. 
Campbell  184. 

447.  448. .527. 
528.  781 

C  aniochan  183 
Carruth-rs  8vX3 
Cergat  616 
Cla^k  9^0 
Clerk  939 
Clerkfon  372 
Cochran  860 
ColquLoUii  182. 
446 


Cotli^r  447 
Connel  8()0 
ConftabJe  528 
C'orfar  447 
Cranflonn  528 
Cri^w  940 
Crawfuid  183 
Cnilen  447 
Cummin  ib. 
CVmningham  183 
Cuirie  578 
Dallas  182.  784 
Darwin  448 
Dempllcr  528 
Denfon  275 
J)ick  184 
Dingniall  939 
Doddc,  ib. 
Dobbic  276 
Donaldion  183 

447-  S60 
Douglas  447 
Dow  528 
Du&  939 
Dumarifo  784 
Dun  276 
Duncan  r84 
Dundafs  183  276 
l^yce  708. 1014 
I'agle  708 
Lelbeck  184 
FJlibank  183 
Lllio;  172.  528. 

6i6 

Blphinftone  939 
Erll:inc  446.  44V 

Ewing  708.  940 
Fairfuil  860 
Falconer  616 
Field  184 
Finlay  447.  636 
Fmdiay  447.  939 
Finnic  616 
Flint  184 
Forbes  448.  616 
F'ordycc  528 
Forrefter  ib. 
F"^ortune  275 
Fount yne  ib. 
Forrefctr  1014 
Frafer  183.  275. 

447. 616.  708. 78J. 

too.  9  ^9 
French  275 
Galbraith  528 
Gait  448 
Gardiner  784 
CJardyne  184; 
Geddeb  276^  '448 
Georges  616 
Gibfen  182.  275. 

528.  708 
Ciibb  0 
Gillies  938 
Gil'aaders  447 
Gilmour  448.  784 
Gibb  IOI4 
Glennv  ^28 
Gold  iil 


tJorddn 

776.  447.  708- 
940. 
Ciourlay  7H4 
Graeme  276 
<)rahaiii  447.  708 
Gray  860 
Gi  dg  784 
<^rcciK>ck  182 
Grey  788.  784 
Grant  1014 
Grind^ay  704 
GrolVmcT  708 
Guilford  448 
Gurnoy  708 
ilalliduy  448 
Hall  527.  i8z.  184. 

^7^-527 
Hamilton  616. 

784.  939 
Harkncis  184 
Hay  275.  784 
Hacdow  1013 
Heggie  276 
Henderion  182, 
"528 

Hervey  276.  528 
Hill  184  527 

Hoare  528 
liome  527 
Honey  708 
Hope  ib. 
Horner  860 
Horn  184 
Horfeburgh  860 
iiiime  447.  939 
Hunter  939 
}  iutchiion  183. 

528.  616.  784 
Jaftrcy  860 
Jamiofon  184. 

447.  616 
jaraine  527 
Jaflray  1014 
j()hnfton276.784. 

860 
j  op  616 
johnftone  IC14 
Innes  275 
Ingiis  938 
Ireland  528 
Kemp  276 
Kennedy  ib.  259 
Kidflon  448 
Kilrour  i8a 
King  940  ■ 
Kirkcudbright  L. 

182 
Kyle  527 
Kennedy  1014 
I.aidlaw  182.  528 
J.aing4^7 
3-iamuiit  275 


Lamy,  447 
Lafij?  784 
Lawdcr  447 
LeaSrmont  860 
licarn^onth  183 
Lennox  275 
E  527 
Lind  447 
Lindfay  184.616 
i.itbgow  183  • 
livingllon  183. 

447.  939 
Xockhart275. 860 
liOgan  446 
Low  184 
Lowthtr  528 
Ixzaw  182 
Lumfden  ib. 
Lyie  528 

Mackay  184  449. 
447 

?4'Cormack  784 
M'Donald  527 

1 01 4 
M'Davval  275 
M'Dougal  1 014 
M'  Ewan  860 
M*  Kenzie  183. 

276.  448.  7c8 
Malcome  8^ 
Mackie  276 
Al'C  Iiire  447 
Macinlay  ib. 
M'Ghie  1014 
M'Harg  275  \ 
M-iutolh  1014 
M'Intyre  448 
M'Lachlau  184. 

27.> 

M'Laren527 
M*  I'aurin  184 
MvLe.in  2  75 
A/1'Lcod  184.  9 '59 
M'Nab  ib. 
]VI*Netl  7^3  ' 
M'-  Niven  275 
jVI^Faarquhar 

10^4 
M'Phenbn  184 
MacqueeJi  182 
Mac(|itarie  938- 
Mav.derlton  616 
Marfan  859.  860 
Martin  275.  446. 

447-  784 
Maffon  784 
Maxweil  275. 

527,  8.59 
Maitland  86o 
Meek  940 
Middleton  ib. 
Millar 
MiJIer  2'-'6 


Index. 

Mills  939 
Mitchel  275 
Moir  938 
A^ontgomcry  708 
Monteath  ib. 
Monro  528. 616. 

928 
Moore  1%% 
Morris  p-ijO 
Mola  447 
Muir  i8a 
Murdoch  708 
Murray  :,>i4.  276 
Nairn-  S59 
.NelfoP  448 
KicaoUbii  446, 

01.6 

Newlauds  1014 
Kifbet  276.  859 
Ogilvie  182.  446 
528.  616.  939 
Oliver  182 
01\x  aid  446 
Paterfuii  275. 859 
Patullo  78^ 
Paul  940 
Peters  517 
Pirkcnon  9^0 
Pkydt 
Pontci 
Poolc  4 
Porteot 
Pt;tt  44^ 

PoUS  184.  y.,y 

Pruigle  44o!ioi4 
Ranitav  447.  940 
Ra\7fl  uic  528 
Reid784 

KKharvttjjkioi4 

PividocKlfi  • 
RitidiC  059.  938 
Riddti  10T3  ' 
Ritchie  i8x 
Rix  7cS 
Rcbb;83 
Rubertron  447. 

5^8.  7 84.  860.  939 
Rolland  44O 
Ronald  i  on  275 
Role  1 01 3 
Rofs  4^7.528.893 

939 

Rotheram  616 
Rule  C28 
RulTel  447 
Sander  Ion  860 
Scot  181. 182.528. 

859  1014 
Selkirk  E.  1014 
Shaw  448. 528 
Shells  528 
Shortridge  616 


App. 


Skene  183 
Smith  447. 50^, 
616 

Sjmcrvillc  182. 

276 
Spcncc  181 
Spcns  183 
Spry  616 
Ste\vart  1014 
Stevenfon  276 
Stewart  184.  447. 

528. 616.  860 
Stormonth  i8i 
Strang  275 
'Pair  448^616.938 
Tern  pit;  447 
Tennant  447 
Thoni  616 
1  ho  m  fan  183.446. 
447-  860.  938.  940 
1  hornton  52^! 
Tro:cer  447 
Turnbull  616 
'l  uriKT  275 
VKiney  i8J 
I'louh^rt  527 
V'aUac<:  1014 
IVallis  184  . 
"^^^nlkcr  939 


i3ampver  771 
Hepre  ib. 
Dickfon  ib, 
Douglafs  851 
I'iawafliire  521 
Drake  609 
Dun  das  6;0 
Erflcine  368.  Sj-? 
Fenwif.k  36S 
Glenbcrvie  60() 
Golfing  6ro 
GT;odeuou^h  771 
Grx^me  437 
Greenfield  520 
Ha  wkr  lbury  600 
H:il368 
Hobart  Co<) 
Hcrfley  lb. 
Hunter  771 
Huntenford  520 
Iielaod  852 
Jack  Ton  77Z 
K.nt3.^3 
Kcppci  437 
L'jrira  9 : 
A  .  - 


Wharton  yu© 
.  Whifiiart  iZ% 
Whitcfide  182 
*Wiiit£WcrtU528. 
616 

W  ilhamfon  k%Z» 

V.  1S2 
"VTihbn  182.  a76,* 
M'iihurt  784 
^Woodhead  182 
V.  riglxt  183-  616 
Wyiie  616 
Young  138 

P><  £fER  MI-NTS 

A'-ianj  437.  609 
Addinjrton  609 
Ardcn  6io 
Bond  609 
Biifby  520 
Calder  437 
Caftlcrcagh  609 
tfhaniberiaine 
'  437 

Cfawford  36S. 
77* 


iNorthumbcr]  : 

609  610 
Payne  437 
Pclharlic  609 
Vigot4:,7 
Pole  6c'/ 
Pcrtlwid  ib. 
Prc?oft  'dj2.  93  £ 
Pybus  609 
Ri^dftdtk  437 
Rainier  ib. 
Ravvlirjs  ib. 
R.ivers  269 
S:nyth  609 
Sutton  437  . 
Taih^)!  009 
1  hynnc  it>. 
Vin^:ent  772 
Wallace-  610 
Warre  6iO  77z 
Welleilcy  609 
V/hitcworth  ib. 


ILSD  OF  %^0L.  LXIV.  FOR  i8Q2. 


I  In  Italy 

05-1 4  STD 


a  "0.3  29  1  9"9  9  1  4  09^" 
www.colibrisystem.com